diff --git a/-l9SfGuZJYE.txt b/-l9SfGuZJYE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dfec61fdb9c2d1a438aff4ae79c11350630fe47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-l9SfGuZJYE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8472 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon everyone
+welcome to the ellen swallow richards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the ellen swallow richards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the ellen swallow richards
+lab part two there is the room will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab part two there is the room will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab part two there is the room will be a
+little bit more sparsely populated today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sparsely populated today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more sparsely populated today
+i wonder why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wonder why
+lab reports are due right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab reports are due right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab reports are due right so
+so we're going to get we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get we're going to get
+started and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and i'm going to
+start off by talking about probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by talking about probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by talking about probably the
+most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important
+parameter and measuring the health of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and measuring the health of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and measuring the health of
+the river and that's the dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and that's the dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and that's the dissolved
+oxygen so when we look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so when we look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so when we look at the uh
+the dissolved oxygen concentrations out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolved oxygen concentrations out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolved oxygen concentrations out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+for a river to really be healthy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a river to really be healthy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a river to really be healthy we're
+looking for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something
+greater than probably about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ppm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppm
+if the concentrations fall down to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the concentrations fall down to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the concentrations fall down to five
+or less then you'll start to see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less then you'll start to see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less then you'll start to see the the
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+move around erratically because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around erratically because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around erratically because they're
+trying to get their oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get their oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get their oxygen
+so less than or equal to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have some stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some stress
+placed on the aquatic life if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the aquatic life if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on the aquatic life if the
+dissolved oxygen concentration goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen concentration goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen concentration goes
+below two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even even for an hour or two you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even for an hour or two you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even for an hour or two you're
+going to have fish kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's take a a moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's take a a moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's take a a moment to
+actually see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how this
+oxygen gets into the water and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen gets into the water and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen gets into the water and this is
+this is the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the big picture
+so you've got if you look at this you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got if you look at this you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got if you look at this you've
+got two processes going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two processes going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two processes going on
+you've got the oxygen coming in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the oxygen coming in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the oxygen coming in from the
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+and it's diffusing into into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's diffusing into into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's diffusing into into the water
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+you also have down below you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have down below you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have down below you've got
+aerobic bio degradation taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic bio degradation taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic bio degradation taking place
+so we've got oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fusing into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aerobic biodegradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic biodegradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic biodegradation
+these are the two main processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two main processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two main processes
+that are taking place and both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are taking place and both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are taking place and both of these
+processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are
+are going they have different kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going they have different kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going they have different kinetics
+yet they're coupled together coupled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they're coupled together coupled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they're coupled together coupled in
+the sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that like
+if aerobic biodegradation uses up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if aerobic biodegradation uses up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if aerobic biodegradation uses up the
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+more oxygen will start to dissolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more oxygen will start to dissolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more oxygen will start to dissolve in
+there's there's a transfer driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a transfer driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a transfer driving force
+that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+lets more oxygen dissolve into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets more oxygen dissolve into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets more oxygen dissolve into the water
+the rate the rate at which oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the rate at which oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the rate at which oxygen
+is dissolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is actually proportional to the deficit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to the deficit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to the deficit
+of oxygen that's in in the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that deficit is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that deficit is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that deficit is equal to the
+equilibrium level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we would expect minus the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would expect minus the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would expect minus the actual
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+that we actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the amounts of oxygen that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amounts of oxygen that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amounts of oxygen that we're
+talking about are very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about are very tiny
+and there was a brilliant chemist by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a brilliant chemist by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a brilliant chemist by the
+name of william henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of william henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of william henry
+who actually back in 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually back in 1803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually back in 1803
+came out with henry's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what what henry's law says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what henry's law says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what henry's law says
+is very simple the solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple the solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very simple the solubility
+of a dissolved gas in a body of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is proportional to the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the partial pressure
+of that gas over over the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's even a henry's law constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even a henry's law constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's even a henry's law constant here
+and there are tables of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are tables of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are tables of these
+there there are thousands of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are thousands of them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are thousands of them for
+every solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every solvent
+for every gas for every temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every gas for every temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every gas for every temperature
+combination that you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that you can think of
+there's a henry law constant that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a henry law constant that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a henry law constant that you
+can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in
+let's think about what is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is the partial
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+of oxygen on any given day how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen on any given day how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen on any given day how do we
+calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah alec so you have like total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah alec so you have like total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah alec so you have like total
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+and then you know the makeup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the makeup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the makeup of the
+atmosphere you can kind of just break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere you can kind of just break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere you can kind of just break it
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+so like if you're say your pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if you're say your pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if you're say your pressure is
+one atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atmosphere
+and you have 20 percent oxygen and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have 20 percent oxygen and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have 20 percent oxygen and yeah
+that's not right but 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not right but 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not right but 20
+oxygen in the atmosphere you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the atmosphere you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in the atmosphere you're
+observing contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing contributing
+0.20 atmospheres to the pressure very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.20 atmospheres to the pressure very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.20 atmospheres to the pressure very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+very good alec so alex said that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good alec so alex said that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good alec so alex said that you've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+20.9 percent oxygen in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.9 percent oxygen in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20.9 percent oxygen in the atmosphere
+so we can convert that to to a decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can convert that to to a decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can convert that to to a decimal
+partial pressure of oxygen on any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of oxygen on any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of oxygen on any given
+day would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day would be
+the percent of oxygen that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent of oxygen that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent of oxygen that's in the
+atmosphere times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere times
+the atmospheric pressure on that on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric pressure on that on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmospheric pressure on that on that
+particular day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular day
+minus the pressure of the the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the pressure of the the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the pressure of the the water
+vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor
+that that we're talking about so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we're talking about so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we're talking about so that
+gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a
+gives us a handle on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a handle on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a handle on on this
+i want to i want to show you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to i want to show you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to i want to show you probably
+the simplest example of henry's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest example of henry's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest example of henry's law
+i brought up a bottle of coke here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought up a bottle of coke here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought up a bottle of coke here and
+you know these are these are hard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are these are hard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are these are hard right
+because they pack them there's a head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they pack them there's a head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they pack them there's a head of
+carbon dioxide gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide gas
+over the liquid now when i open this i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the liquid now when i open this i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the liquid now when i open this i'm
+going to release the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to release the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to release the gas
+so the partial pressure of co2 over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the partial pressure of co2 over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the partial pressure of co2 over this
+liquid is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is gone
+we should start to see bubbles coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should start to see bubbles coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should start to see bubbles coming
+out of the solution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh good it's not it's not an ex it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good it's not it's not an ex it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good it's not it's not an ex it's not
+an explosive one so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosive one so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explosive one so that's good
+so so there there are the bubbles of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there there are the bubbles of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there there are the bubbles of of
+the dissolved carbon dioxide gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolved carbon dioxide gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dissolved carbon dioxide gas
+starting to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to come out
+and that's that's a simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a simple example of
+henry's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henry's law
+can anybody think of a more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody think of a more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody think of a more complex
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody anybody a diver here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody a diver here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody a diver here
+kelly you're a diver okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelly you're a diver okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelly you're a diver okay
+when you it's like the bends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you it's like the bends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you it's like the bends right
+because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like
+as you go down further the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down further the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go down further the pressure
+increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases
+um so that more like nitrogen can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that more like nitrogen can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that more like nitrogen can
+dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve
+in your blood yeah very very good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your blood yeah very very good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your blood yeah very very good yeah
+so you've got gases in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got gases in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got gases in your in your
+blood and when you go down when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and when you go down when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and when you go down when you're
+diving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving down
+under a great pressure when you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a great pressure when you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a great pressure when you start to
+your ascent all of those gas bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ascent all of those gas bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ascent all of those gas bubbles
+are going to come out and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come out and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come out and they have to
+go somewhere they could migrate anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere they could migrate anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go somewhere they could migrate anywhere
+in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your body
+and it could cause you know a rash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could cause you know a rash it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could cause you know a rash it
+could cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cause
+uh some type of joint pain you could end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some type of joint pain you could end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some type of joint pain you could end
+up with paralysis even death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with paralysis even death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with paralysis even death
+so divers have to really really uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divers have to really really uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divers have to really really uh time
+their ascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ascent
+that there's a name for that kelly said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a name for that kelly said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a name for that kelly said
+the benz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benz
+that's one one of them names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also called dcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called dcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called dcs
+decompression sickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great example of of henry's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great example of of henry's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great example of of henry's law
+what about if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about if we think about
+temperature and dissolved oxygen let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and dissolved oxygen let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and dissolved oxygen let's
+let's actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually take
+take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is a graph of oxygen concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a graph of oxygen concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a graph of oxygen concentration
+and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature
+what stands out to you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stands out to you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stands out to you here
+sean decreases exponentially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean decreases exponentially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean decreases exponentially with
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+yeah as the as the water is warming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as the as the water is warming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah as the as the water is warming up
+look what's happening to the dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what's happening to the dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what's happening to the dissolved
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+why why do you think that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why why when the water is cold can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why why when the water is cold can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why why when the water is cold can
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+can we hold so much oxygen in that cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we hold so much oxygen in that cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we hold so much oxygen in that cold
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kelly it because as the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelly it because as the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelly it because as the temperature
+increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the
+average kinetic energy of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average kinetic energy of the molecules
+increases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and
+the distribution broadens so more oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution broadens so more oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution broadens so more oxygen
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+the ability to this gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to this gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to this gain
+good good as the as the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good as the as the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good as the as the temperature
+increases the kinetic energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the kinetic energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the kinetic energy of the
+water molecules is increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules is increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules is increasing and
+and they're starting to think about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're starting to think about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're starting to think about when
+you boil water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil water
+bam they're they're bubbling out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam they're they're bubbling out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam they're they're bubbling out that
+hydrogen bonding network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding network
+is gone all those intermolecular forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone all those intermolecular forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone all those intermolecular forces
+of attraction are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attraction are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attraction are gone
+now think about this side when the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about this side when the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about this side when the water
+gets really cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really cold
+and you you form this you form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you form this you form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you form this you form this
+hydrogen bonding network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding network
+i mean it expands right pipes break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it expands right pipes break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it expands right pipes break
+that's why our pipes break it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why our pipes break it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why our pipes break it's because
+of the hydrogen bonding in the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen bonding in the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen bonding in the ice
+crystals when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals when they
+when they expand out but look at look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they expand out but look at look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they expand out but look at look at
+the crevices here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crevices here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crevices here
+in in these things so the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in these things so the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in these things so the oxygen
+molecules can swim in and out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can swim in and out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can swim in and out of those
+and they can become weakly trapped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can become weakly trapped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can become weakly trapped and
+pinned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned in
+and there there you've got a dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there you've got a dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there you've got a dramatic
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+in in the amount of oxygen that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the amount of oxygen that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the amount of oxygen that can
+dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve
+in the colder colder waters the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colder colder waters the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the colder colder waters the other
+thing to keep in mind about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind about
+about the water is the heat capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the water is the heat capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the water is the heat capacity of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+is much greater than the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much greater than the heat capacity
+of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air
+takes a lot more energy to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot more energy to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a lot more energy to change the
+temperature of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of water
+i mean you can if you i've i've gone out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can if you i've i've gone out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can if you i've i've gone out
+when it's 85 degrees and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's 85 degrees and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's 85 degrees and i want to
+go for a swim across from my house and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a swim across from my house and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a swim across from my house and i
+jump in and it's only 67 in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in and it's only 67 in there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in and it's only 67 in there you
+know so the water hasn't caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the water hasn't caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the water hasn't caught up
+to the temperature of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are a lot of
+different equations out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equations out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equations out there that
+actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would
+let us calculate the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us calculate the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us calculate the potential
+of a body of water to hold oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a body of water to hold oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a body of water to hold oxygen
+theoretically how much could be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically how much could be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically how much could be out
+there on a given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on a given day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on a given day
+and the more complex the equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more complex the equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more complex the equation the
+better the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the results
+i found a couple empirical simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found a couple empirical simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found a couple empirical simple
+equations that give really good results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that give really good results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that give really good results
+so i'm going to go with these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to go with these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to go with these and
+they're all based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all based on
+altitude and temperature if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and temperature if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and temperature if you look at
+the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation
+it's all about the atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the atmospheric pressure
+the water vapor pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water vapor pressure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water vapor pressure and the
+temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the
+of the water which is in celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water which is in celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water which is in celsius
+so if we look at that equation if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at that equation if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at that equation if the
+if the pressure the atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the pressure the atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the pressure the atmospheric pressure
+goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up
+right what happens to the dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happens to the dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what happens to the dissolved
+oxygen concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen concentration
+if you're trying to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to calculate the
+saturated level of dissolved oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated level of dissolved oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated level of dissolved oxygen
+oxygen and the pressure goes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and the pressure goes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and the pressure goes up the
+atmospheric pressure what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure what happens to the
+do concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do concentration
+i promise this is not a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise this is not a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise this is not a trick question
+this is alec it absolutely increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alec it absolutely increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alec it absolutely increases
+yeah now what happens if we have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now what happens if we have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now what happens if we have a high
+water vapor pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor pressure
+that day you might be on a mountain top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day you might be on a mountain top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day you might be on a mountain top
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+water vapor pressure is very high what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor pressure is very high what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water vapor pressure is very high what
+happens to the do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone sam decreases good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sam decreases good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sam decreases good
+and the other situation which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other situation which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other situation which you know
+if the if the river temperature is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the river temperature is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the river temperature is high
+then it's intuitive right your do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's intuitive right your do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's intuitive right your do is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+smaller so that's that's how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that's that's how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so that's that's how you use
+those equations and then what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations and then what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations and then what you can do
+with the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equation
+is you can calculate a thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can calculate a thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can calculate a thing called the
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+saturation level which is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation level which is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation level which is the actual
+do that you get in in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you get in in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that you get in in the lab
+divided by the potential of of water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the potential of of water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the potential of of water to
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+oxygen based on the temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen based on the temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen based on the temperature and
+pressure above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure above
+and that saturated level is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that saturated level is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that saturated level is going to
+tell us a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us a lot
+about the the condition of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the condition of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the condition of the water
+usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually
+i mean you could have from 90 to 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could have from 90 to 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you could have from 90 to 110
+something like that that's normal if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that's normal if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that that's normal if you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+to 120 or or greater that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 120 or or greater that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 120 or or greater that's a problem
+because there are different diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are different diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are different diseases
+that the fish can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fish can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fish can
+they have an oxygen bubble disease fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an oxygen bubble disease fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an oxygen bubble disease fish
+can get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get if
+it becomes too saturated so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes too saturated so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes too saturated so this is
+this is something that you'll do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you'll do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that you'll do these
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+and the tas will carry ph meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tas will carry ph meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tas will carry ph meter
+they'll record the air temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll record the air temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll record the air temperature the
+atmospheric pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure
+the river water temperature each day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river water temperature each day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river water temperature each day you
+go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down
+and they'll put that on the whiteboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll put that on the whiteboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll put that on the whiteboard
+here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a
+simple some simple data that will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple some simple data that will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple some simple data that will allow
+you to interpolate the water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressures based on temperatures and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures based on temperatures and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures based on temperatures and you
+can go in between these and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in between these and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go in between these and you'll get
+very good results you can't find it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good results you can't find it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good results you can't find it on
+here you could use this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could use this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could use this equation
+but the t here is the temperature of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the t here is the temperature of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the t here is the temperature of air
+and it's in kelvin and back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in kelvin and back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in kelvin and back here
+this is the temperature of the river in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the temperature of the river in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the temperature of the river in
+celsius so don't get confused with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now i'd like to spend a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'd like to spend a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'd like to spend a few minutes
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+the actual method that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual method that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual method that we're going to
+use in this in this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this method was actually discovered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method was actually discovered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method was actually discovered by a
+graduate student by the name of winkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of winkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student by the name of winkler
+back in 1888
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1888
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1888
+and the method has withstood time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method has withstood time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the method has withstood time
+what he did is he developed this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he developed this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he developed this series
+of oxidation reduction equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation reduction equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidation reduction equations
+to actually measure the dissolved oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually measure the dissolved oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually measure the dissolved oxygen
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+in salt water and he came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in salt water and he came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in salt water and he came up with this
+series of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of equations
+and it's been 130 years and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been 130 years and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been 130 years and this is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+here today you know they have the fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today you know they have the fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here today you know they have the fancy
+dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved
+oxygen meters which we're not using but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen meters which we're not using but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen meters which we're not using but
+you can just drop it in and get your do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just drop it in and get your do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just drop it in and get your do
+they use this method to calibrate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use this method to calibrate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use this method to calibrate those
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+today so you're using you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you're using you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you're using you're going to be
+doing the real chemistry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the real chemistry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the real chemistry here
+the whole method is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you've got oxygen in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got oxygen in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got oxygen in the water
+iodide is going to get oxidized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is going to get oxidized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is going to get oxidized to
+iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine
+and you're going to be able to titrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be able to titrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be able to titrate
+the iodine with sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine with sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iodine with sodium
+thiosulfate so let's just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate so let's just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate so let's just go through
+uh go through the method just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go through the method just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go through the method just a little
+bit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here
+so we start with manganese sulfate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with manganese sulfate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with manganese sulfate and
+we form a white precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form a white precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form a white precipitate
+but if oxygen is present in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if oxygen is present in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if oxygen is present in the water
+oxygen is an oxidizing agent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is an oxidizing agent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is an oxidizing agent here
+it's going to oxidize this manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to oxidize this manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to oxidize this manganese
+hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide
+to this tetravalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this tetravalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this tetravalent
+manganic species so you've got manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganic species so you've got manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganic species so you've got manganese
+over here which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here which is a
+plus two and over here you've got a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two and over here you've got a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two and over here you've got a plus
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+there are a couple in the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple in the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple in the literature
+there there's some argument about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some argument about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some argument about this
+some people feel the species is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people feel the species is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people feel the species is a
+trivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivalent
+and they're they're saying it's mnoh3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're saying it's mnoh3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're they're saying it's mnoh3
+so that on this side you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that on this side you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that on this side you'd have a
+trivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivalent
+manganese species other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese species other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese species other people are
+saying no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no
+it's mno2 it's a hydrated form of mno2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mno2 it's a hydrated form of mno2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mno2 it's a hydrated form of mno2
+if you have this it's tetravalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this it's tetravalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this it's tetravalent
+what i've done is i've combined both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done is i've combined both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done is i've combined both
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+to give you this mangonic species here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this mangonic species here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this mangonic species here
+which works this is tetravalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works this is tetravalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which works this is tetravalent
+so notice that when you form this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that when you form this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that when you form this this
+is like a brown flock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a brown flock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a brown flock
+you've captured the oxygen at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've captured the oxygen at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've captured the oxygen at this point
+now you've got to dissolve it so we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got to dissolve it so we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got to dissolve it so we add
+sulfuric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid
+to dissolve that brown precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve that brown precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve that brown precipitate
+and then there's iodide in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's iodide in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's iodide in there
+so the uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh this uh
+oxidized manganese will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized manganese will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized manganese will
+will oxidize iodide to iodine we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oxidize iodide to iodine we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will oxidize iodide to iodine we can
+then detect it with sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then detect it with sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then detect it with sodium
+thiosulfate and the iodine gets reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate and the iodine gets reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate and the iodine gets reduced
+back down to iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to iodide
+if you look at this for every oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this for every oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this for every oxygen
+every one oxygen you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one oxygen you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one oxygen you make
+two manganic species each mangonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manganic species each mangonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manganic species each mangonic
+species gives you one i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species gives you one i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species gives you one i2
+and each i2 requires two thiosulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each i2 requires two thiosulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each i2 requires two thiosulfate
+so that's a four to one ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a four to one ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a four to one ratio
+thiosulfate to oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take a look at your first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at your first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at your first day
+which is the standardization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standardization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standardization
+of of the thiosulfate we have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the thiosulfate we have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the thiosulfate we have to know
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+what the concentration of that is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the concentration of that is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the concentration of that is when
+we titrate the river water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we titrate the river water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we titrate the river water
+to actually get to home in on the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get to home in on the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually get to home in on the exact
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+so we're going to be using a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be using a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be using a primary
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+potassium by iodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the qualities of a primary standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the qualities of a primary standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the qualities of a primary standard
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you pick a primary standard it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a primary standard it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you pick a primary standard it's
+pretty important you want something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important you want something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important you want something
+that has certain properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has certain properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has certain properties
+anybody ever worked with the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever worked with the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody ever worked with the primary
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay well
+first thing you notice how big this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you notice how big this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you notice how big this is
+has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very
+high formula weight so that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high formula weight so that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high formula weight so that's actually a
+good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing
+not all not all primary standards have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all not all primary standards have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all not all primary standards have
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when you mass it out you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mass it out you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you mass it out you're going to
+have less error on the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less error on the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less error on the balance
+because of the the mass of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the mass of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the the mass of this thing
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+it has to be something that's pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something that's pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something that's pure and
+this is like 99.9 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 99.9 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like 99.9 percent
+bureau the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureau the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureau the other thing is
+you need you need something that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need something that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you need something that does
+not have any water vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any water vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any water vapor
+attached no no attached water the tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached no no attached water the tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached no no attached water the tas
+put this in the oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the oven
+so no hydrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the the final thing is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the final thing is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the final thing is you want
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it should be stable in at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be stable in at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be stable in at room
+temperature and when heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and oftentimes we'll look at the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we'll look at the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oftentimes we'll look at the cost
+too that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that's another
+factor that comes into play but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that comes into play but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that comes into play but what
+you're going to do is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is you're going to
+weigh out 0.0818 grams of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh out 0.0818 grams of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh out 0.0818 grams of this
+and if you divide by the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide by the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you divide by the molecular
+weight of that you'll get moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that you'll get moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of that you'll get moles
+and you're going to make 100 mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to make 100 mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to make 100 mil
+solution so divide that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so divide that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so divide that by
+0.1 liters and you'll get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 liters and you'll get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 liters and you'll get your
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+you're actually making up something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually making up something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually making up something like
+a 0.0021
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.0021
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0.0021
+molar solution of that of that standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solution of that of that standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar solution of that of that standard
+and then you're going to use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to use that to
+to standardize your thiosulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to standardize your thiosulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to standardize your thiosulfate
+we're also going to be using starch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to be using starch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to be using starch in
+this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction
+so why do you think we need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you think we need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do you think we need to use
+starch when we're titrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch when we're titrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch when we're titrating
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i like um like iodine and it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like um like iodine and it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like um like iodine and it creates
+like the blue color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the blue color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the blue color
+so then when we react when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when we react when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when we react when we were
+touching it it turned really pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it it turned really pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching it it turned really pale
+it's really hard to tell if it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to tell if it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to tell if it was like
+clear or not so that adding the starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or not so that adding the starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or not so that adding the starch
+helps like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps like
+indicate whether or not you've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate whether or not you've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate whether or not you've gotten
+rid of all the i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of all the i i
+i yeah good good that's very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i yeah good good that's very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i yeah good good that's very good so
+starch actually reacts with iodide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch actually reacts with iodide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch actually reacts with iodide and
+iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine
+gives you that blue black color so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that blue black color so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that blue black color so if
+you're titrating something yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating something yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating something yellow
+to clear sometimes it might be harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear sometimes it might be harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clear sometimes it might be harder to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+right so what alex said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what alex said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what alex said was
+your solution actually reacts with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution actually reacts with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution actually reacts with with
+starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch
+so i actually brought some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i actually brought some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i actually brought some of the
+solution in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in here
+and i brought a piece of bread in i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought a piece of bread in i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i brought a piece of bread in i
+don't know if this is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if this is going to work
+but bread has starch in it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bread has starch in it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bread has starch in it doesn't it
+so i'm going to put some on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to put some on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to put some on on this
+bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread
+wow look at that look at that blue black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow look at that look at that blue black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow look at that look at that blue black
+so something's going on here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something's going on here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something's going on here it's
+reacting with the starch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the starch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting with the starch right
+can i have a volunteer some brave person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i know you're all tired but one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you're all tired but one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know you're all tired but one of you
+one of you come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you come on
+come on up mike mita right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's mido right okay might have stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mido right okay might have stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mido right okay might have stand up
+front here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here
+so what we're going to do is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is going to
+open this up and put a pair of these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this up and put a pair of these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this up and put a pair of these on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to let you hold this beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let you hold this beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to let you hold this beaker
+face your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face your
+your fellow students and just hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fellow students and just hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fellow students and just hold it
+nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+add something to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something to it
+it's clear right okay keep your eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear right okay keep your eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear right okay keep your eye on
+the beaker miter don't drop it whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker miter don't drop it whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker miter don't drop it whatever
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so keep your eye on that beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't take your eyes off the beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what don't worry keep you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what don't worry keep you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what don't worry keep you keep
+watching it might i don't don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it might i don't don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it might i don't don't get
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+oh now that's what i'm talking about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now that's what i'm talking about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now that's what i'm talking about you
+see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that
+this is what we're talking about i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're talking about i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're talking about i mean
+you know you're titrating you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're titrating you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're titrating you can't see
+the end point you put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point you put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point you put this in
+now that last drop of titrant is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that last drop of titrant is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that last drop of titrant is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+turn it clear you're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it clear you're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it clear you're going to be able to
+see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your
+titration thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's going on with the starch let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on with the starch let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on with the starch let's
+take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this
+starch is made up of about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch is made up of about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch is made up of about 25
+amylose which is the linear uh helical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylose which is the linear uh helical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylose which is the linear uh helical
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+and it also is made up about 75 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also is made up about 75 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also is made up about 75 of the
+branched amylopectin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched amylopectin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched amylopectin
+what happens is we have iodine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is we have iodine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is we have iodine and
+iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide
+present in our in our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in our in our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in our in our solution
+and when those two come together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when those two come together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when those two come together they
+actually form this penta iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually form this penta iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually form this penta iodide
+anion so you've got some i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion so you've got some i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion so you've got some i2
+some i minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember i2 is amber i minus is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i2 is amber i minus is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i2 is amber i minus is clear
+when you get these two together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get these two together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get these two together and
+they insert into this helix the amylose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they insert into this helix the amylose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they insert into this helix the amylose
+helix of starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix of starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix of starch
+and what amylose does is it forces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what amylose does is it forces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what amylose does is it forces the
+penta iodide anion to go in linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penta iodide anion to go in linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penta iodide anion to go in linearly
+into that helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that helix
+then the energy spacings change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy spacings change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy spacings change
+so you've got you know the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you know the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you know the way the
+wavelength of light hits that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light hits that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light hits that you're
+going to see blue black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see blue black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see blue black
+it's all happening inside of the starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all happening inside of the starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all happening inside of the starch
+with the amylose that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amylose that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amylose that's the key
+thing there are different people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are different people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there are different people some
+people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still
+believe it's i3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's i3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's i3 minus
+there's somebody else out there saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody else out there saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody else out there saying
+no no it's a poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's a poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it's a poly
+iodide there's always going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide there's always going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide there's always going to be some
+controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversy
+in in the you know but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the you know but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the you know but they're they're
+working on it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it uh
+i like i-5 and uh someone actually made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like i-5 and uh someone actually made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like i-5 and uh someone actually made
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+um an inorganic complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an inorganic complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an inorganic complex
+to make it look like starch and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it look like starch and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it look like starch and and they
+they proved it was i5 but even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proved it was i5 but even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proved it was i5 but even after
+this paper came out there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper came out there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper came out there's still
+a lot of controversy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for your standardization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for your standardization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for your standardization
+pretty simple you're going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple you're going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple you're going to go through
+and you're going to just follow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to just follow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to just follow these
+steps the tas will go through this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the tas will go through this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps the tas will go through this with
+you very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very simple
+and you're going to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to start off with
+probably something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like this
+kind of like a reddish solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a reddish solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a reddish solution
+and then you're going to start adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to start adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to start adding
+your thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thio
+your thiosulfate right and gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thiosulfate right and gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thiosulfate right and gradually
+you're titrating the iodine in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating the iodine in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're titrating the iodine in this
+solution to iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to iodide
+so here you've got a more yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you've got a more yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you've got a more yellow
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+what you've what you want to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've what you want to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've what you want to do is you
+want to find a spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find a spot
+when it turns yellow to add your starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it turns yellow to add your starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it turns yellow to add your starch
+and the starch has to be bubbly hot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the starch has to be bubbly hot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the starch has to be bubbly hot on
+the hot plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot plate
+and if you add it too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add it too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you add it too early
+there's so much iodine in there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much iodine in there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much iodine in there it's
+going to destroy the starch complex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to destroy the starch complex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to destroy the starch complex you
+won't get a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get a reaction
+but if you wait until it's so pale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you wait until it's so pale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you wait until it's so pale
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+what happens thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makes the complex successfully in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the complex successfully in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the complex successfully in terms
+of dark blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dark blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dark blue
+it turns the dark blue yeah but but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns the dark blue yeah but but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns the dark blue yeah but but if
+you wait too long right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you you used you had a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you you used you had a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you you used you had a reaction
+yesterday where your starch was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where your starch was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday where your starch was in
+globules right is that oh yeah it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globules right is that oh yeah it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globules right is that oh yeah it it
+formed a film because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a film because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed a film because
+oh the starch was not hot enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the starch was not hot enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the starch was not hot enough okay
+that that explains that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bunch of little yeah specks yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little yeah specks yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of little yeah specks yes yes
+yeah i've seen that before so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i've seen that before so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i've seen that before so you want
+to keep your starch hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your starch hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep your starch hot
+and just be patient you know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just be patient you know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just be patient you know and then
+you just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take a
+a plastic pasture pipette take a swig of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic pasture pipette take a swig of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic pasture pipette take a swig of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+shoot it in and you should get your blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it in and you should get your blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it in and you should get your blue
+black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black
+and then look you've got your blue black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look you've got your blue black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then look you've got your blue black
+you put that last drop of thiosulfate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that last drop of thiosulfate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put that last drop of thiosulfate in
+and you've got your clear solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your clear solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got your clear solution
+so you turn around and you're writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you turn around and you're writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you turn around and you're writing
+this down in your notebooks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in your notebooks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in your notebooks right
+and then you look back but it's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look back but it's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you look back but it's starting
+to turn blue black again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn blue black again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn blue black again
+what should you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add another drop of titrant that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another drop of titrant that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another drop of titrant that's what
+i would do thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would do thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would do thomas
+but it's not correct but i would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not correct but i would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not correct but i would do the
+same thing i would add another drop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing i would add another drop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing i would add another drop of
+titration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a side reaction going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a side reaction going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a side reaction going on in the
+air when you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air when you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air when you get this
+clear you've got all iodide present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you've got all iodide present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear you've got all iodide present in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+but what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens is
+so you've got got iodide there but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got got iodide there but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got got iodide there but you
+also have oxygen in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the oxygen is oxidizing the iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxygen is oxidizing the iodide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxygen is oxidizing the iodide
+to iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we don't want this iodine coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want this iodine coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want this iodine coming
+from the air we want it only from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air we want it only from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air we want it only from the
+river water right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river water right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river water right
+from the oxygen in the river so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxygen in the river so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the oxygen in the river so this is
+a side reaction that that can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side reaction that that can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side reaction that that can go on
+you let it set so just ignore it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it set so just ignore it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it set so just ignore it just
+take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your
+take your end point your your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your end point your your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your end point your your final
+neutralization and you'll you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization and you'll you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralization and you'll you're good
+take a look at the stoichiometry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the stoichiometry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the stoichiometry here
+one by iodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by iodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by iodate
+makes 6i2 each each i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 6i2 each each i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 6i2 each each i2
+reacts with 2-thiosulfate so it's 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with 2-thiosulfate so it's 12 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with 2-thiosulfate so it's 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate to biodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate to biodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate to biodate
+what you're going to do is you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is you're going
+to do three trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do three trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do three trials
+and they all should agree to within two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all should agree to within two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all should agree to within two
+or three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three percent
+if they don't do and do an extra trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't do and do an extra trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't do and do an extra trial
+or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+and and what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what you're going to do is
+you're going to find your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find your
+mean your standard deviation and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean your standard deviation and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean your standard deviation and your
+confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals
+and then give all that information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give all that information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then give all that information to
+your ta yesterday the tas did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta yesterday the tas did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta yesterday the tas did a
+beautiful job they put everybody's on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful job they put everybody's on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful job they put everybody's on an
+excel spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheet
+had it all averaged out they really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it all averaged out they really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it all averaged out they really did
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+good job yesterday the students really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job yesterday the students really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job yesterday the students really
+honed in on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honed in on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honed in on the uh
+the exact concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact concentration of the
+thiosulfate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thiosulfate so
+so it's pretty simple you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty simple you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty simple you do your
+calculations right there in the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations right there in the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations right there in the lab and
+and then you you have a choice of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you have a choice of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you you have a choice of using
+the class average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class average
+or using your own results for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using your own results for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or using your own results for the
+dissolved oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved oxygen
+that will take place on the next day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so collection of water samples so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so collection of water samples so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so collection of water samples so you're
+going to be going to the river for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going to the river for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going to the river for
+day two and we have these poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two and we have these poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two and we have these poles
+if you have uh long arms you'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have uh long arms you'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have uh long arms you'll take a
+short pole if you have if you're short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pole if you have if you're short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short pole if you have if you're short
+and have short arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have short arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have short arms
+then we have real long poles they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have real long poles they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have real long poles they're
+like hockey sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hockey sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hockey sticks
+right so you get your your stick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get your your stick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get your your stick and
+what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do
+is you insert your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you insert your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you insert your
+your bod bottle snaps into the clip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bod bottle snaps into the clip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your bod bottle snaps into the clip that
+i've got inside you take the stopper out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got inside you take the stopper out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got inside you take the stopper out
+and then you go to the edge of the dock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go to the edge of the dock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go to the edge of the dock
+don't fall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fall in
+and don't push anybody okay it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't push anybody okay it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't push anybody okay it's you
+know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's
+remember the cyanobacteria and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the cyanobacteria and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the cyanobacteria and all that
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+and take gloves with you because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take gloves with you because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take gloves with you because when
+you put this under water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this under water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put this under water
+it's got to be completely submerged you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be completely submerged you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be completely submerged you
+have to reach over the dock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach over the dock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach over the dock
+you've got to stopper it underwater so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to stopper it underwater so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to stopper it underwater so
+you've got to have gloves with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have gloves with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to have gloves with you
+all right so i stoppered mine underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i stoppered mine underwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i stoppered mine underwater
+i bring it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring it up
+take it out and then i look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it out and then i look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it out and then i look at the
+i take the bottle and i do this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the bottle and i do this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the bottle and i do this test
+i don't see any bubbles that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see any bubbles that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't see any bubbles that's a good
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+that means it's perfect you see bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's perfect you see bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's perfect you see bubbles
+you've introduced more oxygen in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've introduced more oxygen in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've introduced more oxygen in there
+your do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your do
+concentrations are going to be too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are going to be too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations are going to be too high
+pour it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it out
+and restart again okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restart again okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restart again okay so that's
+the collection then you bring the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection then you bring the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collection then you bring the stuff
+back to the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the lab
+and you're going to treat the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to treat the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to treat the the
+bottles in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles in the lab
+this this here is is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this here is is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this here is is wrong
+you you don't want to you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you don't want to you don't want to
+use these digital pipettors to treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these digital pipettors to treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these digital pipettors to treat the
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+because you'll be introducing oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be introducing oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be introducing oxygen
+into those into those water bottles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those into those water bottles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those into those water bottles what
+you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use
+is your 10 mil glass pipet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your 10 mil glass pipet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your 10 mil glass pipet
+and what we're going to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do here is
+each pair of students will have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair of students will have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each pair of students will have four
+bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles
+so you're going to first you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to first you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to first you're going to
+treat it with the manganese sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it with the manganese sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it with the manganese sulfate
+two mils of manganese sulfate that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mils of manganese sulfate that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mils of manganese sulfate that's the
+first reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reaction
+on that oxidation reduction winkler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that oxidation reduction winkler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that oxidation reduction winkler
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+and the way you do it is what i would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you do it is what i would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you do it is what i would do
+is i would take up 10 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i would take up 10 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i would take up 10 mils
+of manganese sulfate to prevent any air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manganese sulfate to prevent any air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of manganese sulfate to prevent any air
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+any any any air and then what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any any air and then what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any any air and then what you're
+going to do is you're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is you're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is you're going to take the
+stopper out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopper out
+you're going to go just below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go just below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go just below the
+surface of the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the liquid
+and put in two mils and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in two mils and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in two mils and then your
+partner can stopper it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner can stopper it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner can stopper it
+you go to the next one you do all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the next one you do all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the next one you do all four
+of them the last two mills in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them the last two mills in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them the last two mills in here
+shoot it into waste and then do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it into waste and then do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it into waste and then do the same
+thing with the alkaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the alkaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the alkaline
+iodide azide reagent two mils in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide azide reagent two mils in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide azide reagent two mils in each
+bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle
+and you should look at the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should look at the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should look at the bottle
+at this point after you add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point after you add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point after you add those
+reagents there should not be any bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents there should not be any bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents there should not be any bubbles
+if there's a bubble it means you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bubble it means you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bubble it means you've
+introduced air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced air
+and your do values will be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your do values will be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your do values will be higher
+by doing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing that so
+once you treated with these two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you treated with these two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you treated with these two steps
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you've essentially trapped the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've essentially trapped the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've essentially trapped the oxygen
+you're going to have this brown flock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have this brown flock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have this brown flock
+like this now you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this now you just
+shake that a bit and then you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake that a bit and then you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake that a bit and then you're going
+to dissolve it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve it now
+by adding sulfuric acid 28 drops of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding sulfuric acid 28 drops of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding sulfuric acid 28 drops of
+sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric
+and for the sulfuric you don't go below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the sulfuric you don't go below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the sulfuric you don't go below
+the surface you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface you just
+open the lid and you drip drip it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the lid and you drip drip it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the lid and you drip drip it in
+the acid is heavy it's going to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid is heavy it's going to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acid is heavy it's going to fall
+right to the bottom of the bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the bottom of the bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to the bottom of the bottle
+and now you you should have a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you you should have a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you you should have a bubble
+in there you will have a bubble after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you will have a bubble after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you will have a bubble after
+you add the sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the sulfuric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the sulfuric
+and that's okay so when you're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's okay so when you're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's okay so when you're done with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+you're ready to titrate and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to titrate and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to titrate and we've got a
+we've got it we're supposed to titrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got it we're supposed to titrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got it we're supposed to titrate
+200 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 mils
+that's what you titrated when you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you titrated when you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you titrated when you did
+your standardization as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standardization as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standardization as well
+but we've gotta we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've gotta we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've gotta we've got
+to make up for the four mils that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for the four mils that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up for the four mils that we
+added there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added there
+in the beginning we've displaced some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning we've displaced some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning we've displaced some
+something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there
+so so you want to titrate 200 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to titrate 200 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you want to titrate 200 mils
+times you've got a 300 mil bod bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you've taken and added four mils of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've taken and added four mils of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've taken and added four mils of
+stuff to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to it
+so if you do the math to make up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the math to make up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do the math to make up for
+that you really have to titrate 203 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to titrate 203 mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really have to titrate 203 mils
+so there's a couple ways you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple ways you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a couple ways you can do this
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+use a 100 mil graduated cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 100 mil graduated cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a 100 mil graduated cylinder
+and the error on that is about plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the error on that is about plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the error on that is about plus or
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+you fill that up twice put that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill that up twice put that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill that up twice put that in your
+container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container
+the last three mills you could add you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three mills you could add you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three mills you could add you
+could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this
+for accuracy to get your last three mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accuracy to get your last three mils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accuracy to get your last three mils
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and then you're good but you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're good but you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're good but you can also
+just titrate 200 mils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then multiply your answer by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply your answer by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then multiply your answer by a
+correction factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction factor
+which would be 203 over 200. and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be 203 over 200. and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be 203 over 200. and that
+will give you the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the same answer
+as titrating the the 203
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the math is pretty simple here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the math is pretty simple here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the math is pretty simple here
+you're converting the moles of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're converting the moles of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're converting the moles of your
+titrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrant
+to moles of oxygen grams of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to moles of oxygen grams of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to moles of oxygen grams of oxygen
+you divide by the liters if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by the liters if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by the liters if you're doing
+two two to two hundred mils that's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two to two hundred mils that's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two to two hundred mils that's point
+two liters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liters
+and then you get your milligrams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get your milligrams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get your milligrams per
+liter and ppm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've you know we i kept mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know we i kept mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know we i kept mentioning
+we're using the uh we've got to add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the uh we've got to add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the uh we've got to add this
+alkaline azide solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline azide solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline azide solution
+we're actually using the azide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using the azide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually using the azide
+modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+of the winkler method and what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the winkler method and what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the winkler method and what is that
+well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are
+there are nox gases in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nox gases in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are nox gases in the atmosphere
+what's the nastiest nox gas that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the nastiest nox gas that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the nastiest nox gas that you can
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you a hint it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint it's a big
+greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas
+and it's not co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh ozone is is a gas up there yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ozone is is a gas up there yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ozone is is a gas up there yeah but
+that protects us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protects us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protects us
+right our ozone layer is a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our ozone layer is a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right our ozone layer is a layer of
+protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection
+but but what's yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right please don't laugh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's laughing gas n2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's laughing gas n2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's laughing gas n2o
+you're all i mean the atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all i mean the atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all i mean the atmosphere is
+loaded with laughing gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded with laughing gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded with laughing gas
+i know everybody's laughing now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know everybody's laughing now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know everybody's laughing now right
+it's great where does it come from n2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great where does it come from n2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great where does it come from n2o
+all the fertilizer one percent of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fertilizer one percent of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the fertilizer one percent of all
+the fertilizer in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertilizer in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertilizer in the world
+goes up in the atmosphere it's laughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in the atmosphere it's laughing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up in the atmosphere it's laughing
+gas it's not from a dentist's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's not from a dentist's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's not from a dentist's office
+it's from fertilizer i know i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from fertilizer i know i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from fertilizer i know i don't want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+think about dentists i was just at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about dentists i was just at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about dentists i was just at one
+yesterday i don't like dentists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday i don't like dentists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday i don't like dentists
+but the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the you know
+every ton of laughing gas it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ton of laughing gas it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every ton of laughing gas it's in the
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+it's like 300 tons of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 300 tons of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 300 tons of co2
+and it stays up there for over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stays up there for over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stays up there for over a hundred
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+and what does it do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it do well
+who said ozone back there there you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said ozone back there there you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who said ozone back there there you are
+okay laughing gas reacts with ozone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay laughing gas reacts with ozone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay laughing gas reacts with ozone
+and it forms dinitrogen dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms dinitrogen dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it forms dinitrogen dioxide
+and this dinitrogen dioxide only lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this dinitrogen dioxide only lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this dinitrogen dioxide only lasts
+for about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for about an
+hour and it immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and it immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and it immediately
+the n2o2 reacts with air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to form nitrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we are talking about greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are talking about greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we are talking about greenhouse
+gas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in
+the world and this is affecting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and this is affecting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and this is affecting our
+little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny
+reaction in the charles river experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the charles river experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the charles river experiment
+because these nitrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these nitrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these nitrites
+look what they do they get in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what they do they get in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what they do they get in and
+oxidize iodide to iodine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize iodide to iodine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize iodide to iodine
+and we don't want our iodine coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want our iodine coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't want our iodine coming from
+some reaction from laughing gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reaction from laughing gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reaction from laughing gas right
+from from nitrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from nitrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from nitrite
+we want it coming from the oxygen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it coming from the oxygen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it coming from the oxygen in the
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+so we add sodium azide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add sodium azide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add sodium azide
+and that zaps the nitrites converts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that zaps the nitrites converts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that zaps the nitrites converts them
+to harmless nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harmless nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harmless nitrogen
+and water so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theory behind why we're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory behind why we're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory behind why we're using the
+azide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+azide
+modification all that for these nitrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk for a moment about ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk for a moment about ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk for a moment about ph
+um ph in in natural waters let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ph in in natural waters let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ph in in natural waters let's see
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+bring down some more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who knows the definition of ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember your chemical principles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your chemical principles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your chemical principles from
+longtime alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longtime alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longtime alec
+concentration of hydrogen ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydrogen ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydrogen ions
+very good the negative log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good the negative log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good the negative log of the
+concentration of the hydrogen ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the hydrogen ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the hydrogen ions
+so ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i mean you all know the ph scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you all know the ph scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you all know the ph scale is
+0 to 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 14 and
+acid is less than 7 and i hope you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is less than 7 and i hope you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid is less than 7 and i hope you know
+what color litmus paper changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color litmus paper changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color litmus paper changes
+right with ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was a question on on a tv show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a question on on a tv show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a question on on a tv show
+with regis fillman you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regis fillman you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with regis fillman you want to be a
+millionaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionaire
+a guy actually got up to the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy actually got up to the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy actually got up to the million
+dollar question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar question
+and i i happened to turn it on at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i happened to turn it on at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i happened to turn it on at just
+at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point
+and they asked him what color does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked him what color does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked him what color does
+litmus paper change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus paper change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus paper change
+in base and the guy said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in base and the guy said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in base and the guy said
+oh i don't know but can i call my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't know but can i call my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i don't know but can i call my
+lifeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeline
+and they said yes so he called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said yes so he called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said yes so he called this
+prestigious biologist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious biologist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious biologist at
+one of the california universities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the california universities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the california universities and
+they said red and the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said red and the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said red and the guy
+the guy answers red and he loses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy answers red and he loses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy answers red and he loses a
+million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+oh i was beside myself you know so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i was beside myself you know so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i was beside myself you know so you
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you remember anything remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember anything remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember anything remember what
+color litmus vapor is in acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color litmus vapor is in acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color litmus vapor is in acid
+but in the river in the river the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the river in the river the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the river in the river the ph
+can go from 6.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from 6.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from 6.5
+to 8.5 and the ph affects everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 8.5 and the ph affects everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 8.5 and the ph affects everything
+from the solubility of of metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solubility of of metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solubility of of metals
+if it gets too acidic out there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets too acidic out there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets too acidic out there in the
+river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river
+the the metals become more soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metals become more soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the metals become more soluble
+mercury cadmium arsenic all those metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury cadmium arsenic all those metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury cadmium arsenic all those metals
+so the fish uptake the metals and we eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fish uptake the metals and we eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fish uptake the metals and we eat
+the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish
+and with global warming the acidity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with global warming the acidity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with global warming the acidity of
+the rivers is gradually drifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivers is gradually drifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rivers is gradually drifting
+very slightly lower um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slightly lower um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slightly lower um
+it also affects the forms of phosphorus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also affects the forms of phosphorus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also affects the forms of phosphorus
+so remember you've got po4 to the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you've got po4 to the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you've got po4 to the three
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+but if it's slightly acidic you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's slightly acidic you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's slightly acidic you might
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+hydrogen phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the dihydrogen phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you could end up with phosphoric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could end up with phosphoric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could end up with phosphoric acid
+depending on how acidic it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how acidic it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how acidic it gets
+what about photosynthesis and ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where where are my biologists at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my resident by there must be somebody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resident by there must be somebody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my resident by there must be somebody in
+bio in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio in here
+come on don't be afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on don't be afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on don't be afraid
+yes there you are what's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there you are what's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there you are what's the equation
+for photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good good water and carbon dioxide let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good water and carbon dioxide let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good water and carbon dioxide let's
+let's just write that down for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so co2 plus water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so co2 plus water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so co2 plus water
+a little bit of sun oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of sun oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of sun oxygen
+oxygen and sugars good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and sugars good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and sugars good so
+ch2o and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does the ph go up or down during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does the ph go up or down during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does the ph go up or down during
+photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean it's like a 50 50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sean you want to answer don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes up okay anyone else alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up okay anyone else alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up okay anyone else alec
+it goes down goes down okay there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down goes down okay there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down goes down okay there you go
+i told you it's like a 50 50 right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you it's like a 50 50 right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you it's like a 50 50 right all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+let's do a little experiment uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a little experiment uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a little experiment uh with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um i'm gonna i'm gonna pour myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna i'm gonna pour myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm gonna i'm gonna pour myself a
+drink here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is this is good stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not gatorade i can tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gatorade i can tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gatorade i can tell you that
+this is uh this is a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is a classic
+test in the medical profession if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in the medical profession if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in the medical profession if you're
+going to medical school for breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to medical school for breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to medical school for breath
+and when i'm doing this you cannot make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i'm doing this you cannot make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i'm doing this you cannot make
+me laugh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me laugh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me laugh
+you make me laugh i'm dead okay please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make me laugh i'm dead okay please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make me laugh i'm dead okay please
+i'm gonna play some music to relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna play some music to relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna play some music to relax
+myself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just uh let me see if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh let me see if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just uh let me see if we can get
+this on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on here
+okay there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm breathing into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't hear any music coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't hear any music coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't hear any music coming out
+i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go
+you're making me laugh sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i may have to have you come up and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have to have you come up and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may have to have you come up and help
+me with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i may not be okay the color is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not be okay the color is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not be okay the color is supposed
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there we are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm okay
+so what just happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you blew carbon dioxide into the water i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blew carbon dioxide into the water i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you blew carbon dioxide into the water i
+blew carbon dioxide in the water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew carbon dioxide in the water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew carbon dioxide in the water so
+we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got
+co2 plus water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbonic acid good h2co3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonic acid good h2co3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonic acid good h2co3
+which breaks down into h plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks down into h plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks down into h plus
+plus bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide
+right so we take that out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we take that out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we take that out of the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+which means we're also taking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we're also taking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we're also taking out
+the h plus so does the ph go up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h plus so does the ph go up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h plus so does the ph go up or down
+alec up up up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alec up up up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alec up up up okay
+good and pollution and ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and pollution and ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and pollution and ph
+same thing if you got pollution you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing if you got pollution you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing if you got pollution you got
+all this vegetation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this vegetation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this vegetation right
+so you've got photosynthesis so the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got photosynthesis so the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got photosynthesis so the ph
+is going to be up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be up
+this is lassen lake volcanic national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lassen lake volcanic national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lassen lake volcanic national
+park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park
+ph 2 2.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph 2 2.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph 2 2.0
+you do not want to stick your foot into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to stick your foot into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to stick your foot into
+this lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lake
+and then you've got some safety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got some safety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got some safety of the
+chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals
+which uh the most serious is the azide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the most serious is the azide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh the most serious is the azide
+reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent
+which uh it's a neurological toxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh it's a neurological toxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh it's a neurological toxin
+and if you ingest it it can cause death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you ingest it it can cause death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you ingest it it can cause death
+so please be careful with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please be careful with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please be careful with that
+sulfuric acid you know how bad that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid you know how bad that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric acid you know how bad that is
+you don't want to get it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to get it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to get it in your
+respiratory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory system
+and the manganese sulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manganese sulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manganese sulfate
+seems innocuous but it attacks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems innocuous but it attacks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems innocuous but it attacks the
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+targets blood and kidneys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets blood and kidneys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets blood and kidneys so
+be careful with that sodium thiosulfate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with that sodium thiosulfate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful with that sodium thiosulfate
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+respiratory irritant can cause breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory irritant can cause breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory irritant can cause breathing
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+um so if you feel like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you feel like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you feel like you're
+having breathing issues it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having breathing issues it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having breathing issues it could be that
+biodate can burn your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodate can burn your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodate can burn your eyes
+very very dangerous stuff around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very dangerous stuff around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very dangerous stuff around your
+eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes
+so all of these things you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these things you have to be
+careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with
+okay so we'll see you thursday for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll see you thursday for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll see you thursday for the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+lecture in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0T83-47Vi-M.txt b/0T83-47Vi-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fdb200a5b5cffefb2c1d71a21c7e3ddf94c04fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0T83-47Vi-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go a little
+further to try to put resonances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to try to put resonances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to try to put resonances in
+a in a more intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a more intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a more intriguing
+footing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footing and
+U that you can play with them if you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that you can play with them if you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that you can play with them if you at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+interesting so let's think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so let's think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so let's think of the
+scattering amplitude that we had we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude that we had we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude that we had we had
+a remember the scattered wave was a s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remember the scattered wave was a s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a remember the scattered wave was a s to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+I KX um I KX yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX um I KX yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX um I KX yes that
+direction and what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s well it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s well it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s well it a
+s² is sin squ Delta so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² is sin squ Delta so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² is sin squ Delta so if you remember
+this was sin Delta e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta so let's stick to that and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so let's stick to that and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so let's stick to that and try to
+write it in a funny way certainly as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in a funny way certainly as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in a funny way certainly as is
+becoming large near resonant so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming large near resonant so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming large near resonant so let
+let's think when as becomes large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think when as becomes large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think when as becomes large
+well in another way let's be a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in another way let's be a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in another way let's be a little uh
+creative about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative about things
+uh it's it's good sometimes not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's good sometimes not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's good sometimes not to be
+too logical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too logical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too logical um
+so let's write this as um sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this as um sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write this as um sign
+Delta I'll do it here sin Delta over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'll do it here sin Delta over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I'll do it here sin Delta over e
+the- i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the- i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the- i
+Delta and that's sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and that's sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and that's sin
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+over cos Delta - I sin Delta that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cos Delta - I sin Delta that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cos Delta - I sin Delta that's all
+good a s let me divide by sin Delta both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a s let me divide by sin Delta both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a s let me divide by sin Delta both
+sides both numerator and denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both numerator and denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides both numerator and denominator
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um no iide by coine Delta so I'll have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no iide by coine Delta so I'll have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no iide by coine Delta so I'll have t
+Del over 1 - I tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del over 1 - I tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del over 1 - I tan
+Delta I divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co
+okay you want as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you want as
+large you really want it large choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you really want it large choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large you really want it large choose
+tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan
+Delta equal to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sounds
+crazy it's not really crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy it's not really crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy it's not really crazy
+um so the reason it sounds crazy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the reason it sounds crazy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the reason it sounds crazy and
+it's somewhat uh strange and not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat uh strange and not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat uh strange and not very
+logical is that tan Delta is a face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical is that tan Delta is a face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical is that tan Delta is a face and
+the tangent of any face is never an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of any face is never an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of any face is never an
+imaginary number so then I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary number so then I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary number so then I would have to
+think of Delta itself as a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Delta itself as a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Delta itself as a complex
+number and what would that mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what would that mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what would that mean so
+things are weird but the but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are weird but the but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are weird but the but it's
+certainly the fact that as will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the fact that as will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the fact that as will become
+infinite not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite not just
+large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but
+infinite as will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite as will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite as will become
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and you say wow this this doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say wow this this doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say wow this this doesn't make
+any sense but uh maybe it makes sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense but uh maybe it makes sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense but uh maybe it makes sense in
+the following way this is the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way this is the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way this is the line of
+real face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real face
+shifts values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts values are
+real and here is the world of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and here is the world of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and here is the world of complex
+phe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phe
+shifts these are the real face shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts these are the real face shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts these are the real face shifts
+there are the complex face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the complex face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the complex face
+shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts
+maybe if the comp if the face shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if the comp if the face shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if the comp if the face shift
+becomes infinite off the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite off the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite off the real
+axis it's just large on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it's just large on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it's just large on the real
+axis so actually if you wanted it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so actually if you wanted it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so actually if you wanted it to be
+very large you would have to get off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large you would have to get off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large you would have to get off the
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis if this sounds vague it it is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if this sounds vague it it is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis if this sounds vague it it is still
+vague but in a minute it will will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague but in a minute it will will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague but in a minute it will will make
+it precise uh so I suggest that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it precise uh so I suggest that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it precise uh so I suggest that we take
+this idea seriously that maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea seriously that maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea seriously that maybe this
+means something and we can try to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something and we can try to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something and we can try to argue
+that by looking back at what resonances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I will do is look we've modeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will do is look we've modeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I will do is look we've modeled
+a resonance here tangent Delta so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resonance here tangent Delta so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resonance here tangent Delta so let's
+look at what as does we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what as does we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what as does we have it
+there a is tan Delta well tan Delta we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a is tan Delta well tan Delta we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a is tan Delta well tan Delta we
+had it in the middle Blackboard is beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in the middle Blackboard is beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it in the middle Blackboard is beta
+over Alpha - K 1 - I beta over alp Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alpha - K 1 - I beta over alp Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Alpha - K 1 - I beta over alp Min -
+K again so that's how as behaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general that's fine there's no at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's fine there's no at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that's fine there's no at this
+moment there's nothing crazy about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's nothing crazy about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's nothing crazy about this
+because this is something you all agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something you all agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is something you all agreed
+nobody complained about this formula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody complained about this formula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody complained about this formula so
+as is given by that formula it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is given by that formula it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as is given by that formula it's also
+legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+math so far so we'll have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so far so we'll have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math so far so we'll have this
+this and then let's simplify it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then let's simplify it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then let's simplify it a little
+bit this is beta over Alpha - K - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta so this still beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this still beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so this still beta
+over Alpha - I beta -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay we usually would plot as as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay we usually would plot as as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay we usually would plot as as a
+function of K that's what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K that's what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K that's what we're trying
+to do it's a function of K and now here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's a function of K and now here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's a function of K and now here
+is the formula for as is a function of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formula for as is a function of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the formula for as is a function of K
+and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K but let's be daring now and not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but let's be daring now and not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but let's be daring now and not say
+this is K this is the complex K plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K this is the complex K plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is K this is the complex K plane
+and yes you work with real K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes you work with real K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes you work with real K but
+that's because that has a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because that has a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because that has a direct
+physical interpretation but maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation but maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation but maybe a
+complex clay plane has a more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex clay plane has a more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex clay plane has a more subtle
+physical interpretation and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation and that's what
+I claim is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is happening
+here this quantity becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this quantity becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this quantity becomes
+infinite near the resonance here was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite near the resonance here was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite near the resonance here was the
+resonance what you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance what you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance what you call the
+resonance but this becomes really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance but this becomes really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance but this becomes really
+infinite not at Alpha when K isal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite not at Alpha when K isal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite not at Alpha when K isal to
+Alpha but when K isal to Alpha minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but when K isal to Alpha minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but when K isal to Alpha minus I
+beta beta was supposed to be small for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta beta was supposed to be small for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta beta was supposed to be small for a
+resonant so here is minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant so here is minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant so here is minus I
+beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is this very unusual point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this very unusual point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this very unusual point
+where the scattering amplitude blows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the scattering amplitude blows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the scattering amplitude blows
+up it has what is in complex variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it has what is in complex variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it has what is in complex variables
+if you think in 1806 it's called a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in 1806 it's called a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think in 1806 it's called a pole
+in a complex variable when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complex variable when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a complex variable when you have a
+denominator ADV vanishes linearly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator ADV vanishes linearly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator ADV vanishes linearly you
+call it a pole things blow up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a pole things blow up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a pole things blow up so the
+scattering amplitude has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude has a
+pole of the real axis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the real axis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole of the real axis and the
+interpretation is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is correct
+at this point this function becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point this function becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point this function becomes
+infinite and what is happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and what is happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and what is happening on the
+real line that a is becoming large is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line that a is becoming large is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real line that a is becoming large is
+just the remnant of that Infinity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the remnant of that Infinity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the remnant of that Infinity over
+here that is affecting the value at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is affecting the value at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is affecting the value at this
+point so in the complex plane you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so in the complex plane you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so in the complex plane you
+understand the function a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the function a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the function a little
+better you see why it's becoming big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you see why it's becoming big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you see why it's becoming big and
+you can see also with a little analis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also with a little analis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also with a little analis
+why the face is shifting very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the face is shifting very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the face is shifting very fast
+because you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have this
+F and that's called a resonance uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that's called a resonance uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and that's called a resonance uh and
+this is the mathematically precise way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mathematically precise way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the mathematically precise way
+of searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of searching for
+resonances if you want to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances if you want to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances if you want to search for
+resonances what you should do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances what you should do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances what you should do is you
+have your formula for Delta as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your formula for Delta as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your formula for Delta as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and it's a complicated formula but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's a complicated formula but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and it's a complicated formula but now
+try to solve the equation tan Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve the equation tan Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to solve the equation tan Delta of
+this is equal to - I because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to - I because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to - I because that's what
+guarantees that you have a pole that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that you have a pole that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that you have a pole that
+indeed it blows up at some value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it blows up at some value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it blows up at some value that's
+where as blows up which we see directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as blows up which we see directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where as blows up which we see directly
+here it's this value alpha- I beta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this value alpha- I beta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's this value alpha- I beta so
+Alpha minus I beta is a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus I beta is a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus I beta is a pole
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+s and therefore it must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and therefore it must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and therefore it must be happening
+when tangent of Delta is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tangent of Delta is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tangent of Delta is equal to minus
+I so you have a very complicated formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so you have a very complicated formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so you have a very complicated formula
+maybe for tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for tangent of
+Delta but set it equal to minus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta but set it equal to minus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta but set it equal to minus I and
+ask mathematic to solve it and a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask mathematic to solve it and a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask mathematic to solve it and a number
+will come k equal or k a =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come k equal or k a =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come k equal or k a =
+2.73 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.3 I and you will know oh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 I and you will know oh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 I and you will know oh that's a
+resonance it's off the axis and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance it's off the axis and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance it's off the axis and the real
+part is the value of Alpha and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the value of Alpha and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the value of Alpha and since
+this is beta the closer to the axis if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beta the closer to the axis if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beta the closer to the axis if
+you find more the more resonant it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find more the more resonant it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find more the more resonant it is
+and by the time it's far from the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time it's far from the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the time it's far from the axis
+some people call it the resonance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it the resonance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people call it the resonance and
+people say no that's not the resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no that's not the resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say no that's not the resonance
+is a matter of taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matter of taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matter of taste
+but there are important things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are important things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are important things which are
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+poles so um I will not give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so um I will not give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so um I will not give you
+exercises on that but you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises on that but you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises on that but you may want to
+try it if you want to have um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it if you want to have um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it if you want to have um some
+entertainment with these things uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment with these things uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment with these things uh I
+want to say one more thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say one more thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say one more thing about this
+and it's the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the reason why this
+Viewpoint is uh interesting as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint is uh interesting as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint is uh interesting as well
+we already found that if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already found that if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already found that if we want to
+think of resonances more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of resonances more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of resonances more
+precisely we can think of them as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we can think of them as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely we can think of them as just
+an equation you solve an equation and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation you solve an equation and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation you solve an equation and it
+gives you the resonance and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the resonance and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the resonance and this is the
+equation you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you must
+solve and you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and you must
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but now you can say look look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now you can say look look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now you can say look look
+actually you have e is = to H2 k^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2f
+and okay we have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay we have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay we have real
+case this is the physical scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the physical scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is the physical scattering
+Solutions complex case those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions complex case those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions complex case those are
+resonances how about imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances how about imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances how about imaginary
+case if K is equal to I Kaa Kaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if K is equal to I Kaa Kaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if K is equal to I Kaa Kaa
+belonging to the real numbers then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to the real numbers then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to the real numbers then the
+energy becomes - h^ 2 Kaa 2/ 2 m and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy becomes - h^ 2 Kaa 2/ 2 m and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy becomes - h^ 2 Kaa 2/ 2 m and is
+less than zero and it could represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero and it could represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero and it could represent
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so while we you began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so while we you began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so while we you began with
+scattering Solutions of real K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Solutions of real K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Solutions of real K
+representing your weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing your weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing your weight
+waves now mathematically you're led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves now mathematically you're led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves now mathematically you're led to
+Resonance is understood as POS in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resonance is understood as POS in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resonance is understood as POS in the
+scattering amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitude
+here we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that
+case in the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis would
+represent bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States so the complex C plane is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so the complex C plane is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so the complex C plane is very
+rich it has room for your scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it has room for your scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it has room for your scattering
+Solutions it has room for your residents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions it has room for your residents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions it has room for your residents
+it even has rooms for your bound States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even has rooms for your bound States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even has rooms for your bound States
+they're all there that's why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all there that's why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all there that's why it's a
+valuable extension I have not proven for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable extension I have not proven for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable extension I have not proven for
+you that boun correspond to poles it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that boun correspond to poles it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that boun correspond to poles it's a
+simple calculation and that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation and that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation and that I will
+assign it to you with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it to you with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign it to you with a little bit of
+guidance and you will see that also so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance and you will see that also so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance and you will see that also so
+for the case of bound State you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of bound State you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of bound State you get a
+pole in the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the scattering
+amplitude and uh that will complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and uh that will complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and uh that will complete the
+interpretation of that now people go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that now people go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that now people go a
+little further actually and they invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further actually and they invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little further actually and they invent
+poles in this part and they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in this part and they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in this part and they're called
+anti bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States and you say what's that uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you say what's that uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you say what's that uh if you
+have a bound State you much a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound State you much a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bound State you much a solution
+to a pure decaying exponential in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pure decaying exponential in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a pure decaying exponential in the
+Forbidden region in an anti bound State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden region in an anti bound State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden region in an anti bound State
+you match your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you match your
+solution to a pure increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a pure increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a pure increasing
+exponential a pure one does that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a pure one does that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a pure one does that have an
+interpretation actually it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation actually it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation actually it does have
+interpretation some nuclear states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation some nuclear states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation some nuclear states are
+associated with anti bound States so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with anti bound States so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with anti bound States so so
+the mathematical description the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical description the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical description the rich
+want to explain is ready for you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain is ready for you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain is ready for you if you
+just do scattering ampl K resonances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do scattering ampl K resonances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do scattering ampl K resonances
+complex K normal bound States imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex K normal bound States imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex K normal bound States imaginary
+K positive anti bouncing negative K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K positive anti bouncing negative K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K positive anti bouncing negative K it's
+a nice story
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0YGiDaUOse4.txt b/0YGiDaUOse4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f82071a3e24ff628ea9acc0d69270fb2a9b558c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0YGiDaUOse4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation today what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation today what I
+want to do is something maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is something maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is something maybe a little
+bit more theoretical but the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more theoretical but the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more theoretical but the goal is to
+show that something that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that something that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that something that you're going to
+be repeatedly doing when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeatedly doing when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be repeatedly doing when you use
+quadratic approximations is in fact true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations is in fact true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations is in fact true
+so I'm going to explain the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to explain the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to explain the situation
+give a quick example and then show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quick example and then show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a quick example and then show you
+what we're we're setting out to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're we're setting out to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're we're setting out to do so
+the situation is as follows we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is as follows we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is as follows we're going
+to anytime you see a q of f that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anytime you see a q of f that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anytime you see a q of f that's going
+to represent the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the quadratic approximation
+to F at x equals 0 so what I've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F at x equals 0 so what I've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F at x equals 0 so what I've done is
+say Q of f I'm going to Define to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q of f I'm going to Define to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Q of f I'm going to Define to be
+this thing on the right which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the right which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the right which is exactly
+the formula you were given in class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula you were given in class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula you were given in class for
+the quadratic approximation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation of a
+function f at x equals 0 so f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f at x equals 0 so f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f at x equals 0 so f is
+approximately the thing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the thing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the thing on the right
+near zero our goal is to show that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero our goal is to show that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near zero our goal is to show that if I
+want to take the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the quadratic approximation
+of a product of two functions that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product of two functions that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product of two functions that I can
+do it in a different way I can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way I can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way I can do it in
+the way written on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way written on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way written on the right hand side
+which actually looks more complicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually looks more complicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually looks more complicated in
+this notation but is in fact easier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation but is in fact easier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation but is in fact easier in
+reality so let me explain what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so let me explain what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so let me explain what's
+happening and then I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and then I'll give you an
+example if I wanted to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I wanted to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I wanted to take the
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+two functions what I want to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions what I want to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions what I want to show is
+that instead I could take the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead I could take the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that instead I could take the quadratic
+approximation of each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of each individual
+function multiply those together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiply those together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function multiply those together and
+then take the quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the quadratic approximation of
+what I get as a result so let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get as a result so let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get as a result so let me give
+you an easy example for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an easy example for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an easy example for instance
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let let's let f of x equal e to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's let f of x equal e to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's let f of x equal e to the X
+and let a g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let a g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let a g of
+x equal sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal sin
+x okay then what is Q of F Q of f is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay then what is Q of F Q of f is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x okay then what is Q of F Q of f is the
+quadratic approximation to e to the X at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation to e to the X at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation to e to the X at
+x equal 0 and that's going to be 1 + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal 0 and that's going to be 1 + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equal 0 and that's going to be 1 + x
+plus x^2 over 2 you already knew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x^2 over 2 you already knew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x^2 over 2 you already knew this
+and G the quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G the quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G the quadratic approximation of
+sinx X is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx X is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx X is just
+X so if I wanted to to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I wanted to to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so if I wanted to to find the
+quadratic approximation to e to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation to e to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation to e to the X
+sinx what I could do what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx what I could do what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx what I could do what this is
+claiming I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do is instead I can take the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is instead I can take the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is instead I can take the quadratic
+approximation of this function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this function times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this function times
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function so instead I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so instead I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so instead I can take the
+quadratic approximation of uh F was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of uh F was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of uh F was the
+e to the x 1 plus X + x^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x 1 plus X + x^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the x 1 plus X + x^2 over
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+X that's not a four sorry that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's not a four sorry that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's not a four sorry that's a
+parenthesis 1 + X+ X2 2 * X and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis 1 + X+ X2 2 * X and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis 1 + X+ X2 2 * X and what is
+that the quadratic approximation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quadratic approximation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quadratic approximation to that
+is the quadratic approximation to x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quadratic approximation to x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quadratic approximation to x +
+x^2 plus X Cub over 2 and at x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus X Cub over 2 and at x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 plus X Cub over 2 and at x equals 0
+if I have a polinomial the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a polinomial the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a polinomial the quadratic
+approximation to a polinomial at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to a polinomial at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to a polinomial at x
+equals 0 is just all the terms up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is just all the terms up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is just all the terms up to the
+quadratic term so I drop off higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term so I drop off higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term so I drop off higher
+order terms so I just get x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms so I just get x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms so I just get x +
+x^2 so that's the idea the idea is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that's the idea the idea is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that's the idea the idea is I
+have a product of two functions I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product of two functions I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a product of two functions I know
+their individual quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual quadratic
+approximations and so what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so what I want to do
+is I want to find the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to find the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to find the quadratic
+approximation of this product by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this product by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this product by
+exploiting the fact that I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the fact that I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the fact that I already know
+their individual ones and exploiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual ones and exploiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual ones and exploiting the
+fact that quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that quadratic approximation of
+polinomial at x equals 0 is very easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial at x equals 0 is very easy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial at x equals 0 is very easy so
+that's the example that's the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the example that's the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the example that's the idea so
+now let's see if we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if we can do it
+okay so we have a cheat sheet up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a cheat sheet up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a cheat sheet up here
+that I'm going to refer back to I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to refer back to I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to refer back to I didn't
+want to use it again and I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use it again and I didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use it again and I didn't want
+to have to derive this for you but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to derive this for you but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to derive this for you but we
+have the product rule FG Prime is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the product rule FG Prime is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the product rule FG Prime is equal
+to what's on the right and FG double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's on the right and FG double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's on the right and FG double
+Prime is equal to what's on the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to what's on the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to what's on the right so
+my goal here is to show remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal here is to show remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal here is to show remember that
+the quadratic approximation let me point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation let me point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation let me point
+over here again the goal is to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again the goal is to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again the goal is to show that
+quadratic approximation of FG is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of FG is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of FG is equal
+to the quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the quadratic approximation of
+quadratic approximation of F and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of F and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of F and the
+quadratic times the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic times the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic times the quadratic
+approximation of G so let's do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of G so let's do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of G so let's do well
+let's do the right hand side first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the right hand side first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the right hand side first
+because that's a little nicer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a little nicer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a little nicer and then
+we'll show the right hand side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show the right hand side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show the right hand side and then
+we'll show the left hand side and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show the left hand side and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show the left hand side and we'll
+show they're equal so let me start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they're equal so let me start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they're equal so let me start here
+uh with the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side okay so let's look at what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so let's look at what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so let's look at what's the
+quadratic approximation of F and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of F and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of F and what's
+the quadratic approximation of G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation of G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation of G and
+then we'll take their final quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll take their final quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll take their final quadratic
+approximation so Q of f we have exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so Q of f we have exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so Q of f we have exact
+what we need there F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need there F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need there F of
+0 plus frime of 0 * X Plus fpre of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus frime of 0 * X Plus fpre of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus frime of 0 * X Plus fpre of 0
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+x^2 Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 Q of
+G is equal to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is equal to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is equal to g
+of0 plus G Prime of 0 * X Plus G Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 plus G Prime of 0 * X Plus G Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of0 plus G Prime of 0 * X Plus G Prime
+at 0 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 over 2
+X2 so now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so now what I'm going to do is
+multiply those two together and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two together and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply those two together and I'm
+actually going to swing this way way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to swing this way way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to swing this way way a
+tiny bit if that's okay to write Q of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit if that's okay to write Q of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit if that's okay to write Q of f
+time Q of G because it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Q of G because it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Q of G because it's going to be a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+long and I'm going to group them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I'm going to group them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I'm going to group them
+carefully so that I have all the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so that I have all the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so that I have all the higher
+order terms at the end okay so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms at the end okay so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms at the end okay so I'm going
+to get F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get F of
+zero g of Z by multiplying these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g of Z by multiplying these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g of Z by multiplying these two
+together and then I'm going to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then I'm going to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then I'm going to get two
+terms involving an X I'm going to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving an X I'm going to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms involving an X I'm going to get an
+F Prime * G and a g Prime Time F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime * G and a g Prime Time F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Prime * G and a g Prime Time F
+actually if you'll allow me we'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you'll allow me we'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you'll allow me we'll know
+that anywhere we see an F or a g or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anywhere we see an F or a g or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anywhere we see an F or a g or an
+fpre or a g prime or an FP prime or gble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre or a g prime or an FP prime or gble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre or a g prime or an FP prime or gble
+prime they're all evaluated at zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime they're all evaluated at zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime they're all evaluated at zero so
+I'm going to drop the zeros from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop the zeros from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drop the zeros from here
+here on out anywhere you see those I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out anywhere you see those I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out anywhere you see those I'm
+evaluating them at zero otherwise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating them at zero otherwise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating them at zero otherwise this
+will be way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be way too
+long so let me write this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so let me write this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so let me write this just as
+FG I can even write just the single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG I can even write just the single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FG I can even write just the single one
+evaluated at zero it's the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero it's the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero it's the product
+evaluated at zero and then I have fpre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero and then I have fpre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero and then I have fpre
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+so I'll just evaluate at zero at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just evaluate at zero at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just evaluate at zero at at the
+end of the product plus FG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the product plus FG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the product plus FG
+Prime evaluated zero this whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime evaluated zero this whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime evaluated zero this whole thing is
+times x I get an X here I get an X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x I get an X here I get an X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x I get an X here I get an X here
+now I need to figure out what terms give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to figure out what terms give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need to figure out what terms give
+me an X squar okay so the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an X squar okay so the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an X squar okay so the terms that
+give me an X squ are f of0 * GP Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an X squ are f of0 * GP Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an X squ are f of0 * GP Prime
+over two that gives me an x s f Prime *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two that gives me an x s f Prime *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two that gives me an x s f Prime *
+G gives me an X2 and frime G Prime gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G gives me an X2 and frime G Prime gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G gives me an X2 and frime G Prime gives
+me an x s so let's write out those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an x s so let's write out those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an x s so let's write out those those
+terms I get uh FG Prime that's 0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I get uh FG Prime that's 0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms I get uh FG Prime that's 0 over
+two from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from those
+two plus G FP Prime at zero over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus G FP Prime at zero over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus G FP Prime at zero over two
+from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+plus frime G Prime zero all times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus frime G Prime zero all times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus frime G Prime zero all times x
+s so there's an x times an X there gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so there's an x times an X there gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so there's an x times an X there gives
+you an X squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an X squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an X squ
+x s there X squ there now I could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s there X squ there now I could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s there X squ there now I could keep
+going and I will mention the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and I will mention the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and I will mention the higher
+order terms but I'm not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but I'm not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms but I'm not going to write
+them all the way out because of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the way out because of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all the way out because of what
+we're about to do let me show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do let me show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do let me show you where
+they come from you get an X Cub term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from you get an X Cub term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from you get an X Cub term
+from here and an X Cub term from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and an X Cub term from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and an X Cub term from here
+maybe maybe I'll write the X Cubes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I'll write the X Cubes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I'll write the X Cubes but I
+won't write the X to the 4th so the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write the X to the 4th so the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write the X to the 4th so the X
+Cub terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub terms
+are fime G Prime 0 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fime G Prime 0 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fime G Prime 0 over two
+plus G Prime F Prime at 0 over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime F Prime at 0 over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G Prime F Prime at 0 over two and
+those are my X CU terms and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my X CU terms and then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my X CU terms and then I get
+some x to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and where do the X to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and where do the X to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and where do the X to the fourth
+terms come from they come from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come from they come from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come from they come from this
+product right but I want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right but I want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product right but I want to point out
+something what I'm going to do I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what I'm going to do I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what I'm going to do I'm going
+to work some magic on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work some magic on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work some magic on the
+board this is the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is the quadratic
+approximation of ftimes the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of ftimes the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of ftimes the quadratic
+approximation of G let me come over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of G let me come over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of G let me come over here
+and remind you that I want the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remind you that I want the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remind you that I want the quadratic
+approximation of that product so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of that product so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of that product so what
+I'm going to do is go back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is go back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is go back and look at
+what I need from there to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need from there to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need from there to be the
+quadratic approximation of that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of that product
+so if we come back over here if I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we come back over here if I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we come back over here if I apply
+the quadratic approximation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic approximation to this
+thing which means then I'm applying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which means then I'm applying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which means then I'm applying it
+to this whole giant thing what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whole giant thing what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this whole giant thing what do I
+actually get this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get this is actually a
+polinomial I have something I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I have something I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I have something I have a
+linear term I have an X I have an X squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term I have an X I have an X squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term I have an X I have an X squ
+I have an X cubed I have an X to 4th so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an X cubed I have an X to 4th so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an X cubed I have an X to 4th so
+if I apply that quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I apply that quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I apply that quadratic approximation
+let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what
+stays this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term
+stays this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term
+stays this term stays I'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term stays I'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays this term stays I'm going to erase
+what disappears because I don't want us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what disappears because I don't want us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what disappears because I don't want us
+to get confused by that so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get confused by that so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get confused by that so these two
+terms disappear why because again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms disappear why because again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms disappear why because again this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+polinomial I have linear or I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I have linear or I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I have linear or I have
+constant I'm sorry I think I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm sorry I think I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm sorry I think I called
+called this maybe linear earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this maybe linear earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this maybe linear earlier
+constant linear quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant linear quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant linear quadratic
+term and what I what I need is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what I what I need is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what I what I need is just
+those if I'm looking for a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if I'm looking for a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those if I'm looking for a quadratic
+approximation so constant linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so constant linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so constant linear
+quadratic term I I immediately drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term I I immediately drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term I I immediately drop the
+cubic and the quartic term when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and the quartic term when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and the quartic term when I'm
+looking at a quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a quadratic approximation of
+a polinomial at zero so if I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial at zero so if I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial at zero so if I want the
+right hand side I just need what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I just need what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I just need what's
+underlined in blue so now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined in blue so now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined in blue so now I'm going to
+put a big box around that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a big box around that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a big box around that because that's
+going to be important whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important whatever else
+happens we don't want to lose that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we don't want to lose that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we don't want to lose that so
+now we've done the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've done the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've done the right hand side and
+now let's write out what is the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's write out what is the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's write out what is the left
+hand side and that's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that's just going to be
+plugging it straight into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging it straight into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging it straight into the
+formula and using our cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sheet so Q of FG let me write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet so Q of FG let me write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet so Q of FG let me write out the
+definition and then we'll use the cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we'll use the cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then we'll use the cheat
+sheet it's FG at zero again this is f at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet it's FG at zero again this is f at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet it's FG at zero again this is f at
+z g at Z that's what this notation means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z g at Z that's what this notation means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z g at Z that's what this notation means
+plus FG quantity Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FG quantity Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus FG quantity Prime
+at0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at0 *
+X Plus quantity FG dou Prime at 0 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus quantity FG dou Prime at 0 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus quantity FG dou Prime at 0 over 2
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+x^2 and now what we're hoping remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and now what we're hoping remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and now what we're hoping remember
+is that what's in the box is what shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what's in the box is what shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what's in the box is what shows
+up over here because this is the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over here because this is the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over here because this is the long
+way to do the problem this would be if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do the problem this would be if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do the problem this would be if I
+if I took e to the X sinx and I took all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took e to the X sinx and I took all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took e to the X sinx and I took all
+the derivatives and this in fact even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives and this in fact even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives and this in fact even
+though it looks more confusing in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it looks more confusing in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it looks more confusing in in
+evaluating such a such a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating such a such a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating such a such a quadratic
+approximation the this way would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the this way would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the this way would be the
+easier way we just want to show we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way we just want to show we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier way we just want to show we don't
+lose anything by doing what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose anything by doing what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose anything by doing what would be the
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+way so I get FG at zero and that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I get FG at zero and that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I get FG at zero and that's good
+we can see we already have one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see we already have one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see we already have one of those
+so that's nice what do I get here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's nice what do I get here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's nice what do I get here I
+get F Prime G at zero plus G Prime F at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F Prime G at zero plus G Prime F at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get F Prime G at zero plus G Prime F at
+zero time x that comes let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time x that comes let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero time x that comes let me remind you
+I'll walk over here comes from the cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk over here comes from the cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll walk over here comes from the cheat
+sheet the first thing FG Prime is fime G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet the first thing FG Prime is fime G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet the first thing FG Prime is fime G
+Plus G Prime F we know that one pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus G Prime F we know that one pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus G Prime F we know that one pretty
+well but just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but just to remind
+you so that's where this term comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's where this term comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that's where this term comes from
+this looks promising because if we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks promising because if we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks promising because if we come
+back to our quadratic of quadratic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our quadratic of quadratic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our quadratic of quadratic of
+ftimes quadratic of G it looks exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftimes quadratic of G it looks exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ftimes quadratic of G it looks exactly
+like the second term here so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second term here so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the second term here so now we're
+hoping that the X squ term looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the X squ term looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that the X squ term looks like
+this the only thing that might make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only thing that might make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only thing that might make you
+nervous is this doesn't have an over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous is this doesn't have an over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous is this doesn't have an over two
+but if you were paying attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were paying attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were paying attention to the
+cheat sheet you'll probably see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheet you'll probably see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheet you'll probably see where
+that's coming and I'll I'll point it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming and I'll I'll point it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming and I'll I'll point it out
+in one moment so fgp prime using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one moment so fgp prime using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one moment so fgp prime using the
+cheat sheet is FP Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheet is FP Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheet is FP Prime
+G Plus GP Prime f plus two G Prime fime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus GP Prime f plus two G Prime fime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Plus GP Prime f plus two G Prime fime
+I should have put zeros in there just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have put zeros in there just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have put zeros in there just to
+be consistent let me put these zeros in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there 2 frime G Prime at zero and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 frime G Prime at zero and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 2 frime G Prime at zero and then I
+have to divide the whole thing by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide the whole thing by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide the whole thing by two
+because there's a divided by two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a divided by two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a divided by two there
+and then times x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times x^2
+so let me move out of the way for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move out of the way for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me move out of the way for a
+moment so this this numerator came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this this numerator came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so this this numerator came from
+the cheat sheet for the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheat sheet for the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cheat sheet for the the second
+derivative and if you need we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if you need we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if you need we can go
+back let me just remind you here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let me just remind you here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back let me just remind you here it is
+you can work it out for yourself you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work it out for yourself you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work it out for yourself you can
+just take the derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the derivative of the first
+derivative but that's where this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but that's where this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but that's where this comes
+from so let me go back and we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so let me go back and we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so let me go back and we're almost
+done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the
+problem so what do we see well we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what do we see well we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so what do we see well we see
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+get FG at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get FG at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get FG at zero
+we get the second term we want frime G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the second term we want frime G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the second term we want frime G
+at 0 plus G Prime F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 plus G Prime F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 plus G Prime F
+at0 time x and then the third term is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at0 time x and then the third term is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at0 time x and then the third term is in
+fact exactly what we want because we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exactly what we want because we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact exactly what we want because we get
+fpre G at zero over two plus GP Prime F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre G at zero over two plus GP Prime F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fpre G at zero over two plus GP Prime F
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+zero over two plus the twos divide out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over two plus the twos divide out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over two plus the twos divide out
+and I get FR Prime G Prime at 0 * x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get FR Prime G Prime at 0 * x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get FR Prime G Prime at 0 * x^2
+and if we look at this last term and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at this last term and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at this last term and we
+look at the X squ term in the Box we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the X squ term in the Box we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the X squ term in the Box we see
+in fact they are exactly the same so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are exactly the same so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they are exactly the same so let
+me summarize because this was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me summarize because this was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me summarize because this was kind of a
+long video so I'm going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long video so I'm going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long video so I'm going to go back to
+the beginning give you the example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning give you the example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning give you the example and
+tell you what what we were really trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what we were really trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what what we were really trying
+to do here so let's come back over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here so let's come back over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here so let's come back over here
+and let me remind you the goal was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remind you the goal was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me remind you the goal was to
+show that if I wanted to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if I wanted to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that if I wanted to take a
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation of a product of
+two functions if I already knew their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions if I already knew their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions if I already knew their
+individual quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual quadratic
+approximations you were told you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations you were told you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations you were told you could
+take those two quadratic approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two quadratic approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those two quadratic approximations
+multiply them and drop off the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them and drop off the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them and drop off the higher
+order terms the higher order than two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms the higher order than two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms the higher order than two so
+we had an example we knew these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an example we knew these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an example we knew these two
+quadratic approximations and you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and you've been
+told that quadratic approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that quadratic approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that quadratic approximation of
+their product is just the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product is just the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product is just the quadratic
+approximation of the product of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the product of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the product of their
+quadratic approximations and so our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and so our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations and so our goal
+today was to show that you don't drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was to show that you don't drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was to show that you don't drop
+any of the terms that you get if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the terms that you get if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the terms that you get if you do
+it by this method or by this method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this method or by this method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this method or by this method and
+we've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done that
+so I think I'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/24v9onS9Kcg.txt b/24v9onS9Kcg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8903398424ab8c16d0440ee1820ef72419b0a6b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/24v9onS9Kcg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7864 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I guess last time on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I guess last time on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I guess last time on Friday
+we went over the first half of a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went over the first half of a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went over the first half of a class
+very quickly and so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and so today we're going to
+go over the second half of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the second half of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over the second half of the class
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly okay
+so that was stuff about double and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was stuff about double and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was stuff about double and
+triple integrals and Vector calculus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integrals and Vector calculus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integrals and Vector calculus in
+the plane and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as usual what's on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as usual what's on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as usual what's on the final
+basically what was on the r test exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what was on the r test exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what was on the r test exactly
+the same stuff well not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stuff well not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stuff well not the same
+problems unfortunately but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the first thing we learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing we learned about
+was double integrals in the plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was double integrals in the plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was double integrals in the plane and
+how to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up the bounds and how to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so just to remind you
+quickly the important thing with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the important thing with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the important thing with it
+integrals so when you integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so when you integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so when you integrate a
+function f of XY say Dy DX for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of XY say Dy DX for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of XY say Dy DX for
+example is that you have to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that you have to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that you have to draw a
+picture of a region you know unless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a region you know unless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a region you know unless it's
+completely obvious you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obvious you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obvious you should really
+draw some picture of the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some picture of the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some picture of the domain of
+integration and once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and once you have that
+picture you can use it to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can use it to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you can use it to find the
+bounds so remember the general method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so remember the general method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds so remember the general method is
+that we first look at the inner integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we first look at the inner integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we first look at the inner integral
+so here integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here integral of f
+Dy and in this inner integral the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and in this inner integral the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and in this inner integral the outer
+variable here x is fixed so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here x is fixed so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here x is fixed so that means
+we're slicing our region by a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're slicing our region by a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're slicing our region by a vertical
+line corresponding to a fixed value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line corresponding to a fixed value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line corresponding to a fixed value of x
+so we fix a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we fix a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we fix a value of
+x and what we have to find out is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and what we have to find out is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and what we have to find out is the
+bounds for y so the value of y at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for y so the value of y at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for y so the value of y at this
+point the value of y at that point let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the value of y at that point let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the value of y at that point let
+me call that y sub bottom of X General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call that y sub bottom of X General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call that y sub bottom of X General
+dep of X and this one will be Y at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep of X and this one will be Y at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dep of X and this one will be Y at the
+top and it also depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and then the bounce for y would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the bounce for y would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and then the bounce for y would be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and then when you look at the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then when you look at the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then when you look at the outer
+bound things are different because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound things are different because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound things are different because there
+you expect to have just numbers no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to have just numbers no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect to have just numbers no
+longer functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer functions of
+anything and what you do is you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and what you do is you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and what you do is you look at
+the shadow of your region so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow of your region so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shadow of your region so what do I
+mean by Shadow you just project to the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by Shadow you just project to the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by Shadow you just project to the x
+axis okay so if you project to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay so if you project to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay so if you project to the
+x-axis your region will look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis your region will look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis your region will look like this
+so its shadow is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its shadow is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its shadow is going to be this
+interval from some minimum value of x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from some minimum value of x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from some minimum value of x to
+some Maximum value of x and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Maximum value of x and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Maximum value of x and that will
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us the bounce to sorry the bounce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the bounce to sorry the bounce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the bounce to sorry the bounce for
+the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer
+integral and then to evaluate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then to evaluate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then to evaluate we
+evaluate the usual way so speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the usual way so speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the usual way so speaking of
+evaluation what you need to know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation what you need to know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation what you need to know for the
+fun well essentially the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun well essentially the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun well essentially the same kind of
+evaluation techniques that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation techniques that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation techniques that we we
+supposed to know for the r test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know for the r test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know for the r test that
+means the usual functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the usual functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the usual functions
+substitutions um basic trig stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions um basic trig stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions um basic trig stuff like
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+if well I don't expect that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well I don't expect that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well I don't expect that you would
+need integration by parts although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need integration by parts although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need integration by parts although I
+still hope that some of you remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hope that some of you remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hope that some of you remember it
+from single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from single variable
+calculus uh if there's a need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh if there's a need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus uh if there's a need to
+integrate some big Power of cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate some big Power of cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate some big Power of cosine of
+sign then the formula will be given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then the formula will be given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign then the formula will be given to
+you the way it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the way it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the way it's in the
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and of course we know also how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course we know also how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course we know also how to
+set up these integrals in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates and then the area element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and then the area element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and then the area element
+becomes rdd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes rdd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes rdd
+Theta and because you integrate first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and because you integrate first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and because you integrate first
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+R well first of all you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well first of all you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well first of all you should remember
+you know the polar coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the polar coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the polar coordinate
+formulas namely x = r cosine Theta and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas namely x = r cosine Theta and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas namely x = r cosine Theta and Y
+= R sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta um and second you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta um and second you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta um and second you should remember
+that what we do when we have our region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do when we have our region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we do when we have our region
+is for a fixed value of theta we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a fixed value of theta we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a fixed value of theta we look
+for the bounds for R just like before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bounds for R just like before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bounds for R just like before so
+the way we're slicing the region is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're slicing the region is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're slicing the region is now
+we actually shooting Rays straight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually shooting Rays straight from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually shooting Rays straight from
+the origin and in a given direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and in a given direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and in a given direction
+we're asking ourselves how far does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves how far does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking ourselves how far does my
+region go so you have to find a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region go so you have to find a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region go so you have to find a bound
+you have to find whatever the value of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find whatever the value of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to find whatever the value of R
+will be out here as a function of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be out here as a function of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be out here as a function of theta
+and ways to do that can be geometric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to do that can be geometric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ways to do that can be geometric or
+that can be by starting from the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be by starting from the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be by starting from the XY
+equation of whatever curve you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of whatever curve you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of whatever curve you have and
+then expressing it in terms of R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then expressing it in terms of R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then expressing it in terms of R and
+Theta and solving for R so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and solving for R so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and solving for R so for example
+just to illustrate it we've seen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate it we've seen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate it we've seen you
+know one of our like Classics has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of our like Classics has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of our like Classics has been
+the circle of radius one centered at 1 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius one centered at 1 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius one centered at 1 Z
+so this guy you have two different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy you have two different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this guy you have two different ways
+of getting its polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting its polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting its polar coordinates
+equation one is to argue geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one is to argue geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one is to argue geometrically
+that you have a right angle in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a right angle in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a right angle in here and
+this length is two this angle is Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is two this angle is Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is two this angle is Theta
+this length is R so the polar equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is R so the polar equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is R so the polar equation
+is r equal 2 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r equal 2 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r equal 2 cosine
+Theta the other way to to do it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the other way to to do it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta the other way to to do it if
+somehow you're missing the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you're missing the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you're missing the geometric
+trick is to start from the XY equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to start from the XY equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is to start from the XY equation
+what's the XY equation of this guy well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the XY equation of this guy well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the XY equation of this guy well
+it's x - 1^ 2 + y^ 2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x - 1^ 2 + y^ 2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's x - 1^ 2 + y^ 2 =
+1 so if you expand that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so if you expand that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so if you expand that you'll
+get x^2 - 2x + 1 + y^2 = 1 the Y sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x^2 - 2x + 1 + y^2 = 1 the Y sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x^2 - 2x + 1 + y^2 = 1 the Y sorry
+the ones simplify X2 + Y 2 becomes R 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones simplify X2 + Y 2 becomes R 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones simplify X2 + Y 2 becomes R 2 -
+2x becomes R cosine Theta equal 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x becomes R cosine Theta equal 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x becomes R cosine Theta equal 0 that
+gives you when you simplify by R rals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you when you simplify by R rals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you when you simplify by R rals 2
+cosine Theta two ways to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta two ways to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta two ways to get the same
+polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I should say this is an example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should say this is an example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should say this is an example in
+case you were wondering what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you were wondering what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you were wondering what I was doing
+okay so we've also actually seen how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've also actually seen how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've also actually seen how to
+change variables to more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables to more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change variables to more complicated
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems let's say UV coordinates but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems let's say UV coordinates but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems let's say UV coordinates but of
+course you can call them whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can call them whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can call them whatever you
+want um so the main thing to remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um so the main thing to remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um so the main thing to remember is
+that you have to look for the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to look for the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to look for the Jacobian
+which will give you the conversion ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you the conversion ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you the conversion ratio
+between DX Dy and D udv so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between DX Dy and D udv so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between DX Dy and D udv so for example
+if you know u and v as functions of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know u and v as functions of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know u and v as functions of X
+and Y then you will write D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y then you will write D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y then you will write D
+udv equals absolute value of the jacoban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udv equals absolute value of the jacoban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+udv equals absolute value of the jacoban
+partial UV over partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial UV over partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial UV over partial
+XY time DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy or if it's easier for you you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy or if it's easier for you you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy or if it's easier for you you can do
+the jacoban the other way around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jacoban the other way around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jacoban the other way around and
+this jacoban remember is the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jacoban remember is the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jacoban remember is the determinant
+of a 2x2 matrix that you obtain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 2x2 matrix that you obtain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 2x2 matrix that you obtain by
+putting the partial derivatives of u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the partial derivatives of u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the partial derivatives of u and
+v respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v respect to X and
+Y so then when we have that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so then when we have that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y so then when we have that we can
+change the integrant F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the integrant F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the integrant F of
+XY into something involving u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY into something involving u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY into something involving u and v
+possibly and then we have to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and then we have to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly and then we have to find the
+bounds and to find the bounds Perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and to find the bounds Perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and to find the bounds Perhaps
+Perhaps the easiest is to draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perhaps the easiest is to draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perhaps the easiest is to draw a picture
+of a region in UV coordinates so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a region in UV coordinates so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a region in UV coordinates so you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+maybe you have some picture in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some picture in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have some picture in the XY
+plane that might actually be really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that might actually be really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that might actually be really hard
+to draw and maybe in the in terms of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw and maybe in the in terms of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw and maybe in the in terms of u
+and v the picture will become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v the picture will become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v the picture will become much
+simpler it might just become a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler it might just become a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler it might just become a rectangle
+of course if you see immediately what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you see immediately what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you see immediately what
+the bounds are in terms of u and v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds are in terms of u and v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds are in terms of u and v and
+they turn out to be very easy then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be very easy then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they turn out to be very easy then you
+may maybe you don't even have to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may maybe you don't even have to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may maybe you don't even have to draw
+the specture but if it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specture but if it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specture but if it's not completely
+obvious then that might be a helpful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious then that might be a helpful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious then that might be a helpful way
+of figuring out what the bounce will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out what the bounce will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of figuring out what the bounce will be
+when you switch from XY to UV Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you switch from XY to UV Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you switch from XY to UV Okay so
+we've seen some problems like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen some problems like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen some problems like that and
+there's more in the notes in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more in the notes in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more in the notes in case you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes well that's the second time you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well that's the second time you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well that's the second time you ask
+for something real quick in these review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something real quick in these review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something real quick in these review
+sessions you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions you're in a
+hurry take your time take your time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so partial UV partial XY that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial UV partial XY that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial UV partial XY that's just
+going to be the determinant of u subx u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the determinant of u subx u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the determinant of u subx u
+suby v subx v sub y That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby v subx v sub y That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby v subx v sub y That's the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's
+pretty okay and of course a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty okay and of course a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty okay and of course a general
+Common Sense thing that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Common Sense thing that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Common Sense thing that applies to
+actually all the integrals that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the integrals that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the integrals that we're
+going to see there's two things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see there's two things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see there's two things in the
+integral one is whatever you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one is whatever you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one is whatever you integrate
+it's called the integrant could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the integrant could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the integrant could be a
+function here it's a vector field in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here it's a vector field in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here it's a vector field in
+some of the flux things and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the flux things and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the flux things and so on
+there's another thing which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another thing which is the
+region over which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region over which you
+integrate okay and the two have strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate okay and the two have strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate okay and the two have strictly
+nothing to do with with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with with each other so
+you know when you're given a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're given a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you're given a piece of
+data in the statement of a problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the statement of a problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in the statement of a problem you
+have to figure out whether that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out whether that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out whether that's part
+of a function to be integrated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function to be integrated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function to be integrated or
+whether that's part of the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's part of the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's part of the region of
+integration if it's the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if it's the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration if it's the region of
+integration then it will go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration then it will go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration then it will go into the
+bounds of the integral and maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of the integral and maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of the integral and maybe in the
+choice of the coordinate system that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the coordinate system that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of the coordinate system that you
+will use for integrating while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use for integrating while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use for integrating while the
+function that you're integrating goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're integrating goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you're integrating goes
+you know before the DX Dy and not into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before the DX Dy and not into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before the DX Dy and not into
+the bounce or anything like that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounce or anything like that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounce or anything like that I know
+it sounds kind of silly but that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds kind of silly but that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds kind of silly but that's you
+know it's a good safety check you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good safety check you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a good safety check you know
+ask yourselves when you have a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourselves when you have a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourselves when you have a piece of
+data where in my formula should this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes so in case you want the bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so in case you want the bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes so in case you want the bounce
+for this region in polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this region in polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this region in polar coordinates
+indeed it would be double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it would be double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it would be double
+integral for so R for a fixed feta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for so R for a fixed feta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for so R for a fixed feta R
+goes from Z to whatever it is on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from Z to whatever it is on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from Z to whatever it is on that
+curve so that would be 0 to 2 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so that would be 0 to 2 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so that would be 0 to 2 cosine
+Theta of whatever the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of whatever the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of whatever the function
+is Rd Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and the bounce on Theta would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the bounce on Theta would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the bounce on Theta would be
+from / 2 to pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from / 2 to pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from / 2 to pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've seen that one several times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've seen that one several times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've seen that one several times
+so hopefully by now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully by now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully by now it's
+clearer okay let me move on a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer okay let me move on a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer okay let me move on a bit
+because we have a lot of other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a lot of other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a lot of other kinds of
+integrals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and other kinds of integrals we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of integrals we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other kinds of integrals we've seen
+are triple integrals and I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are triple integrals and I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are triple integrals and I'm putting
+them here I mean I'm not doing things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here I mean I'm not doing things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here I mean I'm not doing things in
+the order that we did them in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that we did them in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that we did them in the class
+just so that you know you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you know you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you know you can see
+parallels between stuff in the plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between stuff in the plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between stuff in the plane and
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+space um so when we do triple integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um so when we do triple integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um so when we do triple integrals
+in space well it's the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space well it's the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space well it's the same kind of
+story except now we have of course more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story except now we have of course more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story except now we have of course more
+coordinate systems we have rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems we have rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems we have rectangular
+coordinates we have cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we have cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we have cylindrical
+coordinates and we have spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we have spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we have spherical
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and really cylindrical coordinates only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really cylindrical coordinates only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really cylindrical coordinates only
+mean that we are instead of X Y and Z we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we are instead of X Y and Z we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we are instead of X Y and Z we
+are replacing X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replacing X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replacing X and
+Y by the polar coordinates in the X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y by the polar coordinates in the X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y by the polar coordinates in the X Y
+plane so the angle Theta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the angle Theta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so the angle Theta and the
+distance R so R is somehow the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R so R is somehow the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R so R is somehow the distance
+from the Z axis and Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Z axis and Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Z axis and Z is the
+height okay so usually you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height okay so usually you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height okay so usually you don't have to
+choose between rectangular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between rectangular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between rectangular and
+cylindrical until somewhat late in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical until somewhat late in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical until somewhat late in the
+process especially if you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process especially if you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process especially if you integrate
+first over Z because then the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over Z because then the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over Z because then the choice
+will come up mostly when you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up mostly when you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up mostly when you try to
+figure out what are the bounds for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what are the bounds for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what are the bounds for the
+shadow of your region when the Z part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of your region when the Z part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of your region when the Z part
+looks exactly the same in rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly the same in rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly the same in rectangular
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+cylindrical spherical is on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical spherical is on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical spherical is on the other
+hand a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a little bit
+more annoying because it looks quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more annoying because it looks quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more annoying because it looks quite
+different but you should think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but you should think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but you should think of it as
+doing polar coordinates not only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing polar coordinates not only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing polar coordinates not only in the
+horizontal Direction but also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Direction but also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Direction but also in the
+vertical Direction at the same time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction at the same time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction at the same time so
+you oops so you have this angle Fe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oops so you have this angle Fe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oops so you have this angle Fe that
+measures the angle down from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the angle down from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the angle down from the
+positive z-axis and you have row which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive z-axis and you have row which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive z-axis and you have row which
+is the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance from the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+and see if I project to the z-axis so R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I project to the z-axis so R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if I project to the z-axis so R
+becomes row sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes row sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes row sin
+Fe and Z becomes row cosine so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and Z becomes row cosine so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and Z becomes row cosine so I hope
+that you all know these two formulas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all know these two formulas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all know these two formulas but
+if you ever have you know a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever have you know a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever have you know a small
+somehow memory lapse during the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow memory lapse during the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow memory lapse during the final
+then you should consider drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should consider drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should consider drawing this
+kind of picture because it will com you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture because it will com you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of picture because it will com you
+know it will let you check very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it will let you check very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it will let you check very quickly
+which one is s which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine now of course we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine now of course we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine now of course we have to have
+formulas for DV in all these coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for DV in all these coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for DV in all these coordinate
+systems so here for example that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so here for example that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so here for example that might
+be DZ RDR D Theta or rdrd Theta DZ or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DZ RDR D Theta or rdrd Theta DZ or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DZ RDR D Theta or rdrd Theta DZ or
+any thing like that uh here that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thing like that uh here that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thing like that uh here that might
+be row s sin Fe time d d Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and the general method for setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the general method for setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and the general method for setting
+a bounce is pretty much the same as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounce is pretty much the same as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounce is pretty much the same as in
+the plane just there's one more step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane just there's one more step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane just there's one more step so
+if you're doing rectangular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing rectangular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing rectangular or
+cylindrical coordinates with Z first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates with Z first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical coordinates with Z first for
+example that's the most common well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's the most common well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's the most common well if
+you do Z first then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Z first then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Z first then you have to
+actually start by figuring out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start by figuring out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start by figuring out for a
+given value of X and Y or R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of X and Y or R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given value of X and Y or R and
+Theta where you know what is the portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta where you know what is the portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta where you know what is the portion
+of the vertical line above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertical line above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertical line above
+XY that lies within my region so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY that lies within my region so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY that lies within my region so that
+will go from Z on the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go from Z on the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go from Z on the bottom of the
+surface which sorry on the bottom of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which sorry on the bottom of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which sorry on the bottom of my
+solid which depends on X and Y to Z at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid which depends on X and Y to Z at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid which depends on X and Y to Z at
+the top of my solid which also usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my solid which also usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my solid which also usually
+will depend on X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on X and
+Y and so that will give me the bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so that will give me the bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and so that will give me the bounce
+for DZ and then I will be left with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DZ and then I will be left with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DZ and then I will be left with the
+shadow of my region in the XY plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of my region in the XY plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow of my region in the XY plane and
+that one I will set up like a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I will set up like a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one I will set up like a double
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay strictly speaking if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay strictly speaking if you're curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay strictly speaking if you're curious
+we could also change to weird coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also change to weird coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could also change to weird coordinate
+systems using jacobians with free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems using jacobians with free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems using jacobians with free
+variables at the same time but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at the same time but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at the same time but we
+haven't seen that so it won't be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen that so it won't be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen that so it won't be on the
+final but it would work just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final but it would work just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final but it would work just the same
+way just with more pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+and in fact I just wanted to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I just wanted to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact I just wanted to say this
+row squ sin Fe it's actually the jacoban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row squ sin Fe it's actually the jacoban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row squ sin Fe it's actually the jacoban
+for the change of variables from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the change of variables from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the change of variables from
+rectangular to spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates okay let's not think too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay let's not think too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates okay let's not think too
+much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+applications well we've seen how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications well we've seen how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications well we've seen how to use
+double or triple integrals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or triple integrals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double or triple integrals to
+find the area of the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the area of the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the area of the volume of
+a piece of the plane or a piece of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the plane or a piece of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the plane or a piece of space
+and find also the mass so remember area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find also the mass so remember area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find also the mass so remember area
+is just double integral of 1 da a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just double integral of 1 da a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just double integral of 1 da a volume
+is triple integral of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triple integral of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is triple integral of 1
+DV sometimes if it's a volume between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV sometimes if it's a volume between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV sometimes if it's a volume between
+the XY plane and the graph of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and the graph of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY plane and the graph of some
+function you can just set it up directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just set it up directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just set it up directly
+as a double integral but there's no harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a double integral but there's no harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a double integral but there's no harm
+in doing it as a triple integral if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing it as a triple integral if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing it as a triple integral if you
+feel better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel better about
+that and mass will be well double or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and mass will be well double or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and mass will be well double or
+triple integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integral
+depending on how many dimensions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many dimensions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many dimensions you
+have of whatever density function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of whatever density function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have of whatever density function you
+have da or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have da or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have da or
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+okay then there's how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's how to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then there's how to find the
+average value of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and so the unweighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the unweighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the unweighted average
+well let me do the three dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me do the three dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me do the three dimensional
+case okay you'll just replace volume by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay you'll just replace volume by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay you'll just replace volume by
+area and DV by da and so on if need be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and DV by da and so on if need be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and DV by da and so on if need be
+um so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be one
+over volume of the solid times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over volume of the solid times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over volume of the solid times the
+triple integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple integral of f
+DV or if it's a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average one / mass times the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average one / mass times the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average one / mass times the triple
+integral of a function times density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function times density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function times density
+DV okay so if you don't have a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so if you don't have a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV okay so if you don't have a density
+or if a density is Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if a density is Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if a density is Con
+then that reduces to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one others we've seen uh well so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one others we've seen uh well so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one others we've seen uh well so in
+particular we've seen the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we've seen the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we've seen the notion of
+center of mass so the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so the center of mass is
+just given by taking the average values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by taking the average values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given by taking the average values
+of the coordinates xar Y Bar xar Y Bar Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates xar Y Bar xar Y Bar Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates xar Y Bar xar Y Bar Z
+bar so it's just this formula but taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so it's just this formula but taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so it's just this formula but taking
+X Y or Z as the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y or Z as the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y or Z as the fun
+function there's moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia for example the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia for example the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia for example the moment of
+inertia about the z-axis is the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the z-axis is the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the z-axis is the triple
+integral of X2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of X2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of X2 +
+y^2 density DV or if you have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 density DV or if you have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 density DV or if you have just a
+two- dimensional object then it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional object then it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional object then it's the
+same formula but of course with da and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula but of course with da and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula but of course with da and
+then we call that the polar moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that the polar moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we call that the polar moment of
+inertia because we thought of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia because we thought of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia because we thought of it as
+rotating the about the origin but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the about the origin but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating the about the origin but the
+origin is just where the z-axis hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is just where the z-axis hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is just where the z-axis hits the
+XY plane so it's really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and we've also seen gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we've also seen gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we've also seen gravitational
+attraction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction in
+space and I'll let you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I'll let you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and I'll let you look at your
+notes for that it's just one formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember okay um questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay um questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay um questions about
+iterated integrals things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh so okay so what I mean okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so okay so what I mean okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so okay so what I mean okay so
+the formula that you should know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that you should know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula that you should know about
+gravitational attraction is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational attraction is that if you
+have a point mass at the origin and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point mass at the origin and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point mass at the origin and you
+have some solid centered on the z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solid centered on the z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solid centered on the z-axis
+that's attracting it then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attracting it then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attracting it then the
+force will be given by sorry G * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be given by sorry G * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will be given by sorry G * the
+mass time the triple integral of density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass time the triple integral of density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass time the triple integral of density
+time cosine over r s time DV and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cosine over r s time DV and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cosine over r s time DV and of
+course you will actually do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you will actually do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you will actually do that in
+spherical coordinates because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates because it's
+easier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier that
+way okay that's the formula I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind but see all these formulas just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but see all these formulas just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but see all these formulas just
+give you you know examples of than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you you know examples of than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you you know examples of than to
+integrate and how to set up the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and how to set up the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and how to set up the bounds
+and so on does not depend on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on does not depend on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on does not depend on what you're
+actually integrating it's done always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating it's done always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrating it's done always
+using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods okay let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay let's move on
+um work and line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+so we've seen how to do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen how to do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen how to do that in the
+plane and in space and it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and in space and it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and in space and it looks very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow
+so remember you have to know how to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you have to know how to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember you have to know how to set
+up and evaluate a line integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and evaluate a line integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and evaluate a line integral of this
+form and concretely what you do so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and concretely what you do so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and concretely what you do so if
+you're in space well let me do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in space well let me do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in space well let me do it in the
+plane this time if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this time if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this time if you're in the
+plane you have two components and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you have two components and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you have two components and then
+this becomes the line integral of M DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the line integral of M DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes the line integral of M DX
+plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n
+Dy if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy if you have
+a space curve then you will have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space curve then you will have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a space curve then you will have a third
+component and you will add that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you will add that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and you will add that guy
+times DZ okay now how do we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DZ okay now how do we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times DZ okay now how do we evaluate
+that well it's very different from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's very different from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well it's very different from there
+because here we are just on a curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we are just on a curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we are just on a curve so
+there should be only one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be only one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be only one degree of
+Freedom so one variable should be enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom so one variable should be enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom so one variable should be enough
+to know where we are so we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where we are so we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where we are so we'll have to
+express X and Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X and Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express X and Y in
+terms well I should say n z optionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well I should say n z optionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms well I should say n z optionally
+if has one in in terms of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter and that might be just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that might be just one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and that might be just one of
+the coordinates you know if you're told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates you know if you're told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates you know if you're told
+y = x^2 that's easy you just substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = x^2 that's easy you just substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = x^2 that's easy you just substitute
+y = x^2 and d y = 2x DX into everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = x^2 and d y = 2x DX into everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y = x^2 and d y = 2x DX into everything
+and you're left with an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're left with an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're left with an integral over
+X maybe it will be something in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X maybe it will be something in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X maybe it will be something in terms of
+time or in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle some people are having a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle some people are having a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle some people are having a lot of
+fun there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun there um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we express everything in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we express everything in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we express everything in terms of a
+single parameter and that will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter and that will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter and that will give us
+you know a usual single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a usual single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a usual single
+integral any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral any questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so if you can't parameterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if you can't parameterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if you can't parameterize the
+curve then it's really really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve then it's really really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve then it's really really hard to
+evaluate the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the line integral
+because you know well you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know well you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know well you might be able
+to evaluate it numerically into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it numerically into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate it numerically into a
+computer uh but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh but most
+likely I mean that's you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely I mean that's you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely I mean that's you know that's the
+easiest way to describe a curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to describe a curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to describe a curve so
+indeed it could be that in the plane you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it could be that in the plane you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed it could be that in the plane you
+have an equation in terms of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equation in terms of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equation in terms of X and Y
+given by some complicated formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some complicated formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some complicated formulas
+defining some curve so then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining some curve so then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining some curve so then actually
+there are ways you can use basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways you can use basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways you can use basically
+differentials and constraint partials to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and constraint partials to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials and constraint partials to
+figure out what actually the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what actually the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what actually the tangent
+Vector to the curve is and so on but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the curve is and so on but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the curve is and so on but we
+haven't really seen how to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really seen how to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really seen how to do that so
+that would be a really nice topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a really nice topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a really nice topic for
+tying together the end of a second unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying together the end of a second unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying together the end of a second unit
+that we discussed last time constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed last time constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed last time constraint
+partials with this stuff but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with this stuff but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partials with this stuff but that's not
+going to be part of our topics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be part of our topics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be part of our topics so
+basically I mean all the curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mean all the curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I mean all the curves that
+we've seen in this class there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class there's a way
+to express the position of the point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the position of the point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the position of the point in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+parameter we haven't seen any curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we haven't seen any curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter we haven't seen any curves
+that are so complicated that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so complicated that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are so complicated that you can't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other thing we've seen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing we've seen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing we've seen is that
+there are some special cases of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some special cases of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some special cases of vector
+Fields where we don't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields where we don't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields where we don't actually have to
+compute this thing because maybe we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing because maybe we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing because maybe we know
+that it's the gradient of some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the gradient of some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the gradient of some potential
+function and then we have a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we have a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we have a fundamental
+theorem that gives us a way to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that gives us a way to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that gives us a way to compute
+this without Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without Computing
+it Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Okay
+so we've seen about gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen about gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen about gradient
+fields and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence so we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so we've seen
+that if so the thing to check is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if so the thing to check is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if so the thing to check is whether
+the curl of our Vector field is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of our Vector field is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl of our Vector field is zero
+okay and remember in the plane that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition NX equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition NX equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition NX equal
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+in 3D in space that's actually three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D in space that's actually three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3D in space that's actually three
+conditions because you have to check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions because you have to check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions because you have to check all
+the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixed
+partials of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components so if the Cur of f is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if the Cur of f is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if the Cur of f is zero
+that tells us we are likely to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us we are likely to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us we are likely to have a
+gradient field strictly speaking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field strictly speaking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field strictly speaking I
+should mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mention
+and F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F is
+defined in a Simply Connected region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then f is a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so that means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so that means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so that means that we can
+find a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function you can write f as the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can write f as the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can write f as the gradient
+of f of little f for for some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of little f for for some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of little f for for some potential
+function little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little
+F and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and we've
+seen how to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential in fact we've seen two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in fact we've seen two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in fact we've seen two methods
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and we've seen them twice we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we've seen them twice we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we've seen them twice we've
+seen them once for functions of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them once for functions of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen them once for functions of two
+variables ones for functions of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables ones for functions of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables ones for functions of three
+variables they look very much the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they look very much the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they look very much the same I
+encourage you to compare your not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to compare your not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to compare your not for
+the two side by side to see where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two side by side to see where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two side by side to see where they
+def okay so where they def roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def okay so where they def roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def okay so where they def roughly
+speaking the first well I never know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the first well I never know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the first well I never know if
+it's the first of the second but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first of the second but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first of the second but one of
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+methods was to compute a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods was to compute a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods was to compute a line
+integral so in the plane what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so in the plane what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so in the plane what we did is
+we set up and evaluated a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up and evaluated a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up and evaluated a line
+integral along our favorite path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along our favorite path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along our favorite path from
+the origin to a point with coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to a point with coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to a point with coordinates
+say X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say X1
+y1 and then we had to evaluate the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral for the work done along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done along this
+path and that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and that will give
+us the value of the potential at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the value of the potential at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the value of the potential at that
+point if we are doing it with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if we are doing it with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if we are doing it with three
+variables that method remains very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that method remains very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that method remains very
+similar the only difference is now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the only difference is now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar the only difference is now we
+have to go also up in space to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go also up in space to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go also up in space to some
+point X1 y1 Z1 and so we actually sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X1 y1 Z1 and so we actually sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X1 y1 Z1 and so we actually sum
+three pieces together but on each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces together but on each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three pieces together but on each piece
+it's the same story only one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same story only one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same story only one variable
+changes here it's only X that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here it's only X that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes here it's only X that changes
+it's only y that changes on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only y that changes on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only y that changes on the third
+one only Z would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changing that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility and the other possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and the other possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and the other possibility
+for finding the potential is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding the potential is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finding the potential is that we
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the condition that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the condition that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the condition that you know the
+first component of our Vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of our Vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first component of our Vector field
+should be equal to F subx for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to F subx for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to F subx for the
+unknown potential function so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown potential function so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown potential function so what we do
+is we integrate with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we integrate with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we integrate with respect to X and
+we'll get our potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function well up to an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well up to an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well up to an integration
+constant and that integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that integration
+constant typically depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant typically depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant typically depends on the
+remaining variables that might be y or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining variables that might be y or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining variables that might be y or
+if we're in space Y and Z and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in space Y and Z and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in space Y and Z and then what
+we have to do is we have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is we have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is we have to take the
+partial of this with respect to Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of this with respect to Y and
+compare it to what we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to what we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to what we want it to be
+namely the Y component of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the Y component of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the Y component of the vector
+field and match them to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and match them to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and match them to get some
+information about this guy and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this guy and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this guy and if we
+have three variables then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three variables then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three variables then there's a
+third step because there you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third step because there you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third step because there you still have
+an unknown function of Z that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown function of Z that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unknown function of Z that you need
+to get by comparing the partials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get by comparing the partials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get by comparing the partials with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I see a lot
+of very quiet faces somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very quiet faces somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very quiet faces somehow
+um well hopefully that's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well hopefully that's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well hopefully that's because you
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that
+stuff if it's because you're hopelessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff if it's because you're hopelessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff if it's because you're hopelessly
+confused then please review a lot before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused then please review a lot before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused then please review a lot before
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+final but I really hope that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so in particular what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in particular what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in particular what we've
+seen is once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen is once we have the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can use the fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use the fundamental theorem
+of calculus to tell us that if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus to tell us that if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus to tell us that if we have a
+line integral to compute for work along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral to compute for work along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral to compute for work along
+a curve that goes from some point p 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve that goes from some point p 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve that goes from some point p 0 to
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+then the line integral for the work done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line integral for the work done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the line integral for the work done
+by gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by gradient
+f is actually going just to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually going just to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is actually going just to be the
+change of the change in value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential and in particular that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in particular that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and in particular that doesn't
+depend on how we got from p 0 to P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how we got from p 0 to P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on how we got from p 0 to P1
+that's why we say that we have path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Independence okay next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux in plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so flux looks quite different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so flux looks quite different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so flux looks quite different in
+the plane and in space uh because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and in space uh because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and in space uh because in the
+plane it's just another kind of line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it's just another kind of line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane it's just another kind of line
+integral while in space it's a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral while in space it's a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral while in space it's a surface
+integral if you were in four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you were in four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you were in four dimensional
+space it would be a triple integral I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it would be a triple integral I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it would be a triple integral I in
+general you do flux through something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you do flux through something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you do flux through something
+that's somehow you know a wall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somehow you know a wall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's somehow you know a wall that
+separates regions of space from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane the way we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the way we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the way we do it
+is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have a
+curve C and we look at its tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C and we look at its tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C and we look at its tangent
+Vector it's called that t and we rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's called that t and we rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it's called that t and we rotate
+it by 90° clockwise that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 90° clockwise that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 90° clockwise that's our
+convention to get a unit normal Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention to get a unit normal Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention to get a unit normal Vector
+that points to the right of the curve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points to the right of the curve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points to the right of the curve as
+we move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move along the
+curve okay so that's our convention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so that's our convention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so that's our convention for
+orienting Curves and we're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting Curves and we're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting Curves and we're always going
+to be using that one okay so n equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using that one okay so n equals t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using that one okay so n equals t
+rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotated
+90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90°
+clockwise so in particular that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise so in particular that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise so in particular that means
+that NDS which will be you know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NDS which will be you know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NDS which will be you know what we
+integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+against when we try to compute flux that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against when we try to compute flux that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against when we try to compute flux that
+will just end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just end up being
+Dy comma netive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy comma netive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy comma netive
+DX okay so concretely when we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so concretely when we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so concretely when we have to
+evaluate a line integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a line integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a line integral of
+f.n D little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.n D little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.n D little
+s so geometrically we could try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so geometrically we could try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so geometrically we could try to take
+the dot product of our field with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of our field with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot product of our field with the
+normal vector and then sum the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector and then sum the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vector and then sum the length
+elements along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements along the
+curve and in some cases for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and in some cases for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and in some cases for example if
+you know that the vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the vector field is
+tangent to the curve or if the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the curve or if the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent to the curve or if the dot
+product is constant or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is constant or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is constant or things like that
+then that might actually give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might actually give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might actually give you a very
+easy answer but in general the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy answer but in general the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy answer but in general the most
+efficient way to do it will be to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to do it will be to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to do it will be to say
+that you know if your vector field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your vector field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if your vector field has
+components I don't know let's call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I don't know let's call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I don't know let's call them
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+Q then that will be just the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then that will be just the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then that will be just the line
+integral of PQ do Dy negative DX which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of PQ do Dy negative DX which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of PQ do Dy negative DX which
+means qdx plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pdy and from that point onwards you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdy and from that point onwards you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdy and from that point onwards you
+evaluate it exactly the same way as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it exactly the same way as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it exactly the same way as you
+would for a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral but of course the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but of course the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but of course the geometric
+meaning is very different it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is very different it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is very different it's the same
+meaning that we've we seen for flux it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we've we seen for flux it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that we've we seen for flux it
+measures how much a vector field goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how much a vector field goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures how much a vector field goes
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if we're in space then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we're in space then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we're in space then you take
+flux through a surface not for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way it will work is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it will work is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it will work is that you
+have to choose an orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose an orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to choose an orientation of the
+surface which just means choosing one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which just means choosing one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which just means choosing one of
+the two possible unit normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two possible unit normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two possible unit normal
+vectors and then you will do a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and then you will do a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and then you will do a surface
+integral for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for
+f.n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+okay so that's the surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the surface area
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+so the setup for this surface integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup for this surface integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup for this surface integral
+is that first we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+express n and DS in some way so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express n and DS in some way so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express n and DS in some way so one
+possibility is that we can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that we can express the
+normal Vector n DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometrically that's for example what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do when we look at say a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we look at say a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we look at say a horizontal
+plane or a vertical plane or um a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or a vertical plane or um a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or a vertical plane or um a sphere
+or a cylinder then we have have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cylinder then we have have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a cylinder then we have have some
+geometric idea of why the normal Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric idea of why the normal Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric idea of why the normal Vector
+is what it is and we have some formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and we have some formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is and we have some formula
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+or we can use one of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can use one of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can use one of the standard
+formulas so basically we've seen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so basically we've seen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so basically we've seen two
+formulas that work in Fairly General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that work in Fairly General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that work in Fairly General
+situations so one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so one of them
+says soorry we need more space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says soorry we need more space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says soorry we need more space for
+that so if s is given by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+Z equals some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals some function of
+XY then you can just say NDS equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY then you can just say NDS equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY then you can just say NDS equals
+minus F subx minus F sub y 1 DX d y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F subx minus F sub y 1 DX d y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F subx minus F sub y 1 DX d y and
+I need to rewrite that because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to rewrite that because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to rewrite that because I'm
+running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of
+space um but while I erase I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um but while I erase I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um but while I erase I would like
+to point out the most important thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out the most important thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out the most important thing in
+here okay when I say NDS equals blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay when I say NDS equals blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay when I say NDS equals blah
+blah blah time DX Dy DX Dy is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah time DX Dy DX Dy is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah time DX Dy DX Dy is not the
+same thing as DS at all okay if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as DS at all okay if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as DS at all okay if you make
+that mistake you're going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake you're going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mistake you're going to go into
+trouble the next time that you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the next time that you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble the next time that you try to
+buy real estate in a region with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy real estate in a region with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy real estate in a region with you
+know Hills or Cliffs or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Hills or Cliffs or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Hills or Cliffs or things like that
+um DS is the area on the slanted surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DS is the area on the slanted surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DS is the area on the slanted surface
+dxdy is the area on the map that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy is the area on the map that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy is the area on the map that shows
+the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY
+plane and these are not the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and these are not the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and these are not the same thing
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular in particular you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in particular you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in particular you cannot just
+you know take one piece of it and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take one piece of it and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take one piece of it and not
+the other piece because n well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece because n well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece because n well actually
+let me give you formulas for n and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you formulas for n and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you formulas for n and for
+DS separately just to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS separately just to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS separately just to convince
+you and that way you know if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that way you know if you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that way you know if you feel
+that you need them then you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+actually n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually n
+is - F subx - F sub y 1 but scaled down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - F subx - F sub y 1 but scaled down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - F subx - F sub y 1 but scaled down
+to unit length this is not a unit Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unit length this is not a unit Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unit length this is not a unit Vector
+okay so it's actually divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's actually divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's actually divided by the
+length of this guy which is FX2 + fy^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this guy which is FX2 + fy^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this guy which is FX2 + fy^ 2
++ 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 and
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+is that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same
+factor time DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor time DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor time DX
+Dy and so the two magically you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and so the two magically you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and so the two magically you know the
+square roots cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots cancel
+out when you multiply them together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you multiply them together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you multiply them together but
+it would be complet wrong to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be complet wrong to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be complet wrong to you know
+just say I'll replace NDS byus F subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'll replace NDS byus F subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'll replace NDS byus F subx
+minus F sub y and one and then I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F sub y and one and then I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F sub y and one and then I end up
+again with a DS and I do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a DS and I do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with a DS and I do something else
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+Ds that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ds that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ds that's
+uh that's a pretty bad conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a pretty bad conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a pretty bad conceptual
+mistake because it gives you the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because it gives you the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake because it gives you the wrong
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+um another option more General than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another option more General than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another option more General than that
+if we haven't seen how to solve for Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we haven't seen how to solve for Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we haven't seen how to solve for Z
+how to express Z as a function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to express Z as a function of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to express Z as a function of X and
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+well maybe we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we still
+know some normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+then there's another formula for NDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another formula for NDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another formula for NDS
+which is up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is up to
+sign n / by n. K DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign n / by n. K DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign n / by n. K DX
+Dy and see actually that projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and see actually that projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and see actually that projection
+formula works also if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula works also if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula works also if you have to
+project to another coordinate plane for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to another coordinate plane for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to another coordinate plane for
+example if you want to project to the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to project to the XZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to project to the XZ
+coordinate plane the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate plane the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate plane the relation between
+NDS and dxdz is given by n/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDS and dxdz is given by n/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDS and dxdz is given by n/ n
+j j is the direction perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j j is the direction perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j j is the direction perpendicular to
+the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane but I mean this one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but I mean this one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but I mean this one is more
+useful okay so what's a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so what's a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay so what's a good example of
+that is for example if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for example if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for example if you have a
+slanted plane given to you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted plane given to you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted plane given to you you can
+easily find this normal vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily find this normal vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily find this normal vector
+that's just given by the coefficients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just given by the coefficients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just given by the coefficients of
+XYZ in the equation another situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ in the equation another situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ in the equation another situation
+where that might happen is if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that might happen is if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that might happen is if your
+surface is given by an equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is given by an equation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is given by an equation of the
+form G of XYZ equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form G of XYZ equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form G of XYZ equals
+z that's the case then you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that's the case then you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that's the case then you know this is
+a level set of G and we know how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level set of G and we know how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level set of G and we know how to find
+a normal Vector to the level set namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal Vector to the level set namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal Vector to the level set namely
+the gradient Vector is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Vector is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Vector is always
+perpendicular to the level set so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the level set so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the level set so you
+would take the gradient of G to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the gradient of G to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the gradient of G to be your
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now these are basically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are basically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are basically all the
+integrals we've seen how to set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals we've seen how to set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals we've seen how to set up and
+now we have a bunch of theorems relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a bunch of theorems relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a bunch of theorems relating
+them okay so let me think about how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let me think about how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so let me think about how I'm
+going to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to organize
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well let me try like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+so this part of a board will be work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part of a board will be work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part of a board will be work
+this part of a board will be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of a board will be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of a board will be about
+flux and the left part of the board will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and the left part of the board will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and the left part of the board will
+be both things in the plane the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both things in the plane the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be both things in the plane the third
+the right one will be about things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one will be about things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right one will be about things in
+space okay so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so what have we
+seen well we've seen green spem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay that doesn't work so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that doesn't work so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that doesn't work so well
+because it's too small so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's too small so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's too small so I'm going to
+actually use more black boards to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so this side will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space this side will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this side will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this side will be the
+plane and we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we're going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we're going to start with
+theorems about work and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about work and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about work and we'll see
+theorems about flux pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about flux pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about flux pretty
+soon so we have two theorems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work in in the plane that's called Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in the plane that's called Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in the plane that's called Green
+sporum in space that's called stok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporum in space that's called stok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporum in space that's called stok
+sporum okay so green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sporum says if I have a closed curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporum says if I have a closed curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporum says if I have a closed curve in
+the plane going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane going
+counterclockwise and closing entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and closing entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and closing entirely
+some region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region
+R then the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then the line
+integral along c for the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along c for the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along c for the work of
+f is equal to the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to the double integral over
+the region inside of the curl of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside of the curl of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside of the curl of f
+da concretely if my components of f are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da concretely if my components of f are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da concretely if my components of f are
+called m and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called m and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called m and n
+that's the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line
+integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+MDX plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MDX plus n
+Dy is equal to the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is equal to the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy is equal to the double integral over
+R of N Sub xus M sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of N Sub xus M sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of N Sub xus M sub y
+d so this side here is a usual line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so this side here is a usual line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so this side here is a usual line
+integral this side here is a usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this side here is a usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this side here is a usual
+double integral in the plane and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral in the plane and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral in the plane and somehow
+their values end up being magically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values end up being magically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values end up being magically
+related well not quite magically we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related well not quite magically we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related well not quite magically we've
+actually seen how to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen how to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen how to prove it
+but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+and now the analog of that in space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the analog of that in space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the analog of that in space is
+Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stokes
+theorem Stokes says if I have a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem Stokes says if I have a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem Stokes says if I have a closed
+curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in
+space okay so now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so now I have to
+decide what kind of thing it bouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what kind of thing it bouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what kind of thing it bouns and
+the answer is it will have to bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it will have to bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is it will have to bounce
+some surface but I have a choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surface but I have a choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some surface but I have a choice of
+surface okay so I choose my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so I choose my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so I choose my favorite
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+bounded by C well I guess I'll just dra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by C well I guess I'll just dra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by C well I guess I'll just dra
+it like that and I have to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that and I have to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like that and I have to choose a
+compatible orientation so we remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible orientation so we remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible orientation so we remember
+we've seen this right hand rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this right hand rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this right hand rule for
+choosing how to orient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing how to orient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing how to orient the
+surface uh I believe in this case if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh I believe in this case if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh I believe in this case if I
+take C like that then the normal Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C like that then the normal Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C like that then the normal Vector
+has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go
+up and then it tells me how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it tells me how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then it tells me how to
+compute the work done by F along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work done by F along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the work done by F along
+c namely that becomes the Double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c namely that becomes the Double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c namely that becomes the Double
+integral over that surface s of curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over that surface s of curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over that surface s of curl
+F which I will write as Del cross f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS okay so this line integral it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS okay so this line integral it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS okay so this line integral it's a
+usual line integral but just you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual line integral but just you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual line integral but just you know if
+for some reason we don't want to comput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason we don't want to comput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason we don't want to comput
+it directly we can actually replace it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it directly we can actually replace it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it directly we can actually replace it
+by a surface integral over any surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a surface integral over any surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a surface integral over any surface
+bounded by the curve so it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the curve so it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the curve so it might be that
+the problem will tell you which surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem will tell you which surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem will tell you which surface
+you have to consider it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to consider it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to consider it might be that
+you'll be left to choose the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be left to choose the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be left to choose the simplest
+possible surface you you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible surface you you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible surface you you can think of
+that somehow having this curve as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary okay and so now remember curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay and so now remember curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay and so now remember curl
+of a vector field in space is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector field in space is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector field in space is going to
+be another Vector expression it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another Vector expression it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another Vector expression it has
+three components and the way you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components and the way you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components and the way you compute
+it is not by remembering the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not by remembering the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not by remembering the actual
+formula which is really complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is really complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which is really complicated but
+by instead Computing the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead Computing the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead Computing the cross
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+between D and F so you set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cross product and of course it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product and of course it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cross product and of course it's a
+highly symbolic cross product I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly symbolic cross product I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly symbolic cross product I mean
+it's not an actual cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an actual cross product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an actual cross product of
+actual vectors but it works the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay so both of these formulas basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so both of these formulas basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so both of these formulas basically
+relate work on a curve with what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate work on a curve with what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate work on a curve with what happens
+to the curl on the surface that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curl on the surface that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curl on the surface that's
+enclosed by this curve that's bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by this curve that's bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by this curve that's bounded by
+this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+and just in this one you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just in this one you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just in this one you have less
+freedom of choice because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of choice because you don't have
+somehow you know a z direction in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know a z direction in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you know a z direction in which
+you could move your surface so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could move your surface so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could move your surface so there's
+only one possible choice of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one possible choice of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one possible choice of surface
+there's only one thing that's enclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one thing that's enclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one thing that's enclosed
+by this curve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this curve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this curve in the
+plane uh in both cases that these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh in both cases that these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh in both cases that these things
+tell you that you can think of curl as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you can think of curl as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you can think of curl as
+measuring how much the field fails to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring how much the field fails to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring how much the field fails to be
+conservative see if your field was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative see if your field was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative see if your field was
+conservative if the curl was Zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative if the curl was Zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative if the curl was Zero then
+the right hand side would just be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side would just be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side would just be zero
+and that would be fortunate because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be fortunate because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be fortunate because if
+the curl is zero then your field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is zero then your field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is zero then your field is
+conservative that means it comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative that means it comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative that means it comes from a
+potential that means when you go along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that means when you go along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that means when you go along a
+closed curve well the change of value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve well the change of value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve well the change of value of
+the potential should be zero I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential should be zero I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential should be zero I mean
+another way to say it is p Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is p Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is p Independence
+tells you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you no
+work and of course if you have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course if you have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and of course if you have a vector
+field that's not a gradient field then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's not a gradient field then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's not a gradient field then
+the curl is not necessarily zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is not necessarily zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is not necessarily zero and
+then you get a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer finally let's move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finally let's move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer finally let's move on to the
+theorems about flux so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about flux so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about flux so that
+green for flux and that's the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorems so here I say that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems so here I say that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems so here I say that will be
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence and here it will be green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and here it will be green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and here it will be green
+again so green theorem for flux says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so green theorem for flux says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so green theorem for flux says if
+I have a closed curve that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a closed curve that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a closed curve that goes
+counterclockwise around some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around some
+region so in particular counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in particular counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in particular counterclockwise
+means that the normal Vector will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the normal Vector will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the normal Vector will be
+going out of the region and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of the region and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of the region and then it
+tells us that the flux out of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the flux out of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the flux out of the region
+through the curve C so that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the curve C so that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the curve C so that will be the
+line integral of f. n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral of f. n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral of f. n
+DS is equal to the integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is equal to the integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is equal to the integral over the
+region inside of d f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of d f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of d f
+da and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and remember the
+diverence of MN is just mx + n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y this one here the diverence theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this one here the diverence theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this one here the diverence theorem
+tells you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something
+similar but now for a region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but now for a region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but now for a region of space
+bounded by a closed surface so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a closed surface so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by a closed surface so if you
+have some region of space and you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some region of space and you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some region of space and you call
+it boundary surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boundary surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boundary surface
+s and you let N be the normal Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and you let N be the normal Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and you let N be the normal Vector
+that goes you know out of the region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes you know out of the region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes you know out of the region R
+so you Orient s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outwards yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards yeah
+then the flux out of the region through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the flux out of the region through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the flux out of the region through
+S is going to be the same as the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is going to be the same as the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is going to be the same as the triple
+integral over the region of Divergence F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the region of Divergence F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the region of Divergence F
+DV and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and remember the
+Divergence of a vector field with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of a vector field with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of a vector field with
+components pqr is PX + qy + r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components pqr is PX + qy + r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components pqr is PX + qy + r
+z so what do these two theorems say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what do these two theorems say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what do these two theorems say well
+they say essentially the same thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say essentially the same thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say essentially the same thing they
+say the total flux out of a region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the total flux out of a region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the total flux out of a region is
+equal to the integral of Divergence over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of Divergence over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of Divergence over
+whatever's inside and the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's inside and the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's inside and the reason for
+that is again we've seen for a velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again we've seen for a velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again we've seen for a velocity
+field the Divergence measures how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the Divergence measures how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the Divergence measures how much
+things are expanding or how much stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are expanding or how much stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are expanding or how much stuff
+is being created it tells you the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being created it tells you the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being created it tells you the amount
+of sources per unit portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources per unit portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources per unit portion of the
+region so when you sum that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so when you sum that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so when you sum that over
+everything you get the amount of fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you get the amount of fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you get the amount of fluid
+that's being you know the total amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being you know the total amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being you know the total amount
+of sources inside here and that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources inside here and that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sources inside here and that tells us
+how much stuff has to go out per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff has to go out per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stuff has to go out per unit
+time that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's basically the
+interpretation so in a way I I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so in a way I I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so in a way I I'd be
+tempted to say that you know this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say that you know this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to say that you know this table
+of four theorems is somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four theorems is somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four theorems is somehow the
+culminating point of 1802 and you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminating point of 1802 and you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culminating point of 1802 and you do
+well to remember them however I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to remember them however I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to remember them however I'd like
+also to point out that these theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to point out that these theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to point out that these theorems
+are completely useless if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely useless if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely useless if you don't know
+how to compute any of the integrals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute any of the integrals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute any of the integrals that
+are in there so all the stuff that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there so all the stuff that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in there so all the stuff that was
+around there before is actually somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there before is actually somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there before is actually somehow
+more fundamental if you don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamental if you don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fundamental if you don't know how
+to compute the double or triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the double or triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the double or triple
+integrals then this is of little use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals then this is of little use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals then this is of little use to
+you okay so that's the end uh I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's the end uh I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so that's the end uh I guess I
+have to wish you happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holidays
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2STgYpgd2yc.txt b/2STgYpgd2yc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05b6843cc4f3257dc23c8bae8f91fd8f1a876ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2STgYpgd2yc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little more about the hindbringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about the hindbringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more about the hindbringing
+about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these
+I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk
+about the changes that sort of distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the changes that sort of distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the changes that sort of distorted
+that simple picture of the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple picture of the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple picture of the embryonic
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+we know it becomes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it becomes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it becomes a lot more
+complicated looking in the adult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking in the adult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated looking in the adult but
+there's also this idea of changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this idea of changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also this idea of changes in
+relative size of parts and more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of parts and more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative size of parts and more than
+that there are migrations of cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are migrations of cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are migrations of cells from
+the Euler plate that form the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Euler plate that form the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Euler plate that form the cerebellum
+that really distort things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really distort things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really distort things
+and we talked before about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked before about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked before about some of these
+changes that you see in specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you see in specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you see in specialized
+creatures like these fish specialize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures like these fish specialize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures like these fish specialize for
+taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste
+I like the buffalo fish and the catfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the buffalo fish and the catfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like the buffalo fish and the catfish
+the catfish that tastes with his whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish that tastes with his whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish that tastes with his whole
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the
+huge cerebellum develops in the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cerebellum develops in the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge cerebellum develops in the some of
+the electric fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric fish
+animals with Electro reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to talk now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk now about
+cerebellum so first of all what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum so first of all what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum so first of all what's the
+meaning of the word pops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's the major input and output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the major input and output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the major input and output of
+the pots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pots
+where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the rostral hindbrain what part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember what promise means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what promise means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what promise means
+it means Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means Bridge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what is it why do they call it a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it why do they call it a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it why do they call it a bridge
+well if you look at the brain from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you look at the brain from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you look at the brain from the
+ventral side it's a really obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral side it's a really obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral side it's a really obvious
+structure it's wider than the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's wider than the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's wider than the rest of
+the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain
+it's way up at the top of the rostral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way up at the top of the rostral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way up at the top of the rostral
+part of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the hindbrain
+it's white because of myelinated fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water all those fibers doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water all those fibers doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water all those fibers doing
+there's a lot of cells there and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cells there and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of cells there and there's
+a lot of fibers there we the cells we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fibers there we the cells we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fibers there we the cells we
+call the pontine gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the pontine gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the pontine gray
+the pontine gray matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and IT projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IT projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IT projects
+to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it gets very big in animals with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets very big in animals with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gets very big in animals with a
+big cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cerebellum
+well what is its major input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I showed it once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed it once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed it once in
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a picture it was originally of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture it was originally of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture it was originally of
+the Primitive brand then I added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Primitive brand then I added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Primitive brand then I added the
+neocortex to it to show some of the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex to it to show some of the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex to it to show some of the long
+Pathways going up to neocortex and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways going up to neocortex and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways going up to neocortex and then
+in this one coming down from me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one coming down from me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one coming down from me of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+and I'm showing axons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm showing axons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm showing axons here
+that generally go on into the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally go on into the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally go on into the spinal
+cord but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord but they have
+collaterals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaterals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaterals
+that terminate there in the pots and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminate there in the pots and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terminate there in the pots and you
+can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here
+what the output of the France is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output of the France is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output of the France is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it goes to the cerebellar cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the answer to number 16.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you wanted to give a general answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to give a general answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to give a general answer
+to that next question what causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that next question what causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that next question what causes
+quantitative distortions of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative distortions of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative distortions of the basic
+structural layout of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the major Distortion that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the major Distortion that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the major Distortion that occurs
+in the development of the hindbrain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of the hindbrain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of the hindbrain of
+humans and other primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and other primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and other primates
+and that's mainly what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mainly what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's mainly what I want to talk
+about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here
+the Distortion has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion has to do with the
+the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size
+of structures just like you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures just like you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structures just like you saw the
+hindbrain distortions caused by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain distortions caused by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain distortions caused by these
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+very specialized taste input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specialized taste input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specialized taste input
+what were the cell groups that grew so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the cell groups that grew so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the cell groups that grew so
+much became so big and distorted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much became so big and distorted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much became so big and distorted the
+my brain stem in those animals like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brain stem in those animals like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brain stem in those animals like this
+that's a hindbrain distortion yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hindbrain distortion yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hindbrain distortion yet it's
+become the biggest part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the biggest part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the biggest part of the brain
+what's the cell group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what kind of neuron are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+gustatory yes case they have specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gustatory yes case they have specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gustatory yes case they have specialized
+taste so a lot of them must be secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste so a lot of them must be secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste so a lot of them must be secondary
+sensory cells okay representing taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells okay representing taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells okay representing taste
+now there are other cells in that lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other cells in that lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other cells in that lobe
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+okay because they actually in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they actually in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because they actually in their
+specialized taste organ in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized taste organ in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized taste organ in the
+in the palate way in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the palate way in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the palate way in the back of the
+throat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throat
+okay they also have some contractile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they also have some contractile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they also have some contractile
+cells contractual organs there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells contractual organs there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells contractual organs there
+so that it has a motor component that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it has a motor component that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it has a motor component that's
+included in that huge load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebellum gets so large in the primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum gets so large in the primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum gets so large in the primates
+it has to do with very large neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with very large neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with very large neocortex
+the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex
+seems to need a cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to need a cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to need a cerebellum
+to coordinate its output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate its output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coordinate its output
+but one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing
+output isn't controlled just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output isn't controlled just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output isn't controlled just by
+neocortex it's controlled by ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it's controlled by ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex it's controlled by ascending
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+that also go to the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also go to the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also go to the cerebellum
+namely cochleceptive but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely cochleceptive but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely cochleceptive but also
+somatosensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory
+and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even some auditory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some auditory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some auditory input
+it's all these different senses would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all these different senses would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all these different senses would
+slightly different time in getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different time in getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different time in getting there
+have to be adjusted and coordinated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be adjusted and coordinated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be adjusted and coordinated so
+they can get to the output at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get to the output at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get to the output at the right
+time and that's what the cerebellum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's what the cerebellum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's what the cerebellum is
+largely about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what most
+Neuroscience classes will teach you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience classes will teach you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience classes will teach you but
+that's what I'm teaching okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm teaching okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm teaching okay
+I have to see why that appeared why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to see why that appeared why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to see why that appeared why it
+was so important throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so important throughout
+development yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question is there a
+correlation between proprioceptive input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between proprioceptive input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between proprioceptive input
+you mean in quantitative terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean in quantitative terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean in quantitative terms the
+amount of proprioception the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of proprioception the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of proprioception the amount of
+it well you can look at vestibular input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you can look at vestibular input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well you can look at vestibular input
+as a kind of proprioception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of proprioception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of proprioception
+it's affected by our movements all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's affected by our movements all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's affected by our movements all the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+you know it's giving us feedback on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's giving us feedback on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's giving us feedback on our
+movement just like feedback from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement just like feedback from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement just like feedback from the
+joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints
+feedback from the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback from the muscles
+you know they all give feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all give feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all give feedback
+monitoring our movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring our movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring our movements
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I would expect some correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would expect some correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would expect some correlation
+but it's interesting that the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting that the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's interesting that the cerebellum
+develops very early and it develops as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops very early and it develops as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops very early and it develops as
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+a vestibular organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vestibular organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vestibular organ
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later
+it requires all these other inputs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires all these other inputs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires all these other inputs as
+they expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expanded
+they all seem to want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all seem to want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all seem to want to get to the
+cerebellum as well as into the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I introduce another term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I introduce another term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I introduce another term in
+question 18 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 18 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question 18 here
+what is the role of the rhombic lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of the rhombic lip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the role of the rhombic lip
+it's a structure seen during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a structure seen during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a structure seen during the
+development of the rostral hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you remember what the rhombic lip is did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what the rhombic lip is did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember what the rhombic lip is did
+you read the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the chapter
+I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized
+you're getting some of these concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some of these concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some of these concepts
+for the first time here we've not we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time here we've not we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time here we've not we're
+going to talk a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a lot more about
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+in a couple of the later uh sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of the later uh sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of the later uh sections of
+the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class
+one coming up pretty soon we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming up pretty soon we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming up pretty soon we'll talk
+about axon growth but here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about axon growth but here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about axon growth but here we're talking
+about and you'll we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you'll we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and you'll we'll talk about this
+actually in the very next class when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the very next class when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the very next class when we
+talk about forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is the rhombic lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the rhombic lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the rhombic lift
+it's a transient structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transient structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a transient structure
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there are very large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very large numbers
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuroblasts there that migrate from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroblasts there that migrate from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroblasts there that migrate from that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into the cerebellum into the roof plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cerebellum into the roof plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cerebellum into the roof plate
+of the hindbrand forming the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrand forming the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrand forming the cerebellum
+the terrestrial into the behind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrestrial into the behind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terrestrial into the behind brain
+but they also migrate from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also migrate from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also migrate from there
+to other positions in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they form the structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form the structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form the structures that
+project who the cerebellar cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those structures all seem to arise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures all seem to arise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those structures all seem to arise in
+around the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the flip
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+they're they're basically the rhombic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're basically the rhombic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're basically the rhombic
+lip is in in the aler plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lip is in in the aler plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lip is in in the aler plate
+cells migrate from that region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate from that region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells migrate from that region and
+that's what leads to these distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what leads to these distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what leads to these distortions
+they migrate into cerebellum they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate into cerebellum they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate into cerebellum they
+migrate into preserve dollar cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate into preserve dollar cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate into preserve dollar cell groups
+this is where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where it is
+this is where the cerebellum forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the cerebellum forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the cerebellum forms
+okay and the rhombic lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the rhombic lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the rhombic lit
+huge numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge numbers of
+neuroblast farming this week here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroblast farming this week here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroblast farming this week here okay
+and that's what that leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what that leads to the
+formation of cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of cerebellum
+and here if you look at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here if you look at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here if you look at this picture
+right sort of depicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of depicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of depicted
+I don't have an animation so I you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have an animation so I you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have an animation so I you've
+got to use your imagination here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use your imagination here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to use your imagination here's the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic
+rostralheimer and there with the Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostralheimer and there with the Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostralheimer and there with the Red
+Arrows I'm showing migration cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrows I'm showing migration cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arrows I'm showing migration cells from
+the rhombic loop into the roof plate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhombic loop into the roof plate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rhombic loop into the roof plate so
+those are going to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to form
+the cerebellum itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum itself
+and but they also migrate down to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they also migrate down to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but they also migrate down to form
+the ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ponds
+and then some of the migrate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the migrate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the migrate more
+caudally and formally inferior hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudally and formally inferior hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudally and formally inferior hours
+another major source of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another major source of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another major source of input
+these are really the two major sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really the two major sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really the two major sources
+of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input
+the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid
+the cerebellum from the pons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum from the pons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum from the pons
+from the inferior Olive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as
+these migrations occur the cerebellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these migrations occur the cerebellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these migrations occur the cerebellar
+cortex grows you can see in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex grows you can see in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex grows you can see in relative
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+if it gets very very large I've not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets very very large I've not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gets very very large I've not even
+shown it's for size in a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it grows
+on the ventral side too as the pons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ventral side too as the pons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ventral side too as the pons
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+and here I'm just showing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just showing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm just showing that the
+projections from the pontine cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from the pontine cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from the pontine cells
+are decisating they cross there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decisating they cross there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decisating they cross there
+within the ponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ponds
+and go to the cerebellum on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to the cerebellum on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to the cerebellum on the opposite
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say well why do they have to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well why do they have to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well why do they have to cross
+remember we talked about decisations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about decisations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about decisations and
+how the sensory world comes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sensory world comes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sensory world comes to be
+represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented
+the opposite side in the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side in the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite side in the midbrain and
+forebrain but this is heinbray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain but this is heinbray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain but this is heinbray
+so why are they crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are they crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are they crossed
+will that projection from the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that projection from the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that projection from the neocortex
+is not a cross projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a cross projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a cross projection
+so the right hemisphere projects to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right hemisphere projects to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the right hemisphere projects to the
+right side of the punch the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the punch the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the punch the right side
+of the midbrain protect them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain protect them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain protect them for example
+projects to the right side of the pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the right side of the pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to the right side of the pump
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but the cerebellum is not a crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cerebellum is not a crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cerebellum is not a crossed
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they have to cross there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to match the inputs they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to match the inputs they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to match the inputs they're
+getting from the spinal cord and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the spinal cord and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the spinal cord and more
+caudal line breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal line breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal line breaking
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a picture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+rostralheim brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostralheim brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostralheim brain
+so here's the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the original
+cross section and look what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section and look what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section and look what's happened
+to the roof plate here you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the roof plate here you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the roof plate here you're just
+seeing the deepest part there's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the deepest part there's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the deepest part there's only a
+little bit of Cortex even showing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Cortex even showing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of Cortex even showing there
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go
+way out to hear someplace way up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out to hear someplace way up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out to hear someplace way up above
+the ceiling okay if you saw the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling okay if you saw the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ceiling okay if you saw the whole
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+what you're seeing there is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing there is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing there is the output
+structures of the cerebellum these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the cerebellum these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of the cerebellum these are
+called The Deep nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Deep nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Deep nuclei
+the one that looks like it's corrugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that looks like it's corrugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that looks like it's corrugated
+is the dentate nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dentate nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dentate nucleus
+the animals with the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals with the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animals with the largest
+cerebral hemispheres have the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemispheres have the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemispheres have the largest
+dentate nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate nucleus
+so it's very large in humans and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very large in humans and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very large in humans and then
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+an intermediate one the embaliform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate one the embaliform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate one the embaliform
+nucleus and then the medial ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then the medial ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and then the medial ones here
+vestigial nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more concerned with axial muscle control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with axial muscle control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with axial muscle control
+and the most primitive parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most primitive parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most primitive parts of the
+cerebellum are those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so all of this is pontoon Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of this is pontoon Gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of this is pontoon Gray
+the light areas because this is a fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light areas because this is a fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light areas because this is a fiber
+sting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sting
+and then the cortical spinal tract which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cortical spinal tract which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the cortical spinal tract which
+is at the base of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the base of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the base of the membrane
+it penetrates right through the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it penetrates right through the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it penetrates right through the middle
+of the pots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pots
+so here you see those axons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see those axons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see those axons the
+corticospinal tract actions cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract actions cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract actions cutting
+cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross sections
+they form a more compact bundle again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a more compact bundle again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form a more compact bundle again
+when they at the very base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they at the very base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they at the very base of the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+you may form the pyramidal tract there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come back to that again a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that again a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that again a little bit and
+talk about the motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+we want to talk about the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this question why a midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question why a midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question why a midbrain
+occurred to me when I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me when I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me when I thought about
+traditional neuroanatomy textbooks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional neuroanatomy textbooks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional neuroanatomy textbooks and
+the way they treat the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they treat the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they treat the midbrain
+It generally is given pretty short shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It generally is given pretty short shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It generally is given pretty short shift
+they treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it as a basically reflex center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a basically reflex center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a basically reflex center
+controlling eye movements the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling eye movements the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling eye movements the people are
+a light reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auditory reflexes and it serves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory reflexes and it serves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory reflexes and it serves as a
+relay of auditory information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay of auditory information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay of auditory information to the
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+uh and it serves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it serves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it serves as a
+very important visual Center in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important visual Center in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important visual Center in
+primitive animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive animals
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+when you really look at there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really look at there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really look at there's been
+enough studies now of control use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough studies now of control use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough studies now of control use the
+midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and
+especially motor control that we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially motor control that we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially motor control that we can say
+a lot more about it now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more about it now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more about it now then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the information that led to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that led to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that led to those
+Medical School Traditions so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School Traditions so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical School Traditions so let's uh
+we get a good idea about the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a good idea about the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a good idea about the evolution
+of the membrane and far brain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane and far brain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane and far brain from
+animals resembling the most primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals resembling the most primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals resembling the most primitive
+chordates we discussed earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordates we discussed earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordates we discussed earlier
+and of course we get many ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we get many ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we get many ideas from
+comparative studies or vertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't get much information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get much information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't get much information from
+skulls because the midbrain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls because the midbrain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skulls because the midbrain is
+the only we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only we get
+primitive skulls of course can tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive skulls of course can tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive skulls of course can tell us
+something because they will be the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because they will be the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because they will be the shape
+of the midbrain won't be will be visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain won't be will be visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain won't be will be visible
+in some skulls where the forebrand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some skulls where the forebrand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some skulls where the forebrand is
+not so huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these these are my initial answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these are my initial answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these are my initial answers to
+why we have a midbrand as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have a midbrand as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we have a midbrand as well as the
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+so I say the mid grain together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I say the mid grain together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I say the mid grain together with
+early components of the forebrain was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early components of the forebrain was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early components of the forebrain was a
+kind of rostral extension behind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rostral extension behind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rostral extension behind brain
+that enabled Visual and olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enabled Visual and olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enabled Visual and olfactory
+control over motor patents because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over motor patents because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over motor patents because
+old-faction develops at the very restful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-faction develops at the very restful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-faction develops at the very restful
+end that was the reason the end brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that was the reason the end brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that was the reason the end brain
+started to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to form
+the olfactory input there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory input there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory input there
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+think of antioxus before it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of antioxus before it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of antioxus before it probably
+doesn't even have old fashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have old fashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have old fashioned
+but it's got a forebrain and it's mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a forebrain and it's mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got a forebrain and it's mainly
+just a diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a diencephalon
+with some secretory cells it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some secretory cells it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some secretory cells it's important
+in endocrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in endocrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in endocrine
+controlled and probably control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and probably control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and probably control the
+motivation just like it is remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation just like it is remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation just like it is remains
+important in vertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but for vision The Envision comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for vision The Envision comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for vision The Envision comes in
+rare even ampioxis has the pigmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare even ampioxis has the pigmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare even ampioxis has the pigmented
+cells right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells right there
+we already said it was diencephalon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said it was diencephalon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already said it was diencephalon
+that's where the visual inputs come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the visual inputs come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the visual inputs come in
+okay so for vision and olfaction how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for vision and olfaction how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for vision and olfaction how to
+affect movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect movement
+they form links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they form links
+in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midbrain
+they didn't generally when connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't generally when connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't generally when connections
+first evolve they're not long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evolve they're not long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first evolve they're not long
+connections because connections start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because connections start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections because connections start
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+from structures that are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from structures that are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from structures that are small
+and then if they grow larger the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they grow larger the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they grow larger the larger
+structures become more connected there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures become more connected there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures become more connected there's
+a general rule in comparative Anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule in comparative Anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule in comparative Anatomy
+larger is more connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger is more connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger is more connected
+so we have this huge several hemispheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this huge several hemispheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this huge several hemispheres
+it's got connections to all parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got connections to all parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got connections to all parts
+of the spinal cord hindbrain midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spinal cord hindbrain midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spinal cord hindbrain midbrain
+diencephala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diencephala
+as well as many interconnections within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as many interconnections within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as many interconnections within
+the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hemisphere
+bananas were very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas were very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas were very small
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+cerebral hemisphere do not have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemisphere do not have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebral hemisphere do not have these
+lung connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung connections
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they also added controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also added controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also added controlled by
+motivational States and we will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational States and we will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational States and we will see the
+midbrain can can include structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain can can include structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain can can include structures that
+are involved in motivational control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in motivational control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in motivational control
+it's not only the hypothalamus that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only the hypothalamus that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not only the hypothalamus that does
+it remember we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember we talked about the
+hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy
+of control of autonomic functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control of autonomic functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control of autonomic functions like
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+so it's not just the type of problems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just the type of problems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just the type of problems it
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+the midbrain does it the hind brain does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain does it the hind brain does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain does it the hind brain does
+it the spinal cord does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the spinal cord does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the spinal cord does it
+so we'll look at that in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this is just about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is just about those
+structures they had to be Visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they had to be Visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they had to be Visual and
+olfactory pathway Pathways from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory pathway Pathways from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory pathway Pathways from those
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+from between brain and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well as inputs of course for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as inputs of course for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as inputs of course for more
+throttle structures including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle structures including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throttle structures including the
+cerebellum coming to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum coming to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum coming to the midbrain
+so first of all what are the two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all what are the two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all what are the two inputs
+carrying information about light levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying information about light levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying information about light levels
+into the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the central nervous system
+so we're going to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to talk a little bit
+about primitive Vision here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primitive Vision here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primitive Vision here
+about primitive volts action so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primitive volts action so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primitive volts action so for
+vision what are the two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lateralize that's one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateralize that's one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateralize that's one of them
+what's the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's it called the eye on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it called the eye on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it called the eye on top of the
+head yeah you don't have it I know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head yeah you don't have it I know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head yeah you don't have it I know so
+but I think the Piney a lot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the Piney a lot okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the Piney a lot okay
+it's an actual I in many creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actual I in many creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an actual I in many creatures
+many amphibians have a pineal eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many amphibians have a pineal eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many amphibians have a pineal eye
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+an early role of that optic input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early role of that optic input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early role of that optic input
+no doubt before even the image forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt before even the image forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt before even the image forming
+eyes were present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes were present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes were present
+just detection of light loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detection of light loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just detection of light loads
+okay it was control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was control of the
+rhythm of activity which was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of activity which was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of activity which was different
+in day and night because it made a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in day and night because it made a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in day and night because it made a big
+difference in efficiency and made a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in efficiency and made a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in efficiency and made a big
+difference in survival the animals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in survival the animals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in survival the animals they
+were active during certain periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were active during certain periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were active during certain periods of
+the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we know now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that
+cells developed there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells developed there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells developed there that
+had an endogenous rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an endogenous rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an endogenous rhythm
+circadian rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circadian rhythm
+but it was affected by light levels they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was affected by light levels they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was affected by light levels they
+were active either during the day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were active either during the day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were active either during the day or
+during the night okay so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the night okay so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the night okay so here are the
+two inputs pineal eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs pineal eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs pineal eye
+and retinal input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retinal input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and retinal input
+from lateralized coming right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lateralized coming right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lateralized coming right into the
+hyperbalance the most primitive visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbalance the most primitive visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbalance the most primitive visual
+connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in that hypothalamus that receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that hypothalamus that receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that hypothalamus that receive
+those two visual inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two visual inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two visual inputs
+there was mechanisms for controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was mechanisms for controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was mechanisms for controlling
+the Sleep waking cycle altering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sleep waking cycle altering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sleep waking cycle altering
+physiology and behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and behavior
+involved both the epiphthalamus or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved both the epiphthalamus or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved both the epiphthalamus or the
+pineal eye connected and the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pineal eye connected and the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pineal eye connected and the anterior
+parts of the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the hypothalamus
+and if you in a modern enamel if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you in a modern enamel if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you in a modern enamel if you
+make you damage that anterior part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you damage that anterior part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you damage that anterior part of
+the hypothalamus it's not it did many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus it's not it did many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus it's not it did many
+years ago before he even was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago before he even was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago before he even was a
+neuronatomist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronatomist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuronatomist
+doing a PhD thesis he made lesions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a PhD thesis he made lesions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a PhD thesis he made lesions and
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+because he studied he realized these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he studied he realized these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he studied he realized these
+must be crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be crucial
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+important controls the animal's life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important controls the animal's life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important controls the animal's life and
+he found major centers for controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found major centers for controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found major centers for controlling
+wakefulness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakefulness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakefulness and
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he still cited for those findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still cited for those findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still cited for those findings
+but other cichlid we could say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other cichlid we could say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other cichlid we could say the
+cyclical motivational states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical motivational states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical motivational states are
+influenced by this biological clock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this biological clock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by this biological clock the
+regulated by mostly hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cyclical foraging feeding drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical foraging feeding drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclical foraging feeding drinking
+nesting and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in order for the visual inputs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for the visual inputs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order for the visual inputs we
+just deal with vision now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deal with vision now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deal with vision now
+in order for those inputs to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for those inputs to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for those inputs to control
+locomotor responses more directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor responses more directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor responses more directly that
+is not just through controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just through controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just through controlling the
+Circadian rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circadian rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circadian rhythm
+then they had to have links to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they had to have links to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they had to have links to the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+now when it comes to olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when it comes to olfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when it comes to olfaction
+it was and remains an important control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and remains an important control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was and remains an important control
+of Behavioral state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Behavioral state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Behavioral state
+and these are the two main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the two main things
+olfaction did for animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learning object identities remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning object identities remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning object identities remembering
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+altering Behavior according to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering Behavior according to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altering Behavior according to what
+those objects were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those objects were
+so they could detect sexual identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could detect sexual identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could detect sexual identity
+and individual differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and individual differences
+they could discriminate what was good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could discriminate what was good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could discriminate what was good to
+eat what was bad to eat they learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat what was bad to eat they learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat what was bad to eat they learned
+that just through olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why was it so important to do it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it so important to do it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it so important to do it through
+a fraction not just with taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction not just with taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction not just with taste
+well to identify food if you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to identify food if you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to identify food if you had the
+taste and all you have to come right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and all you have to come right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and all you have to come right up
+and touch it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touch it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and touch it right
+but with old faction you might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with old faction you might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with old faction you might be able
+to do it at a distance so it was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at a distance so it was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it at a distance so it was a big
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+no doubt led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of promoted the evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promoted the evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of promoted the evolution of the
+old-fashioned olfactory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the for for the olfaction to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the for for the olfaction to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the for for the olfaction to to
+control behavior on the basis of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control behavior on the basis of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control behavior on the basis of those
+object identifications you needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object identifications you needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object identifications you needed
+Pathways going down to the motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point that out here at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that out here at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that out here at the bottom
+I point out the structures that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point out the structures that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point out the structures that were
+involved we call them dental striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we call them dental striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we call them dental striatum
+and amygdala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amygdala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amygdala
+are they precursors to those structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they precursors to those structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they precursors to those structures
+the the remainder main outputs were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remainder main outputs were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remainder main outputs were to
+the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but the hypothalamus likewise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the hypothalamus likewise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the hypothalamus likewise to
+influence movement most of the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence movement most of the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence movement most of the pathways
+went through the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the midbrain
+and then of course it was important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course it was important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course it was important for
+detecting places too with places bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting places too with places bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting places too with places bad
+places they had to learn them remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they had to learn them remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places they had to learn them remember
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+direct their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct their behavior
+according to whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to whether they were
+something desirable or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something desirable or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something desirable or not
+and that led to the evolution of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to the evolution of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that led to the evolution of what we
+call the medial palium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the medial palium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the medial palium
+became the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the hippocampus
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+outputs went through the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs went through the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs went through the ventral
+striatom and hypothalamus and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatom and hypothalamus and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatom and hypothalamus and then of
+course to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to the midbrain
+okay and this just expands on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this just expands on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this just expands on a little
+bit I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I talk about
+approach avoidance movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that involve both of these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve both of these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve both of these kinds
+of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for odors to influence locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the projections went to specific places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections went to specific places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projections went to specific places
+in the hypothalamus in the midbrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hypothalamus in the midbrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hypothalamus in the midbrain that
+have been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been studied
+especially by the electric physiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by the electric physiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by the electric physiologists
+and I'm going to identify those areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to identify those areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to identify those areas
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+in a minute here and we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute here and we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute here and we'll come back to
+it when we start talking about the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we start talking about the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we start talking about the motor
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+locomotor control so escape from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor control so escape from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor control so escape from
+Predator threats we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator threats we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator threats we've talked about
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll see
+what that's led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's led to
+uh and locomotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and locomotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and locomotor
+areas of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of the brain
+and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other
+function for controlling orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for controlling orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for controlling orienting
+household faction involved in Oriental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household faction involved in Oriental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household faction involved in Oriental
+factoring doesn't really give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring doesn't really give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring doesn't really give you a
+sense of place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of place
+except if you're near a good place or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you're near a good place or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except if you're near a good place or
+near a bad place and they smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a bad place and they smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a bad place and they smell
+different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but
+it certainly will affect the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly will affect the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly will affect the motivation
+of the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the animal
+and that will affect the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will affect the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will affect the response of the
+animal to visual Auditorium Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to visual Auditorium Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal to visual Auditorium Smith
+sensory inputs so that's how it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs so that's how it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory inputs so that's how it affects
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+Trace those pathlets so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace those pathlets so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace those pathlets so here's the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+this is the structure we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the structure we're talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now some more specific questions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some more specific questions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now some more specific questions what
+are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the three
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three major types of multi-purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major types of multi-purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major types of multi-purpose
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+controlled by descending Pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by descending Pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by descending Pathways that
+originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate
+multi-purpose movements you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose movements you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose movements you have to
+separate from specialized movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from specialized movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from specialized movements
+give me an example of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an example of each
+a multi-purpose movement is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-purpose movement is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-purpose movement is used
+in different various motivational States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different various motivational States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different various motivational States
+okay you use it when we want food we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you use it when we want food we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you use it when we want food we use
+it when we want sex we use it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we want sex we use it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we want sex we use it when we
+want to grab you know do this or that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grab you know do this or that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grab you know do this or that or
+the other thing we need there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we need there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we need there's certain
+kinds of movements that are used in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of movements that are used in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of movements that are used in many
+diff for many different purposes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff for many different purposes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff for many different purposes there's
+other movements that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movements that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other movements that are very
+specialized courtship movements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized courtship movements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized courtship movements for
+example sexual movements they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sexual movements they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sexual movements they're very
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+okay and there are many movements like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are many movements like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are many movements like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in an evolution fix action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an evolution fix action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an evolution fix action patterns
+meaning genetically controlled patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning genetically controlled patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning genetically controlled patterns
+of behavior evolve both types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior evolve both types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behavior evolve both types
+multi-purpose and specialist special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose and specialist special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose and specialist special
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+so there's three major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three major types of
+multi-purpose movements controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose movements controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-purpose movements controlled by
+the midbrain and Pathways from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain and Pathways from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain and Pathways from it
+we want to know what the structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what the structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what the structures
+that gave rise to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave rise to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave rise to those
+Pathways does anybody can anybody name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways does anybody can anybody name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways does anybody can anybody name
+one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them
+either the structure or the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the structure or the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the structure or the type of
+movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+turning movements that's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning movements that's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning movements that's a general
+purpose Movement we use it for all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose Movement we use it for all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose Movement we use it for all kinds
+of behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of behaviors
+we need to be able to orient our senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to orient our senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be able to orient our senses
+or in our heads and eyes towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our heads and eyes towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in our heads and eyes towards
+something that's one of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's one of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's one of the general
+purpose movements and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose movements and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose movements and what's the
+structure so important for controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so important for controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so important for controlling
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say well the visual cortex well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the visual cortex well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the visual cortex well that
+came much later let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came much later let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came much later let's talk about the
+membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane
+what was the midbrain structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the midbrain structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the midbrain structure so
+important in orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in orienting
+and most animals even if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most animals even if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most animals even if they have a
+large cortex still use that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cortex still use that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large cortex still use that structure
+the pathway simply goes from a cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway simply goes from a cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway simply goes from a cortex
+down to the structure to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the structure to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the structure to control
+orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting
+it's the surface of the Superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the surface of the Superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the surface of the Superior
+colliculus or midbrain tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus or midbrain tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus or midbrain tectum
+we saw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw a picture
+a while back of a predatory fish with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back of a predatory fish with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while back of a predatory fish with an
+enormous optic tectum remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous optic tectum remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous optic tectum remember the
+Barracuda I showed you enormous Texan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barracuda I showed you enormous Texan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barracuda I showed you enormous Texan
+bigger than any structure in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's really we're very visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's really we're very visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's really we're very visual
+animals too why isn't it so big in US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals too why isn't it so big in US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals too why isn't it so big in US
+in relative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because some animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some animals
+the types of orienting they do are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of orienting they do are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of orienting they do are much
+more under the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more under the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more under the control
+of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning
+and the midbrain is only good for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midbrain is only good for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midbrain is only good for very
+short-term kinds of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to talk about that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that again
+I want you to be able to name two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be able to name two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be able to name two
+Pathways that originate in the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that originate in the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that originate in the midbrain
+and descend to the spinal cord wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descend to the spinal cord wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descend to the spinal cord wiring
+for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+because the third one we don't know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the third one we don't know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the third one we don't know as
+much about anatomically we know about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about anatomically we know about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about anatomically we know about it
+from physiology and some very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physiology and some very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from physiology and some very nice
+physiology okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology okay
+and I use the physiology date as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the physiology date as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the physiology date as well as
+anatomical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical data
+coming to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to these
+descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a typical picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a typical picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a typical picture of a
+midbrain of an animal like a rat or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain of an animal like a rat or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain of an animal like a rat or a
+mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse
+or a hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hamster
+usually I when I first threw these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I when I first threw these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I when I first threw these I
+drew them from memory and my the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them from memory and my the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew them from memory and my the animal
+I'd used the most was the hamster I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd used the most was the hamster I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd used the most was the hamster I'd
+also done work with rats and mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also done work with rats and mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also done work with rats and mice
+and a number of other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other animals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here is that optic tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is that optic tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is that optic tectum
+except we usually call it the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we usually call it the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we usually call it the sphere
+colliculus in a mammal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus in a mammal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus in a mammal
+we think of it as a visual structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of it as a visual structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of it as a visual structure
+but the visual layers are just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the visual layers are just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the visual layers are just these
+superficial layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layers
+what are the axons down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how it must be the input coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it must be the input coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it must be the input coming in from
+the eye and the retina and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and the retina and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye and the retina and from
+posterior visual areas of Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior visual areas of Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior visual areas of Cortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well this is all Superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is all Superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is all Superior colliculus
+down here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here too
+you don't need that much colliculus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need that much colliculus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need that much colliculus just
+to get output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get output
+to the lower brain stem into the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower brain stem into the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lower brain stem into the upper
+spinal cord to control head and eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord to control head and eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord to control head and eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+other sensory inputs come in there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sensory inputs come in there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sensory inputs come in there too
+and they tend to match the visual inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to match the visual inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to match the visual inputs
+audit they match them in representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they match them in representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they match them in representing
+the same parts of space so auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same parts of space so auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same parts of space so auditory
+instrument sensory inputs come out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument sensory inputs come out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument sensory inputs come out there
+if I am working with a Rat Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am working with a Rat Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am working with a Rat Say
+uh and I'm working at the part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm working at the part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'm working at the part of that
+optic layer that's responding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic layer that's responding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic layer that's responding to this
+visual field right out here remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field right out here remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual field right out here remember the
+red sides are looking up here this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red sides are looking up here this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red sides are looking up here this way
+60 degrees out 30 degrees up at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 degrees out 30 degrees up at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 degrees out 30 degrees up at least
+for the hamster very similar for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hamster very similar for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hamster very similar for the
+mouse so here's the two eyes looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse so here's the two eyes looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse so here's the two eyes looking at
+and I show him something up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I show him something up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I show him something up here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and I get a response from the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a response from the colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get a response from the colliculus
+in the upper temporal field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper temporal field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper temporal field
+so it's somewhere in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fairly far back and detect them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly far back and detect them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly far back and detect them okay
+now if I come close to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I come close to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I come close to him
+what am I going to do I'm going to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I going to do I'm going to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I going to do I'm going to touch
+Whispers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whispers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whispers here
+if I stimulate those whiskers it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I stimulate those whiskers it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I stimulate those whiskers it
+activates the same region but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the same region but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the same region but in the
+deeper layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper layers
+okay and in the middle there's auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the middle there's auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in the middle there's auditory
+input and the auditory input in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the auditory input in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and the auditory input in many
+animals is also gives you a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals is also gives you a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals is also gives you a pretty good
+map of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of space
+like the cat the owl very very good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cat the owl very very good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cat the owl very very good it's
+auditory localization too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory localization too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory localization too
+the owl can hear rustling on the forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owl can hear rustling on the forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owl can hear rustling on the forest
+floor below his tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor below his tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor below his tree
+and lower that Mouse is even though he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower that Mouse is even though he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower that Mouse is even though he
+never sees it he just hears the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sees it he just hears the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sees it he just hears the
+wrestling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestling
+he's very good at otter and the cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very good at otter and the cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very good at otter and the cat is
+pretty similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar
+can localize sounds really well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can localize sounds really well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can localize sounds really well all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+try to go a little faster here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go a little faster here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to go a little faster here
+so the three output systems I miss them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three output systems I miss them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the three output systems I miss them
+structurally here functionally here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally here functionally here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally here functionally here
+he's sending accents from the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's sending accents from the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's sending accents from the midbrain
+locomotor areas the first output system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor areas the first output system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor areas the first output system
+controls The Locomotion involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls The Locomotion involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls The Locomotion involved in
+approach avoidance and exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach avoidance and exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach avoidance and exploring
+foraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraging
+seeking behavior of various types it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking behavior of various types it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking behavior of various types it's a
+general purpose movement that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose movement that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose movement that's the
+accent system study physiologically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent system study physiologically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent system study physiologically and
+some beautiful experiments by a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful experiments by a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful experiments by a number
+of different investigators then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different investigators then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different investigators then
+the tectospinal tract from the deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectospinal tract from the deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectospinal tract from the deep
+layers of the Superior colliculus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the Superior colliculus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the Superior colliculus or
+Optic tectum it's controlling orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optic tectum it's controlling orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optic tectum it's controlling orienting
+movements that means turning of the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that means turning of the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that means turning of the eyes
+and head okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and head okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and head okay
+and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+rubro's spinal tract ruber in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubro's spinal tract ruber in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubro's spinal tract ruber in Latin
+means red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means red
+okay so rubrospinal means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rubrospinal means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rubrospinal means
+a pathway from the red nucleus to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway from the red nucleus to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pathway from the red nucleus to the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+okay and that's controlling limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's controlling limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's controlling limb
+movements involved in exploring reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements involved in exploring reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements involved in exploring reaching
+and grasping okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grasping okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grasping okay
+those are the three multi-purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the three multi-purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the three multi-purpose
+movements we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements we're talking about
+motion RNA and we'll just use that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion RNA and we'll just use that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion RNA and we'll just use that term
+grasping okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll come back to those again we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to those again we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to those again we talk
+about motor system now this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motor system now this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about motor system now this is from a
+physiological study using electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological study using electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological study using electrical
+stimulation to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation to Define
+locomotor areas of the brain this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor areas of the brain this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotor areas of the brain this was
+done in the cat by the Russian Orlowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the cat by the Russian Orlowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the cat by the Russian Orlowski
+who done did some very nice work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who done did some very nice work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who done did some very nice work on this
+and what I did is I traced uh two of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did is I traced uh two of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I did is I traced uh two of his
+drawings where he was showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings where he was showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings where he was showing the
+stimulation sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation sites
+and he outlined the most areas where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he outlined the most areas where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he outlined the most areas where he
+most easily elicited Locomotion from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most easily elicited Locomotion from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most easily elicited Locomotion from the
+hypothalamus and that was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and that was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and that was called the
+hypothalamic locomotor area there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locomotor area there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic locomotor area there is a
+nearby area in the subfoundlands where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby area in the subfoundlands where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby area in the subfoundlands where
+you can also get Locomotion people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get Locomotion people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get Locomotion people talk
+much less about it but it's there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less about it but it's there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less about it but it's there and
+here is the area in the caudal midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the area in the caudal midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the area in the caudal midbrain
+now this is A sagittal section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is A sagittal section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is A sagittal section
+so there's thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's thalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's thalamus
+there's the inferior colliculus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the inferior colliculus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the inferior colliculus the
+caudal part of the colliculism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal part of the colliculism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal part of the colliculism
+and that's the region It Centers in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the region It Centers in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the region It Centers in an
+area just in the reticular formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just in the reticular formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just in the reticular formation
+below the inferior colliculus and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the inferior colliculus and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the inferior colliculus and here
+it is in a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in a section
+this is a section at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a section at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a section at this level
+there's the Imperial colliculus these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Imperial colliculus these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Imperial colliculus these
+are that means lateral meniscus which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that means lateral meniscus which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that means lateral meniscus which we
+haven't talked about yet it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about yet it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about yet it's an
+auditory pathway carrying auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory pathway carrying auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory pathway carrying auditory
+information from the hindbrain up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the hindbrain up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from the hindbrain up to the
+inferior colliculus but there's the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus but there's the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus but there's the area
+centered on this area right below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on this area right below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on this area right below the
+inferior colliculus it's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus it's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus it's part of the
+reticular information that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular information that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular information that when you
+stimulate you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate you get
+locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it does get input if we just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does get input if we just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it does get input if we just try
+here are some major pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some major pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some major pathways
+I'll just sketch from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sketch from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just sketch from here
+from the hypothalamic locomotor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hypothalamic locomotor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hypothalamic locomotor area
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+okay uh from Superior colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh from Superior colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh from Superior colliculus
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain locomotor area
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the stratum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way up here there are also pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up here there are also pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up here there are also pathways
+for the go to that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the go to that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the go to that structure
+remember how I talked about how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how I talked about how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how I talked about how old
+faction can affect Locomotion well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction can affect Locomotion well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faction can affect Locomotion well
+that's how it does it through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it does it through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it does it through this
+triage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want I'll put another slide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want I'll put another slide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want I'll put another slide in
+and draw those back when I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw those back when I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw those back when I put this
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+all right I've just defined the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I've just defined the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I've just defined the terms
+because some people get very frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people get very frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people get very frustrated
+when I use abbreviations they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use abbreviations they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use abbreviations they don't know
+what they mean but in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean but in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean but in fact you can
+understand the basic thing here without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic thing here without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic thing here without
+knowing what all these things are it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what all these things are it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what all these things are it
+doesn't hurt to read them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hurt to read them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hurt to read them
+because the more you encounter them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more you encounter them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the more you encounter them the
+more you likely you are to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you likely you are to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you likely you are to remember
+something later on when we study them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something later on when we study them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something later on when we study them
+more specifically we did talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically we did talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically we did talk about the
+ponds there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds there it is
+in the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cat
+there it is in the cross section so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is in the cross section so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is in the cross section so this
+is actually restful heinbrain down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually restful heinbrain down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually restful heinbrain down here
+that's all in the brain up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is just what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just what we talked about
+now about the other two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the other two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the other two types of
+movement orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement orienting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement orienting
+and reaching and grasping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are the pathways for oriented this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the pathways for oriented this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the pathways for oriented this
+is an output cell from the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an output cell from the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an output cell from the spirit
+colliculus it's a very large cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus it's a very large cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus it's a very large cell
+there's many of them in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them in in
+intermediate and deep layers here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and deep layers here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and deep layers here and
+here are the Axon crosses over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the Axon crosses over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the Axon crosses over
+to this position in descends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position in descends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position in descends
+to the colloheim brain and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the colloheim brain and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the colloheim brain and to the
+rostral spinal cord the cervical spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral spinal cord the cervical spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral spinal cord the cervical spinal
+cord and here is the cell in the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and here is the cell in the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord and here is the cell in the call
+the part of the red nucleus the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the red nucleus the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the red nucleus the output
+part of the red nucleus large cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the red nucleus large cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the red nucleus large cells that
+send their axon across the midline they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their axon across the midline they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their axon across the midline they
+go to a more lateral position and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a more lateral position and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a more lateral position and as
+they descend they go more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they descend they go more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they descend they go more and more
+lateral so in the hindbrain they're way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral so in the hindbrain they're way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral so in the hindbrain they're way
+out of the lateral Edge okay from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the lateral Edge okay from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the lateral Edge okay from the
+red nucleus descends to where if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nucleus descends to where if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red nucleus descends to where if it's
+going to control this kind of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to control this kind of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to control this kind of movement
+where does it have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the red nucleus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red nucleus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the red nucleus to
+spinal cord enlargement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord enlargement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord enlargement
+where the neurons are controlling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neurons are controlling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neurons are controlling these
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+movements of the foot too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the foot too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the foot too
+to the spinal enlargement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm not showing the locomotor area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not showing the locomotor area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not showing the locomotor area
+there that's defined just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's defined just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's defined just
+physiologically and then I have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically and then I have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologically and then I have a slide
+just showing all the sensory systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing all the sensory systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing all the sensory systems
+in our passing through the midbrain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our passing through the midbrain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our passing through the midbrain so
+the visual inputs up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auditory inputs coming from inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory inputs coming from inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory inputs coming from inferior
+colliculus at this level are just seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus at this level are just seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliculus at this level are just seen
+out here they're on their way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here they're on their way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here they're on their way to the
+films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films
+somatosensory inputs are passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory inputs are passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory inputs are passing through
+so the spinal thalamic crack also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spinal thalamic crack also goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spinal thalamic crack also goes
+to detect in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the medialiniscus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the medialiniscus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the medialiniscus and
+trigeminal meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal meniscus
+they'll stay in approximately that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stay in approximately that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll stay in approximately that
+position they'll enter the callal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they'll enter the callal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they'll enter the callal
+balance and terminate in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and terminate in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and terminate in the ventral
+part of the cause of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which visceral inputs would be up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the pathways
+descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending
+from the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinal cord
+are in blue there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in blue there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in blue there
+that's the cerebral peduncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cerebral peduncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cerebral peduncle
+I name it here service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I name it here service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I name it here service
+they're fibers from the portraits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fibers from the portraits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fibers from the portraits
+they're going not only the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going not only the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going not only the spinal cord
+and high and brain but also to the pons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high and brain but also to the pons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high and brain but also to the pons
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we talked about this before the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this before the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about this before the roof
+of the midbrain with these little Hills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain with these little Hills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midbrain with these little Hills
+the colliculi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculi
+I said it shows great variations in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it shows great variations in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it shows great variations in size
+remember here was the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here was the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here was the picture
+if animals are more specialized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if animals are more specialized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if animals are more specialized for
+using audition they tend to have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using audition they tend to have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using audition they tend to have very
+large inferior folliculi like in the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large inferior folliculi like in the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large inferior folliculi like in the bat
+dolphin here the echolocating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolphin here the echolocating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolphin here the echolocating that
+whereas if they're more specialized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if they're more specialized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if they're more specialized for
+especially innate visual reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially innate visual reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially innate visual reactions
+like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this
+the wild goat or the prosemian primate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild goat or the prosemian primate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild goat or the prosemian primate
+the tarsier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tarsier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tarsier
+than the objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the objectives
+and as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned
+some animals are specialized in Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some animals are specialized in Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some animals are specialized in Vision
+we've grown huge visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've grown huge visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've grown huge visual cortex
+it's in the higher primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the optic pectin is often well developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic pectin is often well developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optic pectin is often well developed
+in these primates too but in some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these primates too but in some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these primates too but in some like
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans
+are so dominated by learned visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so dominated by learned visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so dominated by learned visual
+reactions that the colliculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that the colliculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that the colliculus
+still very important whether it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very important whether it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very important whether it's not as
+expanded as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we'll I'm going to just show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'm going to just show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'm going to just show you this
+very quickly I'd like you to read it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly I'd like you to read it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly I'd like you to read it I
+divide the midbrain into two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the midbrain into two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the midbrain into two main
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+first of all one of the limbic midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one of the limbic midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one of the limbic midbrain
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+the central gray and the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray and the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central gray and the ventral
+pigmental area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmental area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigmental area
+if you stimulate these areas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate these areas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stimulate these areas in the
+central Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Gray
+you can get a lot of different behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of different behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of different behaviors
+but it's dominated by behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's dominated by behavior that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's dominated by behavior that
+indicates they don't like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates they don't like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates they don't like being
+stimulated there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated there
+quite a bit of the central Grays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of the central Grays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of the central Grays
+involved in responses to pain not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in responses to pain not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in responses to pain not only
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+there's other functional areas in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other functional areas in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's other functional areas in that
+just like there is in the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like there is in the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like there is in the hypothalamus
+there's an area concerned with sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an area concerned with sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an area concerned with sexual
+behavior there's areas of concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there's areas of concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior there's areas of concerned with
+temperature regulation and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature regulation and so forth but
+a lot of it will give you they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it will give you they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it will give you they will
+react like they're in pain whereas down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react like they're in pain whereas down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react like they're in pain whereas down
+here it's the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the opposite
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if if they respond to taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if they respond to taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if they respond to taste
+it's a very good taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very good taste
+taste actually has taste system projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste actually has taste system projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste actually has taste system projects
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+to that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that area
+again in animals with a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in animals with a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in animals with a very large
+cortex more of the input comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex more of the input comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex more of the input comes from
+above but there are direct projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above but there are direct projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above but there are direct projections
+from The Taste nucleus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Taste nucleus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from The Taste nucleus there
+very bad taste so are going to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad taste so are going to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bad taste so are going to reach the
+central grade more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central grade more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central grade more
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you can divide the entire midbrain into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide the entire midbrain into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can divide the entire midbrain into
+these two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two systems
+the those two structures I just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those two structures I just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those two structures I just talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+we say our limbic related errors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say our limbic related errors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say our limbic related errors because
+they get heavy connections from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get heavy connections from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get heavy connections from the
+fringes of the hemisphere the limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes of the hemisphere the limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes of the hemisphere the limbic
+areas related cells remember I defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas related cells remember I defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas related cells remember I defined
+it that way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way before
+uh so these are the areas related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are the areas related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so these are the areas related to the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+the somatic areas are all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic areas are all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somatic areas are all the other
+areas and here they are colored for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and here they are colored for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and here they are colored for you
+the limbic areas Central gray and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic areas Central gray and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limbic areas Central gray and
+ventral tegmental area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral tegmental area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral tegmental area
+all the rest are semantic except down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest are semantic except down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest are semantic except down
+here we look at the substantia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we look at the substantia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we look at the substantia
+I've shown that the medial area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that the medial area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown that the medial area is
+really limbic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limbic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really limbic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it should be lumped together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be lumped together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be lumped together with the
+ventral pigmental area in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral pigmental area in its
+connections and if you follow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and if you follow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and if you follow these
+regions forward into the tween brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions forward into the tween brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions forward into the tween brain you
+see the filmic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the filmic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the filmic areas
+are interconnected with the epithalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected with the epithalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interconnected with the epithalamus
+that's where the pineal eye comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the pineal eye comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the pineal eye comes in
+and the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hypothalamus
+whereas the other regions you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other regions you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the other regions you follow
+them forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them forward
+you're in the thalamus and subtense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the thalamus and subtense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the thalamus and subtense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+those are the two regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll deal with these questions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll deal with these questions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll deal with these questions a
+little bit next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time
+uh and talk just review some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and talk just review some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and talk just review some of these
+connections talk about the variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections talk about the variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections talk about the variations
+across feces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across feces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across feces
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's yeah this is just a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah this is just a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah this is just a summary of
+all the long connections going through
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3NQlT1SYpuQ.txt b/3NQlT1SYpuQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd150587bcf807d5ca068c070467405e889fe574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3NQlT1SYpuQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right why don't we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right why don't we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right why don't we go
+ahead and get this uh started here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get this uh started here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and get this uh started here we
+have a cornicopia of different silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cornicopia of different silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cornicopia of different silicon
+materials out in front here for display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out in front here for display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out in front here for display
+and we'll walk through some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll walk through some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll walk through some of them
+shortly um what I wanted to do right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly um what I wanted to do right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly um what I wanted to do right at
+the beginning of class was to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class was to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of class was to give a
+little bit of a uh an update on on quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a uh an update on on quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a uh an update on on quiz
+number two uh several of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh several of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two uh several of you have
+probably seen this already and are aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen this already and are aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen this already and are aware
+that on Thursday we're expecting uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Thursday we're expecting uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Thursday we're expecting uh a
+short little uh decision tree as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short little uh decision tree as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short little uh decision tree as to how
+to process your solar cell to obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process your solar cell to obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to process your solar cell to obtain the
+lowest dollars per Watt peak so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest dollars per Watt peak so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest dollars per Watt peak so this
+little uh this exercise will last for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh this exercise will last for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh this exercise will last for
+about a month um is uh coincident with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a month um is uh coincident with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a month um is uh coincident with
+our technology section of the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our technology section of the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our technology section of the class so
+remember we went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we went through the
+fundamentals now we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals now we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals now we're on the
+Technologies and then finally on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and then finally on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and then finally on the
+cross cutting themes so coincident with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross cutting themes so coincident with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross cutting themes so coincident with
+the Technologies portion is designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies portion is designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Technologies portion is designing
+your own solar cell and optimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own solar cell and optimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own solar cell and optimizing the
+dollars per watt so this will entail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per watt so this will entail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars per watt so this will entail
+actually fabricating a solar cell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fabricating a solar cell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fabricating a solar cell which
+is kind of fun and uh Joe will be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of fun and uh Joe will be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of fun and uh Joe will be your
+guide throughout this um throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide throughout this um throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide throughout this um throughout this
+process so you'll be able to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you'll be able to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you'll be able to actually
+take a piece of bare silicon and finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of bare silicon and finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of bare silicon and finish
+up with a device a rudimentary device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a device a rudimentary device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a device a rudimentary device
+but something to uh you know to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something to uh you know to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something to uh you know to to to
+take a picture yourself post on Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture yourself post on Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture yourself post on Facebook
+that sort of thing um you design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing um you design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing um you design your
+own solar cell so the idea isn't only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solar cell so the idea isn't only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solar cell so the idea isn't only to
+optimize for the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize for the performance of the
+solar cell but we decided to throw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but we decided to throw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but we decided to throw in a
+little curveball and design for dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little curveball and design for dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little curveball and design for dollars
+per Watt peak now this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Watt peak now this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Watt peak now this is a little bit
+of a contrived exercise since we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contrived exercise since we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a contrived exercise since we've
+arbitrarily chosen what dollars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily chosen what dollars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily chosen what dollars are
+associated with each different process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each different process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each different process
+step but it's not too unlike what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but it's not too unlike what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but it's not too unlike what you
+would face in actual industry if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would face in actual industry if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would face in actual industry if you had
+real data coming off a production line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data coming off a production line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data coming off a production line
+and knew exactly what it cost for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knew exactly what it cost for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knew exactly what it cost for each
+process step so instead of having 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process step so instead of having 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process step so instead of having 30
+plus components in a more detailed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus components in a more detailed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus components in a more detailed cost
+model we've decided to um simplify it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we've decided to um simplify it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we've decided to um simplify it uh
+to this little uh diagram right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this little uh diagram right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this little uh diagram right here so
+this is a flowchart for the fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a flowchart for the fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a flowchart for the fabrication
+process of your solar cell you'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of your solar cell you'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of your solar cell you'll start
+with a wafer um it has a certain cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wafer um it has a certain cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wafer um it has a certain cost
+associated with it uh you'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it uh you'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it uh you'll have some
+decisions to make concerning light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to make concerning light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions to make concerning light
+management whether you want to texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management whether you want to texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management whether you want to texture
+your front surface or whether you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your front surface or whether you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your front surface or whether you want
+to leave it uh bare and reflective like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it uh bare and reflective like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave it uh bare and reflective like
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right
+here right so whether you want a reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so whether you want a reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so whether you want a reflect
+a front surface or you want to texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front surface or you want to texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front surface or you want to texture
+it there's a certain cost associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a certain cost associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a certain cost associated
+with it so you can probably go to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you can probably go to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so you can probably go to some
+uh online resource like pbcd ROM uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh online resource like pbcd ROM uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh online resource like pbcd ROM uh and
+use their simulator or the one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their simulator or the one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their simulator or the one you've
+already constructed for homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already constructed for homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already constructed for homework number
+two uh and uh calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and uh calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh and uh calculate what the
+predicted efficiency boost should be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted efficiency boost should be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted efficiency boost should be if
+you texture your front surface keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you texture your front surface keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you texture your front surface keep in
+mind in this very simple solar cell here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in this very simple solar cell here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind in this very simple solar cell here
+we have no anti-reflection coding right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no anti-reflection coding right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no anti-reflection coding right
+so the texturization is pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the texturization is pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the texturization is pretty much all
+you've got for light management next on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for light management next on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for light management next on
+the emitter the choice is whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter the choice is whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter the choice is whether to
+make a deep emitter or a shallow emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a deep emitter or a shallow emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a deep emitter or a shallow emitter
+uh the text goes into that into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the text goes into that into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the text goes into that into some
+detail but but your decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but but your decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but but your decision is
+basically if you make a shallow emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you make a shallow emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you make a shallow emitter
+you have less AER re combination in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less AER re combination in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less AER re combination in that
+front region and so your blue response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front region and so your blue response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front region and so your blue response
+to the device will be better but you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the device will be better but you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the device will be better but you run
+the risk when you do your contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk when you do your contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk when you do your contact
+metalization of firing through that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization of firing through that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization of firing through that very
+shallow emitter and shunting your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow emitter and shunting your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow emitter and shunting your device
+whereas if you decide to go for a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you decide to go for a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you decide to go for a deep
+emitter it uh stays longer inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter it uh stays longer inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter it uh stays longer inside of the
+furnace because the the phosphorus will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace because the the phosphorus will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace because the the phosphorus will
+diffuse deeper inside of the device your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse deeper inside of the device your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse deeper inside of the device your
+blue response will be poorer but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue response will be poorer but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue response will be poorer but you'll
+have less risk of shunting so it's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less risk of shunting so it's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less risk of shunting so it's up to
+you to use all of the tools that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use all of the tools that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use all of the tools that you've
+assembled so far to make a a value based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled so far to make a a value based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled so far to make a a value based
+judgment whether or not it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment whether or not it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment whether or not it makes sense
+to go with this or that right as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this or that right as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with this or that right as your
+selection choice and finally narrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection choice and finally narrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection choice and finally narrow and
+wide fingers uh this you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide fingers uh this you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide fingers uh this you can probably
+guess already pertains to uh series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess already pertains to uh series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess already pertains to uh series
+resistance and shading losses right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and shading losses right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and shading losses right so
+these are all representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all representative of
+tradeoffs trade-offs in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs trade-offs in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs trade-offs in terms of the
+technology and trade-offs in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and trade-offs in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and trade-offs in terms of
+cost and you have all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you have all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and you have all the tools
+necessary to calculate or estimate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to calculate or estimate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to calculate or estimate what
+these outputs should be based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outputs should be based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outputs should be based on what
+you've learned so far and so by Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned so far and so by Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've learned so far and so by Thursday
+what we've asked you to do is to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've asked you to do is to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've asked you to do is to make an
+estimate uh of what technology pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh of what technology pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate uh of what technology pathway
+your company is going to pursue remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company is going to pursue remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company is going to pursue remember
+you want to optimize the dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to optimize the dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to optimize the dollars per
+watt you want to minimize that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt you want to minimize that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt you want to minimize that quantity
+which means you want to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you want to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you want to reduce the
+number of dollars you invest in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dollars you invest in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dollars you invest in your
+solar cell but you also want to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but you also want to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell but you also want to increase
+the Watt peak that you get out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Watt peak that you get out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Watt peak that you get out of it and
+so in the end of the day it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end of the day it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the end of the day it'll be a
+performance cost trade-off uh in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance cost trade-off uh in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance cost trade-off uh in each of
+these different process steps right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different process steps right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different process steps right here
+and sometimes it won't be entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it won't be entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it won't be entirely
+obvious which one to choose because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one to choose because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which one to choose because so
+many factors will converge uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many factors will converge uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many factors will converge uh and so
+it'll be up to you to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be up to you to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be up to you to make an
+engineering decision a professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering decision a professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering decision a professional
+judgment as to which path you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment as to which path you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment as to which path you should
+pursue since it is kind of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue since it is kind of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue since it is kind of uh you know
+there's a little element of competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little element of competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little element of competition
+in here so uh we decided the the dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so uh we decided the the dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so uh we decided the the dollars
+per Watt peak shouldn't be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Watt peak shouldn't be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Watt peak shouldn't be completely
+neglected at the end and we all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected at the end and we all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected at the end and we all get
+certificates of Merit and all feel good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates of Merit and all feel good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates of Merit and all feel good
+about ourselves we decided it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves we decided it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves we decided it should be
+worth some part of the grade but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth some part of the grade but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth some part of the grade but not so
+such a large portion of the grade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large portion of the grade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large portion of the grade that
+everybody is freaking out and saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is freaking out and saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is freaking out and saying oh
+my gosh I don't have the right tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gosh I don't have the right tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gosh I don't have the right tools to
+make this decision I feel like I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this decision I feel like I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this decision I feel like I'm not
+being graded fairly uh so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being graded fairly uh so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being graded fairly uh so the the the
+portion of dollars per wat is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of dollars per wat is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of dollars per wat is really
+only going to be affecting 10% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be affecting 10% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be affecting 10% of the
+final grade of quiz number two right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade of quiz number two right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade of quiz number two right and
+so it'll be based on a ranking system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be based on a ranking system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be based on a ranking system
+where the highest one will be 100% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the highest one will be 100% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the highest one will be 100% and
+so forth but just 10% of your grade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but just 10% of your grade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth but just 10% of your grade so
+it's enough to uh I would say create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to uh I would say create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to uh I would say create a
+uh maybe a sting of the pride if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe a sting of the pride if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe a sting of the pride if you
+don't happen to hit the the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to hit the the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen to hit the the highest
+performance metri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance metri
+uh but not enough to Sting the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not enough to Sting the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not enough to Sting the actual
+final grade of your class which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade of your class which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final grade of your class which will be
+lump Quiz 2 quiz one homeworks final and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump Quiz 2 quiz one homeworks final and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump Quiz 2 quiz one homeworks final and
+so forth right any questions about quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right any questions about quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right any questions about quiz
+two so far yes Jessica I understand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so far yes Jessica I understand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so far yes Jessica I understand but
+there's but there's um even a note in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but there's um even a note in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but there's um even a note in
+number three under the Deep M and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three under the Deep M and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three under the Deep M and you
+guys say any numbers we should give as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say any numbers we should give as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys say any numbers we should give as
+far as lifetime Improvement or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as lifetime Improvement or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as lifetime Improvement or are they
+responsible for looking it up it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for looking it up it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for looking it up it seems
+like it's lacking some numbers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's lacking some numbers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's lacking some numbers and I
+understand optimization but I I'm having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optimization but I I'm having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand optimization but I I'm having
+trouble putting um just how much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble putting um just how much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble putting um just how much better
+and it says it will be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says it will be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says it will be much more
+effective if you do etching well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective if you do etching well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective if you do etching well how
+much is much more effective oh theing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is much more effective oh theing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is much more effective oh theing
+for the for the etching we gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the etching we gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the etching we gave a
+reference you can look that up I I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you can look that up I I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference you can look that up I I did
+look that up and for the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that up and for the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that up and for the other ones
+there so that that one you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that that one you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that that one you can you can
+get a pretty good estim for okay and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pretty good estim for okay and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a pretty good estim for okay and for
+the other ones it's they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones it's they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones it's they're going to be
+a I mean so in terms of shunting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean so in terms of shunting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I mean so in terms of shunting your
+device it's really hard to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's really hard to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device it's really hard to predict the
+shunt resistance but if you do shunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt resistance but if you do shunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt resistance but if you do shunt
+your device you essentially ruin it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device you essentially ruin it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device you essentially ruin it um
+so I would just take that into account I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would just take that into account I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would just take that into account I
+mean this is meant to be that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is meant to be that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is meant to be that you're not
+going to get exact answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get exact answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get exact answers
+you can do your best to estimate serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your best to estimate serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do your best to estimate serious
+distance from the S finger spacing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the S finger spacing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the S finger spacing and
+your um emitter thickness yeah believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um emitter thickness yeah believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um emitter thickness yeah believe
+it or not you might you might feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not you might you might feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not you might you might feel like
+you don't have the tools right now to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the tools right now to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the tools right now to to
+get good quantitative answers but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good quantitative answers but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good quantitative answers but you do
+you you you have a number of the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have a number of the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you have a number of the tools
+here to get say 90% the way there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get say 90% the way there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get say 90% the way there and
+Engineering 90% of the way there is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering 90% of the way there is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering 90% of the way there is is
+well beyond what you'll actually face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beyond what you'll actually face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beyond what you'll actually face in
+the field so that's um that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so that's um that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so that's um that that's
+that's pretty good if you have specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good if you have specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good if you have specific
+questions about what would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what would be a good
+resource to to look up about this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource to to look up about this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource to to look up about this what
+would be a good resource to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good resource to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good resource to look up
+about that uh send an email and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh send an email and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh send an email and what
+I'll do if I receive something in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do if I receive something in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do if I receive something in in
+that nature I'll respond to the class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature I'll respond to the class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature I'll respond to the class so
+that everybody has benefits to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody has benefits to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody has benefits to that
+information and no one person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and no one person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and no one person is
+particularly advantaged so it's worth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly advantaged so it's worth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly advantaged so it's worth a
+try um if it's something that uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try um if it's something that uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try um if it's something that uh is is
+was just covered yesterday in lecture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just covered yesterday in lecture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just covered yesterday in lecture uh
+I might be a little bit more reticent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be a little bit more reticent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be a little bit more reticent
+but if it is uh something to the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it is uh something to the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it is uh something to the effect
+of gee how will the lifetime improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gee how will the lifetime improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gee how will the lifetime improve
+with these different Gathering scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these different Gathering scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these different Gathering scenarios
+sure absolutely we can we can give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure absolutely we can we can give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure absolutely we can we can give you a
+little hand there but everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hand there but everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hand there but everything else
+you should you should definitely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should definitely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should definitely have
+that information available so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information available so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information available so far so
+it's meant to be a fun exercise um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to be a fun exercise um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meant to be a fun exercise um but
+also one that illustrates the tradeoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one that illustrates the tradeoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one that illustrates the tradeoffs
+involved with designing solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with designing solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with designing solar cells and
+these are uh or or trade-offs very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh or or trade-offs very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh or or trade-offs very
+similar to this are evaluated on a daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this are evaluated on a daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this are evaluated on a daily
+basis in industry or perhaps not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in industry or perhaps not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in industry or perhaps not quite
+as often as they should be an industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often as they should be an industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as often as they should be an industry
+but at some point they were and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point they were and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point they were and the
+designer of the manufacturing line made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of the manufacturing line made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer of the manufacturing line made
+made those judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made those judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made those judgment
+calls okay so um again the pre-analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls okay so um again the pre-analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls okay so um again the pre-analysis
+what what is due uh on Thursday is 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is due uh on Thursday is 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is due uh on Thursday is 20%
+of the grade uh the dollars per Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grade uh the dollars per Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grade uh the dollars per Watt
+peak metric at the end of the day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak metric at the end of the day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak metric at the end of the day is
+only 10% of the grade it's meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10% of the grade it's meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 10% of the grade it's meant to
+really serve as a stimulus a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really serve as a stimulus a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really serve as a stimulus a little bit
+of competition but not meant to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition but not meant to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competition but not meant to really
+uh harm you if you uh if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh harm you if you uh if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh harm you if you uh if you happen to
+not uh achieve a good value there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh achieve a good value there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh achieve a good value there and
+this is meant to be an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is meant to be an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is meant to be an educational
+Mission so the solar cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so the solar cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so the solar cell efficiency
+analysis at the end is really heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at the end is really heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis at the end is really heavily
+weighted uh we be walking through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh we be walking through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted uh we be walking through some
+of the characterization tools in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the characterization tools in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the characterization tools in the
+laboratory so you can determine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory so you can determine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory so you can determine what
+exactly went wrong with your devices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly went wrong with your devices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly went wrong with your devices and
+quantify them uh and that'll be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify them uh and that'll be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify them uh and that'll be a real
+uh chance for you to get a tutorial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chance for you to get a tutorial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chance for you to get a tutorial of
+how solar cells are not only made you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how solar cells are not only made you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how solar cells are not only made you'll
+be there when they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there when they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there when they're actually
+fabricated uh but also how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated uh but also how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricated uh but also how they're
+analyzed and how they're assessed uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed and how they're assessed uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed and how they're assessed uh so
+it's up to you to really uh use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to really uh use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to really uh use this
+grab this opportunity uh maybe if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this opportunity uh maybe if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this opportunity uh maybe if you're
+working on your own devices and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your own devices and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on your own devices and want to
+bring some of them along uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some of them along uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring some of them along uh you're
+welcome to do that as well we won't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to do that as well we won't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to do that as well we won't take
+up the time when everyone else is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the time when everyone else is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the time when everyone else is in the
+room but we might stay longer afterward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but we might stay longer afterward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room but we might stay longer afterward
+uh and help you walk through through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and help you walk through through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and help you walk through through the
+analysis as well and what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as well and what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as well and what we've done
+just to re resituate ourselves we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to re resituate ourselves we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to re resituate ourselves we talked
+about the Silicon feed stock right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Silicon feed stock right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Silicon feed stock right so we
+chatted about how you go from uh how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatted about how you go from uh how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatted about how you go from uh how you
+go from quart uh in the ground and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from quart uh in the ground and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from quart uh in the ground and the
+carbon bearing feed stock material uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bearing feed stock material uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bearing feed stock material uh to
+to uh the purified uh heavily purified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the purified uh heavily purified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the purified uh heavily purified
+silicon uh feed stock material this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh feed stock material this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh feed stock material this
+right here is probably on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is probably on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is probably on the order of
+uh somewhere between 8 n or 10 nines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere between 8 n or 10 nines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere between 8 n or 10 nines
+pure uh very very pure material uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure uh very very pure material uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure uh very very pure material uh this
+seamen grade polysilicon right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamen grade polysilicon right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seamen grade polysilicon right here in
+my hand uh and you've taken a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand uh and you've taken a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand uh and you've taken a look at
+this during last class so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during last class so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during last class so you have a
+sense of what it is up close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what it is up close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of what it is up close and
+personal um silicon in fact has been so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal um silicon in fact has been so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal um silicon in fact has been so
+well refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well refined
+that for a period of time nist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a period of time nist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a period of time nist the
+National Institute of Standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute of Standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Institute of Standards and
+Technologies they were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies they were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies they were thinking about
+redefining the unit of mass in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the unit of mass in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining the unit of mass in terms of
+a silicon bu essentially a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon bu essentially a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon bu essentially a silicon
+sphere uh that would be polished down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uh that would be polished down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere uh that would be polished down to
+about 4 nmet mean surface roughness with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 nmet mean surface roughness with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 nmet mean surface roughness with
+very low defect density isotopically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low defect density isotopically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low defect density isotopically
+pure silicon to to serve as a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon to to serve as a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure silicon to to serve as a new
+standard for Mass uh because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for Mass uh because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for Mass uh because it could
+just be purified so well and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be purified so well and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be purified so well and because
+their uh standard reference units were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh standard reference units were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh standard reference units were
+uh beginning to shift relative to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beginning to shift relative to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beginning to shift relative to all
+the others around the world the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others around the world the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others around the world the one
+Paris uh relative to the ones that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris uh relative to the ones that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris uh relative to the ones that were
+stored in Washington and Delhi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in Washington and Delhi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in Washington and Delhi and
+others around the world the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around the world the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others around the world the values of
+the mass were shifting as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass were shifting as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass were shifting as a function of
+time when they would perform these round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they would perform these round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when they would perform these round
+Robins so either the mass in Paris was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robins so either the mass in Paris was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robins so either the mass in Paris was
+changing or everybody else was changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing or everybody else was changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing or everybody else was changing
+uh this obviously was unacceptable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this obviously was unacceptable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this obviously was unacceptable for
+an Institute that was focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Institute that was focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Institute that was focused on
+standards and so they decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and so they decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and so they decided to
+reformulate the uh the standard for Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the uh the standard for Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the uh the standard for Mass
+I'm I'm not quite sure where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not quite sure where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm not quite sure where that
+project currently stands so if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project currently stands so if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project currently stands so if anybody
+has further information about the N uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has further information about the N uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has further information about the N uh
+unit of mass I'd be happy to hear it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of mass I'd be happy to hear it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of mass I'd be happy to hear it but
+that gives you an idea of how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea of how well
+purified silicon can be and how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified silicon can be and how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified silicon can be and how well
+controlled it can be as well um during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled it can be as well um during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled it can be as well um during
+uh integrated circuit fabrication which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integrated circuit fabrication which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integrated circuit fabrication which
+uses this ultra high Purity uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this ultra high Purity uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses this ultra high Purity uh uh
+silicon to produce very nice single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to produce very nice single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon to produce very nice single
+Crystal Wafers like this one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Wafers like this one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal Wafers like this one right here
+um the investment per gram of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the investment per gram of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the investment per gram of silicon
+can be on the order of a few tens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on the order of a few tens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be on the order of a few tens or
+even low hundreds of dollars per gram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even low hundreds of dollars per gram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even low hundreds of dollars per gram of
+silicon and still turn a profit but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and still turn a profit but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and still turn a profit but in a
+solar cell on the other hand uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell on the other hand uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell on the other hand uh you can
+invest at most a few tens of cents per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest at most a few tens of cents per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest at most a few tens of cents per
+gram of silicon uh this because the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram of silicon uh this because the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram of silicon uh this because the uh
+solar cell has to compete against bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell has to compete against bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell has to compete against bulk
+power uh that's its competition coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh that's its competition coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh that's its competition coming
+out of the wall right over there uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the wall right over there uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the wall right over there uh so
+the solar cell has to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell has to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell has to be able to be
+produced much more cheaply and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced much more cheaply and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced much more cheaply and as a
+result typically uh thinner Wafers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result typically uh thinner Wafers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result typically uh thinner Wafers are
+used and uh less expensive starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and uh less expensive starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and uh less expensive starting
+materials and faster growth methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and faster growth methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and faster growth methods
+resulting in more defect Rich materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in more defect Rich materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in more defect Rich materials
+so one group decided uh you know gee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one group decided uh you know gee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one group decided uh you know gee the
+the amount the embedded cost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount the embedded cost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount the embedded cost in the
+wafer is just so large it's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is just so large it's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer is just so large it's just so
+large that we have to make it thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that we have to make it thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that we have to make it thinner
+and we have to avoid using uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to avoid using uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to avoid using uh these
+ingots like this one right here uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots like this one right here uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots like this one right here uh from
+which these Wafers are saw right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these Wafers are saw right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which these Wafers are saw right so you
+take your Wafers are saw out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your Wafers are saw out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your Wafers are saw out of the
+Ingot like this like shown um uh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot like this like shown um uh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot like this like shown um uh during
+the process about 50% of the Silicon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process about 50% of the Silicon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process about 50% of the Silicon is
+lost to sawdust and they said well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost to sawdust and they said well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost to sawdust and they said well let's
+develop better way let's extrude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop better way let's extrude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop better way let's extrude the
+Wafers directly out of liquid molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers directly out of liquid molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers directly out of liquid molten
+silicon and make ribbons of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and make ribbons of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and make ribbons of silicon
+instead that way we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that way we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead that way we don't have the
+sawdust and we don't have to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust and we don't have to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust and we don't have to have this
+expensive Ingot solidification step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Ingot solidification step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive Ingot solidification step so
+ribbon grow growth has been explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon grow growth has been explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon grow growth has been explored
+since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the
+1970s at least and the advantages is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s at least and the advantages is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s at least and the advantages is
+that you have no curf floss in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have no curf floss in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have no curf floss in other
+words no sawdust due to wire sawing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words no sawdust due to wire sawing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words no sawdust due to wire sawing and
+hence more efficient silicon utilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence more efficient silicon utilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence more efficient silicon utilization
+immediately out of the gate if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately out of the gate if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately out of the gate if your
+wafer yields are comparable you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer yields are comparable you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer yields are comparable you get
+about a factor of two gain right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two gain right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a factor of two gain right because
+this wafer right here is about 170
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wafer right here is about 170
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wafer right here is about 170
+microns thick and the sawdust is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns thick and the sawdust is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns thick and the sawdust is around
+170 microns as well so that's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 microns as well so that's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 microns as well so that's about a
+factor of two if you're able to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two if you're able to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two if you're able to produce
+a ribbon of silicon directly out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribbon of silicon directly out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ribbon of silicon directly out of the
+Melt the disadvantage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt the disadvantage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt the disadvantage is that
+traditionally there's been lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there's been lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there's been lower
+material quality and hence lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material quality and hence lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material quality and hence lower
+performance uh because of the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh because of the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh because of the thermal
+stresses during growth of a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses during growth of a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses during growth of a very very
+thin foil or thin fin uh the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin foil or thin fin uh the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin foil or thin fin uh the thermal
+stresses can be larger resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses can be larger resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses can be larger resulting in
+plasticity resulting in dislocations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity resulting in dislocations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity resulting in dislocations and
+other defects that can uh reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other defects that can uh reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other defects that can uh reduce
+minority career Lifetime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority career Lifetime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority career Lifetime and
+traditionally there has been as well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there has been as well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally there has been as well a
+higher capex and a third disadvantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher capex and a third disadvantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher capex and a third disadvantage
+traditionally in ribbon has been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally in ribbon has been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally in ribbon has been that
+the form factor or the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form factor or the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form factor or the shape of the
+wafer has just been different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer has just been different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer has just been different than the
+Ingot material why is that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot material why is that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot material why is that important
+well if you're trying to displace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're trying to displace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're trying to displace the
+the dominant design the wafer uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant design the wafer uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant design the wafer uh you
+would do well to make your wafer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do well to make your wafer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do well to make your wafer the
+same size and shape as the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and shape as the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and shape as the dominant
+design why is that well if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design why is that well if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design why is that well if you want to
+make a cell out of it or a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cell out of it or a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cell out of it or a solar cell
+device you'd want to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you'd want to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device you'd want to make sure that you
+can take advantage of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take advantage of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take advantage of the same
+manufacturing equipment and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing equipment and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing equipment and that's just
+a plugin and play Drop and replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plugin and play Drop and replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plugin and play Drop and replacement
+if you require customization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you require customization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you require customization of the
+downstream components on the cell on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream components on the cell on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream components on the cell on the
+module level you'll wind up having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module level you'll wind up having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module level you'll wind up having to
+invest more money in those processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more money in those processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more money in those processes
+which might counteract the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might counteract the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might counteract the advantage
+that you get out of using less silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get out of using less silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get out of using less silicon
+yes ashy what's capex that cap oh capex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ashy what's capex that cap oh capex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ashy what's capex that cap oh capex
+capex stands for Capital uh expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capex stands for Capital uh expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capex stands for Capital uh expenditure
+Capital Equipment expenditure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Equipment expenditure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Equipment expenditure and that
+relates to the cost of the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the cost of the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to the cost of the equipment
+that is typically uh uh well in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is typically uh uh well in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is typically uh uh well in in in
+the business World typically one under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business World typically one under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business World typically one under
+goes what's called an accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes what's called an accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes what's called an accelerated
+depreciation where you amortize the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation where you amortize the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation where you amortize the cost
+of the equipment over 5 years but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equipment over 5 years but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equipment over 5 years but then
+assume that it runs over a longer period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it runs over a longer period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it runs over a longer period
+maybe seven 10 years or so uh giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe seven 10 years or so uh giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe seven 10 years or so uh giving you
+profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit
+back so uh in in in in in layman's terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so uh in in in in in layman's terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so uh in in in in in layman's terms
+what this means is capex is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is capex is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is capex is the
+equipment cost in other words and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment cost in other words and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment cost in other words and then
+you you just take the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just take the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you just take the cost of the
+equipment and and and parse it out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and and and parse it out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and and and parse it out for
+each wafer you produce you allocate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wafer you produce you allocate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each wafer you produce you allocate a
+portion of the equipment cost of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the equipment cost of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the equipment cost of that so
+let's let's take a little walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a little walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's take a little walk through
+history um and go back uh to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um and go back uh to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history um and go back uh to some of the
+earliest uh methods of uh ribbon growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest uh methods of uh ribbon growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest uh methods of uh ribbon growth
+so one of the earliest uh forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the earliest uh forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the earliest uh forms of
+ribbon growth was uh so-called Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growth was uh so-called Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growth was uh so-called Edge
+supported ribbon also known as string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported ribbon also known as string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported ribbon also known as string
+ribbon and uh there was there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon and uh there was there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon and uh there was there were
+developments of of this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of of this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of of this General
+technology in different places Ellie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in different places Ellie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in different places Ellie
+Sachs uh former Professor here at MIT uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs uh former Professor here at MIT uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs uh former Professor here at MIT uh
+now founder and CTO of 1366 Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now founder and CTO of 1366 Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now founder and CTO of 1366 Technologies
+just up the road in Lexington um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up the road in Lexington um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just up the road in Lexington um
+developed uh the string River material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh the string River material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed uh the string River material
+here at MIT uh in the uh early 1980s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT uh in the uh early 1980s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT uh in the uh early 1980s
+late 1970s and the general idea was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1970s and the general idea was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1970s and the general idea was to
+use two filaments like so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two filaments like so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two filaments like so that would be
+passed through a crucible and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through a crucible and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through a crucible and then the
+Silicon would flow in between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon would flow in between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon would flow in between those two
+filaments much like uh soap uh soapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments much like uh soap uh soapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments much like uh soap uh soapy
+water flows between the little uh Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water flows between the little uh Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water flows between the little uh Circle
+when you blow bubbles right so meniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you blow bubbles right so meniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you blow bubbles right so meniscus
+would form uh here and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form uh here and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would form uh here and then eventually
+solidify into a solid piece of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify into a solid piece of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify into a solid piece of silicon
+and you'd have Edge supported ribbon all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have Edge supported ribbon all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd have Edge supported ribbon all
+otherwise known as a string ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a string ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise known as a string ribbon
+because you're using the strings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the strings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're using the strings to
+define the edge of the ribbon so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the edge of the ribbon so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the edge of the ribbon so I have
+a wafer here an example of a wafer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wafer here an example of a wafer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wafer here an example of a wafer here
+uh a string ribbon uh sample um oh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a string ribbon uh sample um oh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a string ribbon uh sample um oh here
+it is it's hiding from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's hiding from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's hiding from
+me so this is an example of of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is an example of of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so this is an example of of one of
+those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh
+materials here we go and like usual it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials here we go and like usual it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials here we go and like usual it's
+good to handle these Wafers with um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to handle these Wafers with um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to handle these Wafers with um with
+some care almost like a um photograph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care almost like a um photograph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care almost like a um photograph so
+uh here's an example of a string ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's an example of a string ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's an example of a string ribbon
+wafer uh one particular wafer that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh one particular wafer that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer uh one particular wafer that was
+uh laser cut out of a growing ribbon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laser cut out of a growing ribbon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laser cut out of a growing ribbon as
+you can see this larger uh ribbon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this larger uh ribbon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this larger uh ribbon right
+here uh these can grow up to be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh these can grow up to be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh these can grow up to be a few
+meters long uh they're they're rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long uh they're they're rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters long uh they're they're rather
+long you can pick them up if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you can pick them up if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you can pick them up if you have uh
+gloves on your hands uh and and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves on your hands uh and and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloves on your hands uh and and U
+they're they're quite flexible at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're quite flexible at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're quite flexible at that
+length you could actually even bend them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you could actually even bend them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you could actually even bend them
+about uh with a radius of curve of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh with a radius of curve of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh with a radius of curve of about
+a couple of meters so um the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of meters so um the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of meters so um the uh the
+reason you wear gloves obviously is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you wear gloves obviously is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you wear gloves obviously is to
+prevent your fingers from soiling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent your fingers from soiling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent your fingers from soiling the
+wafer we talked about sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer we talked about sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer we talked about sodium
+contamination and other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and other forms of
+contamination silicon is non-toxic so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination silicon is non-toxic so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination silicon is non-toxic so it
+won't affect you it's really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't affect you it's really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't affect you it's really you
+affecting the wafer much like uh putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the wafer much like uh putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting the wafer much like uh putting
+fingerprints all over a nice clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints all over a nice clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints all over a nice clean
+photograph um so this uh this was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um so this uh this was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph um so this uh this was also
+there were similar Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were similar Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were similar Technologies
+developed by Ted chesik uh at uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Ted chesik uh at uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Ted chesik uh at uh at
+enell and and out in Colorado but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enell and and out in Colorado but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enell and and out in Colorado but the
+general idea is shown right here now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is shown right here now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is shown right here now uh
+some of the earliest um Edge supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest um Edge supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest um Edge supported
+ribbon uh samples uh were developed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon uh samples uh were developed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon uh samples uh were developed back
+in the 1970s it really took a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s it really took a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1970s it really took a while
+before they were commercialized in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were commercialized in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were commercialized in full
+and that was done through Evergreen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was done through Evergreen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was done through Evergreen
+solar uh which was founded in 1994 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh which was founded in 1994 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh which was founded in 1994 by
+Jack Anoka rich lowski and um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Anoka rich lowski and um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Anoka rich lowski and um oh
+goodness Mark Farber uh so the three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness Mark Farber uh so the three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness Mark Farber uh so the three of
+them co-founded Evergreen solar uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them co-founded Evergreen solar uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them co-founded Evergreen solar uh and
+uh they developed the string ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed the string ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed the string ribbon
+growth process shown right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth process shown right over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth process shown right over here
+eventually two ribbons front to face to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually two ribbons front to face to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually two ribbons front to face to
+face and now four ribbons side by side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and now four ribbons side by side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and now four ribbons side by side
+so this was called The Gemini because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was called The Gemini because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was called The Gemini because
+there were two ribbons face to face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two ribbons face to face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two ribbons face to face and
+then eventually the quad process were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the quad process were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually the quad process were
+four ribbons edge to edge um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ribbons edge to edge um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ribbons edge to edge um and you can
+see the conventional uh Ingot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the conventional uh Ingot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the conventional uh Ingot
+multicrystal and silicon here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon here the the
+the the different steps forming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different steps forming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the different steps forming the
+Ingot eventually slicing and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot eventually slicing and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot eventually slicing and so forth
+and the string ribbon process here being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string ribbon process here being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the string ribbon process here being
+much simplified uh in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simplified uh in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simplified uh in in uh in
+correspondence So Not only was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence So Not only was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence So Not only was the
+process simpler but you'd use about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simpler but you'd use about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process simpler but you'd use about half
+as much silicon and here's uh Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much silicon and here's uh Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much silicon and here's uh Rick
+Wallace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace
+the inventor and developer of the Gemini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor and developer of the Gemini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor and developer of the Gemini
+process up there uh showing one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up there uh showing one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up there uh showing one of these
+longer meter length ribbons with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer meter length ribbons with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer meter length ribbons with some
+flexibility so uh the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility so uh the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility so uh the the the the
+company uh had a joint venture with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh had a joint venture with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh had a joint venture with um
+Rec and Q cells Norwegian and um German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec and Q cells Norwegian and um German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rec and Q cells Norwegian and um German
+company respectively uh to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company respectively uh to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company respectively uh to form a
+factory in Germany recc would Supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory in Germany recc would Supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory in Germany recc would Supply the
+Silicon feed stock Evergreen the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon feed stock Evergreen the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon feed stock Evergreen the growth
+technology here in Q cell some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology here in Q cell some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology here in Q cell some of the
+cell fabrication expertise um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fabrication expertise um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fabrication expertise um and uh
+very recently uh Evergreen solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently uh Evergreen solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recently uh Evergreen solar
+encountered some financial difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered some financial difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered some financial difficulties
+we'll get into that during the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into that during the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into that during the third
+section of the course when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course when we talk about
+cross cutting themes and uh is is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross cutting themes and uh is is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross cutting themes and uh is is in the
+process of filing for bankruptcy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of filing for bankruptcy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of filing for bankruptcy so this
+process so sell is continuing as its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so sell is continuing as its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so sell is continuing as its own
+company but the Evergreen plant here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but the Evergreen plant here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company but the Evergreen plant here in
+Massachusetts in Malboro about an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts in Malboro about an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts in Malboro about an hour
+west of here has effectively shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west of here has effectively shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west of here has effectively shut down
+so that was the trajectory of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the trajectory of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the trajectory of this
+particular uh technology uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh technology uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh technology uh through
+commercialization and and ultimately not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization and and ultimately not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization and and ultimately not
+making it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it uh
+if you would like my personal opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like my personal opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you would like my personal opinion
+about why Evergreen never quite took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why Evergreen never quite took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why Evergreen never quite took off
+um yes there are some technical factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes there are some technical factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes there are some technical factors
+but as well it it failed to grow fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as well it it failed to grow fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as well it it failed to grow fast
+enough to keep up with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to keep up with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to keep up with the rest of the
+industry and scale with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and scale with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and scale with the rest of the
+industry and part of that can be traced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and part of that can be traced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and part of that can be traced
+back to the mid 2000s when silicon was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the mid 2000s when silicon was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the mid 2000s when silicon was
+scarce uh the inability to Source the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce uh the inability to Source the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce uh the inability to Source the
+feet stock material yeah um you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet stock material yeah um you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet stock material yeah um you one
+slide sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um it takes a while it's a big file okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it takes a while it's a big file okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it takes a while it's a big file okay
+um how do you seal the space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you seal the space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you seal the space between the
+uh filaments and the bottom of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh filaments and the bottom of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh filaments and the bottom of The
+Crucible right there right since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crucible right there right since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crucible right there right since this is
+your graphite Crucible right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graphite Crucible right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graphite Crucible right here and
+these are your filaments popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your filaments popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your filaments popping up
+through the graphite the beauty is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the graphite the beauty is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the graphite the beauty is you
+don't have to seal that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to seal that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to seal that the surface
+tension of silicon is uh greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension of silicon is uh greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension of silicon is uh greater than
+that of water so if you've ever uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of water so if you've ever uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of water so if you've ever uh if
+you've ever filled up water to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever filled up water to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever filled up water to the top
+of a glass and seen that miniscus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glass and seen that miniscus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glass and seen that miniscus that
+forms uh the silic miniscus would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh the silic miniscus would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh the silic miniscus would be
+even higher than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher than that
+that's cool yeah it's it's pretty nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool yeah it's it's pretty nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool yeah it's it's pretty nifty
+imagine just like mol in metal you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine just like mol in metal you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine just like mol in metal you don't
+want that no spilling out the bottom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that no spilling out the bottom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that no spilling out the bottom but
+that's really cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really cool okay
+y the ribbons single Crystal or they GRE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the ribbons single Crystal or they GRE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y the ribbons single Crystal or they GRE
+boundaries yeah so let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries yeah so let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries yeah so let me show you the
+actual ribbon right here and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual ribbon right here and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual ribbon right here and you can
+inspect it uh firsthand uh these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect it uh firsthand uh these do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect it uh firsthand uh these do
+indeed have um uh grain boundaries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed have um uh grain boundaries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed have um uh grain boundaries so
+what I'll do is I'll place the ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll place the ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll place the ribbon
+inside of here for ease of carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here for ease of carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here for ease of carrying
+around uh if you'd like to take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh if you'd like to take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh if you'd like to take it out
+feel free there are more where this came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free there are more where this came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free there are more where this came
+from so in case there was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so in case there was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so in case there was a little
+accident along the way uh don't feel too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident along the way uh don't feel too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident along the way uh don't feel too
+bad the growth of an ing uh is about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the growth of an ing uh is about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the growth of an ing uh is about 1
+to two days but you get thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two days but you get thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two days but you get thousands of
+Wafers out uh the growth of an wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers out uh the growth of an wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers out uh the growth of an wafer
+itself um if the growth rate was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um if the growth rate was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um if the growth rate was around
+say let's pick a number um somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's pick a number um somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's pick a number um somewhere
+between 2 and 5 cm per minute um then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 and 5 cm per minute um then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2 and 5 cm per minute um then uh
+it would take let's see if this you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take let's see if this you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take let's see if this you have
+a 15 cm wafer uh it would take somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15 cm wafer uh it would take somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 15 cm wafer uh it would take somewhere
+on the order of 4 minutes uh to grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 4 minutes uh to grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of 4 minutes uh to grow a
+wafer and uh you would have um faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and uh you would have um faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and uh you would have um faster
+growth of single Wafers uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of single Wafers uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of single Wafers uh from the
+ribbon process of course uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon process of course uh lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon process of course uh lower
+throughput uh the cilic utilization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput uh the cilic utilization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput uh the cilic utilization of
+the wafer growth process was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer growth process was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer growth process was a lot
+higher than uh that of U of the Ingot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than uh that of U of the Ingot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than uh that of U of the Ingot
+growth some smart people realized along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth some smart people realized along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth some smart people realized along
+the way that uh you could grow these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that uh you could grow these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that uh you could grow these uh
+ribbons vertically but you encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbons vertically but you encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbons vertically but you encountered
+the following problem during the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following problem during the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following problem during the growth
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh we go during the growth of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we go during the growth of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we go during the growth of of
+vertical ribbons if this was um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ribbons if this was um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical ribbons if this was um the
+ribbon growing vertically should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growing vertically should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growing vertically should be
+straight apologies we go let make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight apologies we go let make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight apologies we go let make sure
+we're good Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good Engineers
+here and so so this is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so so this is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so so this is meant to
+represent a growing ribbon um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a growing ribbon um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a growing ribbon um this is
+the uh liquid and this is the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh liquid and this is the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh liquid and this is the solid
+silicon right here uh the growth vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right here uh the growth vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right here uh the growth vector
+or growth velocity would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or growth velocity would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or growth velocity would be in this
+direction right here right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right here right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right here right so you're
+growing the ribbon out of the Melt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the ribbon out of the Melt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing the ribbon out of the Melt this
+is your melt this is the ribbon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your melt this is the ribbon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your melt this is the ribbon that's
+growing up you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up you're looking at the
+cross-section right here so looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section right here so looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section right here so looking at
+the ribbon Edge on so you're pulling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribbon Edge on so you're pulling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribbon Edge on so you're pulling it
+in this direction so the growth velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction so the growth velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction so the growth velocity
+is here and the um the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and the um the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here and the um the direction of
+latent heat of fusion extraction so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat of fusion extraction so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat of fusion extraction so you
+have liquid silicon solidifying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid silicon solidifying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid silicon solidifying here
+during the solidification process there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the solidification process there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the solidification process there
+is heat released and that heat has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat released and that heat has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat released and that heat has to be
+conducted up the solid and then radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted up the solid and then radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted up the solid and then radiated
+outward from the fin from this thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward from the fin from this thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward from the fin from this thin
+ribbon so the uh the direction of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon so the uh the direction of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon so the uh the direction of heat
+extraction is also uh parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction is also uh parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction is also uh parallel to the
+direction of growth what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of growth what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of growth what that means is
+the growth velocity will be limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth velocity will be limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth velocity will be limited by
+the speed at which you can extract heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which you can extract heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed at which you can extract heat
+up the ribbon and then radiate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the ribbon and then radiate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the ribbon and then radiate it
+outward so there are many ideas tossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward so there are many ideas tossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward so there are many ideas tossed
+around about potentially growing in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about potentially growing in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about potentially growing in uh
+in in in in in media that that are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in in media that that are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in in media that that are able
+to extract heat faster than the radiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract heat faster than the radiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract heat faster than the radiat
+of Transport you can use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Transport you can use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Transport you can use your
+imagination But ultimately uh growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination But ultimately uh growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination But ultimately uh growth
+continues in air and um you're limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in air and um you're limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues in air and um you're limited
+to at most around 5 cm per minute growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at most around 5 cm per minute growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at most around 5 cm per minute growth
+velocity uh because of the uh extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh because of the uh extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh because of the uh extraction
+of latent heat if you try to grow faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of latent heat if you try to grow faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of latent heat if you try to grow faster
+than that you'll eventually just pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you'll eventually just pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you'll eventually just pull
+the uh the solid off of the liquid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the solid off of the liquid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the solid off of the liquid it
+it'll dissociate much like um pulling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll dissociate much like um pulling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll dissociate much like um pulling a
+a an ice cube off of a top of a glass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an ice cube off of a top of a glass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an ice cube off of a top of a glass of
+water right surface tension won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right surface tension won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right surface tension won't be
+able to hold the two together so uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hold the two together so uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hold the two together so uh you
+have here a a conundrum uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a a conundrum uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a a conundrum uh how do you
+grow faster if you want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow faster if you want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow faster if you want to increase the
+throughput and instead of spend instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput and instead of spend instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput and instead of spend instead
+of spending minutes to grow a wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spending minutes to grow a wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spending minutes to grow a wafer
+you'd like to grow a wafer per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to grow a wafer per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to grow a wafer per second
+how do you do that well one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well one group of
+folks thought about this a bit and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks thought about this a bit and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks thought about this a bit and said
+well what if we do this if we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if we do this if we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if we do this if we take our
+growth velocity and in some way shape or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth velocity and in some way shape or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth velocity and in some way shape or
+form now our growth velocity is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now our growth velocity is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form now our growth velocity is going to
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+heat extraction what would that geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat extraction what would that geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat extraction what would that geometry
+look like and they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and they came up with
+something that looked a bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked a bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looked a bit like this
+right here a horizontal growth mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a horizontal growth mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a horizontal growth mechanism
+so you see the solid interface is now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the solid interface is now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the solid interface is now at
+an angle uh it's almost vertical at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle uh it's almost vertical at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle uh it's almost vertical at this
+point slight angle and the the pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point slight angle and the the pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point slight angle and the the pole
+velocity is almost perpendicular to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is almost perpendicular to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is almost perpendicular to it
+so now you're able in theory at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're able in theory at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you're able in theory at least to
+grow much much faster um this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow much much faster um this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow much much faster um this was a
+schematic of the ribbon growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the ribbon growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the ribbon growth and
+silicon process there was also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon process there was also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon process there was also another
+company called astrop power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called astrop power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company called astrop power that
+developed silicon film it was later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed silicon film it was later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed silicon film it was later
+purchased by General Electric um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased by General Electric um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchased by General Electric um so
+these Technologies were uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies were uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Technologies were uh were
+developed with the intent of pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with the intent of pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with the intent of pulling
+very very fast and indeed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast and indeed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very fast and indeed you can
+literally extrude the Silicon at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally extrude the Silicon at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally extrude the Silicon at around
+4 to9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 to9
+m/s um but the problem about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s um but the problem about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s um but the problem about this is
+that you uh wind up with very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh wind up with very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh wind up with very small
+grains and very poor crystallin quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains and very poor crystallin quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grains and very poor crystallin quality
+uh when you try to grow at these speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you try to grow at these speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you try to grow at these speeds
+and and so winds up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so winds up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so winds up being a
+metallurgical problem of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical problem of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical problem of how do you
+ensure the proper grain size uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the proper grain size uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the proper grain size uh when
+you're growing using these Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing using these Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're growing using these Technologies
+so there are some work uh in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some work uh in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are some work uh in in that
+regard but um never uh really took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard but um never uh really took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard but um never uh really took off
+in commercial production y so does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial production y so does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in commercial production y so does uh
+pulling at a slower speed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling at a slower speed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling at a slower speed with the
+horizontal ribbon uh increase your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal ribbon uh increase your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal ribbon uh increase your
+quality by increasing your brain size or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality by increasing your brain size or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality by increasing your brain size or
+is it not really easy if you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it not really easy if you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it not really easy if you're able to
+control the nucleation and growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the nucleation and growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the nucleation and growth
+process at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at the very beginning
+theoretically that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically that could
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+M Yeah question had mentioned form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Yeah question had mentioned form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Yeah question had mentioned form
+factor for these waers before yeah so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for these waers before yeah so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for these waers before yeah so is
+there like a standard form factor for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like a standard form factor for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like a standard form factor for uh
+solar SL manufacturing yep so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar SL manufacturing yep so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar SL manufacturing yep so the
+standard form factor today is uh akin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form factor today is uh akin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form factor today is uh akin to
+this one right here it's about a 15.6 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here it's about a 15.6 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right here it's about a 15.6 X
+15.6 uh cm squared lateral Dimension uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.6 uh cm squared lateral Dimension uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15.6 uh cm squared lateral Dimension uh
+form factor for the wafer uh and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor for the wafer uh and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor for the wafer uh and I can
+pass this one around as well uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this one around as well uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this one around as well uh this
+right here is what's called a pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is what's called a pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is what's called a pseudo
+Square you can see the edges are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square you can see the edges are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square you can see the edges are kind of
+rounded off and that's because it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded off and that's because it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded off and that's because it came
+from a CZ wafer uh like this one it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a CZ wafer uh like this one it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a CZ wafer uh like this one it was
+just chopped out of it let me see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chopped out of it let me see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chopped out of it let me see if
+these two are actually coincident it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually coincident it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually coincident it
+would be a oh yeah look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a oh yeah look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a oh yeah look at
+that so you can see where the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can see where the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you can see where the solar cell
+actually came from right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came from right so that's the
+standard diameter uh or let's say linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard diameter uh or let's say linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard diameter uh or let's say linear
+Dimension usually re linear shape a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension usually re linear shape a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension usually re linear shape a
+square and uh the multicrystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh the multicrystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and uh the multicrystal and
+silicon Ingot material are typically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Ingot material are typically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Ingot material are typically of
+this size as well and you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size as well and you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size as well and you can already
+see that these Wafers that I have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these Wafers that I have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that these Wafers that I have up
+here are a bit small these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bit small these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bit small these were the
+previous generation size I believe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous generation size I believe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous generation size I believe these
+are 12.5 by 12.5 cm squared most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 12.5 by 12.5 cm squared most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 12.5 by 12.5 cm squared most
+laboratory devices that you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory devices that you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory devices that you and your
+colleagues will manufacture on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues will manufacture on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues will manufacture on the order
+of 1x 1 centimeter or smaller because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1x 1 centimeter or smaller because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1x 1 centimeter or smaller because uh
+well because of variety of factors one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of variety of factors one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because of variety of factors one
+um is the uh transparent conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the uh transparent conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the uh transparent conducting
+oxide as we solved in our homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide as we solved in our homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide as we solved in our homework
+problem uh we're Limited in how big we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we're Limited in how big we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we're Limited in how big we
+can make the device by the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the device by the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make the device by the sheet
+resistance of that transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of that transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of that transparent
+connecting oxide uh another problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting oxide uh another problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting oxide uh another problem that
+we typically run into is we're not able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically run into is we're not able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically run into is we're not able
+to deposit uniformly over a large area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit uniformly over a large area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deposit uniformly over a large area
+we don't have the deposition equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the deposition equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the deposition equipment
+for it in our Labs we're there trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in our Labs we're there trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it in our Labs we're there trying to
+optimize a new material and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize a new material and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize a new material and we don't
+necessarily uh worry about making module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh worry about making module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh worry about making module
+sized uh devices out of it yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized uh devices out of it yeah question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized uh devices out of it yeah question
+the reason why the form factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the form factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the form factor is
+different than that used for I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than that used for I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than that used for I know I
+guess for device manufacturing like seos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for device manufacturing like seos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for device manufacturing like seos
+they just uses circular Wafers yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just uses circular Wafers yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just uses circular Wafers yeah so
+if we were to imagine a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to imagine a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to imagine a bunch of
+circular Wafers inside of this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Wafers inside of this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Wafers inside of this module
+over here you can imagine the circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you can imagine the circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you can imagine the circular
+Wafers side by side that was how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers side by side that was how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers side by side that was how they
+were done at once upon a time obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done at once upon a time obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done at once upon a time obviously
+you didn't have 8 inch it was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have 8 inch it was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have 8 inch it was much
+smaller but um or six or 8 inch uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but um or six or 8 inch uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but um or six or 8 inch uh this
+is be a 6-in wafer but the uh the Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be a 6-in wafer but the uh the Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be a 6-in wafer but the uh the Wafers
+were a little smaller but you still had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little smaller but you still had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little smaller but you still had
+circular Wafers and a lot of dead space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Wafers and a lot of dead space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Wafers and a lot of dead space
+in between so as you can see because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so as you can see because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between so as you can see because of
+the rounded edges the packing density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rounded edges the packing density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rounded edges the packing density is
+very low the equivalent would be say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low the equivalent would be say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low the equivalent would be say
+oranges at a market where they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges at a market where they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges at a market where they're all
+stacked on top of another and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked on top of another and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked on top of another and you have
+all this dead space in between and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this dead space in between and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this dead space in between and so
+the idea was to optimize between the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to optimize between the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was to optimize between the uh
+cost of the silicon and the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the silicon and the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the silicon and the cost of the
+encapsulant materials by shaving away a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulant materials by shaving away a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulant materials by shaving away a
+little bit of the silicon and losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the silicon and losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the silicon and losing
+that uh but and perhaps recycling it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but and perhaps recycling it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh but and perhaps recycling it to
+be honest and um the encapsulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest and um the encapsulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest and um the encapsulant
+materials where you have this dead space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where you have this dead space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where you have this dead space
+in between the Wafers a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the Wafers a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the Wafers a small amount of
+it uh where you have glass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh where you have glass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh where you have glass and
+encapsulant but no active device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath oh um another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath oh um another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath oh um another interesting
+development as you can see just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as you can see just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development as you can see just from the
+device point of view so this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device point of view so this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device point of view so this would be an
+evergreen string ribbon waer right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evergreen string ribbon waer right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evergreen string ribbon waer right here
+as you can see and this right here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see and this right here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see and this right here a
+larger area device does anybody notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area device does anybody notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger area device does anybody notice
+the difference besides the shape uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference besides the shape uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference besides the shape uh in
+particular I'll Le you to the bus bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll Le you to the bus bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll Le you to the bus bars
+how many how many of those thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many of those thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many of those thick
+vertical lines appear down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines appear down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical lines appear down the
+wafer this has two and this has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer this has two and this has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer this has two and this has three
+right so the bus bars the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the bus bars the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the bus bars the the
+optimization of these bus bars this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of these bus bars this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of these bus bars this one
+is three that's really to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three that's really to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three that's really to minimize
+series resistance because now out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance because now out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance because now out of a
+larger wafer you have so much current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger wafer you have so much current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger wafer you have so much current
+flowing through it being generated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through it being generated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through it being generated uh
+that the series resistance those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series resistance those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series resistance those very
+thin metal wires would end up resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin metal wires would end up resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin metal wires would end up resulting
+in large uh Power losses ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large uh Power losses ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in large uh Power losses ENT
+heat um instead of electricity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat um instead of electricity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat um instead of electricity and so
+they added the third bus bar even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added the third bus bar even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added the third bus bar even though
+it increased the shading to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increased the shading to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increased the shading to reduce the
+series resistance losses so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance losses so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance losses so you can see
+um these optimization problems are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these optimization problems are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these optimization problems are used
+U uh quite frequently in in in solar let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh quite frequently in in in solar let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh quite frequently in in in solar let
+me uh go back one step there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh go back one step there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh go back one step there was an
+interesting question about uh could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question about uh could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question about uh could we
+grow single crystals using the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow single crystals using the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow single crystals using the vertical
+ribbon growth um this is a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growth um this is a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growth um this is a technology
+and I don't know if there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know if there are actually
+any of these many of these samples left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these many of these samples left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these many of these samples left
+in the world they're quite rare uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they're quite rare uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world they're quite rare uh so I
+do ask if you want to come up here take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ask if you want to come up here take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do ask if you want to come up here take
+some care with it this is a dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care with it this is a dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care with it this is a dendritic
+web sample um so this technology went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web sample um so this technology went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web sample um so this technology went
+out of commercial manufacturing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of commercial manufacturing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of commercial manufacturing I
+believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in
+2005 must have been or 2004 uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 must have been or 2004 uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 must have been or 2004 uh it was
+developed by Westinghouse which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Westinghouse which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Westinghouse which is uh
+one of used to be one of the powerhouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of used to be one of the powerhouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of used to be one of the powerhouses
+in solar located in Pittsburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar located in Pittsburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar located in Pittsburgh
+Pennsylvania uh they had a very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania uh they had a very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania uh they had a very active
+solar um um uh activity uh out of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar um um uh activity uh out of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar um um uh activity uh out of which
+it was kind of a crucible out of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of a crucible out of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of a crucible out of which
+many solar experts then went in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solar experts then went in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solar experts then went in the
+diaspora around the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaspora around the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diaspora around the United States and
+set up their own activities elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up their own activities elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up their own activities elsewhere
+and um one of the technologies that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the technologies that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the technologies that they
+developed was a single Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed was a single Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed was a single Crystal and
+ribbon technology like this right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon technology like this right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon technology like this right here
+and if you look very closely it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look very closely it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look very closely it really
+is a single Crystal the growth method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single Crystal the growth method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single Crystal the growth method to
+make this though was extremely intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this though was extremely intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this though was extremely intricate
+and involved among other things control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involved among other things control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and involved among other things control
+of the temperature of the liquid silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temperature of the liquid silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the temperature of the liquid silicon
+to within 100th of a degree celsius at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to within 100th of a degree celsius at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to within 100th of a degree celsius at
+melting temperature which is an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature which is an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting temperature which is an extreme
+feat of engineering the uptime of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat of engineering the uptime of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat of engineering the uptime of these
+pieces of equipment meaning the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of equipment meaning the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of equipment meaning the growth
+time was around 50% the other 50% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was around 50% the other 50% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was around 50% the other 50% of the
+time The Operators were trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time The Operators were trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time The Operators were trying to make
+it work uh so it it it grew very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work uh so it it it grew very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work uh so it it it grew very very
+thin material uh wasn't able to scale to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin material uh wasn't able to scale to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin material uh wasn't able to scale to
+the form factors that we see nowadays uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form factors that we see nowadays uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form factors that we see nowadays uh
+the throughput was quite low uh the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput was quite low uh the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput was quite low uh the cost
+was high and so it didn't quite make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was high and so it didn't quite make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was high and so it didn't quite make it
+but um from an engineering point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um from an engineering point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um from an engineering point of view
+it was was a Marvel in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was was a Marvel in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was was a Marvel in terms of what
+they were able to accomplish uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to accomplish uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to accomplish uh so
+history of Crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Crystal and silicon
+development is riddled with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is riddled with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is riddled with these
+technologies that didn't quite make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that didn't quite make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that didn't quite make it
+with these materials that were extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these materials that were extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these materials that were extremely
+inventive extremely ingenuitive but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventive extremely ingenuitive but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventive extremely ingenuitive but at
+the end of the day the dollars per Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day the dollars per Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day the dollars per Watt
+peak just couldn't continue to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak just couldn't continue to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak just couldn't continue to justify
+their existence and there were a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existence and there were a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their existence and there were a number
+of factors that could contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors that could contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors that could contribute to
+making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen so um in terms of uh wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so um in terms of uh wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so um in terms of uh wafer
+Fabrication in general this includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabrication in general this includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabrication in general this includes
+both uh the Wafers out of Ingot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh the Wafers out of Ingot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh the Wafers out of Ingot
+materials but also ribbons um where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but also ribbons um where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials but also ribbons um where do I
+personally see this field going um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally see this field going um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally see this field going um these
+are some uh these are some notes so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh these are some notes so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh these are some notes so in
+terms of cost the cost per Watt peak can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cost the cost per Watt peak can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of cost the cost per Watt peak can
+be reduced by using cheaper starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced by using cheaper starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced by using cheaper starting
+materials that means instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that means instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that means instead of using
+this expensive uh seamen poly uh perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expensive uh seamen poly uh perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expensive uh seamen poly uh perhaps
+an upgraded metallurgical silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upgraded metallurgical silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upgraded metallurgical silicon uh
+process um growing or sawing thinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um growing or sawing thinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um growing or sawing thinner
+Wafers growing for example in a ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers growing for example in a ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers growing for example in a ribbon
+technique sawing uh maybe making the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique sawing uh maybe making the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique sawing uh maybe making the the
+the saws themselves thinner but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saws themselves thinner but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saws themselves thinner but more
+robust so that they don't snap as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust so that they don't snap as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust so that they don't snap as
+they're pulling through the material at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling through the material at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pulling through the material at
+about 5 m per second and that slurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 m per second and that slurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 m per second and that slurry
+with the silicon carbide or Diamond grit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silicon carbide or Diamond grit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silicon carbide or Diamond grit
+very challenging engineering uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging engineering uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging engineering uh as well
+uh this second bullet point right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this second bullet point right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this second bullet point right there
+can be encapsulated in a larger theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be encapsulated in a larger theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be encapsulated in a larger theme
+called improved silicon materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called improved silicon materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called improved silicon materials
+utilization in other words the grams of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization in other words the grams of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization in other words the grams of
+silicon that you use to produce a Watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon that you use to produce a Watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon that you use to produce a Watt
+peak of a solar cell so improving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of a solar cell so improving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of a solar cell so improving that
+number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right
+there um increasing furnace throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um increasing furnace throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um increasing furnace throughput
+that means increasing Ingot size growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means increasing Ingot size growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means increasing Ingot size growth
+speed and so forth uh there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and so forth uh there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and so forth uh there are many
+people right now trying to grow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right now trying to grow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right now trying to grow these
+ingots right here up to a ton one metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots right here up to a ton one metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots right here up to a ton one metric
+ton so, kilg that would mean you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so, kilg that would mean you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton so, kilg that would mean you'd have
+uh for the full-sized Wafers you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the full-sized Wafers you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the full-sized Wafers you would
+have something in the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in the order of
+6x6 uh bricks right it's pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x6 uh bricks right it's pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x6 uh bricks right it's pretty large
+pretty large Ingot maybe even 7 by seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large Ingot maybe even 7 by seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large Ingot maybe even 7 by seven
+um and improving the material quality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and improving the material quality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and improving the material quality so
+that you can improve efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can improve efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can improve efficiency
+efficiency being a huge leverage over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being a huge leverage over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency being a huge leverage over
+the entire cost structure because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cost structure because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cost structure because if
+your solar cell is able to produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell is able to produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell is able to produce more
+power that means that you use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that means that you use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power that means that you use less
+encapsulate less material and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate less material and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate less material and so forth
+per unit power produced and even less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit power produced and even less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit power produced and even less
+Labor uh to install it in less racking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor uh to install it in less racking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor uh to install it in less racking
+and framing materials Downstream the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and framing materials Downstream the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and framing materials Downstream the
+scaling issues uh so poly silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling issues uh so poly silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling issues uh so poly silic
+production um is currently what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production um is currently what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production um is currently what this is
+higher now it's about uh uh 100 um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher now it's about uh uh 100 um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher now it's about uh uh 100 um uh uh
+100,000 metric tons per year um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 metric tons per year um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 metric tons per year um and
+about half of that is well about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of that is well about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of that is well about a
+quarter of that now maybe a third is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of that now maybe a third is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of that now maybe a third is for
+the semiconductor industry about 3/4 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor industry about 3/4 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor industry about 3/4 for
+the uh this the PB industry the slur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this the PB industry the slur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh this the PB industry the slur and
+the silicon carbide grit needed for wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon carbide grit needed for wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silicon carbide grit needed for wire
+sawing is is at some point going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawing is is at some point going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawing is is at some point going to
+become an issue these are huge volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an issue these are huge volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an issue these are huge volumes
+of of waste that need to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of waste that need to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of waste that need to be uh
+transported through the factories and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported through the factories and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported through the factories and of
+course the Silicon loss due to wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the Silicon loss due to wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the Silicon loss due to wire
+sawing and Ingot casting uh resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawing and Ingot casting uh resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawing and Ingot casting uh resulting in
+only 50% of the Silicon here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 50% of the Silicon here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 50% of the Silicon here in this
+Ingot being used in the actual Wafers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot being used in the actual Wafers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ingot being used in the actual Wafers to
+make solar cells the technology enablers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make solar cells the technology enablers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make solar cells the technology enablers
+using lower qual uh lower let's put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using lower qual uh lower let's put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using lower qual uh lower let's put it
+this lower cost feed stocks you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower cost feed stocks you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower cost feed stocks you can't
+compromise in quality ultimately so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise in quality ultimately so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise in quality ultimately so this
+is a little bit of a false choice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a false choice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of a false choice right
+here um using lower cost feed stocks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um using lower cost feed stocks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um using lower cost feed stocks uh
+produced by um uh the the upgraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by um uh the the upgraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by um uh the the upgraded
+metallurgical route for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical route for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metallurgical route for example uh
+producing and handling thinner Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing and handling thinner Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing and handling thinner Wafers
+and growing faster larger higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growing faster larger higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and growing faster larger higher quality
+ingots and there there is a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots and there there is a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingots and there there is a lot of uh
+Innovation to be had in the space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation to be had in the space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation to be had in the space right
+here I believe the numbers in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I believe the numbers in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I believe the numbers in the last
+quarter uh startup companies raised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter uh startup companies raised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter uh startup companies raised in
+the order of $250 million from venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of $250 million from venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of $250 million from venture
+capital and that wasn't including a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and that wasn't including a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and that wasn't including a new
+$50 million deal that was just announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 million deal that was just announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 million deal that was just announced
+of a company attempting to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company attempting to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a company attempting to produce
+upgraded metallurgical rate silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded metallurgical rate silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgraded metallurgical rate silicon uh
+through liquid routes uh purification uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through liquid routes uh purification uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through liquid routes uh purification uh
+this was just announced this past week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just announced this past week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just announced this past week
+if you go to green techch media so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to green techch media so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to green techch media so there
+is still a lot of active innovation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a lot of active innovation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a lot of active innovation in
+this area despite the current market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area despite the current market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area despite the current market
+conditions and um if those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and um if those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and um if those of you who
+are looking for jobs right now if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for jobs right now if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for jobs right now if you're
+clever you'll you'll find them here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever you'll you'll find them here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever you'll you'll find them here in
+the space any questions so far about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space any questions so far about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space any questions so far about
+Wafers yes um does laser cutting cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers yes um does laser cutting cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers yes um does laser cutting cause
+as much dust does laser cutting causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much dust does laser cutting causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much dust does laser cutting causes
+much dust so um let's let's walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dust so um let's let's walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dust so um let's let's walk through
+that um if we're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if we're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if we're thinking about the
+ribbon growing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon growing uh
+from say from from this ribbon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say from from this ribbon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say from from this ribbon right
+here I'm going to extract this wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to extract this wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to extract this wafer
+right so I need to make an incision uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I need to make an incision uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I need to make an incision uh
+horizontally right around this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally right around this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally right around this point
+right here um that would if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um that would if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um that would if you look at
+the total height uh the the wafer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total height uh the the wafer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total height uh the the wafer is
+around 15 cm long and the laser cut uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 15 cm long and the laser cut uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 15 cm long and the laser cut uh
+itself is something on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is something on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is something on the order of
+maybe oh I'm going to guess a few tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh I'm going to guess a few tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe oh I'm going to guess a few tens
+of microns maybe 100 microns in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microns maybe 100 microns in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microns maybe 100 microns in that
+order and so the amount ount of curf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so the amount ount of curf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and so the amount ount of curf
+loss in that regard would be 100 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in that regard would be 100 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in that regard would be 100 microns
+over 15 cm so a relatively insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 cm so a relatively insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 15 cm so a relatively insignificant
+fraction if you're trying to chop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction if you're trying to chop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction if you're trying to chop up
+this using a laser um yes then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using a laser um yes then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using a laser um yes then you'd
+have significant losses but since you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant losses but since you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have significant losses but since you're
+growing that ribbon straight out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that ribbon straight out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that ribbon straight out of the
+Melt the laser cuts themselves are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt the laser cuts themselves are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt the laser cuts themselves are very
+small fraction the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction the total
+silicon y can the sawdust be collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon y can the sawdust be collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon y can the sawdust be collected
+and remelted wonderful question can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remelted wonderful question can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remelted wonderful question can the
+sawdust be collected and remelted again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust be collected and remelted again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sawdust be collected and remelted again
+um there there was a lot of work done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there was a lot of work done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there there was a lot of work done to
+try to figure that out uh at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure that out uh at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure that out uh at that point
+the sawdust is mixed with this glycol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sawdust is mixed with this glycol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sawdust is mixed with this glycol
+based slurry uh and with the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based slurry uh and with the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based slurry uh and with the silicon
+carbide grit and with fragments of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide grit and with fragments of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide grit and with fragments of iron
+coming from the stainless steel wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the stainless steel wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the stainless steel wire and
+nickel and chromium and other impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and chromium and other impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel and chromium and other impurities
+inside of the wire and so a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the wire and so a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the wire and so a lot of the
+work was focused on separation of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was focused on separation of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was focused on separation of those
+different uh constituents shall we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh constituents shall we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh constituents shall we say
+and when the Silicon prices were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Silicon prices were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the Silicon prices were very
+high uh maybe in 2007 2008 when the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high uh maybe in 2007 2008 when the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high uh maybe in 2007 2008 when the spot
+prices were $500 a kilogram uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were $500 a kilogram uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were $500 a kilogram uh there was
+a large incentive to to use every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large incentive to to use every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large incentive to to use every single
+drop of silicon you had including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of silicon you had including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of silicon you had including
+separation but in recent years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation but in recent years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation but in recent years the
+incentive to do that has really dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to do that has really dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to do that has really dropped
+and um the one company I knew that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the one company I knew that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the one company I knew that had a
+very active uh slurry recycling program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active uh slurry recycling program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active uh slurry recycling program
+uh let it go so there may be companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let it go so there may be companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let it go so there may be companies
+out there that are looking into it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that are looking into it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there that are looking into it but
+I'm not aware of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activities okay let's hop forward into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities okay let's hop forward into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities okay let's hop forward into
+uh cells and um and devices so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells and um and devices so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cells and um and devices so now we're
+going to uh We've we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh We've we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh We've we've talked about the
+market shares of different Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares of different Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market shares of different Technologies
+feed stock refining way for fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed stock refining way for fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed stock refining way for fabrication
+how we make these wonderful different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we make these wonderful different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we make these wonderful different
+pieces of silicon now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon now we're going to
+talk about going from a wafer into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about going from a wafer into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about going from a wafer into a
+solar cell device so just to situate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device so just to situate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device so just to situate our
+cell raw material silicon feed stock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell raw material silicon feed stock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell raw material silicon feed stock the
+module in the system over here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module in the system over here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module in the system over here in the
+middle we have the wafer to the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we have the wafer to the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we have the wafer to the cell and
+this is the portion of discussion forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the portion of discussion forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the portion of discussion forth
+with cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cell
+processing let's have a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing let's have a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing let's have a look at this
+again it's a very different world now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a very different world now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's a very different world now in
+a Cell Fab line than it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell Fab line than it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell Fab line than it was in the
+crystallization environment so in wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization environment so in wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallization environment so in wafer
+Fab which means wafer fabrication in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab which means wafer fabrication in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab which means wafer fabrication in the
+section of the company dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the company dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the company dedicated to
+producing Wafers and ings um it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Wafers and ings um it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Wafers and ings um it was a
+little bit more dirty uh you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more dirty uh you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more dirty uh you had
+forklifts moving these big crucibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklifts moving these big crucibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forklifts moving these big crucibles
+around with chunks of silicon in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with chunks of silicon in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with chunks of silicon in it
+operators coming by with garden hoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators coming by with garden hoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators coming by with garden hoses
+and washing down furnaces after they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and washing down furnaces after they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and washing down furnaces after they're
+finished uh here in the cell faab line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished uh here in the cell faab line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished uh here in the cell faab line
+it looks almost more like a clean room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks almost more like a clean room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks almost more like a clean room
+almost I say because these folks aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I say because these folks aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost I say because these folks aren't
+on full bunny suits they're usually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on full bunny suits they're usually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on full bunny suits they're usually just
+with uh jackets with booties sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh jackets with booties sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh jackets with booties sometimes
+you see them with hair nuts as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them with hair nuts as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them with hair nuts as well uh
+to protect uh from uh hair and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect uh from uh hair and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect uh from uh hair and other
+parate matter from getting ins of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parate matter from getting ins of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parate matter from getting ins of the
+tools but by and large the Wafers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools but by and large the Wafers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools but by and large the Wafers are
+brought in and either in a series of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in and either in a series of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought in and either in a series of of
+inline processes this is a wafer wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline processes this is a wafer wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline processes this is a wafer wafer
+wafer wafer so there are four Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer wafer so there are four Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer wafer so there are four Wafers
+across moving through what looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across moving through what looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across moving through what looks like an
+etch tank to do their texturization on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch tank to do their texturization on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch tank to do their texturization on
+on the Wafers um whereas uh in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Wafers um whereas uh in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Wafers um whereas uh in in in in
+in in wafer Fab it was pretty dirty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in wafer Fab it was pretty dirty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in wafer Fab it was pretty dirty in
+cell Fab it looks pretty clean you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Fab it looks pretty clean you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Fab it looks pretty clean you have
+a combination of these inline processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of these inline processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of these inline processes
+like this one shown here where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one shown here where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one shown here where you have
+Wafers and conveyor belts moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and conveyor belts moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers and conveyor belts moving through
+lines and batch processes where little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and batch processes where little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and batch processes where little
+robots pick in places line Wafers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots pick in places line Wafers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots pick in places line Wafers up
+inside of crucibles or boats and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of crucibles or boats and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of crucibles or boats and then
+insert them into furnaces for batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert them into furnaces for batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert them into furnaces for batch
+processing so this is the uh Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so this is the uh Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing so this is the uh Crystal and
+silicon cell Fabrication in on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon cell Fabrication in on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon cell Fabrication in on one side
+go bare Wafers like this and out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go bare Wafers like this and out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go bare Wafers like this and out the
+other side come fully processed solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side come fully processed solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side come fully processed solar
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+devices so the very first step uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the very first step uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so the very first step uh after
+uh saw uh um wafer uh sawing is the saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saw uh um wafer uh sawing is the saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saw uh um wafer uh sawing is the saw
+damage ET after the sawing process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage ET after the sawing process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage ET after the sawing process you
+have subsurface damage something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subsurface damage something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subsurface damage something in
+order 5 to 10 microns beneath the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 5 to 10 microns beneath the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 5 to 10 microns beneath the wafer
+surface and keep in mind these are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and keep in mind these are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and keep in mind these are only
+about 170 microns thick so you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 170 microns thick so you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 170 microns thick so you have a a
+subsurface damage that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsurface damage that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsurface damage that needs to be
+removed and you can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed and you can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed and you can take advantage of
+the subsurface damage by etching it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsurface damage by etching it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsurface damage by etching it in
+such a way that you etch along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that you etch along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that you etch along the
+damage and form texturization so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and form texturization so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and form texturization so it's a
+bit of a twoin one here you clean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a twoin one here you clean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a twoin one here you clean the
+wafer you create your texturization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you create your texturization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you create your texturization and
+you remove your saw damage so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove your saw damage so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove your saw damage so that when
+you lift your wafer uh the wafer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lift your wafer uh the wafer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lift your wafer uh the wafer doesn't
+break because there's some hairline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break because there's some hairline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break because there's some hairline
+fracture uh caused by the the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture uh caused by the the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracture uh caused by the the silicon
+carbide grit after you have your wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide grit after you have your wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide grit after you have your wafer
+say you start with your ptype wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you start with your ptype wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you start with your ptype wafer and
+this represents the cross-section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents the cross-section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this represents the cross-section of the
+wafer from the back side of the eventual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer from the back side of the eventual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer from the back side of the eventual
+cell to the front side of the eventual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the front side of the eventual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the front side of the eventual
+cell about 170 microns thick wide would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell about 170 microns thick wide would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell about 170 microns thick wide would
+be something in the order of uh uh 15.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something in the order of uh uh 15.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something in the order of uh uh 15.6
+cm in in a real device we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm in in a real device we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm in in a real device we're just
+looking at a small section of it here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a small section of it here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a small section of it here um
+so as we walk through the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we walk through the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we walk through the different
+steps of cell faab we'll see them evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of cell faab we'll see them evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of cell faab we'll see them evolve
+over here the first step uh after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here the first step uh after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here the first step uh after the
+saw damage etch is to do what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw damage etch is to do what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw damage etch is to do what's called
+uh an emitter diffusion to create your P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an emitter diffusion to create your P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an emitter diffusion to create your P
+injunction Straight Out of the Box the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction Straight Out of the Box the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction Straight Out of the Box the P
+injunction is created after the saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction is created after the saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injunction is created after the saw
+damage and typically what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and typically what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and typically what we do is
+deposit a lower resistance or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a lower resistance or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit a lower resistance or more
+highly doped that's why we have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped that's why we have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly doped that's why we have the two
+pluses here that means very highly doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses here that means very highly doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses here that means very highly doped
+uh emitter right underneath where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emitter right underneath where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh emitter right underneath where the
+eventual contact metalization will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual contact metalization will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventual contact metalization will go
+that's to reduce the contact resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to reduce the contact resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to reduce the contact resistance
+that's to create the tunneling Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to create the tunneling Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to create the tunneling Junction
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the semiconductor and the metal
+okay so we have the high resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the high resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have the high resistance
+emitter uh over here this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter uh over here this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter uh over here this is uh
+representative of a shallow emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of a shallow emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of a shallow emitter
+remember in your quiz two you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in your quiz two you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in your quiz two you have this
+decision whether to take a shallow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision whether to take a shallow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision whether to take a shallow or
+deep this architecture which is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep this architecture which is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep this architecture which is used in
+industry actually combines The Best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry actually combines The Best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry actually combines The Best of
+Both Worlds it has a shallow emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both Worlds it has a shallow emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both Worlds it has a shallow emitter
+over most of the solar cell device to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over most of the solar cell device to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over most of the solar cell device to
+improve the blue response minimize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the blue response minimize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the blue response minimize a
+combination uh but it also has a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh but it also has a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination uh but it also has a deeper
+emitter right underneath the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter right underneath the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter right underneath the contact
+metalization to prevent shunting and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization to prevent shunting and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization to prevent shunting and to
+reduce contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce contact
+resistance right I assume we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right I assume we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance right I assume we have to
+choose one or the other you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one or the other you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one or the other you have to
+choose one or the other unfortunately um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one or the other unfortunately um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one or the other unfortunately um
+so uh to create this um it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh to create this um it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh to create this um it's it's really
+to create the the uh combination what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the the uh combination what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the the uh combination what's
+called a selective emitter uh it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a selective emitter uh it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a selective emitter uh it's an
+emitter because it's it's the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter because it's it's the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter because it's it's the uh the
+charge separation uh portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation uh portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge separation uh portion of the
+device uh but it's also selective in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh but it's also selective in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device uh but it's also selective in the
+sense that you selectively uh place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you selectively uh place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you selectively uh place
+these low resistance portions across in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low resistance portions across in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these low resistance portions across in
+a geometric fashion underneath your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric fashion underneath your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric fashion underneath your your
+vental contact metalization UM you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental contact metalization UM you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental contact metalization UM you have
+at the end of this diffusion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this diffusion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this diffusion process
+what's called a phosphor silicate glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a phosphor silicate glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a phosphor silicate glass
+H PSG phosphor silicate glass H after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H PSG phosphor silicate glass H after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H PSG phosphor silicate glass H after
+diffusing in the phosphor from a gaseous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing in the phosphor from a gaseous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing in the phosphor from a gaseous
+form what you'll do or actually you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what you'll do or actually you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form what you'll do or actually you'll
+watch it being done since it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it being done since it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it being done since it's happening
+inside of a furnace um the uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a furnace um the uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a furnace um the uh this this
+phosphorus based gas will deposit a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus based gas will deposit a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus based gas will deposit a thin
+layer a thin glassy layer on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer a thin glassy layer on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer a thin glassy layer on the surface
+of the sample which then needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample which then needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sample which then needs to be
+etched off or removed before you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched off or removed before you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched off or removed before you can do
+further processing so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further processing so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further processing so that's what the
+phosphor silicate glass ET is about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor silicate glass ET is about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor silicate glass ET is about then
+there's a nitride or a silicon nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nitride or a silicon nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nitride or a silicon nitride
+anti-reflection coating that's placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coating that's placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coating that's placed in
+the front surface and as we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front surface and as we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front surface and as we calculated
+in lection number two this silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lection number two this silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lection number two this silicon
+nitrite coating is only how thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite coating is only how thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrite coating is only how thick
+about 70 NM right it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 NM right it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 NM right it's really really
+thin but yet that's enough to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin but yet that's enough to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin but yet that's enough to create
+that quarter wave uh interference effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quarter wave uh interference effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quarter wave uh interference effect
+that leads to a very blue looking solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to a very blue looking solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to a very blue looking solar
+cell device so the reason they look blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device so the reason they look blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device so the reason they look blue
+is because of that anti- reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of that anti- reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of that anti- reflection
+coding we are going to omit the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding we are going to omit the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding we are going to omit the arc
+coding in our design for quiz number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in our design for quiz number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding in our design for quiz number two
+uh it requires silene gas which we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it requires silene gas which we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it requires silene gas which we don't
+have access to down here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to down here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to down here in the
+laboratory we'd have to go to either MTL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we'd have to go to either MTL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory we'd have to go to either MTL
+or Harvard CNS to get that deposited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Harvard CNS to get that deposited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Harvard CNS to get that deposited so
+because we want this to be hands- on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want this to be hands- on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want this to be hands- on
+experience we don't want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience we don't want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience we don't want to take the
+Wafers out of your hands do some magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers out of your hands do some magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers out of your hands do some magic
+off to the side and bring them back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side and bring them back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to the side and bring them back and
+say oh here you go because your level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh here you go because your level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh here you go because your level of
+ownership in the process just plummets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership in the process just plummets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership in the process just plummets
+in order of magnitude in the process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of magnitude in the process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order of magnitude in the process we
+want you to be able to see it uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to see it uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be able to see it uh every
+step of the way so we omit the anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way so we omit the anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of the way so we omit the anti-
+reflection coding in our uh quiz number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding in our uh quiz number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding in our uh quiz number
+two but in commercial production that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but in commercial production that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but in commercial production that's
+done and people pay a lot of attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and people pay a lot of attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and people pay a lot of attention
+to that step and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that step and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that step and finally the
+metalization is deposited on the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization is deposited on the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization is deposited on the sample
+and fired now the metalization how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fired now the metalization how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fired now the metalization how is it
+deposited we'll see in a few slides uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited we'll see in a few slides uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited we'll see in a few slides uh
+what the um uh the screen printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the um uh the screen printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the um uh the screen printing
+process looks like and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looks like and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process looks like and then we'll
+actually do it ourselves you'll press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it ourselves you'll press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it ourselves you'll press
+the button on the tool and deposit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button on the tool and deposit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button on the tool and deposit your
+metal and on your cell um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and on your cell um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and on your cell um but the
+metalization is uh typically deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization is uh typically deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization is uh typically deposited
+onto the devices on the front side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the devices on the front side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the devices on the front side and
+on the back the front side you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back the front side you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back the front side you have to
+line up in in commercial production line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up in in commercial production line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up in in commercial production line
+up with a low resistance portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a low resistance portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a low resistance portion of the
+emitter uh so that you uh you are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter uh so that you uh you are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter uh so that you uh you are able
+to extract the full benefit from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the full benefit from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the full benefit from The
+Selective em emitter design uh and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selective em emitter design uh and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selective em emitter design uh and not
+shun your device elsewhere and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shun your device elsewhere and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shun your device elsewhere and on the
+back contact this is typically aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back contact this is typically aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back contact this is typically aluminum
+uh the aluminum some of the aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the aluminum some of the aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the aluminum some of the aluminum
+will IND ifuse uh into the silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will IND ifuse uh into the silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will IND ifuse uh into the silicon and
+create a p+ region in the back side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a p+ region in the back side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a p+ region in the back side here
+which is a a a minority carrier blockade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a a minority carrier blockade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a a minority carrier blockade
+layer it pushes the electrons away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it pushes the electrons away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it pushes the electrons away from
+the back Junction and toward the emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back Junction and toward the emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back Junction and toward the emitter
+and so it prevents back surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it prevents back surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it prevents back surface
+recombination so you can see every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination so you can see every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination so you can see every
+single little step of the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single little step of the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single little step of the solar cell
+fabrication a lot of smart people spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication a lot of smart people spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication a lot of smart people spend
+a lot of time thinking about G how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time thinking about G how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time thinking about G how do I
+optimize two or three things at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize two or three things at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize two or three things at once
+question up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up
+there and back side metalization is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and back side metalization is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and back side metalization is no
+the front side metalization in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side metalization in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side metalization in this case
+thank you for the clarification the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the clarification the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the clarification the
+front side metalization in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side metalization in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side metalization in this case
+would be silver or silver-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be silver or silver-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be silver or silver-based
+paste and in most commercial production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste and in most commercial production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste and in most commercial production
+this silver-based paste includes uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silver-based paste includes uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this silver-based paste includes uh um
+metal oxides uh could be uh glassy frit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxides uh could be uh glassy frit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxides uh could be uh glassy frit
+could be lead oxide it could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be lead oxide it could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be lead oxide it could be some
+combination of of elements that is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of elements that is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of of elements that is able
+to etch through the Silicon nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch through the Silicon nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch through the Silicon nitrate
+antireflective coating this is only 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antireflective coating this is only 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antireflective coating this is only 70
+NM thick but silicon nitride is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NM thick but silicon nitride is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NM thick but silicon nitride is a very
+strong material uh it's a ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong material uh it's a ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong material uh it's a ceramic
+material so you have to be able to etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so you have to be able to etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so you have to be able to etch
+through the Silicon nitride and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Silicon nitride and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Silicon nitride and make
+electrical contact with the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact with the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact with the Silicon
+underneath and some of the earliest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and some of the earliest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and some of the earliest uh
+screen printed metalization cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen printed metalization cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen printed metalization cells that
+got in the range of 15 or 16% efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the range of 15 or 16% efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the range of 15 or 16% efficiency
+only made electrical contact in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only made electrical contact in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only made electrical contact in about
+10% of the Silicon but it was enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the Silicon but it was enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the Silicon but it was enough to
+have these percolation paths for current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these percolation paths for current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these percolation paths for current
+to flow up into the metalization it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow up into the metalization it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flow up into the metalization it's a
+miracle that it works at all but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle that it works at all but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle that it works at all but it's a
+very uh effective cheap uh manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh effective cheap uh manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh effective cheap uh manufacturing
+process that nevertheless is still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that nevertheless is still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that nevertheless is still being
+used in commercial production today even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in commercial production today even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in commercial production today even
+among some of the highest efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among some of the highest efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among some of the highest efficiency
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+architectures and so for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and so for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and so for each of these
+different processing steps somebody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processing steps somebody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processing steps somebody had
+to sit there and think deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and think deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there and think deeply about
+optimization of different functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of different functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization of different functions the
+alumin On The Backs side somebody had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumin On The Backs side somebody had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumin On The Backs side somebody had to
+think about gee how do I prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about gee how do I prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about gee how do I prevent the
+wafer from bowing bowing too much due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer from bowing bowing too much due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer from bowing bowing too much due to
+a coefficient of thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient of thermal expansion
+mismatch between the aluminum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between the aluminum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between the aluminum and the
+Silicon somebody had to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon somebody had to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon somebody had to think about how
+do I create the right tic with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I create the right tic with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I create the right tic with the
+Silicon the aluminum silicon tic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the aluminum silicon tic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the aluminum silicon tic is
+around 577 de so that you create a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 577 de so that you create a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 577 de so that you create a good
+omic contact in the backside how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic contact in the backside how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omic contact in the backside how do I
+diffuse in a certain amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse in a certain amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse in a certain amount of the
+aluminum to create this back surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum to create this back surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum to create this back surface
+field to prevent back surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to prevent back surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to prevent back surface
+recombination how do I get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination how do I get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination how do I get the right
+back surface reflectance of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back surface reflectance of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back surface reflectance of the light
+coming off of here so that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of here so that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of here so that I have
+multiple Optical bounces through my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Optical bounces through my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Optical bounces through my
+device and so forth so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and so forth so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and so forth so a lot of
+optimization goes into making a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization goes into making a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization goes into making a solar
+cell device to get the liix law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device to get the liix law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device to get the liix law of the
+minimum to get each plane of Le Big's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum to get each plane of Le Big's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum to get each plane of Le Big's
+law as high as you possibly can so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law as high as you possibly can so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law as high as you possibly can so you
+can achieve a high device performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve a high device performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve a high device performance so
+hopefully this walk through now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this walk through now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this walk through now you can
+have an appreciation for the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for the difficulty
+that some of your colleagues face at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your colleagues face at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of your colleagues face at
+solar cell fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell fabrication
+plants finally as last steps I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants finally as last steps I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants finally as last steps I mean this
+is a real miniature uh cross-section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real miniature uh cross-section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real miniature uh cross-section in
+the lateral Dimension right here we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral Dimension right here we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral Dimension right here we only
+have two contact metalization fingers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two contact metalization fingers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two contact metalization fingers if
+you look at this solar cell device right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this solar cell device right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this solar cell device right
+here we have several dozen right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have several dozen right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have several dozen right if I
+were to make a vertical cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to make a vertical cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to make a vertical cross-section
+through it you'd see several dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you'd see several dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you'd see several dozen
+contact fingers but this is just meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact fingers but this is just meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact fingers but this is just meant
+to be a caricature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a caricature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a caricature
+so um on the edge here we have Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um on the edge here we have Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um on the edge here we have Edge
+isolation and what this is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and what this is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation and what this is doing is
+preventing shunting Pathways from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing shunting Pathways from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing shunting Pathways from going
+around to the back so it's preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the back so it's preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around to the back so it's preventing
+the emitter from being able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter from being able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter from being able to make
+electrical contact to the back side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact to the back side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact to the back side of
+the device and this is typically done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and this is typically done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and this is typically done by
+inserting a trench uh a laser based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting a trench uh a laser based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting a trench uh a laser based
+trench just um gosh it must be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench just um gosh it must be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench just um gosh it must be on the
+order of half a millimeter from The Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of half a millimeter from The Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of half a millimeter from The Edge
+I'm going to pass this around um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass this around um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pass this around um this
+solar cell device right here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device right here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device right here and if you
+look very very carefully it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very very carefully it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very very carefully it's it's uh
+literally a few hundred microns from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a few hundred microns from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a few hundred microns from The
+Edge at most uh you may be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge at most uh you may be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge at most uh you may be able to see
+uh The Edge isolation the trench that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Edge isolation the trench that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Edge isolation the trench that is
+formed by the laser but it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the laser but it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by the laser but it's it's very
+difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to
+see so I'll pass this finished device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I'll pass this finished device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so I'll pass this finished device
+around as well uh and feel free to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as well uh and feel free to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around as well uh and feel free to pick
+it up and look at the back side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and look at the back side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and look at the back side and the
+front side on the back you'll see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side on the back you'll see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side on the back you'll see uh
+some silver pads in the middle of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some silver pads in the middle of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some silver pads in the middle of all
+that aluminum and if anybody has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aluminum and if anybody has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aluminum and if anybody has ever
+tried to solder to aluminum you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solder to aluminum you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to solder to aluminum you know
+exactly why those silver pads are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why those silver pads are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why those silver pads are there
+it's so that you can solder to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that you can solder to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so that you can solder to them and
+make contact to the back of the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact to the back of the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact to the back of the the one
+device and contact it to the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and contact it to the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and contact it to the front of
+the next and you notice that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and you notice that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next and you notice that they're
+aligned right so the back pads are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned right so the back pads are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned right so the back pads are
+aligned with the front so I'll pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the front so I'll pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned with the front so I'll pass this
+around right here yes Ashley I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right here yes Ashley I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right here yes Ashley I assume
+that in order to in terms of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to in terms of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to in terms of where you
+want to put the um Edge isolation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put the um Edge isolation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put the um Edge isolation you
+want it as far out as possible so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it as far out as possible so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it as far out as possible so you're
+not losing that edge part but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not losing that edge part but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not losing that edge part but you also
+need to make sure you're actually making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure you're actually making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure you're actually making
+a full isolation so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full isolation so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full isolation so there's some
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization
+exactly exactly if your if your laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly if your if your laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly if your if your laser
+Edge isolation machine isn't well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge isolation machine isn't well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge isolation machine isn't well
+calibrated you're losing area active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated you're losing area active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated you're losing area active
+area of your solar cell hence your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of your solar cell hence your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of your solar cell hence your
+current output is going to be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current output is going to be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current output is going to be lower
+because you know your your solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know your your solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know your your solar cell
+has a certain current density a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain current density a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain current density a certain
+um let's say milliamps per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say milliamps per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say milliamps per square
+centimeter but then if your uh area if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter but then if your uh area if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter but then if your uh area if
+your square centimeters is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your square centimeters is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your square centimeters is smaller
+because you're uh cutting too far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're uh cutting too far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're uh cutting too far away
+from the edge you're throwing away good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge you're throwing away good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge you're throwing away good
+material this isn't a trench all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this isn't a trench all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material this isn't a trench all the way
+through it's just electrical isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's just electrical isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it's just electrical isolation
+so essentially this material over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this material over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially this material over here
+still exists it's still hanging on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists it's still hanging on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists it's still hanging on to
+the device but it's electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device but it's electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device but it's electrically
+isolated this trench here is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated this trench here is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated this trench here is only about
+a couple microns deep um and and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple microns deep um and and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple microns deep um and and you're
+losing area this area over here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing area this area over here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing area this area over here is not
+contributing to the photocurrent of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the photocurrent of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the photocurrent of your
+device any electron making it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device any electron making it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device any electron making it up into
+the emitter over here will just stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter over here will just stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter over here will just stay
+there and recombine eventually it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and recombine eventually it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and recombine eventually it won't
+be able to be pulled out of of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be pulled out of of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to be pulled out of of the uh of
+the device and funny but true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and funny but true story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device and funny but true story
+there was uh a company once that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was uh a company once that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was uh a company once that I
+worked with uh to solve a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with uh to solve a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with uh to solve a problem and
+they were getting lower efficiencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting lower efficiencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting lower efficiencies in
+their new process and they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new process and they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their new process and they couldn't
+figure out out for the life of them why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out out for the life of them why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out out for the life of them why
+they were getting lower efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting lower efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting lower efficiencies
+they checked everything everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they checked everything everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they checked everything everything
+everything everything and it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything everything and it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything everything and it turned out
+that they were cutting their Wafers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were cutting their Wafers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were cutting their Wafers to a
+slightly larger size than they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger size than they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger size than they were
+before actually it was slightly smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually it was slightly smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before actually it was slightly smaller
+size because it was lower efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because it was lower efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because it was lower efficiency and
+their their their tester had embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their their tester had embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their their tester had embedded in
+it a fixed number for the area it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a fixed number for the area it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a fixed number for the area it wasn't
+measuring the area of each wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the area of each wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the area of each wafer
+independently it just had a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently it just had a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently it just had a fixed number
+for the area of the of the cell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the area of the of the cell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the area of the of the cell and so
+it was dividing the total current output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was dividing the total current output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was dividing the total current output
+by a bigger area than what was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bigger area than what was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a bigger area than what was actually
+there and so it was measuring a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so it was measuring a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so it was measuring a lower
+efficiency than what was actually uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency than what was actually uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency than what was actually uh the
+cell was was outputting so again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell was was outputting so again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell was was outputting so again these
+geometric parameters can come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric parameters can come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric parameters can come up and
+bite you if you're so fixated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite you if you're so fixated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite you if you're so fixated on the
+electrical performance parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical performance parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical performance parameters
+testing and sorting so after you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and sorting so after you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and sorting so after you create
+your device uh you have this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device uh you have this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device uh you have this beautiful
+solar cell and uh just from uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell and uh just from uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell and uh just from uh simple
+electrical engineering uh and maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering uh and maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering uh and maybe as
+an extreme example if you're stringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme example if you're stringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme example if you're stringing
+Christmas lights together you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas lights together you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas lights together you know that
+if you have One Bad Apple it can drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have One Bad Apple it can drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have One Bad Apple it can drag
+down the performance of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the performance of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the performance of the entire
+string right if you're connecting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string right if you're connecting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string right if you're connecting these
+in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series
+and so it makes sense uh to test each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it makes sense uh to test each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it makes sense uh to test each of
+the cells individually and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells individually and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells individually and make sure
+that you sort them together with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sort them together with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you sort them together with their
+like uh uh cousins right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh cousins right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh uh cousins right so if you have
+high performance cells you bend them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance cells you bend them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance cells you bend them all
+together and you make modules out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you make modules out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you make modules out of the
+high performance cells these will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance cells these will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance cells these will be
+high performance modules the bad apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance modules the bad apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance modules the bad apples
+you put together with the bad apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put together with the bad apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put together with the bad apples and
+so forth and that way you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and that way you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and that way you can extract
+the maximum value out of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value out of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value out of the product
+you've created you take your good cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've created you take your good cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've created you take your good cells
+you put them into a higher efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into a higher efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put them into a higher efficiency
+module it looks exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module it looks exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module it looks exactly the same but
+it's producing more power so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing more power so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing more power so you can
+sell that module at a higher price than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that module at a higher price than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell that module at a higher price than
+you would say a lower power output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say a lower power output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say a lower power output
+module okay so that's what this test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module okay so that's what this test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module okay so that's what this test and
+sword is all about um TurnKey solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword is all about um TurnKey solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sword is all about um TurnKey solar cell
+fabrication lines uh very common since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication lines uh very common since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabrication lines uh very common since
+the mid 2000s there are companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 2000s there are companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mid 2000s there are companies
+centrotherm uh uh gosh Raina uh Roth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrotherm uh uh gosh Raina uh Roth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrotherm uh uh gosh Raina uh Roth
+Andra uh others that were producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andra uh others that were producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andra uh others that were producing
+either TurnKey uh equipment or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either TurnKey uh equipment or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either TurnKey uh equipment or even
+TurnKey lines for the entire fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey lines for the entire fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey lines for the entire fabrication
+line even a local company Spire uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line even a local company Spire uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line even a local company Spire uh just
+up the road here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the road here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the road here in
+Massachusetts um these typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts um these typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts um these typically
+consisted of wafer inspection systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of wafer inspection systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of wafer inspection systems in
+the input side you don't want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input side you don't want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input side you don't want to invest
+any money in a wafer that's ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money in a wafer that's ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money in a wafer that's ultimately
+going to break so you want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break so you want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break so you want to be able to
+inspect your Wafers coming in to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect your Wafers coming in to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspect your Wafers coming in to make
+sure that they're high enough quality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're high enough quality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they're high enough quality to
+be worthy of your cell investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worthy of your cell investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worthy of your cell investment
+finally you have or next you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you have or next you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you have or next you have the
+wet processing to do the texturization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet processing to do the texturization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet processing to do the texturization
+that's shown right there saw damage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown right there saw damage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown right there saw damage uh
+texturization and these are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization and these are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization and these are typically
+inline tools with little ceramic rollers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline tools with little ceramic rollers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inline tools with little ceramic rollers
+some pretty nasty acids being used um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty nasty acids being used um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty nasty acids being used um
+silicon is like a rock and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is like a rock and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is like a rock and if you want
+to etch through Rock you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch through Rock you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch through Rock you need to have
+some pretty strong uh Solutions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty strong uh Solutions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty strong uh Solutions right
+some uh very high or very low PH uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh very high or very low PH uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh very high or very low PH uh very
+basic or very acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic or very acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic or very acidic
+respectively and most of the time in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and most of the time in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and most of the time in in
+multicrystal Silicon we use an acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal Silicon we use an acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal Silicon we use an acidic
+solution uh it textures uh the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh it textures uh the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh it textures uh the wafer
+independent of grain orientation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of grain orientation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of grain orientation for the
+single Crystal materials we use a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Crystal materials we use a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Crystal materials we use a basic
+solution that is isotropic or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is isotropic or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is isotropic or an
+isotropic in nature creates nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic in nature creates nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic in nature creates nice little
+pyramids so here you see the Wafers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids so here you see the Wafers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramids so here you see the Wafers is
+being drawn over uh an etch bath and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drawn over uh an etch bath and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being drawn over uh an etch bath and
+very small quantities of liquid are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small quantities of liquid are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small quantities of liquid are used
+per wafer in this Arrangement you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per wafer in this Arrangement you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per wafer in this Arrangement you just
+coat the wafer surface that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the wafer surface that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat the wafer surface that's about it
+um if you to do it in a batch mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you to do it in a batch mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you to do it in a batch mode you
+need a big bath like a bathtub uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a big bath like a bathtub uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a big bath like a bathtub uh and
+you dunk your Wafers inside of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dunk your Wafers inside of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dunk your Wafers inside of it so
+that would be the bathtub this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the bathtub this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the bathtub this would be
+the shower equivalent right so more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower equivalent right so more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower equivalent right so more more
+uh water efficient in this case acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh water efficient in this case acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh water efficient in this case acid
+efficient um and then the cells come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um and then the cells come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um and then the cells come out
+on the other side and go into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and go into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and go into the uh
+emitter diffusion process and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter diffusion process and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter diffusion process and these are
+a series of furnaces we'll see one such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of furnaces we'll see one such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of furnaces we'll see one such
+furnace over the course of Quiz 2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace over the course of Quiz 2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace over the course of Quiz 2 we
+make our solar cells um so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our solar cells um so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our solar cells um so this is the
+the phosphorous diffusion furnace right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorous diffusion furnace right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phosphorous diffusion furnace right
+here the Wafers are typically loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Wafers are typically loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Wafers are typically loaded
+into boats and then inserted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into boats and then inserted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into boats and then inserted into the
+furnace where phosphorus containing gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace where phosphorus containing gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace where phosphorus containing gas
+P3 also called pacle um has flown into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 also called pacle um has flown into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3 also called pacle um has flown into
+the chamber uh the uh Chlor chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chamber uh the uh Chlor chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chamber uh the uh Chlor chlorine
+components and the oxygen uh dissociate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the oxygen uh dissociate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the oxygen uh dissociate
+from the phosphorus which is in driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the phosphorus which is in driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the phosphorus which is in driven
+into the wafer the oxygen reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wafer the oxygen reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the wafer the oxygen reacts with
+the Silicon creates that phosphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon creates that phosphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon creates that phosphor
+silicate glass on the surface and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate glass on the surface and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicate glass on the surface and uh the
+phosphorus is driven into the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus is driven into the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus is driven into the solar cell
+uh creating the P injunction creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating the P injunction creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh creating the P injunction creating
+your device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device
+and here's an example of uh of shi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of uh of shi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of uh of shi
+Wafers being loaded into the phosphorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers being loaded into the phosphorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers being loaded into the phosphorous
+diffusion furnace and then out again um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion furnace and then out again um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion furnace and then out again um
+just showing the the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing the the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing the the degree of
+automation some of these furnaces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation some of these furnaces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation some of these furnaces this
+showing a stack not the similar from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a stack not the similar from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a stack not the similar from the
+one in the laboratory downstairs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the laboratory downstairs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the laboratory downstairs in
+building 35 where we'll be doing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 35 where we'll be doing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 35 where we'll be doing our
+fous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fous
+diffusion so uh the next after we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so uh the next after we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so uh the next after we have
+our P Junction The Next Step would to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our P Junction The Next Step would to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our P Junction The Next Step would to
+create be to create the entry reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create be to create the entry reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create be to create the entry reflection
+coating and this is done by a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating and this is done by a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating and this is done by a process
+called plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+deposition or pecvd for short and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition or pecvd for short and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition or pecvd for short and in the
+pcvd process you flow in siline gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcvd process you flow in siline gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcvd process you flow in siline gas and
+ammonia siline is silicon with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia siline is silicon with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia siline is silicon with a bunch
+of hydrogens four of them and ammonia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogens four of them and ammonia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogens four of them and ammonia is
+nitrogen with a bunch of hydrogens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen with a bunch of hydrogens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen with a bunch of hydrogens and
+the nitrogen and the Silicon react uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen and the Silicon react uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen and the Silicon react uh on
+the wafer surface and create a silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer surface and create a silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer surface and create a silicon
+nitride coating the hydrogen's 90% of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride coating the hydrogen's 90% of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride coating the hydrogen's 90% of it
+uh evaporates off but about 10% of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evaporates off but about 10% of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh evaporates off but about 10% of it
+hangs around between 1 and 10% go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs around between 1 and 10% go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangs around between 1 and 10% go into
+the wafer or stay at the interface there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer or stay at the interface there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer or stay at the interface there
+and eventually are driven into the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually are driven into the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually are driven into the wafer
+passivating bulk def effect so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivating bulk def effect so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivating bulk def effect so again
+multitude of different things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitude of different things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitude of different things going on
+at the same time uh eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time uh eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time uh eventually the
+visible effect is that you've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible effect is that you've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible effect is that you've created
+your uh anti- reflection coating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh anti- reflection coating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh anti- reflection coating the
+Wafers go in looking shiny and come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers go in looking shiny and come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers go in looking shiny and come out
+looking blue but the uh the what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking blue but the uh the what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking blue but the uh the what's
+happening underneath the surface is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening underneath the surface is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening underneath the surface is that
+some of the hydrogen is going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the hydrogen is going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the hydrogen is going into the
+wafer hydrogen the first element on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer hydrogen the first element on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer hydrogen the first element on the
+periodic table very tiny and in the pcvd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table very tiny and in the pcvd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table very tiny and in the pcvd
+process where you have a plasma you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you have a plasma you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you have a plasma you have
+hydrogen uh atom or ions which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen uh atom or ions which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen uh atom or ions which basically
+means you have a proton without its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have a proton without its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have a proton without its
+electron and that proton is very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that proton is very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that proton is very fast
+moving through the through the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the through the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the through the lattice
+there's lots of space for it to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of space for it to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of space for it to move
+through the Silicon lattice and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Silicon lattice and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Silicon lattice and it's
+also very reactive because it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very reactive because it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very reactive because it doesn't
+have that electron so whenever it finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that electron so whenever it finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that electron so whenever it finds
+a defect or dangling Bond it'll usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect or dangling Bond it'll usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defect or dangling Bond it'll usually
+Lodge itself there and attach itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lodge itself there and attach itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lodge itself there and attach itself and
+passivate that defect and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivate that defect and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivate that defect and that's what
+hydrogen passivation is all about during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen passivation is all about during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen passivation is all about during
+the uh silicon nitride uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh silicon nitride uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh silicon nitride uh
+anti-reflective coating deposition these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating deposition these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating deposition these
+are uh examples of inline uh processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh examples of inline uh processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh examples of inline uh processes
+for doing um uh uh a uh anti-reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing um uh uh a uh anti-reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing um uh uh a uh anti-reflection
+coating I believe uh there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating I believe uh there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating I believe uh there are a few
+different variants of this inline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants of this inline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants of this inline
+process one of which is a sputtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one of which is a sputtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process one of which is a sputtering
+mechanism to deposit this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to deposit this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism to deposit this uh this
+anti-reflective coating of course then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating of course then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating of course then
+um during sputtering process you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during sputtering process you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um during sputtering process you have to
+worry as well about hydrogen uh do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry as well about hydrogen uh do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry as well about hydrogen uh do you
+have the benefit of hydrogen passivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the benefit of hydrogen passivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the benefit of hydrogen passivation
+perhaps not as much so additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as much so additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as much so additional
+engineering is needed but the inline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is needed but the inline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is needed but the inline
+process could be potentially faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could be potentially faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process could be potentially faster and
+higher throughput than the batch process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher throughput than the batch process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher throughput than the batch process
+using the pcvd so again Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pcvd so again Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pcvd so again Manufacturing
+trade-offs next we have the printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs next we have the printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs next we have the printing
+line um and Screen Printing so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um and Screen Printing so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line um and Screen Printing so this
+looks very similar to uh screen printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to uh screen printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to uh screen printing
+for a t-shirt uh here's a t-shirt being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a t-shirt uh here's a t-shirt being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a t-shirt uh here's a t-shirt being
+uh loaded into a screen printer and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loaded into a screen printer and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh loaded into a screen printer and uh
+here's a solar cell being loaded into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a solar cell being loaded into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a solar cell being loaded into a
+screen printer this is a closeup of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen printer this is a closeup of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen printer this is a closeup of the
+screen of what the screen actually looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen of what the screen actually looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen of what the screen actually looks
+like uh here the screen which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh here the screen which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh here the screen which is
+comprised of this mesh of metal here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of this mesh of metal here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprised of this mesh of metal here the
+screen is bare uh and so the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is bare uh and so the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is bare uh and so the metal
+that's deposited on top can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deposited on top can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deposited on top can go through
+those holes in the screen and onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those holes in the screen and onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those holes in the screen and onto the
+the waer underneath it and here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waer underneath it and here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waer underneath it and here there's
+a coating a polymeric coating of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coating a polymeric coating of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coating a polymeric coating of the of
+the of the screen which prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the screen which prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the screen which prevents the
+metal from going through the screen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal from going through the screen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal from going through the screen at
+those places so it Shades the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places so it Shades the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places so it Shades the solar cell
+underneath and prevents metals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and prevents metals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and prevents metals from
+being deposited there and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deposited there and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being deposited there and you have
+fingers and Buss and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and Buss and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and Buss and those are
+eventually the thin little fingers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the thin little fingers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the thin little fingers that
+you see right here going sideways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right here going sideways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see right here going sideways and
+the vertical bus bars that you see going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical bus bars that you see going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical bus bars that you see going
+vertically right here question yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically right here question yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically right here question yeah so
+when you do thetive emitter diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do thetive emitter diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do thetive emitter diffusion
+where you have some areas with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have some areas with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have some areas with high
+resistance emitters and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance emitters and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance emitters and others
+resistance y do you use a screen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance y do you use a screen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance y do you use a screen to
+Shield it or do you end up using qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield it or do you end up using qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield it or do you end up using qu
+resist or great question so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist or great question so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist or great question so some of the
+earliest designs for the selective emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest designs for the selective emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest designs for the selective emit
+if we go back all the way up to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back all the way up to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back all the way up to here
+yeah to The Selective emitter portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to The Selective emitter portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to The Selective emitter portion
+some of the earliest designs used photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest designs used photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the earliest designs used photo
+resist process um but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist process um but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist process um but I would say
+nowadays there are a few technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there are a few technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there are a few technology
+options that are much faster um one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that are much faster um one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that are much faster um one of
+which involves uh creation of porous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves uh creation of porous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves uh creation of porous
+silicon on certain regions of the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon on certain regions of the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon on certain regions of the wafer
+uh that you want to etch back and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you want to etch back and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you want to etch back and create
+the shallower emitter leaving the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shallower emitter leaving the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shallower emitter leaving the ER
+region uh intact uh in that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh intact uh in that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh intact uh in that you could
+use a form of shading you could use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a form of shading you could use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a form of shading you could use a
+wax even for it there variety of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wax even for it there variety of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wax even for it there variety of of
+Technology options for achieving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology options for achieving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology options for achieving that
+goal U but in a sense many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal U but in a sense many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal U but in a sense many of the
+selective emitter designs uh involve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective emitter designs uh involve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective emitter designs uh involve a
+deep diffusion first and then a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep diffusion first and then a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep diffusion first and then a partial
+Edge back uh for example creation of por
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge back uh for example creation of por
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge back uh for example creation of por
+silicon and then etching that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and then etching that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and then etching that material
+away Ashley you had a question um oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away Ashley you had a question um oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away Ashley you had a question um oh
+yeah so what does TurnKey refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what does TurnKey refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what does TurnKey refer to
+TurnKey excellent question so TurnKey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey excellent question so TurnKey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey excellent question so TurnKey
+Manu facturing line what it refers to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manu facturing line what it refers to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manu facturing line what it refers to is
+that I'm I'm the vendor of the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm the vendor of the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm I'm the vendor of the equipment
+in one case I say here Ashley here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case I say here Ashley here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case I say here Ashley here's a
+piece of equipment it's going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment it's going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment it's going to cost
+you a million dollars and good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a million dollars and good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a million dollars and good luck
+getting it set up and running I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it set up and running I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it set up and running I'm I'm
+out of here I'll see you a smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here I'll see you a smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here I'll see you a smarter
+company might come along and say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company might come along and say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company might come along and say I'm
+going to guarantee an output from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guarantee an output from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to guarantee an output from my
+piece of equipment I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment I'm going to
+guarantee that you'll be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you'll be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you'll be able to make
+16.7% solar cells 16.7% efficiency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.7% solar cells 16.7% efficiency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16.7% solar cells 16.7% efficiency I
+will send my Engineers to your factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send my Engineers to your factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send my Engineers to your factory
+and they will help you get the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will help you get the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will help you get the equipment
+set up and running and once it's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and running and once it's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and running and once it's running
+up to spec then they'll come back home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to spec then they'll come back home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to spec then they'll come back home
+and you'll be on your own and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be on your own and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be on your own and you'll be
+able to optimize it further and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to optimize it further and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to optimize it further and so you
+walk in knowing that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in knowing that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in knowing that you have this
+guarantee of a performance then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of a performance then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of a performance then you can
+go to your financing agency you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your financing agency you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your financing agency you can go
+to Joe and say Hey Joe give me money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joe and say Hey Joe give me money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joe and say Hey Joe give me money
+from my new Factory uh I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my new Factory uh I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my new Factory uh I have a
+guarantee that I'm going to hit 16.7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that I'm going to hit 16.7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that I'm going to hit 16.7%
+and have a pathway to get to 17.2 my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a pathway to get to 17.2 my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a pathway to get to 17.2 my my
+CTO right here thinks is a really smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO right here thinks is a really smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTO right here thinks is a really smart
+person and she has a pathway to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and she has a pathway to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and she has a pathway to get to
+another 0.5% out of it and so you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 0.5% out of it and so you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 0.5% out of it and so you can go
+to your your your your financer and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your your your your financer and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your your your your financer and get
+money more easily then say in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money more easily then say in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money more easily then say in the first
+scenario where you're given a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you're given a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where you're given a piece of
+equipment and then the person high tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and then the person high tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and then the person high tails
+out of there so TurnKey refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there so TurnKey refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of there so TurnKey refers to the
+idea that you turn the line on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you turn the line on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you turn the line on you
+essentially turn the key and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially turn the key and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially turn the key and you're
+getting high performance out in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting high performance out in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting high performance out in reality
+it takes a month or two to ramp up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a month or two to ramp up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a month or two to ramp up to
+that point to get high yields and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to get high yields and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point to get high yields and to get
+high performance but you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance but you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high performance but you have the
+support of the company there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the company there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of the company there on the
+ground helping you achieve that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground helping you achieve that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground helping you achieve that and the
+turnkey lines were actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnkey lines were actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turnkey lines were actually one of the
+real reasons why technology float around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reasons why technology float around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real reasons why technology float around
+the planet so quickly because up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet so quickly because up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet so quickly because up until
+about the mid-2000s high efficiency cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mid-2000s high efficiency cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mid-2000s high efficiency cell
+was limited to a few Laboratories and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was limited to a few Laboratories and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was limited to a few Laboratories and a
+few companies in the know but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few companies in the know but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few companies in the know but once
+TurnKey equipment manufacturers got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey equipment manufacturers got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TurnKey equipment manufacturers got into
+the mix they started creating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix they started creating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix they started creating these
+these TurnKey lines and selling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these TurnKey lines and selling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these TurnKey lines and selling the
+equipment around the world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment around the world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment around the world and the
+expertise of how to make high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of how to make high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of how to make high efficiency
+devices both the architecture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices both the architecture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices both the architecture and the
+processing knowhow and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing knowhow and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing knowhow and this is how
+within the last 5 to 10 years you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 5 to 10 years you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the last 5 to 10 years you've
+seen such an explosion of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen such an explosion of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen such an explosion of companies
+around the globe in all sorts of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe in all sorts of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe in all sorts of places
+that traditionally haven't been experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traditionally haven't been experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traditionally haven't been experts
+in solar cell manufacturing suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar cell manufacturing suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solar cell manufacturing suddenly
+knowing how to manufacture solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to manufacture solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how to manufacture solar cells
+uh it flows the the know how flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it flows the the know how flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it flows the the know how flows
+through the equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the equipment
+vendors so finally testing and sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors so finally testing and sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors so finally testing and sorting
+this is the last stage of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last stage of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last stage of the solar
+sound manufacturing process here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound manufacturing process here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound manufacturing process here we see
+a little a pick in place that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a pick in place that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little a pick in place that means a
+little robot that picks up Wafers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little robot that picks up Wafers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little robot that picks up Wafers and
+deposits them the simplest Incarnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits them the simplest Incarnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits them the simplest Incarnation
+is just suction cup uh the more fancy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just suction cup uh the more fancy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just suction cup uh the more fancy uh
+ones involve bruli lifters essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones involve bruli lifters essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones involve bruli lifters essentially
+uh pressure differentials pulling Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pressure differentials pulling Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pressure differentials pulling Wafers
+up um so you have uh Wafers being loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um so you have uh Wafers being loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um so you have uh Wafers being loaded
+onto a conveyor belt coming off of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a conveyor belt coming off of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a conveyor belt coming off of one
+conveyor belt onto another one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt onto another one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt onto another one and
+they're moving forward and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving forward and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving forward and what you see
+right here in very low resolution are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in very low resolution are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in very low resolution are
+two probes coming down um this evidently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probes coming down um this evidently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probes coming down um this evidently
+is a a two busar cell not a three busar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a two busar cell not a three busar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a two busar cell not a three busar
+cell like this one the probes come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell like this one the probes come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell like this one the probes come down
+and make contact with the bus bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make contact with the bus bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make contact with the bus bars and
+the probes have multiple contact points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probes have multiple contact points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probes have multiple contact points
+so that the uh so that series resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the uh so that series resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the uh so that series resistance
+along the bus bar is not affecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bus bar is not affecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the bus bar is not affecting your
+measurement cell efficiency measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement cell efficiency measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement cell efficiency measurement
+is always tricky because depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always tricky because depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always tricky because depending on
+where you put your probes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put your probes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put your probes your
+measurements are going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are going to change
+because of the series resistance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the series resistance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the series resistance so
+these probes right here are are long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probes right here are are long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these probes right here are are long and
+they contain multiple contact points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contain multiple contact points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they contain multiple contact points and
+they're essentially touching the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially touching the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're essentially touching the bus
+bars and light flashes onto the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and light flashes onto the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and light flashes onto the device
+simulating the Sun so simulating am 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating the Sun so simulating am 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating the Sun so simulating am 1.5
+conditions and an IV curve is measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and an IV curve is measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and an IV curve is measured
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+swept I can't really tell from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept I can't really tell from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swept I can't really tell from the
+photograph or from the movie right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph or from the movie right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph or from the movie right here
+whether the IV curve is being swept at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the IV curve is being swept at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the IV curve is being swept at
+illumination meaning you're sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination meaning you're sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination meaning you're sweeping
+your voltage when the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voltage when the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your voltage when the cell is
+illuminated or whether the illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated or whether the illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated or whether the illumination
+intensity itself is used used to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity itself is used used to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity itself is used used to vary
+the forward bias condition of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward bias condition of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward bias condition of the cell
+uh they could be doing it in one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they could be doing it in one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they could be doing it in one of two
+ways but um but most likely what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but um but most likely what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but um but most likely what they're
+doing is they're they're flashing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're they're flashing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is they're they're flashing the
+light uh measuring the uh IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh measuring the uh IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh measuring the uh IV
+characteristic of the device and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the device and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the device and then
+sorting the cell based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the cell based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting the cell based on that
+performance it goes into a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it goes into a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it goes into a computer
+efficiency is calculated just like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is calculated just like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is calculated just like you
+did on your homework just like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on your homework just like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on your homework just like that it's
+calculated and then as the cell moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and then as the cell moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and then as the cell moves
+down the line the robot knows oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line the robot knows oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line the robot knows oh that's
+the cell that got 166 we put it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that got 166 we put it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that got 166 we put it over
+here oh that next cell got 168 we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh that next cell got 168 we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh that next cell got 168 we put it
+over there some of traditional companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there some of traditional companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there some of traditional companies
+sort their cells based on color because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort their cells based on color because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort their cells based on color because
+they want to have the aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have the aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have the aesthetic
+appearance of homogeneity within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of homogeneity within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of homogeneity within the
+module they want every cell to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module they want every cell to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module they want every cell to be of
+uniform uh uh uh aesthetic value inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh uh uh aesthetic value inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform uh uh uh aesthetic value inside
+of a module so that you have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a module so that you have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a module so that you have a nice
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+color is that consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is that consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is that consider
+or different um that would re whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different um that would re whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different um that would re whether or
+not this module right here is considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this module right here is considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this module right here is considered
+uniform or different would depend on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform or different would depend on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform or different would depend on you
+Jessica you're the customer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica you're the customer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica you're the customer and you
+decide whether this is good enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether this is good enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether this is good enough for
+you or whether it's not so it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or whether it's not so it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or whether it's not so it's not all
+right well then we have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then we have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then we have to work
+harder so the uh the the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so the uh the the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder so the uh the the customer
+requirements really drive the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements really drive the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements really drive the industry
+so some customers are more Discerning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some customers are more Discerning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some customers are more Discerning
+obviously if this is going to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if this is going to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if this is going to a large
+field installation we have big barbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field installation we have big barbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field installation we have big barbed
+wire around it who cares as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire around it who cares as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire around it who cares as long as the
+module's producing high performance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module's producing high performance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module's producing high performance but
+if it's sitting on the facade of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's sitting on the facade of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's sitting on the facade of the
+train station in downtown Friberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train station in downtown Friberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train station in downtown Friberg
+Germany where every single person riding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where every single person riding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany where every single person riding
+the train entering the station sees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train entering the station sees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train entering the station sees the
+modules aligning the side of deche Ban's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules aligning the side of deche Ban's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules aligning the side of deche Ban's
+headquarters you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters you want to make sure that
+those look nice right so there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those look nice right so there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those look nice right so there are there
+are differences depending on where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences depending on where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences depending on where they
+go and where they're installed um high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and where they're installed um high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and where they're installed um high
+efficiency cell architectures so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency cell architectures so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency cell architectures so there
+are a plethora of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a plethora of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a plethora of different
+architectures out there um there are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures out there um there are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures out there um there are uh
+there are some that for example put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that for example put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some that for example put all
+their contacts on the backside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contacts on the backside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contacts on the backside so
+there's no shading and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no shading and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no shading and these are
+interdigitated positive negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitated positive negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitated positive negative
+positive negative positive negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative positive negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive negative positive negative
+contacts here so this is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts here so this is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts here so this is called an
+interdigitated back contact structure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitated back contact structure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdigitated back contact structure uh
+it's used by the company called sunpow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used by the company called sunpow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used by the company called sunpow
+and so there's no uh metal ation loss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's no uh metal ation loss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's no uh metal ation loss in
+the front side all your contexts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side all your contexts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front side all your contexts in the
+back uh because lateral carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh because lateral carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh because lateral carrier
+diffusion is involved meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is involved meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is involved meaning the
+carriers have to diffuse laterally they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers have to diffuse laterally they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers have to diffuse laterally they
+don't have to diffuse only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to diffuse only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to diffuse only
+one-dimensionally you probably can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensionally you probably can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensionally you probably can't use
+pc1d to model this cell you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc1d to model this cell you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pc1d to model this cell you'll have to
+use a two-dimensional device simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a two-dimensional device simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a two-dimensional device simulation
+like Centaurus and if anybody has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Centaurus and if anybody has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Centaurus and if anybody has any
+two-dimensional device simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional device simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional device simulation
+questions Ashley right here in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Ashley right here in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Ashley right here in the front
+is our resident expert so you're welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our resident expert so you're welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our resident expert so you're welcome
+to ask her um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and then there are also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then there are also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then there are also other
+device architectures which will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device architectures which will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device architectures which will get to
+during our thin films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our thin films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our thin films
+discussions um a couple of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions um a couple of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions um a couple of of uh
+ancillary topics barriers to scale uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary topics barriers to scale uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary topics barriers to scale uh
+this is the size of a 1 gwatt Peak plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the size of a 1 gwatt Peak plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the size of a 1 gwatt Peak plant
+manufacturing facility for wafers cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility for wafers cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility for wafers cells
+and modules um this is a palm tree right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules um this is a palm tree right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modules um this is a palm tree right
+here these are roads so you get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are roads so you get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these are roads so you get a sense
+of scale uh this is located in Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale uh this is located in Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale uh this is located in Singapore
+it's produced it's a company uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced it's a company uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced it's a company uh called
+re that has this Factory these are 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re that has this Factory these are 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re that has this Factory these are 18
+wheelers right here that are taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelers right here that are taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelers right here that are taking the
+uh the materials out and selling them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the materials out and selling them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the materials out and selling them to
+customers so you get a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so you get a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so you get a sense of the
+scale of these uh these companies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of these uh these companies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of these uh these companies of
+these these uh facilities they're rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh facilities they're rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh facilities they're rather
+big and if you say okay this is a gwatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and if you say okay this is a gwatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and if you say okay this is a gwatt
+Fab but we need to be producing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab but we need to be producing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fab but we need to be producing on the
+scale of terawatts which are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of terawatts which are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of terawatts which are three
+orders of magnitude larger in area than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude larger in area than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude larger in area than
+this how big is that factory going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big is that factory going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big is that factory going to be
+it's about the half of the State of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the half of the State of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the half of the State of
+Rhode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rhode
+Island so um granted it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island so um granted it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island so um granted it'll be
+distributed throughout many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed throughout many different
+regions but it's a big big Factory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions but it's a big big Factory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions but it's a big big Factory so
+one of the interesting questions is can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting questions is can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting questions is can
+we produce the Silicon in a faster way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce the Silicon in a faster way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce the Silicon in a faster way
+that involves less area less because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves less area less because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves less area less because
+area generally relates to Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area generally relates to Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area generally relates to Capital
+Equipment costs not always but but quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment costs not always but but quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equipment costs not always but but quite
+typically if have a larger area because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if have a larger area because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if have a larger area because
+you need more equipment in there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more equipment in there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more equipment in there for
+more equipment it's a higher cost so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equipment it's a higher cost so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equipment it's a higher cost so can
+the production cost be reduced by higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production cost be reduced by higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production cost be reduced by higher
+throughput growth me mechanisms right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput growth me mechanisms right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput growth me mechanisms right so
+instead of using uh thin film or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using uh thin film or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using uh thin film or
+crystallin technologies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin technologies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin technologies that are
+currently being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being used
+today apologies for that instead if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today apologies for that instead if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today apologies for that instead if we
+used um let's say a float glass like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um let's say a float glass like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used um let's say a float glass like
+process uh so these would be extruded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh so these would be extruded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh so these would be extruded
+pieces of silicon on some bed of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon on some bed of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon on some bed of liquid
+tin would be for float glass some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin would be for float glass some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin would be for float glass some
+equivalent for silicon um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent for silicon um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent for silicon um you could
+reduce the area by about two orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the area by about two orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the area by about two orders of
+magnitude and if we invention instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and if we invention instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and if we invention instead
+these high-speed printers that print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high-speed printers that print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high-speed printers that print out
+your reports for your exam or class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reports for your exam or class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reports for your exam or class
+notes they're spitting out 55 pages per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they're spitting out 55 pages per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they're spitting out 55 pages per
+minute on 8 and 1 half by 11 in squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on 8 and 1 half by 11 in squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on 8 and 1 half by 11 in squared
+sheets If instead those were 15% solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets If instead those were 15% solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets If instead those were 15% solar
+cells being printed you could Envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells being printed you could Envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells being printed you could Envision
+an area size of five football fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area size of five football fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area size of five football fields
+instead so this starts opening the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so this starts opening the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so this starts opening the the
+mind that wow um our way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that wow um our way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that wow um our way of
+manufacturing these solar cells this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing these solar cells this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing these solar cells this
+discrete process where it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete process where it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete process where it's very
+segregated way for cell and module way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated way for cell and module way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated way for cell and module way
+for manufacturing like almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing like almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing like almost like a
+commodity uh Ingot of of aluminum uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity uh Ingot of of aluminum uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity uh Ingot of of aluminum uh the
+cell like a device the uh module as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell like a device the uh module as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell like a device the uh module as
+we'll see in a second like an automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a second like an automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in a second like an automobile
+an assembly process if instead we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly process if instead we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assembly process if instead we manage
+to blend these processes together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blend these processes together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blend these processes together and
+reduce the the barriers the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the the barriers the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the the barriers the discrete
+barriers between these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers between these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers between these different
+processes and reinvent the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and reinvent the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and reinvent the manufacturing
+process thereof we stand to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process thereof we stand to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process thereof we stand to make this a
+lot cheaper and a lot faster uh and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cheaper and a lot faster uh and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot cheaper and a lot faster uh and a
+lot smaller to produce might even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller to produce might even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller to produce might even have
+our own solar cell manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own solar cell manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own solar cell manufacturing
+equipment mounted on our desk when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment mounted on our desk when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment mounted on our desk when we
+need to print a solar cell device or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to print a solar cell device or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to print a solar cell device or
+power something we can produce it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power something we can produce it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power something we can produce it uh
+right there so that's kind of the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so that's kind of the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so that's kind of the vision
+of the future where this might be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future where this might be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future where this might be going
+and why bright Minds like yourselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why bright Minds like yourselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why bright Minds like yourselves are
+needed we talked about silver we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed we talked about silver we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed we talked about silver we know
+there's a limit for how much silver can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit for how much silver can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit for how much silver can
+be used in the front contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in the front contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in the front contact
+metalization we're using about 10% of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization we're using about 10% of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metalization we're using about 10% of it
+right now um and if you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um and if you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um and if you're looking for
+environmental impact of Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental impact of Crystal and
+silicon Technologies I've uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Technologies I've uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon Technologies I've uh I've
+included many different sites right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included many different sites right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included many different sites right here
+that talk about the environmental impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about the environmental impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about the environmental impact
+of solar cell manufacturing since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solar cell manufacturing since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solar cell manufacturing since we
+have mentioned uh uh acids we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned uh uh acids we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned uh uh acids we have
+mentioned gases like siline uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned gases like siline uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned gases like siline uh We've
+mentioned uh CO2 production uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh CO2 production uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned uh CO2 production uh when we
+produce the Wafers we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the Wafers we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the Wafers we'll talk about this
+later on in the class but uh in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the class but uh in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the class but uh in in in
+essence we're looking at around oneth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence we're looking at around oneth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence we're looking at around oneth uh
+or 12th the CO2 intensity of coal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12th the CO2 intensity of coal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12th the CO2 intensity of coal so
+it's not a zero emission source to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a zero emission source to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a zero emission source to
+produce that module but it certainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that module but it certainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that module but it certainly is
+a lot less than say our fossil fuel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less than say our fossil fuel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot less than say our fossil fuel uh
+source sources um this declining US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source sources um this declining US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source sources um this declining US
+market share has really captured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share has really captured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market share has really captured the
+attention of politicians lately uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of politicians lately uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention of politicians lately uh the
+fact that the US used to comprise 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the US used to comprise 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the US used to comprise 75% of
+the PB production Market this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PB production Market this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PB production Market this is to
+produce manufacture the modules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce manufacture the modules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce manufacture the modules and
+today is on the order 5% uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is on the order 5% uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is on the order 5% uh this is a
+risen concern within many uh in the doe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen concern within many uh in the doe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen concern within many uh in the doe
+and and today's uh uh doe in government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and today's uh uh doe in government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and today's uh uh doe in government
+uh meanwhile the market has grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meanwhile the market has grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meanwhile the market has grown
+substantially and so an open question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and so an open question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and so an open question is
+what is the future uh of US market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the future uh of US market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the future uh of US market share
+um if all goes well we should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if all goes well we should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if all goes well we should have a
+small Green Tech media article published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Green Tech media article published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small Green Tech media article published
+on this topic probably within about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic probably within about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic probably within about a
+week or so uh so keep your eyes open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or so uh so keep your eyes open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week or so uh so keep your eyes open and
+um let me briefly jump into module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me briefly jump into module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me briefly jump into module
+manufacturing do we have a question oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing do we have a question oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing do we have a question oh
+we're all set okay I'm going to hop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set okay I'm going to hop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set okay I'm going to hop into
+module manufacturing do the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module manufacturing do the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module manufacturing do the last five
+minutes just to show you how you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just to show you how you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just to show you how you go from
+the cell to the module it's an assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to the module it's an assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to the module it's an assembly
+process very very uh straightforward we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very very uh straightforward we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very very uh straightforward we
+have coming in here uh sheets of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coming in here uh sheets of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coming in here uh sheets of glass
+en caps materials and we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en caps materials and we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en caps materials and we'll be able to
+see this up close in person we feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this up close in person we feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this up close in person we feel the
+materials when we go visit FR hoofer CSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials when we go visit FR hoofer CSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials when we go visit FR hoofer CSC
+and the first week of November we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first week of November we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first week of November we have
+our field trip going up there that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field trip going up there that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our field trip going up there that'll be
+a lot of fun um and uh the encapsulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun um and uh the encapsulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun um and uh the encapsulant
+are a lot of fun they're polymerous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of fun they're polymerous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of fun they're polymerous uh
+they're really tough you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really tough you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really tough you can take the
+tedlar back skin this white stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedlar back skin this white stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedlar back skin this white stuff here
+in the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of the
+device that white skin right there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that white skin right there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that white skin right there this
+it's called tedlar as the name would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called tedlar as the name would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called tedlar as the name would
+suggest it comes from DuPont it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest it comes from DuPont it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest it comes from DuPont it's a
+polymer really really tough if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer really really tough if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer really really tough if you try
+to take some in your hand and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some in your hand and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some in your hand and try to
+tear it it's nearly impossible even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear it it's nearly impossible even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tear it it's nearly impossible even for
+the strongest people here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest people here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest people here so this
+impermeable very strong material the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impermeable very strong material the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impermeable very strong material the
+ethline El acetator Eva is a a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethline El acetator Eva is a a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethline El acetator Eva is a a polymer
+that that infuses uh the glass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that infuses uh the glass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that infuses uh the glass in the
+front side with the cell and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side with the cell and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front side with the cell and with the
+tedlar in the back it kind of forms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedlar in the back it kind of forms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedlar in the back it kind of forms this
+this um uh sticky mushy material when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh sticky mushy material when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh sticky mushy material when
+you heat it up above 150° C and it binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it up above 150° C and it binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it up above 150° C and it binds
+everything together in what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together in what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together in what's called a
+laminate so let's walk through that real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminate so let's walk through that real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminate so let's walk through that real
+quick to get to the point of a module we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to get to the point of a module we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to get to the point of a module we
+need to take our good apples with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take our good apples with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take our good apples with our
+Good Apples or our bad apples with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Apples or our bad apples with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Apples or our bad apples with our
+bad apples essentially the like Bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad apples essentially the like Bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad apples essentially the like Bend
+cells and start stringing them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and start stringing them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and start stringing them together
+that means contacting the front side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means contacting the front side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means contacting the front side
+with the back side of adjacent cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the back side of adjacent cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the back side of adjacent cells so
+the front of one cell is contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of one cell is contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of one cell is contact with
+the back of the next the front of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the next the front of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of the next the front of that
+one is connected to the back of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is connected to the back of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is connected to the back of the next
+and so forth and they're connected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and they're connected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and they're connected in
+series in a big long string and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in a big long string and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in a big long string and that's
+done at this tabing stringing and layup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at this tabing stringing and layup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at this tabing stringing and layup
+table typically this is done by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table typically this is done by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table typically this is done by an
+automated solder system I just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated solder system I just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated solder system I just put the
+cells together and IT wires them for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells together and IT wires them for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells together and IT wires them for you
+uh but usually there's a manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but usually there's a manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but usually there's a manual
+inspection process afterward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection process afterward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection process afterward because
+sometimes the soldering isn't perfect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the soldering isn't perfect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the soldering isn't perfect a
+human being is typically there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is typically there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is typically there uh
+fidgeting through making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidgeting through making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidgeting through making sure that
+everything is uh Primo then we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uh Primo then we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uh Primo then we have the
+lamination process which takes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamination process which takes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamination process which takes those
+strings they're very fragile at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings they're very fragile at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings they're very fragile at this
+point they're just uh solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they're just uh solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they're just uh solar cells
+connected with uh uh some uh solder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with uh uh some uh solder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected with uh uh some uh solder
+coated uh wire uh so they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated uh wire uh so they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated uh wire uh so they're very
+fragile at that point and these are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile at that point and these are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile at that point and these are then
+uh laid up on top of sheets of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laid up on top of sheets of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh laid up on top of sheets of um the
+encapsulate materials in the glass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate materials in the glass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate materials in the glass uh
+and uh eventually laminated together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh eventually laminated together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh eventually laminated together to
+form that nice uh package right uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that nice uh package right uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that nice uh package right uh so we
+at at the lamination stage coming out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the lamination stage coming out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the lamination stage coming out a
+lamination we'd have the glass on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamination we'd have the glass on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamination we'd have the glass on one
+side the tedlar in the back and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the tedlar in the back and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the tedlar in the back and the
+cells in between encapsulated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in between encapsulated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in between encapsulated by the
+ethyl vinyl acetate the Eva and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl vinyl acetate the Eva and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl vinyl acetate the Eva and we
+wouldn't have the frame yet around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the frame yet around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have the frame yet around it
+and so to put that frame we would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to put that frame we would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to put that frame we would need
+uh essentially a large machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially a large machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh essentially a large machine that
+takes those pieces of extruded aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those pieces of extruded aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes those pieces of extruded aluminum
+and pushes them together around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushes them together around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushes them together around the
+edges of the lament uh fixing them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the lament uh fixing them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the lament uh fixing them on
+there and um this is the examples of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um this is the examples of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and um this is the examples of of
+the tabbing and stringing right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tabbing and stringing right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tabbing and stringing right there
+and let's see okay so the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see okay so the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see okay so the the the the
+framing materials right here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing materials right here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing materials right here are
+typically done by machines in in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done by machines in in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically done by machines in in places
+with high labor costs and they're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high labor costs and they're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high labor costs and they're done
+by human beings pushing them together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by human beings pushing them together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by human beings pushing them together uh
+regions of low labor cost and finally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of low labor cost and finally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of low labor cost and finally uh
+the junction box is deposited at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction box is deposited at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junction box is deposited at the end
+and the junction box what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the junction box what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the junction box what it does is it
+collects the power outputs from each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects the power outputs from each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects the power outputs from each of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cells and very conveniently gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and very conveniently gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and very conveniently gives you
+two leads right so there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leads right so there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leads right so there could be some
+Power Electronics inside of here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics inside of here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics inside of here that
+says uh well that allows the current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh well that allows the current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh well that allows the current to
+flow around this module if this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow around this module if this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow around this module if this module
+is underperforming if it's broken or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is underperforming if it's broken or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is underperforming if it's broken or if
+it's shaded uh there'll be a bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaded uh there'll be a bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shaded uh there'll be a bypass
+diode inside of the junction box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode inside of the junction box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode inside of the junction box that
+allows the power to flow around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the power to flow around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the power to flow around the
+module not get sunk into it and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module not get sunk into it and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module not get sunk into it and it also
+works to collect the power outputs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to collect the power outputs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to collect the power outputs from
+all the cells and uh produces two leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells and uh produces two leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cells and uh produces two leads
+which can then be conveniently plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be conveniently plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be conveniently plugged
+into either adjacent modules which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into either adjacent modules which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into either adjacent modules which would
+be strung in series or into an inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strung in series or into an inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be strung in series or into an inverter
+uh which would then take the DC power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which would then take the DC power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which would then take the DC power
+here and convert it into AC power uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and convert it into AC power uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and convert it into AC power uh for
+your consumption and that is how a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption and that is how a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your consumption and that is how a solar
+cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is
+made so I I welcome you to spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so I I welcome you to spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made so I I welcome you to spend a few
+minutes at the very end to come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the very end to come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes at the very end to come up and
+take a close look at some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a close look at some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a close look at some of these
+materials um uh ask some further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um uh ask some further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials um uh ask some further
+questions and um on Thursday we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and um on Thursday we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and um on Thursday we'll start
+diving into thin film Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into thin film Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into thin film Technologies and
+talk about how those are made as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3UkGd3LK2NY.txt b/3UkGd3LK2NY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4aad1af9229a773fd563c0aa36ad46a7c99c5058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3UkGd3LK2NY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1412 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time, we began
+to address the issue of
+
+building continuous time
+signals out of a linear
+
+combination of complex
+exponentials.
+
+And for the class of periodic
+signals specifically, what
+
+this led to was the Fourier
+series representation for
+
+periodic signals.
+
+Let me just summarize
+the results that we
+
+developed last time.
+
+For periodic signals, we had
+the continuous-time Fourier
+
+series, where we built the
+periodic signal out of a
+
+linear combination of
+harmonically related complex
+
+exponentials.
+
+And what that led to was what
+we referred to as the
+
+synthesis equation.
+
+And we briefly addressed the
+issue of when this in fact
+
+builds, when this in fact is a
+complete representation of the
+
+periodic signal, and in essence,
+what we presented was
+
+conditions either for x of t
+being square integrable or x
+
+of t being absolutely
+integrable.
+
+Then, the other side of the
+Fourier series is what I
+
+referred to as the analysis
+equation.
+
+And the analysis equation was
+the equation that told us how
+
+we get the Fourier series
+coefficients from x of t.
+
+And so this equation together
+with the synthesis equation
+
+represent the Fourier
+series description
+
+for periodic signals.
+
+Now what we'd like to do is
+extend this idea to provide a
+
+mechanism for building
+non-periodic signals also out
+
+of a linear combination of
+complex exponentials.
+
+And the basic idea behind doing
+this is very simple and
+
+also very clever as I
+indicated last time.
+
+Essentially, the thought is the
+following, if we have a
+
+non-periodic signal or aperiodic
+signal, we can think
+
+of constructing a periodic
+signal by simply periodically
+
+replicating that aperiodic
+signal.
+
+So for example, if I have an
+aperiodic signal as I've
+
+indicated here, I can consider
+building a periodic signal,
+
+where I simply take this
+original signal and repeat it
+
+at multiples of some
+period t 0.
+
+Now, two things to recognize
+about this.
+
+One is that the periodic
+signal is equal to the
+
+aperiodic signal over
+one period.
+
+And the second is that as the
+period goes to infinity then,
+
+in fact, the periodic signal
+goes to the aperiodic signal.
+
+So the basic idea then is to
+use the Fourier series to
+
+represent the periodic signal,
+and then examine the Fourier
+
+series expression as we let
+the period go to infinity.
+
+Well, let's quickly see how this
+develops in terms of the
+
+associated equations.
+
+Here, again, we have the
+periodic signal.
+
+And what we want to inquire into
+is what happens to the
+
+Fourier series expression for
+this as we let the period go
+
+to infinity.
+
+As that happens, whatever
+Fourier series representation
+
+we end up with will correspond
+also to a representation for
+
+this aperiodic signal.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+The Fourier series synthesis
+expression for the periodic
+
+signal expresses x tilde of t,
+the periodic signal as a
+
+linear combination of
+harmonically related complex
+
+exponentials with the
+fundamental frequency omega 0
+
+equaled to 2 pi divided
+by the period.
+
+And the analysis equation tells
+us what the relationship
+
+is for the coefficients in terms
+of the periodic signal.
+
+Now, I indicated that the
+periodic signal and the
+
+aperiodic signal are equal
+over one period.
+
+We recognize that this
+integration, in fact, only
+
+occurs over one period.
+
+And so we can re-express this
+in terms of our original
+
+aperiodic signal.
+
+So this tells us the Fourier
+series coefficients in
+
+terms of x of t.
+
+Now, if we look at this
+expression, which is the
+
+expression for the Fourier
+coefficients of the aperiodic
+
+signal, one of the things to
+recognize is that in effect
+
+what this represents are samples
+of an integral, where
+
+we can think of the variable
+omega taking on values that
+
+are integer multiples
+of omega 0.
+
+Said another way, let's define
+a function, as I've indicated
+
+here, which is this integral,
+where we may think of omega as
+
+being a continuous variable and
+then the Fourier series
+
+coefficients correspond
+to substituting for
+
+omega k omega 0.
+
+Now, one reason for doing that,
+as we'll see, is that in
+
+fact, this will turn out to
+provide us with a mechanism
+
+for a Fourier representation
+of x of t.
+
+And this, in fact, then, is an
+envelope of the Fourier series
+
+coefficients.
+
+In other words, t 0 the period
+times the coefficients is
+
+equal to this integral add
+integer multiples of omega 0.
+
+So this, in effect, tells us how
+to get the Fourier series
+
+coefficients of the periodic
+signal in terms of samples of
+
+an envelope.
+
+And that will become a very
+important notion shortly.
+
+And that, in effect, will
+correspond to an analysis
+
+equation to represent the
+aperiodic signal.
+
+Now, let's look at the
+synthesis equation.
+
+Recall that in the synthesis
+our strategy is to build a
+
+periodic signal and let the
+period go to infinity.
+
+Well, here is the expression
+for the synthesis of the
+
+periodic signal now expressed
+in terms of samples of this
+
+envelope function, and where
+I've simply used the fact or
+
+the substitution that t 0 is 2
+pi over omega 0, and so I have
+
+an omega 0 here and
+a 1 over 2 pi.
+
+And the reason for doing that,
+as we'll see in a minute, is
+
+that this then turns
+into an integral.
+
+Specifically, then, the
+synthesis equation that we
+
+have is what I've
+indicated here.
+
+We would now want to examine
+this as the period goes to
+
+infinity, which means
+that omega 0 becomes
+
+infinitesimally small.
+
+And without dwelling on the
+details, and with my
+
+suggesting that you give this
+a fair amount of reflection,
+
+in fact, what happens as the
+period goes to infinity is
+
+that this summation approaches
+an integral over omega, where
+
+omega 0 becomes the differential
+in omega, and the
+
+periodic signal, of course,
+approach is
+
+the aperiodic signal.
+
+So the resulting equation that
+we get out of the original
+
+Fourier series synthesis
+equation is the equation that
+
+I indicate down here, x of t
+synthesized in terms of this
+
+integral, which is what the
+Fourier series approaches as
+
+omega 0 goes to 0.
+
+And we had previously that
+x of omega was in fact an
+
+envelope function.
+
+And we have then the
+corresponding Fourier
+
+transform analysis equation,
+which tells us how we arrive
+
+at that envelope in
+terms of x of t.
+
+So we now have an analysis
+equation and a synthesis
+
+equation, which in effect
+expresses for us how to build
+
+x of t in terms of
+infinitesimally finely spaced
+
+complex exponentials.
+
+The strategy to review it, and
+which I'd like to illustrate
+
+with a succession of overlays,
+was to begin with our
+
+aperiodic signal, as I indicate
+here, and then we
+
+constructed from that
+a periodic signal.
+
+And this periodic signal has a
+Fourier series, and we express
+
+the Fourier series coefficients
+of this as
+
+samples of an envelope
+function.
+
+The envelope function is what I
+indicate on the curve below.
+
+So this is the envelope of the
+Fourier series coefficients.
+
+For example, if the period t 0
+was four times t1, then the
+
+Fourier series coefficients that
+we would end up with is
+
+this set of samples
+of the envelope.
+
+If instead we doubled that
+period, then the Fourier
+
+series coefficients that
+we end up with
+
+are more finely spaced.
+
+And as t 0 continues to
+increase, we get more and more
+
+finely spaced samples of this
+envelope function, and as t 0
+
+goes to infinity in fact, what
+we get is every single point
+
+on the envelope, and that
+provides us with the
+
+representation for the
+aperiodic signal.
+
+Let me, just to really emphasize
+the point, show this
+
+example once again.
+
+But now, let's look at
+it dynamically on
+
+the computer display.
+
+So here we have the square
+wave, and below it, the
+
+Fourier series coefficients.
+
+And we now want to look at the
+Fourier series coefficients as
+
+the period of the square wave
+starts to increase.
+
+And what we see is that
+these look like
+
+samples of an envelope.
+
+And in fact, the envelope
+of the Fourier series
+
+coefficients is shown in
+the bottom [? trace, ?]
+
+and to emphasize in fact that
+it is the envelope let's
+
+superimpose it on top of the
+Fourier series coefficients
+
+that we've generated so far.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's increase the period
+even further, and we'll see
+
+the Fourier series coefficients
+fill in under
+
+that envelope function
+even more.
+
+And in fact, as the period gets
+large enough, what we
+
+begin to get a sense of is that
+we're sampling more and
+
+more finely this envelope.
+
+And in fact, in the limit,
+as the period goes off to
+
+infinity, the samples basically
+will represent every
+
+single point on the envelope.
+
+Well, this is about as
+far as we want to go.
+
+Let's once again, plot the
+envelope function, and again,
+
+to emphasize that we've
+generated samples of that,
+
+let's superimpose that on the
+Fourier series coefficients.
+
+So what we have then is now
+our Fourier transform
+
+representation, the continuous
+time Fourier transform with
+
+the synthesis equation expressed
+as an integral, as
+
+I've indicated here, and this
+integral is what the Fourier
+
+series sum went to as we let the
+period go to infinity or
+
+the frequency go to zero.
+
+The corresponding analysis
+equation, which we have here,
+
+the analysis equation being
+the expression for the
+
+envelope of the Fourier series
+coefficients for the
+
+periodically replicated
+signal.
+
+And in shorthand notation,
+we would think
+
+of x of t and [? its ?]
+
+Fourier transform as a pair,
+as I've indicated here.
+
+And the Fourier transform, as
+we'll emphasize in several
+
+examples, and certainly as is
+consistent with the Fourier
+
+Series, is a complex valued
+function even
+
+when x of t is real.
+
+So with x of t real, we end up
+with a Fourier transform,
+
+which is a complex function.
+
+Just as the Fourier series
+coefficients were complex for
+
+a real value time function.
+
+So we could alternatively, as
+with the Fourier series,
+
+express the Fourier transform in
+terms of it's real part and
+
+imaginary part, or
+alternatively, in terms of its
+
+magnitude and its angle.
+
+All right, now let's look at an
+example of a time function
+
+in its Fourier transform.
+
+And so let's consider an
+example, which in fact is an
+
+example worked out
+in the text.
+
+It's example 4.7 in the text.
+
+And this is our old familiar
+friend the exponential.
+
+It's Fourier transform is the
+integral from minus infinity
+
+to plus infinity, x of t, e
+to the minus j omega t dt.
+
+And so, if we substitute in x
+of t and combine these two
+
+exponentials together, these two
+exponentials combined are
+
+e to the minus t times
+a plus j omega.
+
+And if we carry out the
+integration of this, we end up
+
+with the expression indicated
+here and provided now, and
+
+this is important, provided that
+a is greater than 0, then
+
+at the upper limit, this
+exponential becomes 0.
+
+At the lower limit, of
+course, it's one.
+
+And so what we have finally is
+for the Fourier transform
+
+expression 1 over
+a plus j omega.
+
+Now, this Fourier transform as
+I indicated is a complex
+
+valued function.
+
+Let's just take a look at what
+it looks like graphically.
+
+We have the expression for the
+Fourier transform pair, e to
+
+the minus a t times [? a ?]
+
+[? step ?].
+
+And its Fourier transform is
+1 over a plus j omega.
+
+And I indicated that that's
+true for a greater than 0.
+
+Now, in the expression that we
+just worked out, if a is less
+
+than 0, in fact, the expression
+doesn't converge e
+
+to the minus a t for a
+negative as t goes to
+
+infinity, blows up, and so in
+fact the Fourier transform
+
+doesn't converge except for the
+case where a is greater
+
+than 0 And in fact, there is a
+more detailed discussion of
+
+convergence issues
+in the text.
+
+The convergence issues are very
+much the same for the
+
+Fourier transform as they are
+for the Fourier series.
+
+And in fact, that's not
+surprising, because we
+
+developed the Fourier
+transform out of a
+
+consideration of the
+Fourier series.
+
+So the convergence conditions as
+you'll see as you refer in
+
+detail to the text relate to
+whether the time function is
+
+absolutely integrable under
+one set of conditions and
+
+square integrable under another
+set of conditions.
+
+OK, now, if we plot the Fourier
+transform, let's first
+
+consider the shape of
+the time function.
+
+And as I indicated, we're
+restricting the time function
+
+so that the exponential
+factor a is positive.
+
+In other words, e to the
+minus a t decays
+
+as t goes to infinity.
+
+The magnitude of the Fourier
+transform is as I indicate
+
+here and the phase below it.
+
+And there are a number of things
+we can see about the
+
+magnitude and phase of the
+Fourier transform for this
+
+example, which in fact we'll
+see in the next lecture are
+
+properties that apply
+more generally.
+
+For example, the fact that the
+Fourier transform magnitude is
+
+an even function of frequency,
+and the phase is an odd
+
+function of frequency.
+
+Now, let me also draw your
+attention to the fact that on
+
+this curve we have both positive
+frequencies and
+
+negative frequencies.
+
+In other words, in our
+expression for the Fourier
+
+transform, it requires
+both omega
+
+positive and omega negative.
+
+This, of course, was exactly
+the same in the case of the
+
+Fourier series.
+
+And the reason you should recall
+and keep in mind is
+
+related to the fact that we're
+building our signals out of
+
+complex exponentials, which
+require both positive values
+
+of omega and negative
+values of omega.
+
+Alternatively, if we chosen
+other representation, which
+
+turns out notationally to be
+much more difficult, namely
+
+sines and cosines, then we would
+in fact only consider
+
+positive frequencies.
+
+So it's important to keep in
+mind that, in our case, both
+
+with the Fourier series and the
+Fourier transform, we deal
+
+and require both positive and
+negative frequencies in order
+
+to build our signals.
+
+Now, in the graphical
+representation that I've shown
+
+here, I've chosen a linear
+amplitude scale and a linear
+
+frequency scale.
+
+And that's one graphical
+representation for the Fourier
+
+transform that we'll
+typically use.
+
+There's another one that very
+commonly arises, which I'll
+
+just briefly indicate
+for this example.
+
+And that is what's referred to
+as a bode plot in which the
+
+magnitude is displayed on
+a log amplitude and log
+
+frequency scale.
+
+And the phase is displayed
+on a log frequency scale.
+
+Let me show you what I mean.
+
+Here is the general expression
+for the bode plot.
+
+The bode plot expresses for us
+the amplitude in terms of the
+
+logarithm to the base
+10 of the magnitude.
+
+And it also expresses the angle
+in both cases expressed
+
+as a function of a logarithmic
+frequency axis.
+
+So here is the amplitude
+as I've displayed it.
+
+And this is a log magnitude
+scale, a logarithmic frequency
+
+scale as indicated by the fact
+that as we move in equal
+
+increments along this axis,
+we change frequency
+
+by a factor of 10.
+
+And similarly, what we have is
+a display for the phase again
+
+on a log frequency scale.
+
+And I indicated that there is
+a symmetry to the Fourier
+
+transform, and so in fact, we
+can infer from this particular
+
+picture what it looks like for
+the negative frequencies as
+
+well as for the positive
+frequencies.
+
+Now, what we've done so far
+is to develop the Fourier
+
+transform on the basis, the
+Fourier transform of an
+
+aperiodic signal on the basis
+of periodically repeating it
+
+and recognizing that the Fourier
+series coefficients
+
+are samples of an envelope and
+that these become more finely
+
+spaced as frequency increases.
+
+And in fact, we can go back to
+our original equation in which
+
+we developed an envelope
+function, and what we had
+
+indicated is that the Fourier
+series coefficients were
+
+samples of this envelope.
+
+We then defined this envelope
+as the Fourier transform of
+
+this aperiodic signal.
+
+So that provided us with a way--
+and it was a mechanism--
+
+for getting a representation
+for an aperiodic signal.
+
+Now, suppose that we have
+instead a periodic signal, are
+
+there, in fact, some statements
+that we can make
+
+about how the Fourier series
+coefficients of that are
+
+related to the Fourier transform
+of something.
+
+Well, in fact, this
+statement tells us
+
+exactly how to do that.
+
+What this statement says is
+that, in fact, the Fourier
+
+series coefficients are
+samples of the Fourier
+
+transform of one period?
+
+So if we now consider a periodic
+signal, we can in
+
+fact get the Fourier series
+coefficients of that periodic
+
+signal by considering
+the Fourier
+
+transform of one period.
+
+Said another way, the Fourier
+series coefficients are
+
+proportional to samples
+of the Fourier
+
+transform of one period.
+
+So if we consider this a
+periodic signal, computed as
+
+Fourier transform, and selected
+these samples that I
+
+indicate here, namely samples
+equally spaced in omega by
+
+integer multiples of omega 0,
+then in fact, those would be
+
+the Fourier series
+coefficients.
+
+So we can go back to our
+example previously that
+
+involved the square wave.
+
+And now, in this case, we could
+argue that if in fact it
+
+was the periodic signal that we
+started with, we could get
+
+the Fourier series coefficients
+of that by
+
+thinking about the Fourier
+transform of one period, which
+
+I indicate here.
+
+And then the Fourier series
+coefficients of the periodic
+
+signal, in fact, are the
+appropriate set of samples of
+
+this envelope.
+
+All right, now, we have a way of
+getting the Fourier series
+
+coefficients from the Fourier
+transform of one period.
+
+We originally derived the
+Fourier transform of one
+
+period from the Fourier
+series.
+
+What would, in fact, be nice is
+if we could incorporate the
+
+Fourier series and the
+Fourier transform
+
+within a common framework.
+
+And in fact, it turns out that
+there is a very convenient way
+
+of doing that almost
+by definition.
+
+Essentially, if we consider
+what the equation for the
+
+synthesis looks like in both
+cases, we can in effect define
+
+a Fourier transform for the
+periodic signal, which we know
+
+is represented by its Fourier
+series coefficients.
+
+We can define a Fourier
+transform, and the definition
+
+of the Fourier transform is as
+an impulse train, where the
+
+coefficients in the impulse
+train are proportional, with a
+
+proportionality factor of 2
+pi for a more or less a
+
+bookkeeping reason, proportional
+to the Fourier
+
+series coefficients.
+
+And the validity of this is,
+more or less, can be seen
+
+essentially by substitution.
+
+Specifically, here is then the
+synthesis equation for the
+
+Fourier transform if we
+substitute this definition for
+
+the Fourier transform of the
+periodic signal into this
+
+expression then when we do the
+appropriate bookkeeping and
+
+interchange the order of
+summation and integration the
+
+impulse integrates out
+to the exponential
+
+factor that we want.
+
+So we have the exponential
+factor.
+
+We have the Fourier series
+coefficients.
+
+The 2 pis take care of each
+other, and what we're left
+
+with is the synthesis equation
+for aperiodic signal in terms
+
+of the Fourier transform, or in
+terms of its Fourier series
+
+coefficients.
+
+Now, we can just see this in
+terms of a simple example.
+
+If we consider the example of a
+symmetric square wave, then
+
+in effect what we're saying is
+that for this symmetric square
+
+wave, this has a set of Fourier
+series coefficients,
+
+which we worked out previously
+and which I indicate on this
+
+figure with a bar graph.
+
+And really all that we're saying
+is that, whereas these
+
+Fourier series coefficients
+are indexed on an integer
+
+variable k, and [? they're ?]
+bars not impulses.
+
+If we simply redefine or define
+the Fourier transform
+
+of the periodic signal as an
+impulse train, where the
+
+weights of the impulses are 2
+pi times the corresponding
+
+Fourier series coefficients,
+then this, in fact, is what we
+
+would use as the Fourier
+transform of
+
+the periodic signal.
+
+Now, we've kind of gone back and
+forth, and maybe even it
+
+might seem like we've gone
+around in circles.
+
+So let me just try to summarize
+the various
+
+relationships and steps that
+we've gone through, keeping in
+
+mind that one of our objectives
+was first to
+
+develop a representation for
+aperiodic signals and then
+
+attempt to incorporate within
+one framework both periodic
+
+and aperiodic signals.
+
+We began with an aperiodic
+signal.
+
+And the strategy was to
+develop a Fourier
+
+representation by constructing
+a periodic signal for which
+
+that was one period.
+
+And then we let the period
+go to infinity,
+
+as I indicate here.
+
+So we have an aperiodic
+signal.
+
+We construct a periodic signal,
+x tilde of t for which
+
+one period is the aperiodic
+signal.
+
+X tilde of t, the periodic
+signal, has a Fourier series,
+
+and as its period increases that
+approaches the aperiodic
+
+signal, and the Fourier series
+of that approaches the Fourier
+
+transform of the original
+aperiodic signal.
+
+So that was the first
+step we took.
+
+Now, the second thing that we
+recognize is that once we have
+
+the concept of the Fourier
+transform, we can, in fact,
+
+relate the Fourier series
+coefficients to the Fourier
+
+transform of one period.
+
+So the second statement that
+we made was that if in fact
+
+we're trying to represent a
+periodic signal, we can get
+
+the Fourier series coefficients
+of that by
+
+computing the Fourier transform
+of one period and
+
+then samples of that Fourier
+transform are, in fact, the
+
+Fourier series coefficients
+for the periodic signal.
+
+Then, the third step that we
+took was to inquire as to
+
+whether there is a Fourier
+transform that can
+
+appropriately be defined for the
+periodic signal, and the
+
+mechanism for doing that was to
+recognize that if we simply
+
+defined the Fourier transform
+of the periodic signal as an
+
+impulse train, where the impulse
+heights or areas were
+
+proportional to the Fourier
+series coefficients, then, in
+
+fact, the Fourier transform
+synthesis equation reduced to
+
+the Fourier series synthesis
+equation.
+
+So the third step, then, was
+with a periodic signal.
+
+The Fourier transform of that
+periodic signal, defined as an
+
+impulse train, where the
+heights or areas of the
+
+impulses are proportional
+to the Fourier series
+
+coefficients, provides us with
+a mechanism for combining it
+
+together the concepts or
+notation of the Fourier series
+
+and Fourier transform.
+
+So if we just took a very simple
+example, here is an
+
+example in which we have an
+aperiodic signal, which is
+
+just an impulse,
+and its Fourier
+
+transform is just a constant.
+
+We can think of a periodic
+signal associated with this,
+
+which is this signal
+periodically replicated with a
+
+spacing t 0.
+
+The Fourier transform of
+this is a constant.
+
+And this, of course, has a
+Fourier series representation.
+
+So the Fourier transform
+of the original
+
+impulse is just a constant.
+
+The Fourier transform of the
+periodic signal is an impulse
+
+train, where the heights of the
+impulses are proportional
+
+to the Fourier series
+coefficients.
+
+And, of course, we could
+previously have computed the
+
+Fourier series coefficients for
+that impulse train, and
+
+those Fourier series
+coefficients are
+
+as I've shown here.
+
+So in both of these cases, these
+in effect represent just
+
+a change in notation, where here
+we have a bar graph, and
+
+here we have an impulse train.
+
+And both of these simply
+represent samples of what we
+
+have above, which is the Fourier
+transform of the
+
+original aperiodic signal.
+
+Once again, I suspect that kind
+of moving back and forth
+
+and trying to straighten out
+when we're talking about
+
+periodic and aperiodic signals
+may require a little mental
+
+gymnastics initially.
+
+Basically, what we've tried to
+do is incorporate within one
+
+framework a representation for
+both aperiodic and periodic
+
+signals, and the Fourier
+transform provides us with a
+
+mechanism to do that.
+
+In the next lecture, I'll
+continue with the discussion
+
+of the continuous-time Fourier
+transform in particular
+
+focusing on a number of its
+properties, some of which
+
+we've already seen, namely
+the symmetry properties.
+
+We'll see lots of other
+properties that relate, of
+
+course, both to the Fourier
+transform and
+
+to the Fourier series.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3vKlYA7vXOk.txt b/3vKlYA7vXOk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16d77fb3549e75cdc64ed6cc0247bb5ee32827d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3vKlYA7vXOk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay you met the financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay you met the financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay you met the financing
+sources uh I got a little bit of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh I got a little bit of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh I got a little bit of insight
+there uh part of what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh part of what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh part of what you're going to
+need when you talk to them is some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need when you talk to them is some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need when you talk to them is some idea
+of what the financials look like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the financials look like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the financials look like for
+your business and joining us tonight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business and joining us tonight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business and joining us tonight to
+show you how to do that is uh Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do that is uh Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to do that is uh Charlie
+tillet now Charlie's been doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tillet now Charlie's been doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tillet now Charlie's been doing this for
+he was in the 10K I think he'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in the 10K I think he'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was in the 10K I think he'll talk
+about that a bit yeah um and uh I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a bit yeah um and uh I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a bit yeah um and uh I was in
+i' I've been doing things around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've been doing things around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' I've been doing things around the
+world I was in Istanbul two years ago uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I was in Istanbul two years ago uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I was in Istanbul two years ago uh
+in a in a setting with 25 teams from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a setting with 25 teams from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a setting with 25 teams from
+around the Muslim world and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Muslim world and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Muslim world and I was
+mentoring a team from Pakistan and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring a team from Pakistan and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentoring a team from Pakistan and I'm
+looking at their slide deck and I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their slide deck and I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their slide deck and I get to
+the financials and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financials and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financials and I
+say where did you get this template and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where did you get this template and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where did you get this template and
+they didn't quite understand what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't quite understand what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't quite understand what I was
+saying and I'm looking at it it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and I'm looking at it it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and I'm looking at it it was it
+was Charlie's template that he uses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Charlie's template that he uses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Charlie's template that he uses in
+the course so his speeches here have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course so his speeches here have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course so his speeches here have
+transformed Financial plans all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed Financial plans all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed Financial plans all over the
+world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in
+Pakistan and um he's graciously come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and um he's graciously come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan and um he's graciously come
+back uh to talk to us uh Charlie was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh to talk to us uh Charlie was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh to talk to us uh Charlie was the
+person I mentioned who I met outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mentioned who I met outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I mentioned who I met outside of
+the MIT Enterprise forum uh meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Enterprise forum uh meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT Enterprise forum uh meeting and
+uh asked him what he was doing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked him what he was doing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh asked him what he was doing and that
+led to a whole career with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a whole career with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a whole career with a bunch of
+entrepreneurs up north and I'll sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs up north and I'll sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs up north and I'll sort of
+let you pick it up there Charlie okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you pick it up there Charlie okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you pick it up there Charlie okay
+great thanks Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanks Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thanks Joe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what was the first store he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+told jumping in your pickup okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told jumping in your pickup okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told jumping in your pickup okay yeah so
+we'll we will get to that so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we will get to that so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we will get to that so it's it's
+great to be here tonight um I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be here tonight um I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to be here tonight um I've got
+probably twice as many slides as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably twice as many slides as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably twice as many slides as I
+should cover in in my uh a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover in in my uh a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover in in my uh a little over
+an hour that I've got so I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour that I've got so I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour that I've got so I'm going to go
+quick but feel free to ask any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick but feel free to ask any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick but feel free to ask any questions
+as we go along and what I'll try and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along and what I'll try and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along and what I'll try and do
+is I wrote down a few notes uh listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I wrote down a few notes uh listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I wrote down a few notes uh listening
+to the panel the great panel that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the panel the great panel that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the panel the great panel that we had
+here uh maybe some terms that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh maybe some terms that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh maybe some terms that you guys
+uh that they brought up that that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they brought up that that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they brought up that that they
+didn't really give enough explanation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really give enough explanation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really give enough explanation or
+background on so I'm going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on so I'm going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on so I'm going to try and
+touch on those as we go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on those as we go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on those as we go as
+well so tonight we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so tonight we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so tonight we're going to talk
+about your business plan financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your business plan financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your business plan financials
+putting together that critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together that critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together that critical
+spreadsheet that you've got to have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that you've got to have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that you've got to have when
+you walk into to that meeting right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into to that meeting right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk into to that meeting right or
+when you send someone your deck and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send someone your deck and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send someone your deck and how
+to put that together uh but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that together uh but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that together uh but we're going
+to step back a little bit and as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step back a little bit and as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step back a little bit and as people
+say I was a CFO of a couple of companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was a CFO of a couple of companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was a CFO of a couple of companies
+but part of my job was being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but part of my job was being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but part of my job was being a
+salesperson and what I would do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesperson and what I would do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salesperson and what I would do is I
+would walk into these meetings with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would walk into these meetings with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would walk into these meetings with a
+with a deck and with a team but my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a deck and with a team but my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a deck and with a team but my job
+was to sell that team to the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to sell that team to the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to sell that team to the investors
+and in in return they would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in return they would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in return they would give us
+money and we would give them stock but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we would give them stock but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and we would give them stock but
+what we're really selling is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're really selling is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're really selling is the the the
+team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team
+uh and and the concept that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the concept that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and the concept that of the
+business that we're we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that we're we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that we're we're trying to
+build uh then we'll talk about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh then we'll talk about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build uh then we'll talk about what is
+your business model oh and and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business model oh and and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business model oh and and building
+your financial projections and so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial projections and so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial projections and so my
+this template that I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template that I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template that I'm going to show you
+tonight is up on the website uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is up on the website uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is up on the website uh there's
+a new template this year it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new template this year it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new template this year it's got a
+little more detail in terms of cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail in terms of cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail in terms of cost of
+good sold in case you're doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sold in case you're doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sold in case you're doing uh
+something that's got more of a hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's got more of a hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's got more of a hardware
+component this gives a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this gives a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this gives a little more
+detail on that but that was what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on that but that was what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on that but that was what I was
+trying to think of so this template is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of so this template is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think of so this template is
+is going to to be out there uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to to be out there uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to to be out there uh so that
+you can download it it's an Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it it's an Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can download it it's an Excel
+spreadsheet you can start plugging your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet you can start plugging your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet you can start plugging your
+own stuff in it and I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own stuff in it and I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own stuff in it and I'll tell you the
+things that you need to to take out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to to take out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to to take out when
+you actually show it to someone and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually show it to someone and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually show it to someone and then
+the last part is we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part is we're going to talk
+about sharing the pie so I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing the pie so I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sharing the pie so I've talked
+I've added a couple things to this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added a couple things to this talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added a couple things to this talk
+about your plane putting together your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your plane putting together your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your plane putting together your
+your business plan spreadsheet um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business plan spreadsheet um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business plan spreadsheet um and
+one of them is talking about the Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is talking about the Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is talking about the Venture
+Capital perspective and helping you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital perspective and helping you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital perspective and helping you sit
+in in their shoes and and evaluate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in their shoes and and evaluate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in their shoes and and evaluate your
+your opportunity uh but also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opportunity uh but also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opportunity uh but also thinking
+about the other e other uses or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other e other uses or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the other e other uses or uh
+takers of equity in your company and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers of equity in your company and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers of equity in your company and by
+Equity I mean stock so uh I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity I mean stock so uh I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity I mean stock so uh I've got a
+couple slides on here on thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides on here on thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple slides on here on thinking about
+your company and all of the people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company and all of the people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company and all of the people and
+all of the entities that are could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the entities that are could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the entities that are could
+potentially get stock in your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially get stock in your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially get stock in your company
+and what that does to your ownership uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does to your ownership uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that does to your ownership uh
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+company so my background is I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so my background is I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so my background is I was a
+graduate from Sloan in 91 uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from Sloan in 91 uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from Sloan in 91 uh that was
+the inaugural year Well in 1990 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inaugural year Well in 1990 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inaugural year Well in 1990 was the
+inaugural year of the 10K contest uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaugural year of the 10K contest uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaugural year of the 10K contest uh was
+now the 100K and uh we were the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the 100K and uh we were the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the 100K and uh we were the third
+place team so rather than get you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place team so rather than get you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place team so rather than get you know I
+think it's now 20 or $30,000 worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's now 20 or $30,000 worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's now 20 or $30,000 worth of
+free legal service and Accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free legal service and Accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free legal service and Accounting
+Service um we got $300 to split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service um we got $300 to split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Service um we got $300 to split between
+the three of us um so since that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three of us um so since that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three of us um so since that wasn't
+enough to start our business uh we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start our business uh we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to start our business uh we all
+went our separate ways uh uh but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went our separate ways uh uh but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went our separate ways uh uh but what I
+did Joe introduce me to some guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Joe introduce me to some guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Joe introduce me to some guys who
+had an interesting idea for uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an interesting idea for uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an interesting idea for uh some
+network monitoring equipment and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network monitoring equipment and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network monitoring equipment and they
+didn't really know how to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know how to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know how to build a
+business around that and that experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business around that and that experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business around that and that experience
+in the 10K contest was critical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 10K contest was critical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 10K contest was critical because
+I'd worked with these two guys and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd worked with these two guys and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd worked with these two guys and we'd
+sat at the at we didn't have Wi-Fi at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat at the at we didn't have Wi-Fi at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat at the at we didn't have Wi-Fi at
+that time so we sit in the computer lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so we sit in the computer lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time so we sit in the computer lab
+plugging it into a spreadsheet you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging it into a spreadsheet you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging it into a spreadsheet you know
+at late at night going well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at late at night going well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at late at night going well if we
+increase this the sales price by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this the sales price by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this the sales price by this
+much what does it do to our business if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what does it do to our business if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what does it do to our business if
+we are able to reduce cost by this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to reduce cost by this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to reduce cost by this much
+what does it du to our business how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it du to our business how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it du to our business how many
+sales people are going we going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales people are going we going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales people are going we going to need
+and I went through that whole exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went through that whole exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went through that whole exercise
+of building that you know that template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building that you know that template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building that you know that template
+for this business for the business plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this business for the business plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this business for the business plan
+contest and because of that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest and because of that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest and because of that I had
+tremendous credibility when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous credibility when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous credibility when I started
+you know I knew what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I knew what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I knew what I was talking about
+when I went in to talk to these guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went in to talk to these guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went in to talk to these guys who
+had this data Communications uh product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this data Communications uh product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this data Communications uh product
+and I was able to convince them that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was able to convince them that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was able to convince them that I
+could help them build their model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help them build their model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help them build their model and
+and sure enough uh you know I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough uh you know I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough uh you know I was able
+to do that but it was the entering into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but it was the entering into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but it was the entering into
+the contest and working with the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contest and working with the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contest and working with the team
+and working through all of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working through all of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and working through all of that that
+helped give me that experience uh I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped give me that experience uh I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped give me that experience uh I the
+company was net Scout systems uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company was net Scout systems uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company was net Scout systems uh we
+completed uh several rounds of venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed uh several rounds of venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed uh several rounds of venture
+financing there uh and went public in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing there uh and went public in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing there uh and went public in
+1999 um I then got involved with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um I then got involved with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um I then got involved with a
+company uh which fortunately didn't last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh which fortunately didn't last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh which fortunately didn't last
+too long and uh then was at a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long and uh then was at a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long and uh then was at a data
+communic I'm sorry at a uh homeland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communic I'm sorry at a uh homeland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communic I'm sorry at a uh homeland
+security company that made bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security company that made bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security company that made bomb
+detection equipment for airports so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection equipment for airports so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection equipment for airports so
+completely different industry but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different industry but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different industry but the
+same metrics you know the same tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same metrics you know the same tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same metrics you know the same tools
+apply the same spreadsheet that I built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same spreadsheet that I built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the same spreadsheet that I built
+to get net Scout off the ground was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get net Scout off the ground was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get net Scout off the ground was the
+same spreadsheet that I used to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spreadsheet that I used to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spreadsheet that I used to get
+reveal off the ground and it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal off the ground and it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal off the ground and it's the same
+spreadsheet that you guys can all use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that you guys can all use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that you guys can all use to
+get your business off the ground I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your business off the ground I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your business off the ground I
+raised $125 million in in more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised $125 million in in more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised $125 million in in more than 10
+transactions over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions over that
+period so you're probably asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so you're probably asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so you're probably asking
+yourself you're probably saying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're probably saying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you're probably saying to
+yourself I'm too busy to do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm too busy to do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself I'm too busy to do my
+financials right I've got more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials right I've got more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financials right I've got more important
+things to do one they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do one they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to do one they're not going to be
+right anyway I mean who can sit here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyway I mean who can sit here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right anyway I mean who can sit here and
+say we're going to be able to be spoton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to be able to be spoton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're going to be able to be spoton
+on our financials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our financials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our financials
+right the others is the second is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the others is the second is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the others is the second is the
+VCS aren't going to believe it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS aren't going to believe it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS aren't going to believe it anyway
+they're going to look at your numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look at your numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look at your numbers
+and they're going to say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to say you know
+they've got got their own ideas of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got got their own ideas of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got got their own ideas of this
+and the and the third is you got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the third is you got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the third is you got more
+important things to do building the team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to do building the team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to do building the team
+figuring out what the product is and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the product is and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the product is and and
+looking at who your customers are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at who your customers are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at who your customers are but
+the reality is the financials are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality is the financials are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reality is the financials are the
+scoreboard you know the scorecard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoreboard you know the scorecard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoreboard you know the scorecard for
+your company so if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company so if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company so if you don't know what
+you're shooting for then how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting for then how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shooting for then how do you know
+whether you're making progress against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're making progress against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're making progress against
+those goals but the more important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those goals but the more important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those goals but the more important thing
+is kind of what I was talking about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what I was talking about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what I was talking about with
+me and my team in the 10K contest it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my team in the 10K contest it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my team in the 10K contest it
+helps you understand what your key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you understand what your key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you understand what your key
+assumptions are because you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are because you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are because you've got to
+put those assumptions into either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those assumptions into either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those assumptions into either
+numbers or formulas you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or formulas you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or formulas you've got to
+understand what the drivers are so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the drivers are so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the drivers are so if
+you're able to increase prices by 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to increase prices by 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to increase prices by 10%
+what does that do is that an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do is that an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do is that an important
+lever or not or is it more important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever or not or is it more important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lever or not or is it more important to
+get your cost down or is it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your cost down or is it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your cost down or is it more
+important to Outsource your development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Outsource your development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Outsource your development
+and get your R&D spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get your R&D spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get your R&D spend
+down um is it more important to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um is it more important to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um is it more important to do a
+software as a service model or sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software as a service model or sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software as a service model or sell it
+as a product and how do those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product and how do those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a product and how do those things
+impact how much cash you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact how much cash you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact how much cash you're going to
+need um so it so it's a great exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um so it so it's a great exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need um so it so it's a great exercise
+that helps you understand what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps you understand what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps you understand what's going
+on in your business because as the CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your business because as the CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your business because as the CEO
+of your company the number one job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your company the number one job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your company the number one job is to
+maintain the cash in the company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the cash in the company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the cash in the company you
+know it's the oxygen supply Supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the oxygen supply Supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the oxygen supply Supply and
+without that you can be doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that you can be doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that you can be doing everything
+else right but it doesn't take long for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right but it doesn't take long for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else right but it doesn't take long for
+people to start walking out the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to start walking out the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to start walking out the door
+when they're not getting a paycheck now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not getting a paycheck now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not getting a paycheck now
+your management team you we've had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your management team you we've had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your management team you we've had those
+days where I have to go to the guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where I have to go to the guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where I have to go to the guys and
+say hey guys there's not going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey guys there's not going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey guys there's not going to be any
+anything in the envelope this week but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the envelope this week but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the envelope this week but
+for your rank and file employees you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your rank and file employees you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your rank and file employees you
+really you can't be missing payroll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can't be missing payroll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can't be missing payroll and
+your vendors will only let you stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vendors will only let you stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vendors will only let you stretch
+out payables for so long so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out payables for so long so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out payables for so long so you've got
+to um you've got to know where you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you've got to know where you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you've got to know where you with
+um with your cash and and what cash you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with your cash and and what cash you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with your cash and and what cash you
+need so you don't need to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so you don't need to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so you don't need to be an
+accountant but you've got to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant but you've got to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountant but you've got to understand
+these key terms and you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these key terms and you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these key terms and you've got to be
+able to discuss them because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to discuss them because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to discuss them because the
+investors up here they they also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors up here they they also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors up here they they also don't
+expect you to be an accountant but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be an accountant but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be an accountant but they
+all they do expect you to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do expect you to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they do expect you to understand the
+drivers in your business um and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers in your business um and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers in your business um and and what
+the key metrics in your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key metrics in your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key metrics in your business
+are it reveal Imaging reveal Imaging was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it reveal Imaging reveal Imaging was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it reveal Imaging reveal Imaging was
+a company that made bomb detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that made bomb detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that made bomb detection
+equipment and there we had an Allstar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and there we had an Allstar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and there we had an Allstar
+management team we had five guys this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team we had five guys this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team we had five guys this
+was founded in 2003 18 months after 911
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded in 2003 18 months after 911
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded in 2003 18 months after 911
+we had five guys who had been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had five guys who had been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had five guys who had been in
+homeland security for more than a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeland security for more than a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeland security for more than a decade
+each so there were a lot of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so there were a lot of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so there were a lot of people who
+wanted to get into home home Homeland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get into home home Homeland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get into home home Homeland
+Security on September 12th okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on September 12th okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security on September 12th okay but
+there were not a lot of people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were not a lot of people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were not a lot of people who were
+in homeland security the homeland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homeland security the homeland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in homeland security the homeland
+security business on September 10th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security business on September 10th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security business on September 10th and
+we had had five of those guys here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had had five of those guys here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had had five of those guys here so we
+had a market opportunity the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a market opportunity the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a market opportunity the the
+Congress had said all bags that go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had said all bags that go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress had said all bags that go on
+all passenger bags that go on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all passenger bags that go on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all passenger bags that go on a
+passenger airliner in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger airliner in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger airliner in the United States
+have to be screened for explosives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be screened for explosives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be screened for explosives and
+we want a machine that can automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a machine that can automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a machine that can automatically
+do that we don't want people looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we don't want people looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we don't want people looking at
+x-ray images and there were machines on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray images and there were machines on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray images and there were machines on
+the market these guys had actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market these guys had actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market these guys had actually of
+the eight machines that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight machines that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight machines that had been
+certified these guys had been involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified these guys had been involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified these guys had been involved
+in getting four of those machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting four of those machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in getting four of those machines
+certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified
+so we really had an All-Star team they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really had an All-Star team they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we really had an All-Star team they
+had come up with an idea for a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up with an idea for a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up with an idea for a product
+that was half the size of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was half the size of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was half the size of the existing
+equipment um also half of the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment um also half of the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment um also half of the throughput
+but half of the cost and so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but half of the cost and so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but half of the cost and so those
+metrics were very compelling for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics were very compelling for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics were very compelling for the
+smaller airports like Burlington Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller airports like Burlington Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller airports like Burlington Vermont
+or Nantucket Mass uh rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Nantucket Mass uh rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Nantucket Mass uh rather than the
+Logan and so we had a but there's 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and so we had a but there's 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan and so we had a but there's 500
+airports in the country and one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports in the country and one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airports in the country and one by one
+they were getting ticked off by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting ticked off by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting ticked off by our
+competitors so we had an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors so we had an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors so we had an opportunity to
+get to Market that we had to get to fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Market that we had to get to fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to Market that we had to get to fast
+because once those airports were staffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once those airports were staffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once those airports were staffed
+with our competitor's equipment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our competitor's equipment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our competitor's equipment they
+were no longer an opportunity so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no longer an opportunity so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no longer an opportunity so we went
+out we hit the the ground running and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we hit the the ground running and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we hit the the ground running and we
+raised money from we started raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money from we started raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money from we started raising
+money the first day we got together as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the first day we got together as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money the first day we got together as a
+management team we raised an angel round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team we raised an angel round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team we raised an angel round
+within 90 days of a million dollars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 90 days of a million dollars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 90 days of a million dollars and
+then within six months we raised our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within six months we raised our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within six months we raised our
+first Venture round and it was a $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Venture round and it was a $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Venture round and it was a $5
+million but it was in two tranches so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but it was in two tranches so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million but it was in two tranches so
+the first the the tranches were a $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the tranches were a $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the the tranches were a $5
+million tranch and a second $5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tranch and a second $5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million tranch and a second $5 million
+tranch based upon hitting Milestones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tranch based upon hitting Milestones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tranch based upon hitting Milestones
+because we wanted to raise as much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to raise as much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted to raise as much money
+as possible but our investors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible but our investors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible but our investors were
+reluctant to give us everything up front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to give us everything up front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to give us everything up front
+so we reached this compromise where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reached this compromise where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reached this compromise where we
+said okay we're going to hit some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we're going to hit some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we're going to hit some
+milestones and because we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and because we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and because we had the
+financial plan and we knew how far five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial plan and we knew how far five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial plan and we knew how far five
+million would take us we knew what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million would take us we knew what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million would take us we knew what we
+could get done before we ran out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get done before we ran out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get done before we ran out of
+money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and
+so we were able to pre-negotiate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were able to pre-negotiate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we were able to pre-negotiate an
+increase in value upon hitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in value upon hitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in value upon hitting that
+Milestone now uh you know so it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone now uh you know so it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone now uh you know so it was it
+was kind of a win-win because we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a win-win because we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a win-win because we did not
+have to spend once we raised the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend once we raised the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend once we raised the 5
+million we didn't have to immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million we didn't have to immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million we didn't have to immediately
+start thinking about raising the next 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about raising the next 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about raising the next 5
+million because we had that kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because we had that kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million because we had that kind of in
+our Hip Pocket um all I can say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Hip Pocket um all I can say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Hip Pocket um all I can say is that
+as soon as we raised around of financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we raised around of financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we raised around of financing
+I started thinking about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started thinking about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started thinking about the next
+financing that we were going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that we were going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing that we were going to do it
+could have been Bank financing like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been Bank financing like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been Bank financing like an
+equipment line which is simply you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment line which is simply you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment line which is simply you know
+as you buy uh equipment for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you buy uh equipment for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you buy uh equipment for your
+manufacturing facility or as you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility or as you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility or as you buy
+computers for your software Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers for your software Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers for your software Engineers
+you send a copy of the invoice over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a copy of the invoice over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a copy of the invoice over to
+the bank and they will provide you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and they will provide you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank and they will provide you know
+they will give you 90% of that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will give you 90% of that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will give you 90% of that uh that
+money back and you now have a loan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and you now have a loan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and you now have a loan to
+the bank so it didn't look like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank so it didn't look like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank so it didn't look like a lot of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+$500,000 but as we were getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 but as we were getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 but as we were getting close to
+running out of money and we hadn't met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of money and we hadn't met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of money and we hadn't met
+that Milestone that we had committed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Milestone that we had committed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Milestone that we had committed to
+to get the second $5 million it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the second $5 million it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the second $5 million it was very
+that $500,000 was very important us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that $500,000 was very important us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that $500,000 was very important us
+because that gave us an extra three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that gave us an extra three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that gave us an extra three
+months of Runway you know to get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of Runway you know to get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of Runway you know to get closer
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+so I'm going to kind of take you behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to kind of take you behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to kind of take you behind
+the scenes to think about what does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenes to think about what does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scenes to think about what does a
+venture capitalist want when they put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist want when they put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalist want when they put in
+their money they're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money they're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money they're interested in
+getting a 3X to 5x absolute return so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a 3X to 5x absolute return so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a 3X to 5x absolute return so if
+they put $5 million in if they put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put $5 million in if they put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put $5 million in if they put a
+million dollars into your company they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars into your company they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars into your company they
+want to get $3 million back to $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get $3 million back to $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get $3 million back to $5
+million back on top of the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million back on top of the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million back on top of the million
+dollar so they've got to get $4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar so they've got to get $4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar so they've got to get $4 million
+to $6 million back and if it's $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $6 million back and if it's $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to $6 million back and if it's $5
+million you you know do the math their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you you know do the math their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you you know do the math their
+investment Horizon is 5 to seven years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Horizon is 5 to seven years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Horizon is 5 to seven years
+and what I will say is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I will say is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I will say is that you know
+when you take when you take Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take when you take Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take when you take Venture
+money that clock starts ticking the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that clock starts ticking the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that clock starts ticking the day
+that that money gets wired into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that money gets wired into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that money gets wired into your
+account and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and
+while um five years seems like a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um five years seems like a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while um five years seems like a long
+seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like
+forever the the investors realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever the the investors realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever the the investors realize that
+it that five years goes by in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that five years goes by in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that five years goes by in a
+heartbeat and they will start pounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat and they will start pounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heartbeat and they will start pounding
+you to run faster than you think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to run faster than you think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to run faster than you think you can
+possibly run from day one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly run from day one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly run from day one and it's
+motivating and that and that's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating and that and that's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating and that and that's a it's a
+great thing um if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing um if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing um if you have the right
+Partners they're helping you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners they're helping you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners they're helping you do the
+right things but you got to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things but you got to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right things but you got to recognize
+that it's going to be you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be you know I think
+they admitted it up here it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they admitted it up here it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they admitted it up here it's going to
+be a very intense environment when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very intense environment when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very intense environment when you
+take that money so you better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that money so you better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that money so you better be
+prepared for it um you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for it um you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for it um you know when you
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+money uh they also want to get I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh they also want to get I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh they also want to get I mean
+you heard you heard up here that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard you heard up here that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard you heard up here that they
+want to get a significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get a significant amount of
+money invested it depends on the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money invested it depends on the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money invested it depends on the firm
+some firms might want to put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firms might want to put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some firms might want to put in a
+million some firms might want to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million some firms might want to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million some firms might want to put in
+5 million um it depends on the firm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million um it depends on the firm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million um it depends on the firm but
+they want to have a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a significant amount
+of money uh invested and they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money uh invested and they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money uh invested and they want to
+have a significant ownership so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a significant ownership so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a significant ownership so they
+don't want to put in five M if $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put in five M if $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put in five M if $5
+million is their target they want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is their target they want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is their target they want to put
+in $5 million and get 10% of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in $5 million and get 10% of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in $5 million and get 10% of the company
+they want to have you know uh at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have you know uh at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have you know uh at an
+early stage investment they want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage investment they want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage investment they want to have
+a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount
+so the formula to think about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula to think about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formula to think about how much
+Equity you have to give up is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity you have to give up is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity you have to give up is the
+percentage of of equity that the Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of of equity that the Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of of equity that the Venture
+capitalists are going to get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists are going to get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists are going to get is the
+money that they invest and we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that they invest and we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that they invest and we'll have
+some examples on the next page divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples on the next page divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples on the next page divided
+by the pre-money Value Plus the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the pre-money Value Plus the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the pre-money Value Plus the money
+that they invested now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they invested now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they invested now that's the
+formula it doesn't really give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it doesn't really give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it doesn't really give you the
+answer because what's the pre-money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because what's the pre-money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because what's the pre-money
+valuation but as you heard up here kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation but as you heard up here kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation but as you heard up here kind
+of the the rule the the kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the rule the the kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the rule the the kind of where
+are where's the market today he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where's the market today he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where's the market today he was
+saying he sees a lot of companies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he sees a lot of companies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he sees a lot of companies in the
+$3 million to $6 million pre-money range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 million to $6 million pre-money range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 million to $6 million pre-money range
+right so there is kind of a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is kind of a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there is kind of a there's
+there's a sense of where the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense of where the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sense of where the market is
+today and what other companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what other companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and what other companies are
+getting um and but where that pre-money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um and but where that pre-money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um and but where that pre-money
+valuation comes in you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation comes in you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation comes in you know that's
+that's part of the negotiation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the negotiation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the negotiation that you
+have that's the key to the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's the key to the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's the key to the negotiation
+that you have to do the other part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do the other part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do the other part is
+you know how much money they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much money they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much money they're
+investing so if we look at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing so if we look at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing so if we look at a couple of
+examples here uh say a series a round $5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh say a series a round $5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here uh say a series a round $5
+million invested on a $5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million invested on a $5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million invested on a $5 million
+pre-money so we take the 5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-money so we take the 5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-money so we take the 5 million
+invested we we add that to the pre money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested we we add that to the pre money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested we we add that to the pre money
+a 5 million it's 5 over 10 it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 million it's 5 over 10 it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 5 million it's 5 over 10 it comes out
+to 50% if there's a series B let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50% if there's a series B let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50% if there's a series B let's say
+it's $10 million invested on a 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $10 million invested on a 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $10 million invested on a 15
+million pre money that'd be 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million pre money that'd be 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million pre money that'd be 10 million
+over 10 + 15 would be uh 10 over 255 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10 + 15 would be uh 10 over 255 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10 + 15 would be uh 10 over 255 or
+40% but recognize that when the series B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% but recognize that when the series B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% but recognize that when the series B
+money comes in the series a investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money comes in the series a investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money comes in the series a investors
+get diluted by the same 40% that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diluted by the same 40% that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diluted by the same 40% that
+everyone else gets diluted by and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else gets diluted by and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else gets diluted by and I have
+an example uh walking that walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example uh walking that walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example uh walking that walking
+through that um typically the A and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that um typically the A and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that um typically the A and the
+B investors are going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B investors are going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B investors are going to be the same
+people so the B investors are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so the B investors are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so the B investors are kind of
+deluding themselves but recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluding themselves but recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deluding themselves but recognize that
+that that delution happened so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that delution happened so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that delution happened so don't
+think that you're giving up 50% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're giving up 50% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you're giving up 50% of your
+compan compan and then 40% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compan compan and then 40% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compan compan and then 40% of your
+company and you're left with 10% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and you're left with 10% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and you're left with 10% of your
+company you're really left with you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you're really left with you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you're really left with you're
+really left with 30% of your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really left with 30% of your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really left with 30% of your company
+right so if if an investor is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if an investor is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if an investor is looking
+for three to five times on their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three to five times on their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three to five times on their money
+and they put $15 million in and they own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put $15 million in and they own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they put $15 million in and they own
+70% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70% of the
+company uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh then
+um you know three times the $15 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know three times the $15 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know three times the $15 million
+invest Ed is 45 million plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest Ed is 45 million plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest Ed is 45 million plus the
+original 15 million back so they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 15 million back so they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original 15 million back so they've got
+to get 60 million they own 70% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 60 million they own 70% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 60 million they own 70% of the
+company so you that company has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you that company has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you that company has to be
+valued at 85 million to 130 million for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued at 85 million to 130 million for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued at 85 million to 130 million for
+them to get that type of return and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get that type of return and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get that type of return and so
+in order to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get to that
+valuation you've got to grow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation you've got to grow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation you've got to grow your
+revenues to 40 to 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues to 40 to 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues to 40 to 60
+million so you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so you know there's a lot of
+businesses that you guys could start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that you guys could start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that you guys could start
+that can grow to you know you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can grow to you know you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can grow to you know you another
+comment you heard here was make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment you heard here was make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment you heard here was make sure
+that your investors and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your investors and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your investors and your
+opportunity and your investment dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and your investment dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and your investment dollars
+are aligned right one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aligned right one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aligned right one of the big
+problems was people going after what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems was people going after what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems was people going after what
+turned out to be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be a small
+opportunity with too much Capital so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity with too much Capital so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity with too much Capital so the
+problem is is that once someone has $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that once someone has $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that once someone has $15
+million invested in your company they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million invested in your company they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million invested in your company they've
+got to go after the big you've got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go after the big you've got to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go after the big you've got to go
+after the big return so you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big return so you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big return so you could have a
+business that could be a great business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that could be a great business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that could be a great business
+for you in a couple of your imit pals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in a couple of your imit pals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in a couple of your imit pals
+that goes to five $5 million in revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to five $5 million in revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes to five $5 million in revenue
+or $10 million in revenue and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $10 million in revenue and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or $10 million in revenue and you guys
+all you know there's three of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know there's three of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know there's three of you and
+each own 33% you have no outside income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each own 33% you have no outside income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each own 33% you have no outside income
+and it's very no outside investors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very no outside investors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very no outside investors it's
+very profitable it could be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profitable it could be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profitable it could be a great
+business that could that could be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that could that could be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that could that could be just a
+gold mine for you but it would not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mine for you but it would not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mine for you but it would not be an
+appropriate investment for some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate investment for some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate investment for some of our
+panelists here and if they had come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists here and if they had come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists here and if they had come in
+as an investor then there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an investor then there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an investor then there's going to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+mismatch and a lot of tension because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch and a lot of tension because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch and a lot of tension because
+you can't get to a happy place for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get to a happy place for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get to a happy place for for
+both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of
+you so I know that this screen is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I know that this screen is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so I know that this screen is a
+little bit hard to read here but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to read here but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit hard to read here but let me
+just walk you real quickly through if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk you real quickly through if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk you real quickly through if
+you've got you know if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know if you got a
+founding group here and that has 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding group here and that has 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding group here and that has 4
+million shares between all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million shares between all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million shares between all of the
+Founders they've got 100% of the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders they've got 100% of the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders they've got 100% of the equity
+and there's 100% right there you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 100% right there you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 100% right there you then
+bring in uh some early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in uh some early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in uh some early
+employees uh and give them you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees uh and give them you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees uh and give them you know and
+there'd be a list I have a list in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a list I have a list in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be a list I have a list in the
+back of showing kind of who would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of showing kind of who would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of showing kind of who would get
+what uh but you have some early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh but you have some early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh but you have some early
+employees and maybe some advisers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and maybe some advisers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees and maybe some advisers that
+get a number of shares and so already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number of shares and so already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a number of shares and so already
+the founders get deluded a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founders get deluded a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founders get deluded a little bit
+they then bring in an angel round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then bring in an angel round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then bring in an angel round of
+500,000 at a 4.5 million pre money so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 at a 4.5 million pre money so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500,000 at a 4.5 million pre money so we
+know from our formula 500,000 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from our formula 500,000 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from our formula 500,000 divided by
+5 million the angel investors are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million the angel investors are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 million the angel investors are going
+to get 10% in this case and in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 10% in this case and in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get 10% in this case and in all these
+cases new Shares are issued the founders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases new Shares are issued the founders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases new Shares are issued the founders
+continue to own their 4 million shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to own their 4 million shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to own their 4 million shares
+but now there's 5 million shares in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's 5 million shares in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now there's 5 million shares in the
+company and the founders have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and the founders have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and the founders have been
+diluted to 80% okay we now have our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted to 80% okay we now have our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted to 80% okay we now have our the
+kind of the classic a round uh venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the classic a round uh venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the classic a round uh venture
+capitalist come in and they put in 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist come in and they put in 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist come in and they put in 5
+million at the 5 million that I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million at the 5 million that I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million at the 5 million that I talked
+about earlier they get 50% but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier they get 50% but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier they get 50% but one of
+the things that is going to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that is going to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that is going to happen when
+the a round comes in is the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a round comes in is the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a round comes in is the investors
+are going to want to see that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to want to see that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to want to see that you have
+an option pool so that you can uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option pool so that you can uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option pool so that you can uh so
+that you can issue stock options to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can issue stock options to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can issue stock options to your
+employees because all employees like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees because all employees like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees because all employees like
+stock options and it help and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock options and it help and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock options and it help and it
+provides extra incentive uh to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides extra incentive uh to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides extra incentive uh to your
+employees but the investors are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees but the investors are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees but the investors are saying
+we we don't want to be uded for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't want to be uded for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't want to be uded for the
+first 100 people that you hire so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 100 people that you hire so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 100 people that you hire so you've
+got to set aside options to take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to set aside options to take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to set aside options to take care of
+those people without them being diluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people without them being diluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people without them being diluted
+so they still get their 50% but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they still get their 50% but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they still get their 50% but you've
+got to create this pool and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to create this pool and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to create this pool and in my
+example it's 12% but it's somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's 12% but it's somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's 12% but it's somewhere in
+the somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somewhere in the
+10% to 20% range right and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% to 20% range right and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% to 20% range right and that's that's
+a topic for discussion uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic for discussion uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic for discussion uh and
+negotiation with your V capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with your V capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with your V capitalist
+anything I'm saying wrong here feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm saying wrong here feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm saying wrong here feel free
+to hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hop
+in uh so then we have our La our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so then we have our La our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh so then we have our La our final
+round is that 10 million at 15 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is that 10 million at 15 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round is that 10 million at 15 million
+and these investors get 40% notice the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these investors get 40% notice the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these investors get 40% notice the a
+investors are now down to 30% and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors are now down to 30% and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors are now down to 30% and our
+founding team is down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding team is down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding team is down to
+18.2% so this kind of walks you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.2% so this kind of walks you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18.2% so this kind of walks you through
+the progression of how uh stock gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progression of how uh stock gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progression of how uh stock gets
+distributed to to both employees Angel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed to to both employees Angel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed to to both employees Angel
+Investors uh in vure Capital investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep ask seats on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep ask seats on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep ask seats on
+the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+third uh so the question is do they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh so the question is do they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh so the question is do they so
+first off is the the investors are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off is the the investors are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off is the the investors are going
+to get preferred shares that have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get preferred shares that have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get preferred shares that have many
+more rights than the common shares okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rights than the common shares okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rights than the common shares okay
+and there'll be anti-dilution Provisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be anti-dilution Provisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'll be anti-dilution Provisions
+there'll be ratchet Visions in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be ratchet Visions in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be ratchet Visions in case
+there's a Down Round but probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Down Round but probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Down Round but probably the
+most important thing that will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing that will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important thing that will always
+happen is that they will get board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that they will get board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that they will get board
+representation um and that is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um and that is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation um and that is a little
+bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a
+negotiated uh it's a little it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated uh it's a little it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated uh it's a little it's not
+negotiated that they have board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated that they have board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiated that they have board
+representation but what I've seen is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but what I've seen is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but what I've seen is so
+let's say that you're the founder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you're the founder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you're the founder you
+say we have two seats the founders have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have two seats the founders have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have two seats the founders have
+two seats on the board your venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seats on the board your venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two seats on the board your venture
+capitalist come in they get two seats on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist come in they get two seats on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist come in they get two seats on
+the board and then you agree that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and then you agree that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and then you agree that the
+fifth board me member will be mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth board me member will be mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth board me member will be mutually
+agreed upon uh and you know you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon uh and you know you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon uh and you know you've got
+to figure out you know you've again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out you know you've again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out you know you've again if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+problems deciding on a mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems deciding on a mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems deciding on a mutually
+agreeable fifth board member at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeable fifth board member at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeable fifth board member at this
+stage in the relationship then these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the relationship then these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in the relationship then these are
+not the right Venture guys for you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right Venture guys for you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right Venture guys for you to be
+working with okay so it should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with okay so it should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with okay so it should be pretty
+easy to find someone that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find someone that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to find someone that everyone
+agrees has indust you know has domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees has indust you know has domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees has indust you know has domain
+knowledge has expertise in the field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge has expertise in the field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge has expertise in the field has
+is an is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an is
+entrepreneurial uh and is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial uh and is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial uh and is going to be
+you know kind of neutral right so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of neutral right so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of neutral right so is
+that inter question y on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inter question y on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inter question y on the
+talking milliony but it the opport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking milliony but it the opport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking milliony but it the opport
+small what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small what are the
+options uh so her question is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh so her question is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh so her question is let's say
+you've taken more money than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken more money than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've taken more money than the
+opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity
+um there's there's really no Happ ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's really no Happ ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's really no Happ ending
+there because the investors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because the investors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because the investors are going to
+want you know they want to get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know they want to get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know they want to get their
+money back and a company that grows to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and a company that grows to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back and a company that grows to
+$5 million it it's kind of the walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 million it it's kind of the walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$5 million it it's kind of the walking
+debt right so you're now making enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt right so you're now making enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt right so you're now making enough
+money to where you're not going out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to where you're not going out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to where you're not going out of
+business but you're also there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you're also there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but you're also there's another
+problem there is that companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is that companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there is that companies that
+only get to5 and10 million now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get to5 and10 million now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get to5 and10 million now you
+know I don't know how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know how much how much
+revenue does Pinterest you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue does Pinterest you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue does Pinterest you know there's
+a lot of companies out there that are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of companies out there that are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of companies out there that are to
+have no revenue and have tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no revenue and have tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no revenue and have tremendous
+valuations but let's not pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations but let's not pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations but let's not pretend that
+we're going to let's not plan that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to let's not plan that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to let's not plan that we're
+going to catch lightning in a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch lightning in a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to catch lightning in a bottle
+okay so a company that has5 million to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a company that has5 million to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a company that has5 million to
+$10 million in Revenue the reality is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 million in Revenue the reality is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10 million in Revenue the reality is is
+there's a very small Market who who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very small Market who who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very small Market who who's
+going to buy a company like that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy a company like that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to buy a company like that when we
+were at reveal Imaging we grew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at reveal Imaging we grew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at reveal Imaging we grew the
+company to 100 million and uh we grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to 100 million and uh we grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company to 100 million and uh we grew
+the company to 50 million in Revenue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company to 50 million in Revenue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company to 50 million in Revenue but
+our com our buyers were Aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our com our buyers were Aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our com our buyers were Aerospace
+defense companies that are huge and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense companies that are huge and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense companies that are huge and they
+were you know they were willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know they were willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know they were willing to pay
+us 125 million for 50 million Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 125 million for 50 million Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 125 million for 50 million Revenue
+but nothing more than that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing more than that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing more than that they were
+indifferent is they were only willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent is they were only willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent is they were only willing to
+pay us you know kind of 1.5 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay us you know kind of 1.5 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay us you know kind of 1.5 times
+Revenue now they they were hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue now they they were hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue now they they were hoping that
+we would have 500 million in Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have 500 million in Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have 500 million in Revenue
+because they were willing to pay 1.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were willing to pay 1.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were willing to pay 1.25
+billion but the problem is is that A5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but the problem is is that A5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion but the problem is is that A5
+to10 million company doesn't get any big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to10 million company doesn't get any big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to10 million company doesn't get any big
+company who's your like it's too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company who's your like it's too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company who's your like it's too small
+to go public and your the big companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go public and your the big companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go public and your the big companies
+it's not big enough to move the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not big enough to move the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not big enough to move the needle
+especially if you've already proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you've already proven that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you've already proven that
+it's not going to go like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to go like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to go like that right
+you've already decided that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already decided that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already decided that it's going
+to go five six seven it does doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go five six seven it does doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go five six seven it does doesn't get
+anyone excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the business model in in my mind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the business model in in my mind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the business model in in my mind I
+mean you hear you've heard you heard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you hear you've heard you heard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you hear you've heard you heard the
+term use a couple of times on the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term use a couple of times on the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term use a couple of times on the panel
+tonight how I think of it is uh it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight how I think of it is uh it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight how I think of it is uh it's an
+income statement in percentage terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement in percentage terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement in percentage terms and
+I'll look at we'll show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at we'll show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at we'll show you some of the
+business models from a a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models from a a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models from a a number of
+companies and a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and a number of different
+indry Industries but when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indry Industries but when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indry Industries but when you think
+about your business model think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your business model think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your business model think about
+your business reaching critical mass do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business reaching critical mass do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business reaching critical mass do
+you have to have some kind of geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have some kind of geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have some kind of geographic
+dispersion right or do you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right or do you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right or do you need a
+critical mass of sales to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass of sales to in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass of sales to in order to
+get your uh you know volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your uh you know volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your uh you know volume
+pricing down uh or maybe it's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing down uh or maybe it's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing down uh or maybe it's the number
+of customers that gives you some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers that gives you some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers that gives you some some
+kind of synergy so when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of synergy so when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of synergy so when you think about
+your business you when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business you when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business you when you think about
+your your business model think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your business model think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your business model think about it
+it's in the happy times right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the happy times right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the happy times right it's
+reached critical mass and it it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached critical mass and it it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached critical mass and it it's kind
+of hitting on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting on all
+cylinders so how many are how many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders so how many are how many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinders so how many are how many are
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+15 okay about maybe about 30 about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 okay about maybe about 30 about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 okay about maybe about 30 about a
+third or maybe 40% so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or maybe 40% so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third or maybe 40% so this is going to
+be a little bit boring this section is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit boring this section is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit boring this section is
+going to be a little bit boring for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit boring for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit boring for you
+guys but I want to make sure everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but I want to make sure everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys but I want to make sure everyone's
+on the same page here so we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page here so we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page here so we talk about
+the income statement we start at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement we start at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income statement we start at the top
+and it's your sales number also also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your sales number also also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's your sales number also also
+called your Revenue number and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called your Revenue number and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called your Revenue number and that's
+the you know the products that you're sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the products that you're sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the products that you're sh
+you're shipping out the door or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shipping out the door or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shipping out the door or the
+service that you're providing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that you're providing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that you're providing and the
+dollar number that you're putting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar number that you're putting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar number that you're putting on
+that invoice so it's after any discounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invoice so it's after any discounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invoice so it's after any discounts
+that you give it's after any Kickbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give it's after any Kickbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you give it's after any Kickbacks
+or anything it's it's the number when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything it's it's the number when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything it's it's the number when
+you send out an invoice to that customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send out an invoice to that customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send out an invoice to that customer
+what's the Dollar on that invoice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Dollar on that invoice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Dollar on that invoice and
+and what's the check that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the check that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the check that you're going
+to get from that customer your cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from that customer your cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from that customer your cost of
+good sold is the material cost the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sold is the material cost the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good sold is the material cost the the
+labor it costs to build your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor it costs to build your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor it costs to build your product
+it's the facilities in which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the facilities in which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the facilities in which that
+product is built but it's also your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is built but it's also your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is built but it's also your
+support cost so if you ship a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support cost so if you ship a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support cost so if you ship a product
+and you have a one-year warranty or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a one-year warranty or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a one-year warranty or you
+have a you you have a tech support line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you you have a tech support line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you you have a tech support line
+that people are calling that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are calling that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are calling that's part of
+your cost too so you've got to staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost too so you've got to staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cost too so you've got to staff
+that tech support line you've got to man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tech support line you've got to man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tech support line you've got to man
+it maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's
+247 uh if you've got a hardware product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 uh if you've got a hardware product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 uh if you've got a hardware product
+and it breaks within the warranty period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks within the warranty period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it breaks within the warranty period
+you've got to fix that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to fix that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to fix that you've got
+shipping costs you might have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping costs you might have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping costs you might have to send
+someone out into the field if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone out into the field if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone out into the field if you've got
+a big machine like we had it revealed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big machine like we had it revealed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big machine like we had it revealed it
+weighed two tons um so those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed two tons um so those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed two tons um so those are all the
+things that go into your cost of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into your cost of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go into your cost of good
+sold it's not your R&D so it's not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold it's not your R&D so it's not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold it's not your R&D so it's not your
+programming cost those your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming cost those your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming cost those your you know
+your product development costs go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product development costs go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product development costs go down
+in R&D then you have your three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R&D then you have your three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R&D then you have your three main
+department sales and marketing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department sales and marketing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department sales and marketing and
+self-explanatory R&D would be all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory R&D would be all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory R&D would be all of
+your programming product development any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your programming product development any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your programming product development any
+material that gets bought uh as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that gets bought uh as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that gets bought uh as part of
+your uh product development process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh product development process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh product development process and
+your general and administrative is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general and administrative is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general and administrative is kind
+of everything else your CFO is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything else your CFO is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything else your CFO is in there
+your CEO is in there HR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CEO is in there HR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your CEO is in there HR
+it um your facilities you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um your facilities you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um your facilities you know your
+facility staff for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility staff for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility staff for the the
+non-manufacturing facility and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-manufacturing facility and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-manufacturing facility and at the
+bottom is your operating profit or eota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is your operating profit or eota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom is your operating profit or eota
+earnings before interest taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings before interest taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings before interest taxes
+depreciation and amortization and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and amortization and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation and amortization and I like
+to use that as the yard stick because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that as the yard stick because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that as the yard stick because it
+gets really complicated adding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really complicated adding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really complicated adding in
+capital expenses and depreciating stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital expenses and depreciating stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital expenses and depreciating stuff
+and that kind of obscures what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of obscures what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of obscures what's really
+going on in your business so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in your business so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in your business so I would
+urge you in your in your plans um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge you in your in your plans um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge you in your in your plans um don't
+don't depreciate anything and also don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depreciate anything and also don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depreciate anything and also don't
+start allocating your G General and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start allocating your G General and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start allocating your G General and
+administrative expenses across other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative expenses across other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative expenses across other
+departments just let them sit in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments just let them sit in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments just let them sit in in
+general in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general in your
+GNA so as I I get a lot of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNA so as I I get a lot of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNA so as I I get a lot of business
+plans I'm happy to look at anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans I'm happy to look at anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans I'm happy to look at anyone's
+business plans my emails at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plans my emails at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plans my emails at the end of
+this presentation anytime whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation anytime whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this presentation anytime whether it's
+part of this class or anytime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class or anytime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class or anytime in the
+next 10 years you want to send me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 10 years you want to send me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 10 years you want to send me a
+business plan say I'm getting ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan say I'm getting ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan say I'm getting ready to
+make a presentation I want you someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a presentation I want you someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a presentation I want you someone
+to look at this and just make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this and just make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at this and just make sure you
+know it's not it's not totally crazy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not it's not totally crazy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not it's not totally crazy so
+I get a lot of business plans and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a lot of business plans and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a lot of business plans and the
+first thing that I do when I look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I do when I look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I do when I look at a
+business plan is uh I look at the Top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan is uh I look at the Top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan is uh I look at the Top
+Line and say how big is this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line and say how big is this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line and say how big is this business
+going to get you know what is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know what is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know what is what is
+the market opportunity here so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market opportunity here so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market opportunity here so here's an
+opportunity they think it can grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity they think it can grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity they think it can grow to
+$75 million the next thing that I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$75 million the next thing that I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$75 million the next thing that I look
+at is in year four kind of the Happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is in year four kind of the Happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is in year four kind of the Happy
+Times once they've reached critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times once they've reached critical mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times once they've reached critical mass
+what do this business look like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do this business look like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do this business look like what are
+the gross margins I've worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross margins I've worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gross margins I've worked in
+companies that have 80% gross margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have 80% gross margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that have 80% gross margins
+and companies that have 50% gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies that have 50% gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies that have 50% gross
+margins and I can tell you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins and I can tell you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins and I can tell you it's
+dramatically easier to make money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically easier to make money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically easier to make money and
+run a business when you have 80% gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a business when you have 80% gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a business when you have 80% gross
+margins versus 50% gross margins that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins versus 50% gross margins that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins versus 50% gross margins that's
+really it's a it's dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a it's dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a it's dramatically
+different and then where are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then where are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then where are the big
+expenses down here what do they spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses down here what do they spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses down here what do they spending
+on R&D what particularly what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on R&D what particularly what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on R&D what particularly what are they
+spending on sales and marketing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on sales and marketing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending on sales and marketing because
+most firms end up at about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most firms end up at about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most firms end up at about the same
+place in R&D spending once they reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in R&D spending once they reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in R&D spending once they reach
+critical mass they end up about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass they end up about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical mass they end up about the same
+place in GNA spending but the sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in GNA spending but the sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in GNA spending but the sales and
+marketing it wildly varies depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it wildly varies depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it wildly varies depending on
+is it a consumer product is it a busino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a consumer product is it a busino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a consumer product is it a busino
+business product is it a luxury product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business product is it a luxury product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business product is it a luxury product
+that you have to do a lot of advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do a lot of advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to do a lot of advertising
+is there a lot of trade shows so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a lot of trade shows so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a lot of trade shows so it
+depends on your whole sales strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your whole sales strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your whole sales strategy and
+distribution strategy and that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy and that shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy and that shows up
+in your sales and marketing the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your sales and marketing the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your sales and marketing the next
+thing that the last thing that I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the last thing that I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the last thing that I look at
+is kind of the operating profit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the operating profit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the operating profit over
+this four-year period because that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four-year period because that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four-year period because that gives
+you a pretty good yard stick for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty good yard stick for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a pretty good yard stick for how
+much cash this company is going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cash this company is going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much cash this company is going to take
+to get to profitability it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to profitability it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to profitability it's not perfect
+but it's within you know it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's within you know it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's within you know it's probably
+within 20 or 30% which is a good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 or 30% which is a good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 or 30% which is a good you
+know at least says to me this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least says to me this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least says to me this company
+you know 3.5 plus 2.5 is is 6 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 3.5 plus 2.5 is is 6 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 3.5 plus 2.5 is is 6 million
+maybe it lost a little bit here in year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it lost a little bit here in year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it lost a little bit here in year
+three so it's 7 million it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it's 7 million it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so it's 7 million it's not a
+company that's going to need 20 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's going to need 20 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that's going to need 20 million
+but it's also not a company that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also not a company that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also not a company that's going
+to need one or two million so it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need one or two million so it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need one or two million so it gives
+you just a sense of of where what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a sense of of where what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just a sense of of where what this
+company need now let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company need now let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company need now let's say you're
+looking at your business plan I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your business plan I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your business plan I would
+urge you to look at the same thing start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge you to look at the same thing start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge you to look at the same thing start
+at the Top Line and and and say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Top Line and and and say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Top Line and and and say is the
+do I really think this business can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really think this business can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I really think this business can do
+this kind of Revenue I would also urge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Revenue I would also urge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Revenue I would also urge
+you to look at year four or year five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at year four or year five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at year four or year five
+whatever it's going to take you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's going to take you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's going to take you to get
+to that place critical mass and say does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that place critical mass and say does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that place critical mass and say does
+this business model look like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business model look like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business model look like other
+companies in my space or is it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in my space or is it different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in my space or is it different
+and if it's different that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's different that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's different that doesn't mean
+it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong
+it just means that you better understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that you better understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means that you better understand
+why it's different maybe you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's different maybe you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's different maybe you're doing
+something dramatically different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dramatically different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something dramatically different right
+maybe you've got some tremendous cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got some tremendous cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've got some tremendous cost of
+goods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods uh
+sold uh value that other companies don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold uh value that other companies don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold uh value that other companies don't
+have but you've got to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but you've got to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but you've got to understand
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+then I would urge you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would urge you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would urge you to think about
+year one because thinking about expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one because thinking about expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year one because thinking about expenses
+in year four is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year four is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year four is a
+very uh difficult exercise because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh difficult exercise because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh difficult exercise because you
+can't even I mean here you are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even I mean here you are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even I mean here you are you're
+getting your business off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your business off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting your business off the ground
+it's hard to think about if I had $75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to think about if I had $75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to think about if I had $75
+million in Revenue how would I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in Revenue how would I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in Revenue how would I spend
+that where would that money be spent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where would that money be spent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where would that money be spent but
+it's very easy to think about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to think about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy to think about the next
+12 months and who are my key hires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 months and who are my key hires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 months and who are my key hires and
+how much are those people going to cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are those people going to cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are those people going to cost
+and what are the stuff that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the stuff that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the stuff that they're
+going to need to buy to help them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to buy to help them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to buy to help them do
+their job and you're probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job and you're probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job and you're probably not going
+to have a lot of sales so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of sales so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of sales so you don't
+really need to think about too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to think about too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to think about too much
+about cost of good sold yet okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cost of good sold yet okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cost of good sold yet okay but you
+need to start thinking about what are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start thinking about what are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start thinking about what are my
+Staffing priorities and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing priorities and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing priorities and what are the
+things that we need and where we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we need and where we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we need and where we going
+to locate our business and what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate our business and what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate our business and what are we
+going to have to spend on facilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to spend on facilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to spend on facilities and
+that kind of thing and then you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and then you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and then you it's
+while year one should be fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while year one should be fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while year one should be fairly easy to
+do year two is not that much more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do year two is not that much more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do year two is not that much more of a
+stretch because you already have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch because you already have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch because you already have kind of
+thought about where I am in month 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about where I am in month 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about where I am in month 12 and
+so you just kind of extrapolate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just kind of extrapolate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just kind of extrapolate that
+into what are we going to do once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what are we going to do once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what are we going to do once we
+start having Revenue okay so what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start having Revenue okay so what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start having Revenue okay so what is my
+support team going to look like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support team going to look like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support team going to look like what is
+my sales team going to look like and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sales team going to look like and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sales team going to look like and put
+some numbers on that and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers on that and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers on that and then once
+you've done that look at where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that look at where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that look at where your
+percentages are out here in year two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages are out here in year two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages are out here in year two and
+you've already figured you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already figured you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already figured you already
+looked at where they are in year four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at where they are in year four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at where they are in year four
+and kind of make year three is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of make year three is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of make year three is kind of a
+blending process okay now you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending process okay now you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blending process okay now you're not
+going to do this on an annual basis I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this on an annual basis I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this on an annual basis I'm
+going to urge you to do it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to urge you to do it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to urge you to do it on a
+quarterly basis and we'll get into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly basis and we'll get into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly basis and we'll get into those
+specific spreadsheets and talk you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific spreadsheets and talk you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific spreadsheets and talk you talk
+you through that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through that in a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+so the business model you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the business model you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the business model you know the
+business model in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model in terms of this
+percentage uh uh percentage of income or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage uh uh percentage of income or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage uh uh percentage of income or
+percentage of Revenue uh exercise helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Revenue uh exercise helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of Revenue uh exercise helps
+you think about where your business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about where your business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about where your business is
+going to uh you know what your business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh you know what your business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh you know what your business
+is going to look like and how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like and how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like and how you're
+going to get it there it's going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it there it's going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it there it's going to show
+how your business is going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your business is going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your business is going to make
+money so let's look at a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so let's look at a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so let's look at a number of
+different companies okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different companies okay this is a
+number in the retail sector you guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the retail sector you guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the retail sector you guys all
+know then W Walmart the lowcost leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then W Walmart the lowcost leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know then W Walmart the lowcost leader
+Target's kind of a middle market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target's kind of a middle market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target's kind of a middle market and
+Nordstrom is a is more highend um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nordstrom is a is more highend um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nordstrom is a is more highend um what
+is categorized these business they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is categorized these business they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is categorized these business they all
+have crappy gross margins right thir 24%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have crappy gross margins right thir 24%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have crappy gross margins right thir 24%
+for Walmart 34% for Target they spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Walmart 34% for Target they spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Walmart 34% for Target they spend
+nothing on R&D right target should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on R&D right target should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing on R&D right target should
+probably spend a little something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a little something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a little something on
+their it Department though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their it Department though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their it Department though
+right um and uh so all of their expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and uh so all of their expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and uh so all of their expenses
+a lot of companies now all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of companies now all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of companies now all of this
+information is is available from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is is available from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is is available from the uh
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and Exchange Commission or
+you can get it off of Yahoo finance now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it off of Yahoo finance now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it off of Yahoo finance now
+so just go into Yahoo finance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just go into Yahoo finance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just go into Yahoo finance you can
+pull up the annual reports you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the annual reports you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up the annual reports you can get
+all this information off of there most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information off of there most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information off of there most
+companies do though lump sales General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do though lump sales General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do though lump sales General
+and general and administrative expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general and administrative expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and general and administrative expenses
+together so I don't have a breakout on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I don't have a breakout on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I don't have a breakout on
+what they're spending on sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're spending on sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're spending on sales and
+marketing versus GNA um but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing versus GNA um but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing versus GNA um but you can see
+the sales and sgna uh comes in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales and sgna uh comes in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales and sgna uh comes in uh you
+know kind of across the board here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of across the board here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of across the board here but
+not tremendously profitable but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tremendously profitable but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tremendously profitable but very
+high annual revenue I mean look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high annual revenue I mean look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high annual revenue I mean look at
+Walmart at 344 billion so 10 uh 6% of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart at 344 billion so 10 uh 6% of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart at 344 billion so 10 uh 6% of of
+a big number is still a big number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big number is still a big number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big number is still a big number one
+of the things that's useful to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's useful to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that's useful to look at
+not partic not comparing yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not partic not comparing yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not partic not comparing yourself to
+these companies but comparing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies but comparing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these companies but comparing yourself
+to your peers is going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your peers is going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your peers is going to be looking at
+R Revenue per employee so I just threw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Revenue per employee so I just threw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Revenue per employee so I just threw
+this on here so you could it does tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on here so you could it does tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on here so you could it does tell a
+lot how companies within the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot how companies within the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot how companies within the similar
+Industries have very similar Revenue per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries have very similar Revenue per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries have very similar Revenue per
+employee and it in retail it's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and it in retail it's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and it in retail it's uh you
+know in 150 to 200,000 range let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 150 to 200,000 range let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in 150 to 200,000 range let's look
+at the restaurant business it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the restaurant business it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the restaurant business it's probably
+even worse right again terrible gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse right again terrible gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse right again terrible gross
+margins um but actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins um but actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins um but actually the
+profitability is a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability is a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitability is a little bit better
+than than the retail stores but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the retail stores but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the retail stores but look at
+the revenue per employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenue per employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the revenue per employee
+$45,000 per employee so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 per employee so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$45,000 per employee so you
+say and and the cost of so think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and the cost of so think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and and the cost of so think of this
+the cost of goods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+68% and now and a lot of that's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and now and a lot of that's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and now and a lot of that's got to
+actually be you know meat and potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be you know meat and potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be you know meat and potatoes
+right so how much money is actually left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how much money is actually left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how much money is actually left
+over to pay how can you if your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to pay how can you if your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to pay how can you if your average
+employee is $45,000 per person you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is $45,000 per person you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is $45,000 per person you can't
+pay that person $45,000 a year so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay that person $45,000 a year so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay that person $45,000 a year so this
+idea that they're going to start being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they're going to start being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that they're going to start being
+able to pay fast food workers $30 $15 an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pay fast food workers $30 $15 an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pay fast food workers $30 $15 an
+hour which is this big AR argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is this big AR argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour which is this big AR argument
+there's just not enough money there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just not enough money there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just not enough money there I
+don't you know it's it's an it's a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know it's it's an it's a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know it's it's an it's a crazy
+business here and I suspect that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business here and I suspect that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business here and I suspect that there
+are a lot of part-time workers but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of part-time workers but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of part-time workers but it is
+it is an interesting fact here that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an interesting fact here that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an interesting fact here that all
+these businesses have such low Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these businesses have such low Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these businesses have such low Revenue
+per employee let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per employee let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per employee let's look at some
+interesting companies now Cisco very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting companies now Cisco very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting companies now Cisco very
+good gross margin 64% we see Revenue R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gross margin 64% we see Revenue R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good gross margin 64% we see Revenue R&D
+is at 133% and operating profit at 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 133% and operating profit at 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 133% and operating profit at 25%
+these might be a couple years old but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be a couple years old but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these might be a couple years old but
+they're they're in in in line with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're in in in line with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're in in in line with this
+uh and revenue per employee is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and revenue per employee is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and revenue per employee is you know
+$573,000 per employee think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$573,000 per employee think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$573,000 per employee think of that
+versus $45,000 per employee okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus $45,000 per employee okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus $45,000 per employee okay so you
+can afford to play your Cisco employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to play your Cisco employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to play your Cisco employees
+$ 100,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$ 100,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$ 100,000 to
+$125,000 you can't afford to do that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 you can't afford to do that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$125,000 you can't afford to do that at
+McDonald's right so uh again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's right so uh again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's right so uh again these are
+characterized by R&D spending of a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by R&D spending of a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by R&D spending of a you
+know kind of the 10 to 15% range except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the 10 to 15% range except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the 10 to 15% range except
+for Dell and Dell is really just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dell and Dell is really just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dell and Dell is really just you
+know a manufacturer they're just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a manufacturer they're just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a manufacturer they're just an
+they're just an assembler they're just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just an assembler they're just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just an assembler they're just a
+supply chain story they're not an R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain story they're not an R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain story they're not an R&D
+story and it comes out in their numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and it comes out in their numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and it comes out in their numbers
+metronics is a medical device maker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronics is a medical device maker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metronics is a medical device maker but
+it really has the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really has the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really has the all the
+characteristics of a you know technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a you know technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of a you know technology
+hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+company let's look at some software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company let's look at some software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company let's look at some software
+companies again even better gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies again even better gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies again even better gross
+margins uh say R&D is in that same 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins uh say R&D is in that same 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins uh say R&D is in that same 10 to
+15% um and the revenue per employee at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% um and the revenue per employee at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% um and the revenue per employee at
+Microsoft is about the same as Cisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is about the same as Cisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft is about the same as Cisco
+Oracle and sap which are more peers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and sap which are more peers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and sap which are more peers uh
+have very similar Revenue per employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar Revenue per employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar Revenue per employee
+and that $ 250 to $300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that $ 250 to $300,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that $ 250 to $300,000
+range uh the internet companies are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh the internet companies are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh the internet companies are all
+across the board I mean Apple's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the board I mean Apple's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the board I mean Apple's not
+really an internet company but um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an internet company but um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an internet company but um you
+know but they are kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they are kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they are kind of interesting
+here in that they have $2 million of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that they have $2 million of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in that they have $2 million of
+Revenue per employee mind bogling I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue per employee mind bogling I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue per employee mind bogling I mean
+Google is it is it a million I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is it is it a million I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is it is it a million I started
+doing I started putting Google on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I started putting Google on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I started putting Google on this
+after they went public and I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they went public and I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they went public and I said well
+they can't sustain that uh they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't sustain that uh they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't sustain that uh they were
+about a million when I first did it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a million when I first did it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a million when I first did it I
+think three years ago and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think three years ago and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think three years ago and they've
+actually increased they've increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased they've increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased they've increased
+their revenue per employee as they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their revenue per employee as they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their revenue per employee as they've
+grown so they've become more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown so they've become more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown so they've become more productive
+which is kind of few companies are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of few companies are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of few companies are able
+to do that usually companies have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that usually companies have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that usually companies have a
+decrease in in Revenue per employee as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in in Revenue per employee as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in in Revenue per employee as
+they get bigger Google's been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get bigger Google's been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get bigger Google's been able to
+increase it um again here uh R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it um again here uh R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it um again here uh R&D
+spending I mean apple is so big that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending I mean apple is so big that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending I mean apple is so big that
+that 2% is still a huge number right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2% is still a huge number right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2% is still a huge number right but
+if we look at the rest of these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the rest of these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the rest of these you know
+it it is a little bit across the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is a little bit across the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is a little bit across the board
+and it's part of where a company is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's part of where a company is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's part of where a company is in
+the stage of in in their of their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage of in in their of their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage of in in their of their life
+cycle uh but this gives you kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh but this gives you kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh but this gives you kind of a
+sense of where companies are another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of where companies are another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of where companies are another
+thing that's interesting here is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's interesting here is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's interesting here is the two
+companies with the lowest gross margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies with the lowest gross margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies with the lowest gross margin
+are are Apple which is selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are Apple which is selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are Apple which is selling
+hardware and pandor which is selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and pandor which is selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and pandor which is selling
+music so just because you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so just because you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so just because you're in a
+intellectual proper business or in a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual proper business or in a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual proper business or in a you
+know I don't know what you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know what you would call
+music if you're not calling it Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music if you're not calling it Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music if you're not calling it Hardware
+but uh um it's kind of interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um it's kind of interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um it's kind of interesting that
+their costs of goods are actually as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their costs of goods are actually as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their costs of goods are actually as as
+high as Apples because of the royalties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as Apples because of the royalties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as Apples because of the royalties
+that they have to pay and that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to pay and that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to pay and that creates
+some problems for them because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems for them because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems for them because you know
+I think they're current I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're current I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're current I think they're
+now starting to show a profit but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting to show a profit but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now starting to show a profit but it's
+it's still a very tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business uh looking at business models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh looking at business models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh looking at business models
+over a period of time they evolve slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time they evolve slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a period of time they evolve slowly
+these I've been doing this talk since at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I've been doing this talk since at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I've been doing this talk since at
+least 98 and just looking at Cisco uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 98 and just looking at Cisco uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 98 and just looking at Cisco uh
+you know it's it looks like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it looks like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it looks like you know it
+it looks like the same I mean it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the same I mean it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like the same I mean it's you
+know yeah it goes up and down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah it goes up and down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah it goes up and down a little
+bit but companies do not dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but companies do not dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but companies do not dramatically
+change over a period of time once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over a period of time once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over a period of time once they
+kind of hit that uh critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass so as you're building your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so as you're building your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so as you're building your
+model I know the talk yesterday was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I know the talk yesterday was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I know the talk yesterday was on
+your product and pricing your product uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and pricing your product uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your product and pricing your product uh
+you know what's the value that you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the value that you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the value that you bring
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+customer and how is that value going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and how is that value going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and how is that value going to
+be split between you and the customer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be split between you and the customer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be split between you and the customer I
+hear a lot of people say well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of people say well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a lot of people say well we have a
+product that will save our customers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that will save our customers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that will save our customers uh
+$10,000 so we think we should charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 so we think we should charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 so we think we should charge
+them $10,000 well at $10,000 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them $10,000 well at $10,000 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them $10,000 well at $10,000 they're
+indifferent whether they do it manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent whether they do it manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent whether they do it manually
+or whether they do it with your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they do it with your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they do it with your new
+piece of equipment so you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment so you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment so you've got to
+price that product to where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that product to where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that product to where it's
+compelling for the customer to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling for the customer to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling for the customer to take that
+risk and make that change and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and make that change and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and make that change and if it's a
+$10,000 value to them you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 value to them you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 value to them you've probably
+got to price that at2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to price that at2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to price that at2 or
+$3,000 and let them capture the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 and let them capture the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 and let them capture the majority
+of that savings because they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that savings because they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that savings because they're taking
+the risk and so you've got to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk and so you've got to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk and so you've got to figure out
+how at A2 or $3,000 price you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how at A2 or $3,000 price you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how at A2 or $3,000 price you're going
+to be able to sell that and and capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sell that and and capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sell that and and capture
+enough value yourself okay um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough value yourself okay um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough value yourself okay um your
+distribution strategy Al so uh so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy Al so uh so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy Al so uh so think
+about the price and then your cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the price and then your cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the price and then your cost of
+goods sold should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods sold should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods sold should be pretty
+straightforward I mean you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I mean you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I mean you know the
+material that goes in there again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that goes in there again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that goes in there again it's
+not how long is it going to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how long is it going to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how long is it going to take to
+develop this product that's part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this product that's part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this product that's part of your
+R&D and that's a whole another exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and that's a whole another exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D and that's a whole another exercise
+but it's if I sell a unit how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's if I sell a unit how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's if I sell a unit how much
+material goes into it how much labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material goes into it how much labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material goes into it how much labor
+goes into it how much over head in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it how much over head in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it how much over head in the
+manufacturing facility goes into it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility goes into it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing facility goes into it how
+much support am I going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much support am I going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much support am I going to have to
+provide these are all questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these are all questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide these are all questions that you
+know if you sit there and noodle away at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sit there and noodle away at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you sit there and noodle away at
+it you can come up with a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can come up with a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can come up with a pretty
+reasonable range um and uh and come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable range um and uh and come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable range um and uh and come up
+with your cost of good sold when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your cost of good sold when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your cost of good sold when you
+think about your distribution strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your distribution strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your distribution strategy
+how am I going to sell my product that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to sell my product that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to sell my product that
+could have I have an example of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I have an example of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have I have an example of that in
+here that could have a huge impact on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could have a huge impact on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could have a huge impact on a
+everything involving your business in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything involving your business in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything involving your business in
+terms of both your Revenue all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of both your Revenue all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of both your Revenue all the way
+down to your sales and marketing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your sales and marketing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your sales and marketing and
+your operating profit so that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating profit so that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating profit so that's a huge
+decision you're going to have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you're going to have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you're going to have to make
+R&D I would argue should end up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D I would argue should end up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D I would argue should end up at the
+10 to 20% range generally as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 20% range generally as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 20% range generally as we've
+looked at a lot of companies that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a lot of companies that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a lot of companies that's
+where they end up that doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they end up that doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they end up that doesn't mean you
+shouldn't be at 30% like zingo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be at 30% like zingo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be at 30% like zingo was
+depending on where you are in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on where you are in your life
+cycle um but if you're not spending 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um but if you're not spending 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um but if you're not spending 10
+if you're a technology company you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a technology company you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a technology company you're
+not spending 10% of your revenue on R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spending 10% of your revenue on R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not spending 10% of your revenue on R&D
+are you selling you know you're selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you selling you know you're selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you selling you know you're selling
+yourself short for tomorrow's products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself short for tomorrow's products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself short for tomorrow's products
+right because you've always got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you've always got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you've always got to be
+evolving GNA is going to end up at 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving GNA is going to end up at 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving GNA is going to end up at 5 to
+15% the lower you can get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% the lower you can get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% the lower you can get that the
+better um you know that's where the CFO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um you know that's where the CFO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um you know that's where the CFO
+is so just squeeze that down and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so just squeeze that down and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so just squeeze that down and make
+sure you build in an operating profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you build in an operating profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you build in an operating profit
+you know now your operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now your operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now your operating
+profit you know shouldn't be 40 to 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you know shouldn't be 40 to 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you know shouldn't be 40 to 50%
+there's a few companies that can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few companies that can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few companies that can get
+away with that but your to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with that but your to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with that but your to think that
+your company is one of those is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company is one of those is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your company is one of those is is
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+unrealistic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic um
+so uh question if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh question if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh question if you're if you're
+putting together your model and you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together your model and you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together your model and you keep
+coming up with a 40 to 50% operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a 40 to 50% operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a 40 to 50% operating
+profit you should really question some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you should really question some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit you should really question some
+of your assumptions do I really am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your assumptions do I really am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your assumptions do I really am I
+missing anything here I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing anything here I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing anything here I'm not saying
+it's wrong it might you know it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong it might you know it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong it might you know it might be
+doable but um you know you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable but um you know you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable but um you know you're going to
+get some push back on that from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some push back on that from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some push back on that from people
+who've looked at a lot of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've looked at a lot of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've looked at a lot of business
+plans so I talked about your uh how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans so I talked about your uh how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans so I talked about your uh how your
+distribution strategy is going to impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy is going to impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution strategy is going to impact
+your operating profit so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating profit so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your operating profit so let's look at
+an example here where you're selling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here where you're selling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here where you're selling it
+through your own direct Salesforce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your own direct Salesforce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your own direct Salesforce you
+have 100 million in Revenue your cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 100 million in Revenue your cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 100 million in Revenue your cost of
+goods is 40 million leaving you with 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods is 40 million leaving you with 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods is 40 million leaving you with 60
+million or 60% gross margin you have 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or 60% gross margin you have 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or 60% gross margin you have 23
+million in sales and marketing 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in sales and marketing 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in sales and marketing 12
+million in R&D and some GNA bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in R&D and some GNA bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in R&D and some GNA bringing
+your total expenses to 40 million in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total expenses to 40 million in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total expenses to 40 million in an
+operating profit of 20 million or 20% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating profit of 20 million or 20% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating profit of 20 million or 20% so
+let's say instead of that you said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say instead of that you said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say instead of that you said I'm
+going to bring in a distributor and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring in a distributor and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring in a distributor and give
+him a 20% discount off of our list price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a 20% discount off of our list price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a 20% discount off of our list price
+or selling price and in term in return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or selling price and in term in return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or selling price and in term in return
+for that 20% he's going to go out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 20% he's going to go out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that 20% he's going to go out and
+sell it to the customer he gets to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to the customer he gets to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it to the customer he gets to keep
+the 20% but he frees me up of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20% but he frees me up of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20% but he frees me up of all the
+sales and marketing activity well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and marketing activity well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales and marketing activity well not
+entirely because even the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely because even the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely because even the distribution
+Channel needs some care and feeding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel needs some care and feeding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel needs some care and feeding so
+you can't completely get rid of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't completely get rid of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't completely get rid of your
+your Salesforce you can't completely get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Salesforce you can't completely get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Salesforce you can't completely get
+rid of your marketing efforts but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of your marketing efforts but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of your marketing efforts but you
+can cut those back in my example I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut those back in my example I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cut those back in my example I said
+well you could cut it back from 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could cut it back from 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could cut it back from 23
+million to 8 million now because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to 8 million now because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to 8 million now because you
+have fewer your R&D is still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer your R&D is still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer your R&D is still going to be
+the same because you've got to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because you've got to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because you've got to keep
+feeding the ma feeding the machine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding the ma feeding the machine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding the ma feeding the machine with
+new products right and your cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new products right and your cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new products right and your cost of
+goods is going to be exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods is going to be exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods is going to be exactly the same
+because you're still shipping the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still shipping the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're still shipping the same
+number of units but because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of units but because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of units but because you have
+fewer employees you probably don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer employees you probably don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer employees you probably don't need
+quite as many people in HR you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as many people in HR you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as many people in HR you don't
+need as many Bean counters your your GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as many Bean counters your your GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as many Bean counters your your GNA
+is going to be a little bit less and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a little bit less and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a little bit less and so
+that's going to be 4 million so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be 4 million so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be 4 million so in this
+example you're operating profit is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're operating profit is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're operating profit is your
+revenues is reduced from 100 million to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues is reduced from 100 million to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues is reduced from 100 million to
+80 million and your operating profit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million and your operating profit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 million and your operating profit is
+reduced from 20 million to 16 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from 20 million to 16 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from 20 million to 16 million
+but you're still getting a 20% profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still getting a 20% profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're still getting a 20% profit
+now I don't know whe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know whe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know whe I don't know
+whether one is right or wrong um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one is right or wrong um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one is right or wrong um I would
+say that the distributor model is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the distributor model is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the distributor model is going
+to be great if it can get you to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be great if it can get you to Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be great if it can get you to Market
+faster or if it can take you from 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or if it can take you from 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster or if it can take you from 80
+million to 160 million faster than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to 160 million faster than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million to 160 million faster than you
+could grow organically from 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow organically from 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could grow organically from 100 million
+to 160 60 million you're still getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 160 60 million you're still getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 160 60 million you're still getting
+the same 20% and whether that 20% came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same 20% and whether that 20% came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same 20% and whether that 20% came
+out at 15% or 25% it's really a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at 15% or 25% it's really a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at 15% or 25% it's really a question
+about it the more important number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the more important number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the more important number here
+is the $16 million in operating profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the $16 million in operating profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the $16 million in operating profit
+versus the $20 million in operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the $20 million in operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the $20 million in operating
+profit so as you're building your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so as you're building your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so as you're building your model
+there is some business planning software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some business planning software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some business planning software
+out there kind of like a Turbo Tax it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there kind of like a Turbo Tax it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there kind of like a Turbo Tax it
+asks you a bunch of questions you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you a bunch of questions you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you a bunch of questions you put it
+it asks you the questions you answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks you the questions you answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks you the questions you answer the
+assumptions and it spits out a plan do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and it spits out a plan do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and it spits out a plan do
+not use that software because the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use that software because the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use that software because the beauty
+of this exercise the benefit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise the benefit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this exercise the benefit of this
+exercise is understanding exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is understanding exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise is understanding exactly what's
+going into your model and building it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into your model and building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into your model and building it
+yourself and when something doesn't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and when something doesn't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and when something doesn't add
+up figuring out what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up figuring out what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up figuring out what what's
+broken uh when you start getting 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken uh when you start getting 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken uh when you start getting 50%
+operating profits start saying why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating profits start saying why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating profits start saying why you
+know let's look at my Revenue per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's look at my Revenue per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's look at my Revenue per
+employee oh my Revenue per employee is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee oh my Revenue per employee is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee oh my Revenue per employee is a
+million dollars per employee well Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars per employee well Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars per employee well Google
+does that and apple does that but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that and apple does that but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that and apple does that but there
+are not very many other companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very many other companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very many other companies that
+have a million dollars in Revenue per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a million dollars in Revenue per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a million dollars in Revenue per
+employee so maybe I need to hire more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee so maybe I need to hire more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee so maybe I need to hire more
+maybe I need to add more employees to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I need to add more employees to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I need to add more employees to my
+Staffing plan and where am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing plan and where am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing plan and where am I going to
+deploy those those people in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy those those people in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy those those people in order to
+you know build up my organization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know build up my organization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know build up my organization so
+it's doing it it's it's working the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it it's it's working the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it it's it's working the
+exercise that that is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that that is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that that is the real
+benefit build your sales projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit build your sales projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit build your sales projections
+from the B the bottom up and I anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the B the bottom up and I anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the B the bottom up and I anyone
+watch Shark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Shark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Shark
+Tank okay I I gave this talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tank okay I I gave this talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tank okay I I gave this talk about two
+months ago and everyone said no it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago and everyone said no it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago and everyone said no it's on
+Friday night I go out you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday night I go out you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday night I go out you know I'm not
+waiting home Friday night so someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting home Friday night so someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting home Friday night so someone was
+on Shark Tank last week and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Shark Tank last week and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Shark Tank last week and they said
+well you know they're selling a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know they're selling a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know they're selling a product
+that went into school lockers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into school lockers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went into school lockers and they
+said why are you valuing your company at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why are you valuing your company at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why are you valuing your company at
+at you know at5 million he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know at5 million he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you know at5 million he said well
+there's five there's 50 million school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five there's 50 million school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five there's 50 million school
+lockers in this in the country and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockers in this in the country and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lockers in this in the country and we
+only need to get 5% of them I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to get 5% of them I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to get 5% of them I mean it's
+a crazy to you know it it there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy to you know it it there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy to you know it it there's it's
+wrong on so many counts because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on so many counts because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong on so many counts because it
+doesn't talk about how are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't talk about how are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't talk about how are you going to
+get into each School how many are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into each School how many are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into each School how many are you
+going to sell into each school what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell into each school what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell into each school what is
+your distribution strategy to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution strategy to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution strategy to get there
+so instead of saying the market is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of saying the market is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of saying the market is huge
+and we're going to get a slice of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get a slice of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get a slice of it
+what you need to say is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to say is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to say is we're going to
+have five sales guys and each sales guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five sales guys and each sales guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five sales guys and each sales guy
+is going to be responsible for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be responsible for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be responsible for a
+territory in the country and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory in the country and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory in the country and each
+territory has I'm kind of making this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory has I'm kind of making this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory has I'm kind of making this up
+about the school locker as I go here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the school locker as I go here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the school locker as I go here but
+each territory has uh 25,000 schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each territory has uh 25,000 schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each territory has uh 25,000 schools and
+I expect each sales guy to hire 10 reps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect each sales guy to hire 10 reps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect each sales guy to hire 10 reps
+and each rep is going to go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each rep is going to go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each rep is going to go to two
+schools a day and we expect a closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools a day and we expect a closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools a day and we expect a closure
+rate of you know 10% when they go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of you know 10% when they go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of you know 10% when they go to a
+school and that each school is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and that each school is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and that each school is going to
+buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy
+that you know each school that buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know each school that buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know each school that buys
+these is going to buy 50 lockers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is going to buy 50 lockers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is going to buy 50 lockers and you
+put that all in and it'll come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that all in and it'll come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that all in and it'll come up with a
+model for how many you're going to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for how many you're going to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for how many you're going to sell
+and that may not be it it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may not be it it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that may not be it it will not be
+accurate because as you put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because as you put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate because as you put this
+together it's a crystal ball and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's a crystal ball and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's a crystal ball and when
+you get out there you're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out there you're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get out there you're going to find
+out a sales guy can't go to two schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a sales guy can't go to two schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a sales guy can't go to two schools
+a day and he can't close 10% and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and he can't close 10% and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and he can't close 10% and they
+don't buy 50 but when you get a guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy 50 but when you get a guy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't buy 50 but when you get a guy out
+there s in stuff he's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there s in stuff he's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there s in stuff he's going to be
+providing data and you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing data and you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing data and you're going to have
+start getting feedback to say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting feedback to say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting feedback to say we can
+visit Three schools a day but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Three schools a day but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit Three schools a day but there's
+only a 5% closure rate but each school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a 5% closure rate but each school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a 5% closure rate but each school
+that does buy is going to buy 75 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does buy is going to buy 75 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does buy is going to buy 75 and
+then you can adjust your model and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can adjust your model and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can adjust your model and but
+since you built your model now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you built your model now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you built your model now you can
+adjust it and and figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it and and figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust it and and figure out where
+you're going to be where you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be where you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be where you're going to
+go next uh the last thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go next uh the last thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go next uh the last thing is that
+there's you a spreadsheet overload so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you a spreadsheet overload so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you a spreadsheet overload so
+never do a best case worst case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do a best case worst case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do a best case worst case and
+present three different models and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three different models and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three different models and say
+if everything goes right here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything goes right here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything goes right here's what we
+need I'm not saying don't don't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I'm not saying don't don't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I'm not saying don't don't look at
+contingencies but just put put your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies but just put put your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingencies but just put put your best
+foot forward put your best estimate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot forward put your best estimate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot forward put your best estimate on
+the paper say here's what we think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper say here's what we think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper say here's what we think we're
+going to do and uh and and leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and uh and and leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and uh and and leave the
+best case worst case uh you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case worst case uh you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case worst case uh you know for
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+else I'm going to give you some rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm going to give you some rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'm going to give you some rules of
+thumb on the next spreadsheet these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb on the next spreadsheet these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb on the next spreadsheet these are
+focus on making your in investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on making your in investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on making your in investment
+interest attractive to investors just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest attractive to investors just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest attractive to investors just
+like your $5 million business might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your $5 million business might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your $5 million business might be a
+great business it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great business it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great business it's not going to be
+attractive to investors so I may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to investors so I may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to investors so I may say
+don't put together business plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put together business plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put together business plan that
+only gets you to $5 million that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gets you to $5 million that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gets you to $5 million that could
+be a great business okay so don't let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great business okay so don't let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a great business okay so don't let me
+discourage you from that it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage you from that it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage you from that it's most
+relevant for technology companies um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for technology companies um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for technology companies um so
+if you're going to get into the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to get into the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to get into the if
+you're going to start a fast food chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a fast food chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to start a fast food chain
+uh this these metrics are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this these metrics are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this these metrics are not going to
+apply to you uh and like I said it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to you uh and like I said it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to you uh and like I said it might
+not apply to your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industry Staffing is what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry Staffing is what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry Staffing is what's going to
+drive your expenses okay most technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive your expenses okay most technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive your expenses okay most technology
+companies Staffing is 50 to 66% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies Staffing is 50 to 66% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies Staffing is 50 to 66% of your
+expense and your average cost per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense and your average cost per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense and your average cost per
+employee is going to be about 90,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is going to be about 90,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee is going to be about 90,000
+bucks I know it sounds crazy sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks I know it sounds crazy sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks I know it sounds crazy sounds
+crazy high but the reality is in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy high but the reality is in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy high but the reality is in Boston
+first off is who has administrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off is who has administrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off is who has administrative
+assistance anymore unless you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance anymore unless you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance anymore unless you have like
+a large manufact facturing staff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large manufact facturing staff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large manufact facturing staff that's
+doing kind of assemblies and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of assemblies and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of assemblies and stuff like
+that but in a company that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in a company that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but in a company that most of the
+companies that you guys are starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that you guys are starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that you guys are starting
+going to be starting it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be starting it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be starting it's going to be a
+lot of Technology workers it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Technology workers it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Technology workers it's going to
+be a lot of programmers it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of programmers it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of programmers it's going to be
+a lot of sales and marketing staff um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sales and marketing staff um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sales and marketing staff um
+it's going to be a few Finance people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a few Finance people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a few Finance people
+and the I mean the finance and HR are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I mean the finance and HR are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I mean the finance and HR are
+probably going to be the cheapest people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be the cheapest people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to be the cheapest people
+in your company I mean really you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your company I mean really you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your company I mean really you know a
+programmer these days especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer these days especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer these days especially if you
+want to get an algorithm engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an algorithm engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an algorithm engineer
+algorithm engineer is probably going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm engineer is probably going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm engineer is probably going to
+cost you $125 $150,000 a year okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you $125 $150,000 a year okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you $125 $150,000 a year okay um
+you know just a kind of a just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just a kind of a just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just a kind of a just a
+programmer is going to cost you 8090
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is going to cost you 8090
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer is going to cost you 8090
+$100,000 and these folks are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and these folks are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and these folks are going to
+want raises every year so uh salaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want raises every year so uh salaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want raises every year so uh salaries
+are going to I you know salaries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to I you know salaries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to I you know salaries are
+going to come in at about 990,000 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in at about 990,000 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in at about 990,000 bucks
+um employee benefits are going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employee benefits are going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um employee benefits are going to add
+about 15% to that so I know you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15% to that so I know you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15% to that so I know you've all
+heard horror stories about General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard horror stories about General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard horror stories about General
+Motors pays their guys 25 bucks an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors pays their guys 25 bucks an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors pays their guys 25 bucks an hour
+but their true cost is $50 an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their true cost is $50 an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but their true cost is $50 an hour
+ignore all that accounting mumbo jumbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore all that accounting mumbo jumbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore all that accounting mumbo jumbo
+you can add in 15% and that'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add in 15% and that'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add in 15% and that'll be a
+pretty good yard stick to cover their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good yard stick to cover their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good yard stick to cover their
+FICA expenses which is social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FICA expenses which is social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FICA expenses which is social security
+tax and their health insurance okay as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and their health insurance okay as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax and their health insurance okay as I
+said salaries are going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said salaries are going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said salaries are going to be about
+two-thirds of your expenses uh and sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of your expenses uh and sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds of your expenses uh and sales
+staff is really industry dependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is really industry dependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is really industry dependent so
+I've got some yard sticks on here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some yard sticks on here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some yard sticks on here but
+but it really depends on on if you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really depends on on if you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really depends on on if you got a
+guy who's selling lockers to a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's selling lockers to a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who's selling lockers to a school
+system okay you can probably get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay you can probably get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay you can probably get that
+guy for I don't know probably 50 Grand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for I don't know probably 50 Grand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for I don't know probably 50 Grand a
+year and and maybe give him a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and and maybe give him a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and and maybe give him a 10%
+commission or something or maybe 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission or something or maybe 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission or something or maybe 40
+Grand a year I mean you know so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand a year I mean you know so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand a year I mean you know so you know
+this is not a guy that's selling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a guy that's selling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a guy that's selling uh
+complicated software sale okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated software sale okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated software sale okay but
+someone who is selling something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is selling something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is selling something like
+that is going to need 150 to 250,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to need 150 to 250,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to need 150 to 250,000
+bucks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks a
+year uh so I don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh so I don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh so I don't have time to go
+through a case study here but uh I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a case study here but uh I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a case study here but uh I did
+want I did um about a week ago um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I did um about a week ago um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I did um about a week ago um I mean
+a couple years ago I went in when Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago I went in when Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple years ago I went in when Open
+Table went public and just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table went public and just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Table went public and just looked at
+some of their publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their publicly available
+information and this first page is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this first page is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this first page is all
+of the publicly available information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the publicly available information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the publicly available information
+but I was able to you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was able to you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was able to you know really
+uncover a lot of things about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover a lot of things about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover a lot of things about how they
+ran their business and what they're how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran their business and what they're how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran their business and what they're how
+they were generating revenue and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were generating revenue and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were generating revenue and I would
+just urge you to look at these next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just urge you to look at these next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just urge you to look at these next few
+pages this presentation will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages this presentation will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages this presentation will be on the
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+website uh in terms of cash flow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh in terms of cash flow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website uh in terms of cash flow it's
+it's critical to understand it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's critical to understand it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's critical to understand it but
+producing a a cash flow statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a a cash flow statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a a cash flow statement is
+really complicated and it's really prone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated and it's really prone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated and it's really prone
+to error and the reason is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to error and the reason is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to error and the reason is that you have
+to put in all these formulas and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in all these formulas and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in all these formulas and then
+the plug number that makes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plug number that makes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plug number that makes all the
+formulas work is cash so any error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas work is cash so any error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas work is cash so any error in
+any formula or any anything that you fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formula or any anything that you fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any formula or any anything that you fat
+fingered wrong shows up as cash um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingered wrong shows up as cash um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingered wrong shows up as cash um and
+sometimes it's to the negative sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's to the negative sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's to the negative sometimes
+it's to the positive I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to the positive I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to the positive I should
+I every time I do this I say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I every time I do this I say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I every time I do this I say I'm going
+to put together a cash flow just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put together a cash flow just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put together a cash flow just so
+people can look at one um and maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can look at one um and maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can look at one um and maybe I'll
+chastise myself and I'll go home and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chastise myself and I'll go home and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chastise myself and I'll go home and do
+this and if I do I'll send it to Joe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if I do I'll send it to Joe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if I do I'll send it to Joe but
+a good proxy for cash flow is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good proxy for cash flow is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good proxy for cash flow is just
+looking at your cumulative operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your cumulative operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your cumulative operating
+losses over the period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses over the period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses over the period of time and
+adding in any Capital expenses that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in any Capital expenses that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding in any Capital expenses that you
+had and while that's not perfect it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and while that's not perfect it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and while that's not perfect it's a
+pretty good number for how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good number for how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good number for how much money
+this business is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business is going to
+need so a lot of people ask me well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so a lot of people ask me well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so a lot of people ask me well how
+much should I pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much should I pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much should I pay
+myself and Venture capitalists you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and Venture capitalists you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and Venture capitalists you know
+they don't want they don't want their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want they don't want their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want they don't want their
+entrepreneurs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs to
+starve but they want them to be hungry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve but they want them to be hungry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starve but they want them to be hungry
+so as you think about what I would urge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you think about what I would urge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you think about what I would urge
+you to do is think about maybe what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is think about maybe what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is think about maybe what you
+made before you came back to school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before you came back to school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made before you came back to school I
+assume a lot of your graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a lot of your graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a lot of your graduate students
+or think about what your peers are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think about what your peers are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think about what your peers are going
+to make as they're going out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make as they're going out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make as they're going out in the
+industry now if you got if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now if you got if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now if you got if you're if
+you're in a very specific discipline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a very specific discipline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a very specific discipline and
+your peers are going out to work in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers are going out to work in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers are going out to work in that
+discipline and because you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline and because you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline and because you know let's
+say they're geological engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're geological engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they're geological engineers and
+they're going to go up to North Dakota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go up to North Dakota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go up to North Dakota
+and make $250,000 a year because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make $250,000 a year because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make $250,000 a year because they're
+helping drill for oil well you can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping drill for oil well you can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping drill for oil well you can't say
+well look I could be drilling for oil in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look I could be drilling for oil in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look I could be drilling for oil in
+North Dakota for $250,000 a year that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota for $250,000 a year that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Dakota for $250,000 a year that's
+therefore that's what I need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's what I need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that's what I need to pay
+myself so and that that's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so and that that's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so and that that's kind of an
+extreme case but think about what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case but think about what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case but think about what your
+peers are making and generally you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers are making and generally you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers are making and generally you can
+argue that that's what you ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that that's what you ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that that's what you ought to be
+paid or what you were getting paid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid or what you were getting paid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid or what you were getting paid in
+your prior life unless you were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prior life unless you were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your prior life unless you were you know
+an investment banker in your prior life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment banker in your prior life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment banker in your prior life
+right so think about it's you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think about it's you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think about it's you know your
+Venture C your investors they want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture C your investors they want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture C your investors they want you
+to earn a living wage they don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earn a living wage they don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to earn a living wage they don't want
+you to be worried about paying the bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be worried about paying the bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be worried about paying the bills
+or getting your car fixed they want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting your car fixed they want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting your car fixed they want you
+to work 23 hours a day without any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work 23 hours a day without any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work 23 hours a day without any you
+know as few distractions as possible but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as few distractions as possible but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as few distractions as possible but
+they want to make sure that you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make sure that you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make sure that you're still
+hungry and and and increasing the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and and increasing the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and and increasing the value
+in the you know increasing share holder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know increasing share holder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know increasing share holder
+value every day so here's what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value every day so here's what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value every day so here's what we want
+to get to is our profit and loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to is our profit and loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to is our profit and loss
+statement for four years okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for four years okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for four years okay and so
+I've got this colorcoded spreadsheet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this colorcoded spreadsheet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this colorcoded spreadsheet and
+uh here's the code here anything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the code here anything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's the code here anything that's
+in blue comes from another spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue comes from another spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue comes from another spreadsheet
+and I've got a little column here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a little column here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a little column here that
+you know you would take out when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you would take out when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you would take out when you
+actually presented this to anyone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually presented this to anyone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually presented this to anyone that
+says here this is coming it's my it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here this is coming it's my it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says here this is coming it's my it's
+coming from the p&l by quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the p&l by quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the p&l by quarter
+spreadsheet and so the spreadsheets got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and so the spreadsheets got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and so the spreadsheets got
+about 12 pages on it right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 pages on it right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 pages on it right so here's
+your summary page here and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summary page here and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summary page here and as you can
+see everything comes from another page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything comes from another page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything comes from another page
+so nothing shows up on this page but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing shows up on this page but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nothing shows up on this page but as
+you're putting together your spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting together your spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting together your spreadsheet
+you're going to keep coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep coming back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to keep coming back to this
+and say how does this look does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how does this look does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say how does this look does this
+make sense do my sales go like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense do my sales go like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense do my sales go like this or
+do my expenses go like this or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my expenses go like this or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my expenses go like this or is
+everything kind of in a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything kind of in a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything kind of in a nice smooth
+trend line or if it's not can I explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend line or if it's not can I explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend line or if it's not can I explain
+it so for example I might have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so for example I might have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so for example I might have no
+marketing expenses in year one I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing expenses in year one I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing expenses in year one I might
+have a tremendous amount of Market marke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendous amount of Market marke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendous amount of Market marke
+expenses in year two as we launch our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses in year two as we launch our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses in year two as we launch our
+product and then those expenses maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then those expenses maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then those expenses maybe
+not in absolute terms but in percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in absolute terms but in percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in absolute terms but in percentage
+terms come down in year three uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come down in year three uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms come down in year three uh because
+uh now we've you know we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we've you know we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we've you know we've already
+reached the market so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the market so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the market so the next
+spreadsheet and this spreadsheet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and this spreadsheet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and this spreadsheet is
+actually I would urge you to do your at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I would urge you to do your at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I would urge you to do your at
+least to start with do your four-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to start with do your four-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to start with do your four-year
+projections on quarterly terms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on quarterly terms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on quarterly terms because
+there's a lot of times you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of times you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of times you're going to
+be fat fingering stuff in here and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fat fingering stuff in here and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fat fingering stuff in here and when
+you have 48 cells that that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 48 cells that that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 48 cells that that you have to
+fat finger something in you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat finger something in you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat finger something in you're going to
+make more errors than if you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more errors than if you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more errors than if you only have
+16 to put them in and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 to put them in and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 to put them in and so this
+spreadsheet goes out to about here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet goes out to about here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet goes out to about here which
+is year 4 Q4 right um and but as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is year 4 Q4 right um and but as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is year 4 Q4 right um and but as we can
+see everything from our quarterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything from our quarterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything from our quarterly
+statement also comes from another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement also comes from another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement also comes from another
+spreadsheet so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet so let's look at the
+detailed spreadsheets and the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed spreadsheets and the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed spreadsheets and the first one
+is our sales spreadsheet so here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our sales spreadsheet so here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our sales spreadsheet so here in the
+red is input number so I've got my unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is input number so I've got my unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is input number so I've got my unit
+sales in units uh and I've just plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales in units uh and I've just plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales in units uh and I've just plugged
+some numbers here now you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers here now you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers here now you're going to
+have to justify these in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to justify these in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to justify these in the rest of
+your projections by you know what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projections by you know what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projections by you know what's my
+sales staff and how much how much units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales staff and how much how much units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales staff and how much how much units
+am I expecting a salesperson to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I expecting a salesperson to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I expecting a salesperson to to to
+sell um here's my unit price and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell um here's my unit price and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell um here's my unit price and I've
+got a couple different models and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple different models and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple different models and as you
+can see when I launch model two I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when I launch model two I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see when I launch model two I have
+to you know my I decrease the price on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know my I decrease the price on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know my I decrease the price on
+on model one because now it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on model one because now it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on model one because now it's it's uh
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+technology um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology um and so
+uh our product revenue is simply a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our product revenue is simply a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our product revenue is simply a multi
+you know the black is a calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the black is a calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the black is a calculated
+figure it's just a multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's just a multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it's just a multiplication of
+those two uh and then the magenta number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two uh and then the magenta number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two uh and then the magenta number
+that's what goes to our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what goes to our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what goes to our other
+spreadsheet so our support Revenue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet so our support Revenue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet so our support Revenue uh
+I've got you know there's here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got you know there's here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got you know there's here's here's
+our installed base and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our installed base and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our installed base and there's some
+retention on our installed base and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention on our installed base and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention on our installed base and then
+we charge 15% of what the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we charge 15% of what the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we charge 15% of what the value of that
+product is to show what our support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is to show what our support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is to show what our support
+Revenue would be but you're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue would be but you're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue would be but you're just going
+to have to play around with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to play around with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to play around with these
+percentages depending on your product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages depending on your product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages depending on your product
+and your company but I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your company but I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your company but I just wanted to
+show that there was actually some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there was actually some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there was actually some some
+support Revenue in it as well and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Revenue in it as well and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Revenue in it as well and this
+support Revenue goes to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Revenue goes to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support Revenue goes to the other
+spreadsheet uh so then we have our cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh so then we have our cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh so then we have our cost
+of goods sold so we have our units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods sold so we have our units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods sold so we have our units that
+are coming from our other spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from our other spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming from our other spreadsheet
+and we've plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've plugged in
+uh uh We've plugged in our uh unit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh We've plugged in our uh unit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh We've plugged in our uh unit cost
+down here and so this gives us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and so this gives us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and so this gives us our
+variable cost per unit we've got the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost per unit we've got the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost per unit we've got the 20
+units at $1,500 per unit comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units at $1,500 per unit comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units at $1,500 per unit comes down to
+$30,000 in material cost but I've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 in material cost but I've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 in material cost but I've also
+got some staffing I've got a VP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some staffing I've got a VP of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some staffing I've got a VP of
+manufacturing I've got a supervisor I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing I've got a supervisor I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing I've got a supervisor I've
+got a technician he can build one unit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a technician he can build one unit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a technician he can build one unit a
+day and so I've got to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and so I've got to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and so I've got to think about how
+many technicians I need as I ramp up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many technicians I need as I ramp up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many technicians I need as I ramp up
+that product volume okay so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product volume okay so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product volume okay so I have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh I'll show you that um so we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll show you that um so we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll show you that um so we'll talk
+about the Staffing plan on another page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Staffing plan on another page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Staffing plan on another page
+but you know those Staffing costs get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those Staffing costs get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those Staffing costs get
+added up into the salaries salary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up into the salaries salary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up into the salaries salary and
+benefits we have our variable cost here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits we have our variable cost here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits we have our variable cost here
+we have a facilities cost that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a facilities cost that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a facilities cost that is really
+a step function because you can't ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step function because you can't ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step function because you can't ramp
+up facilities in line with you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up facilities in line with you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up facilities in line with you know you
+can't add another 100 square feet you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add another 100 square feet you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't add another 100 square feet you've
+got to rent 10,000 square fet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to rent 10,000 square fet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to rent 10,000 square fet and then
+another 10,000 square fet if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10,000 square fet if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10,000 square fet if you need
+more so uh we just plugged in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so uh we just plugged in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so uh we just plugged in some
+numbers on our our facilities expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on our our facilities expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on our our facilities expense
+and that gives us our total product cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us our total product cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us our total product cost
+of goods sold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods sold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods sold here
+when we look at the Staffing plan this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the Staffing plan this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the Staffing plan this
+is a spreadsheet you're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spreadsheet you're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a spreadsheet you're going to keep
+coming back to over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to over and over again
+because as I said this is where 66% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said this is where 66% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I said this is where 66% of
+your expenses are going to be so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expenses are going to be so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expenses are going to be so first
+is you've got a spreadsheet that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got a spreadsheet that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you've got a spreadsheet that goes
+down to about here with all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about here with all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to about here with all of your
+departments and I would urge you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and I would urge you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments and I would urge you don't
+create too many lines in here don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create too many lines in here don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create too many lines in here don't
+create a junior programmer senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a junior programmer senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a junior programmer senior
+program or programmer level three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or programmer level three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or programmer level three you
+know kind of glom things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of glom things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of glom things together
+because you're going to be fat fingering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be fat fingering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to be fat fingering
+a lot of stuff in and do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in and do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in and do the same thing
+with their salar so if a salary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their salar so if a salary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their salar so if a salary you know
+a programmer one makes prog a junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a programmer one makes prog a junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a programmer one makes prog a junior
+program makes 80 and a programmer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program makes 80 and a programmer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program makes 80 and a programmer makes
+a 100 and a senior program makes 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 and a senior program makes 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 and a senior program makes 120
+just kind of put in programmer put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of put in programmer put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of put in programmer put them
+all in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in at
+$100,000 you know you're again you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 you know you're again you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 you know you're again you will
+this is just a this is going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a this is going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a this is going to be your
+guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline
+right so uh so you've got this for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so you've got this for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so you've got this for all
+of your departments down here and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your departments down here and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your departments down here and again
+the spreadsheet goes all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreadsheet goes all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreadsheet goes all the way out to
+here so the companion part to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the companion part to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the companion part to this
+spreadsheet is is actually over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet is is actually over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet is is actually over on the
+right side of this thing and now you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of this thing and now you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of this thing and now you you
+plug in salaries for each of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in salaries for each of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in salaries for each of these uh
+Staffing positions and all this all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing positions and all this all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing positions and all this all this
+spreadsheet does is take your take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet does is take your take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet does is take your take your
+number of employees and remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of employees and remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of employees and remember this is
+a quarterly so we're taking the annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarterly so we're taking the annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarterly so we're taking the annual
+salary dividing it by four multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary dividing it by four multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary dividing it by four multiplying
+by the number of people in that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of people in that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of people in that position
+and then we're adding in our uh benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're adding in our uh benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're adding in our uh benefits
+at 15% so FICA is 7% and if I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 15% so FICA is 7% and if I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 15% so FICA is 7% and if I've done
+the math I've done the math dozens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math I've done the math dozens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math I've done the math dozens of
+times it you know 8% of your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it you know 8% of your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it you know 8% of your total
+salary of your total payroll is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary of your total payroll is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salary of your total payroll is usually
+enough to cover uh health insurance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cover uh health insurance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cover uh health insurance for
+everyone at kind of a 75 25% ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at kind of a 75 25% ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone at kind of a 75 25% ratio
+because some people aren't going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people aren't going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people aren't going to take
+it some people are going to be on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some people are going to be on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some people are going to be on their
+spouses plan you're going to have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses plan you're going to have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses plan you're going to have a lot
+of if you're a tech company you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you're a tech company you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you're a tech company you're going
+to have a lot of single people so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of single people so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of single people so they
+cost about a third as much as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost about a third as much as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost about a third as much as the
+married people and so 8% works out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married people and so 8% works out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married people and so 8% works out to be
+pretty good but your employees are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good but your employees are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good but your employees are still
+going to want to get raises in year two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to get raises in year two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to get raises in year two
+just because you're a startup they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're a startup they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're a startup they still
+want a little something extra and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a little something extra and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a little something extra and as I
+mentioned a lot of companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a lot of companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a lot of companies have
+problems getting those expenses up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems getting those expenses up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems getting those expenses up in
+years three and four um because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years three and four um because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years three and four um because they
+don't add people enough one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add people enough one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't add people enough one of the
+things that people don't do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people don't do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people don't do is they
+don't ramp up your salaries so add in 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ramp up your salaries so add in 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ramp up your salaries so add in 2%
+a quarter that gives you 8% a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter that gives you 8% a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter that gives you 8% a year
+that's you know it's not an unreasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know it's not an unreasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know it's not an unreasonable
+number in again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in again
+while most payrolls are going up kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while most payrolls are going up kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while most payrolls are going up kind of
+3% these days uh if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% these days uh if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% these days uh if you're trying to
+hold on to technology Talent you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to technology Talent you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to technology Talent you're
+going to have to give them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to give them a little
+something extra so again this goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extra so again this goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extra so again this goes out
+just add 2% a year out into a year four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add 2% a year out into a year four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add 2% a year out into a year four
+and so the the math gets done and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the math gets done and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the math gets done and these
+go to the departmental expenses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the departmental expenses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the departmental expenses um
+non-salary expenses we've got well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-salary expenses we've got well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-salary expenses we've got well we've
+got our salary expenses and then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our salary expenses and then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our salary expenses and then you've
+got Tech Supplies and miscellaneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Tech Supplies and miscellaneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got Tech Supplies and miscellaneous and
+so if let you know I would urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if let you know I would urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if let you know I would urge you to
+put in as many formulas as you can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in as many formulas as you can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in as many formulas as you can so
+for like your programmers put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like your programmers put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like your programmers put in
+$22,000 per person per month it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$22,000 per person per month it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$22,000 per person per month it sounds
+like a lot but I've worked in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot but I've worked in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot but I've worked in a couple
+technology companies and you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology companies and you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology companies and you know it
+could be an oscilloscope it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an oscilloscope it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an oscilloscope it could be
+some cabling it could be some CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cabling it could be some CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cabling it could be some CAD
+software whatever it is these guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software whatever it is these guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software whatever it is these guys can
+figure out a way to spend it if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to spend it if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to spend it if that
+sounds like too much to you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like too much to you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like too much to you put in
+$1,000 a month but the beauty of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 a month but the beauty of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 a month but the beauty of that is
+that as you change your Staffing plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you change your Staffing plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you change your Staffing plan
+this number just ramps up and down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number just ramps up and down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number just ramps up and down in
+line with that so you can make dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with that so you can make dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with that so you can make dramatic
+changes to your Staffing you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your Staffing you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your Staffing you don't have
+to come back here and fat finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back here and fat finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back here and fat finger
+anything in um but some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in um but some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in um but some of these things
+you are going to have to especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to have to especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to have to especially in
+the marketing area you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing area you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketing area you're going to have
+to decide what trade shows do I go to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what trade shows do I go to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what trade shows do I go to uh
+and um what trade shows do I go to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what trade shows do I go to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um what trade shows do I go to or
+what am I going to do for sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expenses uh and then this is uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses uh and then this is uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenses uh and then this is uh you know
+you could even put in Commissions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even put in Commissions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even put in Commissions in
+here commissions is a percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here commissions is a percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here commissions is a percentage of
+sales if that if that seems to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales if that if that seems to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales if that if that seems to work and
+so therefore as your sales Ram up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore as your sales Ram up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore as your sales Ram up your
+commissions ramp up in line with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions ramp up in line with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions ramp up in line with that
+again it's just something uh like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just something uh like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's just something uh like and
+here's your travel per person per month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your travel per person per month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your travel per person per month
+for your salespeople is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your salespeople is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your salespeople is
+$3,000 um that seems to be a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 um that seems to be a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3,000 um that seems to be a pretty good
+number there um you know I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there um you know I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there um you know I put in
+telephone and internet per person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone and internet per person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone and internet per person and
+that just ramps up as your company ramps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just ramps up as your company ramps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just ramps up as your company ramps
+up so use as many formulas in this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so use as many formulas in this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so use as many formulas in this as
+you as you can and so that brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you can and so that brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you can and so that brings us
+back to our quarterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our quarterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our quarterly
+p&l um and where it all comes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p&l um and where it all comes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p&l um and where it all comes together
+together uh I've got a quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh I've got a quick example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh I've got a quick example
+here on on your capex and so what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on your capex and so what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on on your capex and so what I did
+was I took your total revenues but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I took your total revenues but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I took your total revenues but I
+offset revenues by a quarter figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset revenues by a quarter figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset revenues by a quarter figuring
+that customers are going to take 60 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that customers are going to take 60 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that customers are going to take 60 to
+90 days to pay so if you Bill them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 days to pay so if you Bill them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 days to pay so if you Bill them now
+you're going to get assume that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get assume that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get assume that you're
+going to get money 90 days from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get money 90 days from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get money 90 days from now
+right and hopefully you'll get it sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and hopefully you'll get it sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and hopefully you'll get it sooner
+uh but most of but your other expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but most of but your other expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but most of but your other expenses
+your employees which are two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employees which are two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your employees which are two-thirds of
+your expenses they want to get paid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expenses they want to get paid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expenses they want to get paid on
+the paid right they don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paid right they don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paid right they don't want to get
+paid 30 days from now so I just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 30 days from now so I just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid 30 days from now so I just assume
+you know this is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a little bit of a
+conservative look at it but I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative look at it but I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative look at it but I assume
+your other expenses come due you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other expenses come due you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other expenses come due you know in
+the current period And So based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current period And So based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current period And So based on that
+you can look at you know you plug in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at you know you plug in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at you know you plug in you
+plug in a starting balance here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a starting balance here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a starting balance here and and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+say where does this money get us to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where does this money get us to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where does this money get us to this
+money gets us to the end of uh the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money gets us to the end of uh the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money gets us to the end of uh the end
+of Q uh three in in that case I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q uh three in in that case I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q uh three in in that case I'm going
+to need to raise additional money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to raise additional money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to raise additional money and
+how much money am I going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money am I going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money am I going to have to
+raise there to get us to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise there to get us to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise there to get us to the next
+Milestone so in this case I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone so in this case I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milestone so in this case I said well
+maybe we've hit a milestone here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we've hit a milestone here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we've hit a milestone here at the
+end of Q3 and that's going to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of Q3 and that's going to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of Q3 and that's going to allow us
+to to raise our next round of funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise our next round of funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise our next round of funding
+okay uh I've talked about most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I've talked about most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I've talked about most of these
+showing you know steady and consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you know steady and consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you know steady and consistent
+growth uh and here's some suggestions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh and here's some suggestions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh and here's some suggestions in
+here in terms of an executive summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of an executive summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of an executive summary
+versus a full-blown business plan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a full-blown business plan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a full-blown business plan in
+reality you know the ex executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you know the ex executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality you know the ex executive
+summary is all most people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary is all most people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary is all most people are going to
+want to look at at the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at at the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at at the beginning and
+then when they really get into due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they really get into due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when they really get into due
+diligence they're going to want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence they're going to want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligence they're going to want to look
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+rest so I I think I can get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so I I think I can get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so I I think I can get through the
+next the rest of this in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the rest of this in five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the rest of this in five minutes
+because uh I've gone over a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I've gone over a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I've gone over a lot of it
+what I would say is you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is you think about
+equity in your company you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity in your company you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity in your company you're sitting
+around you know sitting around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know sitting around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know sitting around a
+conference table uh here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference table uh here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference table uh here at MIT and
+you're thinking about the company um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the company um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about the company um or
+maybe you maybe the company's been you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you maybe the company's been you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you maybe the company's been you
+know maybe you've been working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you've been working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you've been working on the
+company for the last two years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for the last two years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for the last two years and
+you're really ready to launch it all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really ready to launch it all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really ready to launch it all I
+would urge you is that the work that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would urge you is that the work that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would urge you is that the work that has
+yet to be done is far more than the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be done is far more than the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be done is far more than the work
+that has been done already even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been done already even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been done already even though
+it sound feels like you've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound feels like you've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound feels like you've done a
+tremendous amount the work that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount the work that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount the work that it takes
+you know growing to a million dollars is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know growing to a million dollars is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know growing to a million dollars is
+hard but growing from million dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but growing from million dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard but growing from million dollars to
+10 million is is equally hard if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million is is equally hard if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million is is equally hard if not
+harder and going from 10 to 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and going from 10 to 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder and going from 10 to 100 million
+is is really hard so the fact that uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is really hard so the fact that uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is really hard so the fact that uh a
+lot has been accomplished uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot has been accomplished uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot has been accomplished uh there's
+still a lot left to do so um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot left to do so um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a lot left to do so um you don't
+want to reward people for what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reward people for what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reward people for what's been
+done in the past you want to incentivize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the past you want to incentivize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the past you want to incentivize
+them to do things in the future so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do things in the future so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do things in the future so uh
+I'm a big believer that uh everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big believer that uh everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a big believer that uh everyone
+should vest I used to be adamantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should vest I used to be adamantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should vest I used to be adamantly
+against this when I was a member of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this when I was a member of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this when I was a member of a
+founding team but I've heard horror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding team but I've heard horror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding team but I've heard horror
+stories where three or four people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where three or four people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories where three or four people get
+together and one guy or one person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and one guy or one person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and one guy or one person gets
+an opportunity that they can't pass up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity that they can't pass up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity that they can't pass up
+and they leave with their 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they leave with their 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they leave with their 25% of the
+company and then the the three people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and then the the three people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and then the the three people
+that are left are now working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left are now working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are left are now working for
+themselves but also for you know someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but also for you know someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves but also for you know someone
+who's and not taking a paycheck for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's and not taking a paycheck for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's and not taking a paycheck for
+someone who's actually got a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's actually got a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's actually got a great job
+so it's it's I think everyone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's I think everyone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's I think everyone should
+vest over some kind of uh some three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest over some kind of uh some three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest over some kind of uh some three or
+four year period uh typically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four year period uh typically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four year period uh typically this is
+the ranges that you would see you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ranges that you would see you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ranges that you would see you know a
+CEO in the 5% Range Five to maybe 10% uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO in the 5% Range Five to maybe 10% uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO in the 5% Range Five to maybe 10% uh
+VPS in the one to two and a half percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VPS in the one to two and a half percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VPS in the one to two and a half percent
+this would be after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be after
+delution senior managers about a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delution senior managers about a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delution senior managers about a quarter
+of a percent and a senior individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent and a senior individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent and a senior individual
+contributor about a tenth of a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor about a tenth of a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributor about a tenth of a percent
+if you're on the founding management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the founding management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're on the founding management
+team not if you're on the founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team not if you're on the founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team not if you're on the founding
+management team you know you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team you know you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management team you know you might get
+two to three times this amount in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three times this amount in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to three times this amount in part
+because you're going to get diluted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get diluted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get diluted and
+if you're a founding employee you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a founding employee you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a founding employee you might
+get even more so if you have a key s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even more so if you have a key s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even more so if you have a key s if
+you have a single if you have a senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single if you have a senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single if you have a senior
+individual contributor who's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributor who's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual contributor who's really
+important to the company and he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the company and he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the company and he's going
+to get a tenth of a percent that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tenth of a percent that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tenth of a percent that's the
+kind of person you might give a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of person you might give a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of person you might give a quarter
+of a percent or a half a percent um up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent or a half a percent um up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent or a half a percent um up
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+front so let's look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so let's look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so let's look at some examples
+here as you if you get a sense I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as you if you get a sense I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as you if you get a sense I always
+like to start I always like to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start I always like to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start I always like to look at
+the end point and then go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point and then go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point and then go back to the
+beginning and figure out how I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and figure out how I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and figure out how I'm going
+to get to the end point so my end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the end point so my end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the end point so my end point
+here is looking at this whole dilution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is looking at this whole dilution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is looking at this whole dilution
+and here this is the same spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is the same spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is the same spreadsheet
+that we had earlier I've just added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had earlier I've just added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had earlier I've just added a
+little more detail with some names here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail with some names here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail with some names here
+and some specifics about the people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some specifics about the people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some specifics about the people so
+looking at this point you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this point you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this point you know this is
+where we're going to get to but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to get to but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to get to but at the
+beginning we have four Founders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we have four Founders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we have four Founders that
+have split the equity 2 million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have split the equity 2 million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have split the equity 2 million a
+million and a million okay that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and a million okay that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and a million okay that's all
+sounds well and good uh they have 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds well and good uh they have 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds well and good uh they have 100%
+here as we bring in our key employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we bring in our key employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as we bring in our key employees
+here we have a VP of R&D he's critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a VP of R&D he's critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a VP of R&D he's critical
+normally you'd say a VP of R&D uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you'd say a VP of R&D uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you'd say a VP of R&D uh would
+get about a percent well in reality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about a percent well in reality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about a percent well in reality by
+the time we get out to this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get out to this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we get out to this you know
+after all of our delusion out here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all of our delusion out here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all of our delusion out here this
+VP of R&D is going to be at at 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP of R&D is going to be at at 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP of R&D is going to be at at 1%
+um uh and so some other key employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and so some other key employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and so some other key employees
+here and maybe a board of advisers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe a board of advisers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and maybe a board of advisers or
+board members who would get some Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board members who would get some Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board members who would get some Equity
+we then bring in our angel investors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then bring in our angel investors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then bring in our angel investors who
+get 10% and everyone up here gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10% and everyone up here gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10% and everyone up here gets
+diluted and we then bring in our our VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted and we then bring in our our VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted and we then bring in our our VC
+round at 50% and again everyone everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round at 50% and again everyone everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round at 50% and again everyone everyone
+up above gets deluded including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up above gets deluded including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up above gets deluded including the
+Angels one of the things that got bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angels one of the things that got bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angels one of the things that got bought
+up one of the you know Axel was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one of the you know Axel was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one of the you know Axel was talking
+about $50,000 for 10% and my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $50,000 for 10% and my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $50,000 for 10% and my initial
+reaction was that seems really onerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was that seems really onerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction was that seems really onerous
+it doesn't seem like a great deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem like a great deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem like a great deal but
+when you realize that he's coming in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you realize that he's coming in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you realize that he's coming in at
+this stage he's coming in really as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage he's coming in really as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage he's coming in really as the
+angel investor and by the time this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel investor and by the time this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel investor and by the time this all
+gets done well here what's my example my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done well here what's my example my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets done well here what's my example my
+example actually works out instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example actually works out instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example actually works out instead of
+just take a zero off of this 10% his 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a zero off of this 10% his 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a zero off of this 10% his 10%
+is going to get the Ed down to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get the Ed down to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get the Ed down to you know
+2.3% so if you're getting all that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3% so if you're getting all that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3% so if you're getting all that other
+value uh then that 2.3% doesn't seem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh then that 2.3% doesn't seem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh then that 2.3% doesn't seem uh
+to be uh too much to give up I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh too much to give up I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh too much to give up I will say
+that angel investors are pretty keen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angel investors are pretty keen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angel investors are pretty keen on
+looking at this spreadsheet too and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this spreadsheet too and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this spreadsheet too and and
+while uh a lot of people think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh a lot of people think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh a lot of people think that
+angel investors will not be as tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel investors will not be as tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel investors will not be as tough
+negotiators uh as the VC investors um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators uh as the VC investors um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators uh as the VC investors um I
+would argue their invest their own money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue their invest their own money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue their invest their own money
+rather than the firm's money and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the firm's money and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the firm's money and they
+have seen the spreadsheet as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the spreadsheet as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the spreadsheet as well and
+that the angel investors will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angel investors will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angel investors will be uh
+every bit as uh tough as the VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit as uh tough as the VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit as uh tough as the VC
+negotiations now friends and family is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations now friends and family is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations now friends and family is a
+different story um and I've had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story um and I've had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story um and I've had very
+good success with friends and family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good success with friends and family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good success with friends and family
+coming in but I mean they're your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in but I mean they're your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in but I mean they're your
+friends and family you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family you're not going to
+try and screw them over so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and screw them over so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and screw them over so you're going
+to give them you know hopefully you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them you know hopefully you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them you know hopefully you're
+going to give them a fair deal to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give them a fair deal to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give them a fair deal to begin
+with so uh it's 9:00 on the dot um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so uh it's 9:00 on the dot um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so uh it's 9:00 on the dot um I can
+take one or two questions but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one or two questions but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one or two questions but then I
+know that uh Joe's going to shut me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh Joe's going to shut me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh Joe's going to shut me
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+any okay one here what are the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms uh I think over four years what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh I think over four years what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms uh I think over four years what
+you might say so four years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say so four years with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say so four years with
+quarterly vesting um I mean you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly vesting um I mean you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarterly vesting um I mean you could do
+monthly but I mean it really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly but I mean it really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly but I mean it really doesn't
+matter at that point so for you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter at that point so for you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter at that point so for you're
+vesting uh with you know 116th every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting uh with you know 116th every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vesting uh with you know 116th every
+quarter or what you could say is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or what you could say is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter or what you could say is let's
+say you've been working together for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've been working together for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've been working together for uh
+two for a year you say everyone starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for a year you say everyone starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for a year you say everyone starts
+with 20% vested and then the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 20% vested and then the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 20% vested and then the remaining
+80% vest over four years or three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% vest over four years or three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% vest over four years or three years
+something like that just so that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that just so that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that just so that someone
+doesn't get cold feet be when the going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get cold feet be when the going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get cold feet be when the going
+starts to get tough and and bail on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get tough and and bail on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get tough and and bail on the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so let's say that I had let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that I had let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say that I had let's say
+you were going to get 160,000 shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to get 160,000 shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to get 160,000 shares
+over four years that'd be 40,000 a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four years that'd be 40,000 a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four years that'd be 40,000 a year
+or 10,000 a quarter every quarter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10,000 a quarter every quarter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10,000 a quarter every quarter you
+vest 10,000 so if you leave after two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest 10,000 so if you leave after two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vest 10,000 so if you leave after two
+years you have your 80,000 shares and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you have your 80,000 shares and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you have your 80,000 shares and
+you go and you know they're yours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and you know they're yours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and you know they're yours and
+the 880,000 that you did invest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 880,000 that you did invest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 880,000 that you did invest uh
+that's you know may look if you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know may look if you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know may look if you thought
+it was going to be successful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to be successful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was going to be successful you
+shouldn't be leaving so you've left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be leaving so you've left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be leaving so you've left that
+and that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gone makes decision well look the CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone makes decision well look the CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone makes decision well look the CEO
+makes all the decisions you know I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the decisions you know I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes all the decisions you know I I I
+serve at the pleasure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve at the pleasure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve at the pleasure of the
+CEO but the CFO um I think I think by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO but the CFO um I think I think by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO but the CFO um I think I think by
+the time you take your first Venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you take your first Venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you take your first Venture
+money you you first off you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you you first off you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you you first off you have the
+money to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to pay a
+CFO and it will be money well spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO and it will be money well spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFO and it will be money well spent
+because as I showed you all those rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I showed you all those rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as I showed you all those rounds
+of financing at at reveal okay I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financing at at reveal okay I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financing at at reveal okay I can't
+tell you how much dilution I saved my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how much dilution I saved my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how much dilution I saved my
+Founders by thinking ahead about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders by thinking ahead about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Founders by thinking ahead about what we
+needed to do um so so I saved my you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do um so so I saved my you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to do um so so I saved my you
+know I saved my Sal I saved my salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I saved my Sal I saved my salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I saved my Sal I saved my salary
+and equity for him you know 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equity for him you know 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equity for him you know 10 times
+over um but we did have a deal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um but we did have a deal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um but we did have a deal for the
+very first year I worked halftime for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first year I worked halftime for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first year I worked halftime for a
+half salary and then we agreed that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half salary and then we agreed that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half salary and then we agreed that as
+the company you know you know I was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company you know you know I was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company you know you know I was in a
+position where I could work halftime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where I could work halftime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where I could work halftime and
+so I think it's good to have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's good to have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's good to have you know
+maybe you have a mentor advisor for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a mentor advisor for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have a mentor advisor for that
+first year and a controller but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year and a controller but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year and a controller but the
+problem is is that you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that you really want
+someone who's as you start negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's as you start negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's as you start negotiating
+these especially when you start raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these especially when you start raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these especially when you start raising
+money you want someone who's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want someone who's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want someone who's been
+through the process before and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process before and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process before and and they
+will save you you know an experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save you you know an experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save you you know an experienced
+person will save you you know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will save you you know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will save you you know a couple
+percent of delution right off the bat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of delution right off the bat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of delution right off the bat so
+what's that worth it all depends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth it all depends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that worth it all depends you
+sell your company for 200 million it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your company for 200 million it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell your company for 200 million it's
+worth a lot okay maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot okay maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth a lot okay maybe one
+more looks like I've gotten everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more looks like I've gotten everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more looks like I've gotten everything
+so thank you very much that's a
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5aSNyl7_PNU.txt b/5aSNyl7_PNU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7815a3fa749ce5c2745d560e05c25d06513a56e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5aSNyl7_PNU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody we're to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody we're to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody we're to be talking
+today about something that sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about something that sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today about something that sounds really
+esoteric really confusing vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric really confusing vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esoteric really confusing vocabulary
+reduction how do we go to vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction how do we go to vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction how do we go to vocabulary
+reduction how do we reduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction how do we reduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction how do we reduce our
+vocabulary are we talking about C Spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary are we talking about C Spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary are we talking about C Spot
+Run what what does this mean it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run what what does this mean it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Run what what does this mean it really
+is about something that we do every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about something that we do every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about something that we do every time
+we do analysis whether we do music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do analysis whether we do music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do analysis whether we do music
+analysis or textual analysis or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or textual analysis or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or textual analysis or we're
+trying to think about you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about you know what
+really happened um on that last phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happened um on that last phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happened um on that last phone
+convers ation I had with u you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convers ation I had with u you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convers ation I had with u you know my
+partner or friend or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner or friend or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner or friend or something like that
+we're trying to reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to reduce the number of
+complexities down to something smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities down to something smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities down to something smaller
+and more manageable and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more manageable and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more manageable and one of the
+places where we do vocabulary reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we do vocabulary reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we do vocabulary reduction
+quite a bit is in Roman numeral analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit is in Roman numeral analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit is in Roman numeral analysis
+uh we don't label everything a Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't label everything a Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't label everything a Roman
+numeral we tend to label the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral we tend to label the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral we tend to label the things
+depending on who your teacher was maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who your teacher was maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who your teacher was maybe
+she or he said we only label things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she or he said we only label things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she or he said we only label things that
+are really chords what is that that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really chords what is that that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really chords what is that that mean
+um when we're thinking about how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're thinking about how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we're thinking about how we do
+this as humans we don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as humans we don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as humans we don't really have to
+think too much about how we do this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too much about how we do this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too much about how we do this we
+just have to get better at doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to get better at doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to get better at doing this
+but if we're going to train a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to train a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're going to train a computer
+system to be able to tell us only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be able to tell us only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be able to tell us only the
+things that are really there to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really there to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are really there to reduce
+the vocabulary of a score into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocabulary of a score into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vocabulary of a score into something
+more manageable then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable then we're going to have
+to understand this process quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this process quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this process quite a bit
+better so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so that's what we're going to do
+today I'm going to move over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to move over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to move over to the
+Jupiter notebook and U today I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter notebook and U today I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter notebook and U today I didn't
+have time to make every single thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to make every single thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to make every single thing a
+little bit uh you know really polished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh you know really polished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit uh you know really polished
+so you'll get kind of a sense of how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get kind of a sense of how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get kind of a sense of how I
+how I program how I make up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I program how I make up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I program how I make up uh
+assignments for us and how um some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments for us and how um some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments for us and how um some of
+the wrong turns that happen along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong turns that happen along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong turns that happen along the
+way maybe it'll be useful so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way maybe it'll be useful so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way maybe it'll be useful so let's go
+over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to
+Jupiter okay we're going to start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter okay we're going to start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter okay we're going to start by
+importing from music 21 the Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importing from music 21 the Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importing from music 21 the Corpus
+method and let's load up a piece by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and let's load up a piece by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and let's load up a piece by
+claraa Schuman her uh Piano Trio slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claraa Schuman her uh Piano Trio slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claraa Schuman her uh Piano Trio slow
+movement one of my favorite pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement one of my favorite pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement one of my favorite pieces and
+we've looked at this uh once in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at this uh once in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at this uh once in class
+before and it's going to take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's going to take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's going to take a little
+bit of time it's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time it's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time it's a little bit of a
+slower thing you might need to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay it's a Piano Trio but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay it's a Piano Trio but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay it's a Piano Trio but it
+begins with just the piano part it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with just the piano part it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins with just the piano part it's
+really lovely section let me find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lovely section let me find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lovely section let me find a
+YouTube video and place that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can click on that or just Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can click on that or just Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can click on that or just Google
+it find find it in there anyhow the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find find it in there anyhow the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find find it in there anyhow the next
+uh eight measures we looked at once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight measures we looked at once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eight measures we looked at once in
+class and we can see it it's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we can see it it's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and we can see it it's when the
+violin and the cello enter and the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin and the cello enter and the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violin and the cello enter and the piano
+switches to something else the violin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches to something else the violin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches to something else the violin
+playing the same Melody we looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the same Melody we looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the same Melody we looked at it
+because of those um those Grace notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those um those Grace notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of those um those Grace notes
+sure if we can highlight that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we can highlight that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if we can highlight that there
+there we go um and they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go um and they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go um and they um
+yeah and they were a problem for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they were a problem for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they were a problem for some of
+our representations of been codings okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representations of been codings okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representations of been codings okay
+so let's just extract the piano part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just extract the piano part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just extract the piano part
+from here and you can see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you can see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and you can see some of the
+mistakes that I've made with my own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that I've made with my own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that I've made with my own uh
+music 21 package that this happens I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 package that this happens I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 package that this happens I'm
+like oh I want to extract two parts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I want to extract two parts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh I want to extract two parts uh
+first off that should be two to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off that should be two to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off that should be two to four
+anyhow but in any case it's giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow but in any case it's giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow but in any case it's giving me a
+list of um things so I've made two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of um things so I've made two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of um things so I've made two
+mistakes uh that's not giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes uh that's not giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes uh that's not giving me a
+stream it's giving me a list I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's giving me a list I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's giving me a list I'm going
+to okay now I'm going to do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay now I'm going to do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay now I'm going to do this again
+we're going to import the stream we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to import the stream we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to import the stream we're
+going to um to create a new score not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um to create a new score not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um to create a new score not
+part for putting things in and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for putting things in and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part for putting things in and we're
+going to put in gosh I cannot type piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in gosh I cannot type piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in gosh I cannot type piano
+after all these uh we're going to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all these uh we're going to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all these uh we're going to put in
+part two which is the piano right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two which is the piano right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part two which is the piano right hand
+and we're going to also put in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to also put in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to also put in part one
+which is the piano left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the piano left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the piano left
+hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and
+in order to make this run faster we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make this run faster we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make this run faster we'll
+just take the first 16 measures uh I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the first 16 measures uh I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the first 16 measures uh I put
+measure zero just out of habit in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero just out of habit in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure zero just out of habit in case
+there's a pickup measure there isn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pickup measure there isn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pickup measure there isn't in
+this case so I could have really started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so I could have really started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so I could have really started
+with one so now we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one so now we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one so now we're going to look at
+just that little excerpt just the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that little excerpt just the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that little excerpt just the panel
+part all that to get rid of some empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part all that to get rid of some empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part all that to get rid of some empty
+rests but that's kind of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests but that's kind of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rests but that's kind of okay
+here okay so we're going to play um with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're going to play um with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so we're going to play um with
+just creating the chords of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creating the chords of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just creating the chords of this and
+we'll remember the cify function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remember the cify function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remember the cify function which
+is kind of a fun part of Music 21 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a fun part of Music 21 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a fun part of Music 21 and
+we'll show it and because we're taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show it and because we're taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show it and because we're taking a
+trouble cluff and a base cluff put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble cluff and a base cluff put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble cluff and a base cluff put
+together in instruments this is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in instruments this is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in instruments this is always a
+little bit wacky uh you kind of get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wacky uh you kind of get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wacky uh you kind of get used
+to counting mcen numbers of uh Ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counting mcen numbers of uh Ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counting mcen numbers of uh Ledger
+lines when you are playing with cify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines when you are playing with cify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines when you are playing with cify and
+uh there were times in my life when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were times in my life when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were times in my life when I
+could actually eyeball that first note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually eyeball that first note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually eyeball that first note
+and say yep that's G I got it but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yep that's G I got it but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say yep that's G I got it but those
+times have have passed so instead we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times have have passed so instead we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times have have passed so instead we're
+going to recurse go through every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recurse go through every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recurse go through every single
+um element in every measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um element in every measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um element in every measure and
+everything and get all the chords from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and get all the chords from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and get all the chords from
+that c chords is now aart and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c chords is now aart and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c chords is now aart and we're
+going to take every one of those chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take every one of those chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take every one of those chords
+which we call C and put it into Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call C and put it into Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call C and put it into Clos
+position and say that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and say that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and say that it's going to be
+an octave four and uh in place equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octave four and uh in place equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octave four and uh in place equals
+true we're going to replace the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we're going to replace the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true we're going to replace the old
+chord and now we're going to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and now we're going to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and now we're going to show that
+uh the are the same thing and now things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the are the same thing and now things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the are the same thing and now things
+look quite a bit better so um yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quite a bit better so um yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look quite a bit better so um yep
+there's a thing we can paare back up can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing we can paare back up can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing we can paare back up can
+we kind of look at same page yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of look at same page yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of look at same page yeah a
+little bit um yep that's a d down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um yep that's a d down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit um yep that's a d down there
+that's a g okay so so it worked worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a g okay so so it worked worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a g okay so so it worked worked
+pretty well okay we'll Zoom back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay we'll Zoom back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well okay we'll Zoom back in
+again so that we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that we can see
+great now what we're going to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now what we're going to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great now what we're going to do is we
+want to uh label everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh label everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh label everything that's
+happening in this so first we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this so first we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this so first we're going
+to add analyze the key what key are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add analyze the key what key are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add analyze the key what key are we
+in we're in G major yep uh you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're in G major yep uh you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're in G major yep uh you'll see
+that this is called The Piano Trio in G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called The Piano Trio in G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is called The Piano Trio in G
+minor but this movement is in G major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor but this movement is in G major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor but this movement is in G major
+great so we're going to uh iterate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we're going to uh iterate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we're going to uh iterate over
+every one of these chords again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these chords again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these chords again and
+we're going to create a Roman numeral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to create a Roman numeral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to create a Roman numeral
+for each of the chords actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the chords actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the chords actually we're
+going to import the Roman package from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to import the Roman package from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to import the Roman package from
+ran module from music 21 and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran module from music 21 and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran module from music 21 and there's
+this cool thing that you wish you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool thing that you wish you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool thing that you wish you had
+your last um time you were programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last um time you were programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last um time you were programming
+your last problem set Roman numeral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last problem set Roman numeral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last problem set Roman numeral from
+chord so we're going to take the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord so we're going to take the chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord so we're going to take the chord
+and uh say that we want the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh say that we want the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh say that we want the Roman
+numeral in G we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral in G we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral in G we're actually going to
+create an object uh called Gore major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an object uh called Gore major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an object uh called Gore major
+which is a a variable which is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a variable which is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a variable which is the key
+of G object and the reason for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G object and the reason for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G object and the reason for this is
+otherwise we would have to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we would have to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we would have to create a new
+key object for every chord and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key object for every chord and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key object for every chord and over time
+that becomes slow so what we'll say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes slow so what we'll say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes slow so what we'll say is
+for our original chords we'll give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our original chords we'll give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our original chords we'll give them
+the lyrics which are equal to the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyrics which are equal to the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lyrics which are equal to the figure
+of the Roman numeral so whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Roman numeral so whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Roman numeral so whatever the
+Roman numeral is will asside that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral is will asside that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral is will asside that to the
+lyric you see it's not the fastest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric you see it's not the fastest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyric you see it's not the fastest thing
+in the world but now you can have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but now you can have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but now you can have it and
+we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at
+um we can look at those odd chords in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can look at those odd chords in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can look at those odd chords in a
+little bit you can go ahead and pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you can go ahead and pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you can go ahead and pause
+the video if you want to look at them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video if you want to look at them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video if you want to look at them in
+more detail have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail have a nice
+laugh but I'm just going to uh just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh but I'm just going to uh just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh but I'm just going to uh just get
+a quick excerpt the first four measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick excerpt the first four measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick excerpt the first four measures
+that first line there just so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first line there just so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first line there just so we can
+compare without having to to move our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare without having to to move our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare without having to to move our
+eyes up and down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes up and down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes up and down a lot
+so now we'll compare this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll compare this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll compare this to the
+original piano part uh with the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original piano part uh with the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original piano part uh with the left and
+the right hands and just see do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hands and just see do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hands and just see do these
+chords look about right okay yep see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords look about right okay yep see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords look about right okay yep see
+there's that weird thing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that weird thing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that weird thing that that
+second chord isn't really a six4 chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chord isn't really a six4 chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chord isn't really a six4 chord
+it's really that that low G is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that that low G is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that that low G is still
+sustaining and then uh is that a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining and then uh is that a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustaining and then uh is that a four
+chord or is that a five 42 chord it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord or is that a five 42 chord it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord or is that a five 42 chord it's
+going to be a little bit difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit difficult
+because we want to make sure is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to make sure is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to make sure is that a
+patura or is that a chord tone it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patura or is that a chord tone it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patura or is that a chord tone it's a
+little bit difficult in fact this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit difficult in fact this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit difficult in fact this would
+be the challenge problem to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the challenge problem to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the challenge problem to be able to
+take something where we have arpeggios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something where we have arpeggios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something where we have arpeggios
+Melodies things and Do vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies things and Do vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melodies things and Do vocabulary
+reduction on a piano part like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction on a piano part like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction on a piano part like this this
+is still one of the big unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still one of the big unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still one of the big unsolved
+problems in the field and make being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the field and make being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the field and make being
+able to make progress on how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make progress on how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make progress on how do we
+reduce the number number of You Know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number number of You Know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number number of You Know
+chords of Roman numerals of analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords of Roman numerals of analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords of Roman numerals of analytical
+things to only the quote unquote real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to only the quote unquote real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to only the quote unquote real
+chords on a complex score on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords on a complex score on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords on a complex score on a
+orchestral or a piano score is still one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestral or a piano score is still one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestral or a piano score is still one
+thing that that you could get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that you could get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that you could get you know
+an A++ you could get complete published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A++ you could get complete published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A++ you could get complete published
+paper out of being able to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper out of being able to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper out of being able to do that for
+now we're going to um and and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to um and and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to um and and there are
+some great ways to do that we'll uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great ways to do that we'll uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some great ways to do that we'll uh be
+looking at a dissertation by a guy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a dissertation by a guy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a dissertation by a guy by
+the name of Christopher William right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Christopher William right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of Christopher William right uh
+at some point for people who are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point for people who are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point for people who are very
+interested in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in such
+things we're going to be applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to be applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to be applying the
+concepts of vocabulary reduction to box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of vocabulary reduction to box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of vocabulary reduction to box
+four-part Corrals because these this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-part Corrals because these this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-part Corrals because these this is
+music that tends to have all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that tends to have all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that tends to have all of the
+harmonies changing very often and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonies changing very often and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonies changing very often and not
+having a lot of the arpeggiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of the arpeggiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of the arpeggiation and
+things that we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we were just
+seeing you're going to be working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you're going to be working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you're going to be working in
+groups and I'll talk about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and I'll talk about the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and I'll talk about the problem
+set later but I want to say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set later but I want to say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set later but I want to say that there's
+two different approaches that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different approaches that you could
+be using um and perhaps more to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using um and perhaps more to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using um and perhaps more to do this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+assignment what I'll be doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what I'll be doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment what I'll be doing in the
+rest of the video is an approach where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the video is an approach where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the video is an approach where
+you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start by
+labeling every vertical element and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling every vertical element and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling every vertical element and then
+you start removing ones that don't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start removing ones that don't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start removing ones that don't seem
+to actually be chords this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be chords this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually be chords this is a great
+way of working another way of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of working another way of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of working another way of working
+that resembles perhaps a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resembles perhaps a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resembles perhaps a little bit more
+closely how we as humans work is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely how we as humans work is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely how we as humans work is to
+start by identifying non-harmonic tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by identifying non-harmonic tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by identifying non-harmonic tones
+and putting them all out into various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting them all out into various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting them all out into various
+places and then removing the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and then removing the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and then removing the vertical
+chords that are not real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that are not real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords that are not real
+chords perhaps by also using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords perhaps by also using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords perhaps by also using the
+various Roman numeral sections to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Roman numeral sections to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Roman numeral sections to give
+you a sense I want to show a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense I want to show a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense I want to show a little bit
+one particular B Coral we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular B Coral we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular B Coral we'll look at the
+opening here of a four voice piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening here of a four voice piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening here of a four voice piece and
+you can see moments that oh that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see moments that oh that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see moments that oh that looks
+like a passing tone that looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a passing tone that looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a passing tone that looks like it's
+going to be a little bit um yeah just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit um yeah just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a little bit um yeah just on
+its way someplace here it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way someplace here it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way someplace here it looks like a
+neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+tone this might be a suspension to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone this might be a suspension to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone this might be a suspension to here
+or or this might be a restruck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or this might be a restruck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or this might be a restruck
+suspension and so on so we can do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension and so on so we can do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspension and so on so we can do it uh
+by hand but then how do we train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand but then how do we train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand but then how do we train the
+computer to do it so that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do it so that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to do it so that would be one
+type of question and then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question and then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of question and then once you've
+trained a computer to identify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained a computer to identify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained a computer to identify these
+tones you can create a version where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones you can create a version where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones you can create a version where you
+remove them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them and
+cified after this comes an essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cified after this comes an essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cified after this comes an essential
+step of identifying where various key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of identifying where various key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of identifying where various key
+changes might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes might
+be so regardless of whether you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so regardless of whether you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so regardless of whether you start
+with looking at finding passing tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking at finding passing tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with looking at finding passing tones
+neighbor tones and so on or start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor tones and so on or start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor tones and so on or start by
+looking at every particular chord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at every particular chord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at every particular chord and
+removing the end result ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the end result ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the end result ends up being
+the same and your work can be judged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and your work can be judged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and your work can be judged by
+how well each various part had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well each various part had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well each various part had been
+identified through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified through your
+process I would suggest if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I would suggest if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I would suggest if you're
+working and dividing up the tasks among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and dividing up the tasks among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and dividing up the tasks among
+people in your group that you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your group that you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in your group that you start with
+the removal of various uh individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the removal of various uh individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the removal of various uh individual
+non-harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-harmonic
+tones if on the other hand your group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones if on the other hand your group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones if on the other hand your group
+chooses to uh work where everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to uh work where everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses to uh work where everybody is
+working together at each stage then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together at each stage then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together at each stage then
+perhaps the technique I explained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the technique I explained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the technique I explained in the
+rest of the video where you label chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the video where you label chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the video where you label chords
+first will yield better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results but we can go and do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but we can go and do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but we can go and do something a
+little bit easier if we stick to Corral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if we stick to Corral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit easier if we stick to Corral
+style compositions so we'll go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style compositions so we'll go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style compositions so we'll go back to
+our favorite boach piece bwv 66.6 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite boach piece bwv 66.6 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite boach piece bwv 66.6 which
+is going to have its own problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have its own problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have its own problem in a
+little bit but we're going to cify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we're going to cify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but we're going to cify it
+I'm guess get cut and pasting up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guess get cut and pasting up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm guess get cut and pasting up here
+and we're going to again once we cify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to again once we cify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to again once we cify
+everything put it into Clos position put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything put it into Clos position put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything put it into Clos position put
+it into octave 4 and again replace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into octave 4 and again replace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into octave 4 and again replace all
+the chords in place if you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chords in place if you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chords in place if you haven't seen
+how this technique Works look at music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this technique Works look at music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this technique Works look at music
+21 users guide chapter nine and chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 users guide chapter nine and chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 users guide chapter nine and chapter
+10 we do that a lot there in fact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we do that a lot there in fact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 we do that a lot there in fact with
+this piece so you'll see um see some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece so you'll see um see some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece so you'll see um see some new
+techniques and be able to do it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and be able to do it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and be able to do it a little
+bit more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this piece has an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this piece has an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this piece has an interesting
+characteristic that it ends in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that it ends in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that it ends in a
+different key than where it begins so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key than where it begins so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key than where it begins so if
+we look at the Key of measure 0 to2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the Key of measure 0 to2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the Key of measure 0 to2
+using Carol Crum hansel's prob T key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Carol Crum hansel's prob T key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Carol Crum hansel's prob T key
+analysis method which is built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis method which is built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis method which is built into
+music 21 and we see that it's an a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 and we see that it's an a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 and we see that it's an a major
+but then if we look at the last seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if we look at the last seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if we look at the last seven
+measures 4 through 10 we see it's an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures 4 through 10 we see it's an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures 4 through 10 we see it's an F
+minor so we're going to work on each to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so we're going to work on each to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor so we're going to work on each to
+the two parts separately so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parts separately so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parts separately so let's first
+look at measures 0 to two and get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at measures 0 to two and get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at measures 0 to two and get this
+excerpt as bords uncore excert should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt as bords uncore excert should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt as bords uncore excert should
+probably called it excert one whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably called it excert one whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably called it excert one whatever
+and we can look at those first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at those first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can look at those first two
+measures and let's use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and let's use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and let's use the same
+technique that we used with clar Schuman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we used with clar Schuman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we used with clar Schuman
+um to go through each chord and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to go through each chord and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to go through each chord and get a
+Roman numeral from it and then put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral from it and then put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman numeral from it and then put the
+lyrics in so we can see it we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics in so we can see it we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics in so we can see it we just have
+to change G major to a major again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change G major to a major again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change G major to a major again you
+can just put the string a there but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put the string a there but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just put the string a there but I
+kind of prefer to do this so we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prefer to do this so we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prefer to do this so we'll do a
+major and a major and um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and a major and um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major and a major and um kind of
+change uh C chords to B chords excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh C chords to B chords excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh C chords to B chords excerpt
+and of course uh a mage is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh a mage is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course uh a mage is not the same
+as a major so we'll go ahead and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a major so we'll go ahead and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a major so we'll go ahead and fix
+that put that in and now we'll take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put that in and now we'll take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put that in and now we'll take this
+excerpt and show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we could see okay it's quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see okay it's quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could see okay it's quite a bit
+simpler we have the one 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we have the one 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we have the one 56
+six yeah things like that um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six yeah things like that um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six yeah things like that um this is
+actually a really good time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good time to
+remember uh think about references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh think about references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh think about references
+because we haven't really talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't really talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we haven't really talked about
+this so this is just the excerpt of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is just the excerpt of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is just the excerpt of just
+the two measures when we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two measures when we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two measures when we go back and
+look at all of the chords one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the chords one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all of the chords one of the
+things you can see is that the figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can see is that the figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can see is that the figures
+do sustain back to the that part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sustain back to the that part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sustain back to the that part in
+other words the chords in the excert are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the chords in the excert are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the chords in the excert are
+the exact same objects as the chords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same objects as the chords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same objects as the chords in
+the cify part so what you change on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cify part so what you change on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cify part so what you change on one
+of them will change on the other but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will change on the other but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will change on the other but if
+we go all the way back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all the way back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all the way back to the original
+bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu
+part and we show it we'll see that hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we show it we'll see that hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we show it we'll see that hey
+there's no lyrics anywhere anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lyrics anywhere anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no lyrics anywhere anything
+because there were no chords there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were no chords there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were no chords there and
+we um just can't sort of get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um just can't sort of get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um just can't sort of get back to
+that anyhow that was a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyhow that was a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyhow that was a little bit of a
+digression while we uh look at the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression while we uh look at the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression while we uh look at the Roman
+numerals here these look like the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals here these look like the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerals here these look like the kinds
+of Roman numerals I was taught uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Roman numerals I was taught uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Roman numerals I was taught uh so
+there's not too much too much to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too much too much to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not too much too much to do
+there so let's go back to the second BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's go back to the second BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's go back to the second BL
+excerpt the one that's in F minor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt the one that's in F minor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt the one that's in F minor and
+measures 4 through 10 so we'll go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures 4 through 10 so we'll go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures 4 through 10 so we'll go ahead
+and get measures 4 through 10 and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get measures 4 through 10 and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get measures 4 through 10 and we'll
+call that b exer B chords excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that b exer B chords excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that b exer B chords excerpt
+2 and measures 4 through 10 when we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and measures 4 through 10 when we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and measures 4 through 10 when we show
+this part you're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part you're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part you're going to see that
+there's one problem with uh all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one problem with uh all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one problem with uh all of our
+um showing things and that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing things and that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um showing things and that is to say
+that the the measuring numbers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the measuring numbers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the measuring numbers are not
+going to be kept but whatever okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kept but whatever okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kept but whatever okay so
+we're going to go ahead and create a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go ahead and create a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go ahead and create a key
+of F minor and pause this for one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F minor and pause this for one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F minor and pause this for one second
+in the video to see that when we make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video to see that when we make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the video to see that when we make uh
+a key. key object really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key. key object really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key. key object really important to
+make a lowercase f if you want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lowercase f if you want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lowercase f if you want to show
+that something's minor and I call it Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something's minor and I call it Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something's minor and I call it Fe
+by the way because you can't obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way because you can't obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way because you can't obviously
+put F number sign pound sign to mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F number sign pound sign to mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put F number sign pound sign to mean a
+sharp sign as a variable because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp sign as a variable because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp sign as a variable because it
+would just be a common so we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a common so we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be a common so we sometimes
+use borrow things from other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use borrow things from other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use borrow things from other languages
+and so FIS Fe is the geran for FSH okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so FIS Fe is the geran for FSH okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so FIS Fe is the geran for FSH okay
+so getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so getting back
+here getting back here we're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here getting back here we're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here getting back here we're just doing
+the same thing that we did before B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we did before B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we did before B
+chords exerpt 2 we're getting each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords exerpt 2 we're getting each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords exerpt 2 we're getting each of
+the chords changing them to ran numerals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chords changing them to ran numerals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chords changing them to ran numerals
+taking that ran numerals figure and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that ran numerals figure and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that ran numerals figure and make
+it into lyrics and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into lyrics and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into lyrics and now we're going to
+show that section and uh these measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that section and uh these measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that section and uh these measuring
+numbers are the thing I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the thing I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are the thing I was talking
+about that I guess we have to add three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I guess we have to add three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I guess we have to add three
+to each one of them to get what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each one of them to get what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each one of them to get what it is
+eventually you know we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you know we'll be able to
+contribute back to open source projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute back to open source projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute back to open source projects
+like mcore and be able to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mcore and be able to fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mcore and be able to fix this
+limitation uh haven't had time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation uh haven't had time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation uh haven't had time to do
+that yet such a great project anyhow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet such a great project anyhow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet such a great project anyhow so
+we can go look through and see that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go look through and see that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go look through and see that okay
+this time there's a lot more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time there's a lot more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time there's a lot more interesting
+chords and some things that definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and some things that definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords and some things that definitely
+we want to reduce the vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce the vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to reduce the vocabulary of
+because I don't think all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think all of those
+chords actually say let's just grab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords actually say let's just grab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords actually say let's just grab that
+last measure of the second system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last measure of the second system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last measure of the second system here
+which is measure uh eight and look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is measure uh eight and look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is measure uh eight and look into
+that um over here yep so there 's an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um over here yep so there 's an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um over here yep so there 's an a
+sharp and then a b and a C sharp in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and then a b and a C sharp in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and then a b and a C sharp in the
+base yep that's definitely the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base yep that's definitely the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base yep that's definitely the right
+measure and we can see that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and we can see that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and we can see that that that
+chord quote unquote on the second eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord quote unquote on the second eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord quote unquote on the second eighth
+note is almost certainly not a chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is almost certainly not a chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is almost certainly not a chord
+that is a lead a passing tone right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a lead a passing tone right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a lead a passing tone right and
+so that flat augmented chord um 66 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that flat augmented chord um 66 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that flat augmented chord um 66 or
+something whatever that was that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whatever that was that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something whatever that was that's
+something we want to reduce in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to reduce in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to reduce in the
+vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary
+so how can we do this I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we do this I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we do this I'm going to give
+you one quick way that we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one quick way that we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one quick way that we can do this
+let's just excert um measure 8 call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just excert um measure 8 call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just excert um measure 8 call it
+M8 and just get that one measure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M8 and just get that one measure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M8 and just get that one measure from
+the this is from the cified version uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is from the cified version uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is from the cified version uh
+measure eight and we can just show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure eight and we can just show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure eight and we can just show it
+make sure we got the right one always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we got the right one always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we got the right one always do
+this by the way the number of times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way the number of times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the way the number of times that
+somebody has worked hours and hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has worked hours and hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has worked hours and hours and
+can't figure out the bug because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out the bug because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't figure out the bug because it
+turns out that wasn't the right bug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that wasn't the right bug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that wasn't the right bug that
+wasn't the right measure so yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right measure so yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the right measure so yeah I'm
+going to pause the video for one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pause the video for one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pause the video for one second
+and go through those uh chords in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go through those uh chords in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go through those uh chords in some
+detail so sorry I've cut off the soprano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so sorry I've cut off the soprano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so sorry I've cut off the soprano
+but it's just a whole bunch of FS so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a whole bunch of FS so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a whole bunch of FS so we
+can see that the first chord six I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the first chord six I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the first chord six I mean
+that's really from the base that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really from the base that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really from the base that's
+that's the chord that's happening it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chord that's happening it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the chord that's happening it's
+either the chord on beat one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the chord on beat one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the chord on beat one or the
+chord on beat two so the third beat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord on beat two so the third beat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord on beat two so the third beat the
+Baseline looks like it's doing some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline looks like it's doing some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline looks like it's doing some kind
+of passing tone and then it's moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passing tone and then it's moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of passing tone and then it's moving up
+to that uh C at the end so something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh C at the end so something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh C at the end so something is
+is happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening and
+but well it's really unclear if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well it's really unclear if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well it's really unclear if anything
+except the first beat is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first beat is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first beat is something that
+we'd want to keep as an actual chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd want to keep as an actual chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd want to keep as an actual chord
+especially looking at the alto line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially looking at the alto line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially looking at the alto line
+looks like it's has both of those D's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's has both of those D's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's has both of those D's
+might be passing tones and the tenor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be passing tones and the tenor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be passing tones and the tenor
+also looks like it's passing toone so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looks like it's passing toone so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also looks like it's passing toone so a
+lot of these cordal motions are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cordal motions are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these cordal motions are things
+that are introducing interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are introducing interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are introducing interesting
+elements but aren introducing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but aren introducing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but aren introducing new
+chords so what we're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords so what we're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords so what we're going to do in the
+next section is let's just get a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section is let's just get a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next section is let's just get a way of
+saying which chords do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which chords do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying which chords do we
+think have the enough stability for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think have the enough stability for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think have the enough stability for us
+to label them so we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label them so we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to label them so we're going to look
+through each chord in measure eight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each chord in measure eight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each chord in measure eight uh
+in this case I don't need to do recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I don't need to do recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I don't need to do recurse
+because measure eight only has chords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because measure eight only has chords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because measure eight only has chords
+and time signatures maybe or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time signatures maybe or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time signatures maybe or something
+like that and I'm going to print whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I'm going to print whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I'm going to print whether
+or not the chord is consonant uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the chord is consonant uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the chord is consonant uh that's
+a routine a method that's on every chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a routine a method that's on every chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a routine a method that's on every chord
+object and then print the chord object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then print the chord object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then print the chord object
+itself we can see that only that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we can see that only that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself we can see that only that first
+one six chord is actually a consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six chord is actually a consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six chord is actually a consonant
+chord everything else is dissonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord everything else is dissonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord everything else is dissonant
+according to the rules of total Harmony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rules of total Harmony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rules of total Harmony
+so what we could do is we could create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we could do is we could create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we could do is we could create a
+new stream and start putting all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stream and start putting all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stream and start putting all of the
+chords in and then let's replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords in and then let's replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chords in and then let's replace that
+back into our uh into our original or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our uh into our original or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into our uh into our original or we
+can start copying things and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start copying things and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start copying things and putting
+them but after thinking alloud at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but after thinking alloud at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but after thinking alloud at the
+keyboard for a little bit I decided I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard for a little bit I decided I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard for a little bit I decided I
+was going to just go through and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to just go through and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to just go through and let's
+just remove all the chords that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove all the chords that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remove all the chords that are not
+consonant so every stream has a nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant so every stream has a nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant so every stream has a nice uh
+little remove uh function it from it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little remove uh function it from it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little remove uh function it from it uh
+there there are some problems by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some problems by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are some problems by the way
+just like all Python and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like all Python and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like all Python and many other
+languages uh lists and arrays and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh lists and arrays and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages uh lists and arrays and stuff
+like that that if you remove things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that if you remove things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that if you remove things
+while you're iterating over there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're iterating over there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're iterating over there could
+be problems but here it's okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems but here it's okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be problems but here it's okay so we're
+going to remove every chord that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove every chord that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove every chord that's not
+consonant and then we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant and then we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant and then we're going to get
+that first chord uh the one six chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first chord uh the one six chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first chord uh the one six chord
+and we'll make the duration of that be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll make the duration of that be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll make the duration of that be a
+whole note so now when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note so now when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole note so now when we look at
+measure 8 we see only that consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 8 we see only that consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure 8 we see only that consonant
+chord t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord t
+and that's one of the forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the forms of
+vocabulary reduction that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary reduction that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary reduction that's going to be
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+common so when we go back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so when we go back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common so when we go back and look at
+the excert here uh for the first part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excert here uh for the first part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excert here uh for the first part we
+don't have nearly as much to remove so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nearly as much to remove so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nearly as much to remove so
+maybe we want to do the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to do the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to do the same type of
+thing well let's let's just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well let's let's just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing well let's let's just look at that
+first excerpt and see what things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excerpt and see what things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excerpt and see what things are
+consonant what things are dissonant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant what things are dissonant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant what things are dissonant and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+here we do need the recurse so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do need the recurse so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do need the recurse so we're
+going to look at this first excerpt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this first excerpt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this first excerpt and
+see wow almost everything here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see wow almost everything here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see wow almost everything here is
+consonant there's that one false which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant there's that one false which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant there's that one false which
+one do it refer to what's it refer to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do it refer to what's it refer to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do it refer to what's it refer to oh
+let's just replace it and print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just replace it and print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just replace it and print the
+figure instead uh not the figure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure instead uh not the figure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure instead uh not the figure the
+lyrics instead and see that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics instead and see that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lyrics instead and see that that one
+thing that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is not
+consonant is a 5 seven chord something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant is a 5 seven chord something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonant is a 5 seven chord something
+that we might want to keep whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to keep whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to keep whereas the
+something else that is consonant is a 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that is consonant is a 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that is consonant is a 36
+chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord
+which uh we might want to remove and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we might want to remove and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh we might want to remove and say
+well that's not a real chord in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not a real chord in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not a real chord in this
+case it is because we're about to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is because we're about to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it is because we're about to be
+modulating into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating into another
+key so we're going to be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so we're going to be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so we're going to be thinking about
+how can we do these things what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do these things what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we do these things what are the
+various criteria that we can find and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various criteria that we can find and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various criteria that we can find and
+how do we do this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5jk6t_aVrx4.txt b/5jk6t_aVrx4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54db45a60b1cdacf1d55ea0d8f62e5e3de3379e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5jk6t_aVrx4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is the container what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the container what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is the container what
+happens in this is biogas gets produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this is biogas gets produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in this is biogas gets produced
+in here um it goes out the tube through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um it goes out the tube through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here um it goes out the tube through
+this set of tubing and into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of tubing and into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of tubing and into this
+container to hold it um this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to hold it um this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container to hold it um this is just
+clamped off and when you unclamp it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped off and when you unclamp it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped off and when you unclamp it you
+should be able to get biog gas from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get biog gas from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get biog gas from this
+and light it this has only been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it this has only been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light it this has only been going
+for a week and a half or so so it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week and a half or so so it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week and a half or so so it may be
+producing but I guess if you like lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing but I guess if you like lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing but I guess if you like lift
+if you play with this you feel some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you play with this you feel some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you play with this you feel some
+suction on there but I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suction on there but I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suction on there but I don't know how
+much um gas this un produced yet I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um gas this un produced yet I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um gas this un produced yet I've
+been keeping it upstairs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been keeping it upstairs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been keeping it upstairs because
+upstairs is way warmer than downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is way warmer than downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs is way warmer than downstairs
+in DB so yeah when we're done with ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DB so yeah when we're done with ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DB so yeah when we're done with ours
+we're going to put them upstairs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put them upstairs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put them upstairs as
+well the base looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the base looks something like this
+so the first thing we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we're going to have
+to do is measure out 12 in by 7 in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is measure out 12 in by 7 in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is measure out 12 in by 7 in from
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and each of your groups of three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of your groups of three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of your groups of three is
+going to have to cut one of these out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to cut one of these out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to cut one of these out so
+let's start by measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by measuring
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to run up and grab a completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run up and grab a completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run up and grab a completed
+one that I made half go so you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I made half go so you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I made half go so you guys can
+see should probably go the other way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see should probably go the other way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see should probably go the other way so
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you want to measure 2 in from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to measure 2 in from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to measure 2 in from here
+and 3 and a/4 in or 3 and2 in from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 and a/4 in or 3 and2 in from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3 and a/4 in or 3 and2 in from here
+good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically your only ingredient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your only ingredient in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your only ingredient in the
+bio biogas digestor is this slurry um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio biogas digestor is this slurry um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio biogas digestor is this slurry um so
+for your container you'll like for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your container you'll like for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your container you'll like for us
+we're going to fill this 3/4 full um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to fill this 3/4 full um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to fill this 3/4 full um and
+the ratio of water to human animal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of water to human animal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of water to human animal or
+vegetable or vegetable waste is um three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable or vegetable waste is um three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable or vegetable waste is um three
+parts water to one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts water to one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts water to one part
+manure um and so that is like one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manure um and so that is like one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manure um and so that is like one thing
+that might make um basically that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make um basically that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make um basically that's a
+factor you'll want to consider like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you'll want to consider like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor you'll want to consider like we
+were thinking of putting in a biogas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of putting in a biogas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thinking of putting in a biogas
+digestor in uh where I was in Tanzania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestor in uh where I was in Tanzania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestor in uh where I was in Tanzania
+but um they their water supply dries up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um they their water supply dries up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um they their water supply dries up
+a few months a year which meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months a year which meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months a year which meant that
+just to get water for their family they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get water for their family they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get water for their family they
+would have to either pay more or walk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to either pay more or walk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to either pay more or walk a
+really far distance so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far distance so something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far distance so something like
+this would be a lower priority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a lower priority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a lower priority and
+there's a good chance that it would dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that it would dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good chance that it would dry
+up and stop working and after that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and stop working and after that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and stop working and after that it's
+really hard to get it going again um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get it going again um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get it going again um so
+the three things that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three things that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three things that are really
+important for a BAS system are a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a BAS system are a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a BAS system are a good
+supply of the manure um having a hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of the manure um having a hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of the manure um having a hot
+enough temperature and having a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperature and having a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough temperature and having a good
+supply of water so if you have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of water so if you have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of water so if you have those
+three things it's a really good solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things it's a really good solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things it's a really good solution
+um but if one is missing then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if one is missing then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if one is missing then it will be
+tricky so someone want to dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so someone want to dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky so someone want to dig
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's
+right let's terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's terrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's terrifying
+intruction oh it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dry are we doing more than one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry are we doing more than one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry are we doing more than one yeah
+we're doing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing two
+containers so this is the cold hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers so this is the cold hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers so this is the cold hot water
+you'll put into the lukew so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll put into the lukew so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll put into the lukew so basically
+you put this in an anob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that good enough a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that good enough a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that good enough a little more
+less no we only want three4 full you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less no we only want three4 full you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less no we only want three4 full you
+could do a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more are stuck to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeans
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to CL it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then we need
+to hot glue the bottle too oh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hot glue the bottle too oh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hot glue the bottle too oh really
+another we need another piece like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we need another piece like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we need another piece like that
+right that goes this actually fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that goes this actually fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that goes this actually fit
+surprisingly well yeah I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly well yeah I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly well yeah I'm pretty
+impressed with this yeah so so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed with this yeah so so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed with this yeah so so I think
+this is where the the other tubing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the the other tubing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the the other tubing the
+clear tubing is supposed to go yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear tubing is supposed to go yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear tubing is supposed to go yeah like
+through here right to make sure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here right to make sure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here right to make sure this is
+sealed first to for whatever okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed first to for whatever okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed first to for whatever okay so we
+need another piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tubing and hot glue down the bottom to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing and hot glue down the bottom to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubing and hot glue down the bottom to I
+feel like the white tube should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like the white tube should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like the white tube should be
+smaller cuz it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller cuz it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller cuz it should be
+floating I feel like the tube should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating I feel like the tube should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating I feel like the tube should be
+less tall cuz it's kind of in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less tall cuz it's kind of in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less tall cuz it's kind of in the way
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y so one thing that you can do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so one thing that you can do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so one thing that you can do with the
+heat sealer is make a Sodis bag so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat sealer is make a Sodis bag so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat sealer is make a Sodis bag so this
+is used for solar disinfection of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for solar disinfection of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for solar disinfection of water
+um so it's one way that you can purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's one way that you can purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's one way that you can purify
+water um what you do is you can fill any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um what you do is you can fill any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um what you do is you can fill any
+basically clear plastic container uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically clear plastic container uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically clear plastic container uh
+with water and then you leave it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and then you leave it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and then you leave it out in
+the sun for about 6 hours or so and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun for about 6 hours or so and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun for about 6 hours or so and it
+will kill the bacteria that's in it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill the bacteria that's in it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill the bacteria that's in it so
+you might still need to filter it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might still need to filter it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might still need to filter it if
+it's turbid um but as one step um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turbid um but as one step um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's turbid um but as one step um that's
+actually pretty effective so actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty effective so actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty effective so actually a
+daab Alum MIT Alum called Shan frin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab Alum MIT Alum called Shan frin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab Alum MIT Alum called Shan frin um
+he his company is called hack and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he his company is called hack and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he his company is called hack and they
+produce these um so like an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce these um so like an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce these um so like an alternative
+would be to just fill maybe a plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just fill maybe a plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just fill maybe a plastic
+water bottle or this is one um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottle or this is one um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bottle or this is one um but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+it uses more material than this so it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses more material than this so it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses more material than this so it'
+be more expensive and it's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more expensive and it's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more expensive and it's not super
+easy to fill like if you're pouring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to fill like if you're pouring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to fill like if you're pouring
+water from something um so what he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from something um so what he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from something um so what he came
+up with um is just this bag um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with um is just this bag um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with um is just this bag um basically
+you can fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fill the
+water here so it'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in yeah so there's a smaller bag here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah so there's a smaller bag here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah so there's a smaller bag here
+that has a hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a hole in it
+um we actually in the last session spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we actually in the last session spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we actually in the last session spent
+a while like figuring out exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while like figuring out exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while like figuring out exactly how
+the different parts work cuz it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts work cuz it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different parts work cuz it's a
+pretty clever design um and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clever design um and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clever design um and then so
+basically you fold it down and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you fold it down and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you fold it down and then the
+water is sealed in here um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is sealed in here um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is sealed in here um and then
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+your 6 hours you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 6 hours you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 6 hours you can
+just pour it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pour it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pour it out
+um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pretty
+easily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so
+it's a pretty uh clever design and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty uh clever design and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty uh clever design and this
+is something that you can make in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can make in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can make in the
+field too like every time I think Amy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field too like every time I think Amy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field too like every time I think Amy
+brings a heat sealer on most of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a heat sealer on most of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a heat sealer on most of her
+trips cuz there are just a lot of useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips cuz there are just a lot of useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips cuz there are just a lot of useful
+things that you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and on the I worked on a chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the I worked on a chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the I worked on a chlorine
+dispenser for my daab design project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispenser for my daab design project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispenser for my daab design project and
+we did something kind of like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did something kind of like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did something kind of like this um
+where it's like this but it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like this but it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like this but it's just a
+oneway valve so the idea isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway valve so the idea isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway valve so the idea isn't that
+you'll be able to get it out afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to get it out afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to get it out afterwards
+um but um this was a really lowcost way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um this was a really lowcost way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um this was a really lowcost way
+for us to like store the chlorine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to like store the chlorine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to like store the chlorine and
+then keep people from getting it out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keep people from getting it out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keep people from getting it out um
+because we didn't want anyone to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want anyone to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we didn't want anyone to be able
+to siphon it out or tamper or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to siphon it out or tamper or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to siphon it out or tamper or anything
+like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um
+another thing you can do um so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do um so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do um so this is a
+drip irrigation kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip irrigation kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drip irrigation kit
+um and the way this works is um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way this works is um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way this works is um you
+would fill it up with water and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill it up with water and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill it up with water and then
+there a lot you'd have a tube coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot you'd have a tube coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot you'd have a tube coming out
+and from that tube are many little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that tube are many little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that tube are many little
+straws and you can direct a small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws and you can direct a small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws and you can direct a small amount
+of water straight to your crops so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water straight to your crops so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of water straight to your crops so it's
+a much more effective way of irrigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more effective way of irrigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much more effective way of irrigating
+and it uses a lot less water um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses a lot less water um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses a lot less water um and uh
+someone who I worked with in Tanzania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who I worked with in Tanzania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who I worked with in Tanzania
+named grard he has actually um made his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named grard he has actually um made his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named grard he has actually um made his
+own heat sealing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own heat sealing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own heat sealing machine
+like this um and he so he can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um and he so he can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um and he so he can make the
+tubes that would come out of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes that would come out of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes that would come out of this um
+just from a heat sealer and locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a heat sealer and locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from a heat sealer and locally
+available plastic rather than having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available plastic rather than having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available plastic rather than having to
+buy that or import it um another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that or import it um another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that or import it um another thing
+you can do um to seal something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um to seal something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um to seal something like
+this um if you have male and female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um if you have male and female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um if you have male and female
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+like this um you can take some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um you can take some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um you can take some sort of
+rubber make a washer and what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber make a washer and what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubber make a washer and what you do is
+um have a a rubber washer layer than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a a rubber washer layer than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have a a rubber washer layer than a
+plastic or metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic or metal
+washer um and then you could have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washer um and then you could have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washer um and then you could have your
+plastic bag like basically the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag like basically the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic bag like basically the this
+piece as a way to and then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece as a way to and then on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece as a way to and then on the other
+side you'd have another rubber washer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you'd have another rubber washer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you'd have another rubber washer
+and plastic washer and then um you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plastic washer and then um you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plastic washer and then um you could
+have a a sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a sealed
+uh just as an example of something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just as an example of something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just as an example of something else
+you could do like way to connect a bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do like way to connect a bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do like way to connect a bag
+like this to something else um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to something else um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to something else um so the
+things we have that you can try out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have that you can try out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have that you can try out um
+so this machine and this one work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this machine and this one work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this machine and this one work the
+same way um it's cool to the touch um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way um it's cool to the touch um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way um it's cool to the touch um
+but um basically when you push it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um basically when you push it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um basically when you push it down
+you'll see a light go on and it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+click and then it just um melts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and then it just um melts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click and then it just um melts the
+plastic and there's a you can vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and there's a you can vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic and there's a you can vary the
+heat level here so um in some cases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat level here so um in some cases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat level here so um in some cases like
+for the Sodis bag like this you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Sodis bag like this you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Sodis bag like this you might
+have some seals where you want it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some seals where you want it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some seals where you want it to go
+through like two bags but not three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like two bags but not three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like two bags but not three or
+something like that so you can adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you can adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so you can adjust
+the level so that it will only melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level so that it will only melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level so that it will only melt
+through two and leave the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two and leave the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through two and leave the other
+untouched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untouched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untouched
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so you can tell kind of so this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can tell kind of so this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you can tell kind of so this edge
+of the bag is this like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bag is this like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bag is this like this
+yeah and then with this Edge goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then with this Edge goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then with this Edge goes to the
+little small yeah and so when I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small yeah and so when I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small yeah and so when I do this
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+essentially what happens is is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what happens is is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what happens is is that I
+prevent water from coming in from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent water from coming in from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent water from coming in from here
+because you know when water hits here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know when water hits here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know when water hits here
+this part is stuck there and yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is stuck there and yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is stuck there and yeah so the
+other side of this tube is one side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of this tube is one side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of this tube is one side of
+the small bag the other side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small bag the other side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small bag the other side of this
+yeah this this goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this goes into the
+bag
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6-wh6yvk6uc.txt b/6-wh6yvk6uc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5da404bd02fab1d3d6e96034f289e97d07440ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6-wh6yvk6uc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6976 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is lecture 12 we've reached 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture 12 we've reached 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is lecture 12 we've reached 12
+lectures and this one is more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and this one is more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and this one is more than the
+others about applications of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others about applications of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others about applications of linear
+algebra and and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and and I'll
+confess when I'm giving you examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess when I'm giving you examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confess when I'm giving you examples of
+the null space and the row space uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and the row space uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space and the row space uh I
+create a little Matrix you you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a little Matrix you you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a little Matrix you you probably
+see that I just invent that Matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I just invent that Matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I just invent that Matrix as
+I'm going um and I feel a little guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going um and I feel a little guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going um and I feel a little guilty
+about it because the truth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because the truth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because the truth is
+that real linear algebra uses matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real linear algebra uses matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real linear algebra uses matrices
+that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from
+somewhere they're not just like randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they're not just like randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere they're not just like randomly
+invented by the instructor they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by the instructor they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by the instructor they come
+from applications they have a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applications they have a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applications they have a definite
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and anybody who works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anybody who works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anybody who works with
+them gets uh uses that structure uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them gets uh uses that structure uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them gets uh uses that structure uh I'll
+just report like this weekend I was at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just report like this weekend I was at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just report like this weekend I was at a
+an event with chemistry professors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event with chemistry professors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an event with chemistry professors okay
+those guys are row reducing matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are row reducing matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are row reducing matrices and
+what matrices are they working with well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrices are they working with well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matrices are they working with well
+their little matrices tell them how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little matrices tell them how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their little matrices tell them how much
+of each element goes into the OR each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each element goes into the OR each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each element goes into the OR each
+molecule how many molecules of each go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule how many molecules of each go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule how many molecules of each go
+into a reaction and what comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a reaction and what comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a reaction and what comes out and
+by row reduction they get a clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row reduction they get a clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row reduction they get a clearer
+picture of a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a complicated
+reaction and this weekend I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and this weekend I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and this weekend I'm going to
+the uh to a c to a sort of birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to a c to a sort of birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to a c to a sort of birthday
+party at math works so math works is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party at math works so math works is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party at math works so math works is out
+route nine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route nine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route nine in
+natic that's where mat lab is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natic that's where mat lab is created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natic that's where mat lab is created
+it's a very very successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very very successful
+uh software tremendously successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh software tremendously successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh software tremendously successful and
+the conference will be about how linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference will be about how linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference will be about how linear
+algebra is used and so I feel better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is used and so I feel better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is used and so I feel better
+today to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today to talk
+about what I think is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I think is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I think is the most important
+model in applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in applied
+math and the discrete version is a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and the discrete version is a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and the discrete version is a graph
+so can I draw a graph write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I draw a graph write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I draw a graph write down the
+Matrix that's associated with it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's associated with it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that's associated with it and and
+that's a great source of matrices you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great source of matrices you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great source of matrices you'll
+see so a graph is just so a graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so a graph is just so a graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so a graph is just so a graph to
+repeat has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat has
+nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges okay and I'm going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay and I'm going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay and I'm going to write down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+graph a graph so I'm just creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a graph so I'm just creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a graph so I'm just creating a
+small graph here a as I mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small graph here a as I mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small graph here a as I mentioned last
+time we would be very interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we would be very interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we would be very interested in the
+graph of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of all uh
+websites or the graph of all telephones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites or the graph of all telephones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites or the graph of all telephones
+I mean or the graph of all people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean or the graph of all people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean or the graph of all people in the
+world here let me take just uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world here let me take just uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world here let me take just uh maybe
+nodes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three well I better put in an I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well I better put in an I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well I better put in an I'll put
+in that edge and maybe an edge to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that edge and maybe an edge to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that edge and maybe an edge to to a
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+four and another Edge to node four how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and another Edge to node four how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and another Edge to node four how's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so there's a graph with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a graph with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a graph with four
+nodes so n will be four in my n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so n will be four in my n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so n will be four in my n equal
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes and the Matrix will have m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the Matrix will have m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the Matrix will have m equal
+the number there will be a row for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number there will be a row for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number there will be a row for every
+Edge so I've got one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so I've got one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so I've got one two three four five
+edges so that will be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so that will be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so that will be the number of
+rows and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and I have
+to to write Down The Matrix that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to write Down The Matrix that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to write Down The Matrix that I want
+to I I want to study I need to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I want to study I need to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I I want to study I need to give a
+direction to every Edge so I know a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to every Edge so I know a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to every Edge so I know a plus
+and a minus Direction so I just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus Direction so I just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a minus Direction so I just do that
+with an arrow say from 1 to two 1 to 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow say from 1 to two 1 to 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an arrow say from 1 to two 1 to 3 2
+to 3 1 to 4 3 to 4 that just tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 1 to 4 3 to 4 that just tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 1 to 4 3 to 4 that just tells
+me uh if if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh if if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh if if I have
+current flowing on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing on these
+edges then I know whether it's to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then I know whether it's to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then I know whether it's to count
+it as positive or negative ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as positive or negative ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as positive or negative ative
+according as whether it's with the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according as whether it's with the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according as whether it's with the arrow
+or against the arrow but I just drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against the arrow but I just drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or against the arrow but I just drew
+those arrows arbitrarily okay because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrows arbitrarily okay because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those arrows arbitrarily okay because I
+I my example is going to come the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I my example is going to come the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I my example is going to come the the
+example I'll the words that I will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll the words that I will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll the words that I will use
+will be words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be words like
+potential potential difference currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential difference currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential potential difference currents
+in other words I'm thinking of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I'm thinking of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I'm thinking of an
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+network but that's just one possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but that's just one possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but that's just one possibility
+my applied math class Builds on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my applied math class Builds on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my applied math class Builds on this
+example it could be a hydraulic Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it could be a hydraulic Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it could be a hydraulic Network
+so we could be doing uh flow of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could be doing uh flow of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could be doing uh flow of water
+flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow of
+oil uh other examples this could be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil uh other examples this could be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil uh other examples this could be a a
+truck a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck a
+structure uh like the a design for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh like the a design for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh like the a design for a
+bridge or a design for a Buckminster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge or a design for a Buckminster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge or a design for a Buckminster
+Fuller uh uh uh Dome or many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fuller uh uh uh Dome or many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fuller uh uh uh Dome or many other
+possibilities so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so many
+so but let's take potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's take potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but let's take potentials and
+currents as as a basic example and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as as a basic example and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as as a basic example and let
+me create the Matrix that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me create the Matrix that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me create the Matrix that tells you
+exactly what the graph tells you so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the graph tells you so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the graph tells you so now
+I'll call it the incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix okay so let me write it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so let me write it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so let me write it down and
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+see uh what it's proper properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh what it's proper properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh what it's proper properties are
+so every row corresponds to an edge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every row corresponds to an edge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every row corresponds to an edge I
+have five rows from five edges and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five rows from five edges and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five rows from five edges and let
+me write down again what this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down again what this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write down again what this graph
+looks like okay the first Edge Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay the first Edge Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like okay the first Edge Edge
+one goes from node one to two so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes from node one to two so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goes from node one to two so I'm
+going to put in a minus one and A+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in a minus one and A+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put in a minus one and A+ one
+in this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this corresponds to
+Node 1 2 three and four the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Node 1 2 three and four the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Node 1 2 three and four the four
+columns the five rows correspond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the five rows correspond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns the five rows correspond the
+first row corresponds to Edge one Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row corresponds to Edge one Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row corresponds to Edge one Edge
+one leaves node one and goes into node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one leaves node one and goes into node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one leaves node one and goes into node
+two and that and it doesn't touch three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that and it doesn't touch three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that and it doesn't touch three
+and four Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four Edge
+two Edge two goes oh I haven't numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Edge two goes oh I haven't numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Edge two goes oh I haven't numbered
+these edges I just figured that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges I just figured that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges I just figured that was
+probably Edge one but I didn't say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Edge one but I didn't say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably Edge one but I didn't say so
+let me take that to be Edge one let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take that to be Edge one let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take that to be Edge one let me
+take this to be Edge two let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this to be Edge two let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this to be Edge two let me take
+this to be Edge three this is Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be Edge three this is Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be Edge three this is Edge
+four oh I'm discovering no wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oh I'm discovering no wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four oh I'm discovering no wait a
+minute did I number that twice here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute did I number that twice here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute did I number that twice here's
+Edge four and here's Edge five okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge four and here's Edge five okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge four and here's Edge five okay all
+right so so Edge one as I said goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so Edge one as I said goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so Edge one as I said goes from
+node one to two Edge two goes from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one to two Edge two goes from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one to two Edge two goes from two
+to three node two to three so minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three node two to three so minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three node two to three so minus one
+and one in the second and third columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one in the second and third columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one in the second and third columns
+Edge three goes from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three I'm I'm tempted to stop for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I'm I'm tempted to stop for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I'm I'm tempted to stop for a
+moment with those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment with those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment with those three
+edges edges one two three those form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges edges one two three those form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges edges one two three those form
+what what would we what do you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would we what do you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what would we what do you call the
+the little the little the subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little the little the subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little the little the subgraph
+formed by edges 1 two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by edges 1 two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by edges 1 two and
+three that's a loop and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's a loop and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's a loop and the number of
+loops and the position of the Loops will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and the position of the Loops will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and the position of the Loops will
+be crucial okay actually here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crucial okay actually here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be crucial okay actually here's an
+interesting point about loops if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point about loops if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point about loops if I look
+at those rows corresponding to edges 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those rows corresponding to edges 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those rows corresponding to edges 1
+two three and the and these guys made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loop you want to tell me if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop you want to tell me if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop you want to tell me if I just
+looked at that much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that much of the
+Matrix it would be natural for me to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it would be natural for me to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it would be natural for me to ask
+are those rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those rows
+independent are the rows independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent are the rows independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent are the rows independent and
+can you tell from looking at that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell from looking at that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you tell from looking at that if
+they are or are not independent you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are or are not independent you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are or are not independent you see
+a a relation between those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relation between those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relation between those three
+rows yes if I add that row to that row I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows yes if I add that row to that row I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows yes if I add that row to that row I
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+row so so that's like a hint here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so so that's like a hint here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so so that's like a hint here that
+Loops correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops correspond
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+dependent linearly dependent column A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent linearly dependent column A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent linearly dependent column A
+linearly dependent rows okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent rows okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent rows okay let me
+complete the incidence Matrix number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the incidence Matrix number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the incidence Matrix number
+four Edge four is going from node one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Edge four is going from node one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Edge four is going from node one to
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+four and the fifth Edge is going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the fifth Edge is going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the fifth Edge is going from
+node three to node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay there's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay there's my
+Matrix it came from the five edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it came from the five edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it came from the five edges and
+the four nodes and if I had a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four nodes and if I had a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four nodes and if I had a big
+graph I'd have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I'd have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I'd have a big
+Matrix and what questions do I ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what questions do I ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what questions do I ask about
+matrices can I can I ask can can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can I can I ask can can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can I can I ask can can we
+here's the review now there's a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the review now there's a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the review now there's a matrix
+that comes from somewhere if if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from somewhere if if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from somewhere if if it was a
+big graph it would be a large Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big graph it would be a large Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big graph it would be a large Matrix but
+a lot of zeros right because every row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of zeros right because every row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of zeros right because every row
+only has two nonzeros so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has two nonzeros so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has two nonzeros so the number of
+it's a very sparse Matrix the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sparse Matrix the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very sparse Matrix the number of
+non non Zer is exactly 2 * 5 it's 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non Zer is exactly 2 * 5 it's 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non Zer is exactly 2 * 5 it's 2 m
+every row only has two nonzeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row only has two nonzeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row only has two nonzeros and
+that's with a lot of structure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with a lot of structure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with a lot of structure and that
+my that was the point I wanted to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that was the point I wanted to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my that was the point I wanted to begin
+with that graphs that real graphs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that graphs that real graphs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that graphs that real graphs from
+Real uh real matrices from from genuine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real uh real matrices from from genuine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real uh real matrices from from genuine
+problems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+okay we can ask and because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can ask and because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can ask and because of the
+structure structure we can answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure structure we can answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure structure we can answer the
+the main questions about matrices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main questions about matrices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main questions about matrices so
+first question what about the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question what about the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question what about the null
+space so what am I asking if I ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what am I asking if I ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what am I asking if I ask you
+for the null space of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the null space of that
+Matrix I'm asking you if if I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm asking you if if I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'm asking you if if I'm looking
+at The Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Columns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Columns of the
+Matrix Four columns and I'm asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Four columns and I'm asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Four columns and I'm asking you
+are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+independent if the columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if the columns are
+independent then what's in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then what's in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then what's in the null
+space only the zero Vector right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space only the zero Vector right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space only the zero Vector right the
+null space contains tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space contains tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space contains tells us what
+combinations of the columns it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the columns it tells us
+how to combine columns to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero can and is there anything in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can and is there anything in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can and is there anything in the in
+the null space of this Matrix other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of this Matrix other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of this Matrix other than
+just the zero Vector in other words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the zero Vector in other words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the zero Vector in other words are
+those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four
+columns independent or dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns independent or dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns independent or dependent
+okay that so that's that's that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that so that's that's that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that so that's that's that's our
+question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let me
+uh I don't know if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know if you see the
+answer whether there's so so I let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer whether there's so so I let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer whether there's so so I let's see
+I guess we could do it properly we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we could do it properly we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess we could do it properly we could
+solve ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve ax equals
+0 so let me solve ax equals 0 to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so let me solve ax equals 0 to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so let me solve ax equals 0 to find
+the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null
+space okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax can I I put X in here in in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax can I I put X in here in in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax can I I put X in here in in little
+letters X1 X2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters X1 X2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters X1 X2 X3
+X4 that's it's got four columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 that's it's got four columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 that's it's got four columns
+ax now is that Matrix times x and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax now is that Matrix times x and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax now is that Matrix times x and what
+do I get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get for
+ax if the camera can keep that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax if the camera can keep that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax if the camera can keep that matrix
+multiplication there I'll put the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication there I'll put the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication there I'll put the answer
+here ax equal what's the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ax equal what's the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ax equal what's the first component
+of ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ax
+can you take that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you take that first
+row Min - one 1 0 0 and multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Min - one 1 0 0 and multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row Min - one 1 0 0 and multiply by the
+X and of course you get x2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and of course you get x2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and of course you get x2 -
+X1 the second row I get x3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 the second row I get x3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 the second row I get x3 -
+X2 from the third row I get x3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 from the third row I get x3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 from the third row I get x3 -
+X1 from the fourth row I get X4 - X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 from the fourth row I get X4 - X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 from the fourth row I get X4 - X1 and
+from the fifth row so I get X4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fifth row so I get X4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fifth row so I get X4 -
+X3 and I want to know when is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that's that's this is my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's this is my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's that's this is my equation
+ax equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax equals
+z notice what that Matrix a is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z notice what that Matrix a is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z notice what that Matrix a is doing
+what we we've created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we we've created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we we've created a
+matrix that computes the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that computes the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that computes the differences
+across every Edge the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every Edge the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across every Edge the differences in
+potential let me let me even begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential let me let me even begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential let me let me even begin to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+interpretation I'm going to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I'm going to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation I'm going to think of
+this Vector X which is X1 X2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector X which is X1 X2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector X which is X1 X2 X3
+X4 as the potentials at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 as the potentials at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X4 as the potentials at the
+nodes so I'm introducing a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I'm introducing a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so I'm introducing a word
+potentials at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes and now if I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and now if I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and now if I multiply by
+a I get these these I get these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I get these these I get these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I get these these I get these five
+comp components X2 - X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and what are
+they they're potential differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're potential differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're potential differences
+that's what a computes if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a computes if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a computes if I have
+potentials at the nodes and I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials at the nodes and I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials at the nodes and I multiply
+by a it gives me the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a it gives me the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a it gives me the potential
+differences the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the differences in
+potential across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges okay when are those differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay when are those differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay when are those differences
+zero so I'm looking for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm looking for the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so I'm looking for the null
+space of course if all the X's are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course if all the X's are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of course if all the X's are zero
+then I get zero that that just tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get zero that that just tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get zero that that just tells me
+of course the zero vectors in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the zero vectors in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the zero vectors in the null
+space but there's more in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but there's more in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but there's more in the null
+space those columns are of a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space those columns are of a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space those columns are of a are
+dependent right because I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent right because I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent right because I can find
+solutions to that equation tell me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that equation tell me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to that equation tell me tell
+me the tell me the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the tell me the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the tell me the null
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+tell me one vector in the null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one vector in the null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me one vector in the null space so
+tell me an X it's got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an X it's got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me an X it's got four
+components and it makes that thing zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and it makes that thing zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and it makes that thing zero
+so what's a good X to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a good X to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a good X to do
+that 11 one one constant potential if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 11 one one constant potential if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 11 one one constant potential if
+the potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials are
+constant then all the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then all the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then all the potential
+differences are zero and that X is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are zero and that X is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are zero and that X is in
+the null space what else is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space what else is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space what else is in the null
+space if if yeah let me ask you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if if yeah let me ask you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if if yeah let me ask you just
+always uh give me a basis for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh give me a basis for the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always uh give me a basis for the null
+space a basis for the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a basis for the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a basis for the null
+space will be just that that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space will be just that that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space will be just that that's a that's
+a good that's it that's a basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good that's it that's a basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good that's it that's a basis for the
+null space the null space is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space the null space is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space the null space is actually
+onedimensional and it's the line of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional and it's the line of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional and it's the line of all
+vectors through that one so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors through that one so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors through that one so there's a
+basis for it and here's the whole null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it and here's the whole null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for it and here's the whole null
+space any multiple of 111 one it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any multiple of 111 one it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space any multiple of 111 one it's the
+the whole line in four-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line in four-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole line in four-dimensional space
+do you see that that's the null space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that that's the null space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that that's the null space so
+the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the
+dimension of the null space of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null space of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null space of a is
+one and there's a basis for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there's a basis for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and there's a basis for it and
+there's everything that's in it good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's everything that's in it good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's everything that's in it good and
+what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mean physically I mean what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physically I mean what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean physically I mean what does that
+mean in the application that guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the application that guy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the application that guy in the
+null space it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the potentials can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials can only be
+determined up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined up to a
+constant potential differences are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant potential differences are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant potential differences are what
+make current flow that's what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make current flow that's what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make current flow that's what makes
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen it's these potential differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's these potential differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's these potential differences
+that will make something move in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make something move in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make something move in the in
+our Network between X2 between node two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Network between X2 between node two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Network between X2 between node two
+and node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node
+one nothing will move if all potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nothing will move if all potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nothing will move if all potentials
+are the same if all potentials are C C C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if all potentials are C C C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if all potentials are C C C
+and C then nothing will move so we're we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C then nothing will move so we're we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C then nothing will move so we're we
+have this one parameter the this AR this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one parameter the this AR this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one parameter the this AR this
+arbitrary constant that raises or drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant that raises or drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant that raises or drops
+all the potentials it's like ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the potentials it's like ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the potentials it's like ranking
+football teams whatever we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football teams whatever we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football teams whatever we have a
+there's a there's a constant or looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a constant or looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a constant or looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+temperatures you know there's a flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures you know there's a flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures you know there's a flow of
+heat from higher temperature to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from higher temperature to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat from higher temperature to lower
+temperature if temperatures are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if temperatures are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if temperatures are equal
+there's no flow and therefore we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flow and therefore we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flow and therefore we can
+measure temperat we can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure temperat we can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure temperat we can measure
+temperatures by uh Celsius or or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures by uh Celsius or or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures by uh Celsius or or we can
+start at absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at absolute
+zero and that arbitrary it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that arbitrary it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that arbitrary it's the same
+arbitrary constant that that was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant that that was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant that that was there
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+calculus in calculus right when you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in calculus right when you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus in calculus right when you took
+the integral the indefinite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the indefinite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral the indefinite integral
+there was a plus c and you had to set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a plus c and you had to set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a plus c and you had to set a
+starting point to know what that c was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point to know what that c was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point to know what that c was
+so here what often happens is we fix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what often happens is we fix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here what often happens is we fix one
+of the potentials like the last one so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potentials like the last one so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potentials like the last one so a
+typical a typical uh thing would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a typical uh thing would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical a typical uh thing would be to
+ground that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that
+node to set its potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node to set its potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node to set its potential at
+zero and if we do that if we fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if we do that if we fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if we do that if we fix that
+potential so it's not unknown anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's not unknown anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's not unknown anymore
+then that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that column
+disappears and we have three columns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we have three columns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears and we have three columns and
+those three columns are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three columns are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three columns are independent
+so I'll leave the column in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll leave the column in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll leave the column in there but
+we'll remember that grounding a node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remember that grounding a node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remember that grounding a node is
+the way to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to get it
+out and grounding a node is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and grounding a node is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and grounding a node is the way to
+setting a node setting a potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a node setting a potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a node setting a potential to
+zero tells us the the base for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tells us the the base for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tells us the the base for all
+potentials then we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials then we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials then we can compute the
+others okay but what's the now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay but what's the now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others okay but what's the now I've
+talked enough to ask what the rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked enough to ask what the rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked enough to ask what the rank of
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+is what's the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the rank
+then uh the rank of the Matrix so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the rank of the Matrix so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the rank of the Matrix so we
+have a 5x4 matrix we've located its null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 5x4 matrix we've located its null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 5x4 matrix we've located its null
+space onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space onedimensional
+how many independent columns do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent columns do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent columns do we have
+what's the rank it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank it's
+three and the first three columns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the first three columns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the first three columns or
+actually any three columns will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually any three columns will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually any three columns will be
+independent any three potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent any three potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent any three potentials are
+independent good variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent good variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent good variables
+the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth
+potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is
+not we need to set and typically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we need to set and typically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we need to set and typically we
+ground that node okay rank is three rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that node okay rank is three rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that node okay rank is three rank
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+three okay let's see do I want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay let's see do I want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay let's see do I want to ask
+you about the column space the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the column space the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the column space the column
+space is all combinations of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is all combinations of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is all combinations of those
+columns I I could say more about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I I could say more about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns I I could say more about it and
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+will let me go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let me go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will let me go to the
+null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a
+transpose because the equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because the equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose because the equation a
+transpose y equals 0 is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y equals 0 is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y equals 0 is probably the
+most fundamental equation of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mathematics let's talk about that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics let's talk about that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematics let's talk about that that
+that deserves our attention a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deserves our attention a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deserves our attention a transpose
+y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals
+z let let me put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+so a transpose y equal 0 so I'm now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transpose y equal 0 so I'm now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transpose y equal 0 so I'm now I'm
+finding the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the null space of a
+transpose oh and if I ask you its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose oh and if I ask you its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose oh and if I ask you its
+Dimension you could tell me what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you could tell me what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension you could tell me what it is
+what's the dimension of the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dimension of the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dimension of the null space
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+transpose we now know enough to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we now know enough to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we now know enough to answer
+that question what's the general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question what's the general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question what's the general formula
+for the dimension of the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dimension of the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dimension of the null space of a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+a transpose let let me even write out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose let let me even write out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose let let me even write out a
+transpose this a transpose will be n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this a transpose will be n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this a transpose will be n by
+m right n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right n by
+m in this case it'll be 4 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in this case it'll be 4 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in this case it'll be 4 by
+5 those columns will become rows -1 0 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 those columns will become rows -1 0 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 those columns will become rows -1 0 -1
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+0 is now the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is now the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is now the first
+row the second row of the Matrix one Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the second row of the Matrix one Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row the second row of the Matrix one Min
+-1 and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and three
+zeros the third column now becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the third column now becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros the third column now becomes the
+third row 0 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row 0 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row 0 1 1 0
+-1 and the fourth column becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and the fourth column becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and the fourth column becomes the
+fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row okay good there's a transpose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay good there's a transpose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row okay good there's a transpose that
+multiplies y y1 y 2 Y3 y4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies y y1 y 2 Y3 y4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies y y1 y 2 Y3 y4 and
+y5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you've had time to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you've had time to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you've had time to think about
+this question what's the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question what's the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question what's the dimension of
+the null space if if I said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space if if I said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space if if I said all
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+wow usually sometime during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow usually sometime during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow usually sometime during this
+semester I'll drop one of these erasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I'll drop one of these erasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I'll drop one of these erasers
+behind there that's a great moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind there that's a great moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind there that's a great moment
+there's no recovery there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no recovery there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no recovery there there's
+there's uh centuries of erase are back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh centuries of erase are back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh centuries of erase are back
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay what's the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay what's the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay what's the dimension of the
+null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null
+space give me give me the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space give me give me the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space give me give me the general
+formula first in terms of R and M and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first in terms of R and M and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first in terms of R and M and N
+this is like crucial you the are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like crucial you the are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like crucial you the are we
+struggle to to decide what dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle to to decide what dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle to to decide what dimension
+meant and then we figured out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then we figured out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then we figured out what it
+equaled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaled for
+an M byn Matrix of rank R and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M byn Matrix of rank R and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M byn Matrix of rank R and the answer
+was M minus r right there are m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M minus r right there are m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was M minus r right there are m equal
+five components m equal five columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five components m equal five columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five components m equal five columns of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+transpose and R of those columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and R of those columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and R of those columns are
+pivot columns because they'll have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns because they'll have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivot columns because they'll have R
+pivots it has rank R and M minus r are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it has rank R and M minus r are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots it has rank R and M minus r are
+the free ones now for a transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free ones now for a transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free ones now for a transpose so
+that's 5 - 3 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and I would like to find this null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I would like to find this null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I would like to find this null
+space I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I know it's
+Dimension now I want to find out a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension now I want to find out a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension now I want to find out a basis
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+it and I want to understand what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to understand what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I want to understand what this
+equation is so let me say what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is so let me say what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is so let me say what a
+transpose y actually represents why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y actually represents why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose y actually represents why I'm
+interested in that equation yeah I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that equation yeah I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that equation yeah I I'll
+I'll come I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come I'll
+put it down with those old erasers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it down with those old erasers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it down with those old erasers and
+continue this here's the great picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this here's the great picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this here's the great picture
+of Applied Mathematics so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Applied Mathematics so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Applied Mathematics so let me
+complete that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete that there's a
+matrix that I'll call C that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I'll call C that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that I'll call C that connects
+potential differences to currents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences to currents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences to currents so
+I'll call these These are currents on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call these These are currents on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call these These are currents on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+edges y1 Y 2 Y3 y4 and y5 those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges y1 Y 2 Y3 y4 and y5 those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges y1 Y 2 Y3 y4 and y5 those are
+currents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and this relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and this relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and this relation between
+current and potential difference is ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and potential difference is ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and potential difference is ohms
+law this here is Ohm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Law ohms law says that the current on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law ohms law says that the current on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law ohms law says that the current on an
+edge is some number times the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is some number times the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is some number times the potential
+drop that's and that number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that's and that number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that's and that number is the
+conductance of the edge one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance of the edge one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance of the edge one over the
+resistance this is this is the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance this is this is the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance this is this is the old
+current is is uh resist the relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is is uh resist the relation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is is uh resist the relation of
+current resistance and change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current resistance and change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current resistance and change in
+potential so it's a change in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's a change in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's a change in potential
+that makes some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some current
+happen and it's ohms law that says how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and it's ohms law that says how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and it's ohms law that says how
+much current happens okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current happens okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current happens okay and then the
+final step of this framework is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step of this framework is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step of this framework is the
+equation a a transpose y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+that's what do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what do that
+saying it has a famous name it's Kirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off's current law KCl Kirk off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's current law KCl Kirk off's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's current law KCl Kirk off's current
+law a transpose y equals z so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law a transpose y equals z so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law a transpose y equals z so that when
+I'm solving when I go back up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving when I go back up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm solving when I go back up with this
+Blackboard and solve a transpose y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and solve a transpose y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and solve a transpose y equal
+0 it's it's it's this uh it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's it's it's this uh it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 it's it's it's this uh it's this
+pattern of that that I want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of that that I want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of that that I want you to see
+that we had rectangular matrices but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had rectangular matrices but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had rectangular matrices but and
+real applications but in those real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real applications but in those real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real applications but in those real
+applications Comes A and A transpose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications Comes A and A transpose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications Comes A and A transpose so
+our four subspaces are exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four subspaces are exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four subspaces are exactly the right
+things to know about all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to know about all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to know about all right let's
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+that null space of a transpose wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that null space of a transpose wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that null space of a transpose wait a
+minute where did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute where did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute where did it
+go here it is okay okay null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here it is okay okay null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here it is okay okay null space of a
+transpose we know what its Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we know what its Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we know what its Dimension
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be let's find out tell me a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's find out tell me a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's find out tell me a vector in
+it tell me now so what am I asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tell me now so what am I asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tell me now so what am I asking you
+I'm asking you for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking you for five
+currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that
+satisfy Kirk off's current law so we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Kirk off's current law so we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy Kirk off's current law so we you
+better understand what that law says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand what that law says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand what that law says
+that that law a transpose y equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that law a transpose y equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that law a transpose y equals 0
+what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that
+say uh say in the first row of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say in the first row of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh say in the first row of a
+transpose that says so the first row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that says so the first row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that says so the first row of
+a transpose says minus y1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose says minus y1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose says minus y1 -
+Y3 - y4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero where did that equation come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where did that equation come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where did that equation come from
+let me I'll redraw the graph can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I'll redraw the graph can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I'll redraw the graph can I
+redraw the graph here so that we maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw the graph here so that we maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw the graph here so that we maybe
+here so that we see again the the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we see again the the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that we see again the the there
+was node one node two node three node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was node one node two node three node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was node one node two node three node
+four was off here that was that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four was off here that was that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four was off here that was that was our
+graph we had currents on those we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we had currents on those we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we had currents on those we had a
+current y1 going there we had a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current y1 going there we had a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current y1 going there we had a current
+Y what were the other what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what were the other what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y what were the other what are those
+Edge numbers y4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge numbers y4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge numbers y4
+here and Y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Y3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and Y3
+here and then a y 2 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a y 2 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then a y 2 and a
+y5 I'm just copying what was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y5 I'm just copying what was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y5 I'm just copying what was on the
+other board so it's convenient to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other board so it's convenient to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other board so it's convenient to see it
+what is this equation telling me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this equation telling me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this equation telling me this
+first equation of Kirk's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation of Kirk's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation of Kirk's current
+law what does that mean for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what does that mean for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what does that mean for that
+graph well I see y1 Y3 and y4 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well I see y1 Y3 and y4 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well I see y1 Y3 and y4 as the
+currents leaving no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents leaving no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents leaving no
+one so sure enough the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so sure enough the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so sure enough the first equation
+refers to node one and what does it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to node one and what does it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to node one and what does it say
+it says that the net flow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the net flow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that the net flow is
+zero that that equation a transpose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that that equation a transpose y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that that equation a transpose y
+Kirk's current law is a balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk's current law is a balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk's current law is a balance equation
+a conservation law physicists be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conservation law physicists be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conservation law physicists be
+overjoyed right by this stuff it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overjoyed right by this stuff it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overjoyed right by this stuff it's it
+says that in equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that in equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that in equals
+out and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in this
+case the three arrows are all going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the three arrows are all going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the three arrows are all going out
+so it says y1 Y3 and y4 add to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says y1 Y3 and y4 add to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it says y1 Y3 and y4 add to zero
+let's take the next one the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the next one the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the next one the second row
+is y1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y2 and that's all that's in that row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 and that's all that's in that row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 and that's all that's in that row and
+that must have something to do with node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must have something to do with node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must have something to do with node
+two and sure enough it says y1 equals y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and sure enough it says y1 equals y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and sure enough it says y1 equals y
+2 current in equals current out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 current in equals current out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 current in equals current out the
+third one Y 2 + Y3 - y5 = 0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one Y 2 + Y3 - y5 = 0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one Y 2 + Y3 - y5 = 0 that's
+certainly be what's up at the third node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be what's up at the third node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be what's up at the third node
+Y 2 coming in Y3 coming in y5 going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y 2 coming in Y3 coming in y5 going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y 2 coming in Y3 coming in y5 going out
+has to balance and finally y4 + y5 = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to balance and finally y4 + y5 = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to balance and finally y4 + y5 = 0
+says that at this node y4 + y5 the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that at this node y4 + y5 the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that at this node y4 + y5 the total
+flow is zero we don't you know charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is zero we don't you know charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow is zero we don't you know charge
+doesn't accumulate at the nodes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accumulate at the nodes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't accumulate at the nodes it
+travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels
+around okay now give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay now give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay now give
+me I come back now to the linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I come back now to the linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I come back now to the linear algebra
+question what's a vector y that solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's a vector y that solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what's a vector y that solves
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+equations can I figure out what the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can I figure out what the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can I figure out what the null
+space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is
+for this Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Matrix a
+transpose by looking at the graph I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose by looking at the graph I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose by looking at the graph I I'm
+happy if I don't have to do elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy if I don't have to do elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy if I don't have to do elimination
+I can do elimination we know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do elimination we know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do elimination we know how to do
+we know how to find the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the null space
+basis we can do elimination on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can do elimination on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can do elimination on this
+Matrix and we'll get it into a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we'll get it into a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we'll get it into a good
+reduced row Echelon form and the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced row Echelon form and the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced row Echelon form and the special
+Solutions will pop right out but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions will pop right out but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions will pop right out but I would
+like to even to do it without that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to even to do it without that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to even to do it without that but
+let me just ask you first if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ask you first if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just ask you first if I did
+elimination on that on that Matrix what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that on that Matrix what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that on that Matrix what
+would the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the last row
+become what would the last row if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what would the last row if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become what would the last row if I do
+elimination on that Matrix the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that Matrix the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on that Matrix the last row
+of R will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R will
+be all zeros right why because the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all zeros right why because the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all zeros right why because the rank
+is three we only going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three we only going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three we only going to have three
+pivots and the fourth row will be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and the fourth row will be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots and the fourth row will be all
+zeros when when we eliminate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros when when we eliminate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros when when we eliminate so
+elimination will tell us what uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will tell us what uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will tell us what uh what we
+spotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted
+earlier what's the null space all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what's the null space all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what's the null space all the
+all the information what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information what are the
+dependencies we'll we'll find those by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies we'll we'll find those by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies we'll we'll find those by
+elimination but here in a real example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but here in a real example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but here in a real example
+we can find them by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find them by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find them by thinking
+okay again my question is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again my question is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again my question is what is a
+solution why how could current travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution why how could current travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution why how could current travel
+around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+network without collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network without collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network without collect
+in any charge at the nodes tell me a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any charge at the nodes tell me a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any charge at the nodes tell me a y
+okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a
+basis for the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the null space of a
+transpose how many vectors am I looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose how many vectors am I looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose how many vectors am I looking
+for two it's a two-dimensional space my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two it's a two-dimensional space my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two it's a two-dimensional space my
+bases should have two vectors in it give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases should have two vectors in it give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases should have two vectors in it give
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+one one set of currents suppose let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of currents suppose let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of currents suppose let me
+start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it
+let me start with y1 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with y1 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with y1 as
+one okay so one unit of one amp travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so one unit of one amp travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so one unit of one amp travels
+on edge one with the arrow okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on edge one with the arrow okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on edge one with the arrow okay then
+what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is
+Y2 it's one also right and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 it's one also right and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 it's one also right and of course
+what you did was solve Kirk's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did was solve Kirk's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did was solve Kirk's current
+law quickly in the second equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law quickly in the second equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law quickly in the second equation okay
+now we've got one amp leaving node one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got one amp leaving node one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got one amp leaving node one
+coming around to node three what shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around to node three what shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming around to node three what shall
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now well what shall I take for Y3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well what shall I take for Y3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well what shall I take for Y3 in
+other words I've got a choice but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I've got a choice but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I've got a choice but why
+not make it what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said1 so I have just sent current 1 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said1 so I have just sent current 1 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said1 so I have just sent current 1 amp
+around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop what shall y4 and y5 be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop what shall y4 and y5 be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop what shall y4 and y5 be in this
+case we could take them to be zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could take them to be zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we could take them to be zero this
+satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies
+Kirk off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current
+law we could check it patiently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we could check it patiently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we could check it patiently that
+minus y1 minus Y3 gives zero we know y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y1 minus Y3 gives zero we know y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y1 minus Y3 gives zero we know y1
+is Y2 the others y4 + y5 is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Y2 the others y4 + y5 is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Y2 the others y4 + y5 is certainly
+zero any current around a loop satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any current around a loop satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero any current around a loop satisfies
+a satisfies the current law okay now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satisfies the current law okay now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satisfies the current law okay now you
+know how to get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get another
+one take current around this Loop so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take current around this Loop so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one take current around this Loop so now
+let y 3 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let y 3 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let y 3 be
+one y5 be one and y4 be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one y5 be one and y4 be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one y5 be one and y4 be minus one
+and so so we have the first basis Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we have the first basis Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so we have the first basis Vector
+sent current around that Loop the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent current around that Loop the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent current around that Loop the second
+basis Vector sends current around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis Vector sends current around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis Vector sends current around that
+Loop and I've and those are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I've and those are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and I've and those are independent
+and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got
+two solutions two vectors in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions two vectors in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions two vectors in the null
+space of a transpose two solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose two solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose two solutions to
+Kirk off's current law of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law of course you
+would say what about sending current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say what about sending current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say what about sending current
+around the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the big
+loop what about that Vector one for y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what about that Vector one for y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop what about that Vector one for y1
+one for Y2 nothing on Y3 one for y5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for Y2 nothing on Y3 one for y5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for Y2 nothing on Y3 one for y5 and
+minus one for y4 what about that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one for y4 what about that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one for y4 what about that is that
+is that in the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in the null space of a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+sure so why don't we now have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so why don't we now have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so why don't we now have a third
+Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the
+basis because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis because it's
+not independent right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not independent right it's not
+independent this Vector is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this Vector is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this Vector is the sum of
+those two if I send current around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two if I send current around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two if I send current around that
+and around that then on this Edge Y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around that then on this Edge Y3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around that then on this Edge Y3
+it's going to cancel out and I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cancel out and I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cancel out and I'll have
+allog together current around the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allog together current around the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allog together current around the whole
+the the outside Loop that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outside Loop that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outside Loop that's what this
+one is but it's a combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is but it's a combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is but it's a combination of those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see that I've now uh I've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I've now uh I've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that I've now uh I've identified
+the null space of a transpose but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of a transpose but but
+but more than that we've solved Kirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than that we've solved Kirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more than that we've solved Kirk
+off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law and understood it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and understood it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and understood it in terms of the
+network okay so that's uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network okay so that's uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network okay so that's uh that's the
+null space of a transpose I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose I guess I
+there's always one more space to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always one more space to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always one more space to ask you
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+let's see I guess I need the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I guess I need the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I guess I need the row space
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a the column space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose so what's what's and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what's what's and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what's what's and what's
+its Dimension yep what's the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Dimension yep what's the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Dimension yep what's the dimension
+of the row space of a if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row space of a if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the row space of a if I look at the
+original a it had five rows how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a it had five rows how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original a it had five rows how many
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so we I'm I guess I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so we I'm I guess I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so we I'm I guess I'm asking
+you the rank again right and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rank again right and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the rank again right and the answer
+is three right three independent rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three right three independent rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three right three independent rows
+when I transpose it there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I transpose it there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I transpose it there's three
+independent columns are those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns are those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns are those columns
+independent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent those
+three the first three columns are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the first three columns are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the first three columns are they
+the pivot Columns of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot Columns of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pivot Columns of the Matrix
+no those three columns are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no those three columns are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no those three columns are not
+independent there's a in fact this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there's a in fact this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there's a in fact this tells
+me a relation between them there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a relation between them there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a relation between them there's a
+vector in the null space that says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the null space that says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the null space that says the
+First Column plus the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column plus the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Column plus the second column
+equals the third column they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the third column they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the third column they're not
+independent because they come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because they come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because they come from a
+loop so the pivot columns the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the pivot columns the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the pivot columns the pivot
+Columns of this Matrix will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of this Matrix will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of this Matrix will be the
+first the second not the third but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the second not the third but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the second not the third but the
+fourth one columns one two and four are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one columns one two and four are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one columns one two and four are
+okay where are they those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are they those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where are they those are the
+Columns of a transpose those correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of a transpose those correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of a transpose those correspond
+to edges so there's Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edges so there's Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to edges so there's Edge
+one there's Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's Edge
+two and there's Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four so there's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there's a that's
+like that that is a smaller graph if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that is a smaller graph if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that is a smaller graph if I
+just look at the part of the graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the part of the graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the part of the graph that
+I've that I've uh thick used with thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've that I've uh thick used with thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've that I've uh thick used with thick
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+it has the same four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the same four
+nodes it only has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes it only has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes it only has three
+edges and the those edges correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the those edges correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the those edges correspond to
+the independent guys and in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent guys and in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent guys and in the graph
+there those three edges have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those three edges have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there those three edges have
+no Loop right the independent ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Loop right the independent ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Loop right the independent ones are
+the ones that don't have a loop all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't have a loop all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't have a loop all the
+all the dependencies came from Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dependencies came from Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dependencies came from Loops
+they were the things in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the things in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the things in the null space
+of a transpose if I take three pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose if I take three pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose if I take three pivot
+columns there are no dependencies among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns there are no dependencies among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns there are no dependencies among
+them and they form a graph without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they form a graph without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they form a graph without a
+loop and I just want to ask you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and I just want to ask you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and I just want to ask you what's
+the name for a graph without a loop so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for a graph without a loop so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name for a graph without a loop so a
+graph without a loop is has got not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph without a loop is has got not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph without a loop is has got not very
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+edges right I've got four nodes and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right I've got four nodes and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right I've got four nodes and it
+only has three edges and if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has three edges and if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has three edges and if I put
+another Edge in I would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge in I would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge in I would have a
+loop so it's this graph with no loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so it's this graph with no loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so it's this graph with no loops
+and it's the one where the rows of a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one where the rows of a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the one where the rows of a are
+independent and what's a graph called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and what's a graph called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and what's a graph called
+that has no Loops it's called a tree so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no Loops it's called a tree so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no Loops it's called a tree so
+a tree is the name for a graph with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loops and just to take one last step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and just to take one last step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and just to take one last step
+here using our formula for dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here using our formula for dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here using our formula for dimension
+using our formula for Dimension let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our formula for Dimension let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our formula for Dimension let's
+let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+once once um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this at this formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this formula the
+dimension of the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null space of a
+transpose is M minus r okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is M minus r okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is M minus r okay this is the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops number of independent
+Loops m is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r what is r for our we have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what is r for our we have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r what is r for our we have to remember
+way back the rank came we from looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back the rank came we from looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back the rank came we from looking
+at The Columns of our Matrix what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Columns of our Matrix what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at The Columns of our Matrix what so
+what's the rank let's let just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank let's let just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the rank let's let just remember
+rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank
+was you remember there was one one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you remember there was one one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you remember there was one one we
+had a one-dimensional n the rank was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one-dimensional n the rank was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a one-dimensional n the rank was n
+minus one that's what I'm struggling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's what I'm struggling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's what I'm struggling to
+say because there were n columns coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because there were n columns coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because there were n columns coming
+from the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the N
+nodes so it's minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so it's minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so it's minus the number of
+nodes minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes minus
+one because of that c that one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because of that c that one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because of that c that one one one
+one vector in the null space The Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector in the null space The Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector in the null space The Columns
+were not independent there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not independent there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not independent there was one
+dependency so we needed minus one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so we needed minus one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so we needed minus one this
+is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great
+formula this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this is like the
+first shall I shall I write it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shall I shall I write it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shall I shall I write it slightly
+differently the number of edges let let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the number of edges let let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the number of edges let let
+me put let me put things on have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put let me put things on have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put let me put things on have I got
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right number of edges is M the number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of edges is M the number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of edges is M the number is
+M minus r okay so so I'm getting let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus r okay so so I'm getting let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M minus r okay so so I'm getting let me
+put the number of nodes on the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of nodes on the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the number of nodes on the the other
+side so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes I'll move that to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I'll move that to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes I'll move that to the other
+side minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges plus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops is I have minus minus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops is I have minus minus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops is I have minus minus one is
+one the number of nodes minus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the number of nodes minus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the number of nodes minus the number
+of edges plus the number of Loops is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges plus the number of Loops is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges plus the number of Loops is one
+these are like Zero Dimensional guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like Zero Dimensional guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like Zero Dimensional guys
+they're the points on the graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the points on the graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the points on the graph the
+edges are like onedimensional things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are like onedimensional things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are like onedimensional things
+they're they connect nodes the loops are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they connect nodes the loops are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they connect nodes the loops are
+like two-dimensional things they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two-dimensional things they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two-dimensional things they have
+like a an area and this count works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an area and this count works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a an area and this count works for
+every graph and it's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph and it's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph and it's known as
+Oilers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers
+formula we see Oiler again that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we see Oiler again that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we see Oiler again that guy
+never stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never stopped
+okay and can we just check so what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can we just check so what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can we just check so what am I
+saying I'm saying that linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm saying that linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm saying that linear algebra
+proves Oilers formula Oilers formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves Oilers formula Oilers formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proves Oilers formula Oilers formula is
+this great topology fact about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great topology fact about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great topology fact about any
+graph okay I'll draw let me draw another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay I'll draw let me draw another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay I'll draw let me draw another
+graph let me draw a graph with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me draw a graph with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me draw a graph with more
+edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and
+Loops let me let me put in lots of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops let me let me put in lots of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops let me let me put in lots of okay
+I just drew a graph there so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just drew a graph there so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just drew a graph there so what are
+the what are the quantities in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the quantities in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the quantities in that
+formula how many nodes have I got looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula how many nodes have I got looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula how many nodes have I got looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+five how many edges have I got 1 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five how many edges have I got 1 2 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five how many edges have I got 1 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 how many Loops have I got one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 how many Loops have I got one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 how many Loops have I got one two
+three and Oilers right I always get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and Oilers right I always get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and Oilers right I always get one
+that this this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this formula is
+uh is extremely use ful in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is extremely use ful in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is extremely use ful in understanding
+the relation of these quantities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of these quantities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation of these quantities the
+number of nodes the number of edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes the number of edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes the number of edges and
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+Loops okay I just complete this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops okay I just complete this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops okay I just complete this lecture
+by completing this picture this cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by completing this picture this cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by completing this picture this cycle so
+let me come to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this
+expresses the equations of Applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses the equations of Applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses the equations of Applied math
+this let me call these potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me call these potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me call these potential
+differences say e so e is ax that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences say e so e is ax that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences say e so e is ax that that's
+the that's the equation for this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the equation for this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the equation for this step
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+currents come from the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents come from the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents come from the potential
+differences Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences Y is
+CE the potential the currents satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CE the potential the currents satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CE the potential the currents satisfy
+kof's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kof's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kof's current
+law those are the equations of with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law those are the equations of with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law those are the equations of with no
+Source terms those are the equ equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source terms those are the equ equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source terms those are the equ equations
+of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+of many those are like the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many those are like the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many those are like the most basic
+three equations applied math comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations applied math comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations applied math comes in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+structure the only thing I haven't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the only thing I haven't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the only thing I haven't got
+yet in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the picture
+is an outside source to make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outside source to make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outside source to make something
+happen I could add a current Source here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I could add a current Source here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I could add a current Source here
+I could I could add external currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could add external currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could add external currents
+going in and out of nodes I could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and out of nodes I could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in and out of nodes I could add
+batteries in the edges those are two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges those are two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges those are two two
+ways if I add batteries in the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I add batteries in the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways if I add batteries in the edges
+they they come into here let me add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they come into here let me add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they come into here let me add
+current sources if I add current sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources if I add current sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources if I add current sources
+those come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those come in
+here so there's a there's where current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a there's where current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a there's where current
+sources go because the f is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources go because the f is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources go because the f is like a
+current coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current coming from
+outside so we have our edges we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so we have our edges we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so we have our edges we have our
+graph and then I send 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then I send 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and then I send 1
+amp into this node and out of this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp into this node and out of this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp into this node and out of this node
+and that gives me uh a right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me uh a right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives me uh a right hand side
+in Kirk's current law and can I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kirk's current law and can I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kirk's current law and can I to
+complete the lecture I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the lecture I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the lecture I'm just going to
+put these three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these three equations
+together so I start with X my unknown I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I start with X my unknown I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I start with X my unknown I
+multiply by a that gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a that gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a that gives me the
+potential differences that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences that was our
+Matrix a that the whole thing started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a that the whole thing started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a that the whole thing started
+with I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I multiply by
+c those are the physical constants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c those are the physical constants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c those are the physical constants in
+Oh's law now I have y I multiply y by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh's law now I have y I multiply y by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh's law now I have y I multiply y by a
+transpose and now I have F so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and now I have F so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and now I have F so there's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whole thing there's the there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing there's the there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing there's the there's the
+basic equation of Applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic equation of Applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic equation of Applied
+math coming from these three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math coming from these three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math coming from these three steps
+in which the last step is this balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the last step is this balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the last step is this balance
+equation there's always a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's always a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there's always a balance
+equation to look for these are the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to look for these are the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to look for these are the when
+I say the most basic equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the most basic equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the most basic equations of
+Applied Mathematics I should say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Mathematics I should say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Mathematics I should say in
+equilibrium time isn't in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium time isn't in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium time isn't in this problem
+I'm not Newton's law isn't acting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not Newton's law isn't acting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not Newton's law isn't acting here
+I'm I'm looking at the at the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking at the at the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm looking at the at the equations
+when everything is settled down how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is settled down how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everything is settled down how do
+the currents distribute in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents distribute in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents distribute in the network
+and and of course there are big codes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course there are big codes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course there are big codes to
+solve the this this is the basic problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the this this is the basic problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the this this is the basic problem
+of numerical linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numerical linear
+algebra for systems of equations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for systems of equations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra for systems of equations because
+that's how they come and my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they come and my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they come and my final
+question what can you tell me about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what can you tell me about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what can you tell me about this
+Matrix a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a transpose
+CA or even a transpose a I'll just close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA or even a transpose a I'll just close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA or even a transpose a I'll just close
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+question what do you know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what do you know about the
+Matrix a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a transpose
+a it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it is
+always symmetric right okay thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always symmetric right okay thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always symmetric right okay thanks so
+I'll see you Wednesday for a full review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you Wednesday for a full review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll see you Wednesday for a full review
+of these chapters and Friday you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chapters and Friday you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chapters and Friday you get to
+tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6m4l2k9hBZw.txt b/6m4l2k9hBZw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e918ea7091cbb6b76bc15722f8cd34ca4e29a5e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6m4l2k9hBZw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a single brow example our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single brow example our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single brow example our problem is
+to find the optimal number of discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the optimal number of discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the optimal number of discount
+seats and regular seats to sell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats and regular seats to sell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats and regular seats to sell to
+maximize revenue we'll assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize revenue we'll assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize revenue we'll assume that the
+price of regular seats is 617 dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of regular seats is 617 dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of regular seats is 617 dollars
+and the price of discount seats is 238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price of discount seats is 238
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price of discount seats is 238
+dollars also let's assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars also let's assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars also let's assume that we
+forecasted the demand of regular seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasted the demand of regular seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasted the demand of regular seats
+to be 100 and the demand of discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 100 and the demand of discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 100 and the demand of discount
+seats to be a hundred and fifty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats to be a hundred and fifty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats to be a hundred and fifty the
+capacity of our airplane is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of our airplane is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of our airplane is a hundred
+and sixty-six seats let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sixty-six seats let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sixty-six seats let's go ahead and
+formulate this mathematically as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this mathematically as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate this mathematically as a
+linear optimization problem the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear optimization problem the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear optimization problem the first
+step is to decide what our decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to decide what our decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to decide what our decisions are
+or the variables in our model we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the variables in our model we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the variables in our model we need to
+decide how many regular seats we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how many regular seats we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how many regular seats we want to
+sell we'll call the number of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell we'll call the number of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell we'll call the number of regular
+seats we sell are we also need to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats we sell are we also need to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats we sell are we also need to decide
+the number of discount seats we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of discount seats we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of discount seats we want to
+sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+we'll call the number of discount seats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the number of discount seats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call the number of discount seats
+we sell D the second step is to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sell D the second step is to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sell D the second step is to decide
+what our objective or our goal is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our objective or our goal is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our objective or our goal is in
+this case it's to maximize the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's to maximize the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's to maximize the total
+revenue to the airline the revenue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to the airline the revenue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to the airline the revenue from
+each type of seat is equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type of seat is equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type of seat is equal to the number
+of that type of seat sold times the seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that type of seat sold times the seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that type of seat sold times the seat
+price in the case of regular seats this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in the case of regular seats this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in the case of regular seats this
+is six hundred and seventeen dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six hundred and seventeen dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six hundred and seventeen dollars
+times our the number of regular seats we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our the number of regular seats we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our the number of regular seats we
+sell and for discount seats this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell and for discount seats this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell and for discount seats this is two
+hundred and thirty-eight dollars times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty-eight dollars times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and thirty-eight dollars times D
+the number of discount seats we sell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of discount seats we sell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of discount seats we sell we
+sum these together to get the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum these together to get the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum these together to get the total
+revenue and our objective is to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and our objective is to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue and our objective is to maximize
+this sum the third step is to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum the third step is to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum the third step is to define the
+constraints or limits of our decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or limits of our decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints or limits of our decisions
+one constraint is that American Airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constraint is that American Airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constraint is that American Airlines
+can't sell more seats than the aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sell more seats than the aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sell more seats than the aircraft
+capacity which is a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity which is a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity which is a hundred and
+sixty-six seats so the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-six seats so the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-six seats so the total number of
+seats sold R Plus D has to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats sold R Plus D has to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats sold R Plus D has to be less than
+equal to the capacity of a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the capacity of a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the capacity of a hundred and
+sixty-six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty-six
+additionally American airline shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally American airline shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally American airline shouldn't
+more seats than the demand for each type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seats than the demand for each type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seats than the demand for each type
+of seat so the regular seats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seat so the regular seats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seat so the regular seats are
+shouldn't exceed 100 so our should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't exceed 100 so our should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't exceed 100 so our should be
+less than or equal to 100 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 100 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to 100 and the
+discount seats D can exceed 150 so D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount seats D can exceed 150 so D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount seats D can exceed 150 so D
+should be less than or equal to 150 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than or equal to 150 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than or equal to 150 the
+final step is to make sure our variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step is to make sure our variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step is to make sure our variables
+are taking reasonable values in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking reasonable values in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking reasonable values in this
+case it wouldn't make sense to sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it wouldn't make sense to sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it wouldn't make sense to sell a
+negative number of seats so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number of seats so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number of seats so we need to
+make sure that both R and D are greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that both R and D are greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that both R and D are greater
+than or equal to zero so our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero so our entire
+problem is to maximize total airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to maximize total airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is to maximize total airline
+revenue subject to the constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue subject to the constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue subject to the constraints that
+seat sold can exceed capacity seats sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat sold can exceed capacity seats sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat sold can exceed capacity seats sold
+can exceed demand and the seats sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exceed demand and the seats sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exceed demand and the seats sold
+can't be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be negative
+mathematically this can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically this can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically this can be written as
+maximize 617 times R + 238 times D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize 617 times R + 238 times D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize 617 times R + 238 times D the
+total revenue subject to the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total revenue subject to the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total revenue subject to the constraints
+are + T is less than or equal to 166 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are + T is less than or equal to 166 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are + T is less than or equal to 166 the
+capacity constraint are less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraint are less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity constraint are less than or
+equal to 100 and D less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 100 and D less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 100 and D less than or equal to
+150 which are the demand constraints an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 which are the demand constraints an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 which are the demand constraints an
+R and D are both greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and D are both greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and D are both greater than or equal
+to zero this is called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is called a linear
+optimization problem in the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem in the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem in the next video
+we'll see how to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how to solve this problem
+using the software LibreOffice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6pHHh67t6F8.txt b/6pHHh67t6F8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c712ca7f8334c70b18f326dda4993e34d4c8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6pHHh67t6F8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2085 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to
+
+lecture number 8.
+
+In this lecture, I would like
+to discuss with you the
+
+numerical integration and some
+modeling considerations.
+
+You might recall that in the
+isoparametric formulation that
+
+we discussed in the early
+lectures, we used numerical
+
+integration.
+
+And this is an important fact,
+and I want to discuss with you
+
+in this lecture the Newton-Cotes
+formulas that
+
+we're using, and in particular,
+the Gauss
+
+integration--
+
+the Gauss numerical integration
+that we are using
+
+in finite element analysis.
+
+There are various
+considerations.
+
+First of all, I'd like to
+present to you a little bit of
+
+the theory that is being used
+and in particular, however, I
+
+also like to present to you some
+practical considerations.
+
+And finally, together with these
+aspects, I would like to
+
+also present to you some
+considerations regarding the
+
+choice of elements, and, of
+course, regarding the choice
+
+of the order of numerical
+integration that has to be
+
+used in the finite element
+formulation.
+
+Well, just to refresh your
+memory, on this view graph, I
+
+put together once the
+various matrices
+
+that we have to evaluate.
+
+Here, we have to stiffness
+matrix, which of course, is
+
+obtained by the integral of
+B transpose C, B. B is the
+
+strain displacement
+transformation matrix.
+
+C is the stress strain law.
+
+Of course, this B-matrix is a
+function of x and y in the
+
+physical space, but if you use
+isoparametric interpolation in
+
+two-dimensional analysis, this
+B-matrix would be a function
+
+of r and s, as we discussed
+earlier.
+
+The m matrix is given here, the
+RB load vector is given
+
+here, the RS load vector is
+given here, and the initial
+
+stress load vector
+is given here.
+
+We derived all of these
+quantities in an earlier
+
+lecture and all I like to now
+discuss with you is how do we
+
+evaluate these quantities using
+numerical integration.
+
+In isoparametric finite element
+analysis, I mentioned
+
+already the displacement
+transformation matrix is a
+
+function of r, s, and t.
+
+The strain-displacement
+interpolation matrix is also a
+
+functional of r, s, and t in
+three-dimensional analysis.
+
+Of course, in one- or
+two-dimensional analysis, we
+
+only talk about r and
+s, respectively.
+
+Remember please, that r, s,
+and t vary from minus 1 to
+
+plus 1, and that we, therefore,
+need the volume
+
+transformation here, dV being
+the determinant of J, where J
+
+is a Jacobian transformation
+between the x- and y-, and r-
+
+and s-axis, or x-, y-, and z-
+and r-, s-, and t-axis.
+
+And of course, dr, dr, dt are
+the respective differentiates
+
+that have to be used
+here, too.
+
+We discussed that earlier, and
+just to refresh your memory
+
+again, what we came up with is
+that the stiffness matrix K
+
+two-dimensional analysis is
+given in terms of of B
+
+transpose C, B, times
+determinant of J, dr, ds, and
+
+we are integrating from
+minus 1 to plus 1.
+
+The mass matrix is given, as
+shown here, where H is, of
+
+course, once again,
+the displacement
+
+transformation matrix.
+
+[? Row ?] is the mass density.
+
+Just a preliminary thought,
+please recognize that B
+
+involves derivatives of
+displacements, We have here
+
+derivatives of displacements,
+here we have the actual
+
+displacements.
+
+So the product of B transpose
+B will, in general, be of
+
+lower order than the product of
+H transpose H. Therefore,
+
+when we talk about numerical
+integration, we will find that
+
+to evaluate the M matrix
+exactly, we will have to use a
+
+higher order integration than in
+the exact evaluation of the
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+I will refer to that
+again later.
+
+We also mentioned already that
+in the numerical integration,
+
+the basic process is that we
+are evaluating the function
+
+Fij, as shown here, at
+particular points, i, j,
+
+denoted by i, j.
+
+And the alpha i, j, are
+weight coefficients.
+
+Therefore, what we do is, once
+again, to evaluate this
+
+product at a particular point
+within the element, multiply
+
+that product by a weight
+coefficient, and then do the
+
+same for a certain selected
+number of points, and sum all
+
+these evaluations up, as
+shown in this equation.
+
+Now, what this means, of course,
+is that we really have
+
+to use specific points--
+
+and I have to discuss with you
+what points we are using--
+
+and how many points is another
+question that we
+
+have to also discuss.
+
+Well, in 2x2 integration, in
+isoparametric finite element
+
+analysis, we would use four
+points altogether.
+
+2x2 means two points
+this direction, and
+
+two points that direction.
+
+In three- dimensional analysis,
+we would, of course,
+
+talk about 2x2x2.
+
+You would have another two
+points in this direction, in
+
+the t direction.
+
+These points in Gauss
+integration, are given by
+
+these values here.
+
+In other words, point 4, for
+example, would have the
+
+values, r equals plus 0.577
+and s equal to plus 0.577.
+
+Point 1 would have the same
+values, but both negative.
+
+These values here are the
+Gauss values, and I will
+
+discuss briefly with you a
+little later how these have
+
+been obtained.
+
+Of course, Gauss derived them
+for us some 100 years ago, and
+
+we are now simply using them.
+
+In 3x3 integration, we talk
+about nine integration points
+
+altogether.
+
+Once again, three integration
+points lay, as so to say, in
+
+this direction, and into
+that direction.
+
+If we use three-point
+integration in
+
+three-dimensional analysis, we
+would have altogether 27
+
+integration points because
+each of these layers, of
+
+course, applies then three
+times, and because we also
+
+have three layers into the t
+direction, and therefore
+
+altogether, 9x3, being 27
+integration points.
+
+The basic process of numerical
+integration is that if we want
+
+to integrate a function.
+
+And I've shown here an actual
+function-- this heavy line is
+
+the actual function f-- if we
+want to integrate that actual
+
+function, with respect
+to x here.
+
+What we do is we are putting
+an interpolating polynomial
+
+down as an approximation
+to that function.
+
+Now, if we want to integrate
+this function from a to b, the
+
+simplest interpolating
+polynomial would be to put a
+
+straight line from this
+point to that point.
+
+And then the area under the
+straight line is assumed to be
+
+approximately, at least, really
+sufficiently close, to
+
+the area under the actual
+function f.
+
+So what we are doing then is we
+are replacing the integral
+
+of the actual function f, over
+this integral, by the integral
+
+of the interpolating polynomial
+over that integral.
+
+If we do that with just two
+points, and the two points are
+
+these two, we will derive
+the trapezoidal rule.
+
+If we use those three points,
+and I have here a view graph
+
+that shows how we would
+use three points.
+
+One point here, second point
+there, and now we have also a
+
+third point there.
+
+Then we would obtain
+the Simpson's rule.
+
+Once again, instead of
+integrating the actual
+
+function, f, which is shown by
+this line here, we are, in
+
+fact, integrating the area
+under this red line.
+
+This is a little the weak.
+
+Well, now there it comes.
+
+We are integrating the area
+under the red line.
+
+In other words, the assumption
+is then that this area is
+
+close enough to the area under
+blue line, and what we need to
+
+do is to evaluate, of course,
+the actual function, f, at
+
+these three points.
+
+And we will have to somehow
+develop certain constants, the
+
+alpha i, j's that I talked about
+earlier that multiply
+
+this function, f, in order to
+evaluate the red area here
+
+accurately.
+
+Well, if we do that--
+
+in other words, if we integrate
+the red area using
+
+these three function points then
+we obtain the Simpson's
+
+rule, and this is just one
+rule of the more general
+
+Newton-Cotes integration.
+
+In the Newton-Cotes integration,
+we use
+
+equally-spaced sampling
+points.
+
+In other words, if we want to
+integrate from a to b, the
+
+simplest way of proceeding is to
+use a sampling point here,
+
+and a sampling point there.
+
+And then, of course, as I
+pointed out earlier, we are
+
+putting, really, a straight line
+down and we're assuming
+
+that the area under this
+straight line is equal to the
+
+area to under the actual
+function, f, that might be
+
+looking like that.
+
+Well, that is the trapezoidal
+rule and Newton-Cotes
+
+integration with n equal to 1.
+
+In other words, with two
+constants here, is equal to
+
+this trapezoidal rule.
+
+What we are saying is that the
+area from a to b-- now I used
+
+here r, this is the r-axis.
+say, from a to b--
+
+this is the actual
+integration--
+
+is replaced by the summation
+of the value at this point,
+
+the F0 value, the F1 value, and
+each of these values is
+
+multiplied by a certain
+constant.
+
+So in this particular case, for
+the trapezoidal rules that
+
+I'm talking about, the right
+hand side looks as follows-- b
+
+minus a, that is this length
+here, times two values, the
+
+C01, n is equal to 1 in this
+particular case, times F0.
+
+Plus C1 1 1 times F1.
+
+And of course then, plus an
+error, R in this particular
+
+case, n, once again, is
+equal to 1, plus R1.
+
+This error of course, is assumed
+to be very small in
+
+the analysis, and we would
+actually neglect it.
+
+So once again, what we are
+saying is that we can replace
+
+the integration of F of R dr,
+from a to b, via this
+
+summation here.
+
+Notice that b minus a times
+that constant, that is our
+
+alpha 1, that I referred
+to earlier.
+
+And b minus a times that
+constant would be another
+
+alpha value.
+
+And, of course, these alpha
+values here multiply the
+
+actual function values at this
+station, and at that station.
+
+Well in the Simpson rule, n is
+equal to 2, b minus a is still
+
+there, but now we're talking
+about C0 2 0 times F0 plus C1
+
+2 times F1 plus C2 2 times
+F2, and of course, an
+
+error of 2's there.
+
+Well, the constants, the
+C0 1, C1 1 and so on.
+
+The constant Cin have been
+evaluated for us, and they are
+
+tabulated in this table here.
+
+Notice, that for the trapezoidal
+rule, we have the
+
+simple constants, 1/2, 1/2.
+
+The error here is shown here,
+10 to the minus 1 times the
+
+second derivative of F. So if
+the second derivative of the
+
+actual function is 0, well, then
+our integration is exact.
+
+Of course, what that means is
+that our function is indeed a
+
+straight line.
+
+Because only then the second
+derivative is 0.
+
+So our integration
+is exact when we
+
+integrate a straight line.
+
+Well, if you look at our earlier
+graph here, surely, if
+
+our actual red line is a
+straight line between this
+
+point and that point, then our
+integration, using the
+
+trapezoidal rule,
+must be exact.
+
+And that is verified by looking
+at the error bound,
+
+given in this table.
+
+The Simpson's rule has
+constants, 1/6, 4/6, 1/6.
+
+n is equal to 2 in this
+particular case, as I
+
+mentioned earlier.
+
+The error here is now given
+to the force derivative.
+
+And so on.
+
+Here, we have integrals
+1 to 6.
+
+In practice, however, we would
+only use this the trapezoidal
+
+rule, the Simpson rule, and
+we might then still
+
+use this rule here.
+
+Notice that the error of this
+rule here is of the same order
+
+as the error of this rule,
+involving five points.
+
+So the four-point integration
+rule, of course, is preferable
+
+when you compare to the
+five-point integration rule.
+
+The other important point
+is that if we use the
+
+Newton-Cotes formally, we are
+really always involving the
+
+endpoints of the integration.
+
+In other words, if we want to
+integrate from a to b then we
+
+will involve these two points
+in the actual integration.
+
+So if we talk about the
+integration through the
+
+thickness off the shell, or
+through a beam element
+
+thickness, then we would have
+here the top and bottom
+
+surfaces involved.
+
+Bad point--
+
+well, I shouldn't say bad, but
+certainly it's not a very
+
+advantageous point, of the
+Newton-Cotes integration is
+
+that we need to involve a
+fairly large number of
+
+integration points, or
+integration point stations to
+
+obtain an acceptable accuracy
+when we talk about finite
+
+element analysis.
+
+And therefore, the Gauss
+numerical integration is a
+
+more attractive scheme.
+
+And, in fact, we will find
+that in finite element
+
+analysis, we almost always use
+Gauss numerical integration.
+
+They're only certain special
+cases in analysis of beams,
+
+plates, and shells where we, in
+fact, use the Newton-Cotes
+
+integration.
+
+And the reason then, of course,
+is that we want to
+
+obtain also surface stresses
+and strains.
+
+That would be, for example,
+one reason.
+
+Now, in Gauss numerical
+integration, the basic concept
+
+is quite similar to the concept
+
+that we just discussed.
+
+That we again use an
+interpolating polynomial to
+
+lay through the function over
+the interval, a to b.
+
+The important point, however,
+now is that we use--
+
+if we look at our
+function here.
+
+Here is the interval, a to b.
+
+Our rx is here.
+
+If you look at that function,
+it's that we, in Gauss
+
+numerical integration, do not
+use equal-spaced intervals.
+
+In Newton-Cotes integration, we
+use equal-spaced intervals,
+
+and involves the end points.
+
+In Gauss numerical integration,
+we are using
+
+points, stations, 1 to 2, and
+our stations that can be
+
+anywhere in the interval.
+
+And Gauss has developed the
+optimum stations for us.
+
+in other words, what he has
+said, at that time is let us
+
+optimize the particular
+locations of the integration
+
+points stations, and in
+addition, let us optimize the
+
+weights, alpha 1 to alpha n.
+
+In the Newton-Cotes integration,
+we only optimize,
+
+so to say, the alpha values.
+
+The stations were fixed because
+we involved, for
+
+example, in the trapezoidal
+rule, we involved this end
+
+point, and that point.
+
+In the Simpson's rule,
+we used the midpoint.
+
+And so on.
+
+In Gauss integration, we say,
+well, let us does not
+
+necessarily fix those stations
+but rather let us just
+
+optimize the location
+of these stations.
+
+Well, since we then can optimize
+the values of the
+
+alpha 1, to alpha n, this of
+course are n, components, and
+
+the stations R1 to Rn, which
+are also n components.
+
+We really can optimize
+two n components.
+
+Now, if we look at the fact that
+we're dealing with two n
+
+components that we optimize
+now, and the fact that the
+
+interpolating polynomial of
+course, also involves one
+
+constant, then we find that the
+interpolating polynomial
+
+can now be of order,
+2n minus 1.
+
+2n minus 1.
+
+Whereas in the Simpson's rule,
+the interpolating polynomial
+
+with n stations could only
+be of order, n minus 1.
+
+You see, in the Simpsons rule,
+for example, with three
+
+stations, the n was, in the
+Simpson's rule equal to 3, but
+
+the order of the interpolating
+polynomial was 2.
+
+In other words, a parabola could
+be integrated exactly.
+
+Now in the Gauss integration,
+we are talking about the
+
+interpolating polynomial that
+can be of order, 2n minus 1, a
+
+much higher order
+for n stations.
+
+Here, with the Newton-Cotes rule
+for n stations, we only
+
+get an interpreting polynomial
+of n minus 1.
+
+Well, Gauss has developed the
+specific stations, R1 to Rn,
+
+to be used [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+in order to fit the
+interpolating polynomial
+
+through the actual function
+that we want to integrate.
+
+And of course, we also know
+now the error that is
+
+involved, Rn.
+
+The error of course, being
+much smaller than in the
+
+Newton-Cotes formula because
+we are dealing with a
+
+higher-order interpolating
+polynomial.
+
+The Gauss values
+are given here.
+
+When n is equal to 1, well, we
+only use the midpoint and the
+
+alpha value is 2.
+
+When n is equal to 2, in other
+words, we are talking about
+
+two-point integration, then
+ri is equal to plus
+
+minus 0.577, and 1.
+
+In this particular case, we
+are using the fact that we
+
+want to integrate 4 minus
+1, to plus 1.
+
+In other words, our
+r here, is this.
+
+We coordinate here, and
+we're integrating from
+
+minus 1 to plus 1.
+
+So in two-point integration, we
+using a point here, which
+
+is minus 0.577, and another
+point here,
+
+which is plus 0.577.
+
+Notice that we are feeding in
+these points to a higher-order
+
+accuracy in a computer program,
+typically, in a
+
+computer program that runs
+on a CDC machine
+
+with 14-digit precision.
+
+We would actually
+put these points
+
+in to 14-digit precision.
+
+Of course, they are actually put
+into this [? outputing. ?]
+
+They are there, and the computer
+program just picks up
+
+this value and evaluates then,
+of course, the function that
+
+we want to integrate
+at that station.
+
+The factor that the function
+has to be multiplied by is
+
+given here.
+
+In three-point integration,
+we use three points.
+
+This one is the easiest
+to look at--
+
+it's right to center point, and
+then there are two more
+
+points, one at minus 0.77
+and one at plus 0.77.
+
+In finite element analysis,
+we know, of course, in
+
+isoparametric finite element
+analysis, I should really say,
+
+we know, of course, that our
+integration runs from
+
+minus 1 to plus 1.
+
+So these are the actual
+values to be used.
+
+And these are the actual values
+that you would find,
+
+for example, in the computer
+program such as ADINA.
+
+If we want to integrate an
+interval from a to b--
+
+I'd like to simply mention
+that, of course, the same
+
+scheme can directly be used.
+
+If we have the ri and alpha i
+for the interval from minus 1
+
+to plus 1, then these would be
+the value to be used for the
+
+integration point stations.
+
+If our interval is not from
+minus 1 to plus 1. but from a
+
+to b, and this would be the
+weight that would have to be
+
+used for this particular case.
+
+The i in alpha i, once again,
+are the same ri and alpha 1
+
+that I listed here
+in this table.
+
+Well, so far we really talked
+about one-dimensional
+
+integration.
+
+However, the same concept can
+directly be used for multiple
+
+dimension integration.
+
+In other words, if we talk
+about the integration,
+
+minus 1 to plus 1.
+
+For example, as we would
+integrate, of course, in the
+
+formation of a tress element.
+
+If we now want to go through
+the integration of a
+
+two-dimensional element, then
+we would have to integrate a
+
+two-dimensional function in
+r and s, and that means
+
+integrating twice, once with
+respect to r, once with
+
+respect to s, and we can use the
+same concept that we used
+
+in [? analytical ?]
+
+integrations, and we first
+integrate with respect to r.
+
+That gives us one alpha
+i here, and then
+
+with respect to s.
+
+And the final result is shown
+here, that we have to bring in
+
+a weight factor, alpha i, and
+a weight factor, alpha j.
+
+This one for the i integration,
+that one for the
+
+a integration.
+
+And of course, stations ri and
+sj are the stations at which
+
+we would evaluate the
+actual function.
+
+Notice one important point that
+we could use a different
+
+order of integration into
+the two directions.
+
+For example, if we have an
+element such as this one,
+
+two-dimension element,
+two nodes
+
+here, in the s direction.
+
+But say three nodes in
+the r direction.
+
+So our r-axis is this one,
+s-axis is that one.
+
+Then in this particular case,
+since we're using a higher
+
+order interpolation into the r
+direction, in this particular
+
+case, we might say, well, let us
+use three-point integration
+
+this way, but two-point
+integration into the s-axis.
+
+So here, two-point integration
+into the s-axis, but
+
+three-point integration
+into the r-axis.
+
+And of course, the same concept
+applies also in
+
+three-dimensional analysis.
+
+In three-dimensional analysis
+as an example here, we would
+
+have the F now being a function
+of r, s, and t.
+
+Three times integration from
+minus 1 to plus 1.
+
+And the final result just
+derived the same way as in
+
+two-dimensional analysis
+as given here.
+
+Notice once again, we can
+use different orders of
+
+integration into the
+three directions.
+
+I should also mention at this
+point that when we talk about
+
+an actual stiffness matrix, of
+course, we talk about an
+
+array, n by n, for
+three-dimensional element, say
+
+a 20-node brick.
+
+This would be a 60 by 60
+stiffness matrix, and every
+
+one of these elements here, in
+that stiffness matrix would be
+
+an F, such an F. Every one of
+these elements would be
+
+integrated as shown here.
+
+Let us now look at the practical
+use of numerical
+
+integration.
+
+Well, the first important point
+is that the order of
+
+integration that is required to
+evaluate a specific element
+
+matrix can, of course, be
+evaluated by studying the
+
+function, f, to be integrated.
+
+In other words, if I want to
+evaluate a certain stiffness
+
+matrix, K. Here is the stiffness
+matrix given.
+
+If I want to evaluate that
+stiffness matrix exactly, I
+
+could look at each all of these
+elements, and there are
+
+now many of these F functions
+in there.
+
+Let us look at that one.
+
+I would look at that F value and
+identify its dependency on
+
+i, s, and t.
+
+Linear, cubic, parabolic
+and so on.
+
+And then I could, by
+entering into--
+
+by the use of the Gauss numeric
+integration, or the
+
+Newton-Cotes integration, and
+by looking up the errors
+
+involved, I could identify what
+integration order I need
+
+in order to evaluate this
+integral exactly.
+
+That can be done and for simple
+elements, relatively
+
+simple elements--
+
+in other words, 4-noded
+elements, that are square, or
+
+8-noded elements that
+are square.
+
+We can fairly simply evaluate
+the order of integration that
+
+is required.
+
+However, when the element
+is curved.
+
+In other words, when we
+talk about a general
+
+elements like that--
+
+the required integration order
+is not that easily assessed,
+
+in order to evaluate the
+stiffness matrix exactly.
+
+And the reason for it is that
+we have the Jacobian
+
+transformation in there.
+
+Therefore, in practice, the
+integration is frequently not
+
+performed exactly, but we have
+to remember that the
+
+integration order must
+be high enough.
+
+Well, considering then the
+evaluation of the element
+
+matrices, we should notice the
+following requirements.
+
+For the stiffness matrix
+evaluation, we note that the
+
+element matrix should not
+contain any spurious zero
+
+energy modes.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+Well, I mean that if I have
+an element such as
+
+that element here.
+
+We know that if you're talking
+about a plane stress element,
+
+there only three rigid
+body modes.
+
+One rigid translation this way,
+one rigid translation
+
+that way, and one rigid
+rotation of the
+
+elements that way.
+
+These are the only three rigid
+body modes that the element
+
+stiffness matrix
+should contain.
+
+It should, of course, contain
+these in order to satisfy the
+
+convergence requirements that
+we discussed earlier.
+
+What I'm saying now is that my
+integration order should be
+
+high enough so that there is
+no additional 0 igon value.
+
+If there is an additional 0 igon
+value, I might run into
+
+serious numerical difficulties
+in the solution of the overall
+
+governing equilibrium
+equations.
+
+And I will give you just now
+a very simple example.
+
+The second requirement is that
+the element stiffness matrix
+
+should contain the required
+constant strain states.
+
+So basically, what I'm saying
+here is that the numerically
+
+integrated stiffness matrix
+should still contain the
+
+requirements that we discussed,
+which the element
+
+must satisfy for convergence.
+
+For the mass matrix evaluation,
+here we only need
+
+to satisfy that the total
+mass must be included.
+
+In other words, the numerical
+integration should pick up the
+
+actual mass of the element.
+
+If that were not the case, then
+considering the total
+
+analysis, we would have
+lost some mass.
+
+The force vector evaluation
+valuation here, also is a
+
+total loads.
+
+Must be included, must be picked
+up, so to say, by the
+
+numerical integration.
+
+Let us look at this requirement
+here, and then I
+
+have a very simple example.
+
+Here we have the 8-node element,
+plane stress element,
+
+which is supported here
+on a hinge, and
+
+here on a stiff string.
+
+I apply a load, p, there.
+
+If I use 2x2 Gauss integration,
+
+I get absurd results.
+
+If I use 3x3 Gauss
+integration, I
+
+get the correct results.
+
+The correct results, of
+course, being that the
+
+elements simply rotates
+about this point, a.
+
+It simply rotates about the
+point, a, as a rigid body.
+
+And, of course, extending
+in that rotation's a
+
+spring at point b.
+
+The absurd results
+here come about--
+
+using 2x2 integration--
+
+because the stiffness matrix k
+does not contain just three
+
+rigid body modes, but four rigid
+body modes, with 2x2
+
+Gauss integration.
+
+Now, three rigid body modes are
+suppressed by the hinge
+
+here and the spring there,
+they are suppressed.
+
+But if I look at the fact that
+we are now having four in the
+
+stiffness matrix, if I suppress
+three, I still am
+
+left with one rigid body
+mode, and that
+
+means one 0 igon value.
+
+So this is still an unstable
+structural stiffness matrix,
+
+and when I subject that
+stiffness matrix two a load p,
+
+I get absurd results.
+
+Therefore, this is a very
+simple example that
+
+demonstrates that the Gauss
+integration has to be high
+
+enough in order to prevent
+instabilities occurring in the
+
+solution of the equations.
+
+In practice, of course, what
+happens frequently is that we
+
+are using these elements in a
+mesh, so we have an 8-node
+
+element here, and another
+8-node element here.
+
+And if we use 2x2 integration
+for this element, 2x2
+
+integration for that element, we
+might very well be able to
+
+solve the equations very nicely,
+and we might, in fact
+
+get good results in a analysis
+of a more complicated problem.
+
+Because the stiffness of this
+element and that element,
+
+they, each other, compensate
+for the loss for the rigid
+
+body mode that is still
+available in
+
+this one element here.
+
+In other words, although this
+one element is unstable, when
+
+you look at it numerically, when
+we solve the equations
+
+for a single element,
+as shown here.
+
+When the element is surrounded
+by other elements, they
+
+provide enough stiffness into
+this element so that the
+
+overall solution of the mesh can
+still be obtained, and we
+
+obtain, in fact, good results.
+
+However, if you do use reduced
+integration, we call this
+
+reduced integration because
+we are not evaluating the
+
+stiffness matrix exactly.
+
+If you do use reduced
+integration, you should be
+
+aware of this fact that for
+a single element, or for a
+
+certain element mesh layouts,
+we can run into numerical
+
+difficulties.
+
+Let's look briefly at the
+stress calculations.
+
+Surely, stresses can be
+calculated at any
+
+point of the element.
+
+And they would be evaluated
+as shown here.
+
+The stress strain law is here.
+
+Here we have to the
+strain-displacement
+
+interpolation matrix.
+
+Here, we have seen the nodal
+point displacement vector.
+
+Of course, these nodal points
+displacements are now known,
+
+they are now given.
+
+This is an initial stress vector
+which is also given.
+
+You should notice that the
+stresses are, in general,
+
+discontinuous across
+element boundaries.
+
+If we look at a [? practical ?]
+analysis, we
+
+might actually not evaluate the
+stresses at the boundary
+
+of an element, but we might
+evaluate the stresses at the
+
+integration points.
+
+So if you look at a mesh of
+elements, as shown here.
+
+We might evaluate the stresses
+at the 2x2 integration points,
+
+shown here for that element.
+
+If we were to evaluate the
+stresses of this element at
+
+this boundary, and of this
+element at that boundary, we
+
+would see a stress jump.
+
+I should mention here, just as a
+side note, that in fact, one
+
+can show that the stresses at
+the Gauss integration points
+
+are somewhat better predicted
+in a finite element analysis
+
+than along the boundary
+of the element.
+
+So that is another reason why we
+use, rather, why we predict
+
+stresses rather, at the Gauss
+integration points, and not on
+
+the boundaries of the element,
+using directly this approach.
+
+As an example here, let us look
+at a very simple problem.
+
+Here we have a cantilever
+modeled
+
+with two 8-node elements.
+
+Now remember, that these two
+8-node elements each contain
+
+the parabolic displacement
+variation.
+
+So since this is a bending
+moment that we apply to that
+
+cantilever, and since this
+bending moment, of course,
+
+gives parabolic displacement
+variationn The finite element
+
+solution would be correct,
+will be exact in this
+
+particular case.
+
+And therefore, there would
+be no stress jump here.
+
+Since the elements contain the
+displacements that shall be
+
+predicted, that are the
+analytically-correct results.
+
+The finite element mesh will
+predict these displacements,
+
+and, of course, we have
+stress continuity.
+
+This is shown here by--
+
+we have dissected these
+elements here.
+
+This is element 2, this
+is here, element 1.
+
+And we have plotted the stress
+distribution along
+
+the line a, b, c.
+
+Here's the line, a, b, c.
+
+And as you can see,
+there's 900 here,
+
+and there's 900 there.
+
+And of course, a linear
+variation stresses, so no
+
+stress jumps there.
+
+However, if you look at the
+same problem, the same
+
+cantilever, I should say, with
+now an edge share load, as
+
+shown here.
+
+Then these elements cannot
+represent the exact
+
+displacement distribution in
+the cantilever because they
+
+only contain a parabolic
+variation in displacement.
+
+And in this case, we have the
+stress discontinuity.
+
+tau x x, in other words, the
+stress into this direction
+
+here, so normal stress.
+
+For this element along, for
+element 2, along a,b,c, you
+
+can see 1744 up there.
+
+And then [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+a neutral axis because
+of symmetry
+
+conditions, of course.
+
+And for element 1, along a, b,
+c, we have 1502 right there.
+
+So there is, in fact, this
+stressed discontinuity that I
+
+was talking about earlier.
+
+The share stresses here have
+also a slight discontinuity,
+
+as you can see, 291.38,
+296.48.
+
+The reason that we have this
+stress discontinuity here is,
+
+of course, that the
+elements cannot
+
+represent the exact solution.
+
+And therefore, they each try to,
+in the integral sense of
+
+the finite element formulation,
+try to predict
+
+the solution accurately within
+its domain, and the result is
+
+that we have a stress
+
+discontinuity between elements.
+
+Finally, let us look then at
+some modeling considerations.
+
+In order to solve a problem,
+we should really have a
+
+qualitative knowledge of the
+response to be predicted.
+
+We should also have a thorough
+knowledge of the principles of
+
+mechanics and the finite element
+procedures available.
+
+And this, of coure, is
+the subject of my
+
+lectures here to you.
+
+If we have these two knowledges,
+then we should
+
+still know a little bit more
+about what kind of elements we
+
+should use, how one element
+performs versus another.
+
+And here, the first remark that
+I like to make is that
+
+parabolic undistorted elements
+are usually most effective.
+
+Here, please see that I'm saying
+usually most effective
+
+because in some earlier lecture,
+I talked about the
+
+analysis of fracture mechanics
+problems, where we, in fact,
+
+distort elements to pick up
+stress singularities.
+
+But if we don't talk about
+stress singularities or
+
+special situations, usually
+the parabolic undistorted
+
+elements are most effective.
+
+Here, I have put together in a
+table the kinds of elements
+
+that I would recommend
+for usage.
+
+These are typically also the
+elements that I used in
+
+general purpose code
+such ADINA.
+
+Tress or cable element,
+the 2-node
+
+element is quite effective.
+
+In some cases, we want to use
+a three-node element or
+
+four-node element, but the
+2-node element is cheap and
+
+very effective in modeling.
+
+For two-dimensional plane
+stress, plane strain,
+
+axisymetric analysis, the 8-node
+or 8-node element.
+
+Those are the elements most
+effective, and as I just
+
+mentioned, we should use them
+undistorted, in other words,
+
+rectangular.
+
+The three-dimensional
+analysis then.
+
+In three-dimensional analysis,
+we would effectively use the
+
+20-node brick element, which is
+really the counterpart of
+
+the 8- or 9-node element.
+
+For the 3D that is curved, we
+would use three-moded elements
+
+or four-noded elements-- better
+
+even four-noded elements.
+
+Of course, if we have a straight
+beam, then we would
+
+use simply the engineering
+[? animation, ?]
+
+two-noded beam.
+
+But if you talk about a curved
+beam, then the isoparametric
+
+beam that I presented to you in
+
+lecture 7 is very effective.
+
+The plate and shell elements
+that I would recommend are
+
+this element here, for
+plate analysis--
+
+I mentioned that already
+earlier.
+
+And for the shell analysis, the
+nine-noded element and the
+
+16-node element.
+
+Even for plates, it might pay
+sometimes to use the 16-node
+
+element, which is very
+effective, and particularly
+
+works for very, very thin
+plates and shells.
+
+It does not have the
+deteriorating behavior of the
+
+locking phenomenon that I
+referred to in lecture 7.
+
+Let us look also at some
+mesh considerations.
+
+If we perform an analysis, we
+might find that in some area
+
+of the element idealization.
+
+We want to use 4-node elements
+lower order elements, and in
+
+another area, we want to use
+higher order elements.
+
+Well, here, I've show a
+transition region going from a
+
+4- to a 5-node to take
+an 8-node element.
+
+Notice that we have full
+compatibility along this side.
+
+So this is a comparable element
+transition from 4- to
+
+8-node elements.
+
+And similarly, of course, in
+three-dimensional analysis,
+
+you could go from 8-node bricks
+to 20-node bricks by
+
+using such transition
+elements.
+
+An alternative approach would
+be to use a 4-node element
+
+here, and say, two 4-node
+elements there, but notice
+
+that if you do so, the
+displacements at node a, have
+
+to be constraint, if you
+want to preserve
+
+compatibility here.
+
+Notice that along BC, for this
+4-node element, we have a
+
+linear variation and
+displacements because we have
+
+only UB, VB, UC, VC there.
+
+And of course, here, for these
+two 4-noded elements, we have
+
+a linear varition from here to
+there, and another linear
+
+variatoin from here to there
+in displacements.
+
+To preserve full compatibility
+along this line, these two
+
+constraint equations
+have to be used.
+
+And that means, really, that VA
+and UA are set to the mean
+
+of UB, UC, and VB, BC,
+as shown here.
+
+Another transition approach is
+shown here on the last view
+
+graphs that I wanted
+to present to you.
+
+And here we're going from 8-node
+elements, or 7-node
+
+elements, if you wanted to use
+8-noded elements here, then of
+
+course, we would have to put
+another node in there each.
+
+So here we're going from two
+layers of 8-node elements,
+
+over into one layer of
+8-node not elements.
+
+Notice that in this particular
+transition region here, we are
+
+using a distorted element.
+
+Of course, that means the order
+of accuracy that we can
+
+expect here in the stress
+predictions and so on, is not
+
+quite as good as we would
+like to see it.
+
+So this transition region should
+be away from the area
+
+of interest. the area of
+interest being somewhere over
+
+here, far way from the
+transition reason.
+
+However, we do have a compatible
+element layout, and
+
+that, of course, is an important
+point, which I
+
+mentioned to you earlier, that
+we would like to preserve
+
+compatibility as much
+as possible.
+
+And for that reason, of course,
+we have developed
+
+these variable number
+node elements.
+
+This concludes what I wanted
+to say in this lecture.
+
+Thank you for your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/74_BKWR3n0k.txt b/74_BKWR3n0k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14620db4a7fe066c5bf907f0fd2164d2a5f3db77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/74_BKWR3n0k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today will be some sort of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today will be some sort of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today will be some sort of future
+technologies future developments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies future developments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies future developments that
+might not be around yet but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be around yet but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be around yet but are
+interesting things to look for and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to look for and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to look for and if
+you're interested in like researching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in like researching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in like researching
+these kinds of things you want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things you want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things you want to make a
+MNH out of this or want to make it who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MNH out of this or want to make it who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MNH out of this or want to make it who
+knows PhD probably is a little overkill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows PhD probably is a little overkill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows PhD probably is a little overkill
+for a lot of these things but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of these things but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of these things but if you're
+interested in this kind of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this kind of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this kind of research
+here's some things we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some things we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some things we'll talk about
+today block / you know block filters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today block / you know block filters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today block / you know block filters or
+committed bloom filters sharding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed bloom filters sharding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed bloom filters sharding
+accumulators and UT Excel commitments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators and UT Excel commitments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators and UT Excel commitments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first one we'll talk about is block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one we'll talk about is block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first one we'll talk about is block
+filters so I don't think I ever really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so I don't think I ever really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so I don't think I ever really
+talked about what a bloom filter is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what a bloom filter is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about what a bloom filter is I'm
+still not really going to explain how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not really going to explain how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not really going to explain how
+they work but the basic idea the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work but the basic idea the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work but the basic idea the the
+sort of high-level here's the prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high-level here's the prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of high-level here's the prototype
+here's the function prototype here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function prototype here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the function prototype here's the
+like interface that bloom filters have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interface that bloom filters have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like interface that bloom filters have
+so you make a filter from a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a filter from a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you make a filter from a bunch of
+objects and in this case objects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and in this case objects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and in this case objects are
+just bytes right or some string of bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bytes right or some string of bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bytes right or some string of bytes
+and blue filters usually use hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue filters usually use hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue filters usually use hash
+functions under the hood a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions under the hood a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions under the hood a lot of times
+they don't use cryptographic hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't use cryptographic hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't use cryptographic hash
+functions they can use sort of faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they can use sort of faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they can use sort of faster
+functions where there may be collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where there may be collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions where there may be collisions
+but in this case it's not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case it's not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case it's not like a
+security problem so you've got a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security problem so you've got a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security problem so you've got a bunch
+of objects they might be addresses which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects they might be addresses which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects they might be addresses which
+are 20 byte pom key hashes or your UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 20 byte pom key hashes or your UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 20 byte pom key hashes or your UT
+exo's which you can represent as a 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exo's which you can represent as a 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exo's which you can represent as a 36
+byte TX ID and out point TX ID n index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte TX ID and out point TX ID n index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byte TX ID and out point TX ID n index
+so you've got you know they're small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you know they're small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got you know they're small
+right so either 20 bytes 36 bytes 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so either 20 bytes 36 bytes 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so either 20 bytes 36 bytes 7
+times 32 bytes you put these lists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 32 bytes you put these lists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 32 bytes you put these lists of
+data objects in make a filter and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data objects in make a filter and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data objects in make a filter and you
+get a filter out and the filters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a filter out and the filters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a filter out and the filters are
+usually Killah by sometimes but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually Killah by sometimes but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually Killah by sometimes but the idea
+is it's sort of a mix of hash functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's sort of a mix of hash functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's sort of a mix of hash functions
+and then you say okay I want to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say okay I want to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say okay I want to match
+filters usually a different person does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters usually a different person does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters usually a different person does
+this and says ok I've got a filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and says ok I've got a filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and says ok I've got a filter that
+someone generated and I compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone generated and I compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone generated and I compare it
+against this object and see if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this object and see if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this object and see if there's a
+hit right so I see okay that matched you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit right so I see okay that matched you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit right so I see okay that matched you
+know this object match the filter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this object match the filter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this object match the filter or
+this object did not match the filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object did not match the filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object did not match the filter and
+this you know returns a true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know returns a true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know returns a true or false
+and so what's interesting about these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's interesting about these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what's interesting about these is
+you can have false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have false
+positives so it may be that this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives so it may be that this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives so it may be that this object
+was not in here was not used when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in here was not used when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not in here was not used when
+creating the filter but it still returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the filter but it still returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the filter but it still returns
+true so it's sort of matching against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so it's sort of matching against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so it's sort of matching against
+multiple different hash functions seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different hash functions seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different hash functions seeing
+hey do any of these bits match and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do any of these bits match and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey do any of these bits match and says
+oh yeah this this object may have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this this object may have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah this this object may have been
+in this filter however there's no false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this filter however there's no false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this filter however there's no false
+negatives so if you did put say address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives so if you did put say address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives so if you did put say address
+a into this filter and then match this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into this filter and then match this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into this filter and then match this
+filter against address a it would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter against address a it would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter against address a it would always
+return true there's no way you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true there's no way you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true there's no way you can find
+you know you there's no way you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you there's no way you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you there's no way you can put
+something into the filter and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the filter and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the filter and then it
+doesn't show up when you try to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up when you try to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up when you try to match
+against it so this is useful for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it so this is useful for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it so this is useful for lots of
+things bloom filters are definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bloom filters are definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bloom filters are definitely not
+like restricted to crypto currencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restricted to crypto currencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like restricted to crypto currencies or
+any Bitcoin or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Bitcoin or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Bitcoin or anything like that
+they're used all the time in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used all the time in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used all the time in various
+databases all the time things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases all the time things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases all the time things like that
+the current way they're used in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current way they're used in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current way they're used in Bitcoin
+is for SPV filtering so we explained svv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for SPV filtering so we explained svv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for SPV filtering so we explained svv
+like months ago the basic idea is I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like months ago the basic idea is I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like months ago the basic idea is I'm a
+client I don't want to download and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I don't want to download and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I don't want to download and
+verify the whole blockchain I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the whole blockchain I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the whole blockchain I want you
+know someone else to do that I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know someone else to do that I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know someone else to do that I assume
+the miners are doing the right thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are doing the right thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners are doing the right thing I
+assume the rest of the network is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the rest of the network is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the rest of the network is doing
+the right thing and I just want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and I just want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing and I just want to know
+about my data so I'm not gonna download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my data so I'm not gonna download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my data so I'm not gonna download
+the whole block I'm not gonna verify all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole block I'm not gonna verify all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole block I'm not gonna verify all
+the signatures or keep aut Exocet on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures or keep aut Exocet on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signatures or keep aut Exocet on my
+own I'm just concerned with my UT exo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I'm just concerned with my UT exo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I'm just concerned with my UT exo's
+in my wallet so what I do and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my wallet so what I do and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my wallet so what I do and this
+exists today you can do this you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists today you can do this you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists today you can do this you make a
+bloom filter of all your UT X OS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter of all your UT X OS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter of all your UT X OS and
+addresses so you say okay here's all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so you say okay here's all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so you say okay here's all my
+addresses that I'm hoping to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that I'm hoping to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses that I'm hoping to receive
+money on I've got 20 of them 30 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on I've got 20 of them 30 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on I've got 20 of them 30 of them
+100 of them however many although bloom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of them however many although bloom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 of them however many although bloom
+filters don't really work once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters don't really work once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters don't really work once you have
+too many but so the idea is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many but so the idea is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many but so the idea is if you have
+five addresses let's say you start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five addresses let's say you start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five addresses let's say you start a
+wallet you don't have any money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet you don't have any money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet you don't have any money you're
+pretty sure you don't you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure you don't you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure you don't you know you don't
+know of any money yet existing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any money yet existing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of any money yet existing but you
+say okay I made five addresses I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I made five addresses I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I made five addresses I told
+these addresses to people they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these addresses to people they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these addresses to people they might
+have sent me money that would be nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sent me money that would be nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sent me money that would be nice so
+you make a bloom filter of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a bloom filter of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a bloom filter of all these
+addresses right so let's say you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses right so let's say you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses right so let's say you've got
+okay address a a through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay address a a through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay address a a through
+and you make a filter okay so so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a filter okay so so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a filter okay so so you say
+I've got my filter F I then send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my filter F I then send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got my filter F I then send that
+filter F to a remote server so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter F to a remote server so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter F to a remote server so there's
+the cloud there's some Bitcoin full node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud there's some Bitcoin full node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud there's some Bitcoin full node
+out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here
+it receives filter F okay so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it receives filter F okay so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it receives filter F okay so this this
+got filter F and it knows that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got filter F and it knows that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got filter F and it knows that this
+filter F is specific to me right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter F is specific to me right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter F is specific to me right so it
+seems that hey I'm a client I'm an SP V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that hey I'm a client I'm an SP V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems that hey I'm a client I'm an SP V
+client I connect to a full node and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I connect to a full node and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client I connect to a full node and I
+say hey I send a message that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I send a message that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I send a message that's called
+load filter and I say hey load filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load filter and I say hey load filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load filter and I say hey load filter
+here's my filter F only send stuff to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my filter F only send stuff to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my filter F only send stuff to me
+that matches this filter ninety-nine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches this filter ninety-nine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches this filter ninety-nine you
+know 99% of all the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 99% of all the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 99% of all the whole thing
+everything going on a Bitcoin I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything going on a Bitcoin I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything going on a Bitcoin I don't
+care about here's a filter and only send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here's a filter and only send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here's a filter and only send
+me messages that match this filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me messages that match this filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me messages that match this filter and
+so when it sends a transact well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it sends a transact well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it sends a transact well they
+send in messages right when it sends an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in messages right when it sends an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in messages right when it sends an
+in message but inventory was saying hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in message but inventory was saying hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in message but inventory was saying hey
+I found this thing that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found this thing that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found this thing that you might be
+interested in normally a full node to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in normally a full node to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in normally a full node to
+another full node so like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another full node so like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another full node so like let's say
+there's communication between two full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communication between two full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communication between two full
+nodes these guys will talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes these guys will talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes these guys will talk to each other
+about every transaction they see right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every transaction they see right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every transaction they see right
+so if they see a transaction it's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they see a transaction it's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they see a transaction it's valid
+it's got you know there's nothing wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got you know there's nothing wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got you know there's nothing wrong
+with it they'll just send it to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they'll just send it to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they'll just send it to each
+other to propagate transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to propagate transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to propagate transactions
+throughout their network so they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their network so they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout their network so they can get
+mine later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine later
+however if a filter has been loaded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a filter has been loaded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a filter has been loaded it
+says oh okay I will only send you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh okay I will only send you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh okay I will only send you in
+messages that match this filter so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that match this filter so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that match this filter so if
+there's a transaction that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transaction that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transaction that doesn't have
+any of these five addresses as an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these five addresses as an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these five addresses as an output
+I'm just not going to send it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just not going to send it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just not going to send it to you
+similarly when a block comes out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when a block comes out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when a block comes out this is
+the big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big one
+normally blocks get propagated the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally blocks get propagated the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally blocks get propagated the same
+you know I just send you the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just send you the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just send you the block
+here we do something called a merkel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do something called a merkel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we do something called a merkel
+block I don't send you a regular block I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I don't send you a regular block I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block I don't send you a regular block I
+filter everything within the block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter everything within the block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter everything within the block and
+send you only the things that match to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you only the things that match to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you only the things that match to
+that filter so this is anjana generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter so this is anjana generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter so this is anjana generally
+gets very small so the Merkel block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very small so the Merkel block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets very small so the Merkel block
+might just have one transaction in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just have one transaction in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just have one transaction in it
+and it has the sort of Merkel proof up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the sort of Merkel proof up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the sort of Merkel proof up
+to the root so the server sends only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the root so the server sends only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the root so the server sends only the
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+transactions in the block which can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block which can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions in the block which can you
+know drop from a megabyte to less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know drop from a megabyte to less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know drop from a megabyte to less than a
+kilobyte and then the client says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte and then the client says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte and then the client says oh
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+there's a transaction where I received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transaction where I received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a transaction where I received
+money great also let me update my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money great also let me update my filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money great also let me update my filter
+to include this new transaction that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include this new transaction that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include this new transaction that I
+received so if that gets spent later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received so if that gets spent later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received so if that gets spent later I
+want to know about it even if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about it even if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know about it even if it doesn't
+send to one of these five addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to one of these five addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send to one of these five addresses
+right so if you're only matching on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're only matching on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're only matching on
+addresses you can only sort of get money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses you can only sort of get money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses you can only sort of get money
+but if you're matching on these UTX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're matching on these UTX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're matching on these UTX
+zeros you can lose the money as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you can lose the money as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros you can lose the money as well and
+you don't want to lose money but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to lose money but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to lose money but you
+sort of want to know when everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to know when everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of want to know when everyone else
+thinks you lost money so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you lost money so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks you lost money so this is this
+works today this was implemented like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works today this was implemented like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works today this was implemented like
+2012 ish the history behind it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 ish the history behind it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 ish the history behind it was the
+the Android the first Android Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Android the first Android Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Android the first Android Bitcoin
+wallet the ondrea's Shabak wrote it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet the ondrea's Shabak wrote it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet the ondrea's Shabak wrote it and
+it didn't do this right it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do this right it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't do this right it just
+downloaded the whole block and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded the whole block and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded the whole block and then
+threw away most of the data and only cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw away most of the data and only cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw away most of the data and only cat
+it didn't it wasn't a full node and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't it wasn't a full node and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't it wasn't a full node and then
+it didn't keep aut Exocet but it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep aut Exocet but it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep aut Exocet but it did
+download everything and then they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download everything and then they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download everything and then they were
+saying okay this is really slow we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this is really slow we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay this is really slow we want
+a decentralized way to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized way to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized way to do this kind of
+thing where instead of just connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where instead of just connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where instead of just connecting
+to a server so the other model they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a server so the other model they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a server so the other model they find
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+weeks ago was you just have some server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago was you just have some server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago was you just have some server
+and you tell it the interests say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell it the interests say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell it the interests say hey
+here's my address how much money do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my address how much money do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my address how much money do I
+have and it sends you transactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it sends you transactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and it sends you transactions and
+you you maintain your wallet that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you maintain your wallet that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you maintain your wallet that way
+this is nicer because it's decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nicer because it's decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nicer because it's decentralized
+right every full node can do this and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every full node can do this and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every full node can do this and by
+default if you download Bitcoin 0.6 teen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default if you download Bitcoin 0.6 teen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default if you download Bitcoin 0.6 teen
+or whatever recent versions I in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever recent versions I in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever recent versions I in recent
+sends like Oh point most of the versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends like Oh point most of the versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends like Oh point most of the versions
+will will have this pot you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have this pot you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will have this pot you know
+capability where if a client says hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability where if a client says hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability where if a client says hey
+here's a here's a bloom filter load it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a bloom filter load it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here's a bloom filter load it
+your full mode will load that filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your full mode will load that filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your full mode will load that filter and
+then every block that comes in or every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every block that comes in or every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every block that comes in or every
+block that's requested they will match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's requested they will match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that's requested they will match
+against the filter the filter match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the filter the filter match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the filter the filter match
+function calls not too heavy it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls not too heavy it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls not too heavy it involves
+a bunch of hash functions it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of hash functions it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of hash functions it's not too
+slow but it's slower than doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but it's slower than doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow but it's slower than doing nothing
+right it's lower than just sending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's lower than just sending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's lower than just sending it
+directly ok so this is nice right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly ok so this is nice right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly ok so this is nice right you
+can sync the entire chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sync the entire chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sync the entire chain
+in way less data and having SPV security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in way less data and having SPV security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in way less data and having SPV security
+problems it's really bad for privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's really bad for privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems it's really bad for privacy
+you're sending a bloom filter right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a bloom filter right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending a bloom filter right so
+it's this thing that's created from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing that's created from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this thing that's created from your
+list of addresses but in practice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of addresses but in practice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of addresses but in practice it's
+got about the same security as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about the same security as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about the same security as just
+telling them all your addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them all your addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling them all your addresses
+um right so it's sort of like oh oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so it's sort of like oh oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so it's sort of like oh oh I'm
+sending a hash of my address instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a hash of my address instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a hash of my address instead of
+my address well yeah but I know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my address well yeah but I know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my address well yeah but I know all the
+addresses in existence on the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses in existence on the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses in existence on the Bitcoin
+network I can just try to matching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I can just try to matching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network I can just try to matching it
+you know try to imagine stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to imagine stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to imagine stuff like that
+when you do blue filters there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do blue filters there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do blue filters there's this
+sort of false positive rate that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of false positive rate that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of false positive rate that's sort
+of a knob you can you can twist and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a knob you can you can twist and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a knob you can you can twist and you
+can say oh I'm gonna make a blue filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh I'm gonna make a blue filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say oh I'm gonna make a blue filter
+where 10% of the time when you perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 10% of the time when you perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 10% of the time when you perform
+this match filter for any given object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this match filter for any given object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this match filter for any given object
+10% of the I'm gonna create a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the I'm gonna create a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of the I'm gonna create a filter
+where it'll just return true so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it'll just return true so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it'll just return true so I can
+dial in a false positive rate so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in a false positive rate so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dial in a false positive rate so I can
+say okay I'll make it 1% and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'll make it 1% and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I'll make it 1% and then when I
+get these when I get these matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these when I get these matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these when I get these matching
+transactions from the full node yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions from the full node yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions from the full node yeah
+I'll get an extra few transactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get an extra few transactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get an extra few transactions that
+don't match my filter that they match my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match my filter that they match my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match my filter that they match my
+filter but they don't actually match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but they don't actually match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter but they don't actually match
+anything I'm looking at and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm looking at and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I'm looking at and that will
+improve my privacy right because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my privacy right because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve my privacy right because then
+the full node doesn't see what's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full node doesn't see what's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full node doesn't see what's you
+know he doesn't know what's truly mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he doesn't know what's truly mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he doesn't know what's truly mine
+he might in fact you don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might in fact you don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he might in fact you don't even know
+what the false positive rate is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the false positive rate is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the false positive rate is when you
+receive a filter it could you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a filter it could you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a filter it could you know you
+you don't know what the false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the false positive
+rate is you just see okay these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is you just see okay these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is you just see okay these things
+match and you send them another strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and you send them another strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and you send them another strategy
+is okay I'm a svv client i connect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay I'm a svv client i connect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay I'm a svv client i connect to a
+bunch of full nodes and I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of full nodes and I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of full nodes and I can give
+different filters to each one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters to each one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filters to each one I think
+the initial software did this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial software did this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial software did this and
+because you can sort of put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can sort of put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can sort of put some
+randomness into your different filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness into your different filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness into your different filters
+to hope why did they do this it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope why did they do this it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope why did they do this it actually
+makes it worse it actually makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it worse it actually makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it worse it actually makes it
+worse because if these full nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because if these full nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because if these full nodes
+collude collaborate whatever if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude collaborate whatever if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude collaborate whatever if these
+full nodes share the information of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes share the information of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes share the information of the
+filters it makes it easier to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters it makes it easier to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters it makes it easier to determine
+to sort of filter out the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of filter out the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of filter out the false
+positives because they'll have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives because they'll have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives because they'll have different
+false positives because they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives because they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives because they had a
+different filter and so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filter and so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different filter and so if they
+collaborate if they work together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate if they work together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate if they work together they
+can say Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say Oh
+I got some false positive transactions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some false positive transactions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some false positive transactions I
+did too we can filter out the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did too we can filter out the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did too we can filter out the ones that
+one of us had as a false positive not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us had as a false positive not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us had as a false positive not
+the other right so we can detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right so we can detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other right so we can detect the
+false positives we're sending to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives we're sending to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positives we're sending to the
+client so privacy is really bad there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so privacy is really bad there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so privacy is really bad there's
+a paper written I think twenty thirteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper written I think twenty thirteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper written I think twenty thirteen
+or fourteen where they basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fourteen where they basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fourteen where they basically like
+broke the whole privacy argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the whole privacy argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the whole privacy argument for
+this bloom filter based SPV and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bloom filter based SPV and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bloom filter based SPV and they
+said like in practice you can get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said like in practice you can get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said like in practice you can get like
+ninety something percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety something percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety something percent of the
+addresses and you TXO as the people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and you TXO as the people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and you TXO as the people are
+sending for the given you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending for the given you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending for the given you know the
+software and their recommendations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and their recommendations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and their recommendations were
+like yeah i don't see how you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah i don't see how you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah i don't see how you make this
+work privately there's just no privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work privately there's just no privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work privately there's just no privacy
+here it's slow for the server's so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's slow for the server's so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's slow for the server's so when
+you're running i can see when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running i can see when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're running i can see when you're
+running a full node when you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a full node when you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a full node when you're running
+a full node you can see here's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full node you can see here's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full node you can see here's all the
+nodes that are connected to my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are connected to my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that are connected to my phone
+node and running downstairs most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and running downstairs most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and running downstairs most of them
+are other full nodes all okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other full nodes all okay these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other full nodes all okay these are
+not I don't know what those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't know what those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't know what those are those
+are like not true like these all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like not true like these all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like not true like these all these
+Oh point nine point nine nines they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh point nine point nine nines they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh point nine point nine nines they're
+not actually nodes at all they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually nodes at all they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually nodes at all they don't
+seem to ask for anything and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to ask for anything and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to ask for anything and then some
+people put like their version message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put like their version message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people put like their version message
+they put an address hopefully someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put an address hopefully someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put an address hopefully someone
+will send them lots of money it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send them lots of money it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will send them lots of money it's not
+gonna happen that's weird there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen that's weird there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen that's weird there's like
+no SPV well bit okay bitcoin J so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no SPV well bit okay bitcoin J so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no SPV well bit okay bitcoin J so that's
+a SP Java implementation which does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SP Java implementation which does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a SP Java implementation which does
+filter load and so we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter load and so we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter load and so we can look
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fee filter but no filter load okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee filter but no filter load okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fee filter but no filter load okay
+so like no but well that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like no but well that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like no but well that's weird
+someone's sending me lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's sending me lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's sending me lots of different
+fee filter messages there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee filter messages there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee filter messages there's lots of
+weird stuff going on in the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff going on in the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff going on in the Bitcoin
+network but i weirdly don't have any STV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but i weirdly don't have any STV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but i weirdly don't have any STV
+filter load things going on right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter load things going on right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter load things going on right now
+which is unusual I don't know it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unusual I don't know it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unusual I don't know it changes
+a lot too based on like so like Indus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot too based on like so like Indus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot too based on like so like Indus so
+also you can sort of track your hourly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can sort of track your hourly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can sort of track your hourly
+data usage and this is this server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data usage and this is this server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data usage and this is this server
+basically it's only for like all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's only for like all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's only for like all this
+traffic is the clients connect it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is the clients connect it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic is the clients connect it you
+know Bitcoin and so I'm doing like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bitcoin and so I'm doing like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bitcoin and so I'm doing like you
+know I'm gig a gigabyte every hour which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm gig a gigabyte every hour which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm gig a gigabyte every hour which
+is you know a lot for a home connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a lot for a home connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know a lot for a home connection
+but not too bad for here but like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too bad for here but like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not too bad for here but like in
+December everyone was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December everyone was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December everyone was interested in
+Bitcoin and so you had lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and so you had lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and so you had lots of people
+downloading it running it and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading it running it and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading it running it and it would
+be something like 10 times this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like 10 times this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like 10 times this we're
+just tons of people were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tons of people were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tons of people were you know
+installing it downloading it getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing it downloading it getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing it downloading it getting the
+whole blockchain and then probably after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole blockchain and then probably after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole blockchain and then probably after
+losing interest deleting it but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing interest deleting it but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing interest deleting it but whatever
+and a lot of SPV clients doing filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of SPV clients doing filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of SPV clients doing filter
+loads can slow down your server it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads can slow down your server it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads can slow down your server it can
+it can take CPU time right now yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take CPU time right now yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take CPU time right now yeah okay
+so six percent 2% it's pretty low CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six percent 2% it's pretty low CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six percent 2% it's pretty low CPU
+usage generally for Bitcoin even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage generally for Bitcoin even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage generally for Bitcoin even with
+that many however many that was 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many however many that was 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many however many that was 30 or 40
+different other nodes connecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other nodes connecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other nodes connecting and
+downloading stuff basically this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading stuff basically this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading stuff basically this is like
+receiving transactions verifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving transactions verifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving transactions verifying the
+signatures and sending them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and sending them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and sending them out and
+granted but this is per core right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted but this is per core right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted but this is per core right so if
+I have two percent that's two percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two percent that's two percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two percent that's two percent of
+a single core it's it's really not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single core it's it's really not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single core it's it's really not much
+and then I guess the kernel is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I guess the kernel is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I guess the kernel is only
+using one percent so even less so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one percent so even less so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using one percent so even less so yeah
+it's not much but when you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much but when you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not much but when you have a lot of
+SBV clients it can it can start using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBV clients it can it can start using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBV clients it can it can start using a
+lot of CPU okay so how do we improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of CPU okay so how do we improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of CPU okay so how do we improve
+this this is a new ish idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a new ish idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a new ish idea it's
+actually about two years old and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about two years old and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually about two years old and it was
+kind of interesting who it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting who it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting who it was just a
+random anonymous internet person posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random anonymous internet person posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random anonymous internet person posted
+on the mailing list with like a fairly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mailing list with like a fairly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mailing list with like a fairly I
+I think he's like email address with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's like email address with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think he's like email address with
+some inappropriate swear word or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inappropriate swear word or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inappropriate swear word or
+something anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something anyway but
+if whoever this person was just said hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if whoever this person was just said hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if whoever this person was just said hey
+why don't we do it the other way why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do it the other way why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do it the other way why
+don't we do it backwards and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do it backwards and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do it backwards and instead of
+having the client create a bloom filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the client create a bloom filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the client create a bloom filter
+and send it to the full node have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send it to the full node have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send it to the full node have the
+full nodes make bloom filters from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes make bloom filters from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes make bloom filters from all
+the transactions within a block and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transactions within a block and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transactions within a block and then
+the client will just ask for that filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client will just ask for that filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client will just ask for that filter
+the client can then perform the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client can then perform the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client can then perform the filter
+match function on their own ut Exocet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match function on their own ut Exocet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match function on their own ut Exocet
+and then if they do find a match they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they do find a match they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they do find a match they
+request the entire block right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request the entire block right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request the entire block right so this
+is a different model like I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different model like I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different model like I don't know
+does it get the idea where okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it get the idea where okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it get the idea where okay so
+you're a client all you do is request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a client all you do is request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a client all you do is request
+filters so you say you know filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so you say you know filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so you say you know filter
+please so you have some kind of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so you have some kind of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please so you have some kind of filter
+request this and then the full node just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request this and then the full node just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request this and then the full node just
+says okay for every block in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay for every block in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay for every block in the
+blockchain I'm going to create a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I'm going to create a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I'm going to create a filter
+right I take all the objects in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I take all the objects in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I take all the objects in the in
+the block which are basically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block which are basically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block which are basically all the
+addresses used in every transaction all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses used in every transaction all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses used in every transaction all
+the UTF so spent in every transaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UTF so spent in every transaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UTF so spent in every transaction I
+concatenate that so there's gonna be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate that so there's gonna be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate that so there's gonna be you
+know five thousand ten thousand a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five thousand ten thousand a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five thousand ten thousand a lot of
+these objects put it into a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects put it into a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects put it into a really big
+bloom filter generally bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter generally bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter generally bigger than the
+ones used in this method because usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones used in this method because usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones used in this method because usually
+a wallet won't have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wallet won't have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wallet won't have thousands of
+addresses or thousands of UTX oh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses or thousands of UTX oh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses or thousands of UTX oh so it's
+possible but in this model usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but in this model usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but in this model usually
+you've got you know 20 30 maybe 100 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know 20 30 maybe 100 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know 20 30 maybe 100 but
+in this case you're gonna have thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you're gonna have thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you're gonna have thousands
+make a larger filter create the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a larger filter create the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a larger filter create the filter
+and store it for each block so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it for each block so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it for each block so maybe
+it's 20 kilobytes or something and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 kilobytes or something and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 kilobytes or something and maybe
+in this case they're only like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they're only like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they're only like one
+kilobyte so you have a filter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte so you have a filter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte so you have a filter and then
+the node will request these filters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node will request these filters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node will request these filters for
+every block so it's okay this block get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block so it's okay this block get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every block so it's okay this block get
+the filter gets we have the filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter gets we have the filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter gets we have the filter and
+then perform the match the matching on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perform the match the matching on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then perform the match the matching on
+their own right so they've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right so they've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right so they've got the
+filter they see hey does this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter they see hey does this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter they see hey does this filter
+match any of my addresses so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match any of my addresses so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match any of my addresses so is there
+anything in this block that may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this block that may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this block that may have
+paid me or anything in this block where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid me or anything in this block where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid me or anything in this block where
+my transactions may have been spent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my transactions may have been spent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my transactions may have been spent and
+if they get it true they just request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they get it true they just request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they get it true they just request
+the whole block it's download the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole block it's download the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole block it's download the whole
+one megabyte block or whatever it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megabyte block or whatever it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one megabyte block or whatever it is and
+there may be false positives right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be false positives right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be false positives right so
+they might be downloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be downloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be downloading
+walk for no no reason they download the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk for no no reason they download the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk for no no reason they download the
+whole block see there's nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait ridiculous and milepoc sighs yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait ridiculous and milepoc sighs yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait ridiculous and milepoc sighs yeah I
+guess they're not gonna actually like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're not gonna actually like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're not gonna actually like I
+don't think any any of these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think any any of these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think any any of these have
+actually 32 megabyte blocks and that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 32 megabyte blocks and that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 32 megabyte blocks and that no
+one's using them even Bitcoin now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's using them even Bitcoin now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's using them even Bitcoin now right
+where the actual block usage has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actual block usage has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actual block usage has gone
+down substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down substantially
+you've got like I don't know 500 K or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like I don't know 500 K or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like I don't know 500 K or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+average now it's it's it's low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now it's it's it's low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now it's it's it's low
+occasionally you have like lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you have like lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you have like lots of
+little transactions saturating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little transactions saturating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little transactions saturating the
+mempool and then full blocks for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mempool and then full blocks for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mempool and then full blocks for a few
+hours but it's gone down and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but it's gone down and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but it's gone down and it's not
+even at full usage so and Bitcoin cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at full usage so and Bitcoin cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at full usage so and Bitcoin cash
+like yeah you've got 8 megabyte max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you've got 8 megabyte max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you've got 8 megabyte max
+sighs but right and they're gonna do 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs but right and they're gonna do 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighs but right and they're gonna do 32
+Meg's full size but still there's actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meg's full size but still there's actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meg's full size but still there's actual
+blocks are like 10k 20k whatever so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are like 10k 20k whatever so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks are like 10k 20k whatever so it's
+not I mean yeah but if you did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean yeah but if you did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean yeah but if you did have
+actually 32 megabytes a false-positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 32 megabytes a false-positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 32 megabytes a false-positive
+would be a big problem for a light node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big problem for a light node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a big problem for a light node
+because now you have to do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have to do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you have to do you know
+download this 32 megabyte block through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this 32 megabyte block through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download this 32 megabyte block through
+the whole thing actually there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing actually there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing actually there was
+nothing of interest it was a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing of interest it was a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing of interest it was a false
+positive okay try again but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay try again but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay try again but you can
+download 32 Meg's it's not the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download 32 Meg's it's not the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download 32 Meg's it's not the end of
+the world and if you're only downloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and if you're only downloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and if you're only downloading
+you know one out of every hundred maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one out of every hundred maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one out of every hundred maybe
+if you have a 1% false positive rate no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a 1% false positive rate no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a 1% false positive rate no
+it's not too bad that's like 32 Meg's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad that's like 32 Meg's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too bad that's like 32 Meg's a
+day or so but anyway this model is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or so but anyway this model is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or so but anyway this model is and
+not only that you can request all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that you can request all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that you can request all the
+filters match them and then download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters match them and then download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters match them and then download
+from someone else the full block right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone else the full block right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someone else the full block right
+you can request a block download it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can request a block download it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can request a block download it from
+someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+so this full node they know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this full node they know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this full node they know you
+requested all the filters they don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested all the filters they don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requested all the filters they don't see
+anything else other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else other than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else other than that
+and then they see another full node just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they see another full node just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they see another full node just
+sees you requesting blocks and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees you requesting blocks and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees you requesting blocks and things
+thinks nothing of it because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks nothing of it because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks nothing of it because that's
+totally normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally normal
+this is a lot nicer model for privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot nicer model for privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot nicer model for privacy
+because the full nodes don't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the full nodes don't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the full nodes don't learn
+anything other at most they learn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other at most they learn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything other at most they learn you
+downloaded this block and not this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded this block and not this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded this block and not this other
+block so maybe you have transactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so maybe you have transactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so maybe you have transactions in
+this block but not this one but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block but not this one but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this block but not this one but that's a
+much bigger sort of needle in a haystack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger sort of needle in a haystack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger sort of needle in a haystack
+problem we're okay here are the blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're okay here are the blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're okay here are the blocks
+they used what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used what are
+commonalities between these sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities between these sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities between these sets of
+blocks they were downloading not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks they were downloading not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks they were downloading not
+impossible to maybe weed things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to maybe weed things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to maybe weed things out
+right if the blocks are small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the blocks are small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if the blocks are small and
+there's only a few transactions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few transactions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a few transactions and they
+download the entire blockchain from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the entire blockchain from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the entire blockchain from a
+single node and that node can track okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node and that node can track okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node and that node can track okay
+which ones which blocks are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones which blocks are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones which blocks are being
+downloaded what are the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded what are the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloaded what are the common
+transactions or addresses in these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions or addresses in these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions or addresses in these it's
+possible but it's a lot better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's a lot better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's a lot better for
+privacy than the current model and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy than the current model and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy than the current model and a lot
+better for CPU right so privacy great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for CPU right so privacy great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for CPU right so privacy great
+great improvement this server has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great improvement this server has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great improvement this server has much
+lower CPU because it can pre-compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower CPU because it can pre-compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower CPU because it can pre-compute
+all the filters for every block right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the filters for every block right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the filters for every block right so
+as soon as it downloads a block or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it downloads a block or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as it downloads a block or a few
+seconds later there's no rush compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds later there's no rush compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds later there's no rush compute a
+bloom filter for it store it on disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter for it store it on disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter for it store it on disk
+because it doesn't change and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't change and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't change and then when
+everyone anyone requests it you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone anyone requests it you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone anyone requests it you've
+already got it on disk so you just read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got it on disk so you just read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got it on disk so you just read
+it off the disk send it over the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the disk send it over the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off the disk send it over the network
+you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done
+the current model where you don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current model where you don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current model where you don't write
+these two discs because they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two discs because they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two discs because they're sort of
+client specific so a client connects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client specific so a client connects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client specific so a client connects in
+sends you a bloom filter you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you a bloom filter you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you a bloom filter you have to
+keep that in RAM and then match all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in RAM and then match all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in RAM and then match all the
+things against this specific filter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things against this specific filter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things against this specific filter for
+this specific user where's in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific user where's in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific user where's in this model
+you make a filter for the block save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a filter for the block save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a filter for the block save it
+you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just just bless indeed yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just bless indeed yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just just bless indeed yeah it's it's
+because if it were the addresses like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it were the addresses like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it were the addresses like if
+it were just the addresses and the UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were just the addresses and the UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were just the addresses and the UT
+EXO's then would be really big it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO's then would be really big it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO's then would be really big it'd be
+oh maybe 400 like 40% of the whole block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe 400 like 40% of the whole block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe 400 like 40% of the whole block
+size so the idea of the bloom filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the idea of the bloom filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so the idea of the bloom filter is
+you squit you you you squish it down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squit you you you squish it down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you squit you you you squish it down so
+the bloom filter itself might only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloom filter itself might only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bloom filter itself might only be
+like 20k and so yeah it's got like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20k and so yeah it's got like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20k and so yeah it's got like the
+use basic basic way of bloom filter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use basic basic way of bloom filter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use basic basic way of bloom filter will
+work as you take sort of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as you take sort of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as you take sort of a bunch of
+hashes and populate a bit filled bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes and populate a bit filled bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashes and populate a bit filled bit
+filled with them so the thing is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with them so the thing is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with them so the thing is if you
+if you keep adding objects to the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep adding objects to the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep adding objects to the filter
+the filter will eventually just be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter will eventually just be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter will eventually just be like
+ffffff and everything will match it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffffff and everything will match it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffffff and everything will match it so
+you need to sort of decide how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of decide how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to sort of decide how big the
+filter should be when you start creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter should be when you start creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter should be when you start creating
+it madly adding objects to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it madly adding objects to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it madly adding objects to it
+so with this you can you can get it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this you can you can get it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this you can you can get it down
+to about 20k and then it'll have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 20k and then it'll have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 20k and then it'll have like a
+pretty low false positive rate but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low false positive rate but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low false positive rate but not
+tell you exactly what the address is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly what the address is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you exactly what the address is in
+ut EXO's work so it's a nice trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut EXO's work so it's a nice trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ut EXO's work so it's a nice trade-off
+to have yeah so it's I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have yeah so it's I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have yeah so it's I mean the the
+perfect sort of easiest bloom filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sort of easiest bloom filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect sort of easiest bloom filter
+would be here's a list of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here's a list of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here's a list of all the
+addresses and all the UT XO s basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and all the UT XO s basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and all the UT XO s basically
+a block - the signatures which is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block - the signatures which is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block - the signatures which is sort
+of what you can get with segments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can get with segments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you can get with segments where
+you say hey in seg what you can say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey in seg what you can say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey in seg what you can say hey
+give me the block without all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the block without all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the block without all the
+segment data because I don't I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment data because I don't I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment data because I don't I'm just
+looking for things I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things I don't want to
+actually validate the signatures so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually validate the signatures so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually validate the signatures so if
+you did that with regular like yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that with regular like yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that with regular like yeah it
+drops it by about 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops it by about 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops it by about 50%
+but the bloom filter drops it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bloom filter drops it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bloom filter drops it's the same
+substantially more so if you did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially more so if you did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially more so if you did this
+it'd be better lower CPU for the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be better lower CPU for the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be better lower CPU for the server
+it's also harder to lie and omit things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also harder to lie and omit things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also harder to lie and omit things
+so in the current STV model if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the current STV model if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the current STV model if someone
+is running a client says hey here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running a client says hey here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is running a client says hey here's my
+bloom filter and the full node response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter and the full node response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloom filter and the full node response
+the full node can easily just omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full node can easily just omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full node can easily just omit
+things so there was a transaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there was a transaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there was a transaction that
+did hit the bloom filter and did match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did hit the bloom filter and did match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did hit the bloom filter and did match
+and you know it address a was present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it address a was present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it address a was present
+in a transaction and the full note just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transaction and the full note just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transaction and the full note just
+doesn't send it there's there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't send it there's there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't send it there's there's really
+nothing the client can do to detect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing the client can do to detect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing the client can do to detect that
+kind of thing which in general is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing which in general is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing which in general is it's
+not the end of the world in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end of the world in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end of the world in normal
+Bitcoin usage if you don't hear about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin usage if you don't hear about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin usage if you don't hear about a
+transaction maybe you'll hear about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction maybe you'll hear about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction maybe you'll hear about it
+eventually the worst they can do is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the worst they can do is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the worst they can do is sort
+of lie about you they say you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lie about you they say you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lie about you they say you didn't get
+paid but you actually did not the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid but you actually did not the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid but you actually did not the worst
+thing in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the world
+although enlightening network that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although enlightening network that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although enlightening network that can
+change the middle a little bit in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the middle a little bit in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the middle a little bit in that
+you want to know about the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about the transactions
+that potentially close the channel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potentially close the channel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potentially close the channel and
+immediately respond to them so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately respond to them so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately respond to them so that's
+that's more of a security problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more of a security problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more of a security problem with
+lightning so with this it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning so with this it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning so with this it could be
+harder to omit things especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to omit things especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to omit things especially if you
+commit the bloom filter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit the bloom filter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit the bloom filter into the
+coinbase transaction so if the if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction so if the if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coinbase transaction so if the if this
+committed filter becomes like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed filter becomes like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed filter becomes like a
+consensus rule and you say okay everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus rule and you say okay everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus rule and you say okay everyone
+makes the twenty kilobyte bloom filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the twenty kilobyte bloom filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the twenty kilobyte bloom filter
+everyone takes the hash of that and puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone takes the hash of that and puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone takes the hash of that and puts
+it into like an opera turn in the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into like an opera turn in the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into like an opera turn in the coin
+based transaction the way they do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based transaction the way they do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based transaction the way they do with
+segue then it's a consensus rule then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue then it's a consensus rule then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue then it's a consensus rule then it
+becomes essentially impossible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essentially impossible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essentially impossible for the
+full notes to lie or omit anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full notes to lie or omit anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full notes to lie or omit anything
+because you can get you can say hey I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get you can say hey I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can get you can say hey I've
+got the the headers give me the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the headers give me the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the the headers give me the coin
+base transaction and a Merkle proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base transaction and a Merkle proof for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base transaction and a Merkle proof for
+it and now I've got the coinbase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I've got the coinbase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I've got the coinbase
+transaction and now hey give me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and now hey give me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction and now hey give me that
+filter that matches this committed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that matches this committed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that matches this committed you
+know hash in the base transaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hash in the base transaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know hash in the base transaction so
+that becomes you know they would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes you know they would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes you know they would have to
+do they would have to do valid proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they would have to do valid proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they would have to do valid proof of
+work to lie or omit whereas now they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to lie or omit whereas now they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to lie or omit whereas now they can
+just easily omit anything they want Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easily omit anything they want Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easily omit anything they want Oh
+lying also so it becomes harder to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying also so it becomes harder to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying also so it becomes harder to lie
+because it's in a block right so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in a block right so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's in a block right so so this
+is operating on the block level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operating on the block level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operating on the block level the
+current SPV does not operate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current SPV does not operate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current SPV does not operate on the
+block level so you can get unconfirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block level so you can get unconfirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block level so you can get unconfirmed
+transactions over the wire that match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions over the wire that match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions over the wire that match
+your filter I think this is a really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter I think this is a really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filter I think this is a really bad
+idea I not a hundred percent sure why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I not a hundred percent sure why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I not a hundred percent sure why
+they put it in but there's still people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in but there's still people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put it in but there's still people
+who like it but the whole idea of SPV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like it but the whole idea of SPV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like it but the whole idea of SPV is
+that you're verifying the proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're verifying the proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're verifying the proof of work
+right you're verifying that the miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're verifying that the miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're verifying that the miners
+validated this and you think well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated this and you think well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated this and you think well the
+incentives are such that miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are such that miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are such that miners
+mine invalid things they won't get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine invalid things they won't get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine invalid things they won't get paid
+so if it's in a block I'll accept it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's in a block I'll accept it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's in a block I'll accept it as
+okay for mempool transactions if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for mempool transactions if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for mempool transactions if it's
+just an in message for a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an in message for a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an in message for a transaction
+that's not in a block yet there's no SPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a block yet there's no SPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a block yet there's no SPV
+security at all and it's trivial to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security at all and it's trivial to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security at all and it's trivial to send
+an invalid transaction to an SBB client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invalid transaction to an SBB client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an invalid transaction to an SBB client
+this currently so if you say hey here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this currently so if you say hey here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this currently so if you say hey here's
+and it's and it's not only as a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's not only as a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's not only as a trivial
+but you can also try to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also try to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also try to figure out what
+their addresses are and lie to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their addresses are and lie to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their addresses are and lie to them and
+say that hey you just got thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that hey you just got thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that hey you just got thousands of
+coins so that's the current problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so that's the current problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins so that's the current problem with
+SBB you said you say you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBB you said you say you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBB you said you say you're basically
+telling the full node your addresses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the full node your addresses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the full node your addresses and
+you're accepting transactions without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accepting transactions without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're accepting transactions without
+proof of work so the full node can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work so the full node can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work so the full node can say
+hey here's a here's a transaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey here's a here's a transaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey here's a here's a transaction that
+sends you five thousand coins to your to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you five thousand coins to your to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you five thousand coins to your to
+address than I think you have because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address than I think you have because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address than I think you have because I
+figure out your address from your filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out your address from your filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out your address from your filter
+and it's got an input that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got an input that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got an input that doesn't
+actually exist right so I'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exist right so I'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exist right so I'm just saying
+I'm spending five thousand coins from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spending five thousand coins from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm spending five thousand coins from
+here and the from part isn't actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the from part isn't actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the from part isn't actually a
+thing but since you're going to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but since you're going to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but since you're going to be you
+know you don't know that so there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't know that so there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't know that so there's like
+a let's see why - SPV is like a branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's see why - SPV is like a branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a let's see why - SPV is like a branch
+on Bitcoin treats okay yeah so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin treats okay yeah so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bitcoin treats okay yeah so there's
+there's a branch that Peter Todd made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch that Peter Todd made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch that Peter Todd made
+called wide SPV I don't know quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called wide SPV I don't know quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called wide SPV I don't know quick and
+dirty hack to lie to s pvwatts they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty hack to lie to s pvwatts they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty hack to lie to s pvwatts they came
+verify amounts so yeah so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify amounts so yeah so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify amounts so yeah so you can just
+sort of detect well you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of detect well you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of detect well you want to look at
+it you can detect their addresses if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can detect their addresses if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can detect their addresses if and
+then I think that one just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think that one just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think that one just sort of
+opportunistically if it finds a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistically if it finds a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistically if it finds a match
+just like multiplies the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like multiplies the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like multiplies the amount that
+they're receiving by like a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're receiving by like a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're receiving by like a hundred and
+there's no way that they can validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that they can validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way that they can validate
+that since it's in pool so this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's in pool so this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's in pool so this also
+makes it on the block level which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it on the block level which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it on the block level which is
+like what SPD really should be so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what SPD really should be so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what SPD really should be so that's
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+downsides mainly that it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides mainly that it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides mainly that it's gonna be
+hired network traffic for the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired network traffic for the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired network traffic for the client
+right so even at low false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even at low false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even at low false positive
+rates the entire rest of the block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the entire rest of the block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates the entire rest of the block is
+essentially a false positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a false positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a false positive right
+they're like hey there's one transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like hey there's one transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like hey there's one transaction
+in this block I want to get I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this block I want to get I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this block I want to get I have to
+download the whole block to get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the whole block to get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the whole block to get it so
+yeah more network traffic for the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more network traffic for the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah more network traffic for the client
+which is a downside but helps with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a downside but helps with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a downside but helps with
+privacy so there is current development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy so there is current development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy so there is current development
+lightning labs basically Lalo's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning labs basically Lalo's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning labs basically Lalo's working
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it's called neutrino it's a variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called neutrino it's a variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called neutrino it's a variant of
+this so and then hopefully something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and then hopefully something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so and then hopefully something
+like this will eventually get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will eventually get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this will eventually get into
+Bitcoin core itself and replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin core itself and replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin core itself and replace the
+current server-side bloom filter code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current server-side bloom filter code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current server-side bloom filter code
+hopefully but something to work on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but something to work on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but something to work on any
+questions about the bloom filter stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the bloom filter stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the bloom filter stuff
+cool okay okay other issue sharding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay okay other issue sharding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay okay other issue sharding
+so this is mainly being worked on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is mainly being worked on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is mainly being worked on in the
+context of etherium and it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of etherium and it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of etherium and it's sort of
+their sort of holy grail of scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of holy grail of scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their sort of holy grail of scalability
+it's common in the database world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common in the database world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's common in the database world where
+you've got D data objects and servers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got D data objects and servers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got D data objects and servers so
+in the case of Bitcoin are these block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Bitcoin are these block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Bitcoin are these block
+chains you just store D times n right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains you just store D times n right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains you just store D times n right
+every node stores all data instead store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node stores all data instead store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node stores all data instead store
+something closer to D itself and shard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something closer to D itself and shard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something closer to D itself and shard
+the data over all the servers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data over all the servers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data over all the servers so that
+each server holds like D divided by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each server holds like D divided by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each server holds like D divided by n
+right so if you have 10 servers and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have 10 servers and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have 10 servers and a
+gigabyte have them each store 100 Meg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte have them each store 100 Meg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte have them each store 100 Meg's
+and then you still got all the data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you still got all the data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you still got all the data of
+course if they actually store exactly D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if they actually store exactly D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if they actually store exactly D
+over N and you need to coordinate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N and you need to coordinate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N and you need to coordinate it so
+they all store this you know their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all store this you know their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all store this you know their own
+little shard and then if any single node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shard and then if any single node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little shard and then if any single node
+goes down well you're stuck so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down well you're stuck so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down well you're stuck so you don't
+you know this is sort of the limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of the limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of the limit and
+there's no no no no redundancy there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no no no no redundancy there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no no no no redundancy there but
+you can have different result redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different result redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have different result redundancy
+ratings so you could say okay well any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings so you could say okay well any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings so you could say okay well any
+you'd have like a race you're coding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have like a race you're coding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have like a race you're coding so
+if any five nodes or any 20% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any five nodes or any 20% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any five nodes or any 20% of the
+nodes disappear we're still okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes disappear we're still okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the database world this is a wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the database world this is a wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the database world this is a wealth
+cell exciting problem but in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell exciting problem but in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell exciting problem but in the context
+of Bitcoin aetherium block chains it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin aetherium block chains it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Bitcoin aetherium block chains it's
+more difficult it's difficult here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult it's difficult here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult it's difficult here
+because you're in this adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in this adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in this adversarial
+environment where people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where people are trying to
+break your system at all times people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break your system at all times people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break your system at all times people
+want to create transactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create transactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create transactions that are
+invalid because they that can be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid because they that can be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid because they that can be worth
+money invalid coin you know I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money invalid coin you know I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money invalid coin you know I can say
+hey you don't know about this shard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you don't know about this shard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey you don't know about this shard but
+I'm telling you that on this shard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you that on this shard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling you that on this shard I
+have a lot of money and I'm sending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of money and I'm sending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of money and I'm sending it
+to you so give me your house or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so give me your house or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so give me your house or whatever
+so the idea is to split a single UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is to split a single UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is to split a single UT
+Exocet into multiple smaller sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet into multiple smaller sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet into multiple smaller sets and
+that that part is okay but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is okay but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that part is okay but you need
+communication between the shards right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between the shards right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between the shards right
+so you could say okay a little making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say okay a little making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could say okay a little making
+sort of a a bunch of different UT EXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a bunch of different UT EXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a bunch of different UT EXO
+sets each node can choose their own UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets each node can choose their own UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets each node can choose their own UT
+Exocet that they're keeping track of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet that they're keeping track of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet that they're keeping track of and
+then you have some kind of merge mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have some kind of merge mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have some kind of merge mining
+between the you takes off sets but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the you takes off sets but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the you takes off sets but you
+need swaps between the shards it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need swaps between the shards it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need swaps between the shards it's kind
+of an interesting thing to think of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting thing to think of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting thing to think of we
+already have multiple multiple UT x oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have multiple multiple UT x oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have multiple multiple UT x oh
+that's right so as of this morning coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so as of this morning coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so as of this morning coin
+market Capcom tracks 1614 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Capcom tracks 1614 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Capcom tracks 1614 different
+currencies ten thousands markets there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies ten thousands markets there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies ten thousands markets there's
+supposedly 434 billion dollars going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly 434 billion dollars going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly 434 billion dollars going
+room is this charting right like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room is this charting right like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room is this charting right like we've
+sort of and and it's sort of a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and and it's sort of a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and and it's sort of a joke
+but in a real sense it has taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a real sense it has taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a real sense it has taken
+scalability pressure off of Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability pressure off of Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability pressure off of Bitcoin and
+off of these any individual currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of these any individual currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of these any individual currency
+because there's so many of them so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many of them so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many of them so if
+you didn't have dogecoin maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have dogecoin maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have dogecoin maybe there
+would be more Bitcoin transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so in the case of like GRC 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in the case of like GRC 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in the case of like GRC 20
+or ERC 721 it actually is worse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ERC 721 it actually is worse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ERC 721 it actually is worse because
+now you've got sort of multiple UT EXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got sort of multiple UT EXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got sort of multiple UT EXO
+sets all being all being managed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets all being all being managed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets all being all being managed by a
+single UT Exocet so like if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single UT Exocet so like if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single UT Exocet so like if you want to
+keep track of how many I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of how many I don't know
+what's in the ICU 20 token if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the ICU 20 token if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the ICU 20 token if you want
+to keep track of how many Pied Piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of how many Pied Piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of how many Pied Piper
+coins there are you need to download the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins there are you need to download the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins there are you need to download the
+entire aetherium blockchain so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire aetherium blockchain so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire aetherium blockchain so that's
+that's sort of the opposite of sharding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the opposite of sharding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the opposite of sharding
+in it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it now
+any single UT Exocet you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single UT Exocet you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single UT Exocet you want to keep
+track of you need to keep track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of you need to keep track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of you need to keep track of all
+of them however in this case if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them however in this case if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them however in this case if I want
+to keep track of my Bitcoin UT exocet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of my Bitcoin UT exocet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of my Bitcoin UT exocet I
+don't need to download dogecoin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to download dogecoin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to download dogecoin so
+that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+and if people want to swap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people want to swap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if people want to swap between
+dogecoin and Bitcoin they can do so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin and Bitcoin they can do so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin and Bitcoin they can do so well
+dogecoin doesn't have segwayed support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin doesn't have segwayed support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogecoin doesn't have segwayed support
+right so it's a little harder but Verte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a little harder but Verte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a little harder but Verte
+coin like coin a lot of different coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin like coin a lot of different coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin like coin a lot of different coins
+have fairly easy swaps but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly easy swaps but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fairly easy swaps but it's more
+than just swaps we need like actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just swaps we need like actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just swaps we need like actual
+funds ability between the shards because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds ability between the shards because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds ability between the shards because
+if I can say oh I'm gonna use light coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can say oh I'm gonna use light coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can say oh I'm gonna use light coin
+and I can just swap to Bitcoin whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just swap to Bitcoin whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just swap to Bitcoin whenever
+I need to pay someone who accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to pay someone who accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to pay someone who accepts
+Bitcoin right maybe but maybe light coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin right maybe but maybe light coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin right maybe but maybe light coin
+drops in value 20% with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops in value 20% with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops in value 20% with respect to
+Bitcoin and then I tried to pay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and then I tried to pay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin and then I tried to pay and and
+this is sort of getting ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of getting ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of getting ahead of the
+real use cases of these things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real use cases of these things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real use cases of these things because
+well the coin also drops 20% randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the coin also drops 20% randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the coin also drops 20% randomly
+against whatever asset you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against whatever asset you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against whatever asset you're trying to
+buy and so Bitcoin but Bitcoin does tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and so Bitcoin but Bitcoin does tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy and so Bitcoin but Bitcoin does tend
+to be a bit more stable than most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit more stable than most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bit more stable than most of the
+smaller market cap coins I mean again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller market cap coins I mean again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller market cap coins I mean again
+you can sort of think that generally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think that generally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think that generally if
+you have a bigger market capitalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger market capitalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bigger market capitalization
+the you're gonna be you're gonna tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you're gonna be you're gonna tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you're gonna be you're gonna tend to
+be less volatile and and we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less volatile and and we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less volatile and and we've seen that
+in Bitcoin where like it still seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin where like it still seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin where like it still seems
+ridiculously volatile right it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously volatile right it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously volatile right it's gone
+down 50% since like January and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 50% since like January and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 50% since like January and most
+currencies in the developed world don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies in the developed world don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies in the developed world don't
+do that but if you actually compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if you actually compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but if you actually compare it
+to like like in 2011 it dropped like 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like like in 2011 it dropped like 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like like in 2011 it dropped like 95
+percent in a month or two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so sometimes there's a currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so sometimes there's a currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so sometimes there's a currency
+that like has these like really inflated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like has these like really inflated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like has these like really inflated
+market caps so you'll see one where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps so you'll see one where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps so you'll see one where they
+jet you know someone makes a coin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet you know someone makes a coin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet you know someone makes a coin it
+says okay I'm making a million coins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm making a million coins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay I'm making a million coins and
+I'll sell you to one who sell you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll sell you to one who sell you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll sell you to one who sell you one
+for $100 and really I still have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $100 and really I still have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for $100 and really I still have nine
+you know all of the coins and one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the coins and one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the coins and one other
+person has one of them but we can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has one of them but we can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has one of them but we can sort
+of do the math and get a market cap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do the math and get a market cap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do the math and get a market cap of
+100 million dollars that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million dollars that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million dollars that way
+so a lot of the coins do that to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the coins do that to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of the coins do that to sort of
+inflate because it's like when market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate because it's like when market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate because it's like when market
+cap is literally a it's like literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap is literally a it's like literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap is literally a it's like literally a
+ranking and it even says like rank so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking and it even says like rank so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking and it even says like rank so if
+you click like like yose it'll say rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click like like yose it'll say rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click like like yose it'll say rank
+where does it say there yeah rank five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it say there yeah rank five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does it say there yeah rank five
+so like it's the fifth best and yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it's the fifth best and yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like it's the fifth best and yeah to
+what extent how many actual people hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent how many actual people hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent how many actual people hold
+these things they just sort of made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things they just sort of made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things they just sort of made them
+up yeah so so any but there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah so so any but there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yeah so so any but there's all sorts
+of problems with this but the idea is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems with this but the idea is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems with this but the idea is if
+you really want charting you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want charting you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want charting you want the
+the swaps between the shards to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swaps between the shards to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swaps between the shards to not
+really have counterparties and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have counterparties and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have counterparties and to
+maintain the same value you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the same value you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the same value you want
+fungibility between the charts so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fungibility between the charts so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fungibility between the charts so that
+you can quickly and easily say okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quickly and easily say okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can quickly and easily say okay well
+I've got something on shard hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got something on shard hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got something on shard hey I'm
+going to pay someone who's using shard B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay someone who's using shard B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay someone who's using shard B
+and I don't want any friction I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want any friction I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want any friction I don't
+want any like exchange between there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any like exchange between there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any like exchange between there so
+this is hard there's a lot of cool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard there's a lot of cool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard there's a lot of cool of
+research going on here and if it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on here and if it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research going on here and if it works
+it's a real scalability improvement like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real scalability improvement like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real scalability improvement like
+this is sort of the Holy Grail I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the Holy Grail I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the Holy Grail I don't
+really see much in in Bitcoin they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see much in in Bitcoin they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see much in in Bitcoin they're
+sort of like side chains but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like side chains but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like side chains but those
+weren't really talked about as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really talked about as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really talked about as a
+scalability improvement and it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability improvement and it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability improvement and it's mostly
+the etherium crowd that are like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium crowd that are like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etherium crowd that are like this is
+our real sort of holy grail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our real sort of holy grail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our real sort of holy grail for
+scalability so it's interesting to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so it's interesting to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so it's interesting to look
+at I haven't kept up I read a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I haven't kept up I read a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I haven't kept up I read a little bit
+about their current their most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their current their most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their current their most recent
+charting ideas so it's cool if it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting ideas so it's cool if it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charting ideas so it's cool if it works
+but there's a lot of sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of sort of different
+assumptions that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah they sort of like a lot of them hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah they sort of like a lot of them hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah they sort of like a lot of them hinge
+on fraud proofs so the idea is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fraud proofs so the idea is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fraud proofs so the idea is you've
+got say five different chains going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say five different chains going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say five different chains going
+along and you don't validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and you don't validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and you don't validate
+the other four you say I'm gonna only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four you say I'm gonna only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other four you say I'm gonna only
+validate this one there's four others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate this one there's four others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate this one there's four others
+going on and if in my chain something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and if in my chain something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and if in my chain something
+bad happens like a transaction with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad happens like a transaction with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad happens like a transaction with an
+invalid signature gets confirmed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid signature gets confirmed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid signature gets confirmed or
+transaction has more coins coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction has more coins coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction has more coins coming out
+than going in something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going in something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going in something like that you
+provide a small fraud proof you provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a small fraud proof you provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a small fraud proof you provide
+a proof that says okay here you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof that says okay here you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof that says okay here you don't
+need to know everything that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know everything that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know everything that's going on
+in this chain but I'll provide enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chain but I'll provide enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this chain but I'll provide enough
+data to convince you that this transact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to convince you that this transact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to convince you that this transact
+or this specific transaction is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this specific transaction is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this specific transaction is is
+broken and then I try to broadcast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and then I try to broadcast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken and then I try to broadcast to
+the other people on those other Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people on those other Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people on those other Ford
+like sub chains and then they know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sub chains and then they know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sub chains and then they know okay
+something's going on wrong here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going on wrong here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's going on wrong here let's
+like freeze like let's not accept any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like freeze like let's not accept any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like freeze like let's not accept any
+cross shard swaps from that one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross shard swaps from that one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross shard swaps from that one and then
+the other you know this chain will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know this chain will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you know this chain will have
+to reorg so the idea is as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorg so the idea is as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reorg so the idea is as long as you
+have and and it sort of makes sense as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and it sort of makes sense as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and it sort of makes sense as
+long as you have a sum number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a sum number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you have a sum number of people
+checking it that can then broadcast it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it that can then broadcast it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking it that can then broadcast it
+between the different shards you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different shards you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the different shards you can
+assume that they're doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or just accept that holes two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just accept that holes two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just accept that holes two years ago
+so I'll assume it's okay yeah which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll assume it's okay yeah which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll assume it's okay yeah which is
+probably more than you yeah so so sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more than you yeah so so sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more than you yeah so so sort
+of availability and liveness are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of availability and liveness are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of availability and liveness are other
+issues here where if in big in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here where if in big in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues here where if in big in Bitcoin
+or a theory oh well it's more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a theory oh well it's more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a theory oh well it's more of an
+issue in a theory in Bitcoin there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in a theory in Bitcoin there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in a theory in Bitcoin there's a
+lot of copies of the full set so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of copies of the full set so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of copies of the full set so if
+you're not sure about something you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure about something you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure about something you you
+can pretty easily get the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty easily get the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pretty easily get the entire
+blockchain even though it's like 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain even though it's like 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain even though it's like 180
+gigs and go through it there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs and go through it there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs and go through it there's so many
+copies of it out there in aetherium a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of it out there in aetherium a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of it out there in aetherium a
+little bit less so well there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less so well there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less so well there's more
+full nodes but full is sort of redefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes but full is sort of redefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full nodes but full is sort of redefined
+and so it may be harder to get the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may be harder to get the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may be harder to get the full
+thing and in the case of sharding if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and in the case of sharding if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and in the case of sharding if you
+you know divide it too finely it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know divide it too finely it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know divide it too finely it may be
+that you lose data and like no one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose data and like no one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose data and like no one has
+it and then you're in real trouble okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're in real trouble okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're in real trouble okay
+so that's sharding okay accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sharding okay accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sharding okay accumulators
+this is something I'm actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'm actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'm actually looking
+at I'm not gonna go into the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'm not gonna go into the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at I'm not gonna go into the details of
+what I'm working on but accumulators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm working on but accumulators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm working on but accumulators in
+general this is a cool this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a cool this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this is a cool this so
+accumulators as I will describe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators as I will describe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators as I will describe are
+nothing new but if you read the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new but if you read the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing new but if you read the papers
+like so one of the first papers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so one of the first papers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so one of the first papers is
+called one-way accumulators in like 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one-way accumulators in like 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called one-way accumulators in like 93
+and if you read the paper a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read the paper a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you read the paper a lot of the
+words jump out is like hey this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words jump out is like hey this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words jump out is like hey this might be
+useful for Bitcoin it's like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for Bitcoin it's like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for Bitcoin it's like set
+membership and like time stamping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership and like time stamping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership and like time stamping and
+like signature aggregate like it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like signature aggregate like it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like signature aggregate like it's got a
+lot of stuff in there's like hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff in there's like hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff in there's like hey this
+could be useful so an accumulator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be useful so an accumulator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be useful so an accumulator is
+basically a cryptographic set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a cryptographic set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a cryptographic set and
+there's some set operations that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some set operations that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some set operations that you can
+do and then provide proofs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then provide proofs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and then provide proofs so the
+simplest well not even the simplest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest well not even the simplest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest well not even the simplest the
+simplest would just be adding proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest would just be adding proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest would just be adding proof but
+sometimes you can add sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can add sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can add sometimes you can
+remove sometimes you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove sometimes you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove sometimes you can prove
+something's in there sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's in there sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's in there sometimes you can
+prove something's not in there and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove something's not in there and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove something's not in there and if
+you can do all four that's even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all four that's even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all four that's even better
+so the idea is you take an accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is you take an accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is you take an accumulator
+and you add an object to it and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add an object to it and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add an object to it and in
+general you know objects are gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know objects are gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you know objects are gonna be
+strings of bytes or just numbers right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of bytes or just numbers right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of bytes or just numbers right
+and then it spits out a new accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it spits out a new accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it spits out a new accumulator
+essentially it modifies the accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it modifies the accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it modifies the accumulator
+so if you delete you say okay I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you delete you say okay I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you delete you say okay I've got
+an accumulator and I want to delete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accumulator and I want to delete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accumulator and I want to delete this
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+well it'll modify in place and return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'll modify in place and return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'll modify in place and return a
+different accumulator and then maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different accumulator and then maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different accumulator and then maybe I
+want to prove that this object is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that this object is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove that this object is in
+this accumulator and it will return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accumulator and it will return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this accumulator and it will return a
+boolean like yep that worked or no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean like yep that worked or no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean like yep that worked or no it
+didn't so the simplest example which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so the simplest example which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so the simplest example which I
+think it's kind of fun composit numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of fun composit numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of fun composit numbers
+so accumulate prime numbers so to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so accumulate prime numbers so to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so accumulate prime numbers so to add
+multiplied to delete divide so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied to delete divide so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied to delete divide so let's say
+you're a human so really if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a human so really if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a human so really if you're going
+to do this you start with 1 1 it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you start with 1 1 it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you start with 1 1 it's not a
+prime I guess but whatever so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I guess but whatever so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I guess but whatever so let's say
+you've got so yeah one is not a prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got so yeah one is not a prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got so yeah one is not a prime so
+that works so you can you can't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so you can you can't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works so you can you can't not
+prove any prime exists within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove any prime exists within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove any prime exists within that
+accumulator anyway but let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator anyway but let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator anyway but let's say you
+start with 1 and then you added 3 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 1 and then you added 3 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with 1 and then you added 3 to the
+accumulator so you multiply by 3 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator so you multiply by 3 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator so you multiply by 3 and you
+get 3 now I want to add the number 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3 now I want to add the number 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3 now I want to add the number 5 to
+the accumulator so I multiplied by 5 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator so I multiplied by 5 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator so I multiplied by 5 I
+get 15 and now I want to add 7 to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 15 and now I want to add 7 to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 15 and now I want to add 7 to this
+accumulator so I've got my accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator so I've got my accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator so I've got my accumulator
+which is 15 I add the number 7 into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 15 I add the number 7 into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 15 I add the number 7 into it
+and I get 105 I just multiply by 7 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 105 I just multiply by 7 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get 105 I just multiply by 7 I get
+105 so wait is it called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 so wait is it called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 so wait is it called like
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic I
+think that's what it's called we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what it's called we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's what it's called we're like
+everything's a product of primes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a product of primes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a product of primes it's
+got some cool name so like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some cool name so like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some cool name so like you know
+everything's a product of primes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a product of primes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's a product of primes and
+everything has a unique factorization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a unique factorization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has a unique factorization so
+105 is 3 times 5 times 7 right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 is 3 times 5 times 7 right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105 is 3 times 5 times 7 right there's
+no other ways around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you want to delete you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to delete you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to delete you can say
+okay well I'm going to leave the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'm going to leave the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'm going to leave the number
+5 from this accumulator just divide now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 from this accumulator just divide now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 from this accumulator just divide now
+I get 21 and then I want to prove 27 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 21 and then I want to prove 27 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 21 and then I want to prove 27 is
+in there so I can say hey 7 is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so I can say hey 7 is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so I can say hey 7 is in this
+accumulator it was added but not deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator it was added but not deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator it was added but not deleted
+and I can do that right I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do that right I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do that right I tried to
+divide 21 by 7 and it worked there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 21 by 7 and it worked there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide 21 by 7 and it worked there I
+want to divide and I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to divide and I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to divide and I want to make sure
+there's no remainder I want to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no remainder I want to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no remainder I want to see that
+a divided e divides evenly so I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divided e divides evenly so I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a divided e divides evenly so I get a
+true like yep fine divide 21 by 7 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true like yep fine divide 21 by 7 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true like yep fine divide 21 by 7 I get
+3 3 is a regular old you know 3 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 is a regular old you know 3 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 3 is a regular old you know 3 is a
+natural number it works so this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number it works so this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number it works so this is kind
+of cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool it
+it's not really constant sigh oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really constant sigh oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really constant sigh oh but
+this works even if you do modulo so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works even if you do modulo so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works even if you do modulo so you
+could do modulo some big prime and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do modulo some big prime and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do modulo some big prime and have
+just like criminality based accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like criminality based accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like criminality based accumulators
+so there's some so anyway you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some so anyway you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some so anyway you get the
+idea right I think in this case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right I think in this case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea right I think in this case you can
+also prove things are not in there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prove things are not in there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also prove things are not in there but
+this is limited different numbers anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is limited different numbers anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is limited different numbers anyway
+but the idea is keep adding things to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is keep adding things to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea is keep adding things to it
+removing things from it and proving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing things from it and proving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing things from it and proving that
+things are in there so there's RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in there so there's RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are in there so there's RSA
+accumulators which are some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators which are some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators which are some of the most
+well known and that's you've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known and that's you've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known and that's you've got some
+RSA number which is basically a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA number which is basically a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA number which is basically a product
+of two large primes and the accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two large primes and the accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two large primes and the accumulator
+itself is of constant size and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is of constant size and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is of constant size and the
+proofs are also of constant size so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are also of constant size so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are also of constant size so we
+call this a proof you know you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a proof you know you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a proof you know you're just
+giving the number itself in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the number itself in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the number itself in this case so
+it's efficient but the RSA accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient but the RSA accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's efficient but the RSA accumulators
+use trusted set up so the idea is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use trusted set up so the idea is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use trusted set up so the idea is you
+need to find some composite number n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find some composite number n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find some composite number n
+which is P times Q where P and Q are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P times Q where P and Q are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is P times Q where P and Q are
+prime where nobody knows P and Q or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime where nobody knows P and Q or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime where nobody knows P and Q or
+nobody knows or you trust that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows or you trust that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows or you trust that the
+person who does know P and Q not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does know P and Q not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does know P and Q not to
+screw around with the accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw around with the accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw around with the accumulator
+because the person who you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the person who you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the person who you know if
+knowledge of people I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of people I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of people I think it's
+actually knowledge P or Q will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knowledge P or Q will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually knowledge P or Q will let you
+create proofs that hey this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create proofs that hey this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create proofs that hey this is this
+object is in the accumulator when really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is in the accumulator when really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is in the accumulator when really
+it isn't so that's not so much fun for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't so that's not so much fun for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't so that's not so much fun for
+Bitcoin if you need trusted set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin if you need trusted set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin if you need trusted set up
+people people don't really like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people don't really like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people don't really like that
+there's all these other accumulator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these other accumulator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these other accumulator I
+say ideas some are one way where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ideas some are one way where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ideas some are one way where you
+can't delete you can add things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't delete you can add things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't delete you can add things to the
+accumulator but there's no way to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator but there's no way to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator but there's no way to remove
+it sometimes you can batch things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes you can batch things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes you can batch things where
+okay if I want so you could see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want so you could see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I want so you could see in the
+in the prime in the composite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prime in the composite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prime in the composite number
+accumulator you could batch things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator you could batch things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator you could batch things where
+if I add 105 to the accumulator I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add 105 to the accumulator I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add 105 to the accumulator I'm
+performing one operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing one operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing one operation that
+essentially adds three objects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially adds three objects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially adds three objects right
+three five and seven some can be batched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five and seven some can be batched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five and seven some can be batched
+like that some cannot some have trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that some cannot some have trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that some cannot some have trust
+and set up some don't so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up some don't so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set up some don't so there's
+different trade-offs for all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trade-offs for all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trade-offs for all these
+different use cases and in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use cases and in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use cases and in the case of
+Bitcoin the idea of you know accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin the idea of you know accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin the idea of you know accumulator
+would be put the UT Exocet in it or put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be put the UT Exocet in it or put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be put the UT Exocet in it or put
+the STX Oh like spent trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STX Oh like spent trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STX Oh like spent trans
+shanell put into it and then prove in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shanell put into it and then prove in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shanell put into it and then prove in
+the case of UT EXO's prove that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of UT EXO's prove that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of UT EXO's prove that it's in
+the accumulator or in the case of SD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator or in the case of SD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator or in the case of SD
+EXO's prove that it's no longer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO's prove that it's no longer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXO's prove that it's no longer in the
+accumulator right provide a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator right provide a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator right provide a proof of
+non-inclusion that hey it's not in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion that hey it's not in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion that hey it's not in this
+SD Exocet so well with the SD EXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD Exocet so well with the SD EXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SD Exocet so well with the SD EXO
+inclusion so let's say you did it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion so let's say you did it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion so let's say you did it that
+way you'd have headers and then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'd have headers and then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'd have headers and then you've
+got this st EXO accumulator and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this st EXO accumulator and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this st EXO accumulator and what you
+could do there is say I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do there is say I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do there is say I've got a
+transaction it's got some inputs I prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it's got some inputs I prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction it's got some inputs I prove
+that this input exists in the headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this input exists in the headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this input exists in the headers
+right I provide you an SPV proof so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I provide you an SPV proof so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I provide you an SPV proof so I
+say okay at some point this this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay at some point this this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay at some point this this was
+created right this input may be a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created right this input may be a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created right this input may be a year
+ago I show you okay there's a setter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I show you okay there's a setter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I show you okay there's a setter
+here's a merkel proof that this was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a merkel proof that this was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a merkel proof that this was in a
+block so this exists then I also prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so this exists then I also prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block so this exists then I also prove
+somehow that it doesn't exist in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that it doesn't exist in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that it doesn't exist in here
+right it exists but it was never spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it exists but it was never spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it exists but it was never spent
+so now you can accept that oh okay he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can accept that oh okay he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can accept that oh okay he
+gave me an STD proof he gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an STD proof he gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me an STD proof he gave me a
+non-inclusion to the SD Exocet proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion to the SD Exocet proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion to the SD Exocet proof so
+I know this transaction this input still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this transaction this input still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know this transaction this input still
+exists and can be spent so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and can be spent so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and can be spent so what this
+would do if you get it working you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do if you get it working you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do if you get it working you don't
+need to store the UT Exocet anymore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store the UT Exocet anymore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to store the UT Exocet anymore you
+just store the accumulator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the accumulator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just store the accumulator and then
+everyone provides proofs that hey I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone provides proofs that hey I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone provides proofs that hey I've
+got these coins but so right now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these coins but so right now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these coins but so right now if you
+store the UT Exocet it's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the UT Exocet it's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the UT Exocet it's a couple
+gigabytes three or four gigs and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes three or four gigs and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes three or four gigs and when
+someone sends a transaction you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sends a transaction you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone sends a transaction you just
+look in your UT Exocet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see this input you say hey does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this input you say hey does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this input you say hey does
+that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist
+in my UT Exocet okay it does cool well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my UT Exocet okay it does cool well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my UT Exocet okay it does cool well
+no Val verify the signature or verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Val verify the signature or verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Val verify the signature or verify
+everything else about the transaction if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else about the transaction if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else about the transaction if
+it doesn't exist in my UT Exocet I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exist in my UT Exocet I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exist in my UT Exocet I'm
+like hey you're trying to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you're trying to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey you're trying to spend
+something that isn't there so what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that isn't there so what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that isn't there so what would
+be cool is if you got rid of the UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool is if you got rid of the UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cool is if you got rid of the UT
+Exocet and only used an accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet and only used an accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet and only used an accumulator
+because the accumulators are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the accumulators are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the accumulators are constant
+size so even if the UT Exocet is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so even if the UT Exocet is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so even if the UT Exocet is 20
+gigabytes well I've got this like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes well I've got this like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes well I've got this like 10
+kilobyte accumulator thing on my hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte accumulator thing on my hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobyte accumulator thing on my hard
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+and I just modify that in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just modify that in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just modify that in place
+and now I don't need to store a zillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I don't need to store a zillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I don't need to store a zillion
+gigabytes to there and I can do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes to there and I can do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes to there and I can do you know
+I basically can have the same security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically can have the same security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically can have the same security
+as a full note I'm still a full node but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a full note I'm still a full node but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a full note I'm still a full node but
+I just don't store the UT Exocet I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't store the UT Exocet I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't store the UT Exocet I just
+require either SPV proofs or SDX oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require either SPV proofs or SDX oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require either SPV proofs or SDX oh you
+know different proofs from the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different proofs from the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different proofs from the people
+trying to spend the transactions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to spend the transactions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to spend the transactions so this
+is really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool
+constant size the small proofs are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size the small proofs are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size the small proofs are small
+sometimes the proofs are really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the proofs are really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the proofs are really small
+and then the wallets track the proofs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wallets track the proofs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wallets track the proofs so
+some questions proofs can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions proofs can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions proofs can be like
+constant size or sometimes their login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size or sometimes their login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant size or sometimes their login
+if the proofs are and like oh then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the proofs are and like oh then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the proofs are and like oh then then
+it's like not useful right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like not useful right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like not useful right because you
+should might you might as well store the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should might you might as well store the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should might you might as well store the
+UT excess at that point also what is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT excess at that point also what is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT excess at that point also what is n
+is it the number of transactions blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the number of transactions blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the number of transactions blocks
+can you a great these operations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you a great these operations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you a great these operations so
+there's a bunch of questions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of questions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of questions there
+another really big problem so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really big problem so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really big problem so I was
+talking to Peter wolf who's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Peter wolf who's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to Peter wolf who's sort of like
+one of the premier researchers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the premier researchers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the premier researchers on
+Bitcoin he had been talking to people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin he had been talking to people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin he had been talking to people at
+Stanford about a lattice based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford about a lattice based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford about a lattice based
+accumulator that did not need trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator that did not need trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator that did not need trusted
+set up and he was very excited about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and he was very excited about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up and he was very excited about it
+because it was like hey there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was like hey there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was like hey there's no
+trusted set up you have constant size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted set up you have constant size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted set up you have constant size
+proofs the accumulator itself is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs the accumulator itself is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs the accumulator itself is pretty
+small CPU wise it seems doable the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small CPU wise it seems doable the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small CPU wise it seems doable the thing
+that sort of killed it was you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of killed it was you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of killed it was you couldn't
+batch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch
+you couldn't batch operations to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't batch operations to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't batch operations to the
+accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator
+so you need and that and the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need and that and the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need and that and the other thing
+is that we need some kind of bridge node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need some kind of bridge node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need some kind of bridge node
+so the idea is normal transactions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is normal transactions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is normal transactions right
+they just say here's my input I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just say here's my input I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just say here's my input I've got a
+couple inputs I've got a couple outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple inputs I've got a couple outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple inputs I've got a couple outputs
+I don't provide any proofs or anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't provide any proofs or anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't provide any proofs or anything I
+just say I just point to where what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I just point to where what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I just point to where what I'm
+spending and you look in your UT Exocet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and you look in your UT Exocet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending and you look in your UT Exocet
+and see if you have if it's there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you have if it's there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you have if it's there with
+this new idea with accumulators you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new idea with accumulators you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new idea with accumulators you're
+gonna have to stick proofs on so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to stick proofs on so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to stick proofs on so really
+it's an extra data structure probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extra data structure probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an extra data structure probably
+per input is he saying hey I'm a node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per input is he saying hey I'm a node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per input is he saying hey I'm a node I
+don't I run an accumulator I don't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I run an accumulator I don't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I run an accumulator I don't keep
+the whole set so for all your inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole set so for all your inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole set so for all your inputs
+please provide proofs and wallets can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please provide proofs and wallets can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please provide proofs and wallets can
+maintain these proofs and and attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain these proofs and and attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain these proofs and and attach
+them to their transactions and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their transactions and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their transactions and then the
+nodes will verify them how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will verify them how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes will verify them how
+right now most wallets don't have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now most wallets don't have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now most wallets don't have these
+proofs have no idea that this is a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs have no idea that this is a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs have no idea that this is a thing
+right so if you're the first node to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're the first node to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're the first node to do
+this and say hey I'm getting rid of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say hey I'm getting rid of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say hey I'm getting rid of my
+UT Exocet I'm only going to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT Exocet I'm only going to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT Exocet I'm only going to verify
+proofs that these UT exo's exist most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that these UT exo's exist most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that these UT exo's exist most of
+the wallets won't provide those proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wallets won't provide those proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wallets won't provide those proofs
+and so as a new nodes say hey I got rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a new nodes say hey I got rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as a new nodes say hey I got rid
+of my UT Exocet but no one's giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my UT Exocet but no one's giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my UT Exocet but no one's giving you
+proofs okay I'm just stuck right I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs okay I'm just stuck right I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs okay I'm just stuck right I see a
+block camp come out I can't validate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block camp come out I can't validate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block camp come out I can't validate it
+so you're gonna need some kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna need some kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna need some kind of of
+transition right if you start it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right if you start it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition right if you start it from
+scratch and say okay the responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch and say okay the responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch and say okay the responsibility
+of every wallet is not just keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every wallet is not just keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every wallet is not just keep your
+private keys and keep track of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys and keep track of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private keys and keep track of like what
+you know your UT X always it's also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your UT X always it's also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your UT X always it's also to
+keep track of a proof so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of a proof so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of a proof so that when you
+want to spend it you give it to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend it you give it to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend it you give it to someone
+else maybe you start it that way great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else maybe you start it that way great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else maybe you start it that way great
+but if you want to transition well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to transition well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to transition well
+you're kind of gonna need is a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of gonna need is a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of gonna need is a bridge
+node and the idea of a bridge node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the idea of a bridge node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the idea of a bridge node is
+you've got so here's an accumulator node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got so here's an accumulator node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got so here's an accumulator node
+where it requires proofs here's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it requires proofs here's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it requires proofs here's a you
+know old node that just has regular VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know old node that just has regular VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know old node that just has regular VT
+exo's so when the old node attack you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exo's so when the old node attack you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exo's so when the old node attack you
+know sends a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sends a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sends a transaction
+this gives T X proof right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives T X proof right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives T X proof right so this
+basically has proofs for everything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has proofs for everything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has proofs for everything like
+all proofs so the bridge node can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proofs so the bridge node can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proofs so the bridge node can can
+provide proofs you'll need one bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide proofs you'll need one bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide proofs you'll need one bridge
+note right so if these if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note right so if these if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note right so if these if these
+accumulator nodes talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator nodes talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator nodes talk to each other
+they can send the proof so long to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can send the proof so long to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can send the proof so long to each
+other and stuff like that the old nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and stuff like that the old nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and stuff like that the old nodes
+cannot send proofs because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot send proofs because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot send proofs because they they
+don't they're not aware of it and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not aware of it and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not aware of it and their
+software but if you have the new nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but if you have the new nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but if you have the new nodes
+you can say okay well when I receive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well when I receive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say okay well when I receive a
+transaction I verified the proofs I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction I verified the proofs I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction I verified the proofs I also
+keep the proofs and give them to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the proofs and give them to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the proofs and give them to other
+peers who want to verify them but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers who want to verify them but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers who want to verify them but you
+need some kind of bridge between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some kind of bridge between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some kind of bridge between these
+two networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until everyone switches probably forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until everyone switches probably forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until everyone switches probably forever
+so yeah so that the issue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so that the issue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so that the issue with the
+bridge note is like well if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge note is like well if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge note is like well if you're an
+old wall like you don't have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old wall like you don't have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old wall like you don't have to keep
+track these proofs maybe so how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track these proofs maybe so how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track these proofs maybe so how much of
+a problem is this and and the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is this and and the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is this and and the lattice
+based accumulator that was sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based accumulator that was sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based accumulator that was sort of what
+killed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it
+was that you couldn't batch operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you couldn't batch operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that you couldn't batch operations
+so every sorry and the proofs changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every sorry and the proofs changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every sorry and the proofs changed
+that that's not the case with the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the case with the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the case with the sort
+of silly prime number accumulator that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silly prime number accumulator that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silly prime number accumulator that I
+showed but in this in the lattice based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed but in this in the lattice based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed but in this in the lattice based
+one the proofs changed every time an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the proofs changed every time an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the proofs changed every time an
+accumulator operation happened so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator operation happened so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator operation happened so every
+time an ad happened your proof had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an ad happened your proof had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time an ad happened your proof had to
+change so you need it you didn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you need it you didn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you need it you didn't just
+need to add something and modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add something and modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add something and modify the
+accumulator in place you had to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator in place you had to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator in place you had to modify
+your proofs in place as well and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proofs in place as well and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proofs in place as well and so if
+you're a wallet and you've got three UTX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a wallet and you've got three UTX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a wallet and you've got three UTX
+those that meant that every block you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that meant that every block you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that meant that every block you'd
+have to do a couple thousand operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a couple thousand operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a couple thousand operations
+right because every every block you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because every every block you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because every every block you're
+gonna have a few thousand adds and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a few thousand adds and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a few thousand adds and a few
+thousand deletes to this accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand deletes to this accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand deletes to this accumulator
+every time one of those happened you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time one of those happened you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time one of those happened you'd
+have to modify your proof for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to modify your proof for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to modify your proof for each of
+your 3ut exos so do you know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 3ut exos so do you know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your 3ut exos so do you know a little
+ugly but doable because you've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but doable because you've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly but doable because you've got three
+UXOs you're basically three X the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UXOs you're basically three X the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UXOs you're basically three X the number
+of operations set operations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations set operations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations set operations in the
+block the bridge node on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the bridge node on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the bridge node on the other hand
+has to keep track of something like 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to keep track of something like 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to keep track of something like 70
+million UT X s alright that's about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million UT X s alright that's about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million UT X s alright that's about how
+many there are right now and so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are right now and so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are right now and so since
+there's no way to batch it that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to batch it that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to batch it that means
+you're gonna have like maybe 10 K times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have like maybe 10 K times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have like maybe 10 K times
+70 million every block it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 million every block it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 million every block it's just not
+gonna happen so that was that what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen so that was that what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen so that was that what and
+it's like well maybe you can sort of try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well maybe you can sort of try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well maybe you can sort of try
+to shard the bridge knows and like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shard the bridge knows and like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shard the bridge knows and like this
+bridge node only keeps track of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge node only keeps track of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge node only keeps track of this
+portion of the set but it just looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the set but it just looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the set but it just looked
+really daunting and that was why he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really daunting and that was why he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really daunting and that was why he was
+sort of like yeah I I don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like yeah I I don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like yeah I I don't think this
+lot is I think it's really key that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is I think it's really key that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is I think it's really key that the
+either there's some kind of batching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there's some kind of batching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either there's some kind of batching
+operation where we can consolidate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where we can consolidate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where we can consolidate all
+the operations within a single block to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations within a single block to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations within a single block to
+one set operation for the accumulator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set operation for the accumulator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set operation for the accumulator or
+try to make it so that it's easy so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it so that it's easy so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it so that it's easy so that
+the proofs don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs don't
+have to be updated or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be updated or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be updated or something like
+that so this is still an unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is still an unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is still an unsolved
+problem although I'm working on a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although I'm working on a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem although I'm working on a phone
+way that I think might work to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I think might work to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I think might work to do this
+and I don't want to like because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to like because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't want to like because this is
+like videotape what's going on internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like videotape what's going on internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like videotape what's going on internet
+stuff I don't want to like talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I don't want to like talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I don't want to like talk about it
+but if you have questions we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have questions we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have questions we can talk
+about it at UH like office hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at UH like office hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at UH like office hours or
+something so if it works it'll be cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if it works it'll be cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so if it works it'll be cool
+although in some cases it might so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in some cases it might so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although in some cases it might so in
+the case of that like bridge node it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of that like bridge node it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of that like bridge node it was
+the it was the bridge node that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it was the bridge node that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it was the bridge node that really
+killed it because it was just like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it because it was just like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it because it was just like oh
+you're gonna have to do billions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to do billions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to do billions of
+operations per block but in other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations per block but in other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations per block but in other cases
+it's like well these are you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well these are you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like well these are you can have
+accumulators that seem good but aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators that seem good but aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators that seem good but aren't
+actually faster because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster because it's like
+verifying the proofs takes a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying the proofs takes a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying the proofs takes a long time
+or something like that so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so it's sort of
+like with the range proofs or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the range proofs or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the range proofs or something
+like Wimble and what we're like the O of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Wimble and what we're like the O of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Wimble and what we're like the O of
+n is great but you've got these constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is great but you've got these constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is great but you've got these constant
+factors that in practice end up meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that in practice end up meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that in practice end up meaning
+you're not actually faster right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually faster right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually faster right because
+the decoding you TXO said well it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoding you TXO said well it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoding you TXO said well it's for
+gigs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs
+not even right it's three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even right it's three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even right it's three and a half
+gigs now so in practice there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs now so in practice there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigs now so in practice there's probably
+a lot of cool cryptographic technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cool cryptographic technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cool cryptographic technologies
+and you could write a whole paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could write a whole paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could write a whole paper and
+have all these cool things and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these cool things and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all these cool things and if you
+actually implement it it's like well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement it it's like well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement it it's like well it
+actually goes twice as twice as slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes twice as twice as slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes twice as twice as slow
+it's just you think the regular also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you think the regular also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you think the regular also
+this is super optimized one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super optimized one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is super optimized one of the
+biggest like sort of code engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest like sort of code engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest like sort of code engineering
+things that has happened in Bitcoin core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that has happened in Bitcoin core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that has happened in Bitcoin core
+is okay how can we make database updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay how can we make database updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay how can we make database updates
+this how can you make like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how can you make like different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how can you make like different
+caching different like flushes to disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching different like flushes to disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caching different like flushes to disk
+and like editing leveldb itself so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like editing leveldb itself so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like editing leveldb itself so you
+know making this UTI Exocet database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know making this UTI Exocet database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know making this UTI Exocet database
+operation faster it's like a a big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation faster it's like a a big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation faster it's like a a big thing
+in Bitcoin so it's pretty optimized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin so it's pretty optimized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bitcoin so it's pretty optimized and
+even if you've got something that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've got something that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've got something that seems
+like in computer science terms hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in computer science terms hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in computer science terms hey this
+is login you know instead of n like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is login you know instead of n like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is login you know instead of n like yeah
+but what about the constant factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the constant factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the constant factors so
+so that's another issue for these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another issue for these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another issue for these this
+idea okay other things I was gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay other things I was gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay other things I was gonna talk
+well yeah so the last I'll do last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so the last I'll do last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so the last I'll do last one
+and then we can maybe end a little early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can maybe end a little early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can maybe end a little early
+and talk about projects you want UTF so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about projects you want UTF so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about projects you want UTF so
+commitments which is somewhat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments which is somewhat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments which is somewhat in the
+same region as accumulators a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region as accumulators a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region as accumulators a little bit
+different idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different idea
+and this exists in some points like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this exists in some points like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this exists in some points like in
+if you're in job and I was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in job and I was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in job and I was saying that
+you basically have a tree of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have a tree of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have a tree of all the
+different state you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state you know all the
+different contracts that exist all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contracts that exist all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contracts that exist all the
+in different addresses in aetherium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different addresses in aetherium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different addresses in aetherium and
+the root of that tree appears in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of that tree appears in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of that tree appears in every
+block header so you can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block header so you can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block header so you can make these
+proofs that the you know coins exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that the you know coins exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that the you know coins exist
+based on a block header also it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a block header also it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a block header also it exists
+in the etherium it doesn't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the etherium it doesn't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the etherium it doesn't exist in
+Bitcoin but people have been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but people have been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin but people have been talking
+about it for years the simplest would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for years the simplest would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for years the simplest would
+say take a hash of the UT Exocet and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say take a hash of the UT Exocet and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say take a hash of the UT Exocet and put
+it in every coinbase transaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in every coinbase transaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in every coinbase transaction and
+make that a consensus rule so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a consensus rule so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a consensus rule so that when
+you line a block you have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you line a block you have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you line a block you have to you know
+take the hash of the UT Exocet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hash of the UT Exocet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hash of the UT Exocet you're
+aware of put it in the block so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of put it in the block so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of put it in the block so that
+everyone can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can see it
+and if everyone disagree is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if everyone disagree is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if everyone disagree is they're
+gonna invalidate that block this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna invalidate that block this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna invalidate that block this is
+really simple you probably want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple you probably want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple you probably want to do a
+little bit fancier than this a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fancier than this a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fancier than this a bit more
+useful well make it a instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful well make it a instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful well make it a instead of just
+taking a linear hash of the entire UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear hash of the entire UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a linear hash of the entire UT
+Exocet make it a Merkle tree right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet make it a Merkle tree right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exocet make it a Merkle tree right and
+that way yeah sure it's it's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way yeah sure it's it's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way yeah sure it's it's very little
+extra hashing well no wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hashing well no wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra hashing well no wait
+twice as much hashing right but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much hashing right but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as much hashing right but anyway
+to X the hashing but now you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X the hashing but now you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X the hashing but now you've got
+these the ability to make small proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the ability to make small proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the ability to make small proofs
+and then you can prove an output exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can prove an output exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can prove an output exists
+at a given block height pretty easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given block height pretty easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given block height pretty easily
+and as an SVG sea level security so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an SVG sea level security so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as an SVG sea level security so
+currently you can prove that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently you can prove that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently you can prove that a
+transaction exists at a block height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction exists at a block height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction exists at a block height and
+you can also prove it prove that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also prove it prove that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also prove it prove that a
+transaction was consumed at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction was consumed at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction was consumed at a certain
+block height right so if you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height right so if you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block height right so if you have you
+know all these different blocks 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these different blocks 2 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all these different blocks 2 3 4 5
+you can say hey here's a vertical proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say hey here's a vertical proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say hey here's a vertical proof
+that transaction 1 was included in block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transaction 1 was included in block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transaction 1 was included in block
+2 and then you can prove here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then you can prove here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then you can prove here okay
+here's transaction 2 that consumes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's transaction 2 that consumes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's transaction 2 that consumes one
+of the outputs from transaction 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outputs from transaction 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outputs from transaction 1 but
+you can't prove just given but also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove just given but also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove just given but also you
+can easily you can omit this proof right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily you can omit this proof right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily you can omit this proof right
+so if you want to prove that a so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to prove that a so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to prove that a so at
+block 6 how do I prove that the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block 6 how do I prove that the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block 6 how do I prove that the outputs
+from transaction 1 still exist at block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transaction 1 still exist at block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from transaction 1 still exist at block
+6 you're stuck right you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 you're stuck right you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 you're stuck right you basically have
+to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+Oh blocks three through six and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh blocks three through six and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh blocks three through six and look at
+the whole thing so even so with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing so even so with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing so even so with current
+SPV proofs we can prove inclusion right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPV proofs we can prove inclusion right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SPV proofs we can prove inclusion right
+it's you sort of think that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you sort of think that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you sort of think that this is an
+accumulator where you've got you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator where you've got you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator where you've got you know a
+Merkle tree is kind of an accumulator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree is kind of an accumulator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkle tree is kind of an accumulator I
+can prove inclusion and then I can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove inclusion and then I can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove inclusion and then I can prove
+transaction one is in block two I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one is in block two I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one is in block two I can
+prove that transaction to destroy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that transaction to destroy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that transaction to destroy you
+know consumes transaction one and block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know consumes transaction one and block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know consumes transaction one and block
+five but you have to rely on me to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but you have to rely on me to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but you have to rely on me to give
+you that proof honestly right if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that proof honestly right if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that proof honestly right if I'm
+trying to cheat you and say oh yeah I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cheat you and say oh yeah I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cheat you and say oh yeah I've
+totally still got money I can't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally still got money I can't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally still got money I can't prove
+that it hasn't been deleted whereas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't been deleted whereas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't been deleted whereas with
+a you TXO set commitment if every block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you TXO set commitment if every block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you TXO set commitment if every block
+there was a total commitment to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a total commitment to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a total commitment to every
+you TX oh I could just say hey at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you TX oh I could just say hey at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you TX oh I could just say hey at at
+block six my output from transaction one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block six my output from transaction one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block six my output from transaction one
+it's still in there well it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in there well it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in there well it wouldn't be
+in this case but I could prove it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case but I could prove it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case but I could prove it at
+block four right they say hey look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block four right they say hey look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block four right they say hey look
+transaction one still in their block for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one still in their block for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction one still in their block for
+no longer there at block six depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer there at block six depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer there at block six depending
+on how you construct the you TXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you construct the you TXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you construct the you TXO
+commitment you may be able to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment you may be able to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment you may be able to provide
+non-inclusion proofs which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion proofs which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion proofs which is also
+really cool so for example if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool so for example if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool so for example if you had to
+be a Merkle tree if it was just in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Merkle tree if it was just in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Merkle tree if it was just in order
+insertion so like this is TX 1 this is T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so like this is TX 1 this is T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion so like this is TX 1 this is T
+X 2 this is TX 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 this is TX 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 2 this is TX 3
+and you make a Merkle tree that way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a Merkle tree that way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you make a Merkle tree that way then
+you cannot prove that something's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot prove that something's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot prove that something's not in
+it right so when TX 3 gets deleted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so when TX 3 gets deleted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so when TX 3 gets deleted and
+now TX 4 goes here TX five comes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now TX 4 goes here TX five comes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now TX 4 goes here TX five comes here
+you can't prove the TX 3 is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove the TX 3 is not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't prove the TX 3 is not there
+anymore in any real way however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in any real way however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore in any real way however if you
+sort them so that every time so now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so that every time so now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so that every time so now that
+like you sort them canonically so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you sort them canonically so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you sort them canonically so like
+by hash just like greater than less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hash just like greater than less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hash just like greater than less than
+and then the order gets all weird right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the order gets all weird right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the order gets all weird right
+so like now TX 5 is here and TX 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like now TX 5 is here and TX 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like now TX 5 is here and TX 6 is
+here because TX 5s hash is closer to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because TX 5s hash is closer to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because TX 5s hash is closer to 1
+and stuff like that then you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that then you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that then you can prove
+non-inclusion so then you can say hey TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion so then you can say hey TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion so then you can say hey TX
+3 is not here because TX 3 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is not here because TX 3 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is not here because TX 3 would be
+between 5 and 4 right just based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 5 and 4 right just based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 5 and 4 right just based on what
+the hash looks like and I can show you 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash looks like and I can show you 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash looks like and I can show you 5
+I'm gonna prove for it I can show you 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna prove for it I can show you 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna prove for it I can show you 4
+and approve 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approve 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approve 4
+I can show that these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show that these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can show that these two things are
+adjacent right in the tree and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent right in the tree and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent right in the tree and there's
+no three there and it would be there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no three there and it would be there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no three there and it would be there if
+it were you know if it existed it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were you know if it existed it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were you know if it existed it would
+it be right here and I can show this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be right here and I can show this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be right here and I can show this not
+there so then I have non-inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then I have non-inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so then I have non-inclusion
+proofs in the UT Exocet which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs in the UT Exocet which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs in the UT Exocet which could be
+used for some kind of fraud proof so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for some kind of fraud proof so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for some kind of fraud proof so if
+someone makes a transaction spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone makes a transaction spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone makes a transaction spending
+something you can say no look here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can say no look here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can say no look here's the
+last block here's the UT Exocet hash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block here's the UT Exocet hash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block here's the UT Exocet hash and
+here's a proof that this input doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a proof that this input doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a proof that this input doesn't
+exist so this must be an invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so this must be an invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so this must be an invalid
+transaction that would be really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that would be really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction that would be really cool
+too because then you could propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because then you could propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too because then you could propagate
+that on the network and sort of prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the network and sort of prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the network and sort of prove
+fraud so this is an idea that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud so this is an idea that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud so this is an idea that's been
+around for a long time I think maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time I think maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for a long time I think maybe the
+reason it hasn't yet been implemented is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it hasn't yet been implemented is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it hasn't yet been implemented is
+no one can really agree on exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one can really agree on exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one can really agree on exactly how
+to do it a lot of people are like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it a lot of people are like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it a lot of people are like yeah
+we should do that that would be cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should do that that would be cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should do that that would be cool
+yeah you can prove that cv security so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can prove that cv security so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can prove that cv security so
+one thing you could do with it is skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do with it is skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you could do with it is skip
+years of initial block download say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of initial block download say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of initial block download say I
+don't really care what happened from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care what happened from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really care what happened from
+2009 to 2015 I assume it was fine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 to 2015 I assume it was fine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 to 2015 I assume it was fine right
+I'm gonna start my synchronization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start my synchronization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna start my synchronization in
+2016 and just synchronized the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 and just synchronized the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 and just synchronized the last two
+years so I'll go get this UT EXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I'll go get this UT EXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so I'll go get this UT EXO
+commitment from 2000 end of 2015 I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment from 2000 end of 2015 I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment from 2000 end of 2015 I will
+then not just get the commitment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not just get the commitment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not just get the commitment but
+download a UT EXO snapshot from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a UT EXO snapshot from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a UT EXO snapshot from that
+time and then I'll check that it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'll check that it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then I'll check that it you
+know matches the commitment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matches the commitment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know matches the commitment of the
+committed UT Exocet hash and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed UT Exocet hash and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed UT Exocet hash and then I'll
+just start from there and go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start from there and go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start from there and go with the
+let you know and then become a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know and then become a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you know and then become a you know
+full node where I didn't check the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full node where I didn't check the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full node where I didn't check the first
+six years or something and that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years or something and that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years or something and that's this
+interesting mix of SPD security and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mix of SPD security and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mix of SPD security and
+regular full node security where and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular full node security where and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular full node security where and I
+think personally that's like probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think personally that's like probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think personally that's like probably
+okay right you if you only verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right you if you only verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right you if you only verify the
+last six months of signatures well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last six months of signatures well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last six months of signatures well if
+everyone's been wrong for six months we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's been wrong for six months we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's been wrong for six months we
+have bigger problems right like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bigger problems right like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bigger problems right like if
+there's some erroneous transaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some erroneous transaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some erroneous transaction in
+2015 and the entire networks been just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 and the entire networks been just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 and the entire networks been just
+extending for like three years without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reorganize blocks right because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize blocks right because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize blocks right because then
+then the miners have full control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the miners have full control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the miners have full control and
+the miners can just make up transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can just make up transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the miners can just make up transactions
+and if you really just say oh well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you really just say oh well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you really just say oh well the
+miners are doing the right thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners are doing the right thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miners are doing the right thing then
+they get a lot more power but if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a lot more power but if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a lot more power but if you say
+well other people are validating it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well other people are validating it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well other people are validating it in
+real time and I assume that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I assume that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time and I assume that that's the
+case and I'll validate six months worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'll validate six months worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'll validate six months worth
+of transactions so I'll pick up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions so I'll pick up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transactions so I'll pick up any
+errors in the last six months and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the last six months and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in the last six months and be
+able to report them but I will assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to report them but I will assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to report them but I will assume
+that after a certain amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after a certain amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after a certain amount of time
+pretty sure it's meant okay everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure it's meant okay everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure it's meant okay everyone
+else has been looking for this so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has been looking for this so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has been looking for this so that's
+that's a you know slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a you know slightly different
+model than full nodes but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model than full nodes but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model than full nodes but in practice
+not really because if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really because if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really because if you look at the
+code for Bitcoin today there's a assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for Bitcoin today there's a assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for Bitcoin today there's a assume
+valid which doesn't check signatures it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid which doesn't check signatures it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid which doesn't check signatures it
+sort of has a block hash and says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has a block hash and says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has a block hash and says okay
+anything before this don't stay don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before this don't stay don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything before this don't stay don't
+check signatures the developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check signatures the developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check signatures the developers
+themselves have said yeah this is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have said yeah this is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves have said yeah this is every
+signature before here's okay so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature before here's okay so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature before here's okay so you want
+to check the signatures which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the signatures which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check the signatures which is a
+little nicer that before they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nicer that before they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nicer that before they had
+checkpoints where it would just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints where it would just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints where it would just not
+validate anything before a certain block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate anything before a certain block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate anything before a certain block
+cache so you sort of already have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache so you sort of already have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache so you sort of already have things
+like that to speed up the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to speed up the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to speed up the initial
+synchronization process but but a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization process but but a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization process but but a you
+txo commitment would make it a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txo commitment would make it a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txo commitment would make it a lot more
+sort of decentralized because right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decentralized because right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of decentralized because right now
+it's just the programmers are like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the programmers are like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the programmers are like well
+you know this is last year everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is last year everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is last year everyone's
+validated it let's just you know hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated it let's just you know hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated it let's just you know hard
+code this into the code into the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this into the code into the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this into the code into the the
+client anyway so this is an idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client anyway so this is an idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client anyway so this is an idea the
+issues timing is probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues timing is probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues timing is probably one of the
+biggest issues if it's consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest issues if it's consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest issues if it's consensus
+critical then the miners need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical then the miners need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical then the miners need to put
+this into their blocks and miners also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into their blocks and miners also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into their blocks and miners also
+need to verify it when they get a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to verify it when they get a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to verify it when they get a block
+and adding even like a second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding even like a second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding even like a second to
+creating and verifying a block can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and verifying a block can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and verifying a block can
+centralized mining a bit because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized mining a bit because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized mining a bit because the
+idea is I want to be able to immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I want to be able to immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I want to be able to immediately
+start mining as soon as I see a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mining as soon as I see a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start mining as soon as I see a block
+because like a larger miner a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a larger miner a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like a larger miner a larger
+miner doesn't need to verify the block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner doesn't need to verify the block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miner doesn't need to verify the block
+that just came out right because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just came out right because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just came out right because they
+created it if they created a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it if they created a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it if they created a block
+themselves they know it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they know it's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves they know it's fine
+they build on top of it immediately with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build on top of it immediately with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they build on top of it immediately with
+zero you know zero propagation delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know zero propagation delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know zero propagation delay
+zero verification tool a smaller miners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero verification tool a smaller miners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero verification tool a smaller miners
+or mine are receiving that block have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mine are receiving that block have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or mine are receiving that block have to
+make sure it's correct before mining on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's correct before mining on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure it's correct before mining on
+top of it so adding even a one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it so adding even a one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it so adding even a one second
+creation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation there
+vacation delay is something that like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation delay is something that like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation delay is something that like a
+lot of the programmers like mmm you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the programmers like mmm you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the programmers like mmm you can
+get it done in like half a second maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it done in like half a second maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it done in like half a second maybe
+we're okay you know like we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay you know like we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay you know like we want this
+functionality but not at the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality but not at the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality but not at the cost of
+increasing that like that's the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing that like that's the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing that like that's the worst
+time to add something if you can defer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to add something if you can defer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to add something if you can defer
+it if you can say oh well you you needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you can say oh well you you needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you can say oh well you you needed
+you know verify this but you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know verify this but you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know verify this but you can do it
+after the fact or something then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact or something then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact or something then it's
+fine so this this I've ran up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so this this I've ran up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so this this I've ran up against
+this because I had this fun idea where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I had this fun idea where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I had this fun idea where
+you could have aggregation or signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have aggregation or signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have aggregation or signatures
+within a block and do it non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a block and do it non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a block and do it non
+interactively and it was really cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively and it was really cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactively and it was really cool and
+I'm pretty sure it works but it added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure it works but it added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure it works but it added
+like three seconds to block verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three seconds to block verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three seconds to block verification
+so that killed that idea so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that killed that idea so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that killed that idea so one of the
+issues yeah timing another issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues yeah timing another issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues yeah timing another issue
+is it does encourage more STV level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does encourage more STV level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it does encourage more STV level
+verification or you can sort of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or you can sort of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification or you can sort of see that
+a lot of people will now use this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will now use this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people will now use this method
+to not run a full node because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not run a full node because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not run a full node because they're
+like well I don't need and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I don't need and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I don't need and you know I
+can just get these compact proofs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get these compact proofs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get these compact proofs for
+all UTX O's whether inclusion or non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all UTX O's whether inclusion or non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all UTX O's whether inclusion or non
+inclusion so why run a full node I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion so why run a full node I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion so why run a full node I don't
+need to verify it because other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to verify it because other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to verify it because other people
+are you don't really want to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you don't really want to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you don't really want to encourage
+that because there's so much of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's so much of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's so much of that
+already also the biggest is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already also the biggest is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already also the biggest is probably
+there's got to be a better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a better way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a better way to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so there's all these different ideas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all these different ideas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all these different ideas on
+how to do it and they never seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and they never seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and they never seem to
+settle or converge on a single way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle or converge on a single way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle or converge on a single way so
+they're the main the three main ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the main the three main ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the main the three main ideas
+are sort of hash based you TXO sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of hash based you TXO sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of hash based you TXO sets
+elliptic curve based commitments in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve based commitments in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic curve based commitments in our
+essay based commitments so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay based commitments so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay based commitments so and and
+there's a lot of overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of overlap with
+accumulators in that you're sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators in that you're sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators in that you're sort of you
+know the UT EXO commitment could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the UT EXO commitment could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the UT EXO commitment could be the
+sort of route or the hash of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of route or the hash of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of route or the hash of the
+accumulator itself that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator itself that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator itself that you want to
+prove that something's in there approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that something's in there approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that something's in there approve
+that something not in there and the EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something not in there and the EC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something not in there and the EC
+one is the current one the SIP was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the current one the SIP was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the current one the SIP was
+looking at but I've never made sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at but I've never made sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at but I've never made sense to
+me because it's like trivially you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because it's like trivially you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because it's like trivially you can
+provide invalid Proops really easily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide invalid Proops really easily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide invalid Proops really easily so
+it's all trusted and but his idea as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all trusted and but his idea as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all trusted and but his idea as
+well let's say you have a node that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say you have a node that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say you have a node that you
+synced up and you want to sort of port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synced up and you want to sort of port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synced up and you want to sort of port
+that to somewhere else you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to somewhere else you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to somewhere else you can do that
+very compactly with an elliptic curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compactly with an elliptic curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compactly with an elliptic curve
+based you txoko commitment which is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you txoko commitment which is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you txoko commitment which is cool
+but you can't trust the inclusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't trust the inclusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't trust the inclusion or
+non-inclusion purrs and there's like RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion purrs and there's like RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion purrs and there's like RSA
+ones that also yeah so there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that also yeah so there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that also yeah so there's there
+some overlap there anyway it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overlap there anyway it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some overlap there anyway it's a pretty
+cool idea it's it's it does exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool idea it's it's it does exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool idea it's it's it does exist in
+aetherium which is just hash-based that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium which is just hash-based that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium which is just hash-based that
+Joe Bono sort of explains the tree thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Bono sort of explains the tree thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Bono sort of explains the tree thing
+they used but that doesn't provide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used but that doesn't provide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used but that doesn't provide for
+non-inclusion proofs which would be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion proofs which would be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inclusion proofs which would be fun
+so yeah so this is another research area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is another research area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so this is another research area
+any questions about UT EXO commitments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about UT EXO commitments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about UT EXO commitments
+there's a bunch of graham Cohen's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of graham Cohen's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of graham Cohen's like
+bit field thing have you seen that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit field thing have you seen that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit field thing have you seen that yes
+so that was a really interesting case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a really interesting case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a really interesting case of
+like in computer science terms it's o of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in computer science terms it's o of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in computer science terms it's o of
+n but he got it so that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but he got it so that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but he got it so that it's actually
+one bit per spent transaction output so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per spent transaction output so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per spent transaction output so
+the idea would be maintained at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be maintained at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be maintained at a
+maintained at T Exocet right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained at T Exocet right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained at T Exocet right so for
+every transaction output ever created in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction output ever created in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every transaction output ever created in
+order you have just bits right so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you have just bits right so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you have just bits right so if a
+transaction outputs created that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction outputs created that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction outputs created that's a
+bite and you leave it all as zeros when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and you leave it all as zeros when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite and you leave it all as zeros when
+they're unspent and when they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unspent and when they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unspent and when they have been
+spent you just set it to one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent you just set it to one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent you just set it to one and the
+thing is yeah there's like 70 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is yeah there's like 70 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is yeah there's like 70 million
+but that's if it's that well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's if it's that well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's if it's that well there's
+more there's like hundreds of millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's like hundreds of millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there's like hundreds of millions
+but if it's bits instead of bytes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's bits instead of bytes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's bits instead of bytes that's
+pretty small right it's like maybe 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small right it's like maybe 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small right it's like maybe 100
+megabytes if you have 800 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes if you have 800 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes if you have 800 million
+outputs ever and then you can quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs ever and then you can quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs ever and then you can quickly
+see on your hard drive ok this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on your hard drive ok this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on your hard drive ok this this
+outfit is advancement and you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit is advancement and you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit is advancement and you can like
+provide proofs and stuff so the the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide proofs and stuff so the the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide proofs and stuff so the the bit
+field thing was kind of an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field thing was kind of an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field thing was kind of an interesting
+where well okay it's o of n but one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where well okay it's o of n but one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where well okay it's o of n but one bit
+per object and you can sort of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per object and you can sort of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per object and you can sort of quickly
+sort between so these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort between so these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort between so these are some of the
+things that like I think that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that like I think that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that like I think that's it for
+today right and then what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right and then what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today right and then what's going to
+talk about covenants but that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about covenants but that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about covenants but that's another
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+so these are some of the like current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the like current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are some of the like current
+research issues in Bitcoin blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research issues in Bitcoin blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research issues in Bitcoin blockchain
+and cryptocurrency and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptocurrency and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptocurrency and there's lots of
+other topics these are some of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topics these are some of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topics these are some of the big
+ones I'm aware of and I know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I'm aware of and I know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I'm aware of and I know people
+working on yeah there's lots of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on yeah there's lots of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on yeah there's lots of ways to
+improve privacy scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve privacy scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve privacy scalability
+functionality it's certainly not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality it's certainly not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality it's certainly not like
+and sometimes people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes people say
+while bitcoin was made in 2009 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while bitcoin was made in 2009 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while bitcoin was made in 2009 and it's
+like you know version blockchain version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know version blockchain version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know version blockchain version
+1.0 and we need to make blockchain 4.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 and we need to make blockchain 4.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0 and we need to make blockchain 4.0
+or whatever and to some extent yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and to some extent yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and to some extent yeah
+bitcoin is annoying to change right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is annoying to change right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoin is annoying to change right it's
+difficult to change you got like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to change you got like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to change you got like the
+idea of a bridge node and you know can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a bridge node and you know can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a bridge node and you know can't
+we just start over it'd be so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just start over it'd be so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just start over it'd be so much
+easier in some cases yes it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in some cases yes it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier in some cases yes it would be
+nicer to start over but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to start over but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer to start over but that's sort of
+the challenge it's like wait can we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge it's like wait can we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge it's like wait can we make
+this system better but maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system better but maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system better but maintain
+backwards compatibility and so in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatibility and so in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards compatibility and so in a lot
+of cases like the accumulators or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases like the accumulators or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases like the accumulators or the
+client-side bloom filter checking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client-side bloom filter checking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client-side bloom filter checking it's
+not a fork at all right nobody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fork at all right nobody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fork at all right nobody has to
+know there's no change the miners don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no change the miners don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no change the miners don't
+have to change anything if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change anything if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change anything if you don't
+know about this new change you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this new change you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this new change you don't
+have to change anything and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change anything and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change anything and so they're
+totally optional ways to improve some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional ways to improve some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally optional ways to improve some of
+these things and that's like a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and that's like a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and that's like a fun
+challenge right you're given the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right you're given the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right you're given the system
+it's sort of like trying to improve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like trying to improve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like trying to improve an
+airplane while it's in flight where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane while it's in flight where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane while it's in flight where
+you're like okay I'm gonna you know make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like okay I'm gonna you know make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like okay I'm gonna you know make
+it faster make it better while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster make it better while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it faster make it better while it's
+lying we can't even land so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying we can't even land so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying we can't even land so yeah that
+definitely makes it harder but but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely makes it harder but but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely makes it harder but but other
+things are but what's also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are but what's also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are but what's also interesting
+is that there's not that many things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's not that many things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's not that many things in
+it that were that really requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that were that really requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that were that really requires
+starting over from scratch so I know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over from scratch so I know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting over from scratch so I know at
+the New York City like Bitcoin core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York City like Bitcoin core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York City like Bitcoin core
+developer meetup in March Bram Cohen who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer meetup in March Bram Cohen who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer meetup in March Bram Cohen who
+made BitTorrent he's making his own coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made BitTorrent he's making his own coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made BitTorrent he's making his own coin
+I guess now and it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess now and it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess now and it's kind of interesting
+because usually the the Bitcoin people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually the the Bitcoin people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually the the Bitcoin people
+don't like alt coins or are sort of wary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like alt coins or are sort of wary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like alt coins or are sort of wary
+of them and don't invite altcoin people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and don't invite altcoin people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and don't invite altcoin people
+to their events and stuff but Bram Cohen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their events and stuff but Bram Cohen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their events and stuff but Bram Cohen
+like invented BitTorrent so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like invented BitTorrent so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like invented BitTorrent so everyone
+sort of owes him in some spiritual way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owes him in some spiritual way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of owes him in some spiritual way
+like a couple thousand bucks for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple thousand bucks for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple thousand bucks for all the
+music and movies they've downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and movies they've downloaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and movies they've downloaded
+right so it's like olives for him you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like olives for him you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's like olives for him you
+know he helped us out so he comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he helped us out so he comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he helped us out so he comes to
+these things and he was asking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and he was asking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and he was asking at the
+thing in march okay asking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in march okay asking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in march okay asking a lot of
+people if you were gonna start Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you were gonna start Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you were gonna start Bitcoin
+over from scratch what would you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from scratch what would you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from scratch what would you change
+you know all the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the people who are
+programming this like four years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming this like four years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming this like four years and
+dealing with all the annoying problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all the annoying problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with all the annoying problems
+in it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it okay
+if you you know start over from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know start over from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know start over from scratch
+what code do you change or what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what code do you change or what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what code do you change or what sort of
+basic infrastructure things do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic infrastructure things do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic infrastructure things do you
+change in the system and there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the system and there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the system and there weren't
+that many right a lot of people like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many right a lot of people like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many right a lot of people like oh
+you know there's a little things like Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a little things like Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a little things like Oh
+get rid of the little silly op zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the little silly op zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the little silly op zero and
+multi say get rid of this or like change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi say get rid of this or like change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi say get rid of this or like change
+a couple these things but not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple these things but not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple these things but not a lot of
+like really fundamental changes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really fundamental changes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really fundamental changes people
+would want to have made some people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to have made some people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to have made some people were
+saying hey maybe instead of pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey maybe instead of pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey maybe instead of pointing
+based on TX ID be able to point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on TX ID be able to point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on TX ID be able to point like
+height and index you get a lot have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and index you get a lot have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and index you get a lot have a
+lot smaller there some different like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller there some different like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller there some different like
+opcode things but what was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode things but what was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opcode things but what was interesting
+is that it also it's a super biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it also it's a super biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it also it's a super biased
+sample and it's like if you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and it's like if you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and it's like if you're asking
+all the people who work on Bitcoin well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who work on Bitcoin well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who work on Bitcoin well
+yeah they sort of like how Bitcoin works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they sort of like how Bitcoin works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they sort of like how Bitcoin works
+or at least they've grown accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they've grown accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least they've grown accustomed to
+it so you might want to ask other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you might want to ask other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you might want to ask other people
+if you want to sort of think out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to sort of think out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to sort of think out of the
+box but there weren't a ton of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but there weren't a ton of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but there weren't a ton of major
+changes that people wanted to admit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that people wanted to admit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that people wanted to admit so
+it does seem that it's like a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem that it's like a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does seem that it's like a fairly
+well thought out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thought out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thought out
+you know base of a system that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know base of a system that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know base of a system that you know
+and I'd say the etherium design is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say the etherium design is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say the etherium design is the
+other design that's like very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design that's like very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design that's like very different
+right the account based versus you TXO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the account based versus you TXO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the account based versus you TXO
+base and a lot of the people work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and a lot of the people work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and a lot of the people work on
+Bitcoin think that account based is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin think that account based is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin think that account based is
+worse a lot of people maybe in aetherium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a lot of people maybe in aetherium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a lot of people maybe in aetherium
+case think UT exobase that's worse they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case think UT exobase that's worse they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case think UT exobase that's worse they
+they do app trade-off
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7BAChnLg8Co.txt b/7BAChnLg8Co.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a3934ccb75c44399cb411688a15d2f7c0ffa313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7BAChnLg8Co.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so be talking about my work for the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be talking about my work for the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be talking about my work for the past
+11 years so this has been certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years so this has been certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 years so this has been certainly
+exciting but it also was long in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting but it also was long in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting but it also was long in
+duration so we had to sort of stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so we had to sort of stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration so we had to sort of stick to
+the goal and I'll show you also a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal and I'll show you also a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal and I'll show you also a couple
+of things I mean most of this work has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I mean most of this work has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I mean most of this work has
+been possible because we have a team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible because we have a team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been possible because we have a team of
+people they contributed to both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they contributed to both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they contributed to both the
+design of the robot and the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the robot and the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the robot and the research
+we're doing on the robot so being freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing on the robot so being freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing on the robot so being freely
+drawing from the work of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from the work of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from the work of these other
+people just sighted them as the iCub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just sighted them as the iCub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just sighted them as the iCub
+team because I couldn't list everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team because I couldn't list everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team because I couldn't list everybody
+there but you see a picture later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you see a picture later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you see a picture later this
+shows how many people were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how many people were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how many people were actually
+involved in developing this robot so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in developing this robot so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in developing this robot so our
+let's say goal although we didn't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say goal although we didn't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say goal although we didn't start
+it like these is to build robots they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like these is to build robots they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like these is to build robots they
+can interact with people and maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with people and maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact with people and maybe one
+day be commercially available to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day be commercially available to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day be commercially available to be
+deployed in a household everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in a household everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed in a household everything we
+done is on the design of the robot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is on the design of the robot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is on the design of the robot has
+to do with a platform capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a platform capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with a platform capable of
+interacting with people in a natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with people in a natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with people in a natural way
+and and this is reflected in the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is reflected in the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is reflected in the shape
+of the robot that is humanoid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the robot that is humanoid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the robot that is humanoid it's
+reflected on the type of skills we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the type of skills we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected on the type of skills we try
+to implement on the robot and overall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement on the robot and overall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement on the robot and overall on
+the design the platform itself in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the platform itself in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design the platform itself in terms
+of strength in terms of sensors and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strength in terms of sensors and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strength in terms of sensors and so
+forth there was and let's say hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth there was and let's say hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth there was and let's say hidden
+reason we wanted to design a platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we wanted to design a platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we wanted to design a platform
+for research also some when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for research also some when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for research also some when we started
+we didn't think of a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't think of a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't think of a specific
+application our idea was to have a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application our idea was to have a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application our idea was to have a robot
+as complicated as possible to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complicated as possible to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as complicated as possible to give
+researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers
+the possibilities of doing whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities of doing whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities of doing whatever they
+like so the robot can walk as cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the robot can walk as cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the robot can walk as cameras
+tactile sensors it can manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile sensors it can manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile sensors it can manipulate
+objects we put a lot of effort into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we put a lot of effort into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we put a lot of effort into this
+design of the hands and it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the hands and it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of the hands and it's complicated
+and breaks often so it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaks often so it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breaks often so it's not necessarily
+the best platform but it's the I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best platform but it's the I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best platform but it's the I believe
+the only platform that can provide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only platform that can provide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only platform that can provide you
+with manipulation and at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manipulation and at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manipulation and at the same time
+with a sophisticated called motor system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sophisticated called motor system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sophisticated called motor system
+in the eyes and cameras and ma B doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eyes and cameras and ma B doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eyes and cameras and ma B doesn't
+give you lasers so you have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lasers so you have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you lasers so you have to do with
+their vision the result is this platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vision the result is this platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vision the result is this platform
+they show here this started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show here this started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show here this started as a
+European project so there was an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European project so there was an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European project so there was an initial
+funding that allowed for basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding that allowed for basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding that allowed for basically
+hiring people to design the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring people to design the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring people to design the mechanics
+and the electronics so the robot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electronics so the robot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electronics so the robot and
+unfortunately the robot is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the robot is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the robot is not very
+cheap we I mean the the overall we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap we I mean the the overall we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap we I mean the the overall we try
+to put the best components everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the best components everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the best components everywhere
+and this is reflected in the cost which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is reflected in the cost which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is reflected in the cost which
+doesn't help diffusion to certain extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help diffusion to certain extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help diffusion to certain extent
+in spite of these we managed to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of these we managed to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of these we managed to let's
+say cell which between quotes because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cell which between quotes because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cell which between quotes because we
+don't make any profit out of it 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any profit out of it 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make any profit out of it 30
+copies of the robot there's still two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the robot there's still two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the robot there's still two of
+them to be delivered this year so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be delivered this year so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be delivered this year so there
+are at the moment 28 around there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the moment 28 around there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at the moment 28 around there and
+four of them are in our lab and are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them are in our lab and are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of them are in our lab and are used
+daily by our researchers and and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily by our researchers and and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily by our researchers and and given
+the complexity of the platform we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of the platform we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of the platform we
+managed at best to build for robots per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed at best to build for robots per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed at best to build for robots per
+year and at best means that we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and at best means that we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and at best means that we're always
+late in constructions we're always late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in constructions we're always late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in constructions we're always late
+in fixing the robots and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixing the robots and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixing the robots and that's because
+I mean we are a research lab trying also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we are a research lab trying also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we are a research lab trying also
+to do to have these the same more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to have these the same more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to have these the same more
+commercial side or support side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial side or support side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial side or support side to the
+community of users which in fact doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of users which in fact doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of users which in fact doesn't
+work I mean you cannot ask your PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I mean you cannot ask your PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I mean you cannot ask your PhD
+students to go and fix a robot somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go and fix a robot somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to go and fix a robot somewhere
+in the world it was striking a bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world it was striking a bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world it was striking a bit the
+we managed to actually sell a robot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to actually sell a robot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to actually sell a robot in
+Japan and that's because you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and that's because you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan and that's because you know you
+see Japan as the place of human robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Japan as the place of human robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Japan as the place of human robots
+and having somebody asking a copy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having somebody asking a copy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having somebody asking a copy of our
+robot there it was a bit strange but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot there it was a bit strange but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot there it was a bit strange but
+nonetheless and the project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless and the project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless and the project is
+completely open source if you go to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open source if you go to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely open source if you go to our
+website you can download all the CAD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you can download all the CAD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website you can download all the CAD
+files for the mechanics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files for the mechanics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files for the mechanics for the
+electronics all the schematics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics all the schematics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics all the schematics and the
+entire software from the lowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire software from the lowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire software from the lowest possible
+level up to whatever latest research has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up to whatever latest research has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up to whatever latest research has
+been developed by our students why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed by our students why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed by our students why we
+think the robot is special as I said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the robot is special as I said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the robot is special as I said we
+wanted to have hands and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have hands and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have hands and we put
+considerable effort into the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable effort into the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable effort into the design of
+the hands there are nine motors driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands there are nine motors driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands there are nine motors driving
+each end and although there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end and although there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each end and although there are five
+fingers and 19 joints which means some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and 19 joints which means some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers and 19 joints which means some
+the joints are coupled so the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joints are coupled so the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joints are coupled so the actual
+dexterity of the kind is soul to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity of the kind is soul to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity of the kind is soul to be
+demonstrated but it it works to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated but it it works to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated but it it works to a
+certain extent there are so sensors it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent there are so sensors it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent there are so sensors it's
+entirely human-like we don't have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely human-like we don't have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely human-like we don't have for
+instance I say we don't have lasers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I say we don't have lasers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance I say we don't have lasers we
+don't have ultra sound or other fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have ultra sound or other fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have ultra sound or other fancy
+sensors that from an engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors that from an engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors that from an engineering
+standpoint can also be integrated but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint can also be integrated but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint can also be integrated but we
+decide to stick to certain subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to stick to certain subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to stick to certain subset of
+possible sensors there's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sensors there's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sensors there's one thing that
+I think is quite unique we managed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is quite unique we managed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is quite unique we managed a
+longer way to run a project to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer way to run a project to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer way to run a project to design
+tactile sensors and so I think it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile sensors and so I think it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile sensors and so I think it's this
+one of the few robots that are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few robots that are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few robots that are almost
+complete body coverage with tactile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete body coverage with tactile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete body coverage with tactile
+sensors there are about 4,000 sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors there are about 4,000 sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors there are about 4,000 sensing
+points in the latest version and we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the latest version and we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the latest version and we hope
+to be able to use them I mean you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use them I mean you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to use them I mean you'll see
+certain things that we start developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that we start developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that we start developing
+but for instance we there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for instance we there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for instance we there was a
+discussion about manipulation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about manipulation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about manipulation and the
+availability of tactile sensors we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of tactile sensors we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability of tactile sensors we just
+scratch the surface in that direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface in that direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface in that direction we
+haven't been able to do much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to do much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to do much more than
+that as I said II we designed also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I said II we designed also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I said II we designed also the
+electronics and the reason for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and the reason for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics and the reason for doing
+this was that wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that wanted to be able to
+program the very low level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the very low level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the very low level of the
+controller so the robot this didn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so the robot this didn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller so the robot this didn't pay
+off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for
+many years but a certain point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years but a certain point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years but a certain point we
+started doing tour control and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing tour control and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing tour control and we
+started hacking also the low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started hacking also the low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started hacking also the low level
+controllers of the brushless motors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers of the brushless motors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers of the brushless motors and
+so it paid off eventually because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it paid off eventually because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it paid off eventually because we
+that wouldn't be impossible without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be impossible without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be impossible without the
+ability to write the low level software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write the low level software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to write the low level software
+not that many people are modifying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many people are modifying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that many people are modifying that
+part of the software it's open-source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the software it's open-source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the software it's open-source
+also that part but it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that part but it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that part but it's very easy to
+burn your amplifiers if you don't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your amplifiers if you don't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn your amplifiers if you don't do the
+right thing at that level and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing at that level and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing at that level and the other
+thing is that as I said the platform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that as I said the platform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that as I said the platform is
+reproducible and the moment that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible and the moment that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible and the moment that our
+github repository well a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github repository well a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github repository well a number of
+github repositories which contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github repositories which contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github repositories which contain
+whatever some a few millions or lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever some a few millions or lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever some a few millions or lines of
+code whatever it means just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code whatever it means just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code whatever it means just means
+probably that a lot of students are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that a lot of students are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that a lot of students are just
+committing to the repository is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the repository is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the repository is not
+necessarily the software is super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the software is super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the software is super high
+quality at this point there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality at this point there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality at this point there are a few
+modules that are well maintained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are well maintained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are well maintained and
+that's the low-level interfaces which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the low-level interfaces which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the low-level interfaces which is
+something we do everything else can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we do everything else can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we do everything else can be
+all different in different ranges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different in different ranges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different in different ranges of
+readiness to be used in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readiness to be used in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readiness to be used in a sense
+well why humanoids the were illicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why humanoids the were illicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why humanoids the were illicit
+beginning scientific reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning scientific reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning scientific reasons one
+paraphrasing Rob Brooks paper helices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrasing Rob Brooks paper helices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraphrasing Rob Brooks paper helices on
+play chess a reason of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play chess a reason of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play chess a reason of you know
+developing intelligence in a robot era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing intelligence in a robot era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing intelligence in a robot era
+human-shaped may give an intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-shaped may give an intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-shaped may give an intelligence
+that is also comparable to humans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also comparable to humans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also comparable to humans but
+also provides the natural natural human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides the natural natural human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides the natural natural human
+robot interaction the fact that robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot interaction the fact that robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot interaction the fact that robot
+can move the eyes is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the eyes is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the eyes is very important for
+instance has a very simple face but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance has a very simple face but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance has a very simple face but it's
+effective in communicating something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in communicating something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in communicating something to
+the people the robot is interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the robot is interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people the robot is interacting with
+and also building a humanoid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also building a humanoid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also building a humanoid of the
+small size the robot is only a meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size the robot is only a meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size the robot is only a meter
+tall was very challenging from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall was very challenging from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall was very challenging from the
+mechatronics point of view so for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechatronics point of view so for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechatronics point of view so for us
+engineers was a lot of fun to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers was a lot of fun to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers was a lot of fun to the
+initial few years when we were designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial few years when we were designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial few years when we were designing
+every day was very very funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day was very very funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day was very very funny
+our a lot of satisfaction seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a lot of satisfaction seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a lot of satisfaction seeing that
+the robot was growing and being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot was growing and being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot was growing and being the
+eventually the fact that the platform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the fact that the platform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the fact that the platform is
+open-source I think it's also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source I think it's also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-source I think it's also important
+allows for repeating experiments across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for repeating experiments across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for repeating experiments across
+different in different locations so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different locations so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different locations so we
+can develop a piece of software and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a piece of software and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a piece of software and run
+exactly the same module somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same module somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same module somewhere else
+across the world and this may again give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world and this may again give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world and this may again give
+advantages in first of all debugging was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in first of all debugging was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in first of all debugging was
+a lot easier so many people complaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier so many people complaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot easier so many people complaining
+when we do when we did something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do when we did something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do when we did something wrong
+and allowed for also let's say shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed for also let's say shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allowed for also let's say shared
+development so building partnerships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so building partnerships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so building partnerships
+with many people mostly across Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many people mostly across Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many people mostly across Europe
+because there was funding available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was funding available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was funding available so
+for people to work together and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to work together and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to work together and and this
+may eventually enable better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may eventually enable better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may eventually enable better
+benchmarking and better quality of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking and better quality of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking and better quality of what
+we do as part of the project we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do as part of the project we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do as part of the project we also
+develop middleware so maybe you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop middleware so maybe you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop middleware so maybe you may
+think we've been a bit crazy we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've been a bit crazy we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've been a bit crazy we went
+from the mechanical design to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mechanical design to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mechanical design to the
+research on the robot and passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the robot and passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the robot and passing
+through the software development but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the software development but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the software development but
+actually this was a middleware that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was a middleware that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this was a middleware that was
+started before Ross even existed and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started before Ross even existed and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started before Ross even existed and in
+fact it was a piece of my work at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it was a piece of my work at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it was a piece of my work at MIT
+with a couple of the students there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of the students there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of the students there in
+2001 2002 so the first version actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 2002 so the first version actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 2002 so the first version actually
+ran on cog and run on KNX a real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran on cog and run on KNX a real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran on cog and run on KNX a real-time
+operating system later we did a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system later we did a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system later we did a major
+porting to Linux and Windows and Mac OS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porting to Linux and Windows and Mac OS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porting to Linux and Windows and Mac OS
+which so we'd never committed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so we'd never committed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so we'd never committed to a
+single version and that because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single version and that because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single version and that because we had
+this community of developers from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community of developers from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community of developers from from
+the very beginning and there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning and there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning and there was no
+agreement on what development tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on what development tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on what development tool to
+use and so we say why don't we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so we say why don't we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and so we say why don't we cover
+almost everything in this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything in this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everything in this part of the
+software is actually very solid at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is actually very solid at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is actually very solid at the
+moment that this has been you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that this has been you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that this has been you know
+growing not in size but in in quality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing not in size but in in quality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing not in size but in in quality in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+so the interfaces remain practically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interfaces remain practically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the interfaces remain practically the
+same and I think the low-level byte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I think the low-level byte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and I think the low-level byte
+coding or the messages passing across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or the messages passing across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or the messages passing across
+the network didn't change since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network didn't change since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network didn't change since the
+clock time everything else changed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock time everything else changed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock time everything else changed is
+completely new implementation now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new implementation now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new implementation now and
+butter has portability so as I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter has portability so as I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter has portability so as I say the
+this was a sort of requirement from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a sort of requirement from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a sort of requirement from the
+researchers not to commit to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers not to commit to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers not to commit to anything
+and so we have you know developers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have you know developers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have you know developers using
+Visual Studio on Windows or maybe using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual Studio on Windows or maybe using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Visual Studio on Windows or maybe using
+GCC in Windows and other developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC in Windows and other developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCC in Windows and other developers
+running whatever IDE available on Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running whatever IDE available on Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running whatever IDE available on Linux
+or Mac OS and this worked pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mac OS and this worked pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Mac OS and this worked pretty well
+and there's also language portability we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also language portability we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also language portability we
+can link so all these middleware is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can link so all these middleware is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can link so all these middleware is just
+a set of libraries so we can link the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of libraries so we can link the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of libraries so we can link the
+libraries against any language and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries against any language and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries against any language and so we
+have bindings for whatever Java Perl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bindings for whatever Java Perl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bindings for whatever Java Perl
+MATLAB and a bunch of other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB and a bunch of other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB and a bunch of other languages
+and this helped researchers also to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this helped researchers also to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this helped researchers also to do
+some rapid prototyping maybe using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rapid prototyping maybe using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rapid prototyping maybe using
+Python and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python and so forth
+they said that the project's open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that the project's open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that the project's open source
+so you'll find if you go to the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find if you go to the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll find if you go to the website
+this emmanuel not particularly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emmanuel not particularly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this emmanuel not particularly well
+taken care of it works at least it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of it works at least it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken care of it works at least it works
+with with our students so it should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with our students so it should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with our students so it should work
+for everybody and but they're also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody and but they're also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everybody and but they're also the
+drawings so you can go with drawings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings so you can go with drawings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings so you can go with drawings
+like those too mechanical workshop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those too mechanical workshop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those too mechanical workshop and
+you get the parts in return and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the parts in return and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the parts in return and then
+from those you can also figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those you can also figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those you can also figure out how
+to assemble the components although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assemble the components although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assemble the components although it's
+not super easy it's not something you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super easy it's not something you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super easy it's not something you do
+just because you have the drawings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you have the drawings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you have the drawings you
+do in your basement I mean one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your basement I mean one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in your basement I mean one of the
+groups in one of our projects try doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in one of our projects try doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in one of our projects try doing
+that and I think they stopped after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think they stopped after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I think they stopped after
+building part of an arm and maybe part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building part of an arm and maybe part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building part of an arm and maybe part
+of a leg that I mean was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a leg that I mean was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a leg that I mean was very
+challenging for them and you need a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for them and you need a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for them and you need a very
+I say a proper worshop for building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say a proper worshop for building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say a proper worshop for building the
+components so it takes time anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so it takes time anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so it takes time anyway
+continuing on the sensors I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing on the sensors I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing on the sensors I mentioned
+that we have skin and I'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have skin and I'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have skin and I'll show you a
+bit more about that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about that in a moment
+but we also have four source sensors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have four source sensors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have four source sensors in
+gyroscopes and accelerometers so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes and accelerometers so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopes and accelerometers so if you
+take all these pieces and you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these pieces and you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these pieces and you put them
+together you can actually sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can actually sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can actually sense
+interaction forces with the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction forces with the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction forces with the environment
+and if you can sense the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can sense the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can sense the interaction
+forces you can make the robot compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you can make the robot compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces you can make the robot compliant
+and this has been an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has been an important
+development across the past few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development across the past few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development across the past few years
+that are allowed the robot to move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are allowed the robot to move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are allowed the robot to move from
+position control to torque control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position control to torque control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position control to torque control and
+this has been needed again to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been needed again to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been needed again to go in the
+direction of human robot interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of human robot interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of human robot interaction and
+so that these are standard for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are standard for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that these are standard for sort of
+sensors although we designed them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors although we designed them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors although we designed them as
+usual we spent some time in designed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we spent some time in designed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we spent some time in designed the
+sensors and this was a reason of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and this was a reason of cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and this was a reason of cost
+the equivalent six axial force sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent six axial force sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent six axial force sensor
+commercially cost I don't know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially cost I don't know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially cost I don't know five
+thousand bucks and we managed to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bucks and we managed to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bucks and we managed to build
+it for one thousand so it's maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for one thousand so it's maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for one thousand so it's maybe it's
+not as super rock-solid as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as super rock-solid as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as super rock-solid as the
+commercial component but it works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial component but it works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial component but it works well
+in about the skin this was a sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about the skin this was a sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about the skin this was a sensing
+modality that wasn't available and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality that wasn't available and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modality that wasn't available and again
+we managed to get funding for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to get funding for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we managed to get funding for actually
+running a project for three years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a project for three years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a project for three years the
+design the scheme for the robot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the scheme for the robot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the scheme for the robot and we
+thought it was a trivial problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a trivial problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a trivial problem because
+at the beginning of the project we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the project we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the project we
+already had the idea of using capacitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had the idea of using capacitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had the idea of using capacitive
+sensing and we actually had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and we actually had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing and we actually had the
+prototype and we say oh it's 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and we say oh it's 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype and we say oh it's 3d
+elderness we spent three years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderness we spent three years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderness we spent three years to
+actually engineer it to make it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engineer it to make it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engineer it to make it work
+appropriately on the robot so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately on the robot so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately on the robot so the idea
+is three deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three deal
+so since capita capacitive sensing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since capita capacitive sensing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since capita capacitive sensing is
+available for cell phones we thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for cell phones we thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for cell phones we thought of
+moving that into a version that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that into a version that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that into a version that would
+work for the robot there were two issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the robot there were two issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for the robot there were two issues
+first of all the robot is not flat so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the robot is not flat so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the robot is not flat so we
+can just stick cell phones on the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stick cell phones on the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just stick cell phones on the robot
+body to attain tactile sensing so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body to attain tactile sensing so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body to attain tactile sensing so we had
+to make everything flexib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make everything flexib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make everything flexib
+so they can be conformed to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can be conformed to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can be conformed to the surface
+of the robot the other thing is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the robot the other thing is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the robot the other thing is that the
+cell phones only sends objects that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones only sends objects that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones only sends objects that are
+electrically conductive that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically conductive that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrically conductive that's because
+the way the sensor is designed so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the sensor is designed so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the sensor is designed so we had
+to change that because the robot might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that because the robot might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change that because the robot might
+be hitting objects that are not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hitting objects that are not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hitting objects that are not there
+are plastic for instance so what we done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plastic for instance so what we done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plastic for instance so what we done
+was to actually build the capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to actually build the capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to actually build the capacitors
+over two layers this an outer layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two layers this an outer layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two layers this an outer layer and
+a set of sensors that are etched on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of sensors that are etched on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of sensors that are etched on a
+flexible PCB they're shown there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible PCB they're shown there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible PCB they're shown there and
+what the sensor measures is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor measures is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sensor measures is actually the
+deflection of the outer layer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the outer layer which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the outer layer which is
+conductive towards the sensors and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive towards the sensors and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductive towards the sensors and in
+between we have another flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we have another flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we have another flexible
+material and that's another part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and that's another part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and that's another part of the
+reason why it took so long we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it took so long we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why it took so long we started
+with materials like silicon that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with materials like silicon that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with materials like silicon that were
+very nice but unfortunately they degrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice but unfortunately they degrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice but unfortunately they degrade
+very quickly so we ended up running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so we ended up running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly so we ended up running
+sensors for a couple of months and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors for a couple of months and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors for a couple of months and then
+all of a sudden they started failing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they started failing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they started failing or
+changing the measurement properties we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the measurement properties we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the measurement properties we
+didn't know why we started investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know why we started investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know why we started investigating
+the all possible materials until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all possible materials until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all possible materials until we
+found one that was actually working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one that was actually working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one that was actually working well
+the other solution we had to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other solution we had to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other solution we had to basically
+design was the shape of the flexible PCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design was the shape of the flexible PCB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design was the shape of the flexible PCB
+so we had the challenge of taking four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had the challenge of taking four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had the challenge of taking four
+thousand sensors and bringing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand sensors and bringing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand sensors and bringing all the
+signals somewhere to the main CPU inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals somewhere to the main CPU inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals somewhere to the main CPU inside
+the robot and and of course you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot and and of course you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot and and of course you cannot
+just connect four thousand wires so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect four thousand wires so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just connect four thousand wires so what
+we've done on the back side of the PCB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done on the back side of the PCB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done on the back side of the PCB
+this is actually a routing for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a routing for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a routing for all the
+sensors from one triangle to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors from one triangle to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors from one triangle to the next
+until you get to digitizing unions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to digitizing unions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to digitizing unions and
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+each triangle digitizes all signals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each triangle digitizes all signals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each triangle digitizes all signals and
+they travel digital foreign from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel digital foreign from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they travel digital foreign from one
+triangle to the next until the reach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle to the next until the reach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle to the next until the reach and
+microcontroller that takes all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller that takes all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcontroller that takes all these
+numbers and sends them to the main CPU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and sends them to the main CPU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and sends them to the main CPU
+and this says the connection side so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this says the connection side so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this says the connection side so it
+actually enables the installation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enables the installation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually enables the installation of the
+skin on the robot so this is a they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin on the robot so this is a they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin on the robot so this is a they say
+industrialized version of the skin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized version of the skin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialized version of the skin and
+that's a customization we done for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a customization we done for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a customization we done for a
+barrette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrette
+and those are part of the scheme for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are part of the scheme for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are part of the scheme for the
+iCub so the components that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iCub so the components that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iCub so the components that we just
+screw onto the akka body and to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw onto the akka body and to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw onto the akka body and to send
+make them or to make the iCub sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them or to make the iCub sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them or to make the iCub sensitive
+this is another solution which is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another solution which is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another solution which is again
+capacitive for the fingertips simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive for the fingertips simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive for the fingertips simply
+because the triangle was too big too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triangle was too big too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the triangle was too big too
+large for it the size of the iCub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for it the size of the iCub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large for it the size of the iCub
+fingertips but principles exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips but principles exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertips but principles exactly the
+same it was just more difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it was just more difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it was just more difficult to
+design them this flexible materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design them this flexible materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design them this flexible materials
+because they they just more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they just more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they just more complicated
+to fabricate on those small sizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fabricate on those small sizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fabricate on those small sizes and
+the result when you combine the force or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result when you combine the force or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result when you combine the force or
+sensors and the tactile sensors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and the tactile sensors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and the tactile sensors is
+something like this which is a compliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which is a compliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which is a compliant
+controller on the iCub where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the iCub where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller on the iCub where you can
+just push the robot around this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push the robot around this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push the robot around this is a
+zero gravity modality so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gravity modality so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero gravity modality so you can just
+push the robot around and move it freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the robot around and move it freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the robot around and move it freely
+and this has to be compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has to be compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has to be compared to the
+complete stiffness in case you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete stiffness in case you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete stiffness in case you do
+position control and another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position control and another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position control and another thing that
+is enabled by force control is teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabled by force control is teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabled by force control is teaching
+my demonstration this is a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my demonstration this is a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my demonstration this is a trivial
+experiment we just recorded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we just recorded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we just recorded the
+trajectory and repeated exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and repeated exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and repeated exactly the same
+trajectory so it's not it's not I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so it's not it's not I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so it's not it's not I mean
+you can do learning on top of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do learning on top of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do learning on top of that but
+we haven't done it it's just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done it it's just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done it it's just to show
+that the fattie can control the robot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fattie can control the robot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fattie can control the robot in
+torque mode enables these type of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque mode enables these type of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque mode enables these type of tasks
+so teaching a new trajectory was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teaching a new trajectory was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teaching a new trajectory was never
+seen by the robot there's another less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by the robot there's another less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen by the robot there's another less
+trivial a thing you can do since we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial a thing you can do since we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial a thing you can do since we can
+sense external forces you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense external forces you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense external forces you can do
+something like this which is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this which is we can
+build a controller where you keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a controller where you keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a controller where you keep the
+robot compliant you impose certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot compliant you impose certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot compliant you impose certain
+constraints on the center of mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the center of mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the center of mass and
+the angular momentum and keep the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum and keep the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum and keep the robot
+basically stable in a configuration like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stable in a configuration like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stable in a configuration like
+this one in spite of external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in spite of external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in spite of external forces
+being in this case generated by a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in this case generated by a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in this case generated by a person
+these are this is part of a project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is part of a project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is part of a project is
+basically try to make the iCub walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically try to make the iCub walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically try to make the iCub walk
+more or less efficiently and as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less efficiently and as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less efficiently and as part of
+the project we actually also redesign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project we actually also redesign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project we actually also redesign
+the ankles or the robot because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankles or the robot because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ankles or the robot because
+initially we didn't think of bipedal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we didn't think of bipedal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we didn't think of bipedal
+walking and so they weren't strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking and so they weren't strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking and so they weren't strong
+enough to support the the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to support the the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to support the the weight of the
+robot and this is basically the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and this is basically the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and this is basically the same the
+same stuff that was shown on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff that was shown on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff that was shown on the on the
+previous videos just same combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous videos just same combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous videos just same combination of
+tactile and force or sensing used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile and force or sensing used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactile and force or sensing used to
+estimate contact forces we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate contact forces we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate contact forces we actually
+added two more force or sensors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added two more force or sensors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added two more force or sensors in the
+ankles so we have six overall here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankles so we have six overall here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ankles so we have six overall here and
+this version of the problem now as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of the problem now as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version of the problem now as part
+to this we also played a bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we also played a bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this we also played a bit with
+machine learning and this the fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and this the fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and this the fact we
+okay for mapping the tactile information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for mapping the tactile information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for mapping the tactile information
+and for sensor information to the joints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for sensor information to the joints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for sensor information to the joints
+since they're not localized on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're not localized on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they're not localized on the
+joints to the robot we have and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints to the robot we have and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints to the robot we have and also for
+separating what we measuring with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating what we measuring with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating what we measuring with the
+sensors from the forces generated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors from the forces generated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors from the forces generated by the
+movement of the robot by internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the robot by internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the robot by internal
+dynamics we have to have information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics we have to have information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics we have to have information
+about the probable dynamics and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probable dynamics and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probable dynamics and this is
+something we can do or we can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can do or we can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can do or we can build a
+model for using machine learning since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for using machine learning since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for using machine learning since
+we have measurements from the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have measurements from the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have measurements from the joint
+position velocities and accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position velocities and accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position velocities and accelerations
+and the torques measured from the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the torques measured from the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the torques measured from the four
+store sensors we can compute the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store sensors we can compute the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store sensors we can compute the robot
+dynamics and this can be done either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and this can be done either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and this can be done either
+using pre say computed model from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pre say computed model from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using pre say computed model from the
+card or from learning the model via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card or from learning the model via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card or from learning the model via
+machine learning and so we collect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and so we collect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning and so we collect a
+data set on the iCub in this case was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set on the iCub in this case was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set on the iCub in this case was a
+data set for the arm for a first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set for the arm for a first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set for the arm for a first four
+joints we didn't do anything from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints we didn't do anything from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joints we didn't do anything from the
+wrist and in this case we used we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist and in this case we used we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist and in this case we used we sort
+of customized a specific method which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customized a specific method which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customized a specific method which is
+Gaussian processes to be incremental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian processes to be incremental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian processes to be incremental and
+also to be computationally bounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be computationally bounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be computationally bounded in
+time so we wanted to avoid dysplasia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we wanted to avoid dysplasia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we wanted to avoid dysplasia of
+the computational time due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational time due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computational time due to the
+increase in the number of samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the number of samples
+and this was well was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was well was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was well was basically
+interesting piece of work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of work because
+everything we do on the robot if is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do on the robot if is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do on the robot if is
+inserted in a control loop as to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted in a control loop as to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted in a control loop as to have a
+predictable computation time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable computation time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable computation time and
+possibly limited enough so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly limited enough so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly limited enough so that we can
+run the control loop reasonable rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the control loop reasonable rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the control loop reasonable rates
+and this is some of the results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some of the results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some of the results and
+actually we also compare with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we also compare with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we also compare with sort of
+other existing metals this is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other existing metals this is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other existing metals this is just to
+show that the metal we developed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the metal we developed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the metal we developed which
+uses an approximated Colonel works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an approximated Colonel works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses an approximated Colonel works
+pretty much as as well as standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much as as well as standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much as as well as standard
+Gaussian process regression in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian process regression in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian process regression in this case
+and worse much better than other metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse much better than other metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and worse much better than other metals
+from the literature this was just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the literature this was just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the literature this was just to
+have a rough idea that this was entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea that this was entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea that this was entirely
+doable also by shaping the kernel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable also by shaping the kernel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable also by shaping the kernel is
+possible to compensate for temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to compensate for temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to compensate for temperature
+drifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts
+fortunately the force or sensors tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the force or sensors tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately the force or sensors tend to
+change response due to temperature not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change response due to temperature not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change response due to temperature not
+that the lab is changing temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lab is changing temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lab is changing temperature but
+often the electronics itself is heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the electronics itself is heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the electronics itself is heating
+up around the robot so it's making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up around the robot so it's making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up around the robot so it's making the
+sensor read something different and but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor read something different and but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor read something different and but
+is possible to show that a game through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible to show that a game through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible to show that a game through
+learning you can build the compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you can build the compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning you can build the compensation
+also for the temperature variations just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the temperature variations just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for the temperature variations just
+by shaping the kernel to include a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shaping the kernel to include a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shaping the kernel to include a term
+that depends on time this one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time this one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on time this one example of
+how we done machine learning on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we done machine learning on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we done machine learning on the
+robot although the problem is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot although the problem is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot although the problem is fairly
+simple problem there is more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem there is more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem there is more complicated
+is learning about objects so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learning about objects so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learning about objects so in the
+scenario we targeting is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we targeting is shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we targeting is shown here
+where we have basically a person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have basically a person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have basically a person that
+can speak to the robot tell the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can speak to the robot tell the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can speak to the robot tell the robot
+there is new object and robots acquiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is new object and robots acquiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is new object and robots acquiring
+images and we hope to be able to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and we hope to be able to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and we hope to be able to learn
+about objects from just from this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects from just from this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about objects from just from this type
+of images this is a maybe the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images this is a maybe the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images this is a maybe the most
+difficult situation we can also lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation we can also lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation we can also lie
+objects on the table and just tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects on the table and just tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects on the table and just tell the
+robot to look at specific objects and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to look at specific objects and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to look at specific objects and so
+forth again the speech interface is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth again the speech interface is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth again the speech interface is it's
+nice because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because you
+can basically also attach labels to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically also attach labels to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically also attach labels to the
+objects that are what is seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are what is seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are what is seeing the
+metals we tried in the recent past we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals we tried in the recent past we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals we tried in the recent past we've
+done we basically applied sparks coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we basically applied sparks coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we basically applied sparks coding
+and and then regularized least square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then regularized least square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then regularized least square
+for classification this was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classification this was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for classification this was basically
+how we started a couple of years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started a couple of years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we started a couple of years ago and
+more recently we used an off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently we used an off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently we used an off-the-shelf
+configuration convolution sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration convolution sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration convolution sorry
+convolutional neural network and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional neural network and again
+the classifiers are linear classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers are linear classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classifiers are linear classifiers
+and these I mean as proved to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these I mean as proved to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these I mean as proved to work
+particularly well but also since we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well but also since we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well but also since we are
+on the robot we can say play tricks one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the robot we can say play tricks one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the robot we can say play tricks one
+trick that is easy to apply and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that is easy to apply and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that is easy to apply and it's
+very effective is actually you see in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective is actually you see in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective is actually you see in an
+object but you don't have a single frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you don't have a single frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you don't have a single frame
+you can actually take subsequent frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually take subsequent frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually take subsequent frames
+because the robot may be observing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the robot may be observing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the robot may be observing the
+robot the object for a few moments four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the object for a few moments four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the object for a few moments four
+seconds whatever and in fact there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds whatever and in fact there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds whatever and in fact there's an
+improvement that is shown this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement that is shown this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement that is shown this plot
+there the one on to the right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the one on to the right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the one on to the right if you
+increase the I say the number of seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the I say the number of seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the I say the number of seconds
+you are allowed to observe the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are allowed to observe the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are allowed to observe the object
+you improve also performance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve also performance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you improve also performance and the
+plot is over the number of classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is over the number of classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is over the number of classes
+because we also like to improve on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we also like to improve on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we also like to improve on the
+number of classes there are robots can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of classes there are robots can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of classes there are robots can
+actually recognize and which was limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognize and which was limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recognize and which was limited
+until let's say a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until let's say a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until let's say a couple of years ago
+but now with all these new deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with all these new deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with all these new deep learning
+stuff seems to be improving quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff seems to be improving quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff seems to be improving quite a lot
+and that this are experiments in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this are experiments in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this are experiments in that
+direction there's another thing that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there's another thing that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction there's another thing that can
+be done which is try to see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done which is try to see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done which is try to see what happens
+if we have since we have again the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have since we have again the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have since we have again the robot
+interacting with people for entire days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with people for entire days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with people for entire days
+if we collect images in different days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we collect images in different days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we collect images in different days
+and and then we can play with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we can play with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we can play with different
+conditions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on the
+stinkies so for instance the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stinkies so for instance the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stinkies so for instance the different
+plots here show what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots here show what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots here show what happens if you
+train and test on the current day so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and test on the current day so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and test on the current day so you
+train cumulatively on up to four days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train cumulatively on up to four days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train cumulatively on up to four days
+and you test on the last day only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you test on the last day only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you test on the last day only and
+you see of course performance improve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see of course performance improve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see of course performance improve as
+you increase the train set conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the train set conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the train set conditions
+may be slightly different from one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be slightly different from one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be slightly different from one day
+to the next light may have changed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next light may have changed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next light may have changed just
+because it was more more a sunny day or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was more more a sunny day or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was more more a sunny day or
+a cloudy day and the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cloudy day and the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cloudy day and the the other
+conditions are to test also on past days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are to test also on past days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are to test also on past days
+or to test on future days so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to test on future days so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to test on future days so where
+conditions may may have changed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions may may have changed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions may may have changed a lot
+and in fact performance is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact performance is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact performance is slightly
+worse in that situation okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in that situation okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in that situation okay and this is
+a video that shows basically the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video that shows basically the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video that shows basically the robot
+training and some of the experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and some of the experiment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and some of the experiment on
+testing how the robot world perceives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing how the robot world perceives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing how the robot world perceives a
+number of objects and fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of objects and fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of objects and fortunately
+there's no speech here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no speech here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no speech here but it's
+basically a person talking to the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a person talking to the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a person talking to the robot
+and telling the robot world what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and telling the robot world what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and telling the robot world what is the
+name for the specific object then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the specific object then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for the specific object then
+putting another object there drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting another object there drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting another object there drawing the
+robot attention to the object and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot attention to the object and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot attention to the object and again
+telling name this is the Lego becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling name this is the Lego becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling name this is the Lego becomes
+faster in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then you can continue training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can continue training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can continue training
+basically like that and in the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like that and in the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like that and in the video
+shows also testing while showing a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows also testing while showing a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows also testing while showing a bunch
+of objects simultaneously to the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we simply click on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we simply click on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we simply click on one of the
+objects to draw the robot attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to draw the robot attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects to draw the robot attention and
+on the plot there you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plot there you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plot there you see the
+probability that given objects being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that given objects being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that given objects being
+recognized as the correct one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as the correct one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as the correct one okay
+I think of to cut this short because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of to cut this short because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of to cut this short because I'm
+running out of time another thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time another thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time another thing I
+wanted to show you is basically now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you is basically now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you is basically now we
+have these ability to control the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these ability to control the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these ability to control the robot
+we have the ability to recognize objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ability to recognize objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the ability to recognize objects
+we also have the ability to grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have the ability to grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have the ability to grasp
+objects in this something that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in this something that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in this something that uses
+stereo vision and in this case what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo vision and in this case what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereo vision and in this case what we
+wanted to do is to present an object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is to present an object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is to present an object to
+the robot no prior knowledge about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot no prior knowledge about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot no prior knowledge about the
+shape of the object we take a snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the object we take a snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the object we take a snapshot
+we reconstruct a stereo pair we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reconstruct a stereo pair we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reconstruct a stereo pair we
+reconstruct the object in 3d and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the object in 3d and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the object in 3d and and
+then we apply optimization constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we apply optimization constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we apply optimization constraint
+optimization to figure out a plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to figure out a plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to figure out a plausible
+location for the palm of the hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for the palm of the hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for the palm of the hand and
+then that will maximize the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will maximize the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will maximize the ability to
+grasp the object by closing the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp the object by closing the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp the object by closing the finger
+around that particular position thus our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that particular position thus our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that particular position thus our
+let's say definition of power grasp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say definition of power grasp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say definition of power grasp so
+put a part of the hand of the robot in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a part of the hand of the robot in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a part of the hand of the robot in a
+region of the object that has a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the object that has a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the object that has a surface
+which has a similar shape or a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a similar shape or a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a similar shape or a similar
+size of the firm itself and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the firm itself and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the firm itself and with the
+orientation is compatible with the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation is compatible with the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation is compatible with the local
+orientation of the surface and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the surface and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the surface and this
+works we mixed results so it works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we mixed results so it works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works we mixed results so it works with
+certain objects doesn't work always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects doesn't work always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects doesn't work always
+there are objects that are in Sycamore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are objects that are in Sycamore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are objects that are in Sycamore
+difficult for this procedure so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for this procedure so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for this procedure so some of
+them will only be grasped with 65%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will only be grasped with 65%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will only be grasped with 65%
+probability which is not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability which is not super
+satisfactory if you run long experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory if you run long experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory if you run long experiments
+you want to grasp three four objects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to grasp three four objects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to grasp three four objects you
+start seeing failures it becomes boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing failures it becomes boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing failures it becomes boring
+to actually do the experiments these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do the experiments these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually do the experiments these are
+so works well for soft objects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so works well for soft objects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so works well for soft objects for
+instance as expected we moved a bit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance as expected we moved a bit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance as expected we moved a bit into
+the direction of using the tactile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of using the tactile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of using the tactile
+sensors and but at this point we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and but at this point we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors and but at this point we only
+been able to try to characterize forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to try to characterize forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to try to characterize forces
+out to the force of the tactile sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the force of the tactile sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the force of the tactile sensor
+measurements so we basically taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so we basically taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements so we basically taking the
+fingertip we have twelve sensors and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertip we have twelve sensors and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertip we have twelve sensors and we
+trying to and this is another case we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to and this is another case we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to and this is another case we we
+apply machine learning trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply machine learning trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply machine learning trying to
+reconstruct the force direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the force direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the force direction and
+intensity from the tactile sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity from the tactile sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity from the tactile sensor
+measurements and this basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and this basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and this basically the
+procedure is a we take the sensor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is a we take the sensor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is a we take the sensor we
+move over a six axial force or sensor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move over a six axial force or sensor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move over a six axial force or sensor we
+take the data and we approximate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data and we approximate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the data and we approximate this
+again with the Gaussian process just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the Gaussian process just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the Gaussian process just one
+last video if I can okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last video if I can okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last video if I can okay so basically
+put together all these skills we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together all these skills we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together all these skills we may be
+able to do something useful with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do something useful with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do something useful with the
+robot in this case the video shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot in this case the video shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot in this case the video shows a
+task with a robot a screen table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task with a robot a screen table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task with a robot a screen table and
+it's actually using the grass component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually using the grass component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually using the grass component
+and in the ability to move the object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the ability to move the object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the ability to move the object to
+see the object recognize them and draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the object recognize them and draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the object recognize them and draws
+them and put them at the given location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put them at the given location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and put them at the given location
+which was pre specified in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was pre specified in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was pre specified in this case so
+it's not recognized this container is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not recognized this container is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not recognized this container is
+just putting things there and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting things there and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just putting things there and there's
+one last skill that I didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last skill that I didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last skill that I didn't have time
+to talk about which is recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about which is recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about which is recognizing
+certain objects as tools in one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects as tools in one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects as tools in one specific
+object like this one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an object like to here can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object like to here can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object like to here can actually be
+used for pulling another object closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for pulling another object closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for pulling another object closer
+and and this again something that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this again something that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this again something that can be
+done through a learning so we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done through a learning so we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done through a learning so we learned
+the size of the sticks or set of sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sticks or set of sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sticks or set of sticks
+and we also learn how good they are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also learn how good they are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also learn how good they are for
+pulling Santa closer through experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling Santa closer through experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling Santa closer through experience
+by basically trying there or over many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically trying there or over many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically trying there or over many
+trials and the result is that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and the result is that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and the result is that it can
+actually generate movement push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate movement push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually generate movement push the
+object closer so they can later be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object closer so they can later be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object closer so they can later be
+grasped and and that's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasped and and that's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasped and and that's basically a
+couple of ideas on how to exploit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas on how to exploit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ideas on how to exploit the
+object affordance is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object affordance is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object affordance is not just
+recognizing that but also knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that but also knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that but also knowing the
+certain objects have certain extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects have certain extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects have certain extra
+functions which may end up being useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which may end up being useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which may end up being useful
+okay just wanted to acknowledge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just wanted to acknowledge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just wanted to acknowledge the
+people that actually working on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that actually working on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that actually working on all
+these I promise that will do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I promise that will do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I promise that will do that and
+it's actually the photo around Genoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the photo around Genoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the photo around Genoa
+showing the group has been mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the group has been mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the group has been mainly
+working on on the iCub project over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on on the iCub project over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on on the iCub project over
+let's say this is a group last year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a group last year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is a group last year so
+there may be more people there just left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be more people there just left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be more people there just left
+or some of them moved to MIT okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some of them moved to MIT okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some of them moved to MIT okay thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7MAVWhOUTGU.txt b/7MAVWhOUTGU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d9216237674ca735879cef61d24311d16dc5215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7MAVWhOUTGU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+our wine model had an r-squared value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wine model had an r-squared value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wine model had an r-squared value of
+0.8 3 which tells us how accurate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 3 which tells us how accurate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 3 which tells us how accurate our
+model is on the data we use to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is on the data we use to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is on the data we use to construct
+the model so we know that our model does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model so we know that our model does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model so we know that our model does
+a good job at predicting the data it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at predicting the data it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good job at predicting the data it has
+seen but we also want a model that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but we also want a model that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but we also want a model that does
+well on new data or data it has never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on new data or data it has never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on new data or data it has never
+seen before so that we can use the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before so that we can use the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before so that we can use the model
+to make predictions for later years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions for later years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions for later years
+Bordeaux wine buyers profit from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux wine buyers profit from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bordeaux wine buyers profit from being
+able to predict the quality of a wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to predict the quality of a wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to predict the quality of a wine
+years before it matures they know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before it matures they know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before it matures they know the
+values of the independent variables age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the independent variables age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the independent variables age
+and weather but don't know the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weather but don't know the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weather but don't know the price of
+the wine so it's important to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine so it's important to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine so it's important to build a
+model that does well at predicting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that does well at predicting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that does well at predicting data
+it's never seen before the data used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never seen before the data used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never seen before the data used to
+build the model is often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the model is often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the model is often called the
+training data and the new data is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and the new data is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and the new data is often
+called the test data the accuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the test data the accuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the test data the accuracy of the
+model on the test data is often referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the test data is often referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the test data is often referred
+to as out-of-sample accuracy let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as out-of-sample accuracy let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as out-of-sample accuracy let's see
+how well our model performs on some test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well our model performs on some test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well our model performs on some test
+data in R we have two data points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in R we have two data points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in R we have two data points that
+we did not use to build our model in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not use to build our model in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not use to build our model in the
+file wine test CSV let's load this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file wine test CSV let's load this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file wine test CSV let's load this new
+data file into R we'll call it wine test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file into R we'll call it wine test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file into R we'll call it wine test
+and use the read csv function to read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the read csv function to read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the read csv function to read in
+the data file wine underscore test dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data file wine underscore test dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data file wine underscore test dot
+csv if we look at the structure of wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csv if we look at the structure of wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csv if we look at the structure of wine
+test we can see that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we can see that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we can see that we have two
+observations of the same variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the same variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the same variables we
+had before these data points are for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before these data points are for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before these data points are for the
+years 1979 and 1980 to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 1979 and 1980 to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 1979 and 1980 to make predictions
+for these two test points will use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two test points will use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two test points will use the
+function predict will call our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function predict will call our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function predict will call our
+predictions predict test and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict test and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict test and use the
+predict function the first argument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict function the first argument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict function the first argument to
+this function is the name of our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is the name of our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is the name of our model
+here the name of our model is model 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the name of our model is model 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the name of our model is model 4
+then we say new data equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say new data equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say new data equals
+name of the data set that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the data set that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the data set that we want to
+make predictions for in this case wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions for in this case wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions for in this case wine
+test if we look at the values in predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if we look at the values in predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test if we look at the values in predict
+test we can see that for the first data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we can see that for the first data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we can see that for the first data
+point we predict six point seven six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we predict six point seven six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we predict six point seven six
+eight nine two five and for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine two five and for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nine two five and for the second
+data point we predict six point six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point we predict six point six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point we predict six point six
+eight four nine one zero if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight four nine one zero if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight four nine one zero if we look at
+our structure output we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our structure output we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our structure output we can see that the
+actual price for the first data point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual price for the first data point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual price for the first data point is
+six point nine five and the actual price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six point nine five and the actual price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six point nine five and the actual price
+for the second data point is six point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second data point is six point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second data point is six point
+five so it looks like our predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so it looks like our predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five so it looks like our predictions
+are pretty good let's verify this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good let's verify this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good let's verify this by
+computing the r-squared value for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the r-squared value for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the r-squared value for our
+test set recall that the formula for R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set recall that the formula for R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set recall that the formula for R
+squared is R squared equals one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is R squared equals one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is R squared equals one minus
+the sum of squared errors divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors divided by the
+total sum of squares so let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares so let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares so let's start by
+computing the sum of squared errors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the sum of squared errors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the sum of squared errors on
+our test set the sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test set the sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test set the sum of squared errors
+equals the sum of the actual values Wein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum of the actual values Wein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum of the actual values Wein
+test dollar sign price minus our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign price minus our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test dollar sign price minus our
+predictions predict test squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict test squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict test squared and
+then summed the total sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summed the total sum of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summed the total sum of squares
+equals the sum again of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum again of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the sum again of the actual
+values wine test price and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values wine test price and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values wine test price and the
+difference between the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the mean of the
+prices on the training set which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on the training set which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices on the training set which is our
+baseline model we square these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model we square these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model we square these
+differences and add them up to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and add them up to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and add them up to compute
+the R squared now we type 1 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squared now we type 1 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squared now we type 1 minus the
+sum of squared errors divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors divided by the
+total sum of squares and we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares and we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares and we see that the
+out-of-sample R squared on this test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-sample R squared on this test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-sample R squared on this test set
+is point seven nine four four two seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is point seven nine four four two seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is point seven nine four four two seven
+eight this is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight this is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight this is a pretty good
+out-of-sample r-squared but while we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-sample r-squared but while we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-sample r-squared but while we do
+well on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on these two
+test points keep in mind that our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test points keep in mind that our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test points keep in mind that our test
+set is really small we should increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is really small we should increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is really small we should increase
+the size of our test set to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our test set to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our test set to be more
+confident about the out-of-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident about the out-of-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident about the out-of-sample
+accuracy of our model we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our model we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our model we can compute the
+test set r-squared for several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set r-squared for several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set r-squared for several different
+models this shows the model R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this shows the model R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models this shows the model R squared
+and the test set R squared for our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the test set R squared for our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the test set R squared for our model
+as we add more variables we saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add more variables we saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we add more variables we saw that the
+model R squared always increases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model R squared always increases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model R squared always increases or
+stays the same as we add more variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same as we add more variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same as we add more variables
+however this is not true for the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is not true for the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this is not true for the test
+set we want to look for a model with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we want to look for a model with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set we want to look for a model with a
+good r-squared but also with a good test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good r-squared but also with a good test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good r-squared but also with a good test
+set R squared in this case we would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set R squared in this case we would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set R squared in this case we would need
+more data to be conclusive since two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data to be conclusive since two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data to be conclusive since two
+data points in the test set are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in the test set are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points in the test set are not
+really enough to reach any conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough to reach any conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enough to reach any conclusions
+however it looks like our model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it looks like our model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it looks like our model that
+uses average growing season temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses average growing season temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses average growing season temperature
+harvest string age and winter rain does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest string age and winter rain does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest string age and winter rain does
+very well in sample on the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in sample on the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well in sample on the training set
+as well as out-of-sample on the test set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as out-of-sample on the test set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as out-of-sample on the test set
+note here that the test set R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here that the test set R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here that the test set R squared
+can actually be negative the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be negative the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually be negative the model
+r-squared is never negative because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared is never negative because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared is never negative because our
+model can't do worse on the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can't do worse on the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can't do worse on the training
+data than the baseline model however our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data than the baseline model however our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data than the baseline model however our
+model can do worse on the test data than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can do worse on the test data than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can do worse on the test data than
+the baseline model does this leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model does this leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model does this leads to a
+negative r-squared value but it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative r-squared value but it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative r-squared value but it looks
+like our model average growing season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our model average growing season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our model average growing season
+temperature harvest rain age and winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature harvest rain age and winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature harvest rain age and winter
+rain beats the baseline model we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain beats the baseline model we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain beats the baseline model we'll see
+in the next video how well action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video how well action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video how well action
+feltzer did using this model to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feltzer did using this model to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feltzer did using this model to make
+predictions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7euh_iwzSGo.txt b/7euh_iwzSGo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6bd39bd9bb09414a092fc98f13026fcaf798085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7euh_iwzSGo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a wonderful differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wonderful differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wonderful differential
+equation because uh it carries a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because uh it carries a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because uh it carries a lot of
+information if you put this p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you put this p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you put this p is
+certainly going to be a solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to be a solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to be a solution but
+more than that is going to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that is going to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that is going to tell you the
+relation between K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between K and
+Omega so if you try your you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so if you try your you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so if you try your you know we we
+seem to have gone around in circles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have gone around in circles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have gone around in circles but
+you obtain something very nice first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain something very nice first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain something very nice first we
+claim that that's a solution of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that's a solution of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that that's a solution of that
+equation and has the Deep information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and has the Deep information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and has the Deep information
+about it so if you try again P equal e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so if you try again P equal e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so if you try again P equal e
+to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I
+KX minus I Omega T what do we get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX minus I Omega T what do we get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX minus I Omega T what do we get on the
+left hand side we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side we get
+IUS i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS i
+h um minus I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um minus I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um minus I Omega
+p and on the right hand side we get min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and on the right hand side we get min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and on the right hand side we get min
+- h^2 / 2 m and two derivatives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- h^2 / 2 m and two derivatives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- h^2 / 2 m and two derivatives with
+respect to X and that gives you an ik K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and that gives you an ik K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X and that gives you an ik K
+times another ik K so ik K squared times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and the P cancel from the two sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the P cancel from the two sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the P cancel from the two sides of
+the equation and what do we get here H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and what do we get here H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and what do we get here H
+bar Omega is is equal to h^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega is is equal to h^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega is is equal to h^2
+k^2 / 2 m which is e equal p^2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 / 2 m which is e equal p^2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 / 2 m which is e equal p^2 / 2
+m so it does the whole job for you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so it does the whole job for you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so it does the whole job for you that
+differential equation is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is quite
+smart IT admits this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart IT admits this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart IT admits this as
+Solutions then this will have definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions then this will have definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions then this will have definite
+momentum it will have def inite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it will have def inite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it will have def inite energy
+but even more when you try to see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more when you try to see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more when you try to see if you
+solve it you find the proper relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it you find the proper relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it you find the proper relation
+between the energy and the momentum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy and the momentum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the energy and the momentum that
+tells you you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you have a
+particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so
+this is an infinitely Superior version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an infinitely Superior version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an infinitely Superior version
+of that claim that that is a plain wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that claim that that is a plain wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that claim that that is a plain wave
+and it exists because for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exists because for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it exists because for example
+another thing that you have here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you have here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you have here is that
+uh this equation is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation is linear
+P appears linearly so you can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P appears linearly so you can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P appears linearly so you can form
+solutions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by
+superposition so the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition so the general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition so the general solution
+now is not just this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is not just this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is not just this this is a
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle Shing our equation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Shing our equation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Shing our equation and you
+might say well the most General solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well the most General solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well the most General solution
+must be that those plane waves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that those plane waves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be that those plane waves but
+linearity means that you can compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity means that you can compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity means that you can compose
+those PL plane ways and add them and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those PL plane ways and add them and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those PL plane ways and add them and if
+you can add plane Ways by F theorem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add plane Ways by F theorem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add plane Ways by F theorem you
+can create pretty much all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create pretty much all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create pretty much all the things
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+want and if you have this equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and if you have this equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and if you have this equation you
+know how to evolve a threee particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to evolve a threee particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to evolve a threee particles so
+now you can construct the wave packet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can construct the wave packet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can construct the wave packet of
+a particle and evolve it with a shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and evolve it with a shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle and evolve it with a shing
+equation and see how the wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see how the wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and see how the wave packet
+moves and does thing all that is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and does thing all that is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and does thing all that is now
+possible which was not possible by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which was not possible by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible which was not possible by just
+saying oh here is a matter wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh here is a matter wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh here is a matter wave
+you've work back to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've work back to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've work back to get an
+equation and this is something um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is something um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and this is something um you
+know that happens in physics all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that happens in physics all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that happens in physics all the
+time and we'll emphasize it again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we'll emphasize it again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we'll emphasize it again in a
+few minutes uh you use little pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes uh you use little pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes uh you use little pieces of
+evidence that lead you perhaps not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that lead you perhaps not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that lead you perhaps not in a
+perfectly logical way but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly logical way but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly logical way but in a
+reasonable way to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to an
+equation and that equation is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that equation is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that equation is a lot
+smarter than you and all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than you and all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter than you and all the information
+that you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put in
+that equation has all kinds of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation has all kinds of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation has all kinds of physics
+you know maxus equations were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maxus equations were found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maxus equations were found
+after doing a few experiment maxus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing a few experiment maxus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing a few experiment maxus
+equations has everything in it and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations has everything in it and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations has everything in it and all
+kinds of phenomena that took years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of phenomena that took years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of phenomena that took years and
+years to find um so it's the same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to find um so it's the same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to find um so it's the same with
+this thing and the general solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and the general solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and the general solution of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation would be a of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would be a of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would be a of x and
+t which would be a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which would be a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t which would be a superposition of
+those waves so you would put an e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves so you would put an e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves so you would put an e to the
+I KX - I Omega T I'll put Omega of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX - I Omega T I'll put Omega of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I KX - I Omega T I'll put Omega of K
+because that's what it is you know Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it is you know Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it is you know Omega
+is a function of K and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of K and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of K and that's what
+represents our free particles Omega of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our free particles Omega of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our free particles Omega of
+KT and this is a solution but so will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and this is a solution but so will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and this is a solution but so will be
+any superposition of those Solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any superposition of those Solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any superposition of those Solutions and
+the solutions are parameterized by K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions are parameterized by K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions are parameterized by K you
+can choose different momenta and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose different momenta and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose different momenta and add
+them so I can put a wave with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I can put a wave with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I can put a wave with one
+momentum plus another wave with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum plus another wave with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum plus another wave with another
+momentum and that's perfectly okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's perfectly okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's perfectly okay but
+more generally we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally we can
+integrate and therefore we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and therefore we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate and therefore we'll write
+DK maybe from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK maybe from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK maybe from minus infinity to infinity
+and we'll put a five of K which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put a five of K which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put a five of K which can be
+anything that's not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's not part of the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation now this is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now this is the general
+solution you might probably say wow how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you might probably say wow how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you might probably say wow how
+do we know that well I suggest you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know that well I suggest you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know that well I suggest you try
+it if you come here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you come here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you come here the
+DDT will come in will ignore the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT will come in will ignore the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT will come in will ignore the K
+ignore this and just gives you the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this and just gives you the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this and just gives you the Omega
+Factor here the DDX s will ignore again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor here the DDX s will ignore again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor here the DDX s will ignore again
+all these things and give you that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things and give you that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things and give you that from
+the relation Omega minus k equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation Omega minus k equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation Omega minus k equal Z
+you'll get a zero and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a zero and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a zero and therefore this
+whole thing solves the shular equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solves sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so this is very general and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is very general and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is very general and U
+for this applies what we said yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this applies what we said yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this applies what we said yesterday
+talking about U the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about U the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about U the velocity of the
+waves and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and uh
+this wave we proved yesterday that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave we proved yesterday that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave we proved yesterday that moves
+with a group velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group velocity V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a group velocity V
+Group which was equal to D omga DK at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group which was equal to D omga DK at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group which was equal to D omga DK at
+some K KN if this is localized at K KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some K KN if this is localized at K KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some K KN if this is localized at K KN
+at K not otherwise you can't speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at K not otherwise you can't speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at K not otherwise you can't speak of
+the group velocity this thing will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity this thing will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity this thing will not
+have a definite group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a definite group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a definite group
+velocity and uh the Omega DK and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh the Omega DK and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh the Omega DK and you
+have this relation between Omega and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this relation between Omega and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this relation between Omega and K
+such a way that this is the EDP as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this is the EDP as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this is the EDP as we
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+yesterday and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and this is
+DDP of p^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDP of p^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDP of p^2 over 2
+m which is p/ M which is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which is p/ M which is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which is p/ M which is what we call
+the velocity of the particle so um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the particle so um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the particle so um it
+moves with the proper velocity the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with the proper velocity the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with the proper velocity the group
+velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that that's actually a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that's actually a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that's actually a very general
+solution we'll exploit it to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we'll exploit it to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we'll exploit it to calculate
+all kinds of things u a few remarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things u a few remarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things u a few remarks that
+come from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from this
+equation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarks one p cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real and you can see that because if s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you can see that because if s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and you can see that because if s
+was real the right hand side would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real the right hand side would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real the right hand side would be
+real this derivative would be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real this derivative would be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real this derivative would be real
+because the derivative of a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative of a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative of a real
+function is a real function and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a real function and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a real function and here you
+have an imaginary number so structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an imaginary number so structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an imaginary number so structurally
+it is forbidden to have full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is forbidden to have full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is forbidden to have full wave
+functions that are real I call this full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are real I call this full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are real I call this full
+wave functions because we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions because we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions because we'll talk
+sometime later about time independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later about time independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime later about time independent
+wave functions but the full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but the full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions but the full wave
+function cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function cannot be
+real another remark is that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real another remark is that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real another remark is that this is not
+a wave equation of the usual type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+usual wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual wave
+equation and what a usual wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what a usual wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and what a usual wave equation
+is something like d second f dx^ 2 - 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like d second f dx^ 2 - 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something like d second f dx^ 2 - 1 /
+v^ 2 d 2 5 dt^ 2 equals z that's a usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ 2 d 2 5 dt^ 2 equals z that's a usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ 2 d 2 5 dt^ 2 equals z that's a usual
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+equation and the problem with that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the problem with that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the problem with that wave
+equation is that it has real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that it has real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that it has real
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+Solutions five that go like functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions five that go like functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions five that go like functions of
+xus VT plus - x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus VT plus - x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus VT plus - x over
+VT and we cannot have those real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and we cannot have those real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT and we cannot have those real
+solutions so we manage to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we manage to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we manage to get a
+wave but not from a usual wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but not from a usual wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but not from a usual wave
+equation this uh waves also all move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this uh waves also all move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this uh waves also all move
+with some same velocity velocity V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some same velocity velocity V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some same velocity velocity V of
+the wave uh these waves don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave uh these waves don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave uh these waves don't do that
+they have a group velocity they um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a group velocity they um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a group velocity they um it's
+a little bit different situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different situation and
+what has happened is that we still kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has happened is that we still kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has happened is that we still kept
+the second derivatives with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivatives with respect to X
+but in time we replaced it by a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in time we replaced it by a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in time we replaced it by a first
+derivative and we put an i and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and we put an i and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and we put an i and somehow
+it did the right job for us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/83-yKXuRDGc.txt b/83-yKXuRDGc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db5c6dd8dac8f4b464f7d0ca41296d63c7927610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/83-yKXuRDGc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6576 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so I just want to say a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just want to say a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just want to say a couple
+sentences about DNA sequencing just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences about DNA sequencing just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences about DNA sequencing just to
+finish that up and so you remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that up and so you remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish that up and so you remember this
+slide from last lecture and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide from last lecture and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide from last lecture and remember the
+way this Sanger technique works is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this Sanger technique works is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this Sanger technique works is to
+set up four different reactions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up four different reactions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up four different reactions where
+each reaction has a different one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each reaction has a different one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each reaction has a different one of
+these dye deoxynucleotides okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dye deoxynucleotides okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dye deoxynucleotides okay so
+there's four reactions each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four reactions each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four reactions each with
+different dye deoxy and TP okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dye deoxy and TP okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dye deoxy and TP okay and I
+just I brought along a gel that I ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I brought along a gel that I ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I brought along a gel that I ran a
+while ago which is basically a it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago which is basically a it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago which is basically a it's from
+a sequencing gel and you can I'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequencing gel and you can I'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequencing gel and you can I'll pass
+this around so you can take a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so you can take a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this around so you can take a look at it
+so the four different lanes for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the four different lanes for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the four different lanes for each
+sample are the different dye deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are the different dye deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample are the different dye deoxy
+nucleotide reactions and what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide reactions and what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide reactions and what I want you
+to notice as that's passing around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice as that's passing around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice as that's passing around and
+you're looking at it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it is that the
+different reactions with the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions with the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions with the different
+dye Deoxys dye deoxynucleotides give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye Deoxys dye deoxynucleotides give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye Deoxys dye deoxynucleotides give
+different patterns of DNA front fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns of DNA front fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patterns of DNA front fragment
+lengths okay so there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths okay so there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths okay so there are different
+patterns of fragment lengths and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of fragment lengths and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of fragment lengths and the
+different patterns are based on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is based on the sequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on the sequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is based on the sequence the
+sequence of the template okay and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the template okay and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of the template okay and so if
+we look at the example up here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the example up here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the example up here what
+you'll see is that in this this banding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that in this this banding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is that in this this banding
+pattern for dye dye oxy TTP you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for dye dye oxy TTP you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for dye dye oxy TTP you see that
+there's a really short fragment at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really short fragment at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a really short fragment at the
+bottom there and so that fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom there and so that fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom there and so that fragment
+indicates that there must be an a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that there must be an a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that there must be an a in the
+template sequence the next fragment up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template sequence the next fragment up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template sequence the next fragment up
+would be this one in the dye deoxy gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one in the dye deoxy gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this one in the dye deoxy gtp
+lane and that indicates that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane and that indicates that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lane and that indicates that one
+nucleotide beyond this a is a si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide beyond this a is a si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide beyond this a is a si
+position and so on and so forth such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so on and so forth such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so on and so forth such
+that you can sort of order the fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sort of order the fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can sort of order the fragments
+and see which reaction has a fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which reaction has a fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see which reaction has a fragment
+and then read off a DNA sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then read off a DNA sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then read off a DNA sequence
+okay so conceptually that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conceptually that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so conceptually that's how you
+would read off the sequence of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read off the sequence of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would read off the sequence of a given
+strand of DNA okay so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA okay so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA okay so you might be
+wondering if now we just read off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if now we just read off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if now we just read off
+sequence as a series of colors why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as a series of colors why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence as a series of colors why am I
+even introducing this technique okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even introducing this technique okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even introducing this technique okay and
+the reason is because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because I think it's
+important for you as potentially future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you as potentially future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you as potentially future
+scientists to know that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to know that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to know that when you're
+faced with a problem right how you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a problem right how you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a problem right how you might
+discover something new okay and I sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something new okay and I sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover something new okay and I sees
+the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sanger method of DNA sequencing is a
+really clever and elegant way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clever and elegant way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clever and elegant way in which
+Fred Sanger solved the problem of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred Sanger solved the problem of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred Sanger solved the problem of DNA
+sequencing and while we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and while we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and while we don't
+necessarily do it that way today it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily do it that way today it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily do it that way today it
+still illustrates a concept that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still illustrates a concept that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still illustrates a concept that's
+important the concept of chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the concept of chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the concept of chain
+termination and I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination and I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination and I think there's
+something to be learned from this older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be learned from this older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to be learned from this older
+technique even if it's not exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique even if it's not exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique even if it's not exactly how
+we sequence DNA today so for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sequence DNA today so for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sequence DNA today so for today's
+lecture we're going to continue on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to continue on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to continue on our
+quest to basically clone a gene that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest to basically clone a gene that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quest to basically clone a gene that's
+responsible for a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we started this in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we started this in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we started this in the last
+lecture and I guess to one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I guess to one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and I guess to one thing we
+would want to start with is a disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to start with is a disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to start with is a disease so
+I'm going to introduce to you now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce to you now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce to you now a
+disease called aniridia and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called aniridia and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease called aniridia and in order to
+clone the gene for a disease it has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone the gene for a disease it has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone the gene for a disease it has it
+has to be a heritable disease in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a heritable disease in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a heritable disease in this
+case okay because we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay because we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay because we're going to use
+linkage analysis to identify it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage analysis to identify it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage analysis to identify it so
+aniridia is a disease that's an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aniridia is a disease that's an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aniridia is a disease that's an eye
+disease in humans it's a rare eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in humans it's a rare eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in humans it's a rare eye
+disease so I want to show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so I want to show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease so I want to show you an example
+of this eye disease the ID the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this eye disease the ID the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this eye disease the ID the way this
+disease manifests itself is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease manifests itself is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease manifests itself is it's
+basically the affected individual has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the affected individual has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the affected individual has an
+eye that is lacking an iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that is lacking an iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that is lacking an iris
+okay so I'm going to show you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to show you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to show you what this
+looks like if you're squeamish or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if you're squeamish or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like if you're squeamish or don't
+like like weird eyes and you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like weird eyes and you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like weird eyes and you don't want
+to look you can look away okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look you can look away okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look you can look away okay but I
+will show you affected phenotype in 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you affected phenotype in 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you affected phenotype in 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok everyone looking who wants to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok everyone looking who wants to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok everyone looking who wants to see
+weird eyes ok good so that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird eyes ok good so that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird eyes ok good so that is an
+individual that has aniridia and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that has aniridia and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that has aniridia and also
+this one so you see there's no clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so you see there's no clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so you see there's no clear
+iris in these eyes ok and this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris in these eyes ok and this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris in these eyes ok and this disease
+is associated with other abnormalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with other abnormalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with other abnormalities
+of the eye that severely impair vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eye that severely impair vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eye that severely impair vision
+okay and this is a inherited disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a inherited disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a inherited disease and
+this is a pedigree from a family or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pedigree from a family or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pedigree from a family or
+series of family is where the disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of family is where the disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of family is where the disease is
+propagating and so anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and so anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and so anyone have
+suggestion as to what mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion as to what mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion as to what mode of
+inheritance this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone want to rule a mode out Rachel do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to rule a mode out Rachel do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to rule a mode out Rachel do
+you have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an idea
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's take excellent dominant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take excellent dominant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's take excellent dominant so
+if it was excellent dominant then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was excellent dominant then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was excellent dominant then this
+male would have an X chromosome with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male would have an X chromosome with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male would have an X chromosome with the
+dominant allele of the disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant allele of the disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant allele of the disease and
+should only pass it to his females so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only pass it to his females so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only pass it to his females so I
+don't think that it would necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it would necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that it would necessarily be
+excellent dominant okay anyone else have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent dominant okay anyone else have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent dominant okay anyone else have
+an idea yeah Georgia autosomal dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea yeah Georgia autosomal dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea yeah Georgia autosomal dominant
+I like autosomal dominant so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like autosomal dominant so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like autosomal dominant so in this
+case you see you have an individual with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you see you have an individual with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you see you have an individual with
+the disease and they marry into a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and they marry into a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease and they marry into a family
+with no history of the disease a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no history of the disease a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no history of the disease a one
+thing I'll point out for many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'll point out for many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'll point out for many of these
+diseases they're extremely rare so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases they're extremely rare so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases they're extremely rare so if
+you see sort of a family tree where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see sort of a family tree where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see sort of a family tree where
+there's no instance of the disease if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no instance of the disease if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no instance of the disease if
+it's a rare disease it's likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rare disease it's likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rare disease it's likely that
+these individuals are not carriers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these individuals are not carriers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these individuals are not carriers okay
+and so in this case if you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case if you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case if you assume that
+this person doesn't have any form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doesn't have any form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person doesn't have any form of the
+is in a carrier for the disease then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a carrier for the disease then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a carrier for the disease then
+this cross here resulting in about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross here resulting in about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cross here resulting in about half
+of the individuals affected with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals affected with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individuals affected with the
+disease that would be a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that would be a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that would be a characteristic
+of an autosomal dominant disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an autosomal dominant disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an autosomal dominant disease so
+everyone understand my logic yes Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand my logic yes Carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand my logic yes Carlos
+I think they're deceased yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're deceased yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're deceased yes okay so
+let's say you have a pedigree you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a pedigree you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a pedigree you have
+pedigrees you're able to try to link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees you're able to try to link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees you're able to try to link
+this marker to our the disease phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marker to our the disease phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marker to our the disease phenotype
+with various molecular markers which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various molecular markers which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with various molecular markers which we
+discussed in last week's lectures then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in last week's lectures then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in last week's lectures then
+you're on the way to performing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the way to performing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the way to performing a
+process which is known as positional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is known as positional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which is known as positional
+gene cloning and what positional gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene cloning and what positional gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene cloning and what positional gene
+cloning is is it's basically cloning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning is is it's basically cloning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning is is it's basically cloning a
+gene and a allele that's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and a allele that's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and a allele that's responsible for
+a disease based on its position in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease based on its position in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disease based on its position in the
+genome is positioned in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is positioned in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is positioned in a particular
+chromosomal region okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomal region okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomal region okay so it's
+basically cloning a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on its chromosomal position or its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its chromosomal position or its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its chromosomal position or its
+chromosome position okay in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome position okay in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome position okay in the first
+step of positional gene cloning would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of positional gene cloning would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step of positional gene cloning would be
+to establish maybe what chromosome it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish maybe what chromosome it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish maybe what chromosome it's
+on and that a straightforward way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that a straightforward way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that a straightforward way to do
+this as we've basically been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as we've basically been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as we've basically been discussing
+almost from when I started lecturing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost from when I started lecturing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost from when I started lecturing is
+to create some sort of linkage map or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some sort of linkage map or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create some sort of linkage map or do
+linkage mapping to identify in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage mapping to identify in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage mapping to identify in the case
+of humans molecular markers that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans molecular markers that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans molecular markers that this
+disease allele is linked to okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele is linked to okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele is linked to okay and
+remember on last week's lecture we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on last week's lecture we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on last week's lecture we we
+talked about a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of different
+polymorphisms that are present in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms that are present in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms that are present in a
+human human genome that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human human genome that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human human genome that we can use to
+establish linkage with a given phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish linkage with a given phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish linkage with a given phenotype
+in this case it's a human disease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a human disease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's a human disease okay
+and we talked about this example for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this example for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this example for a
+microsatellite marker and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite marker and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite marker and in this case
+we talked through this example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked through this example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked through this example of how
+this dominant allele P is linked to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dominant allele P is linked to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dominant allele P is linked to this
+microsatellite allele m double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite allele m double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite allele m double prime
+because if you look at the pedigree here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the pedigree here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at the pedigree here
+all of the affected individuals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the affected individuals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the affected individuals here
+contain this n double prime size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this n double prime size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain this n double prime size
+fragment for this microsatellite another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment for this microsatellite another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment for this microsatellite another
+thing to notice here is you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice here is you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice here is you can see that
+this this couple has been faithful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this couple has been faithful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this couple has been faithful to
+each other because basically each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because basically each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other because basically each of the
+children have an allele from the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children have an allele from the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children have an allele from the father
+and an allele from the mother okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an allele from the mother okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an allele from the mother okay so
+you can see that type of you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that type of you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that type of you can see
+that using this type of molecular marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using this type of molecular marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using this type of molecular marker
+as well okay so you establish linkage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well okay so you establish linkage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well okay so you establish linkage so
+linking linkage mapping establishes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking linkage mapping establishes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking linkage mapping establishes the
+chromosome position of a given allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome position of a given allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome position of a given allele
+and the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in this chromosome position sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this chromosome position sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this chromosome position sort of
+gets you maybe in the right country but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you maybe in the right country but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you maybe in the right country but
+you still have a long way before you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a long way before you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a long way before you get
+to the specific street address okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific street address okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the specific street address okay and
+so you have to then sort of narrow it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to then sort of narrow it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to then sort of narrow it in
+to identify a smaller region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a smaller region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a smaller region of the
+chromosome that could possibly contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that could possibly contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that could possibly contain
+this gene okay and so what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gene okay and so what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gene okay and so what you would do
+is go from this linkage map where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go from this linkage map where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go from this linkage map where you
+maybe identify the position of this gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe identify the position of this gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe identify the position of this gene
+within a couple map units to this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a couple map units to this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a couple map units to this next
+resolution of map called a physical map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of map called a physical map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of map called a physical map
+okay so we go from the linkage position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we go from the linkage position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we go from the linkage position
+to the physical map of the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physical map of the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physical map of the chromosome
+and the physical map as the name implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the physical map as the name implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the physical map as the name implies
+is when you have physical pieces of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have physical pieces of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you have physical pieces of DNA
+that are present in this region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in this region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are present in this region of the
+chromosome okay so the physical map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so the physical map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome okay so the physical map
+means you have cloned so recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have cloned so recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you have cloned so recombinant
+pieces of DNA cloned pieces of DNA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA cloned pieces of DNA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA cloned pieces of DNA which
+encompass a given chromosome region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass a given chromosome region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompass a given chromosome region so
+these are encompassing a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are encompassing a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are encompassing a chromosome
+region okay so how would you get a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so how would you get a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so how would you get a piece
+of DNA that sort of is in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that sort of is in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that sort of is in this region
+how would you start how would you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you start how would you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you start how would you start
+fishing for that DNA so you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing for that DNA so you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing for that DNA so you've gone
+through the process of the mate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process of the mate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the process of the mate of
+linkage you've identified sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage you've identified sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage you've identified sort of a
+polymorphism that is linked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism that is linked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphism that is linked to the
+disease allele how would you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele how would you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease allele how would you go from
+there to getting a physical piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to getting a physical piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to getting a physical piece of DNA
+that is present in that region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is present in that region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is present in that region of the
+chromosome so let's think back to Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so let's think back to Jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome so let's think back to Jeremy
+did you have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have an idea
+start by using meteor and what PC what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by using meteor and what PC what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by using meteor and what PC what
+primers I guess would you use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers I guess would you use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers I guess would you use for the
+PCR okay so Jeremy is saying if you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR okay so Jeremy is saying if you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCR okay so Jeremy is saying if you knew
+the sequence right and I guess if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence right and I guess if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence right and I guess if you're
+doing this micro satellite analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this micro satellite analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this micro satellite analysis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you had primers that recognized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had primers that recognized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had primers that recognized the
+sequence at a given genomic position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at a given genomic position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence at a given genomic position so
+you actually know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually know something about the
+sequence because of this polymorphism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because of this polymorphism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence because of this polymorphism so
+you can use that knowledge to then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that knowledge to then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that knowledge to then look
+for this sequence and you can even look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence and you can even look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sequence and you can even look
+for the micro satellite in a DNA library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the micro satellite in a DNA library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the micro satellite in a DNA library
+okay okay so you have cloned pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you have cloned pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so you have cloned pieces of
+DNA and you're gonna start with and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and you're gonna start with and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and you're gonna start with and I'm
+gonna swap this your starting position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna swap this your starting position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna swap this your starting position
+could be one of these polymorphisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one of these polymorphisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one of these polymorphisms in
+the sequence around it which you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence around it which you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence around it which you already
+know okay so let's say you had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so let's say you had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so let's say you had this
+microsatellite marker you could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite marker you could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsatellite marker you could then
+what I'm drawing here is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing here is a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing here is a piece of
+genomic DNA so this is genomic DNA okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA so this is genomic DNA okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic DNA so this is genomic DNA okay
+and it's I'm just drawing the insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I'm just drawing the insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's I'm just drawing the insert
+this would be recombinant DNA it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be recombinant DNA it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be recombinant DNA it will be
+present in some vector or plasmid but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in some vector or plasmid but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in some vector or plasmid but if
+you can identify the sequence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the sequence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the sequence that
+contains this microsatellite marker then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this microsatellite marker then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains this microsatellite marker then
+you would have the microsatellite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the microsatellite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have the microsatellite but
+also the surrounding DNA okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the surrounding DNA okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the surrounding DNA okay so that
+sort of anchors you at a given position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anchors you at a given position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of anchors you at a given position
+now you don't know if your gene is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't know if your gene is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't know if your gene is in
+that piece of DNA but you know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of DNA but you know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of DNA but you know that it's
+linked and so it should be around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked and so it should be around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked and so it should be around that
+piece of DNA somewhere okay and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA somewhere okay and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA somewhere okay and so you
+know it's unlikely your genes gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's unlikely your genes gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's unlikely your genes gonna be
+on this small piece of DNA that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this small piece of DNA that's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this small piece of DNA that's close
+this is probably just a few KB and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably just a few KB and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably just a few KB and you
+could still be very far away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still be very far away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still be very far away from this
+but that served as a starting point from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that served as a starting point from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that served as a starting point from
+which you can go from to get more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can go from to get more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can go from to get more and
+more pieces of DNA such that eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pieces of DNA such that eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pieces of DNA such that eventually
+you have a bunch of pieces of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of pieces of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of pieces of DNA that
+are going to span the entire region okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to span the entire region okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to span the entire region okay
+so the way you would identify other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you would identify other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you would identify other
+pieces of DNA is you could start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA is you could start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of DNA is you could start with a
+piece of DNA maybe at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA maybe at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA maybe at the end of this
+insert and look for other inserts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and look for other inserts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert and look for other inserts that
+are not identical to this piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not identical to this piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not identical to this piece that
+also can contain this piece here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can contain this piece here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can contain this piece here so that
+might get you a piece that's overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get you a piece that's overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get you a piece that's overlapping
+but extends farther than your initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but extends farther than your initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but extends farther than your initial
+piece okay so now you've moved slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay so now you've moved slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay so now you've moved slightly
+farther away from your starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from your starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from your starting point
+which is this starting polymorphism then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this starting polymorphism then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this starting polymorphism then
+you could choose maybe another DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose maybe another DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose maybe another DNA
+sequence here and look for a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here and look for a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here and look for a piece of
+DNA that again is extending a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that again is extending a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that again is extending a bit
+farther out and so you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out and so you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out and so you can see how
+iteratively you can get farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively you can get farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively you can get farther and
+farther away from this starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from this starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away from this starting point
+that you know your gene is linked to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know your gene is linked to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know your gene is linked to and
+this process of going sort of piece by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of going sort of piece by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of going sort of piece by
+piece and clone by clone away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and clone by clone away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and clone by clone away from a
+starting position is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting position is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting position is known as a
+chromosome walk okay and you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome walk okay and you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome walk okay and you can do this
+by directionally so you could also start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directionally so you could also start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directionally so you could also start
+with a sequence of DNA here and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sequence of DNA here and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sequence of DNA here and look for
+a clone that goes the other way and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clone that goes the other way and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clone that goes the other way and you
+can see on my slide up there you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on my slide up there you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on my slide up there you can see
+that in this case they've taken a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case they've taken a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case they've taken a one
+map unit region of the chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map unit region of the chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map unit region of the chromosome and
+they're illustrating physical pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're illustrating physical pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're illustrating physical pieces of
+DNA that are overlapping that encompass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are overlapping that encompass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that are overlapping that encompass
+this entire region okay so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire region okay so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire region okay so this could be
+much bigger than the amount of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than the amount of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than the amount of DNA that
+would fit in one of these clones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit in one of these clones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fit in one of these clones in the
+bacteria but by sort of identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but by sort of identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria but by sort of identify
+overlapping clones you get the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping clones you get the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping clones you get the entire
+region and what this is called here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and what this is called here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and what this is called here
+because these pieces of DNA are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these pieces of DNA are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these pieces of DNA are
+contiguous with each other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous with each other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contiguous with each other the
+is known as a contig okay so yeah Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could sequence it or you could use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sequence it or you could use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sequence it or you could use a
+technique that I'm gonna talk about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that I'm gonna talk about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that I'm gonna talk about at
+the end of my lecture which I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of my lecture which I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of my lecture which I'll come
+back to yeah so nowadays you'd probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to yeah so nowadays you'd probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to yeah so nowadays you'd probably
+just sequence it and then maybe look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sequence it and then maybe look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sequence it and then maybe look for
+that in another clone but even before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in another clone but even before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in another clone but even before we
+could sequence DNA sort of in entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sequence DNA sort of in entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sequence DNA sort of in entire
+genomes you could do that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes you could do that type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes you could do that type of
+experiment by using a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by using a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by using a technique called
+hybridization which I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization which I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization which I'll come back to
+okay so the question in this chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question in this chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question in this chromosome
+walk then becomes how do you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk then becomes how do you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk then becomes how do you know when
+to stop okay because you could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop okay because you could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop okay because you could do this
+for a very long time but it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time but it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time but it might not be
+useful right so you have to know when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right so you have to know when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful right so you have to know when to
+stop and you need to know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and you need to know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and you need to know when you
+arrive at the gene that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the gene that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at the gene that you're
+interested in which would be the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in which would be the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in which would be the gene
+that is responsible for the disease okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is responsible for the disease okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is responsible for the disease okay
+so another way to phrase this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to phrase this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to phrase this question
+is how do you know when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you know when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you know when you have an
+interesting gene on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gene on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gene on one of these
+fragments so let's say this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments so let's say this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments so let's say this is an
+interesting gene here how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gene here how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting gene here how do you
+identify interesting genes okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify interesting genes okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify interesting genes okay so now
+let's talk about identifying interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about identifying interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about identifying interesting
+genes anyone have an idea for how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes anyone have an idea for how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes anyone have an idea for how they
+were what criteria they would use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what criteria they would use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were what criteria they would use to
+define a gene as being interesting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean one could say that all genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one could say that all genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one could say that all genes are
+interesting right if it's a gene it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right if it's a gene it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right if it's a gene it's
+interesting right so how might we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right so how might we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right so how might we define
+whether or not there's a gene even there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there's a gene even there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there's a gene even there
+right it could be there could be a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be there could be a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be there could be a gene
+how would you define a gene can someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define a gene can someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define a gene can someone
+define for me a gene yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define for me a gene yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define for me a gene yeah
+miles is it miles no Malik okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would create a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would create a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would create a story
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so you'd look for a piece of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd look for a piece of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd look for a piece of DNA that
+has a start and a stop codon so you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a start and a stop codon so you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a start and a stop codon so you look
+for an open reading frame basically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an open reading frame basically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an open reading frame basically yeah
+you could look for an open reading frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look for an open reading frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could look for an open reading frame
+and so I totally agree with Malik there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I totally agree with Malik there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I totally agree with Malik there
+and another criteria you could use is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another criteria you could use is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another criteria you could use is if
+it's encoding a protein at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's encoding a protein at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's encoding a protein at some point it
+also must have been transcribed as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must have been transcribed as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must have been transcribed as an
+mRNA okay and there are some genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA okay and there are some genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA okay and there are some genes that
+are transcribed as RNA but don't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transcribed as RNA but don't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transcribed as RNA but don't make a
+protein and they're often involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they're often involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they're often involved in
+coding or in regulation of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or in regulation of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding or in regulation of gene
+expression okay so I'm gonna do I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so I'm gonna do I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so I'm gonna do I'm
+gonna say is it transcribed so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say is it transcribed so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say is it transcribed so is there
+some transcript that's made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transcript that's made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transcript that's made and
+specifically is it transcribed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is it transcribed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically is it transcribed in the
+tissue that were interested in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that were interested in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that were interested in okay so
+if we're talking about aniridia right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're talking about aniridia right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're talking about aniridia right we
+might be looking for genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be looking for genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be looking for genes that are
+being expressed or transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed or transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being expressed or transcribed
+specifically in eyes right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in eyes right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in eyes right you're
+looking for something that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for something that might be
+expressed in the eye if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the eye if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the eye if it's not
+expressed in the eye that genes going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the eye that genes going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the eye that genes going to
+be much less interesting to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less interesting to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much less interesting to you because
+the phenotype of aniridia is clearly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype of aniridia is clearly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype of aniridia is clearly in
+the eye okay okay what might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye okay okay what might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye okay okay what might be some
+other criteria here well one criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria here well one criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria here well one criteria
+might be is there a conserved gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be is there a conserved gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be is there a conserved gene that
+has an interesting function that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting function that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interesting function that's maybe
+similar to the disease related phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the disease related phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the disease related phenotype
+okay so is there a conserved gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an interesting function okay and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an interesting function okay and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an interesting function okay and to
+take this example of aniridia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this example of aniridia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this example of aniridia right
+let's say you're doing this chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're doing this chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're doing this chromosome
+walk and you identify a gene maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and you identify a gene maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and you identify a gene maybe you
+sequence part of this clone you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence part of this clone you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence part of this clone you get a
+string of sequence and you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of sequence and you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of sequence and you realize that
+the sequence that you get is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence that you get is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence that you get is related to
+a gene from a model organism and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene from a model organism and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene from a model organism and maybe
+that gene is called eyeless right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene is called eyeless right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gene is called eyeless right then
+if you've identified a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've identified a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've identified a region of
+sequence in the human in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in the human in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in the human in the human
+genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+that's mapping to an eye disease gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapping to an eye disease gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mapping to an eye disease gene
+and you find out there in that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out there in that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find out there in that region
+there's a conserved gene called eyeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conserved gene called eyeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conserved gene called eyeless
+you this might be a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this might be a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this might be a very interesting
+gene for you okay so I list is a gene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for you okay so I list is a gene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene for you okay so I list is a gene so
+here's a normal fly you see it has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a normal fly you see it has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a normal fly you see it has that
+bright red eye the eyelift gene when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright red eye the eyelift gene when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright red eye the eyelift gene when
+mutated results in a fly that now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated results in a fly that now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated results in a fly that now just
+doesn't have a white eye but has no eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a white eye but has no eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a white eye but has no eye
+altogether okay so it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether okay so it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether okay so it turns out that the
+aniridia gene is the homologue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aniridia gene is the homologue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aniridia gene is the homologue of the
+eyeless gene and flies okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeless gene and flies okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeless gene and flies okay that's not
+how it was identified initially but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was identified initially but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it was identified initially but now
+nowadays there's a lot of information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there's a lot of information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there's a lot of information in
+model organisms and so if you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms and so if you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model organisms and so if you're sort of
+trying to identify a gene and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify a gene and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to identify a gene and you see
+that there's a gene in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a gene in the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a gene in the neighborhood
+you're looking at with a function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at with a function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at with a function that's
+related to a gene like eyeless which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a gene like eyeless which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to a gene like eyeless which has
+a clear sort of analogy in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear sort of analogy in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clear sort of analogy in terms of
+phenotype then that's going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype then that's going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype then that's going to increase
+your interest in that gene okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest in that gene okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest in that gene okay so I'm
+going to come back to this a point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this a point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this a point here
+which is how do we determine whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we determine whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we determine whether a
+piece of DNA that's on one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's on one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that's on one of these
+inserts that we're getting as we walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts that we're getting as we walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserts that we're getting as we walk
+across the chromosome how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the chromosome how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the chromosome how do we know
+whether it is transcribed or not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is transcribed or not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is transcribed or not okay
+and to get at this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get at this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get at this I'm going to
+introduce you to a concept which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to a concept which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to a concept which is
+important in and of itself which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in and of itself which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in and of itself which is the
+idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of
+see DNA okay so cDNA and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see DNA okay so cDNA and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see DNA okay so cDNA and specifically
+I'm gonna show you how one would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you how one would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna show you how one would make a
+cDNA library which is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA library which is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA library which is basically a
+library of different cDNAs and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of different cDNAs and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of different cDNAs and so what
+cDNA is as shown up there on my slide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA is as shown up there on my slide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA is as shown up there on my slide a
+cDNA is complementary DNA okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA is complementary DNA okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA is complementary DNA okay
+its complementary DNA meaning that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complementary DNA meaning that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its complementary DNA meaning that is
+the complement of an mRNA transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of an mRNA transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of an mRNA transcript
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this DNA is the complement of an RNA or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA is the complement of an RNA or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this DNA is the complement of an RNA or
+mRNA transcript hey one thing to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA transcript hey one thing to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA transcript hey one thing to watch
+out for is it's not complimentary DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for is it's not complimentary DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for is it's not complimentary DNA
+okay so this is MIT this is an O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is MIT this is an O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is MIT this is an O
+complement zone so I don't want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement zone so I don't want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement zone so I don't want to see
+any complementary DNA okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any complementary DNA okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any complementary DNA okay all right so
+let's think about complementary DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about complementary DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about complementary DNA so
+remember we've talked about the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've talked about the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we've talked about the central
+dogma and how DNA encodes for RNA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma and how DNA encodes for RNA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma and how DNA encodes for RNA which
+encodes for protein and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes for protein and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes for protein and so the
+information flows from DNA through RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows from DNA through RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows from DNA through RNA
+to protein okay but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein okay but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein okay but there are some
+specialized cases in biology where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cases in biology where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized cases in biology where this
+information flow is reversed okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is reversed okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow is reversed okay so
+there can be a reverse of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a reverse of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a reverse of information
+flow where information flows from RNA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where information flows from RNA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where information flows from RNA to
+DNA okay so that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so that's pretty cool
+where does that happen well there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that happen well there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that happen well there are
+viruses such as retroviruses one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses such as retroviruses one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses such as retroviruses one example
+of a retrovirus is HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a retrovirus is HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a retrovirus is HIV
+and the virus life cycle is G gnome is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virus life cycle is G gnome is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virus life cycle is G gnome is a
+single-stranded RNA molecule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA molecule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA molecule and the
+life cycle is the virus is that inserts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle is the virus is that inserts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle is the virus is that inserts
+into the host the host genome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host the host genome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host the host genome which is
+double-stranded DNA for a retrovirus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA for a retrovirus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA for a retrovirus to
+do that it needs to take its RNA genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it needs to take its RNA genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it needs to take its RNA genome
+and make double-stranded DNA in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make double-stranded DNA in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make double-stranded DNA in order
+for it to insert okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to insert okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to insert okay so this is an
+example in biology which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in biology which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in biology which is basically
+breaking the rules that we talked to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the rules that we talked to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking the rules that we talked to you
+about earlier in the semester okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in the semester okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier in the semester okay
+also there are retrotransposons which do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there are retrotransposons which do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there are retrotransposons which do
+this similar process going from an RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this similar process going from an RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this similar process going from an RNA
+molecule to double-stranded DNA okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to double-stranded DNA okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to double-stranded DNA okay so
+this is a specialized case and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a specialized case and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a specialized case and it's
+interesting and we can take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we can take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we can take advantage of
+it to basically clone and identify mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to basically clone and identify mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to basically clone and identify mRNA
+transcripts okay so I'm gonna tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts okay so I'm gonna tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts okay so I'm gonna tell you
+how to make complementary DNA and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make complementary DNA and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make complementary DNA and I'll
+go through a series of steps the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a series of steps the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a series of steps the first
+step is we want to make complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is we want to make complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is we want to make complementary
+DNA of mRNA so we need a way to purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA of mRNA so we need a way to purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA of mRNA so we need a way to purify
+the mRNA so anyone have any idea how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA so anyone have any idea how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mRNA so anyone have any idea how to
+purify mRNA first we could maybe draw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify mRNA first we could maybe draw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify mRNA first we could maybe draw an
+RNA molecule here what are some salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA molecule here what are some salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA molecule here what are some salient
+features of mature mRNA yeah Carlos yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of mature mRNA yeah Carlos yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of mature mRNA yeah Carlos yep
+it'll have a 5 prime cap anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a 5 prime cap anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a 5 prime cap anything else
+Jeremy they'll have a five prime cap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy they'll have a five prime cap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy they'll have a five prime cap in
+a poly a tail I'm gonna take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poly a tail I'm gonna take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poly a tail I'm gonna take advantage
+mostly of the poly a tail here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of the poly a tail here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly of the poly a tail here so here
+we have a poly a tail okay how might we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a poly a tail okay how might we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a poly a tail okay how might we
+use that poly a tail to purify mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that poly a tail to purify mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that poly a tail to purify mRNA
+Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mmm-hmm what sequence would you use yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm-hmm what sequence would you use yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm-hmm what sequence would you use yes
+so Natalie has suggested using poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Natalie has suggested using poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Natalie has suggested using poly T
+which she said would stick to this poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she said would stick to this poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which she said would stick to this poly
+a tail because of base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail because of base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tail because of base pair
+hybridization okay so let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization okay so let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization okay so let's say we have
+a bead or some type of resin with poly d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bead or some type of resin with poly d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bead or some type of resin with poly d
+TS hanging off of it so I'll draw a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS hanging off of it so I'll draw a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS hanging off of it so I'll draw a few
+of them but you'd have maybe a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but you'd have maybe a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but you'd have maybe a lot of
+them sticking off okay so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sticking off okay so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them sticking off okay so you have a
+bead with pieces of DNA all of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead with pieces of DNA all of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead with pieces of DNA all of which are
+poly DT hanging off of it and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly DT hanging off of it and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly DT hanging off of it and then these
+poly d TS if you add cytoplasm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly d TS if you add cytoplasm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly d TS if you add cytoplasm from
+cells the mRNA in that cytoplasm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the mRNA in that cytoplasm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the mRNA in that cytoplasm is
+going to stick to this poly DT bead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to this poly DT bead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to this poly DT bead and
+it will stick with a higher affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stick with a higher affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stick with a higher affinity
+than other things that are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other things that are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other things that are non
+specifically sticking to the beads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to the beads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to the beads and
+you can wash these beads with buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wash these beads with buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can wash these beads with buffer and
+salt to get rid of everything that's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt to get rid of everything that's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt to get rid of everything that's non
+specifically sticking to the bead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to the bead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to the bead and
+then you're left with just a bead that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're left with just a bead that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're left with just a bead that's
+enriched with mRNA which is what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched with mRNA which is what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched with mRNA which is what was
+specifically sticking to this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically sticking to this okay so
+you could purify your purifying the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could purify your purifying the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could purify your purifying the mRNA
+based on its affinity for a poly DT okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its affinity for a poly DT okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on its affinity for a poly DT okay
+so then you're gonna have an enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you're gonna have an enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you're gonna have an enrichment
+of mRNA in your sample and so then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA in your sample and so then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA in your sample and so then once
+you have your RNA you're gonna want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your RNA you're gonna want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your RNA you're gonna want to
+somehow go from RNA to DNA okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow go from RNA to DNA okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow go from RNA to DNA okay so the
+next step will involve somehow going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step will involve somehow going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step will involve somehow going
+from RNA to DNA so let's draw our piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RNA to DNA so let's draw our piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from RNA to DNA so let's draw our piece
+of RNA here here's our RNA it has a poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA here here's our RNA it has a poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RNA here here's our RNA it has a poly
+a tail so its mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's five-prime okay so now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five-prime okay so now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five-prime okay so now we need
+to take advantage of a trick we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of a trick we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of a trick we can
+still take advantage of poly DT because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still take advantage of poly DT because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still take advantage of poly DT because
+we can use this as a primer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this as a primer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use this as a primer because
+polymerase is usually require some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is usually require some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is usually require some sort
+of primer and a three prime hydroxyl in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primer and a three prime hydroxyl in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primer and a three prime hydroxyl in
+order to extend now can we use DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to extend now can we use DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to extend now can we use DNA
+polymerase to extend this primer Jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase to extend this primer Jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase to extend this primer Jeremy
+is shaking his head no why exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shaking his head no why exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shaking his head no why exactly so
+Jeremy is saying is DNA polymerase is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy is saying is DNA polymerase is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy is saying is DNA polymerase is a
+DNA dependent DNA polymerase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA dependent DNA polymerase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA dependent DNA polymerase okay
+DNA polymerase can only use this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA polymerase can only use this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA polymerase can only use this if this
+is DNA here okay so we need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DNA here okay so we need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is DNA here okay so we need a different
+type of enzyme essentially in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of enzyme essentially in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of enzyme essentially in order to
+make DNA from RNA and luckily molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make DNA from RNA and luckily molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make DNA from RNA and luckily molecular
+biologists actually one of whom was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists actually one of whom was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists actually one of whom was here
+at MIT discovered this type of enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT discovered this type of enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT discovered this type of enzyme
+and it's called reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reverse transcriptase this is an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase this is an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase this is an enzyme
+that's encoded by retroviruses in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's encoded by retroviruses in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's encoded by retroviruses in order
+to make double-stranded DNA from RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make double-stranded DNA from RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make double-stranded DNA from RNA and
+that allows the retrovirus to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows the retrovirus to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows the retrovirus to insert
+into the host genome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host genome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the host genome okay
+and what reverse transcriptase is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what reverse transcriptase is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what reverse transcriptase is is
+it's an RNA dependent DNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an RNA dependent DNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an RNA dependent DNA polymerase
+okay so it takes RNA as its substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it takes RNA as its substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it takes RNA as its substrate
+and then synthesizes DNA on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then synthesizes DNA on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then synthesizes DNA on the opposite
+strand okay so this is an RNA dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA polymerase okay so if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA polymerase okay so if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA polymerase okay so if you add
+reverse transcriptase to mRNAs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase to mRNAs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase to mRNAs that have
+these poly DT primers then what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these poly DT primers then what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these poly DT primers then what you get
+is a new strand which is DNA here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new strand which is DNA here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a new strand which is DNA here this
+is a strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strand
+DNA and then you have a strand of RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and then you have a strand of RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and then you have a strand of RNA
+opposite it okay so this is at this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite it okay so this is at this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite it okay so this is at this step
+you have a dna-rna hybrid okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dna-rna hybrid okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dna-rna hybrid okay so this
+is a dna-rna hybrid see reveal some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dna-rna hybrid see reveal some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dna-rna hybrid see reveal some more
+of this this is the process which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the process which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the process which I'm
+basically outlining on the board so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically outlining on the board so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically outlining on the board so then
+you want double-stranded DNA so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want double-stranded DNA so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want double-stranded DNA so you
+don't want this strand of RNA that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this strand of RNA that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this strand of RNA that's
+down here so you have to get get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so you have to get get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here so you have to get get rid of
+it so you would degrade the RNA and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you would degrade the RNA and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you would degrade the RNA and this
+is done using another enzymatic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done using another enzymatic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done using another enzymatic activity
+which is derived from reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is derived from reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is derived from reverse
+transcriptase which has termed RNase H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase which has termed RNase H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase which has termed RNase H
+activity so you can add an enzyme RNase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so you can add an enzyme RNase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so you can add an enzyme RNase
+H which RNase H takes this DNA RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which RNase H takes this DNA RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which RNase H takes this DNA RNA
+hybrids and degrades the RNA part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids and degrades the RNA part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybrids and degrades the RNA part of it
+okay so this is going to degrade the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to degrade the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is going to degrade the RNA
+strand and if you degrade the RNA strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and if you degrade the RNA strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and if you degrade the RNA strand
+then you're left with a single strand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're left with a single strand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're left with a single strand of
+DNA okay so you have single-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so you have single-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA okay so you have single-stranded DNA
+here and now what you need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now what you need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now what you need to do is to
+synthesize the second strand of DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the second strand of DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the second strand of DNA so
+you need second strand synthesis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need second strand synthesis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need second strand synthesis and so
+you need again a primer in order to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need again a primer in order to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need again a primer in order to sort
+of prime the synthesis here so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prime the synthesis here so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prime the synthesis here so they're
+very variety of ways to do this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very variety of ways to do this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very variety of ways to do this you can
+add some type of hairpin which is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some type of hairpin which is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some type of hairpin which is five
+prime here and three prime here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime here and three prime here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime here and three prime here and then
+you can use either DNA polymerase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use either DNA polymerase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use either DNA polymerase or
+reverse transcriptase which also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase which also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase which also can be
+a DNA dependent DNA polymerase to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA dependent DNA polymerase to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA dependent DNA polymerase to
+transcribe this strand here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe this strand here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe this strand here okay
+so again you add a polymerase and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you add a polymerase and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you add a polymerase and now
+you've gone and you've generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone and you've generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone and you've generated a
+double-stranded DNA okay so everyone see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA okay so everyone see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded DNA okay so everyone see
+how we've gone from an mRNA transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've gone from an mRNA transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we've gone from an mRNA transcript
+and we've we've kind of done the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've we've kind of done the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've we've kind of done the reverse
+of everything we just told you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything we just told you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything we just told you in the
+election of the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election of the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election of the first half of the course
+because we've gone from RNA and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've gone from RNA and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've gone from RNA and we've
+made DNA okay but this isn't be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made DNA okay but this isn't be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made DNA okay but this isn't be really
+useful because now we have a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because now we have a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful because now we have a stable
+piece of DNA that we can clone into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that we can clone into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA that we can clone into a
+plasmid and we have a record of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid and we have a record of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmid and we have a record of this
+transcript being present in our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript being present in our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript being present in our sample
+and we can sort of propagate that on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can sort of propagate that on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can sort of propagate that on and
+on so we've cloned it okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we've cloned it okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we've cloned it okay all right
+what's going to be special about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be special about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be special about this
+piece of DNA versus a piece of genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA versus a piece of genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA versus a piece of genomic
+DNA Natalie yes so Natalie suggested it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA Natalie yes so Natalie suggested it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA Natalie yes so Natalie suggested it
+doesn't have introns and that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have introns and that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have introns and that's totally
+right so this is not like genomic DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what Natalie said is because mRNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Natalie said is because mRNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Natalie said is because mRNA is
+processed is the introns are spliced out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed is the introns are spliced out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed is the introns are spliced out
+such the mature mRNA only has the exons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such the mature mRNA only has the exons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such the mature mRNA only has the exons
+and so this piece of complementary cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this piece of complementary cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this piece of complementary cDNA
+is gonna have no introns how else is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna have no introns how else is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna have no introns how else is it
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Jeremy it's not gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jeremy it's not gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Jeremy it's not gonna have a
+promoter yes Carmen you might see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter yes Carmen you might see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter yes Carmen you might see the
+Polly you might see a Polly a and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polly you might see a Polly a and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polly you might see a Polly a and T
+sequence in the cDNA yes that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in the cDNA yes that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in the cDNA yes that's true
+okay so you might have Polly a polity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might have Polly a polity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might have Polly a polity
+I'm gonna focus on the other part from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna focus on the other part from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna focus on the other part from
+there's gonna be no promoter enhancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be no promoter enhancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be no promoter enhancer
+regulatory sequences basically it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory sequences basically it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory sequences basically it's got
+no sequence that's not transcribed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sequence that's not transcribed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sequence that's not transcribed right
+this is the DNA is only going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the DNA is only going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the DNA is only going to have
+the part of the gene that was physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the gene that was physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the gene that was physically
+transcribed by the RNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed by the RNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed by the RNA polymerase
+originally okay so no non transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so no non transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so no non transcribed
+regions known it non transcribed regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Carmen's absolutely right you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carmen's absolutely right you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Carmen's absolutely right you will
+also have possibly a poly a or poly T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have possibly a poly a or poly T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have possibly a poly a or poly T
+sequence okay so when you get these C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so when you get these C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so when you get these C
+DNA's you might have you have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA's you might have you have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA's you might have you have more than
+one mRNA in a sample like a cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA in a sample like a cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mRNA in a sample like a cytoplasmic
+extract so you're gonna prime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so you're gonna prime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract so you're gonna prime you're
+gonna make multiple cdnas and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make multiple cdnas and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make multiple cdnas and different
+C DNA's will reflect different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C DNA's will reflect different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C DNA's will reflect different
+transcripts that are present in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts that are present in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts that are present in your
+sample okay so you could have one clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so you could have one clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so you could have one clone
+that's one gene another clone that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one gene another clone that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one gene another clone that's a
+different gene and another clone that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gene and another clone that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gene and another clone that's
+another gene and you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene and you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gene and you could have
+thousands of clones of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of clones of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of clones of these different
+DNA's what's going to be special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA's what's going to be special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA's what's going to be special about
+what what types of genes are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what types of genes are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what types of genes are you gonna
+get for I guess different tissues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for I guess different tissues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for I guess different tissues are
+they going to be the same or not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be the same or not yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be the same or not yeah
+Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly you're not gonna see if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you're not gonna see if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you're not gonna see if you've
+prepared a tissue and there's no gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a tissue and there's no gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a tissue and there's no gene
+being what if one gene was not expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what if one gene was not expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being what if one gene was not expressed
+or transcribed in that tissue you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transcribed in that tissue you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transcribed in that tissue you will
+not get a cDNA for that particular gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get a cDNA for that particular gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get a cDNA for that particular gene
+in your library okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your library okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your library okay so the
+representation of genes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of genes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of genes the
+representation of genes in a cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of genes in a cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of genes in a cDNA
+library is totally dependent on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is totally dependent on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library is totally dependent on what
+genes are being expressed okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are being expressed okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are being expressed okay so this
+representation is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is going to be
+proportional to the expression level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the expression level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the expression level and
+the more genes the more a gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more genes the more a gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more genes the more a gene is
+expressed in a given tissue the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a given tissue the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a given tissue the more
+copies of cDNA for that gene you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of cDNA for that gene you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of cDNA for that gene you would
+see in the library okay so those really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the library okay so those really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the library okay so those really
+a proportionality between the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proportionality between the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proportionality between the number of
+clones in the library in the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones in the library in the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clones in the library in the expression
+level of the gene we're sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the gene we're sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the gene we're sort of in the
+most extreme case if this gene is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extreme case if this gene is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extreme case if this gene is not
+expressed at all you're not going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed at all you're not going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed at all you're not going to see
+it represented at all in the cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represented at all in the cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it represented at all in the cDNA
+library okay and then a corollary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library okay and then a corollary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library okay and then a corollary to
+this statement is that if you make cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is that if you make cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is that if you make cDNA
+cDNA libraries from different cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA libraries from different cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA libraries from different cell types
+or different tissue types the cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different tissue types the cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different tissue types the cDNA
+libraries are going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries are going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries are going to be different
+between those different types of sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those different types of sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those different types of sources
+of mRNA okay so in other words different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA okay so in other words different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mRNA okay so in other words different
+tissues give you different cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again okay so there's the process so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so there's the process so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so there's the process so I
+went through most of the smile so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through most of the smile so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through most of the smile so you're
+asking if you grind up like an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if you grind up like an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if you grind up like an entire
+organism and if you get a cDNA from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and if you get a cDNA from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and if you get a cDNA from that
+library could you tell if it's expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library could you tell if it's expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library could you tell if it's expressed
+in like all different cell types it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like all different cell types it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like all different cell types it's
+because even if you have one cell type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you have one cell type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you have one cell type
+that expresses a gene right if you grind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expresses a gene right if you grind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expresses a gene right if you grind
+up the entire organism then you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the entire organism then you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the entire organism then you're gonna
+have some mRNA that represents that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some mRNA that represents that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some mRNA that represents that gene
+so I don't think it would be as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think it would be as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think it would be as an
+effective measure to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective measure to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective measure to determine the
+ubiquity of the expression of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquity of the expression of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquity of the expression of a given
+gene but in just a minute I'm gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene but in just a minute I'm gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene but in just a minute I'm gonna give
+you a tool that would allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a tool that would allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a tool that would allow you to
+answer the exact question that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the exact question that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the exact question that you're
+asking okay any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking okay any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking okay any other questions about
+the cDNA library okay so I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cDNA library okay so I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cDNA library okay so I just wanted
+to mention that come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention that come back to this
+example I gave on the identification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave on the identification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I gave on the identification of
+the human cdk gene so remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human cdk gene so remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human cdk gene so remember we
+started with yeast that were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with yeast that were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with yeast that were were
+mutants they had temperature-sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants they had temperature-sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants they had temperature-sensitive
+mutants and we transformed these mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants and we transformed these mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants and we transformed these mutants
+with a library but I didn't really tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a library but I didn't really tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a library but I didn't really tell
+you what the library was it was in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the library was it was in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the library was it was in fact
+the cDNA library from humans that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cDNA library from humans that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cDNA library from humans that was
+transformed into yeast okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into yeast okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into yeast okay and that's
+me as yeast genes for the most part are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as yeast genes for the most part are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as yeast genes for the most part are
+they don't have a lot of introns and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a lot of introns and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a lot of introns and so
+the yeast machinery is not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast machinery is not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast machinery is not able to
+splice out the human introns and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice out the human introns and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice out the human introns and human
+genes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes okay
+and so this was done with a human cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was done with a human cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was done with a human cDNA
+library which then encoded one of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library which then encoded one of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library which then encoded one of which
+encoded the human cdk gene and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the human cdk gene and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded the human cdk gene and that
+allowed Paul nurse to discover the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed Paul nurse to discover the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed Paul nurse to discover the piece
+of DNA that encoded for the human cdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that encoded for the human cdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA that encoded for the human cdk
+okay so I just wanted to kind of retro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just wanted to kind of retro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I just wanted to kind of retro
+actively go back and sort of tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively go back and sort of tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively go back and sort of tell you
+how that experiment was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I'm gonna get to my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm gonna get to my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm gonna get to my final
+point for this lecture which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this lecture which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this lecture which is this
+final technique which will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final technique which will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final technique which will allow us to
+determine whether or not a transcript is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not a transcript is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether or not a transcript is
+expressed in a single cell type or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a single cell type or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in a single cell type or
+ubiquitously through an organism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitously through an organism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitously through an organism and
+this involves a technique which is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves a technique which is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves a technique which is known
+as hybridization and what hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hybridization and what hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hybridization and what hybridization
+is is if you're starting with a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is if you're starting with a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is if you're starting with a piece of
+DNA right you don't need to know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA right you don't need to know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA right you don't need to know its
+sequence in order to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in order to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence in order to determine whether
+there are sequences that are similar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sequences that are similar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sequences that are similar or
+identical to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to it
+okay this hybridization is basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this hybridization is basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this hybridization is basically if
+you have some sequence and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some sequence and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some sequence and it's
+single-stranded such that you have a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded such that you have a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded such that you have a DNA
+backbone but you have base pairs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone but you have base pairs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone but you have base pairs that
+are able to pair with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to pair with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to pair with their
+complementary bases and you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary bases and you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary bases and you can use a
+piece of single-stranded DNA like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of single-stranded DNA like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of single-stranded DNA like this
+and you can label it such that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can label it such that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can label it such that if the
+labeled piece sticks to another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled piece sticks to another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled piece sticks to another piece
+that has identical or similar sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has identical or similar sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has identical or similar sequence
+you'll be able to visualize it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to visualize it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to visualize it in some
+way okay so this is called you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so this is called you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay so this is called you're
+looking for things that an eel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things that an eel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for things that an eel or
+hybridize to a particular specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to a particular specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize to a particular specific
+sequence so you don't need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so you don't need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so you don't need to know the
+sequence a priori okay you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a priori okay you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a priori okay you just need to
+have this physical piece of DNA and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this physical piece of DNA and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this physical piece of DNA and you
+can use this single stranded piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this single stranded piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this single stranded piece of
+DNA to then fish for similar sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to then fish for similar sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to then fish for similar sequences
+okay so we could take a piece of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could take a piece of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we could take a piece of DNA
+here maybe that's in a gene and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe that's in a gene and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe that's in a gene and we could
+fish through a cDNA library to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish through a cDNA library to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish through a cDNA library to try to
+identify a cDNA clone that has sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a cDNA clone that has sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a cDNA clone that has sequence
+identity to that piece of DNA okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity to that piece of DNA okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity to that piece of DNA okay and
+the way this is done is to take a cDNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is done is to take a cDNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is done is to take a cDNA
+library so each of these colonies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library so each of these colonies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library so each of these colonies here
+would Express or have a different clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Express or have a different clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Express or have a different clone
+of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see
+you can then take a nitrocellulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then take a nitrocellulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then take a nitrocellulose
+filter put it on this plate which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter put it on this plate which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter put it on this plate which would
+stick the bacteria in place to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the bacteria in place to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick the bacteria in place to that
+filter and you could then lyse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and you could then lyse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and you could then lyse the
+bacteria and denature the DNA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and denature the DNA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and denature the DNA and then
+the DNA is stuck to the figure but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is stuck to the figure but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is stuck to the figure but now
+to the filter but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the filter but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the filter but now it's
+single-stranded you can then add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded you can then add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded you can then add your
+probe which is labeled and look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe which is labeled and look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe which is labeled and look for the
+colonies that this probe sticks to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies that this probe sticks to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies that this probe sticks to and
+that would then identify a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then identify a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then identify a particular
+cDNA which would identify whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA which would identify whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cDNA which would identify whether or not
+a piece of DNA is expressed in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA is expressed in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA is expressed in a given
+tissue type okay so everyone see how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue type okay so everyone see how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue type okay so everyone see how how
+that would work so in addition to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work so in addition to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work so in addition to doing
+this on a nitrocellulose filter you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a nitrocellulose filter you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a nitrocellulose filter you can
+also do this in a tissue and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do this in a tissue and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do this in a tissue and that's
+known as in situ hybridization and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as in situ hybridization and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as in situ hybridization and in
+this case an in situ hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case an in situ hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case an in situ hybridization
+you're searching for mRNA in a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for mRNA in a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're searching for mRNA in a section
+of fixed tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I have an example from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I have an example from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I have an example from this
+paper here which is the paper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here which is the paper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper here which is the paper this
+cloned in this paper was the cloning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloned in this paper was the cloning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloned in this paper was the cloning of
+the aniridia gene and they identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aniridia gene and they identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aniridia gene and they identified a
+gene of interest which is called pak six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest which is called pak six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene of interest which is called pak six
+now and they basically used a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they basically used a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and they basically used a piece of
+DNA that they thought was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that they thought was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA that they thought was interesting
+and they did in situ hybridization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did in situ hybridization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did in situ hybridization in
+the in organism in this case you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in organism in this case you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in organism in this case you see an
+eye this is an eye here and the labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye this is an eye here and the labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye this is an eye here and the labeled
+pack six is labeled in yellow and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack six is labeled in yellow and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack six is labeled in yellow and you
+can see how this transcript is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how this transcript is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how this transcript is present
+throughout the entire eye right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire eye right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire eye right and the
+way you would see if it's tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would see if it's tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you would see if it's tissue
+specific is you'd look in other tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific is you'd look in other tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific is you'd look in other tissues
+and you wouldn't see this yellow label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't see this yellow label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't see this yellow label
+so that's how would you that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how would you that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how would you that's how you
+would determine if it's expressed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would determine if it's expressed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would determine if it's expressed in a
+specific tissue or ubiquitously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tissue or ubiquitously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific tissue or ubiquitously
+throughout an organism okay so this pax6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout an organism okay so this pax6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout an organism okay so this pax6
+gene so i was gonna ask what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene so i was gonna ask what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene so i was gonna ask what do you
+think would happen if you hyper activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would happen if you hyper activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would happen if you hyper activate
+pack six in humans and this is one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack six in humans and this is one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack six in humans and this is one idea
+but actually i'm I just made that up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually i'm I just made that up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually i'm I just made that up or
+Stanley made that up but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley made that up but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley made that up but actually
+Stanley never in fact mentioned whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley never in fact mentioned whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanley never in fact mentioned whether
+or not Cyclops is a pack six mutant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not Cyclops is a pack six mutant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not Cyclops is a pack six mutant but
+we can do a different type of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a different type of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a different type of experiment
+which might be more ethical which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be more ethical which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be more ethical which is we
+know there's a fly gene that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fly gene that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fly gene that's
+homologous to pack six and what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to pack six and what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous to pack six and what we can
+do is in flies is we can ectopic ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is in flies is we can ectopic ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is in flies is we can ectopic ly
+express this eyeless gene in non eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this eyeless gene in non eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this eyeless gene in non eye
+tissues and see what happens okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues and see what happens okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues and see what happens okay so
+this is pretty wild this is my Halloween
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty wild this is my Halloween
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty wild this is my Halloween
+image of the class so this is a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the class so this is a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the class so this is a fly
+where I list has been expressed all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I list has been expressed all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I list has been expressed all over
+its body okay so here you see there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its body okay so here you see there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its body okay so here you see there's an
+eye it's normal I here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye it's normal I here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye it's normal I here you can see
+there's now another eye growing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now another eye growing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's now another eye growing in the
+front of its head you can see here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of its head you can see here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of its head you can see here's an
+eye growing on this flies back and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye growing on this flies back and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye growing on this flies back and you
+can see the legs their eyes there's eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the legs their eyes there's eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the legs their eyes there's eye
+tissue all over the legs of this fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue all over the legs of this fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue all over the legs of this fly
+okay so this pax6 gene which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this pax6 gene which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this pax6 gene which is
+conserved from flies to humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved from flies to humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved from flies to humans
+the master regulator of eye development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master regulator of eye development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master regulator of eye development
+okay and at least in flies if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at least in flies if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at least in flies if you have
+topically express this in other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topically express this in other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topically express this in other parts of
+the body you get an eye I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body you get an eye I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body you get an eye I should say
+these are not functional eyes the don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not functional eyes the don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not functional eyes the don't
+hook up to the brain the same way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up to the brain the same way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook up to the brain the same way the
+normal eye does so it's not like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal eye does so it's not like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal eye does so it's not like this
+fly can like see out of the back of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly can like see out of the back of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly can like see out of the back of its
+head okay that's it I'm done and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay that's it I'm done and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay that's it I'm done and good
+luck on your exam on Wednesday we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck on your exam on Wednesday we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck on your exam on Wednesday we will
+see you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/84HhjmAn3Tg.txt b/84HhjmAn3Tg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..273d7ce7300cd1eef2e2935ed12ab83648e9086a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/84HhjmAn3Tg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14560 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so today will be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so today will be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so today will be the last
+economics session before the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics session before the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics session before the midterm
+after midterm we still have three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after midterm we still have three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after midterm we still have three but
+that three will be about Finance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three will be about Finance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three will be about Finance uh
+Finance real real estate Finance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance real real estate Finance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance real real estate Finance for
+sustainable real estate today is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate today is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate today is about
+policy and uh so basically today I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and uh so basically today I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy and uh so basically today I will
+talk about policy how at first may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about policy how at first may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about policy how at first may not
+be possible for sustainable real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible for sustainable real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be possible for sustainable real estate
+and then with a policy intervention you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a policy intervention you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with a policy intervention you
+will see that become possible so we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that become possible so we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that become possible so we call
+it a policy as a game changer so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a policy as a game changer so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a policy as a game changer so at
+first maybe so I will give you this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first maybe so I will give you this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first maybe so I will give you this this
+way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to
+understand so basically remember recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so basically remember recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so basically remember recall
+that when in the introduction session we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when in the introduction session we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when in the introduction session we
+put this uh three three bottom lines PPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this uh three three bottom lines PPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this uh three three bottom lines PPP
+right three bottom lines of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three bottom lines of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three bottom lines of the
+sustainable real estate we mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate we mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable real estate we mention that
+of course we are we want to do good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we are we want to do good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we are we want to do good
+things for the environment so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the environment so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the environment so that's uh
+reduce carbon emission and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon emission and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce carbon emission and all the
+things and uh then we also want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh then we also want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and uh then we also want to do
+good things for the people Society for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things for the people Society for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things for the people Society for
+example healthy buildings for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example healthy buildings for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example healthy buildings for example
+productivity and happiness uh like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and happiness uh like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and happiness uh like that
+and and then we also from this classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we also from this classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we also from this classroom
+we are real estate so we are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are real estate so we are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are real estate so we are like
+private sector we really need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector we really need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector we really need to do the
+profit so if no profit very hard very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so if no profit very hard very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so if no profit very hard very
+hard to sustain so that's we we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sustain so that's we we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to sustain so that's we we have the
+three bottom lines then remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bottom lines then remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bottom lines then remember when
+when I first talk about this they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first talk about this they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first talk about this they have a
+intersection they have intersection I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection they have intersection I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection they have intersection I
+say okay in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay in the middle of the
+intersection that's our solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that's our solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that's our solution because
+you can uh balance all three pppp but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh balance all three pppp but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh balance all three pppp but
+that's a dream sometimes it's a dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dream sometimes it's a dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dream sometimes it's a dream
+it's very hard to get the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to get the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to get the intersection
+of the three bottom lines so then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three bottom lines so then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three bottom lines so then a
+market may not always work Market may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may not always work Market may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market may not always work Market may
+not always work so we call market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always work so we call market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always work so we call market
+failures then if there are market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures then if there are market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures then if there are market
+failures and we have three bubbles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and we have three bubbles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and we have three bubbles we
+diverge then if you diverge so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge then if you diverge so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge then if you diverge so basically
+then you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have no
+intersection if you want to go to Planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if you want to go to Planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection if you want to go to Planet
+no profit go to people no profit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no profit go to people no profit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no profit go to people no profit like
+that so we already we already covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we already we already covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we already we already covered
+two of the market failures today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the market failures today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the market failures today is the
+third one so the so a quick recap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so the so a quick recap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so the so a quick recap of the
+first two information symmetry yeserday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two information symmetry yeserday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two information symmetry yeserday
+AC already covered this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC already covered this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC already covered this information
+symmetry so that means you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that means you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that means you have no
+information you have no knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have no knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you have no knowledge of
+green buildings benefit cost you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings benefit cost you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings benefit cost you have no
+information which building is a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which building is a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which building is a green
+building so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so then the
+developer just uh do green washing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer just uh do green washing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer just uh do green washing and
+then just sell you the fake green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just sell you the fake green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just sell you the fake green
+buildings and and then this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and and then this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and and then this this this
+Market will collapse so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market will collapse so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market will collapse so that's that's
+the first thing then that's why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing then that's why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing then that's why we need
+this certificate lead while all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certificate lead while all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certificate lead while all the
+certificant to provide information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant to provide information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificant to provide information
+second is split incentive so that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is split incentive so that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is split incentive so that one is
+about landlord versus tenant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about landlord versus tenant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about landlord versus tenant
+relationship remember so and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship remember so and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship remember so and also uh
+yesterday covered in the uh recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday covered in the uh recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday covered in the uh recitation
+split incentive means the tenants if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split incentive means the tenants if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split incentive means the tenants if
+there's a triple net lease then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a triple net lease then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a triple net lease then the
+landlord won't have the incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord won't have the incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord won't have the incentive to
+retrofit the building because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit the building because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit the building because they
+cannot recoup the benefit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot recoup the benefit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot recoup the benefit because
+they because the tenants pay the B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because the tenants pay the B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because the tenants pay the B uh
+energy bills so and the tenants has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bills so and the tenants has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy bills so and the tenants has also
+doesn't care about this building because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about this building because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about this building because
+the tenant is only in this building for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant is only in this building for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenant is only in this building for
+five or 10 years so last cannot work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 years so last cannot work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or 10 years so last cannot work
+then we a solution to this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we a solution to this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we a solution to this will be a
+green lease a green lease to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green lease a green lease to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green lease a green lease to better
+arrange to better share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange to better share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange to better share the
+responsibility and also Shar the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and also Shar the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility and also Shar the benefit
+and cost of this uh Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost of this uh Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cost of this uh Energy Efficiency
+and today we already talked to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we already talked to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we already talked to then
+today we'll cover the last one that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll cover the last one that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll cover the last one that make
+these three bubbles diverge which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three bubbles diverge which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three bubbles diverge which is the
+externality and uh do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality and uh do you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality and uh do you understand
+externality this at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality this at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality this at least the
+concept so who who already started or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so who who already started or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so who who already started or
+heard of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of the
+externality uh concept could you raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality uh concept could you raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality uh concept could you raise
+your hands who have already studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands who have already studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands who have already studied this
+okay good so you have basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so you have basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so you have basic
+understanding then we know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding then we know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding then we know for the
+externality first we look at because is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality first we look at because is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality first we look at because is
+two types positive and negative we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types positive and negative we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types positive and negative we first
+look at a positive so think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a positive so think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a positive so think about this
+this is the idea so think about green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea so think about green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the idea so think about green
+buildings versus brown buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings versus brown buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings versus brown buildings
+remember we obvious say uh Apple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we obvious say uh Apple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we obvious say uh Apple to
+Apple comparison then we have LS eal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple comparison then we have LS eal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple comparison then we have LS eal one
+is Green Building the other is uh Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Green Building the other is uh Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Green Building the other is uh Brown
+building so Green Building is good Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so Green Building is good Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so Green Building is good Green
+Building will generate a lot of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will generate a lot of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will generate a lot of positive
+externality so these words means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality so these words means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externality so these words means
+this is uh something good and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh something good and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh something good and the
+providers they generate those things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers they generate those things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers they generate those things by
+uh by by developing a green building but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by developing a green building but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by by developing a green building but
+they cannot really get the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot really get the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot really get the benefit
+entire benefit of the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire benefit of the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire benefit of the Green Building
+because they generate a lot of benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they generate a lot of benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they generate a lot of benefits
+to the society instead of to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the society instead of to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the society instead of to this
+Builder or this developer himself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder or this developer himself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builder or this developer himself the
+very good example is the carbon emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good example is the carbon emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good example is the carbon emission
+right carbon carbon emission climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right carbon carbon emission climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right carbon carbon emission climate
+warming is a global warming is a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming is a global warming is a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming is a global warming is a global
+thing then all people are emitting CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then all people are emitting CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing then all people are emitting CO2
+to the atmosphere then cause a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atmosphere then cause a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the atmosphere then cause a global
+warming and then green build is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming and then green build is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warming and then green build is good
+because it reduce the carbon emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it reduce the carbon emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it reduce the carbon emission
+however you contribute to the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you contribute to the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you contribute to the entire
+Globe instead of yourself right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe instead of yourself right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Globe instead of yourself right so you
+cannot get all the benefit of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get all the benefit of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get all the benefit of this you
+cannot say oh because I reduce carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say oh because I reduce carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot say oh because I reduce carbon
+emission then I get benefit of how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission then I get benefit of how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission then I get benefit of how how
+many dollars you cannot you just reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars you cannot you just reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars you cannot you just reduce
+carbon emission you do do good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission you do do good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission you do do good things
+for the society here but this cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the society here but this cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the society here but this cannot get
+into your profit because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your profit because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your profit because there's no
+Market no no very material market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market no no very material market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market no no very material market for
+carbon so this will be called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so this will be called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so this will be called uh
+positive externality so think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive externality so think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive externality so think about the
+balance remember we have the balance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance remember we have the balance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance remember we have the balance to
+s b benefit cost analysis so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s b benefit cost analysis so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s b benefit cost analysis so the point
+here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the
+following if you build a green building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you build a green building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if you build a green building
+for example your cost is like this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example your cost is like this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example your cost is like this big
+and then you do get some benefit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do get some benefit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do get some benefit back
+like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+benefit for example your energy bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for example your energy bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for example your energy bill
+will reduce because you save energy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce because you save energy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce because you save energy like
+that your bills energy bills will reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your bills energy bills will reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your bills energy bills will reduce
+and you will get some reputation all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get some reputation all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get some reputation all the
+things good but you have one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things good but you have one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things good but you have one thing that
+you cannot get the monetary return which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot get the monetary return which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot get the monetary return which
+your carbon emission this is carbon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon emission this is carbon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your carbon emission this is carbon you
+reduce reduce the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced
+carbon so that's your this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so that's your this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so that's your this is your
+internal benefit this is your the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal benefit this is your the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal benefit this is your the
+external benefit you generated but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external benefit you generated but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external benefit you generated but you
+couldn't get into your monetary return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get into your monetary return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get into your monetary return
+so that's positive externality so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's positive externality so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's positive externality so if you
+have this remember then you will compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this remember then you will compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this remember then you will compare
+benefit and cost you will say okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and cost you will say okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and cost you will say okay if
+I'm selfish if I'm so selfish I I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm selfish if I'm so selfish I I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm selfish if I'm so selfish I I won't
+consider this because I cannot recoup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this because I cannot recoup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this because I cannot recoup
+this I can benefit and cost then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can benefit and cost then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can benefit and cost then I have
+so much cost not so much benefit I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cost not so much benefit I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much cost not so much benefit I'm not
+going to do this so that will lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so that will lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so that will lead to a
+under supply of this uh this uh social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under supply of this uh this uh social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under supply of this uh this uh social
+social social good um beneficial Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social social good um beneficial Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social social good um beneficial Goods
+to the society and then the casy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the society and then the casy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the society and then the casy thing
+for the policy what we say is a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the policy what we say is a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the policy what we say is a policy
+is a game changer is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+internalize okay we need we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize okay we need we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internalize okay we need we really need
+the individuals this decentralize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals this decentralize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals this decentralize the
+decision makers as developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers as developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers as developers
+to internalize the benefit to society to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to internalize the benefit to society to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to internalize the benefit to society to
+themselves as money and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as money and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as money and then they
+compare these two things they will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things they will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these two things they will say
+okay now I understand this benefit I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I understand this benefit I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I understand this benefit I can
+really enjoy that I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy that I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy that I'm going to do this
+so that's the thing of the externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the thing of the externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the thing of the externality
+this individual won't consider then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual won't consider then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual won't consider then the
+policy will move this ex external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy will move this ex external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy will move this ex external
+benefit to internal private benefit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to internal private benefit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to internal private benefit then
+make the market start to work at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the market start to work at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the market start to work at first
+the stock market won't work so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market won't work so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market won't work so that's
+that's that's the thing if this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the thing if this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the thing if this positive
+we always say this uh ping subsidy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always say this uh ping subsidy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always say this uh ping subsidy or
+kind of anyway it's a subsidy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anyway it's a subsidy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anyway it's a subsidy it's a
+incentive it's a good thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive it's a good thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive it's a good thing that you can
+get more benefit and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more benefit and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more benefit and to
+incentivize uh these individuals then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize uh these individuals then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize uh these individuals then in
+reality there's many types of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there's many types of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there's many types of the uh
+subsidies like tax rebates and subsidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies like tax rebates and subsidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidies like tax rebates and subsidy
+uh direct subsidy B money and and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct subsidy B money and and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct subsidy B money and and other
+not exactly say you'll give you money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly say you'll give you money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly say you'll give you money
+but will change to your financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will change to your financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but will change to your financial
+return so so if this thing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so so if this thing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so so if this thing this thing
+this product has positive externality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product has positive externality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product has positive externality
+then the policy makers will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the policy makers will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the policy makers will have the
+responsibility if they want to move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility if they want to move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility if they want to move this
+external thing into internal benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external thing into internal benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external thing into internal benefit
+they will give carots we call caros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will give carots we call caros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will give carots we call caros so
+that's why I want to uh that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I want to uh that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I want to uh that's why I
+want to um Whole Foods and I got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um Whole Foods and I got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um Whole Foods and I got some
+carrots today that I I went to I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots today that I I went to I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots today that I I went to I went to
+trailer draw but I couldn't get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer draw but I couldn't get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer draw but I couldn't get so
+that's why I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have
+this so that's are carrots so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's are carrots so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's are carrots so that you
+remember this is carrots and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is carrots and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is carrots and then if
+this positive we need to give carrots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive we need to give carrots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positive we need to give carrots
+the thing the following I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the following I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the following I want you
+understand the basic economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic economics of
+carrots so for example now we are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots so for example now we are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots so for example now we are still
+thinking about Green Building the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Green Building the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Green Building the Green
+Building will be positive thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will be positive thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building will be positive thing then
+However
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However
+unfortunately first before before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately first before before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately first before before the
+carots no carots no caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots no carots no caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots no carots no caros
+then the this uh demand SES they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this uh demand SES they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this uh demand SES they only
+consider the private benefit for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the private benefit for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the private benefit for example
+read for example is good for reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for example is good for reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for example is good for reducing
+and abuse Etc that's called private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abuse Etc that's called private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abuse Etc that's called private
+benefit right this is private benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right this is private benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit right this is private benefit
+only consider reducing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider reducing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider reducing energy
+bills however there's another social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills however there's another social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills however there's another social
+benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+social benefit is reducing carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social benefit is reducing carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social benefit is reducing carbon
+emission right that's good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right that's good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission right that's good for the
+society but you cannot just change it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but you cannot just change it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but you cannot just change it to
+money and then if you are so un selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then if you are so un selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and then if you are so un selfish
+lless you you're socialist you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lless you you're socialist you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lless you you're socialist you're
+selfish lless you consider the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish lless you consider the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish lless you consider the entire
+planet then the demand of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet then the demand of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet then the demand of the green
+buildings should be like this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings should be like this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings should be like this this is
+demand curve so right you you move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve so right you you move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve so right you you move up
+the demand curve because uh you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve because uh you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve because uh you consider
+the entire Society but not everyone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Society but not everyone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Society but not everyone like
+that it's very hard to expect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very hard to expect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very hard to expect all the
+individuals in the market they consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the market they consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the market they consider
+those S selfishness then we need Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those S selfishness then we need Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those S selfishness then we need Market
+we need policy as a as a as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need policy as a as a as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need policy as a as a as a a
+way to achieve this goal because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to achieve this goal because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to achieve this goal because this
+this at first if you don't consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at first if you don't consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at first if you don't consider this
+you have a under under Supply market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a under under Supply market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a under under Supply market
+equilibrium this a uh lower quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this a uh lower quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this a uh lower quantity of
+the green buildings right so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings right so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green buildings right so actually
+the social optim point should be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social optim point should be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social optim point should be here
+you should have more green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have more green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have more green buildings
+instead of this Q Prime it's a q star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this Q Prime it's a q star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of this Q Prime it's a q star
+this is optimal for the society we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optimal for the society we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optimal for the society we need
+so much green buildings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much green buildings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much green buildings but
+unfortunately when people are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately when people are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately when people are relatively
+selfish you only have q Prime and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish you only have q Prime and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish you only have q Prime and then
+we need to change how can we reach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change how can we reach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change how can we reach that
+social optimal point is to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social optimal point is to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social optimal point is to give the
+carrots the carrots I later I will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots the carrots I later I will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots the carrots I later I will show
+you other ways to move this to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other ways to move this to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other ways to move this to here and
+for example you direct give subsidy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you direct give subsidy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you direct give subsidy to
+households when they buy green p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households when they buy green p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households when they buy green p
+buildings that's one way but then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that's one way but then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings that's one way but then is
+another way is to shift down the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way is to shift down the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way is to shift down the supply
+curve that also works anyway our point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that also works anyway our point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that also works anyway our point
+is to reach this queue right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reach this queue right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to reach this queue right this
+optimal que and then you should give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal que and then you should give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal que and then you should give
+subsidy to the suppliers think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy to the suppliers think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy to the suppliers think about the
+developers the developers is so hesitant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers the developers is so hesitant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers the developers is so hesitant
+to to to supply green buildings because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to supply green buildings because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to supply green buildings because
+all the demand side they are selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the demand side they are selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the demand side they are selfish
+they don't want to pay they have nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to pay they have nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to pay they have nobody
+needs to pay then we give them some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to pay then we give them some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to pay then we give them some
+boners like I B you can build taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boners like I B you can build taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boners like I B you can build taller
+buildings then you have more units to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings then you have more units to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings then you have more units to
+sell or if you build green buildings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell or if you build green buildings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell or if you build green buildings the
+government give you tax credit or or tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government give you tax credit or or tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government give you tax credit or or tax
+rebate no matter anyway then that's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebate no matter anyway then that's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebate no matter anyway then that's is
+uh uh carrots so that's is caros so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh carrots so that's is caros so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh carrots so that's is caros so that
+okay we achiev this now we achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we achiev this now we achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we achiev this now we achieve this
+with the game changer so that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the game changer so that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the game changer so that's the idea
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caros okay another thing is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros okay another thing is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros okay another thing is not always
+think a bad thing iing maybe a brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a bad thing iing maybe a brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a bad thing iing maybe a brown
+building or we can think about like um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or we can think about like um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or we can think about like um a
+factory very dirty Factory always uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory very dirty Factory always uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory very dirty Factory always uh uh
+emit a lot of pollutants to the air so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a lot of pollutants to the air so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a lot of pollutants to the air so
+that's a bad thing right now we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad thing right now we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad thing right now we think
+about uh bad thing the bad thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh bad thing the bad thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh bad thing the bad thing is the
+following this is a brown building now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this is a brown building now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following this is a brown building now
+weing bad bad thing right so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing bad bad thing right so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weing bad bad thing right so the thing
+is think about this at first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about this at first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think about this at first the
+developers they don't care I just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they don't care I just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they don't care I just build
+buildings if I can sell out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if I can sell out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if I can sell out the
+buildings I build a lot of buildings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings I build a lot of buildings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings I build a lot of buildings I
+don't care the actual damage I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care the actual damage I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care the actual damage I create
+for the planet my actual damage creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the planet my actual damage creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the planet my actual damage creates
+the negative thing is more carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative thing is more carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative thing is more carbon
+emission because you build a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission because you build a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission because you build a lot of
+brown buildings you don't care you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown buildings you don't care you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown buildings you don't care you build
+a lot of dirty buildings then you emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dirty buildings then you emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dirty buildings then you emit
+more carbon into the air which was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbon into the air which was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carbon into the air which was which
+was bad but I think I'm selfish I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bad but I think I'm selfish I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bad but I think I'm selfish I don't
+care I will just build so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care I will just build so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care I will just build so
+at first you only consider your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first you only consider your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first you only consider your private
+cost which is your materials and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost which is your materials and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost which is your materials and all the
+things then you build you say okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you build you say okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then you build you say okay if
+people want to buy I will just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to buy I will just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to buy I will just build
+however you have a much higher Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you have a much higher Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you have a much higher Social
+cost because you build a lot of so dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because you build a lot of so dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because you build a lot of so dirty
+buildings you emit a lot actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings you emit a lot actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings you emit a lot actually your
+cost should be higher if you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost should be higher if you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost should be higher if you consider
+the planet right so the thing is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet right so the thing is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet right so the thing is if you
+don't consider your selfish you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider your selfish you build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider your selfish you build a
+lot of ground ground buildings but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ground ground buildings but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ground ground buildings but if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+are selfish list you should build less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selfish list you should build less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selfish list you should build less
+because you you you have a higher Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you you have a higher Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you you have a higher Social
+cost so that's will q q start here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so that's will q q start here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so that's will q q start here so
+but however only with a market it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however only with a market it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but however only with a market it's very
+hard it's very hard to achieve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's very hard to achieve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it's very hard to achieve this
+because everyone just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone just want to make
+profit so we need Market changer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so we need Market changer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit so we need Market changer that's
+uh We call we call uh sticks there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh We call we call uh sticks there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh We call we call uh sticks there I
+have a sticks not from TR not from tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sticks not from TR not from tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sticks not from TR not from tra
+Jo but just from from our yard so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jo but just from from our yard so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jo but just from from our yard so this
+is this so this is is a stick so stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so this is is a stick so stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so this is is a stick so stick
+means okay you are doing bad things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay you are doing bad things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay you are doing bad things I
+must let you burden put the burden on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must let you burden put the burden on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must let you burden put the burden on
+you so that you will not do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you will not do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you will not do that so
+that's a taex common taex okay okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a taex common taex okay okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a taex common taex okay okay you
+are selfish okay you don't consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selfish okay you don't consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selfish okay you don't consider the
+things you you heard the the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you you heard the the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you you heard the the environment
+now I'm moving up artificially I charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm moving up artificially I charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm moving up artificially I charge
+tax to you if you do things you will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to you if you do things you will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to you if you do things you will pay
+carbon tax or penalty like Local 97 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon tax or penalty like Local 97 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon tax or penalty like Local 97 like
+this so that is a stick immedi they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that is a stick immedi they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that is a stick immedi they move
+up the cost then they will build less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the cost then they will build less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the cost then they will build less of
+the ground buildings or they will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground buildings or they will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground buildings or they will take
+action to retrofit their ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action to retrofit their ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action to retrofit their ground
+buildings into green buildings so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings into green buildings so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings into green buildings so that's
+basically today's point is this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically today's point is this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically today's point is this and this
+very small this very big um but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small this very big um but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small this very big um but anyway
+so this is the carrot and sticks any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the carrot and sticks any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the carrot and sticks any
+questions do now okay this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do now okay this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do now okay this is very
+abstract that's why I put I put here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that's why I put I put here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract that's why I put I put here but
+later I will give more examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I will give more examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I will give more examples of the
+character sticks and later this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character sticks and later this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character sticks and later this is our
+common language okay in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language okay in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common language okay in the classroom
+between us after you graduate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us after you graduate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between us after you graduate and then
+we say the reunion we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the reunion we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the reunion we will talk about
+carrots and sticks you will tell me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots and sticks you will tell me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots and sticks you will tell me in
+your Market if you later become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Market if you later become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Market if you later become
+developer you will tell mean whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer you will tell mean whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer you will tell mean whether you
+think you have enough carrots or too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have enough carrots or too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have enough carrots or too
+much sticks because we are developers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sticks because we are developers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sticks because we are developers to
+remember we are deel maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are deel maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we are deel maybe some of you
+will become policy makers if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become policy makers if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become policy makers if you are
+policy makers you need to design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers you need to design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy makers you need to design this
+kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+it's too big then you kill the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big then you kill the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big then you kill the market
+nobody want to do things too big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody want to do things too big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody want to do things too big then
+say Oh cut cut cut to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh cut cut cut to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Oh cut cut cut to the extent that
+you can still make the market work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still make the market work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still make the market work but
+you want to achieve this skill or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to achieve this skill or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to achieve this skill or you
+say okay this carots too small then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this carots too small then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay this carots too small then I
+have this two small nobody want do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this two small nobody want do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this two small nobody want do then
+I add on us incentives to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add on us incentives to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add on us incentives to get more
+carots so later when you work when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots so later when you work when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots so later when you work when you
+go to work you if your policy makers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to work you if your policy makers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to work you if your policy makers you
+design the side of this and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the side of this and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the side of this and the size of
+this and if you are developers no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you are developers no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if you are developers no
+problem you can complain it's too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can complain it's too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can complain it's too much
+too little and then you you you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little and then you you you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too little and then you you you you can
+Lobby the the policy makers right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobby the the policy makers right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lobby the the policy makers right that's
+how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then this is a table Yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then this is a table Yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then this is a table Yes
+actually prevaled this table that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prevaled this table that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prevaled this table that's our
+uh boxes four boxes four baskets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boxes four boxes four baskets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boxes four boxes four baskets of the
+carrots and the sticks so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots and the sticks so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots and the sticks so we have the
+sticks the formal name is enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the formal name is enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the formal name is enforcement
+and caros the formal name is incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caros the formal name is incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and caros the formal name is incentive
+and then we also have the mitigation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have the mitigation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have the mitigation and
+adaptation side so that you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation side so that you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation side so that you have like
+better understanding of this so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of this so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of this so think
+about we talked a climate climate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we talked a climate climate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we talked a climate climate this
+Caron is very very very good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caron is very very very good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caron is very very very good example of
+the negative externality or you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative externality or you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative externality or you reduce
+carbon is positive externality so we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is positive externality so we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is positive externality so we use
+mitigation mitigation means you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation mitigation means you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation mitigation means you will
+reduce your carbon emission right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your carbon emission right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your carbon emission right like
+decarbonizing buildings P set number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing buildings P set number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonizing buildings P set number
+P set number one p set one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set number one p set one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set number one p set one is about
+mitigation how you retrofit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation how you retrofit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigation how you retrofit your
+building and then you reduce carbon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and then you reduce carbon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and then you reduce carbon then
+the government says okay I understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government says okay I understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government says okay I understand uh
+you are very hesitated to do so and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are very hesitated to do so and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are very hesitated to do so and you
+resist for example Boston Propet they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist for example Boston Propet they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist for example Boston Propet they
+don't want to do anything and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do anything and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do anything and then they
+impose sticks and carrots another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose sticks and carrots another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose sticks and carrots another thing
+P said to remember our honic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P said to remember our honic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P said to remember our honic regression
+I know tomorrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know tomorrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know tomorrow is
+is a due date uh today or tomorrow is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a due date uh today or tomorrow is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a due date uh today or tomorrow is a
+due date so that is to understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due date so that is to understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due date so that is to understand uh
+adaptation so you understand okay if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation so you understand okay if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation so you understand okay if we
+have houses buildings in the flood zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have houses buildings in the flood zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have houses buildings in the flood zone
+bad and then later we'll get flooded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and then later we'll get flooded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and then later we'll get flooded so
+we need to take action to adapt to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take action to adapt to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take action to adapt to that
+then you have uh sticks and carrots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh sticks and carrots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh sticks and carrots so
+that's see and the building C is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's see and the building C is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's see and the building C is in the
+middle you have building codes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you have building codes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you have building codes you can
+say okay the building code say You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay the building code say You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay the building code say You're
+Building energy level Rich what that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building energy level Rich what that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building energy level Rich what that's a
+building code then that's mitigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building code then that's mitigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building code then that's mitigation
+adaptation if you are in flone you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation if you are in flone you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation if you are in flone you must
+elevate your ground floor to to to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate your ground floor to to to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate your ground floor to to to or
+high level so that's also building code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level so that's also building code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level so that's also building code
+building code is like minimum it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building code is like minimum it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building code is like minimum it's like
+you must achieve this so that's can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must achieve this so that's can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must achieve this so that's can be
+used mitigation or adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used mitigation or adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used mitigation or adaptation
+both okay so now I'm doing this so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so now I'm doing this so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so now I'm doing this so first
+look at carrots so we look at carots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at carrots so we look at carots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at carrots so we look at carots you
+will F you will find that Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will F you will find that Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will F you will find that Green Building
+po so many Green Building Poli is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po so many Green Building Poli is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po so many Green Building Poli is uh in
+different cities is from the States from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cities is from the States from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cities is from the States from
+the countries from the from country from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries from the from country from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries from the from country from
+the federal level to the state level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal level to the state level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal level to the state level to
+the county level to the uh municipality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county level to the uh municipality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the county level to the uh municipality
+level are so many policies and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level are so many policies and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level are so many policies and you see
+so many and different states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many and different states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many and different states have
+different things that's a way this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that's a way this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that's a way this a
+policy monitor green buildings economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy monitor green buildings economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy monitor green buildings economic
+policies and I think um our our TA Sana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and I think um our our TA Sana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and I think um our our TA Sana
+is now doing a policy tracker a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now doing a policy tracker a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now doing a policy tracker a similar
+idea it's because this policy these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's because this policy these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea it's because this policy these two
+different types of the carrots or sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of the carrots or sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of the carrots or sticks
+is totally different and their are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally different and their are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally different and their are
+narratives it's very hard to quantify so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives it's very hard to quantify so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives it's very hard to quantify so
+s sanana is now doing a project as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sanana is now doing a project as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sanana is now doing a project as a
+policy tracker of this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy tracker of this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy tracker of this building
+decarbonization and different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization and different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization and different different
+local local municipalities and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local local municipalities and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local local municipalities and even
+different countries and to measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and to measure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and to measure that
+uh policy so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh policy so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh policy so that's the
+idea now carot number one carot number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now carot number one carot number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now carot number one carot number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+any questions here why is so happy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here why is so happy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here why is so happy I
+don't think you need this and uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you need this and uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think you need this and uh and if
+you answer questions well I will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answer questions well I will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you answer questions well I will give
+you this but I don't think you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this but I don't think you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this but I don't think you need
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+question um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um yeah
+um like I I just think it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I I just think it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I I just think it's it's like
+it's the concept is simple of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the concept is simple of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the concept is simple of of the
+economics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics where
+the but it's like how do you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's like how do you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but it's like how do you get the
+soci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot of costs for you mean it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of costs for you mean it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of costs for you mean it's very hard
+to achieve that social optimal Point how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that social optimal Point how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieve that social optimal Point how
+do you define the social Optimum we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you define the social Optimum we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you define the social Optimum we can
+Define that in a theoretical way but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that in a theoretical way but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that in a theoretical way but in
+reality it's very hard right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's very hard right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's very hard right we
+understand we always we we I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we always we we I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we always we we I think for
+Economist they understand which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist they understand which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist they understand which one is
+which like social should be higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like social should be higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like social should be higher or
+lower than the market equilibrium that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the market equilibrium that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than the market equilibrium that's
+quantitative way but you you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative way but you you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative way but you you calculate
+exactly the number here is very hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number here is very hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number here is very hard and
+also you sometimes you the policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you sometimes you the policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you sometimes you the policy makers
+they are not so smart they understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not so smart they understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not so smart they understand
+this they design policy but the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they design policy but the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they design policy but the problem
+is let me see for example they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me see for example they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me see for example they they
+design the policy but the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the policy but the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the policy but the problem is
+they estimate they estimate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they estimate they estimate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they estimate they estimate some
+sophisticated models but they mean a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models but they mean a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models but they mean a lot
+of assumptions and people's behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions and people's behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions and people's behavior
+response to those policies may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to those policies may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to those policies may not be
+the same as these policy makers so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as these policy makers so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as these policy makers so then
+we call it unintended consequences you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it unintended consequences you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it unintended consequences you
+impose a policy and you you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a policy and you you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a policy and you you assume that
+people will respond and actually people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will respond and actually people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will respond and actually people
+will not respond that in that way then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not respond that in that way then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not respond that in that way then
+you have other side effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other side effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have other side effect of the
+policy but but in theory there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but but in theory there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy but but in theory there should be
+a social optimal if you really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social optimal if you really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social optimal if you really can
+capture an estimate all the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture an estimate all the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture an estimate all the social
+cost now I start from uh from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now I start from uh from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now I start from uh from this uh
+rro this uh carrot this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rro this uh carrot this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rro this uh carrot this is a this is a
+big thing I don't know why the EU is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing I don't know why the EU is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing I don't know why the EU is so
+rich I feel EU is very rich so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich I feel EU is very rich so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich I feel EU is very rich so I really
+want to move to the Europe so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move to the Europe so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move to the Europe so the point
+is they are very rich and then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are very rich and then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are very rich and then they have
+a lot of money and then they commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money and then they commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money and then they commit to
+in indal this amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indal this amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in indal this amount of money
+672 billion money agreed the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+672 billion money agreed the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+672 billion money agreed the European
+Council agreed use this money and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council agreed use this money and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council agreed use this money and to
+subsidize the building Renovations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the building Renovations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the building Renovations so
+they call it the uh renovation wave they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it the uh renovation wave they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it the uh renovation wave they
+have an ambitious goal say 2030 all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ambitious goal say 2030 all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ambitious goal say 2030 all uh
+renovated and then if you if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated and then if you if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated and then if you if you decide
+to renovate your buildings you apply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to renovate your buildings you apply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to renovate your buildings you apply for
+funding then the EU will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding then the EU will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding then the EU will give you
+funding so that's a big uh big uh carot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so that's a big uh big uh carot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so that's a big uh big uh carot
+I I don't think the US has this maybe Us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think the US has this maybe Us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't think the US has this maybe Us
+in some area has but it's very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some area has but it's very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some area has but it's very very big
+thing now in EU that if you retrofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now in EU that if you retrofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now in EU that if you retrofit
+then you get money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get money from the
+EU and then this is um the good thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU and then this is um the good thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU and then this is um the good thing is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+following if this is EU money right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if this is EU money right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if this is EU money right this
+is all you you get and then because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you you get and then because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you you get and then because of
+this the private sector like the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the private sector like the banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the private sector like the banks
+and some financial institutions add on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some financial institutions add on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some financial institutions add on
+so then they say okay if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then they say okay if you go to the
+EU get money then I we will match with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU get money then I we will match with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EU get money then I we will match with
+some Private Financial tools then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Private Financial tools then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Private Financial tools then you
+have more money so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more money so that's a good
+thing okay now we move on to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now we move on to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now we move on to another
+carrot it's a narrow carrot so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot it's a narrow carrot so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot it's a narrow carrot so that's
+for Massachusetts so here the massachus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts so here the massachus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts so here the massachus
+basically if you go to the m uh website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you go to the m uh website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you go to the m uh website
+you will see if your residential if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see if your residential if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see if your residential if you
+your home owner or your small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home owner or your small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home owner or your small business
+or big business no matter what and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or big business no matter what and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or big business no matter what and then
+if you are nonprofit like that you h on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are nonprofit like that you h on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are nonprofit like that you h on
+this these things you will find many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things you will find many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these things you will find many
+many small and big and medium sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many small and big and medium sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many small and big and medium sized
+carots like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carots like
+that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh
+we already mentioned this example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned this example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned this example this
+is a he pump right he pump installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a he pump right he pump installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a he pump right he pump installation
+for the he pump uh because thanks to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the he pump uh because thanks to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the he pump uh because thanks to to
+bance uh inflation reduction act then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance uh inflation reduction act then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bance uh inflation reduction act then
+you can have more uh this uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have more uh this uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have more uh this uh this this
+subsidy if you install a he pump so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy if you install a he pump so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy if you install a he pump so
+question I'm not sure many of I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm not sure many of I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm not sure many of I'm not
+sure how many of you are home owners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how many of you are home owners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how many of you are home owners or
+or tenants are or you already used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tenants are or you already used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tenants are or you already used this
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+I know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you have
+used okay I'm a but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us which was safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us which was safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us which was safe
+free um so they like gave me free light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so they like gave me free light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so they like gave me free light
+bulbs and changed out myometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yeah you first did a energy audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you first did a energy audit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah you first did a energy audit
+and they they will do anual audit say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they will do anual audit say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they will do anual audit say oh
+this building is so old and you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is so old and you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building is so old and you need to
+change this change this and and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this change this and and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this change this and and change
+installation and then you okay how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation and then you okay how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation and then you okay how much
+money you got and whether you are happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you got and whether you are happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you got and whether you are happy
+with that they just G me a bunch of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that they just G me a bunch of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that they just G me a bunch of free
+stuff yes okay all freid so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yes okay all freid so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yes okay all freid so you don't
+need to spend money they will come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to spend money they will come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to spend money they will come and
+give you things okay see this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you things okay see this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you things okay see this is good
+and even this is not only for homeowners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even this is not only for homeowners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even this is not only for homeowners
+is tenants also eligible who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tenants also eligible who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tenants also eligible who
+else now we we only have two people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now we we only have two people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now we we only have two people in
+this room so this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room so this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room so this is for
+you free stuff okay good who else who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you free stuff okay good who else who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you free stuff okay good who else who
+else no nobody okay we need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else no nobody okay we need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else no nobody okay we need to learn
+more so we need educate more actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so we need educate more actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so we need educate more actually we
+are doing a research project now on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a research project now on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing a research project now on this
+after today's class I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's class I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after today's class I'm going to go to
+the mighty and mighty energy initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mighty and mighty energy initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mighty and mighty energy initiative
+to present our work is actually exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present our work is actually exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present our work is actually exactly
+this that's our ongoing work ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our ongoing work ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our ongoing work ongoing
+research again if you are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research again if you are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research again if you are interested
+talk to me is the following we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me is the following we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me is the following we know that
+for Massachusetts this uh heat pump like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts this uh heat pump like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Massachusetts this uh heat pump like
+one $10,000 you can get subsidy carot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one $10,000 you can get subsidy carot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one $10,000 you can get subsidy carot
+but the installation the adoption rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the installation the adoption rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the installation the adoption rate
+is still very low we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still very low we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still very low we want to understand
+the pzle of this oh free money but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pzle of this oh free money but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pzle of this oh free money but why
+still installation how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still installation how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still installation how can we
+accelerate ACC accelerate this um we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate ACC accelerate this um we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate ACC accelerate this um we we
+may need more carots so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need more carots so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may need more carots so that's another
+more so the thing is sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the thing is sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the thing is sometimes you
+cannot just give money but you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just give money but you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just give money but you need some
+mechanism for this thing we found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this thing we found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism for this thing we found out
+actually this this 10,000 is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this this 10,000 is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this this 10,000 is enough to
+cover this machine but it's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this machine but it's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this machine but it's not enough
+to cover all the installation right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all the installation right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover all the installation right you
+have workers you have all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have workers you have all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have workers you have all the things
+then it's not enough and then the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not enough and then the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not enough and then the people
+they don't understand people common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand people common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't understand people common
+people they don't understand knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they don't understand knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they don't understand knowledge
+so this education information and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this education information and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this education information and all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+things okay let's think about carrots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay let's think about carrots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay let's think about carrots so
+just now I mentioned this so Game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now I mentioned this so Game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now I mentioned this so Game
+Changer this conceptual level performer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changer this conceptual level performer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changer this conceptual level performer
+conceptual level cash flow uh diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual level cash flow uh diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual level cash flow uh diagram is
+so important so at first the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important so at first the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important so at first the green
+retrofit won't work the green retrofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit won't work the green retrofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit won't work the green retrofit
+is too expensive like uh pres pres uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too expensive like uh pres pres uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too expensive like uh pres pres uh
+Presidential Center for example two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presidential Center for example two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presidential Center for example two two
+dir building then if you want to retr a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dir building then if you want to retr a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dir building then if you want to retr a
+huge investment is needed to to to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge investment is needed to to to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge investment is needed to to to to do
+the uh deep retr and then nobody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deep retr and then nobody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh deep retr and then nobody want to
+do now the game changer comes say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now the game changer comes say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now the game changer comes say okay
+we will get subsidy so then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get subsidy so then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will get subsidy so then we will
+offset this up cost so that's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset this up cost so that's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset this up cost so that's very clear
+so then this one decrease right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this one decrease right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this one decrease right because
+remember MP MP MP is our decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember MP MP MP is our decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember MP MP MP is our decision making
+too NP must be positive otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too NP must be positive otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too NP must be positive otherwise
+doesn't make sense and at first this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense and at first this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense and at first this
+this up front C so big and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up front C so big and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up front C so big and this is
+totally netive and then because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally netive and then because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally netive and then because of
+myself or some other like EU uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself or some other like EU uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself or some other like EU uh then
+they give you subsidy this one uh become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you subsidy this one uh become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you subsidy this one uh become
+smaller then this uh change MP we from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller then this uh change MP we from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller then this uh change MP we from
+next to positive so that's we call game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to positive so that's we call game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to positive so that's we call game
+changer at first MP negative and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changer at first MP negative and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changer at first MP negative and now
+become MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become MP
+positive at first negative because too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive at first negative because too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive at first negative because too
+big then because of policy thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then because of policy thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then because of policy thanks to the
+carrot then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot then
+positive and it's not like only give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it's not like only give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and it's not like only give you
+a right check to you oh if you install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right check to you oh if you install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right check to you oh if you install
+this right check if you do this R check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right check if you do this R check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right check if you do this R check
+sometimes it's not a check per se but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not a check per se but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not a check per se but it
+will really have Financial very big fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really have Financial very big fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really have Financial very big fin
+fincial benefit so that's another carrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fincial benefit so that's another carrot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fincial benefit so that's another carrot
+which is the density bonus the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the density bonus the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the density bonus the density
+bonus I think that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus I think that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus I think that's very easy to
+understand so basically the thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so basically the thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so basically the thing if you
+if you build a Green Building they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a Green Building they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you build a Green Building they have
+a standard for example lead they always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard for example lead they always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard for example lead they always
+need a standard you cannot just self uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a standard you cannot just self uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a standard you cannot just self uh
+report say I'm I'm a Green Building for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report say I'm I'm a Green Building for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report say I'm I'm a Green Building for
+example this is um aring not our aring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is um aring not our aring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is um aring not our aring
+AR Virginia then here here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR Virginia then here here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR Virginia then here here here
+and Lead version silver gold Platinum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lead version silver gold Platinum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lead version silver gold Platinum if
+you really meet the lead silver like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really meet the lead silver like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really meet the lead silver like you
+get certificant then you can get a bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get certificant then you can get a bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get certificant then you can get a bonus
+of point. five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point. five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point. five
+increase of the of the F so all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the of the F so all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the of the F so all other
+buildings 25 if that is the cap now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings 25 if that is the cap now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings 25 if that is the cap now they
+leave the cap higher then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the cap higher then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the cap higher then you get
+more so I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so I think that's a
+let me see yes so that that's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see yes so that that's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see yes so that that's a case
+thing oh so so sorry they have a they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing oh so so sorry they have a they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing oh so so sorry they have a they
+have a benchmark F if you are silver you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a benchmark F if you are silver you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a benchmark F if you are silver you
+get you get this increase this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get this increase this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get this increase this is this
+incremental and then if you uh meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental and then if you uh meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental and then if you uh meet
+other priorities I think you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other priorities I think you get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other priorities I think you get another
+.5 so always you get this for silver you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 so always you get this for silver you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 so always you get this for silver you
+get 25 25 F increase and gold 35 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 25 25 F increase and gold 35 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 25 25 F increase and gold 35 and the
+Platinum 50 so that's the big teros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum 50 so that's the big teros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Platinum 50 so that's the big teros so
+this is a check but you can build more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a check but you can build more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a check but you can build more
+which is so important right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so important right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is so important right you can
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+more and I remember so question for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and I remember so question for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and I remember so question for this
+if you are policy maker if you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are policy maker if you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are policy maker if you are in a
+building authority this is Arlington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building authority this is Arlington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building authority this is Arlington
+town and when you design this when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and when you design this when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and when you design this when you
+later go to the tong uh city government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later go to the tong uh city government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later go to the tong uh city government
+like like like uh kyos kyos Ro in City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like like uh kyos kyos Ro in City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like like uh kyos kyos Ro in City
+Hall so how you are going to design do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall so how you are going to design do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall so how you are going to design do
+you think these numbers they have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think these numbers they have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think these numbers they have a very
+scientific calculation or something why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific calculation or something why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific calculation or something why
+they came out with these numbers 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came out with these numbers 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came out with these numbers 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 do you think this is very scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 do you think this is very scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 do you think this is very scientific
+based I don't know if it's scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based I don't know if it's scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based I don't know if it's scientific
+based or not but it probably should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based or not but it probably should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based or not but it probably should be
+because if you're going to be increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're going to be increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're going to be increasing
+the F it's going to use more energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F it's going to use more energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F it's going to use more energy it's
+more space to heat and cool and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space to heat and cool and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space to heat and cool and things
+like that and electricity usage so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and electricity usage so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and electricity usage so you
+want to make sure that you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you're getting
+the benefit of them switching to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of them switching to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit of them switching to lead
+and things like that um and and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um and and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um and and getting
+a benefit less less consumption very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benefit less less consumption very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benefit less less consumption very
+good so if you are City uh City policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so if you are City uh City policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so if you are City uh City policy
+maker what you are on your mind when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker what you are on your mind when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker what you are on your mind when you
+decide on this you understand if know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on this you understand if know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on this you understand if know
+this the developer they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the developer they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the developer they don't want to
+build yeah I just wanted to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build yeah I just wanted to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build yeah I just wanted to add that
+that also the embodied carbon would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the embodied carbon would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also the embodied carbon would
+increase because you're building more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because you're building more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because you're building more
+yeah that's exactly yes yes in body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly yes yes in body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's exactly yes yes in body and
+operational carbon will both increase if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon will both increase if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational carbon will both increase if
+you build taller and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things please encourage the developer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things please encourage the developer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things please encourage the developer to
+build the Green Building yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the Green Building yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the Green Building yeah that's
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+purpose but how you can really decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but how you can really decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose but how you can really decide on
+the precisely that number to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precisely that number to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the precisely that number to give them
+as a gift this my gift to you please top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a gift this my gift to you please top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a gift this my gift to you please top
+of the sence Billy was talking about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sence Billy was talking about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sence Billy was talking about you
+also think about the financial cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the financial cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about the financial cost so
+what's the cost of your additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost of your additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the cost of your additional
+Building Systems to hit these hurdles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems to hit these hurdles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Systems to hit these hurdles
+versus the F that you're granting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the F that you're granting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the F that you're granting you
+know you got to Grant enough F or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got to Grant enough F or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got to Grant enough F or more
+to subsidize the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsidize the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subsidize the cost of
+the added scale your scope okay good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the added scale your scope okay good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the added scale your scope okay good and
+but I that's you are from developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I that's you are from developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I that's you are from developers
+perspective right no I'm I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right no I'm I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right no I'm I'm talking
+from the city perspective whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city perspective whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the city perspective whether they
+are giving too much or they're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are giving too much or they're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are giving too much or they're giving
+understand what that cost is okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what that cost is okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what that cost is okay they
+they need to understand whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to understand whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to understand whether
+developer will respond or not and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will respond or not and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will respond or not and for
+the city perspective more from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city perspective more from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city perspective more from C
+perspective yeah please I think from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yeah please I think from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yeah please I think from the
+other side if you look at it say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side if you look at it say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side if you look at it say if
+you're jumping from 25 a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping from 25 a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're jumping from 25 a to
+50 um in an office building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 um in an office building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 um in an office building
+you're creating twice as much supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating twice as much supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating twice as much supply of
+office platinum and that would in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office platinum and that would in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office platinum and that would in theory
+not be created somewhere else you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be created somewhere else you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be created somewhere else you're
+already creating it in that place right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already creating it in that place right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already creating it in that place right
+so like even you will you'll create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like even you will you'll create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like even you will you'll create more
+Supply maybe the rent will go down are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply maybe the rent will go down are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply maybe the rent will go down are
+you seeing the supply is limited in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seeing the supply is limited in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seeing the supply is limited in in a
+city for office you can't build like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for office you can't build like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for office you can't build like
+whatever you want so if you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so if you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want so if you're already
+turning the0 25 in that building into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the0 25 in that building into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the0 25 in that building into
+A50 producing what another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A50 producing what another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A50 producing what another
+develop okay good so very good so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop okay good so very good so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop okay good so very good so that
+give you a sense of it's not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of it's not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of it's not that easy
+actually I think just now uh someone as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think just now uh someone as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think just now uh someone as
+asked a question it's not that easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question it's not that easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a question it's not that easy to
+really design the optimal policy optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really design the optimal policy optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really design the optimal policy optimal
+size of the of the carrot it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the of the carrot it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the of the carrot it's very hard
+and and you need to consider both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you need to consider both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you need to consider both sides
+of the co first as many of you said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co first as many of you said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the co first as many of you said you
+need to understand is this enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand is this enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand is this enough and
+whether this will really not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will really not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this will really not the
+developers to respond in the way you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to respond in the way you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to respond in the way you you
+you you you want them to respond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you want them to respond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you want them to respond right
+maybe too little no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe too little no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe too little no
+response and then you have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and then you have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and then you have some other
+things if you increase uh height then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you increase uh height then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if you increase uh height then
+you have carbon emission and you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon emission and you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon emission and you like
+like negative things and for this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like negative things and for this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like negative things and for this F
+itself on the other side you need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on the other side you need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself on the other side you need to see
+the social this is like oh if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social this is like oh if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social this is like oh if you do
+this the social benefit that's a IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the social benefit that's a IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the social benefit that's a IR
+rational but you also have social cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but you also have social cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational but you also have social cost
+related to this right why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this right why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this right why the
+fundamental r of f limitation or zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental r of f limitation or zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental r of f limitation or zoning
+is you cannot build too much if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you cannot build too much if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you cannot build too much if you
+build too much you add a lot of burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build too much you add a lot of burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build too much you add a lot of burden
+to the city's system infrastructure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city's system infrastructure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the city's system infrastructure for
+example traffic you all the tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example traffic you all the tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example traffic you all the tall
+buildings and traffic and and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and traffic and and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and traffic and and all the
+things and all these infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and all these infrastructure
+system so when the design is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so when the design is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so when the design is from the
+city if I'm the city mayor I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city if I'm the city mayor I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city if I'm the city mayor I need to
+balance the social benefit of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the social benefit of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the social benefit of this the
+social cost of this right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cost of this right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social cost of this right because I'm
+the city mayor the social benefit will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city mayor the social benefit will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city mayor the social benefit will
+be more green buildings the social cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more green buildings the social cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more green buildings the social cost
+will be taller buildings more in body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taller buildings more in body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taller buildings more in body
+carbon and operational energy use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and operational energy use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and operational energy use and
+more traffic around that area and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more traffic around that area and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more traffic around that area and uh and
+this and that so so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that so so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that so so that's a
+point and this density bonus is a carot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this density bonus is a carot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this density bonus is a carot
+so the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point
+is it's not a check per se but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not a check per se but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not a check per se but it will
+increase your revenue for sure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your revenue for sure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your revenue for sure because
+you build more then you have more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build more then you have more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build more then you have more uh
+office uh to run out right so that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office uh to run out right so that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office uh to run out right so that will
+change that will change the uh the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that will change the uh the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that will change the uh the thing
+of this um of this equation make MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um of this equation make MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um of this equation make MP
+negative to positive then they respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to positive then they respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative to positive then they respond
+if your if your caros is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough so here is very interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so here is very interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so here is very interesting is
+our our project we have been doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our project we have been doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our project we have been doing for
+one more than one years together with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more than one years together with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more than one years together with a
+Jen and anist and other another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen and anist and other another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jen and anist and other another
+professor Justin steel uh in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Justin steel uh in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Justin steel uh in our
+department is the combin ation this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is the combin ation this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department is the combin ation this one
+is very interesting the story is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting the story is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very interesting the story is a
+following there is a this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there is a this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following there is a this is a real
+project we have a project that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we have a project that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we have a project that this uh
+Massachusetts Association of home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Association of home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Association of home
+builders HB HB Rama so every state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders HB HB Rama so every state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders HB HB Rama so every state has
+some similar similar Association of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some similar similar Association of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some similar similar Association of the
+builders especially the medium siiz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders especially the medium siiz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders especially the medium siiz and
+small siiz Builders they want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small siiz Builders they want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small siiz Builders they want to have a
+market power they want to see they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they want to see they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they want to see they want
+to talk to the governor of the state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to the governor of the state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to the governor of the state so
+they they just gather together they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just gather together they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they just gather together they have
+this Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Association
+and then the Massachusetts very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Massachusetts very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Massachusetts very very
+aggressive uh very very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh very very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh very very very very
+Progressive Pro uh yes so basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive Pro uh yes so basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive Pro uh yes so basically they
+said they want to reduce they they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they want to reduce they they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they want to reduce they they want
+to change energy code energy code is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change energy code energy code is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change energy code energy code is a
+stick remember andry code is a stick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick remember andry code is a stick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick remember andry code is a stick so
+they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say
+Nero the governor said we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nero the governor said we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nero the governor said we really want to
+achieve n zero very fast you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve n zero very fast you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve n zero very fast you know very
+fast trajectory go to n zero they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast trajectory go to n zero they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast trajectory go to n zero they have a
+energy index called herse herse Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy index called herse herse Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy index called herse herse Energy
+score every building has a herse I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score every building has a herse I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score every building has a herse I'm not
+sure whether when you get the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether when you get the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether when you get the energy
+audit they will tell you the herse score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they will tell you the herse score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit they will tell you the herse score
+of your building and then they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your building and then they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your building and then they say okay
+now I'm I mandate I mandate all the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I mandate I mandate all the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I mandate I mandate all the new
+constructions new buildings you energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions new buildings you energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions new buildings you energy
+her score must decrease from 55 to 45 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her score must decrease from 55 to 45 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her score must decrease from 55 to 45 or
+42 that's a big decrease if you decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 that's a big decrease if you decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42 that's a big decrease if you decrease
+to very low then you become not zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very low then you become not zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very low then you become not zero now
+they they are doing this Step by Step At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are doing this Step by Step At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are doing this Step by Step At
+first Maybe not zero but they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Maybe not zero but they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Maybe not zero but they want to
+Sharp degrees of the energy school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp degrees of the energy school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp degrees of the energy school of
+all the new new construction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the new new construction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the new new construction of the
+housing units in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing units in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing units in
+Massachusetts and then these home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and then these home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and then these home
+builders they are very anxious and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders they are very anxious and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders they are very anxious and they
+they're unhappy they are saying why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy they are saying why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unhappy they are saying why you
+cannot just uh think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just uh think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot just uh think about this
+political goal of the N zero or this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political goal of the N zero or this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political goal of the N zero or this to
+society to the planet but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society to the planet but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society to the planet but you need to
+think about our cost right because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our cost right because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about our cost right because then
+it means M fully electric Fun hit pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means M fully electric Fun hit pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means M fully electric Fun hit pump
+first and installation and the passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and installation and the passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and installation and the passive
+house that all means cost increase then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that all means cost increase then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that all means cost increase then
+they say Okay cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say Okay cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say Okay cost
+increase we cannot do you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we cannot do you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we cannot do you cannot just
+give us stick and then you ask us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us stick and then you ask us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us stick and then you ask us to do
+as a mandate and we will not do if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mandate and we will not do if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a mandate and we will not do if they
+will not do that become a problem why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do that become a problem why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do that become a problem why
+because especially in Boston area as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because especially in Boston area as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because especially in Boston area as you
+know it's already limited housing Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's already limited housing Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's already limited housing Supply
+we don't have enough uh houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough uh houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have enough uh houses
+especially for for some areas with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for for some areas with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for for some areas with a lot
+of people no not enough not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people no not enough not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people no not enough not enough
+houses then if the builders all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses then if the builders all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses then if the builders all get
+upset and they all step back so we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset and they all step back so we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset and they all step back so we we're
+not going to uh develop new houses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to uh develop new houses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to uh develop new houses that
+will be a shortage of the supply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a shortage of the supply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a shortage of the supply that
+will push up the housing affordability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push up the housing affordability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will push up the housing affordability
+problem right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right no
+Supply oh they say okay we will supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply oh they say okay we will supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply oh they say okay we will supply
+but since you only give us stick it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since you only give us stick it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since you only give us stick it can
+will stick now we are going to pass on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stick now we are going to pass on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stick now we are going to pass on
+this cost into the the buyers or the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost into the the buyers or the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cost into the the buyers or the or
+the tenants we're not going to uh carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants we're not going to uh carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenants we're not going to uh carry
+on this cost if you if this induce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cost if you if this induce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this cost if you if this induce a
+increase of cost of 5% we will go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of cost of 5% we will go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of cost of 5% we will go to the
+price side say 5% higher because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price side say 5% higher because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price side say 5% higher because we have
+power because it's still limit housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because it's still limit housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because it's still limit housing
+Supply so then that will hurt the hous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so then that will hurt the hous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply so then that will hurt the hous
+affability right then they came to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affability right then they came to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affability right then they came to us
+say oh although we have this intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh although we have this intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh although we have this intuition
+but we don't know how to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't know how to talk to
+governor governor want us to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor governor want us to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor governor want us to show
+empirical evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical evidence
+we we need a empirical uh evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we need a empirical uh evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we need a empirical uh evidence
+evidence-based so that we can talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based so that we can talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence-based so that we can talk to
+Governor so they came to us all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Governor so they came to us all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Governor so they came to us all of us
+and then say Okay MIT could you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say Okay MIT could you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say Okay MIT could you do a
+project could you do a research to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project could you do a research to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project could you do a research to
+quantif fun if you go like in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantif fun if you go like in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantif fun if you go like in this way
+what will be the added actual burden to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the added actual burden to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the added actual burden to
+the households in term of the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the households in term of the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the households in term of the housing
+affordability so that become our project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability so that become our project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordability so that become our project
+called the balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the balance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the balance between
+sustainability and affordability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and affordability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability and affordability right
+you cannot every day say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot every day say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot every day say oh
+sustainability is so good so we all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability is so good so we all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability is so good so we all go
+to green and then I zero but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to green and then I zero but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to green and then I zero but you need to
+think about affability remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about affability remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about affability remember
+ESG so we we talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ESG not everything is like benefit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESG not everything is like benefit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESG not everything is like benefit all
+three now if you think oh we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now if you think oh we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now if you think oh we only
+consider e then you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider e then you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider e then you heard
+so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go
+up Social part go that housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Social part go that housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Social part go that housing
+affability is a social social thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affability is a social social thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affability is a social social thing
+right if this go up this go down how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this go up this go down how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this go up this go down how to
+balance how to balance this two that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance how to balance this two that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance how to balance this two that's a
+question so you need to design a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you need to design a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so you need to design a good
+policy to balance then we we start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy to balance then we we start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy to balance then we we start this
+project we are almost done we will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we are almost done we will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we are almost done we will go to
+Washington DC early June to present I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC early June to present I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington DC early June to present I
+think that will be a national National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that will be a national National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that will be a national National
+Association of home builders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of home builders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of home builders
+and National National Association of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and National National Association of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and National National Association of
+home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home
+builders n AHB yes Massachusetts because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders n AHB yes Massachusetts because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builders n AHB yes Massachusetts because
+the govern the governor is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the govern the governor is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the govern the governor is so
+Progressive right so we are going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive right so we are going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive right so we are going to go
+this and this many many states some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this many many states some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this many many states some are
+relatively not that Progressive someh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively not that Progressive someh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively not that Progressive someh
+Progressive we're going to present our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive we're going to present our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Progressive we're going to present our
+research to let those policy makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to let those policy makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to let those policy makers
+understand this then we did an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this then we did an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this then we did an analysis
+of housing affordability for example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of housing affordability for example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of housing affordability for example we
+understand housing affordability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand housing affordability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand housing affordability is a
+sheare of the house housing cost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare of the house housing cost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare of the house housing cost in
+household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household
+income have anyone have started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income have anyone have started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income have anyone have started this
+housing affordability thing do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing affordability thing do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing affordability thing do you know
+there's a threshold if you so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a threshold if you so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a threshold if you so if this
+Shar is above a threshold that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar is above a threshold that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shar is above a threshold that's uh
+that's like not affordable and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not affordable and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like not affordable and then you
+are eligible for some subsidy or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eligible for some subsidy or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are eligible for some subsidy or some
+program from the government do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from the government do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from the government do you know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+threshold 30 yes 30% I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold 30 yes 30% I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold 30 yes 30% I think you have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh uh income uh mixed income housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh income uh mixed income housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh income uh mixed income housing
+produ uh class right 30% they thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ uh class right 30% they thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produ uh class right 30% they thing is a
+sheare of this if this about 30% not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare of this if this about 30% not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheare of this if this about 30% not
+affordable and then the housing cost can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and then the housing cost can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable and then the housing cost can
+bring break down into this is utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring break down into this is utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring break down into this is utility
+bill of course housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill of course housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill of course housing
+cost and another thing if the homeowners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and another thing if the homeowners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and another thing if the homeowners
+will be the monthly payment like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the monthly payment like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the monthly payment like the
+mortgage and the tax and insurance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and the tax and insurance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and the tax and insurance if
+the renters will be rent and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the renters will be rent and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the renters will be rent and both
+renters and owners need to pay ener bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters and owners need to pay ener bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters and owners need to pay ener bill
+so then we say okay if we go to Net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we say okay if we go to Net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we say okay if we go to Net
+Zero this one will decrease then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero this one will decrease then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero this one will decrease then this
+one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will
+increase but to what extent what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but to what extent what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but to what extent what should
+be the elasticity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the elasticity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the elasticity of this
+for many of you you may understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of you you may understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many of you you may understand this
+is a big thing this is a majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big thing this is a majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big thing this is a majority of the
+thing this may be a small thing minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this may be a small thing minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this may be a small thing minor
+thing right but this one will decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right but this one will decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right but this one will decrease
+and this one will increase if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one will increase if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one will increase if the
+developers pass on the cost to buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers pass on the cost to buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers pass on the cost to buyers
+and uh tenants then which one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh tenants then which one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh tenants then which one will
+dominant and in which Market will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and in which Market will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and in which Market will
+dominant and to what kind of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and to what kind of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant and to what kind of income
+group will dominant that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group will dominant that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group will dominant that's totally
+empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+then we started we get data of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started we get data of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started we get data of course
+this research need data right so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research need data right so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this research need data right so we have
+data this is Massachusetts we got data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is Massachusetts we got data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is Massachusetts we got data
+from all households of the single family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all households of the single family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all households of the single family
+of multif family then we have income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multif family then we have income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multif family then we have income
+groups from the very poor to very rich I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups from the very poor to very rich I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups from the very poor to very rich I
+think we have 20 groups 20 income uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have 20 groups 20 income uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have 20 groups 20 income uh
+group and then we started this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then we started this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then we started this I think
+this is energy bill this is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy bill this is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is energy bill this is an energy
+cost Energy bill cost and then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Energy bill cost and then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost Energy bill cost and then they have
+some insurance and tax cost then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insurance and tax cost then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some insurance and tax cost then they
+have their mortgage income cost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their mortgage income cost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their mortgage income cost like
+that and then the solid line for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the solid line for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the solid line for each
+calegory is before the change the Das
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calegory is before the change the Das
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calegory is before the change the Das
+lines after the change so you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines after the change so you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines after the change so you will see
+yes your take cost decrease but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your take cost decrease but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your take cost decrease but so
+little invisible almost right so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little invisible almost right so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little invisible almost right so little
+uh change however the price we may go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change however the price we may go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change however the price we may go up
+so the dash line is above so then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dash line is above so then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dash line is above so then this
+is a 30% line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 30% line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 30% line
+so you will see of course the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will see of course the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will see of course the poor
+people always are affordable no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always are affordable no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always are affordable no matter
+what always affordable they always need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what always affordable they always need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what always affordable they always need
+sub need that like a subsidy from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub need that like a subsidy from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub need that like a subsidy from the
+government they're always very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're always very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they're always very high
+because the income so low but the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the income so low but the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the income so low but the change
+will hurt those group see this is group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt those group see this is group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt those group see this is group
+that will be hurt for by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be hurt for by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be hurt for by this
+sustainability because at first they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability because at first they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability because at first they
+will below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will below
+30% then after the change they jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% then after the change they jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% then after the change they jump
+above 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 30%
+so we identify oh this group will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we identify oh this group will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we identify oh this group will be
+very vulnerable and from okay to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vulnerable and from okay to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vulnerable and from okay to not
+okay so this is uh this multif family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh this multif family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is uh this multif family
+multif family uh every income rate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multif family uh every income rate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multif family uh every income rate we
+lower okay those that's a point so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay those that's a point so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower okay those that's a point so so
+then we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we give
+suggestions question you want another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions question you want another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions question you want another
+carot go ahead I was just curious how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carot go ahead I was just curious how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carot go ahead I was just curious how
+the Home Builders Association feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Home Builders Association feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Home Builders Association feels
+about these findings because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these findings because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these findings because they're the
+ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah so yes they want to uh they want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yes they want to uh they want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yes they want to uh they want we
+will go there we will go to DC to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go there we will go to DC to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go there we will go to DC to show
+this to this is Massachusetts but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this is Massachusetts but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this is Massachusetts but we
+will show to other states so they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show to other states so they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show to other states so they want
+this they want to show right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they want to show right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they want to show right so this
+will hurt because their argument from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt because their argument from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hurt because their argument from
+the beginning is you cannot just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning is you cannot just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning is you cannot just do
+sneak you need to couple with a carrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak you need to couple with a carrot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneak you need to couple with a carrot
+right if you couple with a carrot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you couple with a carrot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you couple with a carrot you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+reduce this part right because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this part right because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this part right because then you
+give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+some subsidy or what kind of things cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subsidy or what kind of things cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subsidy or what kind of things cars
+to the developers so they won't pass on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the developers so they won't pass on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the developers so they won't pass on
+so much to the buyers and tenant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the buyers and tenant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much to the buyers and tenant so
+that's a king keying the combin cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a king keying the combin cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a king keying the combin cannot
+do this only this so that's a thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this only this so that's a thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this only this so that's a thing and
+then however the this is Politics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then however the this is Politics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then however the this is Politics as
+last time remember at Gold Inc right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time remember at Gold Inc right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time remember at Gold Inc right
+came last session he says sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came last session he says sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came last session he says sometimes it's
+not just the social issues it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the social issues it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the social issues it's just the
+equity issues instead maning is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity issues instead maning is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity issues instead maning is about
+Politics the politics will be very push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Politics the politics will be very push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Politics the politics will be very push
+back from the policy makers push back if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the policy makers push back if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the policy makers push back if
+you say oh R check if you do this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh R check if you do this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh R check if you do this let
+check to developers very hard so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to developers very hard so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to developers very hard so they
+may be more like acceptable amendable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more like acceptable amendable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more like acceptable amendable to
+some some ways of F this kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some ways of F this kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some ways of F this kind of things
+increase a little bit f as F bonus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a little bit f as F bonus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a little bit f as F bonus and
+do some TCH rebate and Al some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some TCH rebate and Al some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some TCH rebate and Al some like
+expedited permitting process others like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedited permitting process others like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expedited permitting process others like
+two years you get a permit no then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years you get a permit no then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years you get a permit no then you
+can of fast the permit permitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of fast the permit permitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of fast the permit permitting
+process so that's some kind of so zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that's some kind of so zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so that's some kind of so zoning
+will be the best solution with Zing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the best solution with Zing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the best solution with Zing
+because the Zing will make sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Zing will make sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Zing will make sure they
+really start to build if you don't build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to build if you don't build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really start to build if you don't build
+then you cannot get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot get the
+benefit okay now I need to move on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay now I need to move on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay now I need to move on for
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+sticks other sticks this stick is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks other sticks this stick is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks other sticks this stick is I
+think many of us we went to the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of us we went to the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of us we went to the New York
+City um field trip with kyos class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City um field trip with kyos class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City um field trip with kyos class right
+I was also there we went to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was also there we went to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was also there we went to some
+buildings and I in every building I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and I in every building I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and I in every building I try
+to find this I try to find this and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this I try to find this and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find this I try to find this and uh
+remember I also asked a question when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I also asked a question when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I also asked a question when we
+first first stop at the uh Rock failer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first stop at the uh Rock failer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first stop at the uh Rock failer
+Center and then because New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and then because New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center and then because New York City
+said you must pull this you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you must pull this you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you must pull this you very
+very entrance the entrance of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entrance the entrance of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entrance the entrance of your
+building to show this is mandate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to show this is mandate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to show this is mandate you
+must show your energy reading a good b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must show your energy reading a good b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must show your energy reading a good b c
+d so this is this monitary to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so this is this monitary to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d so this is this monitary to put that
+give will pressure if you are too dir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give will pressure if you are too dir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give will pressure if you are too dir
+you have d right then when we were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have d right then when we were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have d right then when we were there
+together with Kos in every building I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with Kos in every building I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with Kos in every building I I
+try to find in the last building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find in the last building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to find in the last building the
+last the architect building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the architect building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last the architect building the
+architect firm we weit it finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect firm we weit it finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect firm we weit it finally we
+found a D in a very Corner Place uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a D in a very Corner Place uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a D in a very Corner Place uh not
+very not very easy to see place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not very easy to see place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very not very easy to see place and
+another building in my hotel I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another building in my hotel I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another building in my hotel I I I I
+went there in Thursday night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there in Thursday night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went there in Thursday night and
+Thursday night also a d here and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday night also a d here and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday night also a d here and also
+behind a door a place they posted there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a door a place they posted there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a door a place they posted there
+because they have to post but they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to post but they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to post but they feel
+so embarrassed and to post a d if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embarrassed and to post a d if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so embarrassed and to post a d if they
+are a of course they put here this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a of course they put here this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a of course they put here this one
+is very this one is very brave and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very this one is very brave and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very this one is very brave and they
+put see there but this is a stick right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put see there but this is a stick right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put see there but this is a stick right
+make you lose face how do they get gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you lose face how do they get gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you lose face how do they get gold
+if they have such better that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have such better that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have such better that's a good
+question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I don't
+know check this building okay so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check this building okay so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check this building okay so I think
+New York is like very very strict even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York is like very very strict even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York is like very very strict even
+lead not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead not good
+see yeah so we have the similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah so we have the similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah so we have the similar things
+Boston has bural and uh and the CER is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston has bural and uh and the CER is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston has bural and uh and the CER is
+butal a very similar pronunciation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butal a very similar pronunciation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butal a very similar pronunciation but
+they are little different so this is MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are little different so this is MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are little different so this is MIT
+this is Cambridge because we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Cambridge because we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Cambridge because we are in
+Cambridge right Cambridge also has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge right Cambridge also has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge right Cambridge also has this
+loose face so uh disclosure mandatory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose face so uh disclosure mandatory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose face so uh disclosure mandatory so
+this is the Cambridge is a build build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Cambridge is a build build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Cambridge is a build build
+set it's very similar this cambrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's very similar this cambrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's very similar this cambrid
+version of local La and7 disclosure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of local La and7 disclosure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of local La and7 disclosure you
+must disclose your energy energy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must disclose your energy energy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must disclose your energy energy so this
+is our building now we are here building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our building now we are here building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our building now we are here building
+n total carbon emission intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n total carbon emission intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n total carbon emission intensity is
+22.5 it's small and this one is a hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22.5 it's small and this one is a hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22.5 it's small and this one is a hidden
+Library have you been there the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library have you been there the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library have you been there the hidden
+Library very beautiful right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library very beautiful right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library very beautiful right the
+renovation they did renovation in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation they did renovation in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation they did renovation in they
+did renovation in 2020 2021 during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did renovation in 2020 2021 during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did renovation in 2020 2021 during the
+pandemic and then they finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic and then they finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic and then they finished
+renovation I strongly suggest you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation I strongly suggest you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation I strongly suggest you go
+there I always went there feel stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I always went there feel stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I always went there feel stressed
+out I go there and uh I stay there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I go there and uh I stay there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I go there and uh I stay there and I
+look at the Char River I feel good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Char River I feel good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Char River I feel good so
+this is a very good library is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very good library is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very good library is the first
+floor 24/7 all time you can go there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor 24/7 all time you can go there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor 24/7 all time you can go there to
+start it so lead go fit Val all the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it so lead go fit Val all the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it so lead go fit Val all the good
+things they have and this then this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they have and this then this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they have and this then this they
+have all the things as a role model on M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the things as a role model on M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the things as a role model on M
+camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp
+for the green and the housy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green and the housy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the green and the housy
+building and we we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and we we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and we we already talked about
+this as easy pushed you use this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as easy pushed you use this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as easy pushed you use this for
+your P set one right they push to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your P set one right they push to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your P set one right they push to for
+the all the listy company big company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the listy company big company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the listy company big company to
+disclose scope one two three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose scope one two three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose scope one two three that's
+that's thing so then this is this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thing so then this is this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's thing so then this is this um uh
+minimum Energy Efficiency this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Energy Efficiency this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum Energy Efficiency this this is
+another stick it's a huge stick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stick it's a huge stick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another stick it's a huge stick it's
+very very thick stick very strong stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thick stick very strong stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very thick stick very strong stick
+in UK the UK said it's not like only ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in UK the UK said it's not like only ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in UK the UK said it's not like only ask
+you to lose face no not just a losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to lose face no not just a losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to lose face no not just a losing
+face but real action if your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but real action if your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face but real action if your energy
+standard so low so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so low so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so low so
+dirty you have you cannot lease can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty you have you cannot lease can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dirty you have you cannot lease can no
+longer lease your properties until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer lease your properties until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer lease your properties until you
+make the renovation makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the renovation makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the renovation makes the
+energy energy uh reading better so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy uh reading better so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy energy uh reading better so if
+you since this right since this uh 2020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you since this right since this uh 2020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you since this right since this uh 2020
+below E bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below E bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below E bad
+stop leing out of the market Andy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop leing out of the market Andy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop leing out of the market Andy is
+there any enormous subsidy that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any enormous subsidy that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any enormous subsidy that goes
+along with this because otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this because otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this because otherwise you're
+just punishing all the rent Market yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just punishing all the rent Market yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just punishing all the rent Market yeah
+that's a good question we need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question we need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question we need to check
+out I don't know I think they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know I think they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't know I think they should
+have some carrot combined if you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some carrot combined if you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some carrot combined if you say to
+all landlords if you quality apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all landlords if you quality apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all landlords if you quality apartment
+you can't rent it all the prices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't rent it all the prices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't rent it all the prices in the
+market just went up right right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market just went up right right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market just went up right right right so
+it's very thick right you must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very thick right you must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very thick right you must have a
+small carot together so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small carot together so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small carot together so that you can
+balance and then you you otherwise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and then you you otherwise all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and then you you otherwise all
+all the out right all all the no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the out right all all the no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the out right all all the no no no
+no that's very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's very similar to
+massachusett so so the casing is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett so so the casing is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett so so the casing is very
+strict if you under ye no rent then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict if you under ye no rent then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict if you under ye no rent then run
+is no Revenue no Revenue so that immed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Revenue no Revenue so that immed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Revenue no Revenue so that immed
+become a game changer then you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a game changer then you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a game changer then you say okay
+I have no other choice if I still want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no other choice if I still want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have no other choice if I still want
+to be the landlord I have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the landlord I have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the landlord I have to do this
+renovation to get out of this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation to get out of this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation to get out of this situation
+and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get
+above so that's that's not a losing pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above so that's that's not a losing pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above so that's that's not a losing pH
+thing this is really cut totally cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is really cut totally cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this is really cut totally cut
+your Revenue cut your cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Revenue cut your cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Revenue cut your cash flow
+okay now local7 is a big stick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now local7 is a big stick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now local7 is a big stick we
+already talk so much I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk so much I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talk so much I'm going to skip
+this skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this skip
+this and remember and another thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and remember and another thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and remember and another thing I
+really want to tell is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to tell is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to tell is the following
+till now I give you some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now I give you some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now I give you some examples of
+sticks and CS so you will find a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks and CS so you will find a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks and CS so you will find a very
+interesting thing is the government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is the government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is the government is
+not so stupid when they look at the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so stupid when they look at the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so stupid when they look at the big
+developers big real estate owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers big real estate owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers big real estate owners
+commercial real estate they use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate they use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial real estate they use this
+because they are rich they are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are rich they are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are rich they are on the
+war Street there are the rich people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war Street there are the rich people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war Street there are the rich people
+that always want to to charge them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always want to to charge them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always want to to charge them so
+you L sticks for households they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you L sticks for households they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you L sticks for households they use
+this because for common households they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because for common households they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because for common households they
+use carrots oh can you do this can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use carrots oh can you do this can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use carrots oh can you do this can you
+do this if you do this we will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if you do this we will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this if you do this we will get a
+check if you do that we will get give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if you do that we will get give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if you do that we will get give
+you a check so that's that's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a check so that's that's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a check so that's that's the thing
+is to big guys Local 97 stick because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to big guys Local 97 stick because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to big guys Local 97 stick because
+they're rich they're easy to Target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rich they're easy to Target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rich they're easy to Target and
+for household especially Medi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for household especially Medi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for household especially Medi and
+low-income household they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income household they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-income household they do this
+because otherwise you will hurt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you will hurt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise you will hurt this
+social thing so that's the that's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social thing so that's the that's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social thing so that's the that's always
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+F Boston called burle that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Boston called burle that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Boston called burle that's the same
+thing I want to say that Boston is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say that Boston is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to say that Boston is more
+aggressive than local law 97 B Al all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than local law 97 B Al all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive than local law 97 B Al all
+the local law 97 is very famous but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local law 97 is very famous but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local law 97 is very famous but you
+can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see
+Boston 2050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston 2050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston 2050
+0000 which means really 9 Z 2050 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 which means really 9 Z 2050 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0000 which means really 9 Z 2050 for
+Boston but local non 7 is not that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston but local non 7 is not that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston but local non 7 is not that case
+I think local even they are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think local even they are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think local even they are not so
+aggressive to see all Zer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2015 then we have B right big guys big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 then we have B right big guys big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 then we have B right big guys big
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+sticks money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks money
+fun then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun then
+penalty change the game game changer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty change the game game changer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty change the game game changer
+here if you don't do anything big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you don't do anything big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you don't do anything big
+penalty so at first they may not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty so at first they may not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty so at first they may not want to
+do now game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now game
+changed cambrid buildo similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed cambrid buildo similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed cambrid buildo similar
+pronunciation buildo building energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation buildo building energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation buildo building energy use
+disc audiance same thing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc audiance same thing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc audiance same thing but the
+difference is the following I feel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the following I feel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the following I feel this
+very interesting I don't know the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting I don't know the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting I don't know the logic
+hope you can help me find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can help me find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you can help me find out what's the
+reason for Local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+97 they have the they have the uh real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 they have the they have the uh real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 they have the they have the uh real
+thing of the cap right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the cap right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of the cap right for
+Boston burle also cap this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston burle also cap this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston burle also cap this is this is
+absolute numbers of the uh CO2 emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute numbers of the uh CO2 emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute numbers of the uh CO2 emission
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+for buildo no relative term in relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buildo no relative term in relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for buildo no relative term in relative
+term they use 2018 to 19 as a baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term they use 2018 to 19 as a baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term they use 2018 to 19 as a baseline
+that's a baseline no matter what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a baseline no matter what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a baseline no matter what your
+building is very green or very dirty no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is very green or very dirty no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is very green or very dirty no
+matter what look at your own building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what look at your own building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what look at your own building
+your yourself 18 and 19 as a baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yourself 18 and 19 as a baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yourself 18 and 19 as a baseline
+then you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start to
+reduce 2025 80% of your Baseline your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce 2025 80% of your Baseline your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce 2025 80% of your Baseline your
+own Baseline then 72 zero 20 35 zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Baseline then 72 zero 20 35 zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Baseline then 72 zero 20 35 zero
+more aggressive than Boston so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive than Boston so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive than Boston so the
+aggressive index will be our own cambrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive index will be our own cambrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive index will be our own cambrid
+we are so proud We rank number one top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so proud We rank number one top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are so proud We rank number one top
+and then Boston and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please before that before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after yeah then what will happen so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after yeah then what will happen so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after yeah then what will happen so so
+unlucky right if you renovated before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky right if you renovated before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky right if you renovated before
+then your benchmark is already very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your benchmark is already very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your benchmark is already very very
+clean then you continue to reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean then you continue to reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean then you continue to reduce this
+is very good point do you think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good point do you think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good point do you think our
+building is lucky or unlucky this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is lucky or unlucky this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building is lucky or unlucky this is for
+you this a very good point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this a very good point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this a very good point because
+that's what our next slide do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our next slide do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our next slide do you have a
+question yeah I also had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I also had a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I also had a question
+what's this for footage requirement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this for footage requirement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this for footage requirement on
+this I think Boston 20,000 right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think Boston 20,000 right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think Boston 20,000 right yes
+this one also big but the doct saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also big but the doct saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one also big but the doct saying I
+I I I couldn't remember but we can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I couldn't remember but we can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I couldn't remember but we can check
+also big big buildings not like single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also big big buildings not like single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also big big buildings not like single
+family so now you say Cambridge if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so now you say Cambridge if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so now you say Cambridge if you
+unfortunately you are in Cambridge like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you are in Cambridge like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you are in Cambridge like
+us 2035 not zero if you are in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 2035 not zero if you are in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 2035 not zero if you are in Boston
+2050 9 Z if you are New York City not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 9 Z if you are New York City not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 9 Z if you are New York City not
+90 then look at MIT although MIT we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 then look at MIT although MIT we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 then look at MIT although MIT we are
+like a nonprofit organization we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nonprofit organization we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a nonprofit organization we are not
+like a for-profit organization andfor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a for-profit organization andfor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a for-profit organization andfor we
+also subject to this regulation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also subject to this regulation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also subject to this regulation that
+makes the MIT MIT has a sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the MIT MIT has a sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the MIT MIT has a sustainability
+office I'm a good friend of them uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I'm a good friend of them uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office I'm a good friend of them uh this
+have a sustainability office to Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sustainability office to Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sustainability office to Julia
+Julia Newman is ahe also lectur here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia Newman is ahe also lectur here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia Newman is ahe also lectur here in
+dasp and they are so busy because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dasp and they are so busy because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dasp and they are so busy because of
+this caros I have a question related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caros I have a question related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caros I have a question related
+with the last slide have you done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cambrid policy makers whatever did maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambrid policy makers whatever did maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambrid policy makers whatever did maybe
+study before doing thiso law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study before doing thiso law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study before doing thiso law of the
+financing stage of all office all assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing stage of all office all assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing stage of all office all assets
+all real estate assets located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all real estate assets located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all real estate assets located
+that could be affected on refinancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be affected on refinancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be affected on refinancing
+with the banks given this Mission very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the banks given this Mission very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the banks given this Mission very
+aggressive yeah because all buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive yeah because all buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive yeah because all buildings
+will most likely won't achieve this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely won't achieve this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will most likely won't achieve this and
+they will the most likely maybe if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will the most likely maybe if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will the most likely maybe if they
+have to refinance in 2032 they won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to refinance in 2032 they won't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to refinance in 2032 they won't get
+refinance yeah at a a normal and fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinance yeah at a a normal and fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinance yeah at a a normal and fair
+rate which will be to defaults in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which will be to defaults in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which will be to defaults in a
+imagine I I don't think they have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I I don't think they have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I I don't think they have really
+done a very thorough research that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a very thorough research that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a very thorough research that's my
+because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is
+too rush to put on this but the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too rush to put on this but the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too rush to put on this but the good
+thing is this has not be has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this has not be has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is this has not be has not been
+written into the law this is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written into the law this is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written into the law this is almost
+there but the I think Boston this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the I think Boston this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but the I think Boston this
+already uh implemented and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh implemented and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh implemented and they they
+have to do this one is kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this one is kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this one is kind of in the
+final discussion thing but but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final discussion thing but but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final discussion thing but but I think
+they will pass in some other version but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will pass in some other version but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will pass in some other version but
+I don't think they because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they because they they
+they they they met a lot of push back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they met a lot of push back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they met a lot of push back
+about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about
+this so now I'm going to say that sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now I'm going to say that sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now I'm going to say that sorry
+just following up on that don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following up on that don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just following up on that don't you
+think that that Poli policy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that Poli policy is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that Poli policy is also
+going to make affordable housing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make affordable housing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make affordable housing more
+expensive and I think they target are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and I think they target are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and I think they target are
+the big buildings but if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big buildings but if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big buildings but if these
+apartments yeah you're targeting old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments yeah you're targeting old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments yeah you're targeting old
+buildings and buildings that cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and buildings that cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and buildings that cannot
+really afford to become net zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really afford to become net zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really afford to become net zero right
+so it'll it'll affect the the low income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll it'll affect the the low income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll it'll affect the the low income
+renters but it will benefit whoever can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters but it will benefit whoever can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renters but it will benefit whoever can
+yeah yeah if like big Apartments like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if like big Apartments like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah if like big Apartments like
+that buildings that will be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buildings that will be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buildings that will be in this
+category and maybe this also like medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and maybe this also like medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category and maybe this also like medium
+income on all people they they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on all people they they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on all people they they they have
+to pay much higher rent because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay much higher rent because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay much higher rent because they
+they have to achieve this this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to achieve this this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to achieve this this is I
+feeli this we don't understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeli this we don't understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeli this we don't understand this
+actually and I went to our MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and I went to our MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and I went to our MIT
+sustainability office they they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability office they they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability office they they also
+have a class to make a presentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a class to make a presentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a class to make a presentation and
+they were all complaining about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all complaining about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were all complaining about this
+because this make MIT sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this make MIT sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this make MIT sustainability
+people cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people cannot
+sleep cannot sleep at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep cannot sleep at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep cannot sleep at all
+20 then IM is even more aggressive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 then IM is even more aggressive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 then IM is even more aggressive okay
+I of course we need to show our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of course we need to show our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of course we need to show our
+commitment to to The Climate crisis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to to The Climate crisis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to to The Climate crisis so
+we have a committee called 2026
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a committee called 2026
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a committee called 2026
+0 uh MIT 2026 0 committee and on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh MIT 2026 0 committee and on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 uh MIT 2026 0 committee and on that
+committee we have a bunch of professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee we have a bunch of professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee we have a bunch of professors
+in the committee to help MIT how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the committee to help MIT how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the committee to help MIT how to
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+this now now our only way to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now now our only way to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now now our only way to achieve
+this to is to buy credit carbon credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is to buy credit carbon credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is to buy credit carbon credit
+offset right because you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset right because you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset right because you cannot
+immedately overnight to make all the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immedately overnight to make all the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immedately overnight to make all the MIT
+buildings into n zero that's no chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings into n zero that's no chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings into n zero that's no chance
+for 2026 only three years from now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2026 only three years from now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2026 only three years from now how
+can we and the only way for short term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we and the only way for short term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we and the only way for short term
+is to buy carbon offsets but since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy carbon offsets but since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy carbon offsets but since we
+are MIT we must study carbon offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT we must study carbon offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are MIT we must study carbon offsets
+Market very carefully and buy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market very carefully and buy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market very carefully and buy very
+credible offsets instead of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible offsets instead of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible offsets instead of random
+offset because there's a lot of critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset because there's a lot of critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset because there's a lot of critics
+on offsets right so then our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offsets right so then our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on offsets right so then our goal is
+2026 no matter what we must achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2026 no matter what we must achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2026 no matter what we must achieve that
+zero even by by buying carbon offsets by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero even by by buying carbon offsets by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero even by by buying carbon offsets by
+2050 and might campers will be real Net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 and might campers will be real Net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 and might campers will be real Net
+Zero so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero so that's a
+goal look at these two buildings one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal look at these two buildings one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal look at these two buildings one is
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+none uh the other is uh TW uh hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none uh the other is uh TW uh hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none uh the other is uh TW uh hidden
+Library uh just now you read a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library uh just now you read a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library uh just now you read a very good
+point right about renovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right about renovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right about renovation
+unfortunately this building is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this building is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately this building is so
+unlucky this building was renovated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky this building was renovated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky this building was renovated in
+2015 or 2016 already relatively okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 or 2016 already relatively okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 or 2016 already relatively okay
+green before I came to MIT got renovated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green before I came to MIT got renovated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green before I came to MIT got renovated
+that's why we put some building on last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we put some building on last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we put some building on last
+name because s donor giv US money then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because s donor giv US money then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name because s donor giv US money then
+we renovated the building and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we renovated the building and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we renovated the building and again
+renovated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated the
+building now it's really stable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now it's really stable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now it's really stable because
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+renovated then in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated then in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated then in the library
+at first this is carbon right 14 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first this is carbon right 14 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first this is carbon right 14 now
+five this was renovated 2020 so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this was renovated 2020 so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this was renovated 2020 so so this
+is relativ lucky this building because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relativ lucky this building because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is relativ lucky this building because
+renovated after the Baseline year this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated after the Baseline year this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated after the Baseline year this
+renovated before the Baseline year so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated before the Baseline year so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated before the Baseline year so
+according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this
+thing building n need to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing building n need to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing building n need to do a lot
+because building lines 2018 2019 already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because building lines 2018 2019 already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because building lines 2018 2019 already
+after the renovation then you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the renovation then you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the renovation then you to
+continue make our building Greener and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue make our building Greener and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue make our building Greener and
+Greener and Greener to reduce and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener and Greener to reduce and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greener and Greener to reduce and then
+for hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hidden
+Library this one was very high because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library this one was very high because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library this one was very high because
+they R later then they are less uh Under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they R later then they are less uh Under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they R later then they are less uh Under
+Pressure then we ourselves we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pressure then we ourselves we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pressure then we ourselves we calculated
+this potential penalty for this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential penalty for this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential penalty for this building
+n and the hidden library and we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the hidden library and we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and the hidden library and we use this
+to show to to to the MIT sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show to to to the MIT sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show to to to the MIT sustainability
+office say if this got got passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office say if this got got passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office say if this got got passed
+finally by the Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally by the Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally by the Cambridge
+see then building none immed pay penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then building none immed pay penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see then building none immed pay penalty
+because building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because building
+none pay until 2050 2035 you then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none pay until 2050 2035 you then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none pay until 2050 2035 you then you
+are flat because always not zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flat because always not zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flat because always not zero and
+hidden libr at first safe and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden libr at first safe and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden libr at first safe and then at
+some year start to pay penalty so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some year start to pay penalty so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some year start to pay penalty so that's
+the thing is this is a this is nonprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is this is a this is nonprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is this is a this is nonprofit
+organization right it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization right it's not like
+building none than our department me as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building none than our department me as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building none than our department me as
+a center for Real Estate we need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center for Real Estate we need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center for Real Estate we need to pay
+we don't need for for us we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need for for us we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need for for us we don't need
+to worry the MIT president need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry the MIT president need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry the MIT president need to worry
+about this and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and how to
+pay then MIT said okay now we we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay then MIT said okay now we we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay then MIT said okay now we we want to
+buy offset the good thing is although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy offset the good thing is although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy offset the good thing is although
+they are so aggressive but they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so aggressive but they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so aggressive but they still
+have a condition right reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a condition right reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a condition right reasonable
+say maybe they will accept offsets so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe they will accept offsets so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe they will accept offsets so if
+you buy offsets then you reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy offsets then you reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy offsets then you reduce your
+nominal carbon intensity then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal carbon intensity then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal carbon intensity then you can
+avoid penalty because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid penalty because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid penalty because if you
+if you ask people to buy offsets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask people to buy offsets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask people to buy offsets and
+then you still ask them to pay penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still ask them to pay penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still ask them to pay penalty
+that's unfair right you buy Offset you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfair right you buy Offset you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfair right you buy Offset you
+spend money and then you still pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money and then you still pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend money and then you still pay
+penalty how can then everyone need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty how can then everyone need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty how can then everyone need to
+pay penalty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay penalty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay penalty so
+if this is a build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a build
+cap like like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap like like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap like like this
+n and then this is MIT byy offset if MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then this is MIT byy offset if MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then this is MIT byy offset if MIT
+by offset zero no penalty safe because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offset zero no penalty safe because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by offset zero no penalty safe because
+offset if buildo later said no offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset if buildo later said no offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset if buildo later said no offset
+accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted
+then at this moment I might need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this moment I might need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this moment I might need to pay
+P so that's a point okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much that's that this is a messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Market the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is500 so right now you can check Theon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is500 so right now you can check Theon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is500 so right now you can check Theon
+credit online I think it's likeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit online I think it's likeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit online I think it's likeing
+around two to three but in European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around two to three but in European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around two to three but in European
+there's some high quality so the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some high quality so the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some high quality so the common
+offset market now is very messy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset market now is very messy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset market now is very messy because
+there's no very clear regulation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no very clear regulation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no very clear regulation of that
+and then you just you just plant some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just you just plant some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just you just plant some
+plants you plant some wood uh trees then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants you plant some wood uh trees then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants you plant some wood uh trees then
+you can sell your carbon offset to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell your carbon offset to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell your carbon offset to
+others then there a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others then there a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others then there a lot of questions
+regarding the credibility of the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the credibility of the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the credibility of the carbon
+offset so MIT we have so many professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so MIT we have so many professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so MIT we have so many professors
+who are staring carbon offset market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are staring carbon offset market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are staring carbon offset market so
+we have this committee to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this committee to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this committee to make sure that
+we are going to buy the good offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to buy the good offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to buy the good offsets
+instead of the fake ones but the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the fake ones but the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the fake ones but the entire
+Market is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is very
+messy what Doos do with the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy what Doos do with the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy what Doos do with the money
+from set climate fund or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set climate fund or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from set climate fund or something like
+what are they going to do with all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they going to do with all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they going to do with all that
+money I I have no answer yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I I have no answer yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money I I have no answer yeah that's a
+very good point so maybe yes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point so maybe yes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point so maybe yes I think
+this money they charge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money they charge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money they charge from the
+buildings they must need this to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings they must need this to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings they must need this to address
+the climate uh climate crisis right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate uh climate crisis right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate uh climate crisis right so I
+don't know uh the the answer I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh the the answer I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know uh the the answer I think
+they will consider to use that for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will consider to use that for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will consider to use that for for
+for some subsidy to the to the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some subsidy to the to the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some subsidy to the to the building
+retrofit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something okay the the the final stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay the the the final stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay the the the final stick
+will be energy codes so I already talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be energy codes so I already talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be energy codes so I already talk
+about this you know this energy codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you know this energy codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this you know this energy codes
+thing and then energy codes is involment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then energy codes is involment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then energy codes is involment
+over time at first fig out this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time at first fig out this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time at first fig out this is a you
+use uh this is New York City so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh this is New York City so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh this is New York City so they
+have different versions of the uh andry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different versions of the uh andry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different versions of the uh andry
+codes and then they become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and then they become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and then they become more and more
+stringent and they use that to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent and they use that to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent and they use that to address
+the mitigation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitigation and
+adaptation so overall for the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation so overall for the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation so overall for the commercial
+and real EST estate uh residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real EST estate uh residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real EST estate uh residential
+buildings if you look at this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if you look at this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings if you look at this and you
+have some some some some states varation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some some some some states varation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some some some some states varation
+and some states they have very strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some states they have very strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some states they have very strict
+like Boston like Massachusetts and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Boston like Massachusetts and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Boston like Massachusetts and some
+states are not so stringent and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are not so stringent and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are not so stringent and then you
+are much easier to build so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to build so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much easier to build so the
+developers the developers so because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers the developers so because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers the developers so because the
+developers will move right they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers will move right they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers will move right they will
+move if some states make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move if some states make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move if some states make them
+development more and more difficult they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development more and more difficult they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development more and more difficult they
+will move to those Source States they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to those Source States they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to those Source States they
+not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+difficult okay good so then finally I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult okay good so then finally I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult okay good so then finally I'm
+so happy that I still have some minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy that I still have some minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happy that I still have some minutes
+to discuss another big thing for from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss another big thing for from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss another big thing for from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+government which is this climate res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government which is this climate res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government which is this climate res
+cency investment uh in coastal areas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cency investment uh in coastal areas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cency investment uh in coastal areas so
+that will be not a small stick or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be not a small stick or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be not a small stick or small
+caros that will be a huge caros that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros that will be a huge caros that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caros that will be a huge caros that the
+the government put in the coastal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government put in the coastal areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government put in the coastal areas
+but there will be very interesting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be very interesting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be very interesting a lot
+of debates so this is like this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debates so this is like this part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debates so this is like this part is
+a continuation from last session we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuation from last session we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuation from last session we talk
+about the some Frontier topics about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the some Frontier topics about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the some Frontier topics about
+climate change remember and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change remember and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change remember and this one is
+also very very very uh controversial now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very very very uh controversial now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very very very uh controversial now
+for how to invest and whether should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to invest and whether should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to invest and whether should we
+invest continue to invest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest continue to invest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest continue to invest in this
+climate vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places so the story is the following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so the story is the following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so the story is the following the
+story is following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is following
+although although we now more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although we now more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although we now more and more
+of us we know that coastal areas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us we know that coastal areas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us we know that coastal areas are
+risky in term of the all the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky in term of the all the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky in term of the all the climate
+risks for example flood and hurricane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks for example flood and hurricane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks for example flood and hurricane
+but if you look at the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the population
+patterns when you look at the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns when you look at the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns when you look at the population
+patterns in the United States you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in the United States you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns in the United States you will
+see Americans are still moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Americans are still moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Americans are still moving into
+highrisk zones for Wildfire drought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrisk zones for Wildfire drought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrisk zones for Wildfire drought and
+hurricanes so this is the uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes so this is the uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes so this is the uh this this
+this is a blue and green color they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a blue and green color they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a blue and green color they are
+the inward migration and this yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inward migration and this yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inward migration and this yellow
+brown is the outward migration people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown is the outward migration people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown is the outward migration people
+are still moving to those areas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still moving to those areas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still moving to those areas with
+high risk of the climate disasters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk of the climate disasters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high risk of the climate disasters and
+this red th finger show us more clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red th finger show us more clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red th finger show us more clearly
+this a heat drought fire flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a heat drought fire flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a heat drought fire flood
+storm and then these red bars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm and then these red bars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm and then these red bars are
+countries not country counts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries not country counts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries not country counts with
+largest share of the homes facing high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest share of the homes facing high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest share of the homes facing high
+risk high risk areas red low risk areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk high risk areas red low risk areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk high risk areas red low risk areas
+blue so for for for those things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so for for for those things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue so for for for those things you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+see uh all these people move into high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh all these people move into high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh all these people move into high
+risk areas of hate throughout fire flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk areas of hate throughout fire flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk areas of hate throughout fire flood
+only storm a little bit different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only storm a little bit different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only storm a little bit different so
+what do think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do think about this
+why this so risky but people are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this so risky but people are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this so risky but people are still
+moving into people move there they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into people move there they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving into people move there they won't
+all become homeless right that must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all become homeless right that must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all become homeless right that must be a
+lot of new construction and people move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of new construction and people move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of new construction and people move
+there then they live in houses and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then they live in houses and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then they live in houses and it's
+new a lot of real real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a lot of real real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new a lot of real real estate
+development what's going wrong or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development what's going wrong or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development what's going wrong or not
+wrong any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yeah okay because they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah okay because they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah okay because they they have
+jobs and the economy is strong they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and the economy is strong they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs and the economy is strong they have
+lower income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower income
+tax tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax tax
+person lower lower tax that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person lower lower tax that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person lower lower tax that's that's
+Florida right I heard Florida is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida right I heard Florida is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida right I heard Florida is very
+low tax but but California may be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low tax but but California may be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low tax but but California may be very
+high but that's why a factor and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but that's why a factor and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high but that's why a factor and other
+things why people move there do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things why people move there do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things why people move there do you want
+to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there yeah of living cost of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah of living cost of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah of living cost of living
+better are you sure is the coastal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good so that's all good thing good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so that's all good thing good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so that's all good thing good
+answers so and another thing is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so and another thing is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers so and another thing is people
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+enjoy enjoy the wheel the ocean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy enjoy the wheel the ocean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy enjoy the wheel the ocean the
+access access to the ocean wheew and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access access to the ocean wheew and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access access to the ocean wheew and all
+all those sand belt so anyway that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sand belt so anyway that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those sand belt so anyway that's a
+fact and there is a paper actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and there is a paper actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and there is a paper actually
+there's a paper in nature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper in nature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paper in nature and the
+paper's title is building back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper's title is building back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper's title is building back
+bigger so those places destroyed or get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so those places destroyed or get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger so those places destroyed or get
+damaged despite of this uh uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged despite of this uh uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged despite of this uh uh all the
+regulatory efforts and hurricane damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory efforts and hurricane damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory efforts and hurricane damage
+is increasing but if you compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing but if you compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing but if you compare the
+footprints and uh from 2010 to 2017 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprints and uh from 2010 to 2017 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprints and uh from 2010 to 2017 or
+this like that and you will see more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that and you will see more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like that and you will see more
+buildings there more development there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings there more development there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings there more development there
+the house will become bigger so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house will become bigger so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house will become bigger so that's
+the market trend of this so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market trend of this so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market trend of this so that's a
+market Trend and then a interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Trend and then a interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market Trend and then a interesting
+thing I think I mentioned this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think I mentioned this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think I mentioned this because
+later some of you will become developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later some of you will become developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later some of you will become developers
+right and the crime belief really plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the crime belief really plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the crime belief really plays
+a role because not all the places these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role because not all the places these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role because not all the places these
+are scientific matters those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scientific matters those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scientific matters those are all
+scientific matters but not all people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific matters but not all people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific matters but not all people
+believe in that right because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that right because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that right because some of
+them so rare later disasters they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so rare later disasters they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so rare later disasters they don't
+believe climate deniers climate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe climate deniers climate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe climate deniers climate not
+climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate
+Believers so then you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believers so then you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believers so then you will see that
+developers all rush into to those areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers all rush into to those areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers all rush into to those areas
+with low belief in climate change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low belief in climate change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with low belief in climate change all
+else equal for example the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else equal for example the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else equal for example the scientific
+evidence the scientific measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the scientific measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the scientific measure of the
+climate risks of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risks of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate risks of those
+areas two neighborhood the same climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas two neighborhood the same climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas two neighborhood the same climate
+Risk Index but these are deniers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risk Index but these are deniers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risk Index but these are deniers
+neighborhood these are believers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood these are believers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood these are believers
+neighborhood and the developers all go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and the developers all go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and the developers all go
+to this place to build that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this place to build that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this place to build that's that's the
+scientific that's there data shows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific that's there data shows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific that's there data shows so
+that's very clear because if they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very clear because if they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very clear because if they go
+there here based on our did analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here based on our did analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here based on our did analysis we
+know based on your P set 2 and P set 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know based on your P set 2 and P set 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know based on your P set 2 and P set 2
+is wrong on in Boston data so P Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong on in Boston data so P Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong on in Boston data so P Boston
+has a relatively High climate belief but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively High climate belief but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relatively High climate belief but
+then if you go there you have discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you go there you have discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you go there you have discount
+you cannot make money but if for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make money but if for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot make money but if for the
+Deni uh Community is it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deni uh Community is it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deni uh Community is it doesn't matter
+so the developers go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the developers go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the developers go there
+so th I talk about some like Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th I talk about some like Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th I talk about some like Market
+Trend people are moving to those areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend people are moving to those areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trend people are moving to those areas
+in spite of the uh scientific evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the uh scientific evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the uh scientific evidence
+of the climate risk or even some facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the climate risk or even some facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the climate risk or even some facts
+hurricanes really happen and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes really happen and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes really happen and then they
+build up back bigger and developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up back bigger and developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up back bigger and developers
+understand these are all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these are all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these are all about
+individuals or private sector and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or private sector and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals or private sector and then
+it's not mean it doesn't mean that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mean it doesn't mean that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not mean it doesn't mean that uh
+they are doing this very recklessly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing this very recklessly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing this very recklessly and
+and they don't understand things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't understand things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't understand things they
+understand and they understand there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and they understand there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and they understand there's
+no like we we are all passive we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no like we we are all passive we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no like we we are all passive we go
+there and Hurrican come and we all die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and Hurrican come and we all die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and Hurrican come and we all die
+no they understand they can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they understand they can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they understand they can do something
+that's of climate resiliency investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of climate resiliency investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of climate resiliency investment
+strategies so so these strategies can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so so these strategies can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so so these strategies can if
+the developer has to the project they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has to the project they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has to the project they
+can do something and also the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something and also the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do something and also the city
+government can do something right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can do something right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can do something right the
+city or the state they can invest money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or the state they can invest money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or the state they can invest money
+in this and of course when the lastar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and of course when the lastar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this and of course when the lastar
+skill large skill the developer can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill large skill the developer can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill large skill the developer can do
+little and mainly for the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and mainly for the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and mainly for the city
+governments so that's why I put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments so that's why I put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments so that's why I put this in
+this session is the city government or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session is the city government or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session is the city government or
+the state government or the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government or the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state government or the federal
+government they can do but these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they can do but these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they can do but these are all
+engineering things I just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering things I just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering things I just want to show
+you this is website you can look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is website you can look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is website you can look into
+this later if you go to some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later if you go to some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this later if you go to some like
+coastal areas for your business maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastal areas for your business maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastal areas for your business maybe
+you will get to know more and also after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get to know more and also after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get to know more and also after
+the midterm we we will have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm we we will have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterm we we will have three
+sessions of sustainable design and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions of sustainable design and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions of sustainable design and we
+will guest the instructor caros they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guest the instructor caros they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guest the instructor caros they
+will talk about all these things this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about all these things this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about all these things this uh
+build on fuel just how to Fu this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on fuel just how to Fu this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on fuel just how to Fu this um
+artificial first Fu this area to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial first Fu this area to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial first Fu this area to to get
+out of the water then you can build uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water then you can build uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the water then you can build uh
+buildings first F this area and build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings first F this area and build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings first F this area and build on
+on like the keys so this like pillars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like the keys so this like pillars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like the keys so this like pillars to
+to to to elevate and this different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to elevate and this different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to elevate and this different
+things and make this very very can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and make this very very can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and make this very very can
+absorb the water and uh and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the water and uh and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the water and uh and all the
+things so this are perable surfaces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this are perable surfaces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this are perable surfaces you
+absorb the water and you make the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the water and you make the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the water and you make the water
+can go go to the go to the underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go go to the go to the underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go go to the go to the underground
+and you preserve white uh white lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you preserve white uh white lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you preserve white uh white lines
+and green space and this and that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green space and this and that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green space and this and that it's
+many many strategies but I just want for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many strategies but I just want for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many strategies but I just want for
+now I'm not going to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not going to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm not going to go into the
+strategies but I just want to let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but I just want to let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but I just want to let you
+know they all cost money this all cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they all cost money this all cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they all cost money this all cost
+money because these all big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and
+then because they are big things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because they are big things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because they are big things it's
+not like a carrot carot so small in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a carrot carot so small in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a carrot carot so small in one
+walk it's big thing it's huge money that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk it's big thing it's huge money that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk it's big thing it's huge money that
+government has that invest in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has that invest in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government has that invest in those
+places make all the change make at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places make all the change make at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places make all the change make at first
+water uh underwater the ground then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh underwater the ground then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh underwater the ground then you
+elevate the entire ground and your Fu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate the entire ground and your Fu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevate the entire ground and your Fu
+INF fi then it's not that easy it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF fi then it's not that easy it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+INF fi then it's not that easy it's a
+huge investment so that's why not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge investment so that's why not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge investment so that's why not all
+the cities they can do that not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities they can do that not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities they can do that not all
+developers can do that for sure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers can do that for sure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers can do that for sure because
+they are so small but even for not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so small but even for not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so small but even for not all
+the cities can do that remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities can do that remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cities can do that remember last
+session ad came in he talked about he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session ad came in he talked about he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session ad came in he talked about he he
+talked about Miami remember he he me he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Miami remember he he me he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Miami remember he he me he
+mentioned that Miami he said oh how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Miami he said oh how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that Miami he said oh how can
+we explain Miami in the last I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain Miami in the last I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we explain Miami in the last I forgot
+how many years each year they have 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many years each year they have 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many years each year they have 20
+30% of housing price increase if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of housing price increase if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% of housing price increase if people
+they don't if they people they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't if they people they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't if they people they really
+understand why they still keep going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they still keep going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they still keep going to
+Miami let add a question Miami is a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami let add a question Miami is a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami let add a question Miami is a rich
+city and Miami says the Miami city mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and Miami says the Miami city mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and Miami says the Miami city mayor
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+they're very confident they can adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very confident they can adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very confident they can adapt to
+Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising
+Seas although not everyone is convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas although not everyone is convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seas although not everyone is convinced
+by the officials have a big ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the officials have a big ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the officials have a big ambitious
+plan to manage Rising water succeed off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to manage Rising water succeed off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to manage Rising water succeed off
+so they can live with water uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can live with water uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can live with water uh that's
+Miami but other tongs small tongs very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami but other tongs small tongs very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami but other tongs small tongs very
+very miserable so I will tell A Tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very miserable so I will tell A Tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very miserable so I will tell A Tail of
+Two Cities is my Tail of Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two Cities is my Tail of Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Two Cities is my Tail of Two
+Cities so I will use Miami and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cities so I will use Miami and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cities so I will use Miami and
+uh nor uh corana small town I have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nor uh corana small town I have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nor uh corana small town I have never
+been there I I have been to a Miami but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there I I have been to a Miami but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there I I have been to a Miami but
+I have never been this uh anyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have never been this uh anyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have never been this uh anyone knows
+this Tong no we got this from media uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Tong no we got this from media uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Tong no we got this from media uh
+fire BL this a small town it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire BL this a small town it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire BL this a small town it's a very
+very small town and a very relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small town and a very relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small town and a very relatively
+poor town so this are this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor town so this are this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor town so this are this is two
+extremes that's a t of Two Cities so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes that's a t of Two Cities so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes that's a t of Two Cities so for
+Miami they are rich and people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami they are rich and people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miami they are rich and people like
+there people all go tourists and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people all go tourists and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people all go tourists and also
+people after retirement maybe they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people after retirement maybe they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people after retirement maybe they they
+all go there then they have a huge Strat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go there then they have a huge Strat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go there then they have a huge Strat
+spend so much money to for the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much money to for the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend so much money to for the climate
+resiliency do all the things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency do all the things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency do all the things the
+strategies they have a upbeat strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies they have a upbeat strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies they have a upbeat strategy
+for living with more water and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for living with more water and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for living with more water and they say
+no problem we will do everything we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem we will do everything we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem we will do everything we can
+and uh and also the why the city is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and also the why the city is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and also the why the city is so
+ambitious they understand they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious they understand they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious they understand they they
+don't want to lose their economic base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lose their economic base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lose their economic base
+they don't want to lose their people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to lose their people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to lose their people
+they don't want this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want this kind of thing
+become a factor that pushing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a factor that pushing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a factor that pushing out the
+buyers and investors into the city they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers and investors into the city they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers and investors into the city they
+want their City to be booming to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want their City to be booming to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want their City to be booming to be
+vibrant so they invest a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant so they invest a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrant so they invest a lot of money
+they kill people then people still go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kill people then people still go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kill people then people still go
+there people still developers still go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people still developers still go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people still developers still go
+there people still go there then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people still go there then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there people still go there then they
+generate tax revenue for the city so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate tax revenue for the city so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate tax revenue for the city so
+this is a positive feedback loop so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive feedback loop so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive feedback loop so so
+this is very important this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important this is the
+feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+so this is the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the positive
+feedback the government put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money put money in build and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money put money in build and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money put money in build and the
+resiliency remember all these strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency remember all these strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resiliency remember all these strategies
+to live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live with
+water and then people still moving in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then people still moving in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then people still moving in
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+business tax go up because then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business tax go up because then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business tax go up because then you have
+a lot of Base to tax economics then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Base to tax economics then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of Base to tax economics then you
+have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+money then the government have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the government have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money then the government have become
+richer then they continue to invest on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer then they continue to invest on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer then they continue to invest on
+this climate resiliency make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this climate resiliency make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this climate resiliency make this more
+and more resilient and people move in no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more resilient and people move in no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more resilient and people move in no
+problem another thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem another thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem another thing is the
+another the the other end of spectrum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the the other end of spectrum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the the other end of spectrum if
+this small town in North Carolina is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small town in North Carolina is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small town in North Carolina is a
+fire uh PL Bluff so for this one we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire uh PL Bluff so for this one we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire uh PL Bluff so for this one we got
+this from New York New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from New York New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from New York New York Times
+newspaper and then the small rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and then the small rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper and then the small rural
+communities now in very very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities now in very very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities now in very very bad
+situation so this one is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so this one is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so this one is a negative
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loop the negative feedback Loof is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop the negative feedback Loof is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop the negative feedback Loof is the
+following the small town at first are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the small town at first are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the small town at first are
+really very poor no tax base not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very poor no tax base not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very poor no tax base not that
+easy to handle things even the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to handle things even the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to handle things even the basic
+Public Service like schools Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Service like schools Healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Public Service like schools Healthcare
+hard now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combined with the hurricane and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the hurricane and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the hurricane and all
+things they already struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they already struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they already struggle
+economically and then people are leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and then people are leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and then people are leaving
+then got hit by 19 hurricanes from 2054
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got hit by 19 hurricanes from 2054
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got hit by 19 hurricanes from 2054
+to 20 uh 19 1954 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 uh 19 1954 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 uh 19 1954 to
+2016 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 19
+hurricanes cannot bounce back money no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes cannot bounce back money no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes cannot bounce back money no
+money government lose money government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money government lose money government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money government lose money government
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+money poor poor government no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money poor poor government no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money poor poor government no money
+cannot do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do any
+residence all the business uh run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence all the business uh run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residence all the business uh run out of
+business close down people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaving then no tax people are leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving then no tax people are leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving then no tax people are leaving
+business are leaving no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business are leaving no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business are leaving no
+tax then further no money then cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax then further no money then cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax then further no money then cannot do
+anything then become Ghost City almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then become Ghost City almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then become Ghost City almost
+so that's a negative uh feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a negative uh feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a negative uh feedback
+no they have a rebuild plan and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have a rebuild plan and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they have a rebuild plan and they say
+how we can we don't want to lose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can we don't want to lose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can we don't want to lose our
+home we don't want to lose this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home we don't want to lose this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home we don't want to lose this is our
+community no plan but they have no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community no plan but they have no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community no plan but they have no money
+and they have a plan but they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a plan but they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a plan but they cannot
+found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found
+now Biden s our President Biden Side by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Biden s our President Biden Side by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Biden s our President Biden Side by
+partition INF infrastructure act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20221 allocate so much money for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20221 allocate so much money for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20221 allocate so much money for the
+federal from the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal from the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal from the federal government
+47 billion money for climate resiliency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 billion money for climate resiliency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 billion money for climate resiliency
+to protect existing infrastructure all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect existing infrastructure all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect existing infrastructure all
+the things then this lead to a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things then this lead to a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things then this lead to a moral
+hazard thing the moral hazard thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard thing the moral hazard thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard thing the moral hazard thing if
+if Government say Biden has no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Government say Biden has no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Government say Biden has no problem
+trust me I will spend 47 billion on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me I will spend 47 billion on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust me I will spend 47 billion on the
+coast areas to protect those areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast areas to protect those areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast areas to protect those areas to
+build the lvy to build the sea WS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the lvy to build the sea WS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the lvy to build the sea WS to
+build all the things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all the things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all the things and
+then the people say okay no problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the people say okay no problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the people say okay no problem I
+will still move to those areas because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still move to those areas because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still move to those areas because
+government will protect me I believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will protect me I believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will protect me I believe in
+government that's called Model Hy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's called Model Hy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government that's called Model Hy is
+when the individuals they consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the individuals they consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the individuals they consider the
+things they consider their choices they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they consider their choices they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they consider their choices they
+don't consider the risk because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider the risk because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't consider the risk because they
+understand later the government will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand later the government will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand later the government will
+save so that's very similar to this city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save so that's very similar to this city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save so that's very similar to this city
+can Val Bank thing recently right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Val Bank thing recently right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Val Bank thing recently right that's
+collapse the bank City while the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the bank City while the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse the bank City while the small
+Bank collapsed and then the bid says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank collapsed and then the bid says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank collapsed and then the bid says we
+are going to see all the money all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to see all the money all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to see all the money all all
+the all the people's savings we will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the people's savings we will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the people's savings we will pay
+back then later the the the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then later the the the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then later the the the individual
+depositors they don't consider risk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors they don't consider risk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositors they don't consider risk they
+just put money in small Banks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put money in small Banks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put money in small Banks they
+understand if the small Banks go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if the small Banks go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if the small Banks go
+bankrupt the government will sve so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt the government will sve so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankrupt the government will sve so they
+become more and more Reckless so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more Reckless so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more Reckless so that's
+a problem that's model Hazard so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that's model Hazard so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that's model Hazard so this is
+the model Hazard issue if Biden promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model Hazard issue if Biden promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model Hazard issue if Biden promise
+to the all people to build back then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the all people to build back then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the all people to build back then all
+all people will still move into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people will still move into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all people will still move into those
+places however this in quany issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places however this in quany issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places however this in quany issue
+again 47 billion which cities will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 47 billion which cities will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 47 billion which cities will get
+more money which city towns will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money which city towns will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money which city towns will get
+less money Which towns won't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money Which towns won't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less money Which towns won't get any
+money it's totally different it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's totally different it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's totally different it's not
+like calculate per capita how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like calculate per capita how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like calculate per capita how much money
+per capita like that instead you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita like that instead you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita like that instead you need to
+post on uh you need to submit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on uh you need to submit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post on uh you need to submit a
+sophisticated proposal to the Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated proposal to the Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated proposal to the Congress
+to the to the White House and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the White House and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the White House and then you
+also need to match you can also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to match you can also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to match you can also say
+money from the federal government if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the federal government if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from the federal government if you
+get money your local must match for poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money your local must match for poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money your local must match for poor
+towns it cannot match at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns it cannot match at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns it cannot match at all so
+so it's very hard for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard for this
+tongue Fair Bluff tongue to get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue Fair Bluff tongue to get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue Fair Bluff tongue to get enough
+money compared to Miami Miami has So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money compared to Miami Miami has So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money compared to Miami Miami has So
+Sophisticated uh officials and do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophisticated uh officials and do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophisticated uh officials and do all
+the things team and do things match do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things team and do things match do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things team and do things match do
+th more cannot so there still another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th more cannot so there still another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th more cannot so there still another in
+quanti finally one minute is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanti finally one minute is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quanti finally one minute is whether
+this model haard thing and the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model haard thing and the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model haard thing and the Y
+quantity thing really really let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity thing really really let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity thing really really let us
+think twice think twice means whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think twice think twice means whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think twice think twice means whether we
+really need to save all the places all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to save all the places all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to save all the places all
+we Retreat that's called managed Retreat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Retreat that's called managed Retreat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Retreat that's called managed Retreat
+it's not random Retreat so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not random Retreat so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not random Retreat so this is
+managed Retreat like managed and man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed Retreat like managed and man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed Retreat like managed and man
+manag like organized The Retreat not oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manag like organized The Retreat not oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manag like organized The Retreat not oh
+we just a flee randomly so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just a flee randomly so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just a flee randomly so there's some
+arguments on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments on this
+say don't always rebuild them manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't always rebuild them manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't always rebuild them manage
+them manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them manage the
+disaster and uh move some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and uh move some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster and uh move some
+people together a together from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together a together from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people together a together from one
+place to another place because if not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another place because if not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to another place because if not if
+random Retreat or problem all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Retreat or problem all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Retreat or problem all the people
+lost their Community lost of friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost their Community lost of friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost their Community lost of friends
+social networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social networks
+right and then now they are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then now they are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then now they are thinking
+about this they are Obama administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they are Obama administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this they are Obama administration
+this lot they're talking about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lot they're talking about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lot they're talking about how we
+can really move the the Hurricane Sandy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really move the the Hurricane Sandy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really move the the Hurricane Sandy
+and and uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and uh
+uh this and REM move a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this and REM move a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this and REM move a community
+together into another place however this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into another place however this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into another place however this
+is very controversial it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very controversial it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very controversial it's very
+politically controversial and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically controversial and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically controversial and there's a
+lot of part and accounts for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of part and accounts for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of part and accounts for this
+managed uh Retreat so I will leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed uh Retreat so I will leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed uh Retreat so I will leave this
+as open I have no answer to this whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as open I have no answer to this whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as open I have no answer to this whether
+you should manage Retreat or you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should manage Retreat or you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should manage Retreat or you should
+continue to put money here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to put money here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to put money here and the
+people don't care about risk moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care about risk moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't care about risk moral
+hazard and still move into Miami and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and still move into Miami and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard and still move into Miami and all
+those places continue to spend and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places continue to spend and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places continue to spend and who
+will benefit who will lose as the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will benefit who will lose as the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will benefit who will lose as the two
+different types of a t of Two Cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of a t of Two Cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of a t of Two Cities
+open question thank you so much that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open question thank you so much that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open question thank you so much that's
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+today it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8T248H2ax8c.txt b/8T248H2ax8c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86aa48399968894290db903eb70f8913536c4079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8T248H2ax8c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous video we saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous video we saw that the
+mandible or jawbone received the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible or jawbone received the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible or jawbone received the highest
+dose out of all of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose out of all of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose out of all of the critical
+structures the mean mandible dose was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the mean mandible dose was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the mean mandible dose was
+eleven point three gray so how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven point three gray so how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven point three gray so how can we
+reduce this one approach is to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this one approach is to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this one approach is to modify
+our objective function our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our objective function our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our objective function our current
+objective is to minimize the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is to minimize the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is to minimize the sum of the
+total dose to each critical structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose to each critical structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose to each critical structure so
+we're minimizing the sum of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing the sum of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing the sum of the total
+dose to the brain plus a total dose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to the brain plus a total dose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to the brain plus a total dose to
+the brainstem plus a total dose to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brainstem plus a total dose to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brainstem plus a total dose to the
+spinal cord plus a total dose to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord plus a total dose to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord plus a total dose to the
+parotid glands plus the total dose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parotid glands plus the total dose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parotid glands plus the total dose to
+the mandible we could instead change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mandible we could instead change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mandible we could instead change our
+objective to make the total dose to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective to make the total dose to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective to make the total dose to the
+mandible more important this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible more important this can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible more important this can be done
+by weighting the term for the mandible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by weighting the term for the mandible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by weighting the term for the mandible
+by giving the mandible dose a weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving the mandible dose a weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by giving the mandible dose a weight of
+10 the total dose to the mandible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the total dose to the mandible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the total dose to the mandible
+becomes 10 times more important in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 10 times more important in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 10 times more important in our
+objective than the total dose to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective than the total dose to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective than the total dose to the
+other critical structures if we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other critical structures if we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other critical structures if we solve
+our problem with this new objective we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem with this new objective we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem with this new objective we
+get the solution shown in this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solution shown in this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solution shown in this figure
+the dose to the tumor shown us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose to the tumor shown us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose to the tumor shown us the
+redline does not change it still stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redline does not change it still stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redline does not change it still stays
+within the constraints we've defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the constraints we've defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the constraints we've defined for
+each of the critical structures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the critical structures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the critical structures the
+solution with the previous objective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the previous objective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the previous objective is
+shown as a dotted line and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a dotted line and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a dotted line and the new
+solution with the weighted objective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the weighted objective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with the weighted objective is
+shown as a solid line we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a solid line we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as a solid line we can see that
+the dose to the mandible shown in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose to the mandible shown in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose to the mandible shown in blue
+has significantly decreased by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has significantly decreased by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has significantly decreased by adding
+away in the objective however the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the objective however the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the objective however the dose
+to other critical structures has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other critical structures has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other critical structures has
+increased especially to the parotid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased especially to the parotid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased especially to the parotid
+glands shown in black and to the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands shown in black and to the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glands shown in black and to the spinal
+cord shown in green this shows how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord shown in green this shows how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord shown in green this shows how you
+can modify the objective to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can modify the objective to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can modify the objective to capture
+different trade-offs that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trade-offs that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trade-offs that might be
+desirable to different decision-makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable to different decision-makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable to different decision-makers
+or for different patients another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for different patients another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for different patients another way to
+explore trade-offs is to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore trade-offs is to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore trade-offs is to modify the
+constraints for example by relaxing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints for example by relaxing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints for example by relaxing the
+mandible maximum dose constraint or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible maximum dose constraint or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible maximum dose constraint or by
+allowing the maximum dose to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the maximum dose to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the maximum dose to the
+mandible to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandible to be higher
+we may improve our total healthy tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may improve our total healthy tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may improve our total healthy tissue
+dose we would like to know how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose we would like to know how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose we would like to know how much the
+objective changes for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective changes for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective changes for different
+constraints this can be answered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints this can be answered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints this can be answered by
+looking at the shadow prices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the shadow prices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the shadow prices of the
+constraints recall that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints recall that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints recall that we have a
+constraint limiting the total dose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint limiting the total dose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint limiting the total dose for
+each voxel in each critical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each voxel in each critical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each voxel in each critical structure
+this table shows the highest shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table shows the highest shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table shows the highest shadow
+price for any one voxel in each critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for any one voxel in each critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for any one voxel in each critical
+structure the parotid glands and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the parotid glands and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the parotid glands and the
+brainstem have shadow prices of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem have shadow prices of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstem have shadow prices of zero
+this means that we're not even giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we're not even giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that we're not even giving
+the maximum amount of radiation allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of radiation allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of radiation allowed
+to these structures so modifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these structures so modifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these structures so modifying the
+constraints is not beneficial the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is not beneficial the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is not beneficial the spinal
+cord has a shadow price of ninety six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord has a shadow price of ninety six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord has a shadow price of ninety six
+point nine one one this means that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine one one this means that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine one one this means that by
+increasing the radiation to one voxel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the radiation to one voxel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the radiation to one voxel of
+the spinal cord by one unit we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord by one unit we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord by one unit we can
+decrease the total radiation to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the total radiation to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the total radiation to other
+critical structures by ninety six point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical structures by ninety six point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical structures by ninety six point
+nine units the mandible has the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine units the mandible has the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine units the mandible has the highest
+shadow price of seven thousand three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow price of seven thousand three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow price of seven thousand three
+hundred and ninety-nine point seven two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ninety-nine point seven two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ninety-nine point seven two
+so if a slight increase in the mandible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a slight increase in the mandible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a slight increase in the mandible
+dose to a single voxel that's acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to a single voxel that's acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose to a single voxel that's acceptable
+the total healthy tissue dose can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total healthy tissue dose can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total healthy tissue dose can be
+reduced keep in mind that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced keep in mind that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced keep in mind that this is the
+total reduction across all voxels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total reduction across all voxels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total reduction across all voxels in the
+objective we've seen in this video that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective we've seen in this video that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective we've seen in this video that
+by modifying the formulation both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by modifying the formulation both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by modifying the formulation both the
+objective and the constraints we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and the constraints we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and the constraints we can
+explore different trade-offs in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore different trade-offs in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore different trade-offs in our
+problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A11axifKMtQ.txt b/A11axifKMtQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2bf8224d1d6cfafd812ae60a4a6f57ecb73d09f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A11axifKMtQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3771 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time we
+talked about processing
+
+of cues that are used for
+binaural localization of sound.
+
+Those being the interaural
+time and interaural level
+
+differences.
+
+And we have those cues because
+the ears are physically
+
+separated on the
+sides of our head.
+
+And because of the physical
+characteristics of sound,
+
+for example, the
+velocity of sound in air.
+
+And we talked toward the
+end of last time's lecture
+
+about the neural processing
+of interaural time differences
+
+in the Medial Superior
+Olive, or MSO.
+
+And we talked about
+the Jeffress model
+
+and how it can help recreate
+a neural mapping that
+
+has ITD sensitivity.
+
+And that's the subject of
+the assignment for this year.
+
+So I just put the text
+for the assignment
+
+up here, just to
+mention that there
+
+was something added
+on at the end.
+
+But the first paragraph
+of the assignment
+
+is basically the lecture and the
+sketch of the Jeffress model.
+
+Except that these
+days, people are
+
+thinking that the axonal
+delay lines are not
+
+how the delay is created in
+the medial superior olive.
+
+And so I ask you for two other
+possible neural mechanisms
+
+that weren't originally
+postulated by Jeffress
+
+that could create delays.
+
+So that's sort of the
+heart of the assignment.
+
+The second paragraph talks
+about some further updates
+
+to the Jeffress model.
+
+And there is a paper
+that is attached
+
+to last time's lecture.
+
+The paper by [? Brandt ?] et al
+where they discuss extensively
+
+some challenges, they call
+them, to the Jeffress model.
+
+And I might call them amendments
+to the Jeffress model,
+
+but things that
+weren't originally
+
+postulated by Jeffress that
+have come to light because
+
+of more recent experimental
+studies that don't fit
+
+with the original version
+and their updates.
+
+And finally, we've been
+talking quite a lot
+
+about cochlear implants.
+
+And there's a very nice
+passage on cochlear implants
+
+in the textbook that I
+encourage you to read.
+
+And the final paragraph
+of the assignment
+
+is, what problems would
+cochlear implant users, even
+
+those with a left and a
+right cochlear implant, have
+
+if they use the Jeffress
+model to localize sounds?
+
+So that's a little
+bit of thinking
+
+to solve that last problem, too.
+
+But based on what
+we have talked about
+
+and what the textbook talks
+about for cochlear implants,
+
+you should be able to come
+up with an answer for that.
+
+So any questions
+on the assignment?
+
+It relates very heavily
+to last time's lecture
+
+on the Jeffress
+model and the MSO.
+
+And I guess-- it
+doesn't say here,
+
+but three to five pages would
+be appropriate, I think.
+
+And it's due on
+December 4, which
+
+is the day of the lab tour.
+
+So on that class day, which
+is a week from Wednesday,
+
+we'll meet at the
+Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+
+Infirmary instead
+of meeting here.
+
+So we'll send you a reminder.
+
+And I think now on
+the website there
+
+are directions to get to
+Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary.
+
+It's just a simple one-stop
+on the Red Line subway
+
+to get there.
+
+So the assignment
+will be due then.
+
+And then I'll be
+able to grade it
+
+before we have a review session.
+
+And we'll talk about the correct
+answers for this assignment
+
+at the time of the
+review session, which
+
+is the next class
+after December 4.
+
+So today, I want to
+march into new things.
+
+Now, we're going to talk
+about neural processing
+
+of interaural level differences.
+
+Remember if a sound is off
+to one side of my head,
+
+it's going to appear at a higher
+sound level in the ear facing
+
+that sound source than
+it will appear in the ear
+
+away from the sound source.
+
+So we talked about how big
+these cues were last time.
+
+And they can, for high
+frequencies, be maximally 20 dB
+
+in Interaural Level
+Difference, or ILD.
+
+So those are processed,
+at least starting
+
+in the lateral
+superior olive, which
+
+is another nucleus in the
+superior olivary complex, which
+
+is close to the medial superior
+olive we've been talking about.
+
+So we'll talk about
+the process in the LSO.
+
+Then, we'll talk
+about projections
+
+of that nucleus and the MSO.
+
+And other parts of
+the superior olive
+
+to the next higher
+center in the brainstem,
+
+which in the auditory pathway is
+the Inferior Colliculus, or IC.
+
+So we'll be talking extensively
+about the inferior colliculus,
+
+which is a large
+nucleus in the brainstem
+
+just caudal to the
+superior colliculus
+
+that you folks talked
+about extensively
+
+in the visual part
+of the course.
+
+In the IC, you have some
+interesting neural responses
+
+that relate to something
+called time/intensity trading.
+
+I misspelled it.
+
+Not a very good speller, sorry.
+
+Which we'll talk
+about and define.
+
+We'll talk about some
+interesting characteristics
+
+of room acoustics, like
+reflections off the wall,
+
+and how those don't completely
+upset the apple cart of knowing
+
+where a sound is coming
+from because of things
+
+like the precedence effect.
+
+And finally, we'll end up with
+auditory pathways in the barn
+
+owl.
+
+So this species of birds
+has very well-developed
+
+auditory systems.
+
+And some work at
+Caltech has shown
+
+that these animals
+have so-called "space"
+
+maps in a certain
+part of their brain.
+
+That is, there's
+a mapping of where
+
+the sound is in external
+space into space
+
+in part of their brain
+called the optic tectum.
+
+And we'll go over that.
+
+And the reading for today is on
+how that space map is plastic
+
+and can be changed
+by experience.
+
+So we'll talk about neuronal
+plasticity of the space map.
+
+OK, so let's get started.
+
+So the neural processing of the
+interaural level differences
+
+in the lateral superior olive.
+
+By contrast to what Jeffress
+cooked up for the MSO,
+
+this neural circuit
+is very simple.
+
+And here's how it runs.
+
+The Lateral Superior Olive on
+the left side is here, the LSO.
+
+There's an LSO on the
+right side as well,
+
+but the circuit is shown for
+the one on the left side.
+
+This LSO on the
+left side gets input
+
+from the cochlear
+nucleus on the left side.
+
+That's excitatory input.
+
+And it gets input from the
+right side that's inhibitory.
+
+And the way the
+inhibitory input works
+
+is the cochlear nucleus
+neurons on the right side
+
+project across the midline
+and into another sub-nucleus
+
+of the superior olivary
+complex designated here
+
+as the MNTB, which I think
+is spelled out here--
+
+the Medial Nucleus of
+the Trapezoid Body.
+
+So if you look at these
+sections under the microscope,
+
+there's a lot of
+crossing fibers here.
+
+And they sort of look, if you
+have a lot of imagination,
+
+like a trapezoid.
+
+And this nucleus is within
+those crossing fibers.
+
+So it's within the
+trapezoid body.
+
+That's how it gets its name.
+
+And the MNTB neurons have
+inhibitory neurotransmitter.
+
+So the cochlear nucleus
+excites these MNTB neurons,
+
+but then they're inhibitory
+and they send their axons
+
+to the LSO.
+
+And they spill out or
+release their inhibitory
+
+neurotransmitter on
+to the LSO neurons.
+
+So how does this
+circuit work then
+
+if the sound is off to
+this side of the slide,
+
+off to the left side?
+
+The sound will be of higher
+level in the left ear
+
+and it will exert a
+high excitatory effect
+
+on the cochlear nucleus here.
+
+And the LSO will be
+excited in a big way.
+
+Of course, a little
+bit of that sound
+
+is going to come over
+here to the right side,
+
+but it won't excite the right
+auditory nerve quite as much.
+
+And this pathway that
+eventually becomes inhibitory
+
+won't be as strongly activated.
+
+And so the inhibition
+will be less.
+
+So there's an interplay between
+excitation here and inhibition.
+
+And in this case with the
+sound off to the left side,
+
+the excitation will rule.
+
+And so here's a plot of the
+firing of an individual LSO
+
+neuron that gets
+all these inputs.
+
+And if the sound is off
+to the left side, which
+
+is supposed to be this axis--
+this is an axis of Interaural
+
+Level Difference,
+or ILD, where here
+
+on the left side of the
+graph the ipsilateral level
+
+is greater than the
+contralateral level.
+
+That case, the LSO
+neuron will be excited
+
+and it'll have a
+lot of response,
+
+a high amount of firing.
+
+On the other hand, if the sound
+is over here on the right side,
+
+it will activate in a big
+way the right pathway,
+
+which will result in a big
+inhibitory input to the LSO
+
+neuron on that left
+side of the brain.
+
+Sure, some of the sound
+is going to come over here
+
+and activate the left pathway.
+
+But that excitation
+won't be as strong.
+
+So in that case, the
+inhibition will rule.
+
+The LSO neuron gets a
+large amount of inhibition
+
+and its firing rate will be low.
+
+Its response will be low
+because it's inhibited.
+
+Now, what happens if the sound
+is right in the middle, 0 ILD?
+
+Sound is coming straight ahead.
+
+The sound is the
+same at the two ears.
+
+And thus, the ILD is 0.
+
+Well, it sort of depends
+on how you wire this up.
+
+Whether the balance
+is perfectly balanced.
+
+Then, maybe it would
+be a 50% response.
+
+In the case of this graph,
+it looks like the inhibition
+
+is a little bit stronger for
+equal sound on the two sides.
+
+And so the inhibition
+dominates at 0 ILD.
+
+But in actuality, if you
+record from the LSO neurons,
+
+you find all sorts
+of combinations.
+
+Those that have 50%
+response rate at 0,
+
+those that have 90% response,
+and those that have 10%
+
+like this guy.
+
+So this is a very
+simple circuit.
+
+No coincidence detection.
+
+No delay lines.
+
+Well, you should
+kind of do a heads
+
+up here when I talk
+about delay and timing
+
+because this pathway coming
+from this contralateral side
+
+is a lot longer.
+
+The axons have to
+cross the midline.
+
+And then there's a
+delay here because
+
+at the synapse between
+one axon's terminal
+
+and the cell bodies
+of the MNTB neurons,
+
+there's a little bit of delay.
+
+This neurotransmitter
+has to be released.
+
+The MNTB neurons have to get
+excited and, finally, fire.
+
+So all that can take a
+half a millisecond or so.
+
+It turns out this axon
+is a very thick one.
+
+This cochlear
+nucleus neuron here
+
+that provides this crossing axon
+is called the globular bushy
+
+cell.
+
+And we talked about
+that a little bit
+
+when we talked about
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+It's not important
+exactly what type it is,
+
+but this has the
+thickest axon, really,
+
+of all the axons in
+the auditory pathway.
+
+So it gets across the
+midline very quickly.
+
+And there is a
+synaptic delay here.
+
+So the contralateral input is
+going to come in a little bit
+
+later.
+
+So sometimes in recording
+some LSO neurons,
+
+you find a little bit of
+excitation from this side.
+
+And then right after,
+an instant later,
+
+a half a millisecond
+or a millisecond later,
+
+you find a big inhibition.
+
+And so that can happen.
+
+The sum total though,
+in the case where
+
+the sound is off to
+the contralateral side,
+
+is a dominant inhibition.
+
+Now, we haven't talked
+about neural inhibition
+
+much in our class, so maybe
+we should just mention it.
+
+And I should definitely
+mention the type
+
+of inhibitory transmitter
+that's used here.
+
+So we have the MNTB neurons
+are coming like this
+
+and sending their axons
+to the LSO neurons.
+
+And they're inhibiting them.
+
+That's what I mean by
+this minus sign here.
+
+And so this is an
+inhibitory synapse
+
+which inhibits the LSO neurons.
+
+One can ask the
+question is, what
+
+is the inhibitory
+neurotransmitter?
+
+And in this case,
+it's called glycine.
+
+So glycine is released from
+the MNTB neuron terminals
+
+onto the LSO neurons.
+
+And so how is that known?
+
+Well, it's sort of a lot of
+little pieces in a puzzle here.
+
+The MNTB neurons themselves have
+the metabolic machinery that
+
+can make the glycine.
+
+They transport it down
+their nerve axons.
+
+Glycine is actually a
+fairly common chemical
+
+in all cells of the body,
+but these MNTB neurons
+
+are packed with it.
+
+If you use antibodies
+to glycine,
+
+they stain these
+neurons much darker
+
+than most neurons in the brain.
+
+There are other glycinergic
+neurons, of course.
+
+Their axons and their
+terminals are darkly stained.
+
+The lateral superior
+olive neurons
+
+have glycine receptors on them.
+
+When you put little
+puffs of glycine,
+
+which you can from a pipette.
+
+You can release
+glycine from a pipette
+
+in an artificial
+recording situation.
+
+When you puff glycine
+on to LSO neurons,
+
+they are inhibited greatly.
+
+So they certainly have
+the receptors for glycine.
+
+There are uptake systems to
+take up the glycine after it's
+
+been released so that the
+inhibition doesn't stay on
+
+forever.
+
+When you stimulate, if you go
+in and stimulate electrically
+
+these MNTB neurons, you find
+the LSO neurons are inhibited.
+
+So a lot of little pieces of
+the puzzle go into the idea
+
+that these are
+glycinergic neurons.
+
+And this glycinergic
+input is very
+
+important in ILD sensitivity.
+
+Now, a lot of textbooks will say
+the ITD sensitivity is created
+
+in the MSO and the ILD
+sensitivity is created here
+
+in the LSO.
+
+And we're done with it.
+
+But that's probably not true.
+
+This is such a simple
+circuit, you probably
+
+have other places in the
+auditory pathway where
+
+ILD sensitivity is also created.
+
+For example, you have nuclei
+in the lateral lemniscus--
+
+the pathway going up to
+the inferior colliculus.
+
+You have such circuits
+probably right
+
+in the inferior
+colliculus and maybe
+
+at other levels of the pathway.
+
+So this is not the
+only place where
+
+we find circuits
+for ILD sensitivity.
+
+Now, we talked about last
+time how these ILD cues
+
+were prominent at
+high frequencies
+
+and very-- almost nonexistent
+at low frequencies.
+
+Because low-frequency sound
+can bend around the head
+
+very easily.
+
+So we had, I think,
+for 200 Hertz.
+
+Even for a sound source located
+directly off to the side
+
+absolutely 0 ILD.
+
+For 6,000 Hertz,
+we have a huge ILD.
+
+So ILDs are not very
+important at low frequencies.
+
+If you go in to the LSO
+and record the frequency
+
+responsivity of the neurons
+there from measurements
+
+of their tuning curve.
+
+Now, remember what
+a tuning curve was?
+
+Tuning curve, we had
+sort of over and over.
+
+It was a plot of
+sound frequency.
+
+On the y-axis is sound
+pressure level for a response.
+
+And we have the
+v-shaped functions
+
+and we picked off the
+most sensitive frequency.
+
+And that's the CF of the neuron.
+
+Neurons in the superior olivary
+complex have beautiful CFs.
+
+And you could do a
+CF mapping, which
+
+is what's done in this study.
+
+So in the LSO-- right here, you
+find CFs from 0 to 1 kilohertz.
+
+Right in this part
+from 4 to 10 kilohertz.
+
+In this part here,
+20 kilohertz and up.
+
+And this is the typical kind
+of funny s-shape of the LSO
+
+that you see in coronal
+sections in this case of the cat
+
+superior olivary complex.
+
+If you were to do this mapping
+in the cochlear nucleus,
+
+you'd find a lot of
+cochlear nucleus devoted
+
+to the low CFs, some to the
+middle, and some to high.
+
+In the LSO, you have a
+lot of the LSO devoted
+
+to the high CFs, which is where
+ILD cues are very prominent.
+
+So it makes sense that where
+you're processing ILDs,
+
+you devote a lot of neurons to
+responding to the frequencies
+
+where the cue is very salient.
+
+The MNTB, which
+projects into the LSO,
+
+has a similar disproportionately
+large representation
+
+of high CFs.
+
+The MSO is just the opposite.
+
+There's hardly any MSO
+devoted to the very highest
+
+frequencies.
+
+And remember, last
+time we talked
+
+about ITDs being ambiguous
+at high frequencies
+
+because the interaural time
+difference is still the same,
+
+but the sound can go through
+one or even more complete
+
+cycles by the time it
+gets to the other ear.
+
+And so you can't
+tell what ITD you're
+
+working with at these
+high frequencies.
+
+On the other hand,
+where these ILD cues
+
+were weak at low
+frequencies, the ITDs
+
+are strong and salient.
+
+And there's a lot of MSO devoted
+to the low characteristic
+
+frequencies where the
+ITDs are prominent.
+
+So that's what this
+text means, that there's
+
+sort of a disproportionate
+amount of territory
+
+in these nuclei based
+on where the cue is
+
+important in the
+frequency domain.
+
+Now, we have a little bit of
+an issue here with the LSO.
+
+This LSO on this side is going
+to respond to sound sources
+
+on this side of the body.
+
+And remember in most
+sensory systems,
+
+there's a crossing
+such that stimuli
+
+on the right side of the
+body evoke neural responses
+
+on the left side of the brain.
+
+This LSO has sort
+of got it backwards.
+
+It's responding with excitation
+to sound sources on the right.
+
+Well, that's taken
+care of by virtue
+
+of the ascending
+projections from the LSO
+
+to the next higher
+center, which is
+
+the Inferior Colliculus, or IC.
+
+And that's diagrammed
+here in this next slide.
+
+And this shows the
+projections of the LSO.
+
+Again, the LSO on the left side
+projecting across the midline
+
+to the inferior colliculus
+on the right side.
+
+And that projection
+would then predict
+
+that if a sound source was
+over on this right side
+
+and exciting the LSO neuron,
+that message would then
+
+get in a big way to the inferior
+colliculus on the left side.
+
+So that inferior
+colliculus would then
+
+respond to sounds on the
+right side of the body.
+
+For a while, this field
+was a little mystified
+
+because there's
+also a projection
+
+from the left LSO
+to the left IC.
+
+It ended up being an
+inhibitory projection.
+
+So this projection here
+that stays on the same side
+
+is mostly inhibitory.
+
+It's not exactly clear what
+that does, but it's there.
+
+You can sort of discount it in
+terms of the mapping of stimuli
+
+on one side of the
+body to responses
+
+on the other side of the body.
+
+The MSO doesn't
+have such a problem,
+
+I'll just say in passing.
+
+The MSO, just because
+of its ITD map--
+
+if you go back and review
+last week's lecture,
+
+you'll see that
+the MSO is already
+
+mapping ITDs for sound
+sources on the opposite side
+
+of the body.
+
+Now, there's been a lot of work,
+especially in the early days
+
+of auditory neural
+science, on looking
+
+at the effect of lesions.
+
+And lesions are a
+little bit hard to do
+
+in a complex as hard as the
+superior olivary complex.
+
+Because if you go in and
+try to destroy the LSO,
+
+invariably right next door
+is the MSO on one side.
+
+And right next door is the MNTB.
+
+It's very hard to make selective
+lesions in the superior olive.
+
+When you get to the
+inferior colliculus-- oh,
+
+there's a big nucleus.
+
+And you can go in and
+you can destroy it
+
+in an experimental
+animal on just one side.
+
+When that is done, and the
+animal is trained in a task
+
+to localize where the
+sound is coming from,
+
+it's very clear that a lesion
+of the inferior colliculus
+
+on the right side makes the
+animal unable to localize
+
+sounds on the opposite
+side of the body.
+
+So lesion in the right
+inferior colliculus,
+
+the animal can't localize
+sounds on the opposite side.
+
+The animal still can localize
+sounds on the ipsilateral hemi
+
+field, in the side that
+you didn't lesion on
+
+because the other colliculus
+that's still there that's
+
+not lesioned can
+perform the task.
+
+If you lesion both
+inferior colliculi,
+
+the animal can't
+localize sounds anywhere.
+
+But it's very
+clear that a lesion
+
+on one side of the
+auditory pathway
+
+here makes the animal
+unable to localize sounds
+
+in the opposite hemi field.
+
+So that's a theme for
+sensory processing
+
+that stimuli on one
+side of the body
+
+are mapped to neural nuclei on
+the opposite side of the brain.
+
+And that's very clear
+in the auditory pathway.
+
+Now, I think last time when we
+had the demonstrations of ITDs
+
+and ILDs in headphones where
+we could present one and not
+
+the other, someone said,
+well, it sounded a little bit
+
+like when we had an ITD when
+the sound was on the left side.
+
+And then later, we had an ILD
+with sound on the left side.
+
+They sounded a little bit
+the same, as if the sound
+
+could be put on one side
+by either ITD and ILD.
+
+And that was an
+interesting comment
+
+because of the phenomenon called
+time intensity trading, which
+
+you can do with headphones.
+
+I won't demonstrate it because
+it's so clear to explain it.
+
+You can have someone
+listen in headphones
+
+and you can make-- let's see.
+
+An ITD such that when
+that's presented alone,
+
+the sound is perceived as if
+it's coming from the left side.
+
+You can also present with those
+headphones the same sound,
+
+but make now in
+this case an ILD.
+
+So the sound is higher
+on the right side
+
+so that it sounds like it's
+coming from the right side.
+
+So now we have the
+time cues making
+
+you think it's
+coming from the left.
+
+The intensity cues
+making you think
+
+it's coming from the right.
+
+When you put those
+two things together,
+
+which you can do
+artificially with headphones,
+
+you find in some
+cases that the sound
+
+sounds like it's coming
+from straight ahead.
+
+And this is called trading
+for time and intensity,
+
+or time/intensity trading.
+
+And you can balance
+one with the other.
+
+If you do a lot of
+sound level on one side
+
+and just a little time
+on the other side,
+
+it sounds like it's
+off to the right.
+
+If you do them equal, it sounds
+like it's straight ahead.
+
+If you do a lot of time, a
+big ITD and a little ILD,
+
+it sounds like it's a
+little off to the left.
+
+It's a very clear
+psychophysical phenomena.
+
+Where do you find neural
+responses that correlate with
+
+time/ intensity trading?
+
+Well, you find it in places like
+the inferior colliculus, where
+
+inputs from the LSO and
+the MSO first converge.
+
+So both LSO and MSO project up
+into the inferior colliculus.
+
+And here, you have
+the kind of responses
+
+that are shown on this graph.
+
+This x-axis is now a time
+axis, except it's ITD.
+
+One side is the inhibitory lead.
+
+The sound is delayed so that the
+ITD is from the opposite ear.
+
+This is the side
+so that the time
+
+is delayed from the
+ear on the same side
+
+as the inferior colliculus
+you're recording from.
+
+And clearly, this neuron
+is sensitive to that ITD
+
+if you vary it.
+
+This is the percent
+neural response.
+
+100% would be up here, 0
+response would be up here.
+
+Now, what's varied
+as the parameter here
+
+is the interaural
+level difference.
+
+So in this case, the
+contralateral ear
+
+is-- it looks like 35.
+
+And the ipsilateral ear is 45.
+
+They've kept the contralateral
+ear the same for the most part.
+
+And the ipsilateral
+ear level has changed.
+
+And clearly, changing
+the level also
+
+has a big effect on
+the neural response.
+
+So here, for the first time
+in the auditory pathway, where
+
+we're finding ITD and
+ILD responses together
+
+in single neurons--
+in a big way.
+
+You find them in a small
+way in the MSO and the LSO.
+
+But this is a huge effect here.
+
+And probably, there
+is the first place
+
+where you might have neural
+correlates of your perception
+
+for time/intensity trading.
+
+So that's one phenomenon I
+want to cover that probably
+
+has a neural
+correlate at the level
+
+of the inferior colliculus.
+
+And here's another one.
+
+We've been dealing with
+very simple stimuli that
+
+have just, say,
+one ITD or one ILD.
+
+When you get into a room, it
+becomes much more complicated
+
+because of echoes off
+the walls and ceiling
+
+and floor of the room.
+
+And there's some very
+interesting experiments
+
+that are done with more natural
+stimuli like you find in rooms.
+
+And we'll go over
+just a few of them.
+
+So here-- and this
+is an observer
+
+listening to a sound source
+off to the observer's left.
+
+And the direct sound
+is indicated by A here.
+
+And most of these data deal with
+the interaural time difference
+
+because this is a
+fairly low frequency.
+
+This interaural time difference
+of the direct sound indicated
+
+by this big arrow in the air
+here favors the left ear.
+
+It's going to be arriving
+at the left ear first
+
+and the right ear
+a little bit later.
+
+So if you just had that
+sound, the subject,
+
+obviously, would
+report that the sound
+
+is coming from the left side.
+
+And this is a plot of the sound
+for the left and right ear
+
+if you just had this
+arrow in A here.
+
+And in green, it's the
+interaural time difference
+
+for just that direct sound.
+
+So you can see it's
+a fairly stable ITD
+
+and it's a negative
+ITD just by convention.
+
+Left ear is going to
+be negative here, ITD.
+
+And this is an ITD
+in milliseconds
+
+of 0.4 milliseconds.
+
+And remember, we said if it was
+directly off to the left side,
+
+it would be about 0.6.
+
+If it were straight
+ahead, it would be 0.
+
+So what's the sound
+stimulus here?
+
+Well, this is, again,
+changing things a little bit.
+
+We've been talking about very
+simple pure tone stimuli,
+
+or clicks.
+
+This paper is from
+a German group.
+
+And French or German speakers
+have this lovely speech sound,
+
+which is called like a
+trill or rolled R. And I,
+
+for the life of me,
+cannot do this stimulus.
+
+But I'll try.
+
+It's something like [ROLLING R].
+
+As if you were to pronounce
+the word in German "reich."
+
+Or in French, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It's impossible for me
+to do that because I
+
+don't speak those languages.
+
+But anyway, here's
+the sound stimulus
+
+with all the echoes added in.
+
+And one of these traits just
+shows the left ear input
+
+and the right ear input.
+
+And these peaks here
+are the trills of the R.
+
+You can see them of just the
+left ear input as considered.
+
+So it's a trill
+of the R. And you
+
+can see how many
+milliseconds happened
+
+between each of those
+parts of the trill.
+
+Maybe like 40
+milliseconds or so.
+
+Now, when the subject
+is in a normal room,
+
+a lot more happens than
+just the direct sound.
+
+Some of the sound comes
+from the source, the R here,
+
+and bounces off the wall
+to the subject's right.
+
+Some of the sound goes
+beyond the subject's head
+
+and bounces off the
+wall to the right,
+
+and then the wall behind the
+subject and comes back there.
+
+And this drawing
+here is when you
+
+take into account several of
+these reflections in addition
+
+to the direct sound.
+
+And the overall ITD is
+still plotted in green.
+
+And look what a mess it is.
+
+The ITD is all over the place.
+
+It starts out like it should
+from just the direct sound.
+
+It's negative here.
+
+But then real quickly,
+it goes past 0.
+
+And it goes way up here
+and it bounces around,
+
+then it goes back down again.
+
+It's all over the map.
+
+So where do you
+think that subject
+
+says the sound is coming from?
+
+Do you think the subject
+says, I can't tell,
+
+it's all over the place?
+
+Well, you've been
+in rooms and you've
+
+listened to speakers in rooms.
+
+You're hearing me
+right now and there's
+
+a lot of sound coming off the
+walls to get into your ears
+
+on both sides.
+
+If you add up the
+reflections from the walls
+
+to the side and beyond,
+it's a lot greater
+
+than the direct sound in
+terms of the total energy.
+
+But you can close
+your eyes and you
+
+can know that I'm standing
+up here to this side of you.
+
+You don't have any
+trouble with that.
+
+And if you just do a
+very careful experiment
+
+with this subject,
+the direct sound,
+
+and a couple of
+reflections like here.
+
+And you have the
+subject with a pointer.
+
+That subject will say the
+speaker is over there.
+
+It's on the left side.
+
+It's not behind or
+to the wrong side.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+Well, there is something
+called the precedence effect,
+
+which is very important here.
+
+Which helps you in
+a situation where
+
+you have lots of reflections.
+
+And what does precedence mean?
+
+Well, precedence means
+something is dominating
+
+or something is
+the most important.
+
+And in these cases, if
+you look very carefully
+
+at the complex sound,
+when you add up
+
+all the reflections
+with the direct sound,
+
+you can see, if you have
+really good eyesight,
+
+that right at the beginning of
+the sort of burst of energy,
+
+the first thing to get
+to the subject ears
+
+is coming from the left side.
+
+So the left ear input here
+right at the beginning
+
+of these trills starts out.
+
+There's a bigger left ear input.
+
+And that's why you
+have a negative ITD
+
+right at the
+beginning of the trill
+
+before it starts going crazy.
+
+It turns out that the
+most important part
+
+of this signal for localizing
+where the sound comes from
+
+is in the initial
+few milliseconds.
+
+So subjects bias
+their impression
+
+of where the sound
+is coming from right
+
+at the beginning of the sound.
+
+And they tend to suppress or
+ignore all the remaining parts
+
+of the sound, at least
+for localization purposes.
+
+So what takes precedence
+here is the very initial part
+
+of the sound signal.
+
+And that's what the
+precedence effect is.
+
+It's sometimes called by a
+different name when you're
+
+dealing with speech--
+the Haas effect.
+
+But the precedence
+effect is more
+
+general for any type of sound.
+
+And it really means
+that when you're
+
+in a complex environment with
+all sorts of reflections,
+
+you pay attention to the
+very first, or initial, sound
+
+and ignore the others.
+
+So the precedence effect
+can be studied carefully
+
+by just narrowing it down to a
+direct sound and one reflection
+
+by this kind of setup here.
+
+So here's a subject
+listening to two speakers
+
+in an anechoic room.
+
+And I think we've talked
+about anechoic rooms before.
+
+Anechoic rooms
+have these baffles
+
+on the walls and the floor.
+
+This person is seated
+in a chair in a mesh,
+
+so he doesn't fall
+into the baffles
+
+below him, which are
+also absorbing sound
+
+on the floor of the room.
+
+There are baffles in
+the ceiling as well.
+
+So whatever sound
+this is presented
+
+goes right to the subject.
+
+If it goes beyond him, it
+goes to this wall over here
+
+and is completely absorbed.
+
+So there are no reflections.
+
+There's just the direct sound.
+
+So you can say, well, one of
+these is the direct sound.
+
+And a little bit
+later, I'm going
+
+to introduce a
+second sound coming
+
+from somewhere else,
+which is the echo.
+
+So this might simulate
+a wall on this side
+
+of the subject that reflects.
+
+In this case, there's
+no reflection.
+
+But you can say this is an
+artificial echo presented
+
+by this second loudspeaker.
+
+What happens if we change
+the timing between those two
+
+sounds?
+
+And that's what's plotted here.
+
+This is the delay
+between the first sound
+
+and the second sound
+in milliseconds.
+
+Now, for ITDS and
+sound localization,
+
+remember we've been talking
+about ITDs way down here from 0
+
+to about 0.6 milliseconds.
+
+That's where you have sound
+localization way down here.
+
+And when you do a delay
+that's that short,
+
+it sounds to a subject like
+there's just one sound.
+
+If the ITD is at
+exactly 0, this subject
+
+will perceive the
+sound source being
+
+directly in between
+these two speakers.
+
+As the lagging sound
+gets greater and greater,
+
+the subject will start to
+perceive that the source goes
+
+to the original or
+first sound emitted.
+
+And when the delay comes
+to the maximal delay
+
+for the size of the
+human head, which
+
+is about 0.6
+milliseconds right here,
+
+the subject will
+perceive that it's only
+
+coming from that
+initial loudspeaker.
+
+Then, as delays get
+further and further on,
+
+up between about
+0.6 milliseconds
+
+and a little over
+10 milliseconds,
+
+the subject will still say,
+I still hear one sound.
+
+And it's still coming
+from that speaker.
+
+But now it's starting to
+sound a little bit different.
+
+In fact, it doesn't
+sound as dead anymore.
+
+It sounds like I'm in
+a pretty live room.
+
+So what's a live room?
+
+A room that's reverberant,
+like a church or a cathedral.
+
+It sounds roomy.
+
+It sounds like there's volume.
+
+Over here, this is the region
+called the precedence effect,
+
+where you ignore
+that lagging sound.
+
+And it still sounds like
+there's just one sound,
+
+but it sounds different.
+
+This is the region of the
+precedence effect from 0.6
+
+to maybe 10 milliseconds or so.
+
+Then, as the delay
+becomes longer and longer,
+
+you start to
+perceive two sounds.
+
+You hear, let's say, a
+click from the first speaker
+
+and a second click a little bit
+later from the second speaker.
+
+And now, the delay
+is long enough
+
+so you actually hear an echo.
+
+You hear two sounds, an
+initial sound and an echo.
+
+So that's the perception.
+
+And there's this big region here
+called the precedence effect.
+
+So I have a
+demonstration, if you
+
+don't believe me, about echoes.
+
+And the demonstration is
+really vivid, I think.
+
+The echoes become more-- you
+don't hear the echoes here
+
+because it's a
+precedence effect.
+
+Maybe it sounds a
+little bit more roomy,
+
+but you don't hear an echo.
+
+But there definitely
+are echoes there.
+
+You may not be able
+to perceive them.
+
+So let me play
+this demonstration.
+
+The demonstration is--
+I think, the best part
+
+of the demonstration is
+someone taking a brick
+
+and hitting it with a hammer.
+
+And that makes a
+big click, right?
+
+Well, after that big
+sound, that impact sound,
+
+there's some echoes.
+
+You can't hear them
+very well except when
+
+they do this neat trick on
+this demonstration, which
+
+is to play the sound
+recording backwards.
+
+And then, the
+echoes start first,
+
+and then you hear the
+hammer hitting the brick.
+
+They also have
+some text on here.
+
+And they read the text, and then
+they play the text backward.
+
+To me, that's not so obvious.
+
+So they do this demonstration
+of hitting the brick.
+
+They do it in an anechoic
+room right here first.
+
+There's no echoes.
+
+Second, they do it
+in a normal room,
+
+like this room where
+there's some reverberation.
+
+But a lot of the
+reverberation is
+
+stopped by the
+carpet on the floor
+
+and the clothes I'm wearing.
+
+And the seat cushions
+absorb some of the echoes.
+
+Then finally, they do this
+demonstration a third time.
+
+And they do that backwards, too.
+
+Then they do it a third time
+in a very reverberant room,
+
+like a church or a cathedral,
+where you hit the brick
+
+and it just sort of
+rings for quite a ways.
+
+So let's play this
+demonstration and see
+
+if it lives up to
+my description.
+
+[AUDIO PLAYBACK]
+
+-[INAUDIBLE] echoes.
+
+First, in an anechoic room.
+
+Then, in a conference room.
+
+Then finally, in a
+very reverberant space.
+
+You will hear a hammer
+striking a brick followed
+
+by an old Scottish [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Playing these sounds
+backwards focuses
+
+our attention on the
+echoes that occur.
+
+From ghoulies and ghosties,
+and long-leggedy beasties
+
+and things that go bump in the
+night, good lord deliver us.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's forward.
+
+This is backward.
+
+-[SPEAKING BACKWARD]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, now
+the conference room.
+
+-From ghoulies and ghosties,
+and long-leggedy beasties
+
+and things that go bump in the
+night, good lord deliver us.
+
+[SPEAKING BACKWARD]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, now
+in the reverberant room.
+
+-From ghoulies and ghosties,
+and long-leggedy beasties
+
+and things that go bump in the
+night, good lord deliver us.
+
+[SPEAKING BACKWARD]
+
+[END AUDIO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so I
+like especially the sound
+
+of the hammer hitting the
+brick played backwards
+
+in the reverberant room
+because it's going to pssew.
+
+And all that pssew
+leading up to the impact
+
+is the echo that you
+just completely discount
+
+because of the precedence
+effect in the normal hearing.
+
+OK, so that brings me
+up to the special part
+
+of my lecture, which
+is the reading.
+
+And this little quotation
+is by a musician.
+
+And of course, musicians
+love reverberant rooms,
+
+like churches or cathedrals,
+or concert halls, or whatever.
+
+So E. Power Biggs, who was
+the organist at Harvard
+
+for a long time, made
+many famous recordings
+
+of organ music said,
+"An organist will
+
+take all the reverberation
+time he is given,
+
+and then ask for a bit more,
+for ample reverberation is
+
+part of organ music itself.
+
+Many of Bach's organ works
+are designed actually
+
+to exploit reverberation.
+
+Consider the pause that follows
+the ornamented proclamation
+
+that opens the famous 'Toccata
+in D Minor.' Obviously,
+
+this is for the enjoyment of the
+notes as they remain suspended
+
+in the air."
+
+So musicians love
+reverberations.
+
+And that's the reason that
+halls where we appreciate music,
+
+like Boston Symphony Hall--
+and they have some measurements
+
+of reverberation time
+here for opera houses.
+
+1.3 seconds.
+
+OK, that's the time the
+echoes take to decay.
+
+Symphony Hall in
+Birmingham, 2.4 seconds.
+
+St. Paul's Cathedral in London,
+13 seconds reverberation time.
+
+Now in contrast, when you
+have theaters for speech,
+
+like Shakespeare
+drama theaters, you
+
+don't want all those
+reverberations.
+
+You want, for example,
+a theater for speech
+
+here is quoted at having
+a reverb time of 0.9
+
+seconds because you don't
+want all these echoes
+
+to interfere with your
+interpretation of the speech.
+
+And average living
+room, 0.4 seconds.
+
+Reverberation time is given
+for the great outdoors.
+
+Anybody guess?
+
+0.0.
+
+All right.
+
+The outdoors has no
+walls, ceiling, or floor.
+
+Now, why are we talking
+about this here?
+
+Because in the
+inferior colliculus,
+
+you find some neurons that
+show precedence-like responses.
+
+And so here is a recording from
+an inferior colliculus neuron.
+
+And this was a study where
+they used infants and adults,
+
+but these are just the
+data for the adult.
+
+And the stimuli are two sounds.
+
+I think they are clicks.
+
+The first sound starts
+at time 10 milliseconds.
+
+So this is the time axis.
+
+And this is the
+dot raster display.
+
+So each little
+dot here-- they're
+
+a little bit hard to
+see-- is a neural spike.
+
+And there are many, many trials.
+
+OK, perhaps 50 or 100 trials.
+
+And you can see reliably on
+all the trials, the neuron
+
+responded to the first stimulus.
+
+When the second
+stimulus occurred
+
+at 101 millisecond
+delayed, the neuron
+
+also faithfully responded
+to the second stimulus.
+
+But as the delay was
+shortened less and less,
+
+the neuron eventually stopped
+responding for a delay
+
+that's-- in this case,
+it looks like about 20
+
+or so milliseconds.
+
+Well, this is certainly
+precedence-like behavior.
+
+That the neural response to the
+second stimulus is attenuated.
+
+This delay, where
+this particular neuron
+
+starts cutting out,
+is not exactly where
+
+we stop losing the
+precedence effect in humans.
+
+This is from an animal.
+
+And this animal is anesthetized,
+so many of the processes
+
+are slowed down by anesthesia.
+
+And perhaps the animal
+is a little cool,
+
+which might make these
+things abnormally long.
+
+But certainly, this kind of
+precedence-like responses
+
+are on the way toward
+explaining the precedence effect
+
+at the level of the
+inferior colliculus.
+
+And this is the work
+of Ruth Litovsky
+
+from University of Wisconsin.
+
+OK, so now I want to
+shift gears a little bit
+
+and go onto a different
+species, which is the barn owl.
+
+And this is mostly the
+work of-- originally,
+
+Mark Konishi at Caltech.
+
+And now, Eric Knudsen at
+Stanford in California.
+
+And why did they choose
+to study the barn owl?
+
+So many of us study
+mammalian models
+
+because we want to know what
+human hearing is all about.
+
+And it's hard to record
+from human brains,
+
+but we want to choose an
+animal that's like the human.
+
+So we use a mammal.
+
+Why did they choose
+the barn owl?
+
+A lot of successes
+in neuroscience
+
+have been choosing
+an animal that's
+
+specialized for a certain task.
+
+And barn owls are very
+specialized for hearing.
+
+So if you take a barn
+owl and blindfold the owl
+
+and turn a mouse
+loose in a room.
+
+As long as the mouse is
+making a little bit of sound,
+
+the barn owl can quickly
+fly over to the mouse
+
+and catch it and eat it.
+
+So the prey of barn owls
+are mice and insects,
+
+like grasshoppers that
+are down on the floor.
+
+And if you've ever seen or
+watched a barn owl hunting,
+
+you can clearly
+see them at night.
+
+They don't come
+out during the day.
+
+But at night they come out.
+
+I watched one a lot of evenings
+when I was in California.
+
+The owl would come and
+sit on a basketball hoop.
+
+And it would just perch there.
+
+And it would move
+its head all around.
+
+And I didn't really know what
+it was doing at the time,
+
+until later, when I read some
+of this work and it said that
+
+owls' eyes cannot
+move in their head.
+
+The owl's eyes are fixed.
+
+So this beautiful control
+of the eyeball position
+
+that we have in
+mammalian eye control
+
+is not present in most birds.
+
+And certainly is not
+present in the owl.
+
+So to move eyes, you
+have to move the head.
+
+And of course, you're
+moving the ears as well.
+
+In the barn owl,
+and in other words,
+
+you don't have an external
+pinna, which we said
+
+introduces a lot of help
+to localizing sounds.
+
+But the barn owl
+is a unique bird
+
+in that there is some
+external stuff going on,
+
+which is called
+the facial rough.
+
+And that's formed by feathers
+on the face of the owl.
+
+You can see they're sort of
+like fan-shaped down here.
+
+And over here, they
+go over the ear canal.
+
+There's an ear canal, certainly.
+
+They go over the ear canal
+in this perioral flap.
+
+And the opening for sound
+to get in is below that.
+
+And also, above it
+there's an opening.
+
+So the barn owl
+doesn't have a pinna,
+
+but it has some
+modified feathers
+
+on the front of its face.
+
+Barn owl feathers are
+also interesting that they
+
+are modified.
+
+The feathers on the
+wings are modified.
+
+When this owl took off, when I
+watched it on that basketball
+
+hoop, every now and then it
+would take off and go down
+
+to the basketball court below.
+
+And you couldn't hear anything.
+
+Owl feathers are
+specifically designed so even
+
+the air going over them
+when the owl flaps its wings
+
+is completely silent because the
+owls don't want whatever it's
+
+hunting to hear
+them approaching it.
+
+So barn owl wing
+feathers are specifically
+
+designed to be
+acoustically silent.
+
+OK, so a lot of work has been
+done on the barn owl pathway.
+
+Now, this is a
+little bit different
+
+because if you've looked at
+the brains of avian species,
+
+they're a little bit different.
+
+They evolve differently
+than mammals.
+
+But they have some
+analogous nuclei.
+
+Here are the cochlear nuclei.
+
+That's with this
+little text here.
+
+This is supposed to be the
+owl pathway on the left side
+
+and the right side of the brain.
+
+This is the midline
+in dashed lines.
+
+The owl cochlear nuclei are
+split up into two parts.
+
+And the one that's featured
+here is labeled NM.
+
+So NM stands for
+Nucleus Magnocellularis.
+
+And so we can all figure
+out what this means.
+
+Cellularlaris means the
+cell or the nerve cells.
+
+Magno means big.
+
+These are the big cells.
+
+So there's some other parts
+of the bird cochlear nuclei
+
+where the cells are smaller.
+
+But this is the
+big-- big cell part.
+
+And in nucleus
+magnocellularis, you
+
+have beautiful phase locking.
+
+We talked about
+that being typical
+
+of the mammalian pathway.
+
+In the cochlear
+nucleus, the bushy cells
+
+have good phase locking.
+
+Maybe even better than
+the auditory nerve.
+
+In the owl, the
+nucleus magnocellularis
+
+neurons have excellent
+phase locking.
+
+And so they're keeping track
+of the stimulus waveform.
+
+The timing is important to them.
+
+They project centrally.
+
+The one on the left side and
+the one on the right side
+
+converge onto a nucleus
+that's sensitive to interaural
+
+time differences.
+
+That's the avian
+equivalent of the MSO.
+
+And it's called NL,
+Nucleus Laminaris.
+
+OK, lamina means sheet.
+
+OK, and this is a sheet.
+
+It looks like that
+anyway in the anatomy.
+
+And there, the neurons
+are sensitive to ITDs.
+
+And there's a beautiful
+Jeffress model there.
+
+Most of the papers
+on the mammalian MSO
+
+say, we know there's
+a beautiful Jeffress
+
+model in the avian
+nucleus laminaris.
+
+But in the mammal, we're
+starting to rethink it.
+
+This is a beautiful
+Jeffress model
+
+where you find
+neural responses that
+
+are very strongly peaked to ITD.
+
+So they fire for a certain ITD.
+
+This is the firing rate.
+
+But don't fire much
+at all to other ITDs.
+
+They're strongly tuned to ITD.
+
+The nucleus laminaris in turn
+projects across the midline
+
+here to the inferior colliculus.
+
+And we haven't talked
+about it, but there
+
+are several subregions of
+the inferior colliculus.
+
+The big one is called the ICC.
+
+And that's called the
+Inferior Colliculus Central
+
+part, or central nucleus.
+
+That's true in mammals as well.
+
+That's the big part.
+
+Some would call it the core.
+
+That's what's indicated
+here, the core
+
+of the inferior colliculus.
+
+And it, in turn,
+projects to other places,
+
+like the lateral part.
+
+And it finally projects from
+the lateral part to the ICX.
+
+And the ICX is the
+Inferior Colliculus.
+
+And X stands for External.
+
+So the external part of
+the inferior colliculus.
+
+And there is where some
+very interesting responses
+
+take place in the barn owl.
+
+And we'll look at those
+responses right now.
+
+So these experiments
+were first done
+
+by Mark Konishi in, I
+believe, the 1970s at Caltech.
+
+And the experimental
+subject is seen.
+
+Here is the barn owl right here.
+
+And where are his wings?
+
+Well, his wings are folded down.
+
+And he's in a little, sort of
+like a tube sock, if you will.
+
+His wings are constrained.
+
+And the tube sock is mounted
+on a pole or a pedestal.
+
+And he's just sitting there.
+
+He can move his head.
+
+Actually, in many of
+these experiments,
+
+the head is clamped.
+
+But he's sitting there.
+
+He's awake.
+
+He's listening to the sounds.
+
+And the sound is
+presented by a speaker.
+
+The speaker is on a big hoop.
+
+You see that hoop?
+
+And the speaker is
+sitting on the hoop.
+
+And there's a little
+motor in the speaker.
+
+And the speaker can be moved
+by driving the motor over here.
+
+Or you can move the motor
+the other direction.
+
+You can move the speaker over
+here or down here or up here,
+
+wherever you want to on
+that hoop the speaker can
+
+be driven by the motor.
+
+And because the hoop is mounted
+on two posts on the side,
+
+the whole hoop can be swung
+up or it can be swung down.
+
+OK, so you can put that speaker
+anywhere this way and anywhere
+
+up or down that you want to.
+
+And so you can put that speaker
+in the entire-- any position
+
+you want to in the entire
+frontal hemi field of the owl.
+
+And I suppose they
+didn't do that.
+
+I suppose you could put it in
+the rear hemi field as well.
+
+But these data are just from the
+frontal hemi field of the owl.
+
+And since the owl's head is
+mounted and is not moving,
+
+you can apply a little
+local anesthetic
+
+and open up the skull.
+
+And you can advance an electrode
+into the ICX, the External
+
+Nucleus of the
+Inferior Colliculus,
+
+and make recordings from
+single neurons there.
+
+And in this case, the
+recordings are made from the ICX
+
+on the right side.
+
+And what's found
+in this response
+
+plot here is these neurons have
+restricted receptive fields
+
+in space.
+
+So what's plotted here is
+the neuro-responsive field
+
+in dashed lines and
+the most vigorous part
+
+in the shaded area there.
+
+And this axis, the
+x-axis, is azimuth.
+
+And the y-axis is elevation.
+
+And this is a fairly restrictive
+part of the whole hemi field.
+
+And one of these-- this is one
+response area for one neuron.
+
+And a whole bunch
+of these rectangles
+
+are plotted down here with
+a little diagram of the owl
+
+right in the center
+of this globe.
+
+So there's 1, 2, 3,
+4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
+
+10-- about a dozen neural
+receptive fields for ICX
+
+neurons in that owl.
+
+Notice that they're
+all fairly discrete.
+
+That is, it only
+responds when the speaker
+
+is in a certain part of the
+frontal field of the owl.
+
+Notice also that we're
+recording from the right side.
+
+And most of the receptive fields
+are off to the left of the owl.
+
+They're on the opposite side.
+
+So clearly, sound
+stimuli on one side
+
+are mapped to the
+opposite brain side.
+
+That's not true for
+these three, but they're
+
+close to the midline.
+
+Most of the receptive fields
+are not straight ahead.
+
+They're actually
+down below the owl.
+
+There's one or two that are
+just a little bit above,
+
+but there are none
+that are way above.
+
+Most of them are
+down below the owl.
+
+Remember, the owl is sitting
+on the basketball hoop
+
+and he's listening for
+targets down below.
+
+This makes a lot of sense that
+most of the receptive fields
+
+are down below the owl, not
+at the same level of the owl.
+
+It doesn't care about
+a mouse making a slam
+
+dunk at the other hoop.
+
+It cares about the mouse
+down on the basketball court.
+
+And finally, maybe the most
+important and most interesting
+
+part of these responses
+is the progression
+
+of where the
+receptive fields are
+
+in space versus where they
+are along the dimensions
+
+of the ICX.
+
+So that this receptive field was
+located over here in the ICX.
+
+And as you move this way and
+encountered a different neuron,
+
+it was located over here
+and its receptive field
+
+was moved over
+this way a little.
+
+As you move further
+in that direction,
+
+you encountered another
+receptive field even further
+
+in this dimension.
+
+And then finally, way
+over here laterally,
+
+you encountered these
+receptive fields
+
+that were way off to the side.
+
+So along this dimension
+of auditory space,
+
+receptive fields were
+found along this dimension
+
+of the ICX.
+
+There was also a
+mapping going this way.
+
+This is clearly then what
+some people call a space map.
+
+A mapping of auditory
+space into position
+
+within a certain part, the
+ICX, of the owl's brain.
+
+OK, it's a beautiful mapping.
+
+Neuroscientists love mappings.
+
+You've heard me talk
+about tonotopic mappings
+
+out the wazoo.
+
+We love tonotopic mappings
+because CF is then
+
+very important.
+
+This clearly is important
+to have organization
+
+of the receptive fields on
+a dimension in the brain.
+
+People have spent many,
+many years looking
+
+for these kind of mappings in
+the mammalian auditory pathway
+
+and not found them.
+
+People have looked in
+the inferior colliculus,
+
+in the analogous part,
+the central part,
+
+the external part.
+
+It is hard to record
+from the external part
+
+of the mammalian
+inferior colliculus
+
+because it's a small
+edge structure,
+
+but it has not been found.
+
+People have looked in
+the medial geniculate,
+
+in the auditory cortex,
+and looked for organization
+
+of spatial receptive
+fields and not found them.
+
+So on nuclei in the main
+part of the auditory pathway,
+
+you do not find space maps
+in the mammalian system.
+
+So the one place you
+find spatial organization
+
+in the mammal is in the
+mammalian superior colliculus.
+
+And you're probably going, huh?
+
+I thought you just said the
+superior colliculus is visual?
+
+Well, it is.
+
+But it's a layered structure
+that, if I'm not mistaken,
+
+the top three layers
+are exclusively visual.
+
+But if you go down to lower
+layers, the bottom layers
+
+of the superior colliculus,
+you start to encounter neurons
+
+that respond to visual as
+well as auditory stimuli.
+
+And you may have talked
+about the visual mapping
+
+of the superior colliculus.
+
+And those neurons
+in the deep layers
+
+that are also responsive
+to auditory stimuli--
+
+they're mostly ILD sensitive.
+
+They're mapped in line with
+the visual receptive fields.
+
+They're also space mapped
+to a certain extent.
+
+Now, that nucleus clearly
+is not on the main drag
+
+of the auditory pathway.
+
+The auditory pathway is cochlear
+nucleus, superior olive,
+
+inferior colliculus, medial
+geniculate and cortex.
+
+So you do have a space map
+in the mammalian deep layers
+
+of the superior
+colliculus, but not
+
+on the main parts of the
+mammalian auditory pathway.
+
+So that's been the finding.
+
+Now, that's negative evidence.
+
+It's not clear that I
+won't be back here teaching
+
+the course next year.
+
+And we'll read a
+paper that says,
+
+ah, space map in wherever.
+
+But it hasn't been found so
+far with this one exception.
+
+Now, the paper that we
+read for today's class
+
+talks about-- back
+to the barn owl.
+
+A place in the barn
+owl, which is-- they
+
+call it the optic
+tectum in the birds.
+
+But it's analogous to the
+superior colliculus in mammals.
+
+A place where, as I said, you
+find auditory spacing maps that
+
+are in line with
+visual space maps.
+
+And they do a very interesting
+and elegant experiment
+
+where one of those
+maps is distorted.
+
+And you study the resulting
+effect on the other map.
+
+OK, so how did they do that?
+
+So this is n owl, but
+it's a juvenile owl.
+
+An owl chick.
+
+And it's wearing some
+interesting things on its eyes.
+
+Those aren't its eyes.
+
+Those are some prisms
+that the investigators
+
+have put on the owl's eyes.
+
+And they deflect the visual
+field a certain amount
+
+depending on the
+size of the prism.
+
+And I can't remember
+what the deflection was.
+
+I seem to remember 30 degrees.
+
+So the visual field is
+deflected 30 degrees.
+
+And as I said before, the owl's
+eyes are fixed in the head.
+
+So putting on these
+goggles, no matter
+
+what-- the goggles are going to
+move if the owl moves its head.
+
+So no matter what the owl does,
+the visual receptive fields
+
+of all these neurons,
+everything in vision
+
+is shifted 30 degrees.
+
+This is normal.
+
+These might be receptive fields
+from neurons in the brain
+
+somewhere.
+
+This is when the
+prisms are added.
+
+Here, you've shifted the
+visual receptive field.
+
+The auditory
+receptive field-- you
+
+haven't changed the ears at all.
+
+The auditory receptive
+field is the same.
+
+What's found when you do
+that in juvenile owls,
+
+you come back eight weeks later.
+
+You find, oh my gosh, the
+auditory receptive field
+
+has actually moved.
+
+It shifted.
+
+You knew where you ere
+recording from in the brain.
+
+In this case, the recordings
+are made in the optic tectum,
+
+in the superior colliculus.
+
+You know the dimensions
+and you come back
+
+and you're expecting to see
+auditory receptive fields
+
+like that, but
+they've been shifted.
+
+So juvenile owls with
+prism experience,
+
+given a number of
+weeks to compensate,
+
+shift the auditory
+receptive fields
+
+so that the two are
+back in alignment.
+
+This group has also
+shown that if you
+
+do this experiment
+with adult owls,
+
+you don't get such shifts.
+
+You come back to an adult
+owl with these same prisms,
+
+eight weeks later you
+have still a mismatch.
+
+So plasticity clearly takes
+place in the juveniles
+
+and not in the adults.
+
+And they've then likened
+it to those old folks of us
+
+trying to learn a
+foreign language.
+
+It's really tough because
+we didn't have experience
+
+with it while we were juveniles.
+
+So neural plasticity and
+these learning new things--
+
+if this is learning something,
+it's a bit of a stretch.
+
+But it's more difficult to
+learn things as an adult
+
+than it is juveniles.
+
+Now, the experiment-- an even
+further twist in this paper
+
+that we read for today, which is
+now the subject is adult owls.
+
+The recordings were
+made from adult owls.
+
+But there are two groups.
+
+One is a plain, old
+control adult owl.
+
+The other is an adult owl
+that when it was a juvenile
+
+had experience with the prisms.
+
+That experience was long
+ago, six months before.
+
+The prisms were on
+for eight weeks or so.
+
+These shifts took place.
+
+The prisms were removed.
+
+The owl is allowed
+to grow up and become
+
+an adult with normal vision.
+
+Then, take these two groups of
+owls, put the prisms on again.
+
+We've already said that
+adults don't have the capacity
+
+to remap.
+
+So many of them just
+stayed the same.
+
+These are the open circles here.
+
+The auditory receptive
+field is the same.
+
+This is before the prisms.
+
+This is eight weeks after.
+
+The open circles are
+from the adult owls
+
+that didn't have any
+juvenile prism experience.
+
+But the adult owls-- they're
+now adults with the prisms on.
+
+The adult owls with the
+juvenile prism experiences,
+
+one of the neurons
+is recorded here.
+
+It has an auditory
+receptive field
+
+that's shifted to
+make it in line
+
+with the shifted visual
+receptive fields.
+
+This is now showing
+then that adults
+
+that have the
+juvenile experience
+
+have some plastic ability to
+re-map their auditory receptive
+
+field so that you have alignment
+with the visual receptive
+
+fields.
+
+Clearly, a very
+interesting experiment.
+
+Showing, if you will,
+a type of maybe memory
+
+trace that these owls
+have retained something
+
+that was altered by the
+juvenile experience.
+
+So what could that be?
+
+The group has in
+other studies gone on
+
+and looked at the projections
+between these two boxes
+
+here from the central
+nucleus of the colliculus
+
+to the external nucleus.
+
+And clearly, shown in juvenile
+animals that have the prism
+
+experiences that the
+axons that were headed
+
+for direct innervation
+take a little change
+
+and they regrow some
+axonal projections.
+
+They've studied these.
+
+And it looks like this regrowth
+of axon between those two
+
+areas.
+
+And that's what was meant
+by this little circle that
+
+says locus or site of
+plasticity is manifested
+
+by a change in growth
+of axons right there.
+
+And maybe those
+adult animals that
+
+have juvenile
+experience retain some
+
+of those axonal projections
+that have been changed
+
+as a result of the experience.
+
+And clearly, it takes
+many weeks for axons
+
+to grow or change
+their connections.
+
+Maybe that's the thing
+that's much easier
+
+to do if you're
+a juvenile animal
+
+and you're reacting to
+these changed stimuli.
+
+Another way to change
+responses there
+
+is to have everything
+connected to everything,
+
+but certain things emphasize
+certain synapses very strong
+
+and the weak ones not emphasize.
+
+Maybe when you have
+the prism experience,
+
+the previously
+de-emphasized synapses
+
+become upregulated without
+any change of axons.
+
+But clearly, this
+group has shown
+
+that the axons have changed
+their growth patterns.
+
+So that could be a mechanism
+for the plasticity.
+
+And I think that's all
+I wanted to say today.
+
+So I have five minutes
+if you guys want
+
+to ask questions about anything.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you go
+over how prisms actually
+
+change auditory
+perception again?
+
+Like, how are the prisms--
+
+PROFESSOR: Back to precedence?
+
+Is that what you're--
+
+AUDIENCE: How are
+prisms changing--
+
+PROFESSOR: How are prisms?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's not clear.
+
+What's clear is that the
+fields are mismatched.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we don't
+know why that happens?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+Yeah.
+
+But I presume what is
+happening to the owl
+
+during these eight weeks is
+the owl is seeing an object
+
+and hearing it as well.
+
+For example, a mouse down here.
+
+The owl sees it
+and it goes for it.
+
+But actually, because its
+visual fields are off,
+
+it goes over here and
+the object is over here.
+
+But the auditory cues, if
+it paid attention to them,
+
+it would go here.
+
+So it's sensing a
+misalignment in experience.
+
+There's no training
+involved here,
+
+but the owls are allowed
+to hunt prey and experience
+
+environmental sounds.
+
+So they clearly then have
+a mismatch between vision
+
+and audition in
+these eight weeks.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does
+this sort of then,
+
+I guess suggest that the
+auditory input is somehow
+
+more important?
+
+Because rather than say a visual
+input shifting [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes, you could say that.
+
+I mean, it would be interesting
+to do the converse experiment.
+
+Keep the eyeballs normal
+and somehow distort
+
+the auditory receptive fields.
+
+So you could do that with
+ITDs by putting a tube
+
+and lengthening the
+ITD on one side.
+
+That would be an interesting
+sort of counter experiment
+
+to get at what
+you're asking about.
+
+It would distort the other cue.
+
+OK, great.
+
+We'll see you back
+on Wednesday then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AH5jnR3RxJU.txt b/AH5jnR3RxJU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4376f00c4eddc4887c08c8f72efccb07b497b9fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AH5jnR3RxJU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a rather theoretical exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rather theoretical exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rather theoretical exercise
+that has two purposes one is to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two purposes one is to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has two purposes one is to verify
+that the notion of convergence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the notion of convergence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the notion of convergence in
+probability is quite natural and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is quite natural and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is quite natural and that it
+has properties similar to the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has properties similar to the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has properties similar to the notion of
+convergence of sequences and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences and the second
+purpose is to get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to get a little bit of
+practice with the formal definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the formal definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with the formal definition of
+convergence in probability so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability so what is
+the statement saying it says that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement saying it says that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement saying it says that if we
+have a sequence of random variables two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of random variables two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of random variables two
+that converges to a certain number a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to a certain number a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to a certain number a and
+this basically means that when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically means that when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically means that when n is
+large the distribution is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the distribution is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the distribution is highly
+concentrated around a and if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around a and if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around a and if we have
+another sequence of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence of random variables
+that converge to a certain number B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converge to a certain number B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converge to a certain number B
+which means that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the probability
+distribution of Y n is heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y n is heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Y n is heavily
+concentrated around B in that case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around B in that case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around B in that case then
+the probability distribution of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of the sum
+of the two random variables is heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables is heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two random variables is heavily
+concentrated in the vicinity of a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in the vicinity of a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated in the vicinity of a plus B
+so what are we saying if xn is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we saying if xn is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we saying if xn is very
+close to a with high probability and yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a with high probability and yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a with high probability and yn
+is very close to B with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to B with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very close to B with high probability
+then the sum will also be close to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum will also be close to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the sum will also be close to a
+plus B with high probability this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B with high probability this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B with high probability this is the
+intuitive content of the statements now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive content of the statements now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive content of the statements now
+we want to establish this formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to establish this formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to establish this formally
+before establishing this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before establishing this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before establishing this statement
+however it will be good practice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it will be good practice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it will be good practice to
+verify a property of this type for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a property of this type for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify a property of this type for the
+ordinary convergence of sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary convergence of sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary convergence of sequences of
+numbers not random variables so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not random variables so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers not random variables so let us
+do that what we want to show is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what we want to show is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that what we want to show is that if
+a sequence of numbers a n converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of numbers a n converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of numbers a n converges to
+some number a and another sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a and another sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number a and another sequence
+converges to some number B we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some number B we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some number B we want to
+show that in that case a n plus BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in that case a n plus BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in that case a n plus BN
+converges to the sum of a plus B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the sum of a plus B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the sum of a plus B and we
+want to do this formally so let us start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this formally so let us start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this formally so let us start
+with the definition of convergence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definition of convergence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the definition of convergence what
+does it mean that a n converges to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that a n converges to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean that a n converges to a
+it means that if I fix some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that if I fix some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that if I fix some positive
+epsilon then there exists some number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon then there exists some number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon then there exists some number or
+some time such that if we consider some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time such that if we consider some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time such that if we consider some
+n bigger than n 0 then a yin is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than n 0 then a yin is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than n 0 then a yin is close to
+a in the sense that this difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the sense that this difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the sense that this difference is
+less than Epsilon now this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon now this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon now this is true for
+any positive epsilon so if instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive epsilon so if instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any positive epsilon so if instead of
+epsilon I take epsilon over 2 this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon I take epsilon over 2 this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon I take epsilon over 2 this will
+also be true eventually after some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be true eventually after some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be true eventually after some time
+we will have the property that a n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have the property that a n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have the property that a n minus
+a is less than epsilon over 2 similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than epsilon over 2 similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is less than epsilon over 2 similarly
+if BN converges to B then we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if BN converges to B then we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if BN converges to B then we will have
+the property that there exists some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that there exists some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that there exists some time
+let's call it n 0 prime such that if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it n 0 prime such that if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it n 0 prime such that if n
+is bigger than that particular time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than that particular time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than that particular time then
+BN minus B is going to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN minus B is going to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN minus B is going to be less than
+epsilon over 2 okay so after time and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 okay so after time and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 okay so after time and 0
+and after time and 0 crime these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after time and 0 crime these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after time and 0 crime these two
+inequalities will be true so if we wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities will be true so if we wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities will be true so if we wait
+long enough so that both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough so that both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough so that both of these
+inequalities are true that is if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities are true that is if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities are true that is if n is
+bigger than the maximum of n 0 and n 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the maximum of n 0 and n 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the maximum of n 0 and n 0
+prime then we will have the following we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime then we will have the following we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime then we will have the following we
+will have that aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have that aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have that aen
+plus BN minus a minus B which by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BN minus a minus B which by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus BN minus a minus B which by an
+elementary inequality is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary inequality is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary inequality is less than or
+equal to a and minus a plus BN minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a and minus a plus BN minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a and minus a plus BN minus B
+okay where does this inequality coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where does this inequality coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where does this inequality coming
+from this is a general inequality about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is a general inequality about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this is a general inequality about
+absolute values if I give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values if I give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values if I give you two
+numbers the absolute value of x plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the absolute value of x plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the absolute value of x plus y
+is always less than or equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than or equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always less than or equal to the sum
+of the absolute values so we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute values so we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute values so we're using
+this inequality where X is a and minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality where X is a and minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality where X is a and minus a
+and Y is BN minus B so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is BN minus B so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is BN minus B so we have this
+inequality but when time is big enough a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but when time is big enough a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but when time is big enough a
+n minus a is less than epsilon over 2 BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus a is less than epsilon over 2 BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus a is less than epsilon over 2 BN
+minus B is also less than epsilon over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B is also less than epsilon over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B is also less than epsilon over 2
+and putting everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting everything together
+this is Epsilon so what we have we shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Epsilon so what we have we shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Epsilon so what we have we shown
+that if a and converges to a and BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a and converges to a and BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a and converges to a and BN
+converges to B so that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to B so that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to B so that all these
+relations holds then if time n is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations holds then if time n is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations holds then if time n is large
+enough then the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the difference between this
+number and that number is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that number is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that number is going to be
+less than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Epsilon
+and this is true for every positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for every positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is true for every positive
+epsilon but that's just the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon but that's just the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon but that's just the definition
+of convergence of this quantity to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence of this quantity to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence of this quantity to that
+quantity and this is the proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and this is the proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and this is the proof of this
+elementary relation about convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary relation about convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary relation about convergence of
+numbers now let us turn to convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now let us turn to convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now let us turn to convergence
+of random variables we fix some epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables we fix some epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables we fix some epsilon
+that's positive in order to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive in order to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's positive in order to show
+convergence in probability we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability we want to
+look at this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and look at the probability that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the probability that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the probability that this
+difference is bigger than epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is bigger than epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is bigger than epsilon in
+magnitude and we want to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we want to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we want to show that this
+quantity converges to zero if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to zero if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to zero if it does
+then we will have established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will have established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will have established
+convergence in probability because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in probability because
+that's just the definition okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the definition okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the definition okay now this
+is the event that the sum of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that the sum of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that the sum of the random
+variables is close to a plus B and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is close to a plus B and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is close to a plus B and we
+want to use the fact that X and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the fact that X and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use the fact that X and is
+closed way and yn is close to B so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed way and yn is close to B so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed way and yn is close to B so this
+is the event that let's write it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that let's write it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the event that let's write it in a
+somewhat different way it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different way it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different way it's the
+probability of the event that xn minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the event that xn minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the event that xn minus a
+plus y n minus B is bigger than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y n minus B is bigger than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y n minus B is bigger than epsilon
+in magnitudes now for a sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitudes now for a sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitudes now for a sum of two
+numbers to be bigger than epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be bigger than epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to be bigger than epsilon in
+magnitude it has to be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude it has to be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude it has to be the case that
+either one of them is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them is larger than
+epsilon over two or the other number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two or the other number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two or the other number is
+bigger in magnitude than epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in magnitude than epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger in magnitude than epsilon over
+two so if this event happens this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if this event happens this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if this event happens this event
+must also happen this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also happen this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also happen this means that this
+event is a subset of this event this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is a subset of this event this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event is a subset of this event this is
+a smaller one if this happens then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one if this happens then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one if this happens then this
+one happens so since it's a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one happens so since it's a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one happens so since it's a smaller
+event it means that its probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it means that its probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it means that its probability is
+less than or equal to the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the probability of
+that event now we use the Union bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event now we use the Union bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event now we use the Union bound
+the probability that something happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that something happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that something happens
+or something else is happening is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else is happening is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something else is happening is less
+than or equal to the sum of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the sum of their
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now since xn converges to a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now since xn converges to a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now since xn converges to a in
+probability then by definition we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then by definition we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then by definition we know
+that this quantity converges to 0 as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity converges to 0 as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity converges to 0 as n
+goes to infinity similarly since yn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity similarly since yn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity similarly since yn
+converges to be in probability this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to be in probability this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to be in probability this
+quantity converges to 0 as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to 0 as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity converges to 0 as n goes to
+infinity this is a sequence of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this is a sequence of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this is a sequence of numbers
+that converges to 0 this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to 0 this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converges to 0 this is another
+sequence of numbers that converges to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers that converges to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of numbers that converges to 0
+therefore the sum of these two sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the sum of these two sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the sum of these two sequences
+also converges to 0 in essence here were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converges to 0 in essence here were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also converges to 0 in essence here were
+applying what we established earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying what we established earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying what we established earlier
+about convergence of numbers if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence of numbers if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence of numbers if a
+sequence converges to 0 and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to 0 and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to 0 and another
+sequence converges to 0 then the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to 0 then the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to 0 then the sum of
+these sequences also converges to 0 as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequences also converges to 0 as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sequences also converges to 0 as n
+goes to infinity but this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity but this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity but this is exactly
+what we need to show in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to show in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to show in order to
+establish convergence in probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish convergence in probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish convergence in probability of
+xn plus yn we have shown that if I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn plus yn we have shown that if I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn plus yn we have shown that if I fix
+any epsilon positive no matter how small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any epsilon positive no matter how small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any epsilon positive no matter how small
+the probability that I am more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I am more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that I am more than
+epsilon away that probability that xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon away that probability that xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon away that probability that xn
+plus yn is more than epsilon away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus yn is more than epsilon away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus yn is more than epsilon away from
+the supposed target or the limit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supposed target or the limit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supposed target or the limit this
+probability must go to 0 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability must go to 0 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability must go to 0 and that's
+exactly what we established here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we established here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we established here and
+this completes the derivation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AaucguWxpqU.txt b/AaucguWxpqU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8b7b2ed537470ca7e14390a4fdde68d3046fc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AaucguWxpqU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1911 @@
+MALE SPEAKER: The following
+content is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Last time, we had discussed
+series and sequences.
+
+Today, we're going to turn our
+attention to a rather special
+
+situation, a situation in which
+every term in our series
+
+is positive.
+
+For this reason, I have entitled
+today's lecture
+
+'Positive Series'.
+
+Before we can do full justice
+to positive series, however,
+
+there are a few topics that we
+must discuss as preliminaries.
+
+The first of these is simply
+the process of ordering.
+
+Now this is a rather
+strange situation.
+
+Because in the finite
+case, it turns out
+
+to be rather trivial.
+
+By way of illustration, let's
+suppose the set 'S' consists
+
+of the numbers 11,
+8, 9, 7, and 10.
+
+Now there are many ways
+in which we could
+
+order the set 'S'.
+
+We can arrange them so that any
+one of these five elements
+
+comes first, any one
+of the remaining
+
+four second, et cetera.
+
+But suppose that we want
+to arrange these
+
+according to size.
+
+Observe that there is a rather
+straightforward, shall we say,
+
+binary technique, whereby we
+can order these elements.
+
+By binary, I mean, let's look
+at these two at the time.
+
+We look at 11 and 8, and we
+throw away the larger of the
+
+two, which is 11.
+
+Then we compare 8 with
+9, throwaway 9
+
+because that's bigger.
+
+Compare 8 and 7, throw away 8.
+
+Compare 7 and 10,
+throw away 10.
+
+The survivor, being 7, is
+therefore the least member of
+
+our collection.
+
+In a similar way, we can delete
+7 and start looking for
+
+the next number of our set.
+
+And in this way, eventually
+order the elements of 'S'
+
+according to size--
+
+7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
+
+OK.
+
+Clearly, 7 is the smallest
+element of 'S' and 11 is the
+
+largest element of S.
+
+And in terms of nomenclature, we
+say that 7 is a lower bound
+
+for 'S', 11 is an upper
+bound for 'S'.
+
+You see, in terms of a picture,
+all we're saying is
+
+that when the elements of 'S'
+are ordered according to size,
+
+7 is the furthest to
+the left, 11 is the
+
+furthest to the right.
+
+We could even talk more about
+the nomenclature by saying--
+
+and this sounds like
+a tongue twister.
+
+This is why I had you read this
+material first in the
+
+last assignment and the
+supplementary notes, so that
+
+part of this will at least
+seem like a review.
+
+Observe that 7 is called the
+greatest lower bound for 'S',
+
+simply because any number larger
+than 7 cannot be a
+
+lower bound for 'S', simply
+because 7 would be smaller
+
+than that particular number.
+
+And in a similar way, 11 is
+called the least upper bound
+
+for 'S', because any number
+smaller than 11 would be
+
+exceeded by 11, and hence
+could not be an
+
+upper bound for 'S'.
+
+Now the interesting
+point is this.
+
+Hopefully, at this stage of the
+game, you listened to what
+
+I've had to say, and you say,
+my golly, this is trivial.
+
+And the answer is,
+it is trivial.
+
+But remember what our main
+concern was in our last
+
+lecture when we introduced the
+concept of infinite series and
+
+sequences--
+
+that many things that were
+trivial for the finite case
+
+became rather serious dilemmas
+for the infinite case.
+
+In other words, my claim is
+that these results are far
+
+more subtle for infinite sets.
+
+And I think the best
+way to do this is
+
+by means of an example.
+
+See now, let 'S' be the set of
+numbers where the n-th number
+
+is 'n' over 'n + 1'.
+
+In other words, the first member
+of 'S' will be 1/2, the
+
+second member, 2/3, the third
+member, 3/4, et cetera.
+
+Now, let's take look to see
+what the least upper
+
+bound for 'S' is.
+
+And sparing you the details, I
+think you can observe at this
+
+stage of the game, especially
+based on the homework of the
+
+last unit, that the limit of
+the sequence 'S' is 1.
+
+In fact, 1 is the smallest
+number which exceeds every
+
+member in this collection.
+
+In other words, 1 is the least
+upper bound for 'S'.
+
+But observe the interesting
+case that here--
+
+and by the way, notice the
+abbreviation that we use in
+
+our notes. 'LUB', least
+upper bound.
+
+'GLB', greatest lower bound.
+
+But 1 is the least upper
+bound for 'S'.
+
+Yet the fact remains that the
+least upper bound is not a
+
+member of 'S' itself.
+
+In other words, there is no
+number 'n' such that 'n' over
+
+'n + 1' is equal to 1.
+
+You see, notice that as these
+numbers increase, they get
+
+bounded by 1, but 1 is
+not a member of 'S'.
+
+In other words, here's an
+example where the least upper
+
+bound of a set does not have
+to be a member of the set.
+
+And a companion to this would
+be an example where the
+
+greatest lower bound is not
+a member of the set.
+
+And to this end, simply let
+the n-th member of 'S'
+
+arranged by sequence be '1/n'.
+
+The n-th member is '1/n'.
+
+Therefore, 'S' is what?
+
+The set consisting of 1,
+1/2, 1/3, et cetera.
+
+Observe that as the terms go
+further and further out, they
+
+get arbitrarily close
+to 0 in size--
+
+every one of these terms, '1/n',
+no matter how big 'n'
+
+is is greater than 0.
+
+In other words, then, observe
+that 0 will be the greatest
+
+lower bound for 'S', but 0
+is not a member of 'S'.
+
+In other words, it seems that
+things which are quite trivial
+
+for finite collections have
+certain degrees of
+
+sophistication for infinite
+collections.
+
+So what we're going to do now
+is to establish a few basic
+
+definitions.
+
+And we'll do it in a
+rather formal way.
+
+Our first definition
+is the following.
+
+Given the set of numbers, 'S',
+'M' is called an upper bound
+
+for 'S', If 'M' is greater than
+or equal to 'x' for all
+
+'x' in 'S'.
+
+In other words, if 'M' exceeds
+every member of 'S', 'M' is
+
+called an upper bound for 'S'.
+
+As I say, these these
+definitions are very
+
+straightforward.
+
+The companion--
+
+well, let's go one
+step further.
+
+By the way, observe that I
+have in the interest of
+
+brevity left out the
+corresponding definitions for
+
+lower bounds.
+
+But they are quite analogous.
+
+In other words, a lower bound
+for 'S' would be a number that
+
+was less than or equal to
+each member in 'S'.
+
+At any rate, then, 'M' is called
+a least upper bound for
+
+'S' if first of all, 'M' is
+an upper bound for 'S'.
+
+And secondly, if 'L' is less
+than 'M', 'L' is not an upper
+
+bound for 'S'.
+
+In other words, least upper
+bound means what?
+
+Anything smaller cannot
+be an upper bound.
+
+Notice in terms of our previous
+remark that the least
+
+upper bound need not
+belong to 'x'.
+
+The companion to this
+would be what?
+
+A greatest lower bound would be
+a number which is a lower
+
+bound such that anything
+greater could
+
+not be a lower bound.
+
+Again, all of this is easier to
+see in terms of a picture.
+
+Visualize 'S' as being this
+interval with little 'm' and
+
+capital 'M' being the endpoints
+of the interval.
+
+Observe that capital 'M' is
+the least upper bound.
+
+Little 'm' is the greatest
+lower bound.
+
+Anything smaller than little
+'m' will be lower bound.
+
+Anything greater than capital
+'M' will be an upper bound.
+
+And notice that nothing in the
+set 'S' itself can be either
+
+an upper bound or
+a lower bound.
+
+Because anything inside 'S'
+appears to the right of little
+
+'m' and to the left
+of capital 'M'.
+
+And one final definition
+as a preliminary.
+
+A set, 'S', is called bounded if
+it has both an upper and a
+
+lower bound.
+
+And the key property that
+we have to keep track of
+
+throughout this--
+
+and we won't prove this.
+
+In other words, in more
+rigorous advanced math
+
+courses, this is proven
+as a theorem.
+
+For our purposes, it seems
+self-evident enough so that
+
+we're willing to accept it.
+
+And so rather than to belabor
+the point, let us just accept
+
+as a key property that every
+bounded set of numbers has a
+
+greatest lower bound and
+at least upper bound.
+
+In other words, if a set is
+bounded, we can find a
+
+smallest upper bound and
+a largest lower bound.
+
+And this completes the
+first portion of
+
+our preliminary material.
+
+The next portion of our
+preliminary material before
+
+studying positive series
+involves what we mean by a
+
+monotonic non-decreasing
+sequence.
+
+A sequence is called monotonic
+non-decreasing--
+
+and if you don't frighten at
+these words, it's almost
+
+self-evident what this
+thing means.
+
+It means that no term can
+be smaller than the
+
+one that came before.
+
+In other words, the n-th term
+is less than or equal to the
+
+'n plus first term'
+for each 'n'.
+
+And wording that more
+explicitly, it says what?
+
+'a sub 1' is less than or equal
+to 'a sub 2' is less
+
+than or equal to 'a
+sub 3', et cetera.
+
+And I hope that it's clear by
+this time that it's not
+
+self-evident that a sequence
+has to have this.
+
+Remember the subscripts simply
+tell you the order in which
+
+the terms appear.
+
+It has no bearing on the
+size of the term.
+
+For example, in an arbitrary
+sequence, recall that the
+
+second term can be smaller in
+magnitude than the first term.
+
+However, if the terms are
+non-decreasing sequentially
+
+this way, the sequence
+is called monotonic
+
+non-decreasing.
+
+And the problem that comes up
+is, or the important question
+
+that comes up is, what's so
+important about monotonic
+
+non-decreasing sequences?
+
+And the answer is that for
+such sequences, two
+
+possibilities exist.
+
+In other words, either the terms
+can keep getting larger
+
+and larger without bound--
+
+see?
+
+In other words, that the
+sequences 'a sub n' has no
+
+upper bound.
+
+In which case, we say that the
+limit of 'a sub n' as 'n'
+
+approaches infinity
+is infinity.
+
+And for example, the
+ordinary counting
+
+sequence has this property.
+
+See, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, et cetera,
+is a monotonic
+
+non-decreasing sequence.
+
+In fact, it's monotonic
+increasing.
+
+Every member of the sequence is
+greater than the one that
+
+came before.
+
+But as you go further and
+further out, the terms
+
+increase without upper bound.
+
+OK?
+
+Now what is the other
+possibility for a monotonic
+
+non-decreasing sequence?
+
+After all, the opposite, or the
+only other possibility, is
+
+that if the 'a sub n'-- if it's
+false, that the sequence
+
+doesn't have an upper bound,
+then of course it must have an
+
+upper bound.
+
+That's the second case.
+
+In other words, suppose the
+sequence has an upper bound.
+
+Then the interesting point
+is that the limit of this
+
+sequence exists.
+
+And not only does it exist, but
+the limit itself is the
+
+least upper bound
+of the sequence.
+
+In other words, in the case
+where the sequence is
+
+non-decreasing, if
+it's bounded--
+
+if it's bounded--
+
+the least upper bound
+will be the limit.
+
+Now you see, here's where we
+use that key property.
+
+Namely, if a sequence is
+bounded, it must have a least
+
+upper bound.
+
+Let's call that least
+upper bound 'L'.
+
+And by the way, you'll notice
+I wrote the word proof in
+
+quotation marks.
+
+It's simply to indicate that I
+prefer to give you a geometric
+
+proof here rather than
+an analytic one.
+
+But the analytic proof
+follows word for
+
+word from this picture.
+
+In other words, it just
+translates in the usual way.
+
+And we'll drill on this with
+the exercises and the notes
+
+and the textbook.
+
+But at any rate, the
+idea is this.
+
+To prove that 'L' is a limit,
+what must I do?
+
+I must show that if I choose
+any epsilon greater than 0,
+
+that all the terms beyond a
+certain one lie between 'L
+
+minus epsilon' and
+'L plus epsilon'.
+
+Now here's the way this works.
+
+Let's see if we can just read
+the diagram and get this thing
+
+very quickly.
+
+First of all, at least one term
+in my sequence has to be
+
+between 'L minus epsilon'
+and 'L'.
+
+And the reason for that
+is simply this.
+
+Remember 'L' is a least
+upper bound.
+
+Because 'L' is a least upper
+bound, 'L minus epsilon'
+
+cannot be an upper bound.
+
+Now if no term can get beyond
+'L minus epsilon', then
+
+certainly 'L minus epsilon'
+would be an upper bound.
+
+The fact that 'L minus epsilon'
+isn't an upper bound,
+
+therefore, means that at least
+one 'a sub n', say 'a sub
+
+capital N', is in this
+interval here.
+
+Notice also that because 'L' is
+an upper bound, no 'a sub
+
+n' can get beyond here.
+
+In other words, no 'a
+sub n' lies between
+
+'L' and 'L plus epsilon'.
+
+Because in that particular case,
+if that were to happen,
+
+'L' couldn't be an
+upper bound.
+
+OK, so far, so good.
+
+That follows just from
+the definition of
+
+the least upper bound.
+
+Now, we use the fact that the
+sequence is non-decreasing.
+
+And that says what?
+
+That if little 'n' is greater
+than capital 'N', 'a sub
+
+little n' is greater than or
+equal to 'a sub capital N'.
+
+In other words, what this means
+is if you list the 'a
+
+sub n's along this line, as 'n'
+increases, the terms move
+
+progressively from
+left to right.
+
+In other words, notice then that
+if 'n' is greater than or
+
+equal to capital 'N', 'L minus
+epsilon' is less than 'a sub
+
+capital N', which in turn is
+less than or equal to 'a sub
+
+little n', which in turn is
+less than or equal to 'L'.
+
+And that's just another
+geometric way of saying that
+
+'a sub n' is within
+epsilon of 'L'.
+
+And that's exactly the
+definition that the 'a sub n's
+
+converge to the limit 'L'.
+
+Now I went over this rather
+quickly simply because this is
+
+done in the textbook.
+
+And all I'm trying to do with
+this lecture is to give you a
+
+quick overview of
+what's going on.
+
+Well, you see, we're now roughly
+15 minutes into our
+
+lecture and we haven't come
+to the main topic yet.
+
+My claim is that the main
+topic works very, very
+
+smoothly once we understand
+these preliminaries.
+
+The main topic, you see, is
+called positive series.
+
+And the definition of a positive
+series is just as the
+
+name implies.
+
+If each term in the series is
+at least as great as 0-- in
+
+other words, if each term
+is non-negative--
+
+then the series is
+called positive.
+
+Now why are positive
+series important?
+
+And why do they tie in with
+our previous discussion?
+
+Well, let's answer the
+last question.
+
+The reason they tie in with
+our previous discussion is
+
+that we have already seen that
+by the sum of a series, we
+
+mean the limit of the sequence
+of partial sums.
+
+To go from one partial sum to
+the next, you add on the next
+
+term in the series.
+
+If each of the 'a sub n's
+is positive, or at least
+
+non-negative, notice then that
+the sequence of partial sums
+
+is monotonic non-decreasing.
+
+Why?
+
+Because to go from the n-th
+partial sums to the 'n plus
+
+first' partial sum, you add
+on 'a sub 'n plus 1''.
+
+And since 'a sub 'n plus 1''
+is at least as big as 0, it
+
+means that the 'n plus first'
+partial sum can be no smaller
+
+than the n-th partial sum.
+
+In other words, therefore, if
+the series summation 'n' goes
+
+from 1 to infinity, 'a sub n' is
+a positive series, it must
+
+either diverge to infinity, or
+else it converges to the limit
+
+'L', where 'L' is the least
+upper bound for the sequence
+
+of partial sums.
+
+OK?
+
+Now qualitatively, that's
+the end of story.
+
+In other words, we
+now know what?
+
+For a positive series, it either
+diverges to infinity,
+
+or else it converges
+to a sum, a limit.
+
+And that limit is what?
+
+The least upper bound for the
+sequence of partial sums.
+
+The problem is that
+quantitatively, we would like
+
+to have some criteria for
+determining whether a positive
+
+series falls into the
+first category
+
+or the second category.
+
+Notice, how can we tell whether
+the series converges
+
+or whether it diverges?
+
+And you see, the reading
+material in the text for this
+
+assignment focuses attention
+on three major tests.
+
+And these are the ones I'd like
+to go over with you once
+
+lightly, so to speak.
+
+The first test is called
+the comparison test.
+
+And it almost sounds
+self-evident.
+
+I just want to outline
+how these proofs go.
+
+Because I think that once you
+hear these things spoken, as
+
+you read the material, the
+formal proofs will fit into a
+
+pattern much more nicely than if
+you haven't heard the stuff
+
+said out loud, you see.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+Let's suppose that we know that
+summation 'n' goes from 1
+
+to infinity, 'C sub n', is a
+convergent positive series.
+
+In other words, all of
+these are positive,
+
+and the series converges.
+
+Suppose I now have another
+sequence of numbers, 'u sub
+
+n', where each 'u sub
+n' is positive--
+
+see, it's at least as big as 0--
+but can be no bigger than
+
+'C sub n' for each 'n'.
+
+Then the statement is that the
+series formed by adding up the
+
+'u sub n's must also converge.
+
+Notice what you're saying is,
+here's a bunch of positive
+
+terms that can't
+get too large.
+
+And these terms in magnitude
+are less
+
+than or equal to these.
+
+Therefore, what you're saying is
+that this sum can't get too
+
+large either.
+
+And if you want to verbalize
+that so that it becomes more
+
+formal, the idea is this.
+
+Let 'T sub n' denote the n-th
+partial sums of the series
+
+involving the 'C sub n's.
+
+In other words, let 'T sub n'
+be 'C sub 1' plus et cetera,
+
+up to 'C sub n'.
+
+And let 'S sub n' be the n-th
+term in the sequence of
+
+partial sums of the series
+involving the 'u's.
+
+In other words, let 'S sub
+n' be 'u1' plus et cetera
+
+up to 'u sub n'.
+
+Now the idea is-- lookit.
+
+We know that each of the 'u's
+in magnitude is smaller than
+
+each of the 'C's.
+
+Consequently, the sum of all
+the 'u's must be no greater
+
+than the sum of all the 'C's.
+
+In other words, n-th partial
+sum, 'S sub n', is less than
+
+or equal to the partial sum,
+'T sub n' for each 'n'.
+
+Now, by our previous result,
+knowing that these series
+
+summation 'C sub n' converges,
+it converges to its least
+
+upper bound of partial sums.
+
+In other words, the limit of
+'T sub n' as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity is some number 'T',
+where 'T' is the least upper
+
+bound of the sequence of partial
+sums of the series.
+
+Well in particular, then, since
+each 'S sub n' is less
+
+than or equal to 'T sub n', 'S
+sub n' itself certainly cannot
+
+exceed the least upper
+bound, namely 'T'.
+
+In other words, 'S sub n'
+can be no bigger than
+
+'T' for each 'n'.
+
+Well, what does this mean?
+
+It means, then, that
+the sequence 'S sub
+
+n' itself is bounded.
+
+Well, it's bounded.
+
+It's a monotonic non-decreasing
+sequence.
+
+Therefore, its limit exists.
+
+Not only does it exist, but it's
+the least upper bound of
+
+the sequence of partial sums.
+
+In other words, this proof
+is given in the text.
+
+All I want you to see is that
+step by step, what this proof
+
+really does is it compares
+magnitudes of terms.
+
+In other words, if one batch of
+terms can't get lodged, if
+
+term by term, everything--
+
+another sequence is less than
+these terms, then that second
+
+sum can't get too
+large either.
+
+And this is just a formalization
+of that.
+
+There are a few notes that we
+should make first of all.
+
+Namely, the condition that 'u
+sub n' be between 0 and 'C sub
+
+n' for all 'n' can be weakened
+to cover the case where this
+
+is true only beyond
+a certain point.
+
+Look, let me show you
+what I mean by this.
+
+Let's suppose I look at the
+sequence 1 plus 1/2 plus 1/3--
+
+let's do at a different one.
+
+1 plus 1/2 plus 1/4 plus 1/8
+plus 1/16, et cetera.
+
+In other words, the geometric
+series each of
+
+whose terms is 1/2.
+
+This series we know
+converges OK.
+
+Now what the comparison test
+says is, suppose you have
+
+something like this--
+
+1 plus 1/3 plus 1/5 plus 1/9
+plus 1/17, et cetera.
+
+See, notice that each of these
+terms is less than the
+
+corresponding term here.
+
+Consequently, since these
+terms add up to a finite
+
+amount, these terms
+here must also add
+
+up to a finite amount.
+
+But suppose for the sake of
+argument I decide to replace
+
+the first term here by
+10 to the sixth.
+
+I'll make this a million.
+
+Now notice that this sum is
+going to become much larger.
+
+But the point is when I change
+this from a 1 to 10 to the
+
+sixth, even though I made the
+sum larger, I didn't change
+
+the finiteness of it.
+
+In other words, if I replace the
+first four terms here by
+
+fantastically large numbers and
+then keep the rest of the
+
+series intact, sure, I've made
+to sum very, very large.
+
+But I've only change it by a
+finite amount, which will in
+
+effect, not change
+the convergence.
+
+That's all I was saying over
+here, that the comparison test
+
+really hinges on what?
+
+Beyond a certain term, you
+could stop making the
+
+comparison.
+
+And the second observation is
+the converse to what we're
+
+talking about.
+
+Namely, if we know that 'u sub
+n' is at least as big as 'd
+
+sub n' for each 'n', where the
+series summation 'n' goes from
+
+1 to infinity, 'd sub n' is a
+positive divergent series,
+
+then this series, summation 'u
+sub n', must also diverge
+
+since its convergence would
+imply the convergence of this.
+
+In other words, notice that
+by the comparison test, if
+
+summation 'u sub n' converged,
+the 'd n's, being less than
+
+the 'u n's would mean that
+summation 'dn' end would have
+
+to converge also.
+
+At any rate, these are
+the two portions of
+
+the comparison test.
+
+And this is what goes into
+the comparison test.
+
+Now the interesting thing,
+or the draw back to the
+
+comparison test is
+simply this--
+
+that 99 times out of 100, if
+you can find a series to
+
+compare a given series with, you
+probably would have known
+
+whether the given series
+converged or diverged in the
+
+first place.
+
+In other words, somehow or
+other, to find the right
+
+series to compare something with
+is a rather subtle thing
+
+if you didn't already know the
+right answer to the problem.
+
+Well, at any rate, what I'm
+trying to drive at is that the
+
+comparison test has as one of
+its features a proof for a
+
+more interesting test-- a test
+that's far less intuitive--
+
+called the 'ratio test'.
+
+The ratio test says
+the following.
+
+Let's suppose again you're
+given a positive series.
+
+What you do now is form a
+sequence whereby each term in
+
+the sequence is the
+ratio between two
+
+terms in the series.
+
+In other words, what I do is I
+form the sequence by taking
+
+the second term divided by the
+first term, the third term
+
+divided by the second term, the
+fourth term divided by the
+
+third term.
+
+Now let's call that general
+term 'u sub n'.
+
+This seems a little bit
+abstract for you.
+
+Let's look at a more
+tangible example.
+
+Suppose I take the series
+summation 'n' goes from 1 to
+
+infinity, '10 to the n'
+over 'n factorial'.
+
+Notice that in this case, the
+n-th term is '10 to the n'
+
+over 'n factorial'.
+
+The 'n plus first' term is '10
+to the 'n plus 1'' over ''n
+
+plus 1' factorial'.
+
+So 'u sub n' is the ratio
+of the 'n plus first'
+
+term to the n-th term.
+
+In other words, '10 to the 'n
+plus 1'' over ''n plus 1'
+
+factorial' divided by '10 to
+the n' over 'n factorial'.
+
+'10 to the 'n plus 1'' divided
+by '10 to the n' is simply 10.
+
+And ''n plus 1' factorial'
+divided by 'n factorial' is
+
+simply 'n plus 1'.
+
+In other words, observe the
+structure of the factorials
+
+that you get from the n-th to
+the 'n plus first' simply by
+
+multiplying by 'n plus 1'.
+
+Again, the computational
+details will be
+
+left for the exercises.
+
+At any rate, then, in this
+particular case, 'u sub n'
+
+would be '10 over 'n plus 1''.
+
+Now here's what the
+ratio test says.
+
+Assuming that the limit 'u sub
+n' as 'n' approaches infinity
+
+exists, call it 'rho'.
+
+Then, the series converges if
+rho less than 1 and diverges
+
+if rho is greater than 1.
+
+And the test fails
+if rho equals 1.
+
+In other words, if the terms get
+progressively smaller, so
+
+that the ratio and the limit
+stays less than 1, then the
+
+series converges.
+
+If on the other hand, the ratio
+in the limit exceeds 1,
+
+that means the terms are getting
+big fast enough so
+
+that the series diverges.
+
+Let me point out an important
+observation here.
+
+Notice the difference between
+the limit equaling 1 and each
+
+term of the sequence
+being less than 1.
+
+In other words, notice that even
+if 'u sub n' is less than
+
+1 for every 'n', rho
+may still equal 1.
+
+For example, look at the terms
+'n' over 'n plus 1''.
+
+For each 'n', 'n' over 'n
+plus 1' is less than 1.
+
+Yet the limit as 'n' approaches
+infinity is exactly
+
+equal to 1.
+
+Now again, the formal proof of
+this is given in the book.
+
+But I thought if I just take
+a few minutes to show you
+
+geometrically what's happening
+here, you'll get a better
+
+picture to understand what's
+happening in the text.
+
+Let's prove this in the case
+that rho is less than 1.
+
+Pictorially, if rho is less than
+1, that means there's a
+
+space between rho and 1.
+
+That means I can choose an
+epsilon such that rho plus
+
+epsilon, which I'll call it 'r',
+is a positive number, but
+
+still less than 1.
+
+Now, by definition of rho
+being the limit of the
+
+sequence 'a sub 'n plus 1'' over
+'a sub n', that means I
+
+can find the capital 'N' for
+this given epsilon, such that
+
+whenever 'n' is greater than
+capital 'N', that 'a sub 'n
+
+plus 1' over 'a sub n' is less
+than rho plus epsilon.
+
+In other words, is less than
+'r', where 'r' is some fixed
+
+number now less than 1.
+
+Now let me apply this to
+successive values of 'n'.
+
+In other words, taking
+'n' to be capital--
+
+see, looking at this thing here,
+taking 'n' to be capital
+
+'N', I have 'a' over capital 'N
+plus 1', 'a sub capital 'N
+
+plus 1'' over 'a sub N'
+is less than 'r'.
+
+In other words, 'a sub capital
+'N plus 1'' is less than 'r'
+
+times 'a sub N'.
+
+Similarly, 'a sub capital 'N
+plus 2'' over 'a sub capital
+
+'N plus 1'' is also
+less than 'r'.
+
+In other words, 'a sub capital
+'N plus 2'' is less than 'r'
+
+times 'a sub capital
+'N plus 1''.
+
+But 'a sub 'N plus 1'' in
+turn is less than 'r'
+
+times 'a sub N'.
+
+Putting this in here, 'a sub
+'N plus 2' is less than 'r
+
+squared' times 'a sub N'..
+
+At any rate, if I now sum these
+inequalities, you see
+
+what I get is what?
+
+The limit as we go from 'n plus
+1' to infinity-- in other
+
+words, the tail end of
+this particular sum
+
+is less than what?
+
+Well, I can factor out the
+'a sub N' over here.
+
+And what's left inside
+is what?
+
+'r' plus 'r squared' plus
+'r cubed', et cetera.
+
+But this particular series is a
+convergent geometric series.
+
+In other words, this must
+converge because this
+
+converges, and this is less
+than, term by term,
+
+the terms over here.
+
+In other words, notice that the
+proof of the ratio test
+
+hinges on knowing two things,
+the comparison test and the
+
+convergence of a geometric
+series.
+
+Again, the reason I go through
+this as rapidly as I do is
+
+that every detail is done
+magnificently in the textbook.
+
+All I want you to see here is
+the overview of how these
+
+tests come about.
+
+Finally, we have another
+powerful test called the
+
+'integral test'.
+
+And the integral test
+essentially equates positive
+
+series with improper
+integrals.
+
+By the way, I have presented the
+material, so to speak, in
+
+the order of appearance
+in the textbook.
+
+You see, the comparison test,
+ratio test, and integral test
+
+are given in that order
+in the text.
+
+And so, I kept the
+same order here.
+
+However, it's interesting to
+point out that the integral
+
+test, in a way, is a companion
+of the comparison test.
+
+And let me show you first
+of all what the
+
+integral test says.
+
+It says, and I've written out
+the formal statements here.
+
+I'll show you pictorially what
+this means in a moment.
+
+But it says, suppose there is
+a decreasing continuous
+
+function, 'f of x'.
+
+Notice the word continuous
+in here.
+
+That guarantees that we can
+integrate 'f of x'.
+
+Such that 'f' evaluated at each
+integral value of 'x',
+
+say 'x' equals 'n', is 'u sub
+n', where 'u sub n' is the
+
+n-th term of the positive
+series 'u1'
+
+plus 'u2', et cetera.
+
+Then, what the integral test
+says is that the series
+
+summation 'n' goes from 1 to
+infinity 'u sub n', and the
+
+integral 1 to infinity, ''f
+of x' dx', either converge
+
+together or diverge together.
+
+In other words, we can test
+a particular series for
+
+convergence by knowing
+whether a particular
+
+improper integral converges.
+
+And to show you what this
+thing means pictorially,
+
+simply observe this.
+
+See, what we're saying is,
+suppose that when you plot the
+
+terms of the series--
+
+so, 'u1', 'u2', 'u3', 'u4'--
+
+that these happen to be the
+integral values of a
+
+continuous curve, 'y' equals
+'f of x', which not only
+
+passes through these points, but
+is a continuous decreasing
+
+function as this happens.
+
+Then what the statement is is
+that the sum of these lengths
+
+converges if and only
+if the area under
+
+the curve is finite.
+
+And the proof go something
+like this.
+
+It's a rather ingenious
+type of thing.
+
+You see, notice that if this
+height is 'u sub 1', and the
+
+base of the rectangle is 1,
+notice that numerically, the
+
+area of the rectangle--
+it's quite in general.
+
+If the base of a rectangle is 1,
+numerically the area of the
+
+rectangle equals the height,
+because the area is the base
+
+times the height.
+
+If the base is 1, the area
+equals the height.
+
+So the idea is simply this.
+
+Lookit.
+
+Suppose, for example,
+that we look at this
+
+diagram over here.
+
+Notice that in this diagram,
+if we stop at n, the area
+
+under this curve is the integral
+from 1 to 'n', or 1
+
+to 'n plus 1', because of how
+these lines are drawn.
+
+See, notice that the first
+height stops at the number 2.
+
+The second base stops at
+number 3, et cetera.
+
+The idea is this, though, that
+the area under the curve in
+
+general, from 1 to 'n plus 1',
+is integral from 1 to 'n plus
+
+1', ''f of x' dx'.
+
+On the other hand, the area of
+the rectangles are what?
+
+'u1' plus 'u2' plus
+'u3', up to 'u n'.
+
+In other words, for any given
+'n', 'u1' up to u n' is
+
+greater than or equal to this
+particular integral.
+
+Consequently, taking the
+limit as 'n' goes to
+
+infinity, we get what?
+
+The summation 'u n' is greater
+than or equal to integral from
+
+one to infinity ''f of x' dx'.
+
+Consequently, if this integral
+diverges, meaning that this
+
+gets very large, the fact that
+this can be no less than this
+
+means that this too
+must also diverge.
+
+Correspondingly, if we now do
+the same problem, but draw the
+
+thing slightly differently,
+notice that now in this
+
+particular picture, the area
+under the curve is integral
+
+from 1 to 'n', ''f of x' dx'.
+
+On the other hand, the area of
+the rectangles are what?
+
+It's 'u2' plus 'u3'
+up to 'u n'.
+
+But now you see the rectangles
+are inscribed under the curve.
+
+Consequently, 'u2' plus et
+cetera, up to 'u n', is less
+
+than this integral.
+
+Therefore, if I add 'u1' onto
+both sides, the sum 'u1', et
+
+cetera, up to 'u n', is less
+than 'u1' plus integral 1 to
+
+'n', ''f of x' dx'.
+
+If I now take the limit as n
+goes to infinity, you see this
+
+becomes summation un.
+
+n goes from 1 to infinity.
+
+This becomes integral from 1
+to infinity, ''f of x' dx'.
+
+And therefore, if this now
+converges, the sum on the
+
+right is finite.
+
+Since the sum on the left cannot
+exceed the sum on the
+
+right, the sum on the left
+must also be finite.
+
+Consequently, the convergence
+of the integral implies the
+
+convergence of the series.
+
+Again, I apologize for doing
+this this rapidly.
+
+All I wanted you to do was
+to get an idea of what's
+
+happening here.
+
+Because as I say, the book is
+magnificent in this section.
+
+The proofs are very well
+self-contained.
+
+At any rate, this gives us three
+rather powerful tests,
+
+which I will drill you on in
+the exercises for testing
+
+convergence of positive
+series.
+
+What we're going to do next time
+is to come to grips with
+
+a much more serious problem.
+
+And that is, what do you do if
+the series isn't positive?
+
+But that's another story.
+
+And so until next
+time, good bye.
+
+Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the
+
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum
+Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AfQEEymfzaI.txt b/AfQEEymfzaI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9d28fdd82ecde011567bccc9462b7422e7b10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AfQEEymfzaI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+This is a bungee jumper at the bottom of his
+trajectory. This is a pack of dogs pulling
+
+a sled. And this is a golf ball about to be
+struck. All of these scenarios can be represented
+
+by free body diagrams. Physical problems -- for
+example, calculating the force on the bungee
+
+jumper by the bungee cord -- are much easier
+to solve once you've drawn a complete and
+
+correct free body diagram.
+
+This video is part of the Representations
+video series.
+
+Information can be represented in words, through
+mathematical symbols, graphically, or in 3-D
+
+models. Representations are used to develop
+a deeper and more flexible understanding of
+
+objects, systems, and processes.
+
+Hello. My name is John Belcher. I am a professor
+in the physics department at MIT, and today
+
+I'll be talking with you about free body diagrams.
+Physics uses many different representations
+
+to aid with problem solving. Free body diagrams
+allow us to represent the forces on an object,
+
+thus enhancing our understanding of situations
+and helping us to solve problems. Studies
+
+have shown that students who understand and
+use free body diagrams tend to score better
+
+on homework, quizzes, and exams. Such representations
+can be powerful tools for solving problems,
+
+and remain useful even for physics experts.
+
+Our objectives are to improve your skill with
+free body diagrams and to show some of the
+
+connections between them and the physical
+situations they represent. I hope you find
+
+it useful.
+
+We're going to assume that you have drawn
+a few free body diagrams in the past, so this
+
+video will start with only a short refresher
+of how to draw them before getting into some
+
+more difficult and detailed problems. Here
+are some guidelines to remember when drawing
+
+your free-body diagram. Rather than trying
+to sketch an object in detail, we're always
+
+going to draw it as a single point. We focus
+on a single moment in time. Our diagram will
+
+only include forces, and not any other vectors
+or any other quantities. The arrows we draw
+
+for the forces will be longer for stronger
+forces, and we'll always draw them as coming
+
+from the object. Finally, we'll want to draw
+only forces with a substantial impact on the
+
+object's behavior, and leave out any that
+are negligible.
+
+The forces we'll consider today are primarily
+those we see in the world around us: gravity,
+
+the normal force, tension, hands pushing or
+pulling, friction, and so forth. We won't
+
+be talking about things like the magnetic
+force, buoyancy, and so forth, but when you
+
+encounter those in your courses, they can
+be treated in exactly the same manner as the
+
+forces you'll see today.
+
+To keep the length of this video down, we've
+had to leave some things out. The first is
+
+anything to do with circular motion, including
+torque or centripetal force. Dealing with
+
+torque requires a more complex approach that
+you'll learn later on in your course. The
+
+second is a complete lesson on how to deal
+with angles in forces and free body diagrams.
+
+That is something that you will need to practice
+on your own in order to really understand
+
+well.
+
+Let's do a quick refresher on how to draw
+free-body diagrams. We'll walk through them
+
+one step at a time. If you have some paper
+available you should draw the diagrams yourself
+
+as we go through the steps.
+
+This is very basic example: a falling block.
+If we ignore air resistance, this is an object
+
+with just one force applied: the force of
+gravity. We're going to...
+
+draw the object as a point,
+
+draw the force of gravity as an arrow,
+
+and label our force. We're done.
+
+Let's build up to a more complex example.
+Here's the block on a table, stationary.
+
+We need to draw the object as a point,
+
+and draw the force of gravity pulling down
+on it.
+
+Our block is stationary, which means that
+it is not accelerating. No acceleration means
+
+a total force of zero, so we must have at
+least one more force in place to cancel out
+
+the force of gravity. In this case, that cancellation
+is provided by the normal force from the table.
+
+Let's draw in the normal force.
+
+If we wanted to have a hand pushing the object...
+
+...we can adjust our existing diagram to include
+that. All we need to do is
+
+add an arrow to indicate the force provided
+by the hand.
+
+We can also tilt the table upwards and push
+the box up the slope. As you can see, this
+
+tilt changes the direction of our normal force,
+but not the force of gravity.
+
+We could also include friction from the surface
+if we wanted to be more realistic. Now we
+
+have a fairly complex diagram that visually
+represents many different forces on our object.
+
+Now we're going to show a couple of real-world
+examples, and show how we would diagram them.
+
+Here's a bungee jumper. This is a very dynamic
+situation. It's important for us to choose
+
+a particular time during the jump at which
+to draw our diagram, because the forces will
+
+be very different at different times. We can
+choose any time we like, but we do have to
+
+pick just one time. Let's say that we're interested
+in the time when the jumper is at the bottom
+
+of his trajectory.
+
+Again, we start with a dot. We don't draw
+a stick figure, just a single point. And we
+
+don't include the rope, even though it is
+important. We just draw the object in question
+
+-- the jumper.
+
+Gravity is clearly an important force, as
+is the tension from the bungee cord. To determine
+
+the strength of the tension, we must decide
+what the acceleration of the jumper is. Pause
+
+the video to consider this.
+
+At the bottom of the arc the jumper must be
+accelerating upwards, so as to bounce up.
+
+Therefore, we make sure to draw tension as
+being stronger than the force of gravity.
+
+Looking at the diagram at different points
+during the fall would give us different amounts
+
+of force. Even though we might like to represent
+that, it doesn't belong on our diagram. Free
+
+body diagrams are drawn at a single point
+in time.
+
+This example involves a dog sled.
+
+Let's draw a diagram of the sled as the dogs
+pull it across the snow at constant velocity.
+
+Here's the sled, "with gravity pulling down,
+and the normal force pushing upwards.
+
+Here is the force from the dogs, pulling the
+cart forward.
+
+The sled is moving at constant velocity; therefore
+the sled has no acceleration.
+
+Therefore, the total force on the sled must
+be zero. Right now our forces are unbalanced,
+
+so there must be another force we haven't
+drawn yet in order to balance out the pull.
+
+That's the force of friction between the sled
+and the snow.
+
+Once we draw that in, we're done.
+
+Since we know that the sled is moving at constant
+velocity, the sum of our forces should be
+
+zero.
+
+Here's another example: a golf swing. Let's
+say that we want to draw a free body diagram
+
+of the ball just after it loses contact with
+the ground.
+
+You can see that the photo is not at a great
+angle for us to see what's going on, so let's
+
+draw a sketch to help us picture it.
+
+We'll start the diagram with a point representing
+the ball...
+
+...and drawing the force of gravity.
+
+The contact force between the ball and the
+club will be perpendicular to the club, so
+
+we need to be careful to make sure our angles
+match. We also need to draw a fairly long
+
+arrow to represent a strong force, because
+the hit from the club is lifting the ball
+
+off the ground. We need to make sure that
+the vertical part of the club's force is stronger
+
+than the force of gravity.
+
+Since the ball is no longer in contact with
+the ground, there will be no normal force
+
+from the grass. We're all done.
+
+Now we're going to look at some typical mistakes
+that people make when drawing free-body diagrams.
+
+This is to help you catch errors in your own
+work, as well as to assist others during group
+
+work. Many errors come from breaking the guidelines
+we set forth earlier, so watch for places
+
+where those are broken as we go through this
+sequence.
+
+The diagrams we'll show here each have issues
+with them. To remind you of this, we'll put
+
+a red exclamation point in the bottom right
+corner of the screen.
+
+If you're watching this on your own, pause
+the video when a new example appears, to try
+
+to find out what's wrong.
+
+When we correct the diagram, we'll change
+the exclamation point to a green check-mark.
+
+Here's a diagram with a problem. In this situation
+we're trying to show the forces on the ball
+
+after it is thrown. Try to spot the error.
+
+The diagram shows gravity pulling down, and
+air resistance at work, but a 'throwing force'
+
+is also included.
+
+Because the diagram is intended to be drawn
+after the ball leaves the pitcher's hand,
+
+that force has already done its job. There's
+no need to include it here. Newton's First
+
+Law tells us that the ball will keep moving;
+it doesn't need an extra force pushing it
+
+along all the time.
+
+Now the diagram is correct.
+
+Here's our example of a block on a tilted
+table from before. We've drawn in a coordinate
+
+system to show the x and y directions. We
+can see that there are several forces at work:
+
+the pushing hand, the normal force, friction,
+and gravity.
+
+However, there seem to be three gravitational
+forces at work: one pulling straight down,
+
+one pulling against the normal force, and
+one pulling down the slope. It seems as if
+
+the gravitational force has been decomposed
+into x and y components, and then also left
+
+on the diagram. Once a force has been decomposed,
+the original should be removed.
+
+That's better.
+
+Here's a diagram of a car driving on the highway.
+Can you tell what's wrong here?
+
+We have gravity, friction, and a force moving
+the car forward, but this arrows seems to
+
+represent a velocity. It might be useful information,
+but it's not something that gets included
+
+on a free body diagram. Free body diagrams
+only include forces.
+
+Let's remove it.
+
+That's better. But we're not done yet. According
+to the diagram, this car is accelerating downward
+
+-- it's falling through the road." "We need
+a force to balance out gravity. The car is
+
+in contact with the road, so there must be
+a normal force.
+
+There we go. Much better.
+
+Here's our final bad example.
+
+It looks like whoever drew this was trying
+to list every force they could think of. Earth's
+
+gravity is something we almost always include,
+and one can understand including air resistance
+
+for a parachute, but this diagram also has
+gravity from the moon, gravity from the sun,
+
+a buoyant force, force from the wind, aerodynamic
+lift, and whatever this F-Z is! We're practically
+
+out of space. One key to drawing a free body
+diagram is narrowing down your forces to just
+
+those that apply to the problem at hand. Are
+all these forces present? Probably, yes. Are
+
+all of them important in your current situation?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Simplification is an important part of physics.
+The more complex we make things, the harder
+
+our problems will be to solve. If our problem
+tells us to keep air resistance, we'll use
+
+that, and ignore other forces.
+
+Now we're going to look into what our diagrams
+tell us about a physical setup. This will
+
+help us refine our understanding of these
+diagrams. After all, if a free body diagram
+
+is really a representation of what's going
+on, it should have a strong connection to
+
+a physical situation.
+
+Here's a car on the highway. This animation
+will help us understand the changes in our
+
+diagram.
+
+We can tell that this car is not accelerating.
+The forces in our y direction balance, and
+
+the forces in our x direction balance.
+
+That means that if we remove or change any
+of these forces, the car should accelerate.
+
+For instance, if we reduce the force of friction,
+the car will speed up.
+
+We could also speed up the car by applying
+more force in the forward direction.
+
+Removing the force that's pushing the car
+forward results in the opposite effect.
+
+The car will eventually slow to a halt.
+
+Finally, without the normal force, there's
+nothing to stop gravity from accelerating
+
+the car downward.
+
+You can see how any change in the physical
+forces applied can be represented on the free
+
+body diagram.
+
+As useful as they are, there are some situations
+in which a free body diagram is not the right
+
+tool for the job.
+
+Some situations are so simple that they may
+not warrant a diagram. There's no harm in
+
+drawing it, especially when you're starting
+out, but as you become more skilled you may
+
+be able to do without it.
+
+Some situations are better solved with a different
+approach entirely. This exercise, for example,
+
+calls for the use of a different principle:
+conservation of energy. A free body diagram
+
+is not likely to shed much light on the problem.
+
+This problem involves rotation and torque.
+Free body diagrams work best with linear motion.
+
+Even though force is involved, a free body
+diagram may not help.
+
+However, a more sophisticated diagram may
+be of assistance. This one shows where the
+
+forces are applied to the bar, and can be
+used in the calculation of torques. You can
+
+see that it is very different from a free
+body diagram. Free body diagrams are only
+
+one type of representation, and it is important
+to choose the right representation for your
+
+purpose.
+
+Now you've seen how to represent physical
+situations with free body diagrams, and gained
+
+some greater insight into their use. The ability
+to use and analyze free body diagrams is a
+
+skill that remains useful to physicists and
+engineers at all levels of experience. Your
+
+expertise with them will improve with practice.
+I hope this video has helped to improve your
+
+understanding of free body diagrams and their
+uses.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ao-r2nsib_Y.txt b/Ao-r2nsib_Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67b3c618770f64691d5b912c945463a294ab7fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ao-r2nsib_Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what I'm gonna do first of all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm gonna do first of all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm gonna do first of all for
+today's the but the bulk of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's the but the bulk of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's the but the bulk of today's
+lecture will be on HIV and Ebola viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be on HIV and Ebola viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be on HIV and Ebola viruses
+with more time spent on HIV because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more time spent on HIV because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more time spent on HIV because it's
+potentially one of the mechanistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially one of the mechanistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially one of the mechanistically
+best understood of the retroviruses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best understood of the retroviruses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best understood of the retroviruses and
+it also has offered numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has offered numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has offered numerous
+opportunities for therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for therapeutic
+intervention and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and there are a lot of
+themes and terms that I can bring up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and terms that I can bring up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and terms that I can bring up as
+I talk to you about the HIV virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk to you about the HIV virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk to you about the HIV virus
+because you know it's just a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's just a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it's just a great
+exemplar of the of the viruses okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplar of the of the viruses okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemplar of the of the viruses okay so
+HIV is what is known as a retrovirus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV is what is known as a retrovirus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV is what is known as a retrovirus so
+that sort of designates that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of designates that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of designates that there's
+something working backwards in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working backwards in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something working backwards in this
+retrovirus based on its number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirus based on its number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrovirus based on its number in the
+Baltimore classification it is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore classification it is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baltimore classification it is what the
+most recently identified mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently identified mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently identified mechanism of
+viruses HIV stands for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immunodeficiency virus and when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunodeficiency virus and when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunodeficiency virus and when you hear
+the term HIV you'll often hear hiv/aids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term HIV you'll often hear hiv/aids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term HIV you'll often hear hiv/aids
+where the AIDS part stands for acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the AIDS part stands for acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the AIDS part stands for acquired
+immunodeficiency syndrome so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunodeficiency syndrome so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunodeficiency syndrome so what you
+can start to tell about the name I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to tell about the name I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to tell about the name I might
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there something related to the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something related to the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something related to the immune
+system with respect that this virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with respect that this virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with respect that this virus and
+in particular it is that this virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it is that this virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular it is that this virus
+targets very specifically a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets very specifically a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets very specifically a population
+of the cells that are critical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells that are critical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells that are critical in
+immunity and when the virus attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity and when the virus attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity and when the virus attacks
+those cells the person infected with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells the person infected with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells the person infected with the
+virus becomes immunodeficient so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus becomes immunodeficient so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus becomes immunodeficient so that's
+so I've told you about different viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've told you about different viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've told you about different viruses
+some go for the liver some go for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some go for the liver some go for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some go for the liver some go for other
+organs so like the liver that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs so like the liver that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs so like the liver that's the the
+viruses that really cause deficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that really cause deficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses that really cause deficiency and
+liver function but this one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver function but this one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver function but this one is very
+specifically deficiencies in the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically deficiencies in the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically deficiencies in the immune
+function and it has been a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it has been a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it has been a tremendous
+challenge developing vaccines against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge developing vaccines against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge developing vaccines against
+hiv/aids because of the problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv/aids because of the problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv/aids because of the problem with the
+immune system the other thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system the other thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system the other thing that I
+mentioned who you lost in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned who you lost in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned who you lost in the last class
+was that HIV is often found Co infecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that HIV is often found Co infecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that HIV is often found Co infecting
+with TB patients people with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TB patients people with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TB patients people with those
+microbial infections and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial infections and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial infections and that's because
+that the immunodeficiency makes you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the immunodeficiency makes you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the immunodeficiency makes you more
+susceptible to tuberculosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to tuberculosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to tuberculosis and
+oftentimes there's a co-infection with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes there's a co-infection with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes there's a co-infection with
+the two diseases and it makes the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two diseases and it makes the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two diseases and it makes the people
+with TB really even less able to combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TB really even less able to combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with TB really even less able to combat
+the TB infection so that is really with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TB infection so that is really with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TB infection so that is really with
+what gets a lot of the TB patients so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets a lot of the TB patients so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets a lot of the TB patients so
+that's an important aspect to know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important aspect to know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important aspect to know and
+it's also an important aspect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an important aspect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also an important aspect to be
+aware of when treating people for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of when treating people for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of when treating people for any
+infection is if there's an HIV component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is if there's an HIV component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is if there's an HIV component
+the the the body is much less able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the body is much less able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the body is much less able to
+deal with mounting an immune response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with mounting an immune response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with mounting an immune response
+because of the fact that the immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that the immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that the immune
+cells are targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are targeted
+so HIV is an envelope virus that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so HIV is an envelope virus that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so HIV is an envelope virus that means
+it has a membrane around it it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a membrane around it it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a membrane around it it is this
+sort of peculiar shape where the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of peculiar shape where the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of peculiar shape where the outside
+of the membrane is coated at the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane is coated at the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the membrane is coated at the outside
+of the buyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buyer
+is coated with membrane and then stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated with membrane and then stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated with membrane and then stuck
+in that membrane a particular proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that membrane a particular proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that membrane a particular proteins
+that are very critical for interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very critical for interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very critical for interaction
+with the human host cells so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the human host cells so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the human host cells so these are
+often termed GP proteins and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often termed GP proteins and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often termed GP proteins and the one
+very important one is GP 140 and that GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one is GP 140 and that GP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important one is GP 140 and that GP
+stands for glycoprotein now an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for glycoprotein now an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for glycoprotein now an important
+aspect remember of virus lifestyle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect remember of virus lifestyle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect remember of virus lifestyle is
+that they basically exploit all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they basically exploit all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they basically exploit all of the
+human cellular machinery for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cellular machinery for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cellular machinery for their
+benefit to make their proteins for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to make their proteins for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to make their proteins for all
+of the basic needs of a cell so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic needs of a cell so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basic needs of a cell so these
+glycoproteins look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins look like the
+glycoproteins that are made by humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins that are made by humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins that are made by humans
+because they're being made by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're being made by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're being made by the same
+machinery that we would make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we would make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery that we would make the
+glycoproteins in bacteria when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins in bacteria when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycoproteins in bacteria when we talked
+about them it's a different machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them it's a different machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them it's a different machinery
+that glycoproteins and glycolipids look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glycoproteins and glycolipids look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glycoproteins and glycolipids look
+different but in HIV the glycoproteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in HIV the glycoproteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in HIV the glycoproteins
+look like our glycoproteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like our glycoproteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like our glycoproteins and
+therefore you could more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you could more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you could more or less
+consider the HIV virus particle to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the HIV virus particle to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the HIV virus particle to be
+coated with things that look sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with things that look sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with things that look sort of
+human so that's a kind of decoy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so that's a kind of decoy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human so that's a kind of decoy to the
+human system anyway with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system anyway with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human system anyway with respect to
+recognizing a foreign entity so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a foreign entity so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing a foreign entity so often
+the glycans there serve as decoys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycans there serve as decoys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glycans there serve as decoys to
+make the human body think well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the human body think well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the human body think well there's
+nothing wrong here now within the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong here now within the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong here now within the virus
+there is RNA and a single-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative strand RNA so that's what puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative strand RNA so that's what puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative strand RNA so that's what puts
+it into a positive positive so what cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a positive positive so what cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a positive positive so what cuts
+it into a separate category is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a separate category is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a separate category is the fact
+that the genetic material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genetic material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genetic material in the
+retroviruses is single-stranded RNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroviruses is single-stranded RNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroviruses is single-stranded RNA and
+it's the positive strand so far we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the positive strand so far we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the positive strand so far we've
+talked about two other types of virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about two other types of virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about two other types of virus
+mechanisms the double-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms the double-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms the double-stranded DNA
+remember that was as an example that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was as an example that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was as an example that was
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ and we've also talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and we've also talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and we've also talked about the
+single-stranded RNA negative strand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA negative strand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA negative strand and
+our best example there was the influenza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best example there was the influenza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best example there was the influenza
+virus which is a segmented genome what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus which is a segmented genome what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus which is a segmented genome what
+you'll learn about HIV is that it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn about HIV is that it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll learn about HIV is that it has a
+non segmented genome meaning that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non segmented genome meaning that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non segmented genome meaning that this
+strand of RNA is one continuous strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of RNA is one continuous strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of RNA is one continuous strand
+rather than separate pieces as we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than separate pieces as we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than separate pieces as we saw in
+the influenza virus which was the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influenza virus which was the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the influenza virus which was the last
+example at the end of the last class now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of the last class now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of the last class now
+let me just take a quick look so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take a quick look so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just take a quick look so every
+virion that would be a single viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion that would be a single viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion that would be a single viral
+particle therefore will contain within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle therefore will contain within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle therefore will contain within
+its structure the RNA and it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure the RNA and it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure the RNA and it will also
+contain two copies of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two copies of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain two copies of a particular
+enzyme that are absolutely critical when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that are absolutely critical when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that are absolutely critical when
+the virus infects a cell there's no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus infects a cell there's no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus infects a cell there's no time
+for it to make anything it needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make anything it needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make anything it needs a
+particular enzyme to get going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme to get going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme to get going with
+replicating that message that initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating that message that initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating that message that initial
+strand of RNA to start to come to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of RNA to start to come to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of RNA to start to come to make a
+DNA double stranded DNA copy of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA double stranded DNA copy of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA double stranded DNA copy of it and
+then make a messenger RNA so the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make a messenger RNA so the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make a messenger RNA so the enzyme
+that's important there are two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important there are two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important there are two copies of
+it of an enzyme known as reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transcriptase so basically the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase so basically the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase so basically the virus
+structure is fairly simple there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is fairly simple there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is fairly simple there's a
+capsid inside with the RNA plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsid inside with the RNA plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsid inside with the RNA plus the
+reverse transcriptase that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase that I'm just
+showing as a filled circle here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing as a filled circle here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing as a filled circle here and then
+surrounding the virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the virion
+is a membrane bilayer with GP proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a membrane bilayer with GP proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a membrane bilayer with GP proteins
+stuck into that membrane bilayer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck into that membrane bilayer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck into that membrane bilayer that
+are going to be important when Y starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be important when Y starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be important when Y starts
+to think about the N tactility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the N tactility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about the N tactility
+by the virus right there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the virus right there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the virus right there's a second
+a glycoprotein that's also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glycoprotein that's also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glycoprotein that's also important
+which is known as gp41 and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as gp41 and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as gp41 and these are
+very specifically part of this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically part of this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically part of this complex
+but sort of associated with the GP 140
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of associated with the GP 140
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sort of associated with the GP 140
+alright so now let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now let's take a look at the
+virus life site or details of this virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus life site or details of this virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus life site or details of this virus
+but first of all I want you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all I want you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first of all I want you to take a
+look at t-cells you've heard a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at t-cells you've heard a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at t-cells you've heard a lot about
+t-cells they're a major component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells they're a major component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-cells they're a major component of the
+immune system so I'm going to home you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so I'm going to home you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune system so I'm going to home you
+right in on what the virus the virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in on what the virus the virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in on what the virus the virion
+recognizes on t-cells and what makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes on t-cells and what makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes on t-cells and what makes it
+such a disaster for the human immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a disaster for the human immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a disaster for the human immune
+system okay so here are typical t-cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so here are typical t-cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so here are typical t-cell
+receptors on the surface of t-cells just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on the surface of t-cells just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on the surface of t-cells just
+as a recap I want you to remember T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recap I want you to remember T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a recap I want you to remember T
+cells produce unique antigen binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells produce unique antigen binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells produce unique antigen binding
+proteins and that are put onto the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and that are put onto the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and that are put onto the T
+cell surface and they provide cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface and they provide cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface and they provide cell
+mediated immunity by destroying antigens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated immunity by destroying antigens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated immunity by destroying antigens
+such as viruses but what the HIV virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as viruses but what the HIV virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as viruses but what the HIV virus
+does is it really homes in on the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it really homes in on the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it really homes in on the cell
+surface receptors of the T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface receptors of the T cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface receptors of the T cells
+specifically the HIV virus recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the HIV virus recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the HIV virus recommend
+recognizing the cd4 recognizes the cd4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the cd4 recognizes the cd4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the cd4 recognizes the cd4
+receptor which is a glycoprotein on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which is a glycoprotein on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor which is a glycoprotein on the
+surface of some t-cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of some t-cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of some t-cells that are
+designated as cd4 positive T cells so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as cd4 positive T cells so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as cd4 positive T cells so if
+you also you have circulating T cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also you have circulating T cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also you have circulating T cells
+that would be the first place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the first place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the first place where the
+HIV virus attaches to the C T cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV virus attaches to the C T cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV virus attaches to the C T cell to
+cause infectivity thus debilitating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause infectivity thus debilitating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause infectivity thus debilitating the
+the ability to mount the type of immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to mount the type of immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to mount the type of immune
+responses that t-cells are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that t-cells are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that t-cells are involved in
+so it's very important to now understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important to now understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very important to now understand
+why the sort of the physiology of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the sort of the physiology of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the sort of the physiology of this
+virus is to knock out the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is to knock out the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is to knock out the thing that's
+there to protect us from foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to protect us from foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to protect us from foreign
+antigens which makes it so serious now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens which makes it so serious now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antigens which makes it so serious now
+HIV will first started to emerge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV will first started to emerge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HIV will first started to emerge in the
+early 80s it was more or less designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 80s it was more or less designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 80s it was more or less designated
+as a death sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a death sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a death sentence
+as you may be aware HIV circulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may be aware HIV circulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may be aware HIV circulated
+around the gay community in the San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the gay community in the San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the gay community in the San
+Francisco area very rapidly but it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco area very rapidly but it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco area very rapidly but it then
+you know God became incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God became incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God became incredibly
+widespread there's a possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread there's a possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread there's a possibility that
+the jump of the virus from primates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump of the virus from primates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump of the virus from primates to
+humans might of the virus might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans might of the virus might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans might of the virus might have
+originated in Africa there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated in Africa there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated in Africa there's a lot of
+work done on the origin of this virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done on the origin of this virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done on the origin of this virus
+but it sort of came out of nowhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of came out of nowhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it sort of came out of nowhere it
+was something that was unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was unexpected
+unanticipated and hitting people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated and hitting people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated and hitting people just
+like a cannonball and it was literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cannonball and it was literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cannonball and it was literally a
+death sentence early on as the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death sentence early on as the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death sentence early on as the mechanism
+of the virus became understood a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus became understood a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus became understood a number
+of strategies could be put in place with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategies could be put in place with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strategies could be put in place with
+respect to antiviral therapeutics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to antiviral therapeutics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to antiviral therapeutics to
+target this particular virus and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target this particular virus and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target this particular virus and what we
+will see is the four types of targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is the four types of targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is the four types of targets
+that have been sort of named as targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sort of named as targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been sort of named as targets
+for therapeutic agents why they work how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for therapeutic agents why they work how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for therapeutic agents why they work how
+they work and we'll see the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work and we'll see the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work and we'll see the mechanisms
+of those as to how they pertain to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as to how they pertain to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those as to how they pertain to the I
+and the HIV virus and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the HIV virus and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the HIV virus and we'll talk about
+things like combination therapies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like combination therapies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like combination therapies so
+early on there was really nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on there was really nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on there was really nothing
+gradually early therapeutic approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually early therapeutic approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually early therapeutic approaches
+started to emerge but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to emerge but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to emerge but they were
+devastating treatments because the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating treatments because the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastating treatments because the drugs
+were so poor against the HIV virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so poor against the HIV virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so poor against the HIV virus
+people were taking massive handfuls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were taking massive handfuls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were taking massive handfuls of
+medications a day to try to stay ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications a day to try to stay ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications a day to try to stay ahead
+of the virus as time has progressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus as time has progressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the virus as time has progressed
+these therapeutic agents have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these therapeutic agents have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these therapeutic agents have been
+improved and improved and now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved and improved and now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved and improved and now they're
+relatively simple therapeutic agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple therapeutic agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple therapeutic agents
+where you don't have to take massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to take massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have to take massive
+doses of fairly nonspecific therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses of fairly nonspecific therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses of fairly nonspecific therapeutic
+agents but they're quite they're quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents but they're quite they're quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents but they're quite they're quite
+sort of workable the problem is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of workable the problem is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of workable the problem is and
+you'll see why people have to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why people have to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why people have to take these
+therapeutic agents for lights once cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents for lights once cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents for lights once cells
+are infected with HIV there will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infected with HIV there will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infected with HIV there will always
+be a population of the of the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a population of the of the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a population of the of the virus
+genetic material in the human genome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material in the human genome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material in the human genome so
+you can't just say I feel way better not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say I feel way better not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say I feel way better not
+taking these drugs anymore because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these drugs anymore because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these drugs anymore because there
+is the chance that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chance that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the chance that in some
+in some of your cells the virus genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of your cells the virus genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of your cells the virus genetic
+material is still there and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is still there and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is still there and you'll see
+which enzymes in HIV are responsible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enzymes in HIV are responsible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enzymes in HIV are responsible to
+that okay so let's take a look here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's take a look here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let's take a look here at
+the group six H I retrovirus named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group six H I retrovirus named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group six H I retrovirus named
+hiv/aids in 2015 there were 37 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv/aids in 2015 there were 37 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiv/aids in 2015 there were 37 million
+people infected nowhere near enough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people infected nowhere near enough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people infected nowhere near enough in
+treatment about half of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment about half of those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment about half of those in
+treatment and about 1.2 million deaths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and about 1.2 million deaths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and about 1.2 million deaths
+this may account also for people co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may account also for people co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may account also for people co
+infected with TB I mentioned to you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with TB I mentioned to you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with TB I mentioned to you when
+we started talking about infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started talking about infectious
+disease I really encourage you to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease I really encourage you to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease I really encourage you to go to
+the NIAID website there is tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NIAID website there is tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NIAID website there is tons of
+really interesting information not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting information not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting information not just
+sort of from a clinical perspective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from a clinical perspective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of from a clinical perspective but
+from a mechanistic perspective from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanistic perspective from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanistic perspective from a
+treatment perspective there's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment perspective there's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment perspective there's really
+important things so I really encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things so I really encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things so I really encourage
+you if you are interested in infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you are interested in infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you are interested in infectious
+disease the national institute of allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the national institute of allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease the national institute of allah
+allergies and infectious diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergies and infectious diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allergies and infectious diseases
+component of the nih is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the nih is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the nih is the one
+responsible for all the research on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for all the research on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for all the research on
+infectious disease and in fact for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and in fact for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and in fact for many
+many years during the crisis with HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years during the crisis with HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years during the crisis with HIV
+there were special earmarked funds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were special earmarked funds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were special earmarked funds for
+Risa any research towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risa any research towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Risa any research towards the
+development of therapeutic agents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of therapeutic agents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of therapeutic agents so
+what happens how does this virus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens how does this virus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens how does this virus this
+little particle that I've shown you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particle that I've shown you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little particle that I've shown you here
+I should really show you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should really show you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should really show you this is the
+capsid and I should really show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsid and I should really show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsid and I should really show you the
+membrane a little bit more encircling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane a little bit more encircling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane a little bit more encircling
+that with the capsid inside so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the capsid inside so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the capsid inside so the
+cartoon that you see on the screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon that you see on the screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon that you see on the screen is
+more is more correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is more correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is more correct
+so here's the virion particle it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the virion particle it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the virion particle it has
+inside it the capsid that includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it the capsid that includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it the capsid that includes the
+single-stranded RNA it only needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA it only needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded RNA it only needs to
+code for very few proteins remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for very few proteins remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for very few proteins remember
+because the virus just exploits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the virus just exploits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the virus just exploits
+everything else from the human host and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else from the human host and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else from the human host and
+GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1:20 sorry for that typo please correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:20 sorry for that typo please correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:20 sorry for that typo please correct
+that and gp120 is displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and gp120 is displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and gp120 is displayed on the
+surface of the Burien and in fact its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the Burien and in fact its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the Burien and in fact its
+gp120 that interacts with the cd4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gp120 that interacts with the cd4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gp120 that interacts with the cd4
+receptor on the surface of a target host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the surface of a target host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the surface of a target host
+cell a t-cell now there is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell a t-cell now there is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell a t-cell now there is a second
+receptor that's quite important it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that's quite important it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor that's quite important it was
+not discovered until quite a bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discovered until quite a bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discovered until quite a bit later
+on it's designated as the co receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's designated as the co receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's designated as the co receptor
+and the interaction of the virion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction of the virion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction of the virion with
+the host cell is only good when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host cell is only good when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host cell is only good when there's
+both the cd4 receptor plus the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the cd4 receptor plus the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the cd4 receptor plus the co
+receptor and this was found through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and this was found through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and this was found through
+careful biology that realized there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful biology that realized there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful biology that realized there was
+another critical component for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another critical component for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another critical component for the
+infectious disease and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease and that is
+designated as the ccr5 receptor or cxcr4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as the ccr5 receptor or cxcr4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as the ccr5 receptor or cxcr4
+receptor so both receptors on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so both receptors on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor so both receptors on the
+surface you the virus has evolved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you the virus has evolved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface you the virus has evolved or
+selected out to recognize cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected out to recognize cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected out to recognize cells that
+have both of those types of receptors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those types of receptors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both of those types of receptors on
+the surface which ends up making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface which ends up making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface which ends up making them
+very targeted towards the t-cells once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very targeted towards the t-cells once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very targeted towards the t-cells once
+that association occurs then becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that association occurs then becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that association occurs then becomes the
+process of fusion so remember I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of fusion so remember I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of fusion so remember I told you
+that things large things can get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things large things can get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things large things can get into
+cells by sort of merging a membrane with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by sort of merging a membrane with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by sort of merging a membrane with
+the membrane a surface of the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane a surface of the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the membrane a surface of the cell so
+what is happening as those two receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening as those two receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening as those two receptors
+are engaged is the virus membrane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engaged is the virus membrane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are engaged is the virus membrane is
+coming close to the host cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming close to the host cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming close to the host cell membrane
+and starting to fuse through the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting to fuse through the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starting to fuse through the action
+of gp120 along with the receptor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gp120 along with the receptor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gp120 along with the receptor and the
+cd4 receptor and co-receptor and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cd4 receptor and co-receptor and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cd4 receptor and co-receptor and I'm
+going to show you a movie that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a movie that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a movie that shows
+that part of the fusion because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the fusion because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of the fusion because it's
+really cool to see it in action once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to see it in action once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool to see it in action once
+that fusion occurs the virus membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fusion occurs the virus membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fusion occurs the virus membrane
+actually just merges with the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just merges with the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just merges with the remote
+with the remainder of the host cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the remainder of the host cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the remainder of the host cell
+membrane and you drop the capsid into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you drop the capsid into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and you drop the capsid into
+the cell which then becomes unpackaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which then becomes unpackaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which then becomes unpackaged
+to release the single-stranded RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to release the single-stranded RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to release the single-stranded RNA
+that's the contents of that and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the contents of that and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the contents of that and what's
+important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know
+whoops goin backwards is that the minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops goin backwards is that the minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops goin backwards is that the minute
+the single-stranded RNA gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single-stranded RNA gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single-stranded RNA gets into the
+cell that needs to be processed but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that needs to be processed but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that needs to be processed but it
+needs to be processed with an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be processed with an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be processed with an enzyme
+that is unique completely unique to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is unique completely unique to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is unique completely unique to the
+virus and that's the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and that's the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus and that's the reverse
+transcriptase without the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase without the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase without the reverse
+transcriptase being there it's just RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase being there it's just RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase being there it's just RNA
+that's just going to get chewed up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to get chewed up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to get chewed up in
+the cell so what reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so what reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so what reverse transcriptase
+does it reverse transcribes RNA into DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it reverse transcribes RNA into DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it reverse transcribes RNA into DNA
+so that gets you on the track to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets you on the track to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets you on the track to the
+infectious process in the absence of RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious process in the absence of RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious process in the absence of RT
+you don't get there you don't you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get there you don't you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get there you don't you're not
+able to make a DNA copy to then make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make a DNA copy to then make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make a DNA copy to then make you
+know a copy of the RNA and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a copy of the RNA and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a copy of the RNA and so on so
+reverse transcriptase that is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase that is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase that is why the
+reverse transcriptase has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase has to be
+delivered along with the virus it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered along with the virus it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered along with the virus it can't
+be just the virus with the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just the virus with the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just the virus with the genetic
+material it's got to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's got to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's got to have this
+particular enzyme with it so reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme with it so reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme with it so reverse
+transcriptase is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase is responsible for
+converting RNA into DNA and as you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting RNA into DNA and as you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting RNA into DNA and as you all
+know that is not the usual direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is not the usual direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is not the usual direction
+with respect to the central dogma we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the central dogma we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the central dogma we're
+always talking about DNA to RNA but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about DNA to RNA but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talking about DNA to RNA but
+you've also heard throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've also heard throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've also heard throughout the course
+how handy this reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how handy this reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how handy this reverse transcriptase
+material is when we talk about arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is when we talk about arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is when we talk about arrays
+and loads of biotechnology using reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loads of biotechnology using reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loads of biotechnology using reverse
+transcriptase is super valuable let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase is super valuable let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase is super valuable let's
+say for example we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example we don't want to
+sequence a genome we want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a genome we want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a genome we want to look at the
+transcriptome the part of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptome the part of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptome the part of the genome
+that's really important for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important for being
+translated into proteins what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into proteins what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into proteins what we do is
+we collect the transcriptome but reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the transcriptome but reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the transcriptome but reverse
+transcribed it into DNA which is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed it into DNA which is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed it into DNA which is a much
+more stable tractable material for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable tractable material for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable tractable material for
+sequencing and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and so on and so forth
+so RT has become kind of a gift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RT has become kind of a gift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RT has become kind of a gift to
+biotechnology and biological research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology and biological research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology and biological research
+and it came it was inspired from the R T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came it was inspired from the R T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came it was inspired from the R T
+in the HIV virus so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the HIV virus so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the HIV virus so that's very
+important so the reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so the reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so the reverse transcriptase
+then makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then makes a
+DNA copy of the RNA and then a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy of the RNA and then a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA copy of the RNA and then a second
+complimentary copy of that DNA is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary copy of that DNA is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary copy of that DNA is made
+to make double-stranded DNA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make double-stranded DNA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make double-stranded DNA which
+represents the viral genome but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the viral genome but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the viral genome but in the
+format of a double-stranded DNA that DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of a double-stranded DNA that DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format of a double-stranded DNA that DNA
+can be then taken here's the fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be then taken here's the fun part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be then taken here's the fun part
+that DNA is actually then taken into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DNA is actually then taken into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DNA is actually then taken into the
+nucleus and it's zippered in to the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it's zippered in to the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and it's zippered in to the host
+genome by an enzyme known as integrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome by an enzyme known as integrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome by an enzyme known as integrase
+so it's not that you have this virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that you have this virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not that you have this virus
+junk and then you send it back out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk and then you send it back out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk and then you send it back out again
+with the mature particles you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mature particles you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mature particles you actually
+put this in the permanent copy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the permanent copy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the permanent copy of your
+DNA in the nucleus and that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in the nucleus and that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA in the nucleus and that is why
+people don't get cured from hiv/aids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get cured from hiv/aids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't get cured from hiv/aids
+they have to take treatment for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to take treatment for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to take treatment for the rest
+of their life because that DNA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their life because that DNA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their life because that DNA is
+permanently in the copy of your genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently in the copy of your genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently in the copy of your genome
+that gets replicated every time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets replicated every time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets replicated every time your
+cells divide and so on so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells divide and so on so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells divide and so on so you can
+understand the seriousness of that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the seriousness of that event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the seriousness of that event
+so that gets taken in into the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets taken in into the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets taken in into the genome
+but also when it's time to make new very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when it's time to make new very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also when it's time to make new very
+ons the DNA is transcribed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons the DNA is transcribed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ons the DNA is transcribed into
+messenger RNA the messenger RNA leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA the messenger RNA leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA the messenger RNA leaves
+the nucleus gets translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus gets translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus gets translated into
+proteins and those proteins form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and those proteins form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and those proteins form the
+basis of the new very on particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the new very on particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of the new very on particles
+now I mentioned somewhere here that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mentioned somewhere here that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mentioned somewhere here that it
+is a non segmented genome so initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non segmented genome so initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non segmented genome so initially
+the messenger RNA is a single segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA is a single segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messenger RNA is a single segment
+that then gets translated into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then gets translated into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then gets translated into a single
+segment of protein which is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of protein which is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of protein which is known as a
+poly protein so there are no stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly protein so there are no stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly protein so there are no stocks
+between the various genes encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the various genes encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the various genes encoding
+frames within the messenger RNA so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames within the messenger RNA so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames within the messenger RNA so that
+gets transcribed by the host machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transcribed by the host machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transcribed by the host machinery
+straight into a poly protein that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight into a poly protein that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight into a poly protein that's all
+glued together in a single long piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together in a single long piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued together in a single long piece
+but then there is another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there is another in
+Horton's HIV enzyme the protein the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horton's HIV enzyme the protein the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horton's HIV enzyme the protein the
+protease that chops those portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that chops those portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that chops those portions of
+the poly protein up into you sub useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly protein up into you sub useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly protein up into you sub useful
+and usable portions so you also need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usable portions so you also need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usable portions so you also need the
+protease readily available rapidly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease readily available rapidly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease readily available rapidly to
+start dicing up the poly protein into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dicing up the poly protein into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dicing up the poly protein into
+usable protein segments for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable protein segments for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable protein segments for the new
+virus assembly so let's take a look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus assembly so let's take a look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus assembly so let's take a look here
+what happens you the messenger leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you the messenger leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens you the messenger leaves
+the nucleus you make a bunch of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus you make a bunch of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus you make a bunch of proteins
+that then get you make a poly protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then get you make a poly protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then get you make a poly protein
+that gets digested into protein segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets digested into protein segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets digested into protein segments
+and then everything accumulates at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything accumulates at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything accumulates at the
+inside surface of the membrane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside surface of the membrane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside surface of the membrane and
+starts budding off the virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts budding off the virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts budding off the virion
+when it's first barded off it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's first barded off it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's first barded off it's not
+really ready to go it's not intact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ready to go it's not intact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ready to go it's not intact it
+has to develop a little bit further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to develop a little bit further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to develop a little bit further to
+become a mature very on moving forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a mature very on moving forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a mature very on moving forward
+to go infect another cell so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go infect another cell so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go infect another cell so the the
+initial stage that budded stage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stage that budded stage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial stage that budded stage of the
+virion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virion
+is not completely competent to go infect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not completely competent to go infect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not completely competent to go infect
+and in fact some there's been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some there's been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact some there's been some
+thoughts about can you ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about can you ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about can you ensure that the
+immature virion doesn't develop into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immature virion doesn't develop into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immature virion doesn't develop into the
+mature very on because that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature very on because that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature very on because that would be one
+way of targeting the system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of targeting the system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of targeting the system okay so
+there are a few different pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few different pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few different pieces the
+reverse transcriptase the integrase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase the integrase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase the integrase the
+protease and then finally these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and then finally these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and then finally these are all
+critical processes that have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical processes that have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical processes that have been the
+targets of therapeutic agents they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of therapeutic agents they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of therapeutic agents they are
+molecular targets such as enzymes and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular targets such as enzymes and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular targets such as enzymes and we
+know how to address enzymes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to address enzymes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to address enzymes with
+inhibitors and one last feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and one last feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors and one last feature of the
+virus lifestyle cycle that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus lifestyle cycle that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus lifestyle cycle that has been
+focused on with respect to therapeutics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on with respect to therapeutics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on with respect to therapeutics
+is the viral fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there have also been efforts at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have also been efforts at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have also been efforts at a
+molecular level to try to inhibit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level to try to inhibit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level to try to inhibit this
+process where you go your virus particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you go your virus particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you go your virus particle
+docks down on the cell and somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docks down on the cell and somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docks down on the cell and somehow the
+but the membranes fuse and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the membranes fuse and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the membranes fuse and then the
+virus dumps its contents into the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus dumps its contents into the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus dumps its contents into the cells
+okay this is just well it's just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just well it's just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just well it's just sort of
+a quick sort of more beautiful view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick sort of more beautiful view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick sort of more beautiful view but
+in a minute I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I'm going to show you a
+video but I thought it was kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but I thought it was kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but I thought it was kind of nice
+because it really allows you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really allows you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really allows you to look at
+the different steps in the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different steps in the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different steps in the virus
+lifestyle recognition fusion delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle recognition fusion delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle recognition fusion delivery
+making the double-stranded DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the double-stranded DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the double-stranded DNA
+integrated the DNA into the genome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated the DNA into the genome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated the DNA into the genome and
+making new viral proteins so those steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making new viral proteins so those steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making new viral proteins so those steps
+they're pretty logical it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty logical it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty logical it's just like
+step one I've gotta find my target step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one I've gotta find my target step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one I've gotta find my target step
+two I've got to stick to my target step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I've got to stick to my target step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I've got to stick to my target step
+three I've got to deliver my genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I've got to deliver my genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I've got to deliver my genomic
+content into my target and so on so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content into my target and so on so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content into my target and so on so I
+don't want you to think like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to think like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to think like this is a
+bunch of steps to memorize they all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps to memorize they all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps to memorize they all sort
+of make sense in a logical progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make sense in a logical progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make sense in a logical progression
+of events to make the virus be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events to make the virus be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events to make the virus be able to
+go all the way through to budding off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way through to budding off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way through to budding off
+new immature and then mature very ons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new immature and then mature very ons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new immature and then mature very ons
+and so as I mentioned over there these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I mentioned over there these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I mentioned over there these
+are the four targets that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four targets that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the four targets that I'm going to
+describe to you with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you with respect to
+therapeutic development and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development and this is
+where they all work the fusion early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they all work the fusion early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they all work the fusion early on
+the reverse transcriptase taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse transcriptase taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse transcriptase taking that
+single stranded RNA to a DA DNA copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stranded RNA to a DA DNA copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single stranded RNA to a DA DNA copy the
+integrase which zips the genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrase which zips the genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrase which zips the genomic
+material into the genome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material into the genome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material into the genome and the
+protease that cleaves up the long poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that cleaves up the long poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease that cleaves up the long poly
+protein to make mature pieces of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to make mature pieces of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to make mature pieces of protein
+that are part of the virus okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of the virus okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are part of the virus okay so let's
+talk first of all about viral fusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first of all about viral fusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first of all about viral fusion and
+as I mentioned when I get to showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned when I get to showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned when I get to showing you
+the it's a really beautiful video from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a really beautiful video from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a really beautiful video from
+the AJ Howard Hughes Institute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AJ Howard Hughes Institute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AJ Howard Hughes Institute that
+really shows the fusion very well but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows the fusion very well but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shows the fusion very well but I
+want to describe the fusion to you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the fusion to you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the fusion to you sort
+of at a molecular level and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at a molecular level and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at a molecular level and then you'll
+see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see later
+you'll see it a little bit more real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it a little bit more real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it a little bit more real
+life so what I said to you is that gp120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so what I said to you is that gp120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so what I said to you is that gp120
+and gp41 which are these proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gp41 which are these proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gp41 which are these proteins that
+are in the surface of the envelope been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the surface of the envelope been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the surface of the envelope been
+recognized the co-receptor and cd4 t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the co-receptor and cd4 t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized the co-receptor and cd4 t1
+and form a complex so it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a complex so it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form a complex so it's a complex
+that involves what's on the virus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves what's on the virus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves what's on the virus it's
+actually in a trimeric structure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a trimeric structure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a trimeric structure with
+the two receptors that are on the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two receptors that are on the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two receptors that are on the host
+cell and they form a pretty close union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and they form a pretty close union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and they form a pretty close union
+and then what happens is there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens is there are a
+series of events that tug the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of events that tug the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of events that tug the two
+membranes together mechanically linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes together mechanically linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes together mechanically linked
+to conformational changes of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conformational changes of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conformational changes of the protein
+and basically splash the two membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically splash the two membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically splash the two membranes
+together for a fusion event so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a fusion event so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for a fusion event so it's
+through the mechanic conformational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanic conformational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the mechanic conformational
+dynamics of that large complex happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of that large complex happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of that large complex happening
+in sequence after the first interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence after the first interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sequence after the first interactions
+that get you to a fusion event so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get you to a fusion event so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get you to a fusion event so these
+get initially look like this but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get initially look like this but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get initially look like this but then
+they start changing their shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start changing their shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start changing their shape and
+making a fusion event so you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a fusion event so you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a fusion event so you could look
+at it as initially you have the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it as initially you have the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it as initially you have the complex
+formed but then later on there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed but then later on there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed but then later on there's been a
+twisting of the structures the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting of the structures the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twisting of the structures the large
+macromolecular structures to fuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular structures to fuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular structures to fuse the
+membranes so for quite a few years and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so for quite a few years and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes so for quite a few years and I
+don't think it was the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was the most successful
+of the approaches with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the approaches with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the approaches with respect to
+therapeutics people thought that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutics people thought that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutics people thought that maybe
+you could inhibit the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could inhibit the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could inhibit the interaction
+between gp120 and those receptors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gp120 and those receptors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gp120 and those receptors with
+small molecules that might inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that might inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecules that might inhibit the
+progress through the fusion process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the fusion process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the fusion process so
+that was deemed a viable target it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was deemed a viable target it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was deemed a viable target it's not
+the same as an enzyme target but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as an enzyme target but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as an enzyme target but it's
+definitely a critical point in viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a critical point in viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a critical point in viral
+infection and what was made were short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and what was made were short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and what was made were short
+peptides that might stabilize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that might stabilize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides that might stabilize this
+complex and avoid the structure moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and avoid the structure moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and avoid the structure moving
+forward to the few to the fusion related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the few to the fusion related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to the few to the fusion related
+complex so that was one sort of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that was one sort of series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so that was one sort of series
+of events so those peptides were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events so those peptides were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events so those peptides were
+designated as C peptides they would bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as C peptides they would bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated as C peptides they would bind
+to this portion up here that's pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this portion up here that's pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this portion up here that's pointed
+to at the end they'd stick and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the end they'd stick and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the end they'd stick and they
+basically Jam the cogs they'd stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Jam the cogs they'd stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Jam the cogs they'd stopped
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+event occurring by by binding quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event occurring by by binding quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event occurring by by binding quite
+tightly to part of the fusion complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly to part of the fusion complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly to part of the fusion complex
+okay the drugs the therapeutic agents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the drugs the therapeutic agents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the drugs the therapeutic agents in
+that case were peptide ik kinda large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case were peptide ik kinda large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case were peptide ik kinda large
+they don't diffuse into cells but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't diffuse into cells but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't diffuse into cells but that's
+not a problem because this target is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem because this target is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem because this target is
+outside the cell so there's no need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell so there's no need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell so there's no need for
+that to get into cell for its effect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get into cell for its effect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get into cell for its effect all
+of the other therapeutic agents I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other therapeutic agents I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other therapeutic agents I'll
+describe to you are molecules that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you are molecules that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you are molecules that need
+to get into cells in order to do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into cells in order to do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into cells in order to do their
+job but the this particular strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but the this particular strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but the this particular strategy
+didn't involve that that which was why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't involve that that which was why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't involve that that which was why
+it was fairly attractive early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fairly attractive early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fairly attractive early on
+because it was a very different target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a very different target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a very different target
+from the others so the next step I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the others so the next step I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the others so the next step I want
+to describe to you is inhibition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe to you is inhibition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe to you is inhibition of
+reverse transcriptase so this is a RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase so this is a RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcriptase so this is a RNA
+dependent DNA polymerase kinase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent DNA polymerase kinase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent DNA polymerase kinase so
+different from the other DNA polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the other DNA polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the other DNA polymerase
+is we have DNA dependent DNA polymerases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have DNA dependent DNA polymerases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have DNA dependent DNA polymerases
+but we don't have the RNA dependent ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have the RNA dependent ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have the RNA dependent ones
+and so the types of strategies that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the types of strategies that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the types of strategies that were
+used initially was to use types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used initially was to use types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used initially was to use types of
+analogs of the nuclear sites that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of the nuclear sites that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs of the nuclear sites that will
+be used in polymerization so the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in polymerization so the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in polymerization so the reverse
+transcriptase the first types of targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase the first types of targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase the first types of targets
+what's going on down there first types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on down there first types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on down there first types
+of targets were nucleoside analogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targets were nucleoside analogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targets were nucleoside analogs
+because they can inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can inhibit the
+polymerization and you're gonna realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and you're gonna realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and you're gonna realize
+you know quite a bit about these when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite a bit about these when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite a bit about these when we
+first look at the structure so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the structure so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at the structure so I'm going
+to describe to you what are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe to you what are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe to you what are known as
+nucleoside analogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does this term mean nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this term mean nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this term mean nucleoside
+means it's a nuclear base plus a sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a nuclear base plus a sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's a nuclear base plus a sugar
+there's no phosphates because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no phosphates because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no phosphates because remember
+there's an S there and it's an analogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an S there and it's an analogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an S there and it's an analogue
+meaning it's not one of the native ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not one of the native ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's not one of the native ones
+but it that looks good okay I'll grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it that looks good okay I'll grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it that looks good okay I'll grab
+her and you get the bag okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and you get the bag okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and you get the bag okay so it's a
+nucleoside analog meaning it isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside analog meaning it isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside analog meaning it isn't the
+standard water nuclear sites that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard water nuclear sites that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard water nuclear sites that you
+put into your DNA and the most critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into your DNA and the most critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into your DNA and the most critical
+first line actually became a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line actually became a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line actually became a zero
+thymidine so look that's the thymine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymidine so look that's the thymine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymidine so look that's the thymine
+nuclear base it's a sugar but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear base it's a sugar but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear base it's a sugar but it's
+different from the regular ribose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the regular ribose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the regular ribose that's
+either in RNA or DNA and it's two deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in RNA or DNA and it's two deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in RNA or DNA and it's two deoxy
+so it looks more like a DNA building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks more like a DNA building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks more like a DNA building
+block but check it out at the 3-prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but check it out at the 3-prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block but check it out at the 3-prime
+site there is an azide what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site there is an azide what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site there is an azide what do you think
+this thing does or have I already told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing does or have I already told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing does or have I already told
+you yeah what do you think this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah what do you think this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah what do you think this thing
+does to stop the virus marching forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to stop the virus marching forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to stop the virus marching forward
+and turning its RNA into a DNA copy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning its RNA into a DNA copy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turning its RNA into a DNA copy can
+it can it polymerize no so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can it polymerize no so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can it polymerize no so what do you
+think so what how does it work it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what how does it work it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so what how does it work it was
+yeah just yeah it just grinds to a halt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just yeah it just grinds to a halt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just yeah it just grinds to a halt
+what technology does this remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technology does this remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what technology does this remind you of
+yeah so it's really cool I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's really cool I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's really cool I mean we're
+using something like this for sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using something like this for sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using something like this for sequencing
+blocking the chain grows to get pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the chain grows to get pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking the chain grows to get pieces
+so we can tell the sequence but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tell the sequence but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can tell the sequence but this is
+a very viable drug could the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very viable drug could the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very viable drug could the reverse
+transcriptase for kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase for kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase for kind of similar
+reasons because it stops translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons because it stops translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons because it stops translation
+s.korea stops it stops stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s.korea stops it stops stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s.korea stops it stops stops
+polymerization now there's one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization now there's one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization now there's one important
+thing that I need to tell you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I need to tell you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I need to tell you about this
+a Z T as its termed a zero thymidine AZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what is known in the industry as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is known in the industry as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is known in the industry as a
+prodrug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not the actual drug why is it a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the actual drug why is it a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the actual drug why is it a pro
+drug what has to happen to it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug what has to happen to it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug what has to happen to it to be
+useful why is it handy to have a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful why is it handy to have a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful why is it handy to have a pro
+drug I know there's a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug I know there's a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug I know there's a lot of questions
+there but they all kind of tied together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they all kind of tied together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but they all kind of tied together
+so it's a pro drug it can get into sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pro drug it can get into sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a pro drug it can get into sales
+right what has to happen to it for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what has to happen to it for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what has to happen to it for it to
+be useful in inhibiting reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful in inhibiting reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful in inhibiting reverse
+transcriptase because it won't do it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase because it won't do it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase because it won't do it all
+on its own look at that structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own look at that structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own look at that structure that's
+there's something missing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something missing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something missing in that
+structure what are the building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what are the building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what are the building blocks
+in the polymer aces are they nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polymer aces are they nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the polymer aces are they nuclear
+sites no up there yes exactly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites no up there yes exactly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites no up there yes exactly so you
+have to convert this neutral molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convert this neutral molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to convert this neutral molecule
+that can sneak into a cell by kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sneak into a cell by kinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sneak into a cell by kinases
+that put phosphate groups onto that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put phosphate groups onto that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that put phosphate groups onto that
+molecule so that that molecule can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so that that molecule can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so that that molecule can get
+engaged in polymerization you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in polymerization you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in polymerization you can put
+one nucleotide onto a growing strand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nucleotide onto a growing strand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one nucleotide onto a growing strand but
+then it can't go any further because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can't go any further because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can't go any further because of
+that azide oh group at three which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that azide oh group at three which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that azide oh group at three which would
+be the normal place you grow so pro drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the normal place you grow so pro drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the normal place you grow so pro drug
+strategies are very useful it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies are very useful it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies are very useful it's a way of
+having drugs that aren't quite drugs yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having drugs that aren't quite drugs yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having drugs that aren't quite drugs yet
+but they become drugs once they are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they become drugs once they are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they become drugs once they are at
+their location it's not handy to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their location it's not handy to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their location it's not handy to use the
+triphosphate of AZT as a drug because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate of AZT as a drug because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate of AZT as a drug because it
+can't get in the cell so we deliver a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get in the cell so we deliver a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get in the cell so we deliver a
+cellular Lee available molecule we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular Lee available molecule we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular Lee available molecule we let
+the promiscuous enzymes in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promiscuous enzymes in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promiscuous enzymes in the cell
+convert it to a triphosphate and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a triphosphate and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a triphosphate and then it
+becomes a real drug the mature drugs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a real drug the mature drugs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a real drug the mature drugs so
+I think that's a very important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a very important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a very important thing
+about these types of therapeutic agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these types of therapeutic agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these types of therapeutic agents
+and what I want you to know is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want you to know is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want you to know is that many
+many viruses are treated with nucleoside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many viruses are treated with nucleoside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many viruses are treated with nucleoside
+analogs performing similar sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs performing similar sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogs performing similar sorts of
+things but in some cases there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in some cases there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in some cases there's a lot
+of different tailoring goes on with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different tailoring goes on with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different tailoring goes on with the
+nucleoside analog it doesn't always work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside analog it doesn't always work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside analog it doesn't always work
+to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the
+the azide C 3 prime some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the azide C 3 prime some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the azide C 3 prime some of these
+features don't always work so these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features don't always work so these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features don't always work so these have
+to be tailored in different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tailored in different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be tailored in different ways to
+target different viruses because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target different viruses because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target different viruses because in this
+case a ziti hits reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a ziti hits reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a ziti hits reverse transcriptase
+but there may be a different flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may be a different flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there may be a different flavor of
+enzyme that you polymerase enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you polymerase enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that you polymerase enzyme that
+you need to inhibit in other organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to inhibit in other organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to inhibit in other organisms
+so there's a lot lot lot of options yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there can be but I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be but I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be but I think the most
+important thing is that it's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that it's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that it's the it's
+very the RT is very promiscuous so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the RT is very promiscuous so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the RT is very promiscuous so it's
+much more likely to pop this building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to pop this building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to pop this building
+block in and that doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in and that doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in and that doesn't have the
+mechanisms to reverse that reaction all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to reverse that reaction all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to reverse that reaction all
+of the cleanup that gets done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cleanup that gets done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cleanup that gets done with
+normal DNA polymerase so our DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal DNA polymerase so our DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal DNA polymerase so our DNA
+polymerase is going to be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is going to be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is going to be a lot more
+tuned up to avoid these mistakes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned up to avoid these mistakes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned up to avoid these mistakes but the
+viral reverse transcriptase just churn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral reverse transcriptase just churn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral reverse transcriptase just churn
+through and making making it so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and making making it so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and making making it so we're
+protected by our own proofreading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by our own proofreading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by our own proofreading and
+other types of mechanisms to avoid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of mechanisms to avoid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of mechanisms to avoid it
+really messing up Tran replication but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really messing up Tran replication but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really messing up Tran replication but
+that's a very good point ok so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point ok so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point ok so remember
+the central dogma and this is why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central dogma and this is why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central dogma and this is why this
+process confounds that and that's as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process confounds that and that's as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process confounds that and that's as it
+Oh thymidine and we've already discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh thymidine and we've already discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh thymidine and we've already discussed
+that so the next the next enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the next the next enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the next the next enzyme that
+became quite an important target because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became quite an important target because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became quite an important target because
+it was a new target was integrase so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a new target was integrase so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a new target was integrase so I
+will tell you though that reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you though that reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you though that reverse
+transcriptase inhibitors like AZT were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase inhibitors like AZT were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase inhibitors like AZT were
+used early on but people with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used early on but people with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used early on but people with the the
+the virus rapidly developed resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus rapidly developed resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virus rapidly developed resistance
+to to that therapeutic agent it was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that therapeutic agent it was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that therapeutic agent it was one
+enzyme that was just mutating like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that was just mutating like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that was just mutating like crazy
+and the organism could slip through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organism could slip through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the organism could slip through that
+net so the the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net so the the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net so the the development of
+therapeutic agents didn't stop with AZT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents didn't stop with AZT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic agents didn't stop with AZT
+was like we need to hit other targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like we need to hit other targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like we need to hit other targets
+to have a therapeutically viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a therapeutically viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a therapeutically viable
+combination of therapies that can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of therapies that can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of therapies that can really
+stop this virus effectively so a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop this virus effectively so a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop this virus effectively so a next
+enzyme that was targeted is integrase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that was targeted is integrase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that was targeted is integrase so
+this is the one that's been targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that's been targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that's been targeted
+most recently and there are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently and there are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently and there are currently
+several integrase inhibitors integrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several integrase inhibitors integrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several integrase inhibitors integrators
+of fascinating enzyme because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fascinating enzyme because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fascinating enzyme because it really
+is the the enzyme that actually stitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the enzyme that actually stitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the enzyme that actually stitches
+that piece of viral DNA right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of viral DNA right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of viral DNA right into the
+right into the human genome just so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the human genome just so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the human genome just so it's
+able to be replicated transcribed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be replicated transcribed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to be replicated transcribed and
+translated at any time so integrase has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated at any time so integrase has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated at any time so integrase has
+been targeted it said was a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been targeted it said was a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been targeted it said was a tricky
+target hit but as you can see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target hit but as you can see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target hit but as you can see with
+several of these drugs there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these drugs there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of these drugs there are
+successful drugs one thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful drugs one thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful drugs one thing I want to
+remind you about a lot of the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you about a lot of the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you about a lot of the names of
+the agents if you see avir within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agents if you see avir within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agents if you see avir within the
+name of a therapeutic agent it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a therapeutic agent it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of a therapeutic agent it means
+it's an antiviral so that's a clue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an antiviral so that's a clue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an antiviral so that's a clue that
+all of these compounds are given names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these compounds are given names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these compounds are given names
+while tegra vir I don't know who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while tegra vir I don't know who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while tegra vir I don't know who comes
+up with these names but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these names but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these names but nevertheless
+there are all names that end in a vir so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all names that end in a vir so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all names that end in a vir so
+if you see you know a medicine and ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see you know a medicine and ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see you know a medicine and ends
+in a vir it's an antiviral agent now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vir it's an antiviral agent now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a vir it's an antiviral agent now the
+last of the really fascinating enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the really fascinating enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last of the really fascinating enzymes
+are was targeted it's the HIV protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are was targeted it's the HIV protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are was targeted it's the HIV protease
+because the HIV protease is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the HIV protease is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the HIV protease is very very
+different from many proteases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from many proteases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from many proteases in
+mammalian biology it's a simple dimeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian biology it's a simple dimeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian biology it's a simple dimeric
+structure it contain includes so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it contain includes so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it contain includes so it has
+quaternary structure it has two monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure it has two monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary structure it has two monomer
+units that are 95 amino acids 99 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are 95 amino acids 99 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that are 95 amino acids 99 amino
+acids each and each monomer contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids each and each monomer contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids each and each monomer contributes
+to an active site contributes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an active site contributes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an active site contributes an
+aspartic acid to an active site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid to an active site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid to an active site and
+those are involved in the mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are involved in the mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are involved in the mechanism and
+what generally happens when substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what generally happens when substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what generally happens when substrates
+are inhibitors bind is these two flaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inhibitors bind is these two flaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inhibitors bind is these two flaps
+one of them I've shown you in magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them I've shown you in magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them I've shown you in magenta
+close down and close up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close down and close up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close down and close up the
+active site and Ratana bia was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and Ratana bia was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site and Ratana bia was one of
+the first generation protease inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation protease inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first generation protease inhibitors
+that sat in the place where in where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sat in the place where in where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sat in the place where in where the
+substrate would normally sit in the HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate would normally sit in the HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate would normally sit in the HIV
+protease and remember that the HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and remember that the HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and remember that the HIV
+protease is critical for maturity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is critical for maturity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is critical for maturity of the
+virus because it chops up the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus because it chops up the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus because it chops up the poly
+protein into the necessary enzymes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into the necessary enzymes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein into the necessary enzymes they
+can't be functional enzymes in the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be functional enzymes in the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be functional enzymes in the poly
+protein they have to cut up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein they have to cut up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein they have to cut up into the
+appropriate pieces so the HIV protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate pieces so the HIV protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate pieces so the HIV protease
+had unusual specificity and as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had unusual specificity and as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had unusual specificity and as soon as
+it was discovered and structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered and structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered and structurally
+characterized every major pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized every major pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized every major pharmaceutical
+company jumped on this was in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company jumped on this was in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company jumped on this was in the late
+80s to make successful protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s to make successful protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s to make successful protease
+inhibitors that just got better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors that just got better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors that just got better and
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ritonavir is an example of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritonavir is an example of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritonavir is an example of first
+generation but i think now we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but i think now we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation but i think now we're on
+third generation type inhibitors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third generation type inhibitors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third generation type inhibitors which
+just are better and better and much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just are better and better and much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just are better and better and much more
+selective and specific for the HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and specific for the HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective and specific for the HIV
+protease and because they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and because they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and because they're much more
+potent instead of needing grams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent instead of needing grams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent instead of needing grams and
+grams of an inhibitor you can get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of an inhibitor you can get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams of an inhibitor you can get away
+with milligrams of inhibitor which made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with milligrams of inhibitor which made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with milligrams of inhibitor which made
+the therapeutic dosing for HIV much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapeutic dosing for HIV much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the therapeutic dosing for HIV much more
+palatable as sort of a good word because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable as sort of a good word because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palatable as sort of a good word because
+when you have a very promiscuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a very promiscuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a very promiscuous
+protease inhibitor like the early ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease inhibitor like the early ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease inhibitor like the early ones
+that were discovered they mess up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were discovered they mess up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were discovered they mess up your
+entire GI because your GI runs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire GI because your GI runs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire GI because your GI runs on
+proteases that digest your food so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that digest your food so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases that digest your food so the
+original the early protease inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original the early protease inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original the early protease inhibitors
+had a lot of side effects the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of side effects the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of side effects the most
+modern third generation are very viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern third generation are very viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern third generation are very viable
+and this just shows you what the topic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you what the topic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just shows you what the topic I
+want to hit on next is here's the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit on next is here's the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit on next is here's the green
+and cyan two monomer units of HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cyan two monomer units of HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cyan two monomer units of HIV
+protease in yellow is an inhibitor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease in yellow is an inhibitor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease in yellow is an inhibitor that
+is bound and just on one monomer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound and just on one monomer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound and just on one monomer of the
+two monomers I've highlighted in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monomers I've highlighted in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monomers I've highlighted in red
+different resistance sites so when any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different resistance sites so when any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different resistance sites so when any
+of those sites mutates the protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sites mutates the protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those sites mutates the protease
+stops work stops being inhibited by HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops work stops being inhibited by HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops work stops being inhibited by HIV
+by the HIV protease inhibitors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the HIV protease inhibitors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the HIV protease inhibitors because
+you want to think about it one mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about it one mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about it one mutation
+in one subunit actually will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one subunit actually will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one subunit actually will have a
+corresponding mutation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mutation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mutation in
+partner subunit that is in the dimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner subunit that is in the dimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner subunit that is in the dimer
+so each mutation ends up being two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each mutation ends up being two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each mutation ends up being two
+mutations in the tetra in the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the tetra in the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the tetra in the full
+enzyme that has quaternary structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that has quaternary structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that has quaternary structure so
+these are major all that go they go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major all that go they go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are major all that go they go all
+the way out to the X the outer parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out to the X the outer parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out to the X the outer parts of
+the enzyme it's not just around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme it's not just around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme it's not just around the
+active site it's just all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site it's just all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site it's just all over the
+enzyme you can get mutations that stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme you can get mutations that stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme you can get mutations that stop
+the typical drugs that are targeted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical drugs that are targeted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical drugs that are targeted at
+the protease is binding so here I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease is binding so here I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease is binding so here I just
+show you these are data that show for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you these are data that show for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you these are data that show for
+the protease and for the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease and for the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease and for the reverse
+transcriptase within the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase within the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptase within the length of the
+protease for example there's mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease for example there's mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease for example there's mutations
+all the way along I don't know why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way along I don't know why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way along I don't know why this
+is 101 the numbering system is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 101 the numbering system is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 101 the numbering system is a little
+different in some variants but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some variants but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some variants but you can
+see which mutations will add to drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which mutations will add to drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which mutations will add to drug
+resistance and there's a similar picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and there's a similar picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and there's a similar picture
+here for reverse transcriptase okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for reverse transcriptase okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for reverse transcriptase okay so
+this is a very serious issue so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very serious issue so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very serious issue so now I'm
+gonna give you a little break here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give you a little break here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna give you a little break here so
+this is HIV it's a typical retrovirus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is HIV it's a typical retrovirus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is HIV it's a typical retrovirus
+meaning that it has an outer envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it has an outer envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it has an outer envelope
+and in the center it has two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the center it has two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the center it has two copies of
+RNA as well as an enzyme here in blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA as well as an enzyme here in blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA as well as an enzyme here in blue
+that's reverse transcriptase which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reverse transcriptase which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reverse transcriptase which will
+ultimately turn that RNA into DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately turn that RNA into DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately turn that RNA into DNA
+the the virus itself with this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the virus itself with this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the virus itself with this outer
+envelope protein actually directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope protein actually directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope protein actually directly
+infects T helper cells the way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infects T helper cells the way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infects T helper cells the way that it
+does this is that as it comes up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this is that as it comes up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this is that as it comes up to the
+cell surface it uses receptors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface it uses receptors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface it uses receptors that are
+on T helper cells and exclusive to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T helper cells and exclusive to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T helper cells and exclusive to T
+helper cells which are cd4 molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper cells which are cd4 molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helper cells which are cd4 molecule
+which really defines T helper cells it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really defines T helper cells it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really defines T helper cells it's
+a surface receptor that binds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface receptor that binds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surface receptor that binds to the
+envelope protein it that causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope protein it that causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope protein it that causes a
+conformational change and allows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change and allows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change and allows a
+second receptor to grab hold of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second receptor to grab hold of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second receptor to grab hold of the
+angelus this is the key kind co-receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelus this is the key kind co-receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelus this is the key kind co-receptor
+it's also called ccr5 and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called ccr5 and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also called ccr5 and we'll talk
+about that more what happens now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more what happens now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more what happens now is that
+the the the stalk of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the stalk of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the stalk of the envelope
+protein pierces through the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein pierces through the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein pierces through the from the
+virus into the into the host cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus into the into the host cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus into the into the host cell and
+starts to draw the two cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to draw the two cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to draw the two cell membrane
+membrane in the viral membrane together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the viral membrane together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane in the viral membrane together
+and what ultimately happens is fusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what ultimately happens is fusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what ultimately happens is fusion of
+those two membranes and the viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two membranes and the viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two membranes and the viral
+genetic material is injected essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material is injected essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material is injected essentially
+into the cell and the envelope protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and the envelope protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and the envelope protein
+is left at the cell surface so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left at the cell surface so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left at the cell surface so that's
+the fusion process that's so the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusion process that's so the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fusion process that's so the virus
+has a matrix and a capsid protein shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a matrix and a capsid protein shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a matrix and a capsid protein shown
+here in green and red that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in green and red that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in green and red that that
+essentially are digested when it enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are digested when it enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially are digested when it enters
+into the cell that releases viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell that releases viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell that releases viral
+enzymes in the viral RNA and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in the viral RNA and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes in the viral RNA and here we
+have reverse transcriptase which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reverse transcriptase which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have reverse transcriptase which takes
+the viral RNA and using host nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral RNA and using host nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viral RNA and using host nucleotides
+converts that viral RNA into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts that viral RNA into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts that viral RNA into a single
+strand of DNA while it does that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA while it does that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA while it does that it
+makes some random errors which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some random errors which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some random errors which is
+characteristic of reverse transcriptase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of reverse transcriptase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of reverse transcriptase
+it has very poor proofreading activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has very poor proofreading activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has very poor proofreading activity
+that single-stranded DNA now is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single-stranded DNA now is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single-stranded DNA now is again
+reverse transcribed into a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcribed into a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transcribed into a double
+stranded DNA at that point another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA at that point another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA at that point another
+enzyme that has come in with the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that has come in with the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that has come in with the virus
+in the beginning called integrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning called integrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning called integrase
+essentially grabs hold of that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially grabs hold of that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially grabs hold of that double
+stranded DNA and carries it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA and carries it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded DNA and carries it through a
+nuclear pore into the nucleus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear pore into the nucleus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear pore into the nucleus of the
+cell within the nucleus of the cell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell within the nucleus of the cell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell within the nucleus of the cell it
+finds the host chromosome and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the host chromosome and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds the host chromosome and it
+basically the integrase enzyme makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the integrase enzyme makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the integrase enzyme makes a
+nick in the host DNA and allows for HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nick in the host DNA and allows for HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nick in the host DNA and allows for HIV
+to insert itself into the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert itself into the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to insert itself into the host
+chromosome and that right there is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and that right there is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and that right there is what
+establishes lifelong infection now RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes lifelong infection now RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes lifelong infection now RNA
+polymerase comes along and makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase comes along and makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase comes along and makes
+messenger RNA it's just back to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA it's just back to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA it's just back to normal
+now those messenger RNAs encode for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those messenger RNAs encode for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those messenger RNAs encode for
+different viral proteins they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viral proteins they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different viral proteins they end up
+associating with ribosomes on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating with ribosomes on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating with ribosomes on at the
+surface of the rough endoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the rough endoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the rough endoplasmic
+reticulum and here's a piece of mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum and here's a piece of mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum and here's a piece of mRNA
+that's making envelope protein which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making envelope protein which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making envelope protein which is
+directly produced into the endoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly produced into the endoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly produced into the endoplasmic
+reticulum and it's shuttled then through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum and it's shuttled then through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum and it's shuttled then through
+the endoplasmic reticulum and taken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoplasmic reticulum and taken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endoplasmic reticulum and taken to
+the cell surface where at the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell surface where at the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell surface where at the cell
+surface it becomes embedded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it becomes embedded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it becomes embedded in the
+cellular membrane and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular membrane and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular membrane and at this point
+coalescing with other anvil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing with other anvil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing with other anvil
+proteins that have been produced he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have been produced he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have been produced he was
+gathering all of this infected 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering all of this infected 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering all of this infected 120
+employees at the same time there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees at the same time there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees at the same time there are
+other messenger RNAs that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other messenger RNAs that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other messenger RNAs that are being
+produced that allow for translation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that allow for translation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced that allow for translation of
+other viral proteins so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other viral proteins so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other viral proteins so here are
+additional viral proteins being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional viral proteins being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional viral proteins being made
+which are going to be used to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be used to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are going to be used to make up
+the key components that that the virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key components that that the virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key components that that the virus
+ultimately is going to need these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is going to need these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately is going to need these are
+transported again to the cell surface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported again to the cell surface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported again to the cell surface to
+the area where these envelope proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area where these envelope proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area where these envelope proteins
+are and a strand of RNA as well as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and a strand of RNA as well as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and a strand of RNA as well as a sum
+of the enzymes are part of that complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzymes are part of that complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzymes are part of that complex
+this then buds off at the cell surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then buds off at the cell surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then buds off at the cell surface
+at this point but it's still not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but it's still not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but it's still not a
+mature virion because the poly protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature virion because the poly protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature virion because the poly protein
+chain needs to still be digested into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain needs to still be digested into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain needs to still be digested into
+its component parts the protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its component parts the protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its component parts the protein that's
+done by an enzyme called protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by an enzyme called protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by an enzyme called protease
+protease breaks up those poly protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease breaks up those poly protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease breaks up those poly protein
+chains and ultimately allows for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and ultimately allows for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and ultimately allows for them to
+coalesce and form the mature structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce and form the mature structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesce and form the mature structures
+that make up the final virion and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the final virion and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the final virion and now
+you have a mature infectious virion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mature infectious virion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a mature infectious virion that
+can go on now to infect other cells once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on now to infect other cells once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on now to infect other cells once
+that happens now the cell can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens now the cell can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens now the cell can produce
+tons of viruses and this is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of viruses and this is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of viruses and this is really what
+then keeps the whole process going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keeps the whole process going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keeps the whole process going okay
+all right so I have gone monstrously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I have gone monstrously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I have gone monstrously
+long on HIV so sadly I cannot get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long on HIV so sadly I cannot get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long on HIV so sadly I cannot get you to
+Ebola but I'll post those slides anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ebola but I'll post those slides anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ebola but I'll post those slides anyway
+this just speaks this question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just speaks this question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just speaks this question just
+speaks to combination therapies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to combination therapies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to combination therapies so
+combination therapies are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapies are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapies are very very
+important particularly in cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important particularly in cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important particularly in cases where
+resistance to individual therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to individual therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to individual therapeutic
+agents against an individual target can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents against an individual target can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents against an individual target can
+happen so HIV mutates its proteins very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so HIV mutates its proteins very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so HIV mutates its proteins very
+very rapidly but the likelihood that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly but the likelihood that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly but the likelihood that it
+will simultaneously mutate to targets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simultaneously mutate to targets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simultaneously mutate to targets in
+one cell is much lower so combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell is much lower so combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell is much lower so combination
+therapies basically are there to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies basically are there to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies basically are there to avoid
+drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+resistance that occurs usually because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that occurs usually because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that occurs usually because
+of the high mutation rate not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high mutation rate not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the high mutation rate not because
+one drug has a short health half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drug has a short health half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one drug has a short health half-life
+not so that multiple strains can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so that multiple strains can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so that multiple strains can be
+targeted or to decrease the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted or to decrease the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted or to decrease the number
+side-effects obviously combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-effects obviously combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side-effects obviously combination
+therapies give you more side effects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies give you more side effects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies give you more side effects but
+there's really important in mitigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really important in mitigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really important in mitigating
+the disease so I was gonna talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so I was gonna talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so I was gonna talk to you
+about vaccine development but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vaccine development but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vaccine development but I will
+discuss what this was Professor Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what this was Professor Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what this was Professor Martin
+to see if he who wants to take that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if he who wants to take that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if he who wants to take that over
+but I want to leave you with one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to leave you with one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to leave you with one last
+thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three small points on next Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three small points on next Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three small points on next Wednesday
+this is a Fred Flintstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Fred Flintstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Fred Flintstone
+I'm Channel I tend to channel Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Channel I tend to channel Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Channel I tend to channel Fred
+Flintstone cuz he wears this nice blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstone cuz he wears this nice blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flintstone cuz he wears this nice blue
+scarf next Wednesday is the last of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf next Wednesday is the last of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarf next Wednesday is the last of the
+classes we've got some good stuff lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we've got some good stuff lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we've got some good stuff lined
+up for you we're gonna have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you we're gonna have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you we're gonna have the
+topoisomerase a demo from some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topoisomerase a demo from some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topoisomerase a demo from some people
+who submitted a topo demo for us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who submitted a topo demo for us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who submitted a topo demo for us and
+then we're gonna do 701 six jeopardy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do 701 six jeopardy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna do 701 six jeopardy now
+don't think this is gonna be cheesy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is gonna be cheesy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this is gonna be cheesy it's
+gonna be tough and it's gonna be fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be tough and it's gonna be fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be tough and it's gonna be fun and
+we're all going to be involved professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to be involved professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all going to be involved professor
+Martin and I will be the hosts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin and I will be the hosts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin and I will be the hosts you
+promised to dress up Jack Jackie will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to dress up Jack Jackie will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised to dress up Jack Jackie will
+help me run the program because within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me run the program because within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me run the program because within a
+real jeopardy program and Hannah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real jeopardy program and Hannah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real jeopardy program and Hannah and
+David will keep scores and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David will keep scores and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David will keep scores and we'd like to
+encourage you who come to be in pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you who come to be in pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you who come to be in pairs of
+teams of two otherwise they'll be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of two otherwise they'll be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of two otherwise they'll be kind
+of a lot of you so if when you come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of you so if when you come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of you so if when you come in
+if you sit on that side of the room put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sit on that side of the room put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sit on that side of the room put
+your two names on these boards and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two names on these boards and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your two names on these boards and if
+you're on the other side put them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the other side put them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on the other side put them on
+these boards because Hannah and David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boards because Hannah and David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boards because Hannah and David
+will be posted there to keep score and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted there to keep score and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted there to keep score and I
+will we will muster up some small prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will muster up some small prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we will muster up some small prize
+for the winner here so yes question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the winner here so yes question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the winner here so yes question that
+would be a heck of an incentive wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a heck of an incentive wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a heck of an incentive wouldn't
+it what this will do for you is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what this will do for you is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what this will do for you is actually
+kind of help you refresh a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help you refresh a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of help you refresh a lot of things
+maybe identify blind spots it was worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe identify blind spots it was worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe identify blind spots it was worth
+asking it was a good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it was a good question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking it was a good question yeah
+so and that's all I'll post the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's all I'll post the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's all I'll post the
+questions afterwards as well so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions afterwards as well so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions afterwards as well so you know
+you'll be able to kind of sake I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to kind of sake I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to kind of sake I don't
+know what this question was about at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this question was about at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this question was about at all
+and you can go and review a little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and review a little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and review a little of
+the material nice try though oh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material nice try though oh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material nice try though oh and um
+there was one other thing I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other thing I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other thing I just want to
+remind you that a boat is a boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that a boat is a boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you that a boat is a boat
+it's a Democratic Society so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Democratic Society so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Democratic Society so you should
+please take time to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take time to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please take time to fill in the
+evaluations on the course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CCbvqDuPr_I.txt b/CCbvqDuPr_I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7c2d6b9b2713ecca6569ad7e2efd97c18fb6d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CCbvqDuPr_I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we'll spend the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll spend the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll spend the first part of
+today is finishing up where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is finishing up where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is finishing up where we left off
+last time with the experiments that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with the experiments that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with the experiments that were
+done to take a look at what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to take a look at what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to take a look at what types of
+polypeptides the DNA KD and AJ chaperone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides the DNA KD and AJ chaperone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides the DNA KD and AJ chaperone
+machinery interact with an e coli and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery interact with an e coli and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery interact with an e coli and
+once we finish up that will transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finish up that will transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finish up that will transition
+into module three which is protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into module three which is protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into module three which is protein
+degradation um and most of today will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation um and most of today will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation um and most of today will
+just be some general background about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be some general background about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be some general background about
+proteases and protein degradation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and protein degradation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and protein degradation and
+then on Wednesday we'll begin to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll begin to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Wednesday we'll begin to look at
+the macro molecular machines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro molecular machines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro molecular machines that are
+involved in those processes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those processes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those processes okay
+so last time we discussed DNA k the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we discussed DNA k the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we discussed DNA k the
+chaperone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone
+DNA j the co chaperone rights over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA j the co chaperone rights over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA j the co chaperone rights over
+called DNA j went around and found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called DNA j went around and found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called DNA j went around and found some
+polypeptide in a non native state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide in a non native state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide in a non native state and
+delivered it to DNA k which can grip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered it to DNA k which can grip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered it to DNA k which can grip and
+hold on to the hydrophobic segments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to the hydrophobic segments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to the hydrophobic segments and
+somehow facilitate folding and so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow facilitate folding and so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow facilitate folding and so where
+we left off where with experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left off where with experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we left off where with experiments
+performed in a similar manner to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in a similar manner to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in a similar manner to what we
+saw for grow al grow yes wear pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw for grow al grow yes wear pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw for grow al grow yes wear pulse
+chase was done to label newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase was done to label newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase was done to label newly
+synthesized polypeptides right so during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides right so during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides right so during
+the pulse period with this radio label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse period with this radio label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse period with this radio label
+in the thiamine newly synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thiamine newly synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thiamine newly synthesized
+polypeptides are labeled and that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are labeled and that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides are labeled and that allows
+us to see specifically what newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to see specifically what newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to see specifically what newly
+synthesized polypeptides DNA k j ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides DNA k j ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized polypeptides DNA k j ER
+interacting with okay without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with okay without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with okay without the
+background of everything else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of everything else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of everything else in the
+cell and why do we care about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and why do we care about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and why do we care about that
+imagine if we didn't somehow label to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if we didn't somehow label to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if we didn't somehow label to
+discriminate these newly synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate these newly synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate these newly synthesized
+polypeptides right we could pull down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides right we could pull down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides right we could pull down
+many things and the immuno precipitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things and the immuno precipitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things and the immuno precipitation
+but we'd have no sense as to how long a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd have no sense as to how long a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd have no sense as to how long a
+given polypeptide existed in the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polypeptide existed in the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polypeptide existed in the cell so
+maybe it was newly synthesized maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was newly synthesized maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was newly synthesized maybe it
+had been around a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been around a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been around a long time and
+something happened to it such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened to it such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened to it such that it
+wasn't in a native fold and Deanna Kay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in a native fold and Deanna Kay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in a native fold and Deanna Kay
+interacted with it okay so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with it okay so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with it okay so that that's
+the key point with these pulse chase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point with these pulse chase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point with these pulse chase and
+this labeling for a short time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeling for a short time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeling for a short time period
+okay so the researchers had an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the researchers had an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the researchers had an antibody
+to DNA k they had to test its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DNA k they had to test its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to DNA k they had to test its
+specificity as we discussed for grow al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity as we discussed for grow al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity as we discussed for grow al
+grow yes and then after immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes and then after immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow yes and then after immuno
+precipitation it's necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation it's necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation it's necessary
+to do the analysis and so as I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the analysis and so as I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the analysis and so as I noticed
+noted last time in this particular study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted last time in this particular study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted last time in this particular study
+the analyses were less sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyses were less sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analyses were less sophisticated
+than what we saw for grow Al Groh es so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we saw for grow Al Groh es so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we saw for grow Al Groh es so
+they just used one dimensional sds-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just used one dimensional sds-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just used one dimensional sds-page
+which we're all pretty familiar with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're all pretty familiar with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're all pretty familiar with and
+they didn't extend it to mass spec but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't extend it to mass spec but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't extend it to mass spec but
+with that said there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that said there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that said there are a number of
+observations that are helpful that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that are helpful that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that are helpful that come
+from this study so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this study so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this study so what we're going to
+do is examine their gels and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is examine their gels and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is examine their gels and see what
+conclusions we can come up with okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we can come up with okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions we can come up with okay so
+this is their experiment number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their experiment number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their experiment number one and
+what they did was look at the soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was look at the soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was look at the soluble
+crude cell extracts that were generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude cell extracts that were generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude cell extracts that were generated
+in this pulse chase experiment okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pulse chase experiment okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pulse chase experiment okay and
+so what do we see in terms of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see in terms of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see in terms of how the
+data is presented right we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is presented right we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is presented right we have two
+lanes on the left one and two that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes on the left one and two that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lanes on the left one and two that are
+basically total cytoplasmic protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically total cytoplasmic protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically total cytoplasmic protein and
+then the lanes three through six on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lanes three through six on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lanes three through six on the
+right are four samples that were treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are four samples that were treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are four samples that were treated
+immunoprecipitated with this anti DNA k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoprecipitated with this anti DNA k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunoprecipitated with this anti DNA k
+antibody okay so something that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody okay so something that was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody okay so something that was done
+in these experiments that was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiments that was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these experiments that was different
+than the grow we grow al grow es work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the grow we grow al grow es work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the grow we grow al grow es work is
+that they used two different eco lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used two different eco lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used two different eco lie
+strains so they used a wild type e coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains so they used a wild type e coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains so they used a wild type e coli
+strain so that strain expresses DNA k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain so that strain expresses DNA k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain so that strain expresses DNA k
+and they also used a mutant eco like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also used a mutant eco like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also used a mutant eco like
+that is deficient in DNA k so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is deficient in DNA k so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is deficient in DNA k so that's
+what this delta DNA k means so they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this delta DNA k means so they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this delta DNA k means so they did
+some genetic manipulation and knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genetic manipulation and knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genetic manipulation and knocked
+out DNA k okay and as we learned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out DNA k okay and as we learned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out DNA k okay and as we learned in the
+introduction these chaperone system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction these chaperone system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction these chaperone system is
+not not essential so what do we see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not essential so what do we see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not essential so what do we see if
+we work through this gel and first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work through this gel and first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work through this gel and first we
+just want to kind of go over what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of go over what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of go over what what
+the data show and then why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data show and then why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data show and then why that's
+important here so if we compare lanes 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here so if we compare lanes 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here so if we compare lanes 1
+& 2 what delaine's wanted to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the total cell lysate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the total cell lysate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the total cell lysate you
+know soluble fraction from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know soluble fraction from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know soluble fraction from either
+wild-type e.coli or Delta DNA k and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type e.coli or Delta DNA k and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type e.coli or Delta DNA k and why
+do we care to run these so no immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care to run these so no immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care to run these so no immuno
+precipitation so I'll give you a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation so I'll give you a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation so I'll give you a start
+and then you all can contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you all can contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you all can contribute to the
+next ones okay so what I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones okay so what I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next ones okay so what I would say
+looking at these two lanes is first it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these two lanes is first it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these two lanes is first it
+looks like the total amount of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the total amount of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the total amount of protein
+and the distribution of these proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distribution of these proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distribution of these proteins
+is similar for both the wild-type e.coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar for both the wild-type e.coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar for both the wild-type e.coli
+and the Delta DNA k knockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta DNA k knockout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Delta DNA k knockout
+okay there's proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's proteins that are
+distributed across a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed across a wide range of
+molecular weights right from below 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weights right from below 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weights right from below 14
+kilo daltons to upwards of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons to upwards of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons to upwards of a hundred
+okay and why is this important to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and why is this important to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and why is this important to show
+one we want to see what the cell lysate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we want to see what the cell lysate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we want to see what the cell lysate
+looks like in the absence of immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like in the absence of immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like in the absence of immuno
+precipitation right and two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation right and two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation right and two it's
+important to know whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know whether or not
+knocking out DNA k has done anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking out DNA k has done anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocking out DNA k has done anything
+right to change to change those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to change to change those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to change to change those cells
+and at least at the level here it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least at the level here it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least at the level here it looks
+like in terms of the total cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of the total cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in terms of the total cellular
+polypeptide pool it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide pool it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide pool it's pretty much
+comparable in terms of total protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable in terms of total protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable in terms of total protein so
+what happens now here where we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now here where we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now here where we have this
+immuno precipitation so we have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation so we have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation so we have four
+different lanes we're gonna focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lanes we're gonna focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lanes we're gonna focus on
+three four and five and ignore six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and five and ignore six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four and five and ignore six
+basically in three we see immuno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in three we see immuno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in three we see immuno
+precipitation from the wild-type e.coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation from the wild-type e.coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation from the wild-type e.coli
+in four immuno precipitation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four immuno precipitation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four immuno precipitation with
+wild-type when the sample has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type when the sample has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type when the sample has been
+treated with SDS so we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with SDS so we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with SDS so we need to think
+about why that was done and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that was done and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that was done and what that
+experiment shows and then Lane five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment shows and then Lane five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment shows and then Lane five and
+the Delta DNA k knockout so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta DNA k knockout so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta DNA k knockout so first of all
+what does Lane 3 tell us can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Lane 3 tell us can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does Lane 3 tell us can you
+enrichment of higher molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of higher molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment of higher molecular weight
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+and as the note says that 15% of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the note says that 15% of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the note says that 15% of 15
+times more protein was loaded into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more protein was loaded into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more protein was loaded into this
+well so I think that's just so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think that's just so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think that's just so you can
+see the signal mm-hmm but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the signal mm-hmm but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the signal mm-hmm but I think that
+just shows to prove that the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows to prove that the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows to prove that the higher
+molecular weight proteins are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight proteins are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight proteins are more
+enriched in that way yeah so are many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in that way yeah so are many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched in that way yeah so are many so
+are many proteins immunoprecipitated yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many proteins immunoprecipitated yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many proteins immunoprecipitated yes
+right we see many bands across a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we see many bands across a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we see many bands across a range
+of molecular weights right and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular weights right and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecular weights right and then as
+Kenny said we're seeing much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenny said we're seeing much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenny said we're seeing much more
+intensity up here than down here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity up here than down here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity up here than down here right
+so it looks like polypeptides in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like polypeptides in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like polypeptides in the
+range of about 20 to about 60 killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of about 20 to about 60 killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of about 20 to about 60 killer
+Dalton's is are enriched so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's is are enriched so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's is are enriched so maybe
+there's some preference in that size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some preference in that size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some preference in that size
+range here so that's a good observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range here so that's a good observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range here so that's a good observation
+what do we see in lane 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what happened for this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so effectively the crude cell lysate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively the crude cell lysate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively the crude cell lysate
+those extracts were treated with SDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extracts were treated with SDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extracts were treated with SDS
+yeah so nothing bound right what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so nothing bound right what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so nothing bound right what do we
+see here just one band for DNA k so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here just one band for DNA k so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here just one band for DNA k so why
+didn't DNA k bind anything nature and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't DNA k bind anything nature and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't DNA k bind anything nature and it
+will denature things they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denature things they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will denature things they don't need to
+be on a gel if you add that to a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a gel if you add that to a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on a gel if you add that to a sample
+you'll have denaturation right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have denaturation right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have denaturation right so when
+these samples were denatured DNA k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples were denatured DNA k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these samples were denatured DNA k
+didn't find do we think that the SDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find do we think that the SDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find do we think that the SDS
+denatured DNA k itself right so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured DNA k itself right so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured DNA k itself right so we do
+see one band here is that surprising I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one band here is that surprising I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one band here is that surprising I
+mean DNA if the DNA k line is suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean DNA if the DNA k line is suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean DNA if the DNA k line is suggesting
+that that's the molecular weight of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the molecular weight of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the molecular weight of DNA
+k it's around there and the antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it's around there and the antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k it's around there and the antibody
+you're using to do any no precipitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using to do any no precipitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using to do any no precipitation
+I mean would likely probably still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean would likely probably still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean would likely probably still be
+other by yeah so the antibody was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by yeah so the antibody was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by yeah so the antibody was still
+able to find right what kind of jealous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find right what kind of jealous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find right what kind of jealous
+is what's sds-page about how is it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's sds-page about how is it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's sds-page about how is it being
+monitored hold space right so it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored hold space right so it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored hold space right so it's you
+know we're looking at radioactivity too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're looking at radioactivity too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're looking at radioactivity too
+so just to keep that in mind for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to keep that in mind for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to keep that in mind for the
+band right that's what's allowing us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right that's what's allowing us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right that's what's allowing us to
+see what about Lane 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it shows that in the dump - the nak line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that in the dump - the nak line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows that in the dump - the nak line
+that nothing's pulled down by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing's pulled down by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nothing's pulled down by the
+immunity precipitation right so no DNA k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity precipitation right so no DNA k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunity precipitation right so no DNA k
+nothing's pulled down this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's pulled down this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's pulled down this is a very
+helpful control right because imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful control right because imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful control right because imagine if
+you did see bins that would indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did see bins that would indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did see bins that would indicate
+that there's some lack of selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some lack of selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some lack of selectivity
+with this immunoprecipitation step so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this immunoprecipitation step so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this immunoprecipitation step so I
+think that's quite a nice experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's quite a nice experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's quite a nice experiment
+they added into this this piece of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added into this this piece of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they added into this this piece of work
+here ok so moving on to their next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok so moving on to their next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok so moving on to their next
+experiment right what happens during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right what happens during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right what happens during the
+chase if we look at different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase if we look at different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase if we look at different time
+points during the chase period so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during the chase period so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during the chase period so this
+is similar again to what was done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar again to what was done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar again to what was done with
+the grow yellow yes study so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grow yellow yes study so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grow yellow yes study so what we're
+looking at is a 1d SDS page we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is a 1d SDS page we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is a 1d SDS page we have the
+molecular weight marker all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight marker all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight marker all of these are
+with the immuno precipitation and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the immuno precipitation and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the immuno precipitation and we're
+looking at tines from you know below one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tines from you know below one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tines from you know below one
+minute up to 10 minutes so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute up to 10 minutes so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute up to 10 minutes so the question
+is what do we see in these data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we're seeing fewer proteins as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're seeing fewer proteins as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're seeing fewer proteins as
+time passes right let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes right let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time passes right let's start with the
+first time point here does that look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time point here does that look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time point here does that look to
+be in pretty good agreement to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in pretty good agreement to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in pretty good agreement to what we
+saw in the prior slide right we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the prior slide right we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the prior slide right we see that
+there's a number of polypeptides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of polypeptides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of polypeptides that
+DNA k is interacting with right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA k is interacting with right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA k is interacting with right and
+there over a range of molecular weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there over a range of molecular weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there over a range of molecular weights
+right and then exactly as we just heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then exactly as we just heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then exactly as we just heard
+as time progresses what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time progresses what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as time progresses what we see is
+overall there's fewer polypeptides but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall there's fewer polypeptides but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall there's fewer polypeptides but
+it looks like there's fewer polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's fewer polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like there's fewer polypeptides
+of lower molecular weight here so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower molecular weight here so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lower molecular weight here so what
+does this suggest if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this suggest if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this suggest if you're going to
+interpret the data you know so maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the data you know so maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the data you know so maybe the
+holding there is complete over this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there is complete over this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding there is complete over this time
+or it's complete to a point that DNA K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's complete to a point that DNA K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's complete to a point that DNA K
+isn't needed anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't needed anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't needed anymore
+right here what do you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what do you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here what do you think about the
+DNA k pinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah quite constant so does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah quite constant so does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah quite constant so does that make
+sense yeah why does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this photos over on Shakeology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photos over on Shakeology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this photos over on Shakeology
+Yeah right so there was some newly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so there was some newly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right so there was some newly what
+this indicates right there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates right there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indicates right there was some
+newly synthesized DNA k in there was 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly synthesized DNA k in there was 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newly synthesized DNA k in there was 15
+seconds of the pulse right and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of the pulse right and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of the pulse right and that has
+stuck around and that's all I'm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around and that's all I'm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck around and that's all I'm you know
+precipitated to the same degree in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitated to the same degree in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitated to the same degree in each
+sample here so what about this data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample here so what about this data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample here so what about this data here
+and then how how helpful is this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how how helpful is this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how how helpful is this data
+right so effectively what was done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so effectively what was done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so effectively what was done is
+radioactivity was measured by liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity was measured by liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity was measured by liquid
+scintillation counting okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counting okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counting okay so they
+measured the total reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the total reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the total reactivity
+radioactivity in each sample prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in each sample prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in each sample prior to
+separation and then they've converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and then they've converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and then they've converted
+that to some arbitrary scale of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to some arbitrary scale of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to some arbitrary scale of proteins
+bound to DNA k right so we see that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to DNA k right so we see that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to DNA k right so we see that over
+time the total react radio activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the total react radio activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the total react radio activity
+decreases and effectively comes to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and effectively comes to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases and effectively comes to some
+sort of plateau so that's just some nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plateau so that's just some nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plateau so that's just some nice
+quantitation in terms of what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation in terms of what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation in terms of what we see
+here in the gel right is quite easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the gel right is quite easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the gel right is quite easy to
+measure the total radioactivity in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the total radioactivity in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the total radioactivity in a
+sample and you get a measure of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and you get a measure of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and you get a measure of that
+from liquid scintillation counting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid scintillation counting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from liquid scintillation counting and
+then you can look at the gel right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can look at the gel right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can look at the gel right and
+they're in good agreement there and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in good agreement there and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in good agreement there and as I
+said this is completely arbitrary what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is completely arbitrary what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is completely arbitrary what's
+on the y-axis so do these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis so do these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis so do these experiments
+tell us much about the specifics of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us much about the specifics of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us much about the specifics of DNA
+k function so we see polypeptides being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k function so we see polypeptides being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k function so we see polypeptides being
+bound we see over time that fewer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we see over time that fewer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound we see over time that fewer are
+bound what what's actually happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound what what's actually happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound what what's actually happening in
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah right I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah right I agree
+so is it acting as a full base is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it acting as a full base is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is it acting as a full base is it
+acting as an whole day and unfold ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as an whole day and unfold ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as an whole day and unfold ace
+that that's not clear from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not clear from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not clear from the data
+presented in these experiments and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in these experiments and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in these experiments and I'd
+say overall you know there studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say overall you know there studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say overall you know there studies that
+show different things depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show different things depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show different things depending on the
+system there for this so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there for this so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there for this so that's where
+we're going to close with the chaperone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to close with the chaperone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to close with the chaperone
+systems and where we're going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and where we're going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and where we're going to move
+into actually one more comment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually one more comment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actually one more comment right
+before closing on the chaperones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before closing on the chaperones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before closing on the chaperones you
+know what happens if certain ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens if certain ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens if certain ones are
+deleted so just to reiterate not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted so just to reiterate not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted so just to reiterate not all of
+these systems are required for cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems are required for cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems are required for cell
+viability of e.coli it's only grow Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of e.coli it's only grow Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of e.coli it's only grow Al
+Groh yes right so you might ask if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groh yes right so you might ask if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Groh yes right so you might ask if you
+know trigger factor or DNA or DNA J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trigger factor or DNA or DNA J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trigger factor or DNA or DNA J is
+deleted kind of what happens in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted kind of what happens in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted kind of what happens in the cell
+to keep things functioning properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep things functioning properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep things functioning properly and
+just kind of one observation if trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of one observation if trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of one observation if trigger
+factors deleted okay there's no growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors deleted okay there's no growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors deleted okay there's no growth
+phenotype is that surprising right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is that surprising right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is that surprising right that
+observation may depend on growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation may depend on growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation may depend on growth
+conditions but say you're in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but say you're in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but say you're in some
+standard growth conditions what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard growth conditions what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard growth conditions what's
+observed is that in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed is that in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed is that in the absence of
+trigger factor DNA k and j can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor DNA k and j can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger factor DNA k and j can basically
+compensate for that loss of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for that loss of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for that loss of function
+okay but then if T trigger factor MD&A k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but then if T trigger factor MD&A k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but then if T trigger factor MD&A k
+are deleted at higher temperatures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deleted at higher temperatures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deleted at higher temperatures that
+becomes lethal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes lethal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes lethal here
+okay the cells can't cope for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the cells can't cope for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the cells can't cope for that but
+at lower temperature grow al grow yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower temperature grow al grow yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower temperature grow al grow yes
+can compensate for that loss of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compensate for that loss of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compensate for that loss of function
+okay so we're on to protein degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're on to protein degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're on to protein degradation
+there's some credit incredible macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some credit incredible macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some credit incredible macro
+molecular machines involved in this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machines involved in this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machines involved in this unit
+here and we'll move on to that one come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll move on to that one come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we'll move on to that one come
+Wednesday just if we think about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday just if we think about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday just if we think about where
+we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going
+with lifecycle of a protein right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lifecycle of a protein right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lifecycle of a protein right we've
+gone from synthesis to folding we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from synthesis to folding we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone from synthesis to folding we've
+learned that miss folding can occur okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that miss folding can occur okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that miss folding can occur okay
+and at some point these polypeptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point these polypeptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point these polypeptides
+whether they're folded or unfolded need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're folded or unfolded need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're folded or unfolded need
+to be degraded so they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be degraded so they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be degraded so they have some
+lifetime in the cell okay and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime in the cell okay and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime in the cell okay and so we can
+think about proteases so classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about proteases so classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about proteases so classical
+enzymes like trypsin and we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes like trypsin and we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes like trypsin and we can think
+about proteasome x'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which are degradation chambers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which are degradation chambers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which are degradation chambers okay
+and these players are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these players are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these players are really important
+because they have a role big picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a role big picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a role big picture in
+controlling you know the dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling you know the dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling you know the dynamics and
+lifetimes of all proteins and cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are some of our questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of our questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of our questions for
+this module wire proteins degraded we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module wire proteins degraded we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this module wire proteins degraded we
+just said a little bit about that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a little bit about that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said a little bit about that how
+our proteins degraded and what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proteins degraded and what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proteins degraded and what types of
+proteases exist will breach briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases exist will breach briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases exist will breach briefly
+today touch upon the general catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today touch upon the general catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today touch upon the general catalytic
+mechanisms because that's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms because that's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms because that's important to
+have a background for thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a background for thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a background for thinking about the
+degradation chambers so you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chambers so you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chambers so you know what
+are the general mechanisms and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the general mechanisms and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the general mechanisms and what are
+the active site machineries protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site machineries protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site machineries protease
+inhibitors are really important at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are really important at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors are really important at the
+lab bench and they also have a big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab bench and they also have a big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab bench and they also have a big role
+in therapeutics and so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in therapeutics and so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in therapeutics and so we'll talk about
+those a bit here and then moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a bit here and then moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those a bit here and then moving into
+protein degradation machines we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation machines we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein degradation machines we're going
+to look at clip XP from ecoli as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at clip XP from ecoli as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at clip XP from ecoli as the
+case study so we need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study so we need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study so we need to think about
+what are the structures of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the structures of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the structures of these
+degradation machines what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation machines what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation machines what are the
+mechanisms how do they differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms how do they differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms how do they differ in
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prokaryotes and eukaryotes so after
+Spring Break Joanne we'll spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break Joanne we'll spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spring Break Joanne we'll spend some
+time talking about the eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about the eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about the eukaryotic
+proteasome there we won't talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome there we won't talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome there we won't talk about it
+as much immediately here but what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much immediately here but what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much immediately here but what we'll
+come back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later
+and how are proteins that are destined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are proteins that are destined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how are proteins that are destined
+for degradation by a protease at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for degradation by a protease at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for degradation by a protease at home
+tagged to get to that destination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged to get to that destination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged to get to that destination so
+here are topics an overview which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are topics an overview which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are topics an overview which is
+where we'll focus today and then looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll focus today and then looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll focus today and then looking
+at clip XP and down the road the 26s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at clip XP and down the road the 26s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at clip XP and down the road the 26s
+proteasome so first thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so first thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so first thinking about
+proteases some general points to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases some general points to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases some general points to get
+everyone up to speed so I think as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone up to speed so I think as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone up to speed so I think as we
+all know proteases catalyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know proteases catalyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know proteases catalyze the
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds so we can
+just think of some peptide and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of some peptide and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of some peptide and that
+peptide bond gets hydrolyzed to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond gets hydrolyzed to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide bond gets hydrolyzed to give us
+these products here why do we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products here why do we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these products here why do we need a
+peptide our sorry a protease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide our sorry a protease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide our sorry a protease the
+bottom-line is just that spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-line is just that spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom-line is just that spontaneous
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds is very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds is very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis of peptide bonds is very slow
+so we can leave a protein or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can leave a protein or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can leave a protein or a
+polypeptide on the bench top and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide on the bench top and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide on the bench top and maybe
+it will unfold maybe it will precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will unfold maybe it will precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will unfold maybe it will precipitate
+but it's not going to have the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to have the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to have the peptide
+bonds being broken unless something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds being broken unless something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds being broken unless something else
+has been been done to it right so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been been done to it right so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been been done to it right so we can
+think about a half-life on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a half-life on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a half-life on the order of
+seven years and so protease is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years and so protease is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years and so protease is give
+tremendous rate accelerations I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous rate accelerations I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous rate accelerations I'm on the
+order of 10 to the ninth and we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the ninth and we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to the ninth and we can just
+think about chemistry for a minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about chemistry for a minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about chemistry for a minute and
+what we might do as the chemist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might do as the chemist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might do as the chemist to
+hydrolyze a peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze a peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze a peptide bond
+so hydrolysis is pH dependent and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrolysis is pH dependent and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrolysis is pH dependent and so in
+chemistry we'll use acid or base to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we'll use acid or base to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry we'll use acid or base to
+hydrolyze the peptide bond and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze the peptide bond and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze the peptide bond and we can
+think about base catalyzed reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about base catalyzed reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about base catalyzed reactions
+such as this one where we have a ROH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this one where we have a ROH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this one where we have a ROH
+minus group attacking or acid catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus group attacking or acid catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus group attacking or acid catalyzed
+reactions as this one here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as this one here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as this one here okay so
+effectively we can just think about pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we can just think about pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively we can just think about pH
+dependence of hydrolysis just if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of hydrolysis just if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of hydrolysis just if we have
+rate we have pH something on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we have pH something on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we have pH something on the order
+of this right where we have enhancements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right where we have enhancements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right where we have enhancements
+at low and high pH and a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low and high pH and a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low and high pH and a relative
+minimum at neutral pH here for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these types of chemistry is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these types of chemistry is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these types of chemistry is going to
+come up in the context of the protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the context of the protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in the context of the protease
+enzymes depending on the type as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes depending on the type as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes depending on the type as we'll
+see in a few slides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can think about proteases as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about proteases as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about proteases as being
+irreversible biological switches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible biological switches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible biological switches that
+these reactions are irreversible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions are irreversible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions are irreversible and
+what does this mean from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean from the standpoint
+of the cell it means that the cell needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell it means that the cell needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell it means that the cell needs
+to some way some way to handle and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some way some way to handle and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some way some way to handle and deal
+with these proteases right such they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these proteases right such they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these proteases right such they
+don't cause unnecessary hydrolysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cause unnecessary hydrolysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cause unnecessary hydrolysis of
+polypeptides that would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides that would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides that would be very
+deleterious to the cell right if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleterious to the cell right if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleterious to the cell right if a
+protease was running rampant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease was running rampant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease was running rampant and
+hydrolyzing proteins that it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzing proteins that it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzing proteins that it shouldn't
+hear so what are some strategies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear so what are some strategies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear so what are some strategies that
+the cell can use one cells are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell can use one cells are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell can use one cells are quite
+good at controlling protease activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at controlling protease activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at controlling protease activity
+both in terms of space and time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of space and time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of space and time and
+there's a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variety of different
+strategies depending on the locale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies depending on the locale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies depending on the locale and
+the protease so regulation is really key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease so regulation is really key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease so regulation is really key
+here and some examples are provided here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and some examples are provided here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and some examples are provided here
+so one is not proteases will be stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is not proteases will be stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is not proteases will be stored
+as zymogens or inactivated precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zymogens or inactivated precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zymogens or inactivated precursors
+and they'll have to be some of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have to be some of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have to be some of them that
+activates the zymogen to give the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the zymogen to give the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the zymogen to give the active
+protease proteases can be stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease proteases can be stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease proteases can be stored in
+separate organelles here so these might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate organelles here so these might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate organelles here so these might
+be as I imagine granules or lysosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as I imagine granules or lysosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as I imagine granules or lysosomes
+and sometimes they're stored with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes they're stored with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes they're stored with a
+protease inhibitor as well and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease inhibitor as well and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease inhibitor as well and another
+strategy which is really the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which is really the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy which is really the strategy
+we're going to focus on as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus on as we move
+forward in this module is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in this module is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in this module is that
+degradation chambers are used such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chambers are used such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chambers are used such that
+you have this huge macro molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this huge macro molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this huge macro molecular
+machine where all of the protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where all of the protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine where all of the protease
+activity is in the inside and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is in the inside and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is in the inside and what this
+means is that somehow a condemned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that somehow a condemned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that somehow a condemned
+protein that needs to be degraded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that needs to be degraded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that needs to be degraded by
+this machine needs to be tagged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine needs to be tagged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine needs to be tagged and
+there needs to be some mechanism to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be some mechanism to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be some mechanism to get
+it in the inside of the chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the inside of the chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the inside of the chamber
+so effectively degradation will limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively degradation will limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively degradation will limit
+access of the active sites to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access of the active sites to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access of the active sites to the rest
+of the cellular environment so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cellular environment so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cellular environment so that's
+what we see in clip XP and this 26s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in clip XP and this 26s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see in clip XP and this 26s
+proteasome just to note so just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome just to note so just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome just to note so just the
+other week and see any newest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other week and see any newest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other week and see any newest
+there is a highlight of a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a highlight of a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a highlight of a pretty
+exciting paper so I noted that proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting paper so I noted that proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting paper so I noted that proteases
+are in of interest and important from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in of interest and important from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in of interest and important from
+therapeutic development and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic development and here's a
+little excerpt about a molecule shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excerpt about a molecule shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little excerpt about a molecule shown
+here that's found to hit the proteasome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's found to hit the proteasome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's found to hit the proteasome
+of malaria okay parasite and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of malaria okay parasite and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of malaria okay parasite and so
+hopefully by the end of this unit if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the end of this unit if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully by the end of this unit if you
+go back and read this you'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and read this you'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and read this you'll have some
+sense as to why is this a good inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to why is this a good inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to why is this a good inhibitor
+of the proteasome or a protease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proteasome or a protease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proteasome or a protease and
+what's going on in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in terms of the
+proteasome machinery here and how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome machinery here and how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome machinery here and how can we
+differentiate proteasomes from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate proteasomes from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate proteasomes from different
+organisms back to some of the strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms back to some of the strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms back to some of the strategies
+just an example of zymogen activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example of zymogen activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an example of zymogen activation
+and thinking a little bit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking a little bit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking a little bit from the
+perspective of the organism so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the organism so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the organism so here we
+can think about the gut we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the gut we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the gut we're in the
+small intestine so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small intestine so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small intestine so there's the
+epithelium the cells these are crypts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium the cells these are crypts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium the cells these are crypts
+and here's the lumen so that the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the lumen so that the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the lumen so that the space
+where the food goes through et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the food goes through et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the food goes through et cetera
+what can we see so inside the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we see so inside the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we see so inside the intestine
+there's a protease named in Tarot kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a protease named in Tarot kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a protease named in Tarot kinase
+and it has a role of activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a role of activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a role of activating
+trypsinogen so trypsinogen is a zymogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsinogen so trypsinogen is a zymogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsinogen so trypsinogen is a zymogen
+it's produced by the pancreas and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced by the pancreas and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's produced by the pancreas and the
+pancreas delivers trypsinogen and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas delivers trypsinogen and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas delivers trypsinogen and other
+things into the small intestine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the small intestine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the small intestine and so
+once that reaches the small intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that reaches the small intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that reaches the small intestine
+where its activity is needed it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where its activity is needed it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where its activity is needed it will be
+activated by the action of entero kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by the action of entero kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated by the action of entero kinase
+to give trypsin okay and then what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give trypsin okay and then what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give trypsin okay and then what can
+happen trypsin can also activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen trypsin can also activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen trypsin can also activate
+trypsinogen and it will also activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsinogen and it will also activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsinogen and it will also activate
+chymotrypsinogen to give chymotrypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chymotrypsinogen to give chymotrypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chymotrypsinogen to give chymotrypsin
+right so the net result here is protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the net result here is protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the net result here is protease
+activity and the intestinal lumen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the intestinal lumen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the intestinal lumen which
+is the extracellular space here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extracellular space here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extracellular space here and so
+there traveled in a form that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there traveled in a form that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there traveled in a form that they
+travel from the pancreas in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel from the pancreas in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel from the pancreas in a form
+that's inactive and then become active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inactive and then become active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inactive and then become active
+in the intestinal lumen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I said before proteases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before proteases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said before proteases are
+important and if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and if we think about this
+role in controlling dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in controlling dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in controlling dynamics and
+lifetimes of proteins and cells what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of proteins and cells what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetimes of proteins and cells what
+what are some of those roles and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of those roles and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of those roles and I guess
+I also point out this also they also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also point out this also they also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also point out this also they also can
+exist in the extracellular space so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the extracellular space so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the extracellular space so if
+we think about homeostasis and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about homeostasis and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about homeostasis and how
+proteases can regulate homeostasis just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases can regulate homeostasis just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases can regulate homeostasis just
+some examples they can remove Mis folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples they can remove Mis folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples they can remove Mis folded
+proteins or aggregated proteins they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or aggregated proteins they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or aggregated proteins they can
+provide them you know acids when needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them you know acids when needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide them you know acids when needed
+right so after destruction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so after destruction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so after destruction of a
+polypeptide you have small fragments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide you have small fragments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide you have small fragments or
+amino acid monomers and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid monomers and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid monomers and they can
+modulate many cellular functions so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate many cellular functions so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate many cellular functions so just
+some examples and this is to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and this is to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples and this is to show the
+broad range we can think about blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad range we can think about blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad range we can think about blood
+clotting the generation of hormones just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clotting the generation of hormones just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clotting the generation of hormones just
+digestion and recycling of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestion and recycling of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digestion and recycling of amino acids
+so energy harvesting on the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy harvesting on the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy harvesting on the cell cycle
+control of the cell cycle and even cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the cell cycle and even cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the cell cycle and even cell
+death so thinking about apoptosis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so thinking about apoptosis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so thinking about apoptosis here
+and if we just select two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we just select two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we just select two of these
+cellular functions and how preto gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular functions and how preto gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular functions and how preto gases
+play a role what I have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role what I have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role what I have here is the
+maturation of insulin a peptide hormone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation of insulin a peptide hormone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturation of insulin a peptide hormone
+and the blood coagulation cascade okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blood coagulation cascade okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blood coagulation cascade okay
+so if we take a look insulin is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a look insulin is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a look insulin is a really
+terrific molecule and if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific molecule and if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific molecule and if you're looking
+from some trivia not shown here and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some trivia not shown here and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some trivia not shown here and also
+binds ink and forms an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds ink and forms an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds ink and forms an interesting
+oligomers so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligomers so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligomers so if you're interested in
+metals and that's a good one but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and that's a good one but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and that's a good one but what do
+we see we see that insulin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we see that insulin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we see that insulin is
+synthesized as a pre pro peptide and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized as a pre pro peptide and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized as a pre pro peptide and so
+in blue we have a signal sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue we have a signal sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue we have a signal sequence and
+then we have these the chains here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have these the chains here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have these the chains here and
+look there's a bunch of cystines right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a bunch of cystines right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's a bunch of cystines right
+so there's action of a protease and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's action of a protease and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's action of a protease and what
+do we see the signal sequence is cleaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see the signal sequence is cleaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we see the signal sequence is cleaved
+and at some point in this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point in this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point in this process
+there's formation of disulfide bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formation of disulfide bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formation of disulfide bonds
+right in some regiospecific manner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some regiospecific manner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in some regiospecific manner so
+this is pro insulin and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pro insulin and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pro insulin and then what
+happens there's another protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's another protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's another protease
+cleavage event that gives us the mature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage event that gives us the mature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage event that gives us the mature
+form of insulin this grape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of insulin this grape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of insulin this grape
+Shayne here is removed okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shayne here is removed okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shayne here is removed okay so this is
+an example of a hormone being stored as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a hormone being stored as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a hormone being stored as
+an inactive precursor and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inactive precursor and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inactive precursor and actually
+there's many peptides that are stored as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many peptides that are stored as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many peptides that are stored as
+inactive precursors and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive precursors and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive precursors and then some
+protease has to come and cleave a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease has to come and cleave a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease has to come and cleave a pro
+region so in my group were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in my group were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in my group were interested in
+a family of anti bacterial peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of anti bacterial peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of anti bacterial peptides
+called defensins that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called defensins that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called defensins that are in the
+intestine and they have a pro region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine and they have a pro region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestine and they have a pro region and
+it's trypsin or another protease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trypsin or another protease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trypsin or another protease that
+comes along and has a cleavage event to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and has a cleavage event to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and has a cleavage event to
+release the active peptide so not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the active peptide so not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the active peptide so not not
+only limited to insulin here if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only limited to insulin here if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only limited to insulin here if we look
+at the blood coagulation cascade we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blood coagulation cascade we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the blood coagulation cascade we can
+imagine that we don't want blood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we don't want blood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we don't want blood to
+coagulate on whim right that'd be a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulate on whim right that'd be a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulate on whim right that'd be a huge
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so proteases are required to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteases are required to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so proteases are required to allow
+coagulation to occur and what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulation to occur and what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulation to occur and what we can see
+here is that prothrombin is converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that prothrombin is converted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that prothrombin is converted to
+thrombin by a protease and thrombin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrombin by a protease and thrombin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrombin by a protease and thrombin is a
+serine protease and we'll hear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine protease and we'll hear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine protease and we'll hear more
+about serine proteases in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about serine proteases in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about serine proteases in a little bit
+that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and
+as a result coagulation occurs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result coagulation occurs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result coagulation occurs and
+that's important for wounds and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for wounds and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important for wounds and there's
+many many other examples so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other examples so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many other examples so if we think
+about types of proteases and mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about types of proteases and mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about types of proteases and mechanisms
+of catalysis what I just would like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catalysis what I just would like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catalysis what I just would like you
+all to be aware of is that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to be aware of is that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to be aware of is that there's two
+general mechanisms and we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general mechanisms and we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general mechanisms and we can think
+about four different mechanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four different mechanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four different mechanistic
+varieties within that and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties within that and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties within that and so we can
+divide these up by proteases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide these up by proteases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide these up by proteases that are
+involved in covalent catalysis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis so
+there's formation of a covalent a Celyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formation of a covalent a Celyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formation of a covalent a Celyn
+enzyme intermediate and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme intermediate and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme intermediate and this is what
+we'll see for serine proteases cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see for serine proteases cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see for serine proteases cysteine
+proteases and threonine proteases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and threonine proteases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and threonine proteases so
+examples here quite relevant to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here quite relevant to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here quite relevant to this
+module as clip P is the serine protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module as clip P is the serine protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module as clip P is the serine protease
+and as you'll see later on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you'll see later on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you'll see later on the
+eukaryotic proteome is a threonine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic proteome is a threonine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic proteome is a threonine an
+n-terminal threonine protease the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal threonine protease the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal threonine protease the second
+general type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general type
+are proteases that accelerate the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proteases that accelerate the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proteases that accelerate the a
+direct attack of water on the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct attack of water on the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct attack of water on the substrate
+okay so this is non covalent catalysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is non covalent catalysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is non covalent catalysis
+and the types here are aspartyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the types here are aspartyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the types here are aspartyl
+proteases and zinc proteases so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and zinc proteases so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases and zinc proteases so there
+was a question a few lectures ago if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question a few lectures ago if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a question a few lectures ago if you
+know there's metal dependent proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's metal dependent proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's metal dependent proteases
+and the answer is yes zinc proteases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes zinc proteases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes zinc proteases and
+we can also think about these from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think about these from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also think about these from the
+standpoint of the acid and base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the acid and base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of the acid and base
+catalyzed chemistry we saw before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed chemistry we saw before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed chemistry we saw before so
+just for some trivia if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for some trivia if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for some trivia if we think about
+the human proteome 533 proteases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human proteome 533 proteases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human proteome 533 proteases and
+this is a count here so on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a count here so on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a count here so on the order of
+200 serine proteases 140 cysteine around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 serine proteases 140 cysteine around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 serine proteases 140 cysteine around
+119 metalloproteases and 21 aspartyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 metalloproteases and 21 aspartyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+119 metalloproteases and 21 aspartyl
+proteases so we have many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases so we have many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases so we have many of these
+enzymes to act at different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to act at different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to act at different different
+places and points if we take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and points if we take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and points if we take a look at
+the active site machinery what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site machinery what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the active site machinery what do we see
+so here we have the serine proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the serine proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have the serine proteases
+they have a catalytic triad comprised of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a catalytic triad comprised of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a catalytic triad comprised of
+aspartate a histidine and a serine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate a histidine and a serine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate a histidine and a serine here
+15 proteases we see a cysteine and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 proteases we see a cysteine and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 proteases we see a cysteine and a
+histidine and so these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and so these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and so these are the ones
+involved in covalent catalysis here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis here we
+have the non covalent catalysis so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the non covalent catalysis so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the non covalent catalysis so the
+aspartic acid or aspartyl protease we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid or aspartyl protease we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid or aspartyl protease we
+have to ask residues and here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask residues and here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask residues and here we have an
+example of a zinc protease where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a zinc protease where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a zinc protease where we see
+a single linked ion coordinated by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single linked ion coordinated by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single linked ion coordinated by 2
+histidines and in this case a glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidines and in this case a glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidines and in this case a glutamate
+and a bound water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bound water okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bound water okay
+so if we think about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about just
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the covalent versus non covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalent versus non covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covalent versus non covalent
+catalysis here I get further along so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis here I get further along so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis here I get further along so
+imagine we just have some dipeptide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we just have some dipeptide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we just have some dipeptide okay
+what we find in these enzymes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have what's called an oxyanion hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and we can think about the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+allowing attack as such so that are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing attack as such so that are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing attack as such so that are some
+nucleophile here so what do we get we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile here so what do we get we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile here so what do we get we
+get a covalent a so enzyme intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have the oxyanion hole and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have the oxyanion hole and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have the oxyanion hole and these
+are the serine and the cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the serine and the cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the serine and the cysteine
+proteases here okay and we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases here okay and we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases here okay and we'll go through
+in more detail and that can have them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail and that can have them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail and that can have them in
+a minute if we think about non covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+catalysis and again we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and again we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis and again we have our
+dipeptide okay we can just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide okay we can just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide okay we can just think about
+for a minute one of the metalloproteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute one of the metalloproteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute one of the metalloproteases
+right so in these cases the protease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in these cases the protease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in these cases the protease is
+accelerating the direct attack by water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so imagine we have some metal here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine we have some metal here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine we have some metal here that
+has water bound right what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has water bound right what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has water bound right what happens
+imagine we can deprotonate the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we can deprotonate the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we can deprotonate the water
+molecule and then there can be attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why does the metalloproteinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does the metalloproteinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does the metalloproteinase
+allow this to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's happening when the water binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening when the water binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's happening when the water binds
+to the metal that will facilitate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can think about the pKa of a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about the pKa of a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about the pKa of a water
+molecule right and what happens when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and what happens when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right and what happens when a
+modern molecule is bound to a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern molecule is bound to a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern molecule is bound to a metal
+right say zinc so how do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say zinc so how do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right say zinc so how do we think about
+a metal yeah right we have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal yeah right we have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal yeah right we have a general
+lewis acid here here so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis acid here here so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis acid here here so what's going to
+be effective the pKa of the bound water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective the pKa of the bound water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective the pKa of the bound water
+relative to unbound water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we're going to lower the pKa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to lower the pKa of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to lower the pKa of
+the bound water which is going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound water which is going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound water which is going to help
+generate the nucleophile right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the nucleophile right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the nucleophile right so that's
+how it's facilitating the direct attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's facilitating the direct attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's facilitating the direct attack
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we're gonna do is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're gonna do is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're gonna do is look at
+the serine protease yeah example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serine protease yeah example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the serine protease yeah example in a
+bit more detail are the n-terminus d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail are the n-terminus d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail are the n-terminus d
+permitted or I'm just what was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitted or I'm just what was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitted or I'm just what was what was
+the what would it be a physiological pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never got nh3 plus right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got nh3 plus right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never got nh3 plus right so these are
+just showing a simple dipeptide that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing a simple dipeptide that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing a simple dipeptide that we
+have nh3 plus and there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nh3 plus and there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nh3 plus and there okay
+so just thinking about here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just thinking about here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just thinking about here this
+covalent catalysis so here's each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis so here's each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent catalysis so here's each
+protease type that active site in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease type that active site in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease type that active site in the
+nucleophile so in the case of the serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile so in the case of the serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile so in the case of the serine
+proteases the nucleophile is the serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases the nucleophile is the serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases the nucleophile is the serine
+side chain and i'm showing this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain and i'm showing this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain and i'm showing this because
+clip XP clip p protease uses serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP clip p protease uses serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP clip p protease uses serine
+protease chemistry here so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease chemistry here so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease chemistry here so what we
+observe in this overview is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in this overview is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in this overview is the
+generally accepted mechanism and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally accepted mechanism and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally accepted mechanism and we see
+formation and collapse of this covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and collapse of this covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and collapse of this covalent
+acyl enzyme intermediate so if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl enzyme intermediate so if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyl enzyme intermediate so if we take a
+look here we have a bound polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here we have a bound polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here we have a bound polypeptide
+this is the oxyanion hole provided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oxyanion hole provided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oxyanion hole provided by
+these two NH here we see the aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two NH here we see the aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two NH here we see the aspartate
+the histidine and the serine right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine and the serine right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine and the serine right so
+what do we see happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see happening here
+first there's formation of a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's formation of a tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first there's formation of a tetrahedral
+intermediate so there's an attack okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so there's an attack okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so there's an attack okay
+and here we have loss of the our NH 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have loss of the our NH 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we have loss of the our NH 2
+and here what do we see we see basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what do we see we see basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what do we see we see basically
+the histidine working on this water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine working on this water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine working on this water
+molecule we have collapse of this acyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we have collapse of this acyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule we have collapse of this acyl
+Ensign intermediate another tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensign intermediate another tetrahedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensign intermediate another tetrahedral
+intermediate and release of the acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and release of the acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and release of the acid
+product here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here okay
+so in thinking about this we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in thinking about this we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in thinking about this we think about
+the histidine as being a general acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine as being a general acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the histidine as being a general acid
+general base involved in general acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base involved in general acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general base involved in general acid
+base catalysis a proton carrier we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalysis a proton carrier we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base catalysis a proton carrier we see
+this act oxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act oxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act oxy
+and I in hole providing stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in hole providing stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I in hole providing stabilization
+here and here right we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here right we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here right we have this
+negative charge and something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge and something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge and something that you
+need to think about are the pka's if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about are the pka's if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about are the pka's if we
+think about just PK's of amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just PK's of amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just PK's of amino acids and
+how this chemistry is happening right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this chemistry is happening right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this chemistry is happening right so
+what is a little bit mysterious here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a little bit mysterious here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a little bit mysterious here
+based on our knowledge of PK's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our knowledge of PK's of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on our knowledge of PK's of the
+catalytic triad and they give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic triad and they give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic triad and they give some
+approximate values just for serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate values just for serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate values just for serine
+histidine and aspartate here each proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and aspartate here each proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histidine and aspartate here each proton
+abstraction is five is being done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction is five is being done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction is five is being done by
+something that should should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that should should
+theoretically have a lower PK so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically have a lower PK so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically have a lower PK so you
+have an aspartate extracting a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aspartate extracting a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an aspartate extracting a proton
+from a histidine which is extracting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a histidine which is extracting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a histidine which is extracting a
+proton from Syria so there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton from Syria so there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton from Syria so there has to be a
+lot of perturbation of the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of perturbation of the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of perturbation of the system to
+attack from here right there needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from here right there needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from here right there needs to be
+a lot of perturbation to PK's for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of perturbation to PK's for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of perturbation to PK's for this
+to work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work right
+how is easy is it to deprotonate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is easy is it to deprotonate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is easy is it to deprotonate a
+serine by a typical histidine that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine by a typical histidine that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine by a typical histidine that's not
+going to happen based on PKA right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen based on PKA right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen based on PKA right so
+there's something about this active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about this active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something about this active site
+and the environment that's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the environment that's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the environment that's going to give
+perturbation of these values if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of these values if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of these values if we just
+move beyond this cartoon form for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move beyond this cartoon form for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move beyond this cartoon form for a
+minute and just look at the catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and just look at the catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and just look at the catalytic
+triad from chymotrypsin from a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triad from chymotrypsin from a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triad from chymotrypsin from a crystal
+structure this is the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is the orientation of the
+serine histidine and aspartate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine histidine and aspartate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine histidine and aspartate and
+something to keep in mind is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind is not
+different serine proteases or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different serine proteases or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different serine proteases or different
+protease in general have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease in general have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease in general have different
+substrate specificities which means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate specificities which means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate specificities which means they
+prefer to cut before or after a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cut before or after a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to cut before or after a given
+type of amino acid depending on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of amino acid depending on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of amino acid depending on the side
+chain and this is just a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and this is just a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and this is just a cartoon
+depiction indicating that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction indicating that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction indicating that you know
+here's the peptide here's some side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the peptide here's some side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the peptide here's some side
+chain and there's some recognition site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and there's some recognition site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and there's some recognition site
+here so there's a degree of substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a degree of substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's a degree of substrate
+discrimination for instance trypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination for instance trypsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination for instance trypsin
+likes to cut after arginine and lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to cut after arginine and lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to cut after arginine and lysine
+but it will cut at other places as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will cut at other places as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will cut at other places as well
+right chymotrypsin likes aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chymotrypsin likes aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chymotrypsin likes aromatic
+hydrophobic residues elastase like small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic residues elastase like small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic residues elastase like small
+uncharged residues here for that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncharged residues here for that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncharged residues here for that so you
+may have seen kind of diagrams or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen kind of diagrams or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have seen kind of diagrams or
+cartoons of specificity pockets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons of specificity pockets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons of specificity pockets for
+thinking about substrate discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about substrate discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about substrate discrimination
+amongst these proteases and I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these proteases and I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these proteases and I guess what
+I would just say is it's not so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just say is it's not so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would just say is it's not so simple
+as that that's those types of cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that that's those types of cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that that's those types of cartoons
+if we look at the structures of serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the structures of serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the structures of serine
+protease is just to compare what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is just to compare what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease is just to compare what we see
+is that for trypsin elastase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for trypsin elastase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for trypsin elastase and
+chymotrypsin they have similar overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chymotrypsin they have similar overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chymotrypsin they have similar overall
+structure so this is an overlay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is an overlay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is an overlay of the
+three enzymes and the catalytic triad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three enzymes and the catalytic triad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three enzymes and the catalytic triad is
+shown in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in red
+okay so despite this similar overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so despite this similar overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so despite this similar overall
+structure they have distinct substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they have distinct substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they have distinct substrate
+preferences and it's just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and it's just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and it's just something to
+be aware of so you're not responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of so you're not responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of so you're not responsible
+for the origins of this substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the origins of this substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the origins of this substrate
+discrimination and here's just a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and here's just a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination and here's just a view
+showing more about the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing more about the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing more about the secondary
+structure of trypsin shown here and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of trypsin shown here and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of trypsin shown here and in
+this case there's an inhibitor bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's an inhibitor bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's an inhibitor bound and
+I'll just note in terms of the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just note in terms of the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just note in terms of the substrate
+preference and these are the three types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference and these are the three types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference and these are the three types
+of activity we'll end up seeing within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity we'll end up seeing within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity we'll end up seeing within
+the proteosome then eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteosome then eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteosome then eukaryotic
+proteasome so if we just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so if we just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome so if we just have some
+polypeptide okay okay and so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide okay okay and so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide okay okay and so imagine
+we're thinking about hydrolysis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about hydrolysis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about hydrolysis here
+okay so the C terminal end of this amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the C terminal end of this amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the C terminal end of this amino
+acid with our one sidechain we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid with our one sidechain we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid with our one sidechain we think
+about the enzyme and the identity of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the enzyme and the identity of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the enzyme and the identity of our
+one the trypsin it prefers to cut after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the trypsin it prefers to cut after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the trypsin it prefers to cut after
+arginine or lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine or lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arginine or lysine
+okay so positive charge for chymotrypsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenylalanine tyrosine and also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine tyrosine and also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine tyrosine and also other
+ones like valine leucine and isoleucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like valine leucine and isoleucine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like valine leucine and isoleucine
+okay so aromatic plus hydrophobic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aromatic plus hydrophobic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aromatic plus hydrophobic and
+then a last case here we find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a last case here we find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a last case here we find that the
+last taste prefers to cut after small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last taste prefers to cut after small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last taste prefers to cut after small
+and if I'm boxing it these are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm boxing it these are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I'm boxing it these are the ones
+we think is most preferred small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is most preferred small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is most preferred small and
+uncharged residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some discrimination based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some discrimination based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some discrimination based on
+sidechain identity so where will close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidechain identity so where will close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidechain identity so where will close
+the general background is just with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general background is just with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general background is just with a
+note on proteases and disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on proteases and disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on proteases and disease and
+protease and Hashem so if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and Hashem so if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease and Hashem so if we consider
+various human diseases and proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various human diseases and proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various human diseases and proteases
+there's many many links and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many links and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many links and many
+proteases are implicated in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases are implicated in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases are implicated in a variety of
+diseases and pathologies and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and pathologies and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and pathologies and so this is
+the table just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table just to give you a sense of
+the breadth what we see in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breadth what we see in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breadth what we see in terms of the
+class is that all of the classes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that all of the classes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that all of the classes are
+represented here and that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here and that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here and that we see
+diseases ranging from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases ranging from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases ranging from you know
+cardiovascular problems to cancer etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular problems to cancer etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiovascular problems to cancer etc
+except marrow cystic fibrosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except marrow cystic fibrosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except marrow cystic fibrosis
+inflammation here okay so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation here okay so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation here okay so as a result
+there is quite a bit of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is quite a bit of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is quite a bit of interest in
+terms of the possibility of protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the possibility of protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the possibility of protease
+inhibitors as therapeutics and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors as therapeutics and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors as therapeutics and beyond
+that they're also widely used in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're also widely used in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're also widely used in the lab
+so how do these inhibitors work just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these inhibitors work just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do these inhibitors work just as
+a general rule of thumb to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule of thumb to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general rule of thumb to think about
+generally they react to form a covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they react to form a covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they react to form a covalent
+bond with the catalytic nucleophile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with the catalytic nucleophile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond with the catalytic nucleophile so
+for instance for the serine proteases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for the serine proteases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for the serine proteases
+they'll form some covalent bond with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form some covalent bond with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form some covalent bond with the
+active site serine residue and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site serine residue and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site serine residue and we can
+classify these inhibitors as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these inhibitors as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these inhibitors as being
+either reversible inhibitors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reversible inhibitors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reversible inhibitors or
+irreversible inhibitors so as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors so as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors so as those
+names indicate if it's a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names indicate if it's a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names indicate if it's a reversible
+inhibitor that covalent linkage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor that covalent linkage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor that covalent linkage between
+the protease or the proteasome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease or the proteasome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protease or the proteasome and the
+inhibitor can be broken down and types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor can be broken down and types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor can be broken down and types
+of reversible inhibitors for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reversible inhibitors for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reversible inhibitors for instance
+use aldehydes as the reactive group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aldehydes as the reactive group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use aldehydes as the reactive group so
+in contrast the irreversible inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast the irreversible inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast the irreversible inhibitors
+form a covalent linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a covalent linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a covalent linkage
+is not readily broken down with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not readily broken down with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not readily broken down with the
+catalytic nucleophile and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic nucleophile and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic nucleophile and so
+irreversible inhibitors include vinyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors include vinyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors include vinyl
+cellphones and if you go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphones and if you go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellphones and if you go back and look
+at that little excerpt from see any news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that little excerpt from see any news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that little excerpt from see any news
+about this molecule that's inhibiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule that's inhibiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule that's inhibiting
+the proteasome of malaria you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteasome of malaria you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteasome of malaria you'll see
+then it has a vinyl cellphone on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a vinyl cellphone on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a vinyl cellphone on its
+terminus here Epoque sides are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus here Epoque sides are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminus here Epoque sides are also
+employed okay and generally if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed okay and generally if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed okay and generally if we have
+inhibitors that block the function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors that block the function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors that block the function of a
+protease or a proteasome they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease or a proteasome they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease or a proteasome they're going
+to interfere with many critical cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with many critical cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interfere with many critical cellular
+functions right here and just in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right here and just in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right here and just in terms
+of cancer just some observations so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer just some observations so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer just some observations so it's
+been found that proliferating cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that proliferating cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been found that proliferating cells are
+sensitive to proteasome inhibitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to proteasome inhibitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to proteasome inhibitors and
+there are some proteasome inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some proteasome inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some proteasome inhibitors
+that can selectively induce apoptosis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can selectively induce apoptosis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can selectively induce apoptosis in
+proliferating cells and so cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferating cells and so cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferating cells and so cancer cells
+are proliferating and there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proliferating and there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proliferating and there's you know
+interest in use in the use of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in use in the use of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in use in the use of these as
+anti-cancer drugs so what I've included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs so what I've included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs so what I've included
+in these slides are some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these slides are some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these slides are some examples of
+inhibitors of each class and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors of each class and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors of each class and then the
+mechanisms here are just three molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms here are just three molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms here are just three molecules
+so we have either reversible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have either reversible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have either reversible or
+irreversible inhibitors right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible inhibitors right and what
+is there to kind of know looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there to kind of know looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there to kind of know looking at
+these molecules they're all polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules they're all polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules they're all polypeptide
+like right so there's amino acids or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right so there's amino acids or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like right so there's amino acids or
+moieties that was a little imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moieties that was a little imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moieties that was a little imagination
+we can think about as being somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about as being somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about as being somewhat
+similar and then we see these reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and then we see these reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and then we see these reactive
+groups on the terminus so the aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on the terminus so the aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups on the terminus so the aldehyde
+for instance the vinyl cellphone and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the vinyl cellphone and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the vinyl cellphone and so
+if you look at the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the structure of this
+molecule being used to inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule being used to inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule being used to inhibit the
+malaria proteasome there's some clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria proteasome there's some clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria proteasome there's some clear
+similarities to these here in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities to these here in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities to these here in terms of
+mechanisms we can think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms we can think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms we can think about these
+reversible inhibitors so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible inhibitors so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible inhibitors so for instance
+the chemistry with a peptide aldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry with a peptide aldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry with a peptide aldehyde
+here we're seeing the nucleophile of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're seeing the nucleophile of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're seeing the nucleophile of the
+eukaryotic pro video zome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic pro video zome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eukaryotic pro video zome which is
+really interesting because it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting because it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting because it's an
+n-terminal threonine that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal threonine that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-terminal threonine that's why we're
+seeing at drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing at drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing at drawn
+such here so we can have formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such here so we can have formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such here so we can have formation and
+collapse of this species here or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of this species here or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of this species here or in the
+case of the irreversible inhibitors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the irreversible inhibitors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the irreversible inhibitors we
+have the vinyl cellphone and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vinyl cellphone and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the vinyl cellphone and the
+chemistry that happens here for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that happens here for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that happens here for that and
+so if you're interested in these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in these I
+encourage you to look at the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to look at the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to look at the mechanisms
+a bit more and we'll see a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more and we'll see a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more and we'll see a little bit
+more on inhibitors being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on inhibitors being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on inhibitors being used
+experimentally as we go through the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally as we go through the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally as we go through the rest
+of this module so where we'll start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this module so where we'll start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this module so where we'll start on
+Wednesday is looking at the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is looking at the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday is looking at the structure of
+e.coli clip XP which is a degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli clip XP which is a degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.coli clip XP which is a degradation
+machine used to degrade certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine used to degrade certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine used to degrade certain
+condemned proteins there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CJCKTixMb70.txt b/CJCKTixMb70.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..372d20fac567a04fd5fc8728a03b8df93fa047d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CJCKTixMb70.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10120 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we're gonna we're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna we're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna we're gonna try
+to just I was given a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just I was given a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just I was given a little bit more
+time for more people to show up chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for more people to show up chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for more people to show up chat
+about what did we cover this semester so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what did we cover this semester so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what did we cover this semester so
+I'm gonna try to talk about we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to talk about we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna try to talk about we started
+out money and Ledger's and why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out money and Ledger's and why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out money and Ledger's and why does that
+matter and and and if you go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and and and if you go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and and and if you go away from
+all this Satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this Satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this Satoshi nakamoto's innovation
+what what is that again the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is that again the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is that again the economics of
+blockchain technology why the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology why the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology why the financial
+sector is so entwined in all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is so entwined in all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is so entwined in all of this
+though it's not the only place we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not the only place we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's not the only place we're
+going a little bit about crypto finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit about crypto finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a little bit about crypto finance
+and public policy frameworks and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public policy frameworks and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public policy frameworks and then
+wrap it up with a quote from Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it up with a quote from Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap it up with a quote from Ben
+Franklin will be the last thing we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin will be the last thing we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin will be the last thing we talk
+about at the end about paying it forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end about paying it forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end about paying it forward
+I don't know how many people read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many people read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how many people read the
+article I wrote for coin desk which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I wrote for coin desk which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I wrote for coin desk which will
+run in a day or two or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in a day or two or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in a day or two or something but
+that too is just like you know helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too is just like you know helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too is just like you know helped me
+wrap up the whole semester as I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the whole semester as I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up the whole semester as I told you
+I'm neither a maximalist or minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm neither a maximalist or minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm neither a maximalist or minimalist
+but in a few minutes I'm probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a few minutes I'm probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a few minutes I'm probably going
+to ask you all to kind of let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you all to kind of let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you all to kind of let me know
+where where you ended up so the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you ended up so the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you ended up so the role of
+money anybody remember the the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money anybody remember the the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money anybody remember the the role of
+money in an economy the three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medium of exchange unit of account store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange unit of account store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange unit of account store
+of value I don't think we really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value I don't think we really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value I don't think we really know
+and when we go through all the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we go through all the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we go through all the history
+and the archaeology of it which came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the archaeology of it which came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the archaeology of it which came
+first but all three really matter so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but all three really matter so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but all three really matter so how
+many people think that Bitcoin just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people think that Bitcoin just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people think that Bitcoin just
+Bitcoin I'm not talking about the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I'm not talking about the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I'm not talking about the other
+16 they're tokens Bitcoin fulfills these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 they're tokens Bitcoin fulfills these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 they're tokens Bitcoin fulfills these
+three roles of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three roles of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three roles of money
+James was that a hand up you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James was that a hand up you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James was that a hand up you're saying
+yes Alexis oh we got to Hugo somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Alexis oh we got to Hugo somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Alexis oh we got to Hugo somebody
+take the other side Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the other side Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the other side Tom
+that's it that's it a whole semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's it a whole semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's it a whole semester and
+you know you could say is nope nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could say is nope nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could say is nope nope
+alright anybody want to give more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright anybody want to give more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright anybody want to give more
+British British has not a store value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British British has not a store value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British British has not a store value
+but isn't is it's sixty billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but isn't is it's sixty billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but isn't is it's sixty billion dollars
+of value right now disagree it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value right now disagree it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value right now disagree it's
+volatile when you think of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile when you think of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile when you think of it in
+exchange of a dollar but if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of a dollar but if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange of a dollar but if you move
+your mindset a bit coin is a big one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mindset a bit coin is a big one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mindset a bit coin is a big one is
+a Bitcoin right it's it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bitcoin right it's it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bitcoin right it's it's only
+volatility oh my god here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility oh my god here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility oh my god here we go
+Ross but that same thing is true of corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross but that same thing is true of corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross but that same thing is true of corn
+right I'm with Brody shot I'm sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm with Brody shot I'm sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm with Brody shot I'm sorry you
+and the no camper the yes camp but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the no camper the yes camp but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the no camper the yes camp but it's
+a store of value no no is it a medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value no no is it a medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a store of value no no is it a medium of
+exchange yes oh so you can in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange yes oh so you can in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange yes oh so you can in those
+three buckets with the US dollars very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buckets with the US dollars very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buckets with the US dollars very
+good at being new in exchange very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at being new in exchange very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at being new in exchange very good
+at being a dependable store of value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being a dependable store of value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at being a dependable store of value and
+a steady unit of account but I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady unit of account but I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady unit of account but I mean you
+could also have like like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also have like like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also have like like you know
+bushel wheat or something be all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushel wheat or something be all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bushel wheat or something be all three
+of these things but it would be so fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things but it would be so fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things but it would be so fiat
+currency the reason why I think like US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the reason why I think like US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the reason why I think like US
+dollar is filled with he co-chairs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is filled with he co-chairs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar is filled with he co-chairs at
+you at the central bank that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the central bank that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at the central bank that actually
+backs up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my ability of the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability of the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my ability of the central bank
+where's Bitcoin so therefore I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Bitcoin so therefore I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Bitcoin so therefore I don't
+think the store of value so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the store of value so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the store of value so you think
+gee he say well there's no central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee he say well there's no central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee he say well there's no central bank
+behind it so maybe it doesn't hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it so maybe it doesn't hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it so maybe it doesn't hold up
+but if you take anything away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take anything away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you take anything away from the
+class and I'm going to have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I'm going to have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I'm going to have some other
+takeaways to remember the three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways to remember the three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaways to remember the three things
+that about the role of money but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about the role of money but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about the role of money but it's a
+social construct even with a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct even with a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct even with a central
+bank a central bank is ultimately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank a central bank is ultimately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank a central bank is ultimately we
+enshrine it in law we enshrine it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enshrine it in law we enshrine it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enshrine it in law we enshrine it in a
+big institution and bricks and mortar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big institution and bricks and mortar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big institution and bricks and mortar
+and columns usually there's always you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns usually there's always you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and columns usually there's always you
+always have to have those columns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have those columns but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to have those columns but
+it's still a social construct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a social construct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a social construct and
+Bitcoin does in some ways have all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin does in some ways have all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin does in some ways have all three
+of these it's just not broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these it's just not broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these it's just not broadly
+acceptable it's it's rarely used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable it's it's rarely used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable it's it's rarely used as a
+unit of account but it is sometimes used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of account but it is sometimes used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of account but it is sometimes used
+as a unit account in some initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit account in some initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit account in some initial coin
+offerings it's not used generally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings it's not used generally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings it's not used generally as a
+medium of exchange but some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange but some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange but some people are
+paid in Bitcoin some software developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid in Bitcoin some software developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid in Bitcoin some software developers
+are actually paid in in Bitcoin and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually paid in in Bitcoin and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually paid in in Bitcoin and it's
+sixty billion dollars it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty billion dollars it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty billion dollars it might be
+volatile it has a store value so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile it has a store value so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile it has a store value so I'm not
+trying to take maximalist or minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take maximalist or minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to take maximalist or minimalist
+but I'm probably between Tom and James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm probably between Tom and James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm probably between Tom and James
+because it does have all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does have all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does have all of those
+qualities and some extent in their early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities and some extent in their early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities and some extent in their early
+money remember some somewhere I walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money remember some somewhere I walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money remember some somewhere I walked
+down memory lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down memory lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down memory lane
+some of these early monies fell apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these early monies fell apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these early monies fell apart
+became extinct when they got to based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became extinct when they got to based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became extinct when they got to based
+and we talked about early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about early in the
+semester even the the story about it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester even the the story about it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester even the the story about it was
+I think of British when the British got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of British when the British got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of British when the British got
+to the island of Yap they went off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the island of Yap they went off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the island of Yap they went off a
+couple hundred miles and quarried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred miles and quarried the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred miles and quarried the
+stones and kept bringing more Yap stones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones and kept bringing more Yap stones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones and kept bringing more Yap stones
+there and all of a sudden they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and all of a sudden they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and all of a sudden they got to
+base so and then of course money turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so and then of course money turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base so and then of course money turned
+to paper money and on the bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paper money and on the bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paper money and on the bottom left
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+corner it started his warehouse receipts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner it started his warehouse receipts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner it started his warehouse receipts
+so that paper was just a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that paper was just a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that paper was just a representation
+of the store of value the metal or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the store of value the metal or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the store of value the metal or the
+corner or wheat that we had earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner or wheat that we had earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner or wheat that we had earlier
+another important thing was Ledger's who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing was Ledger's who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing was Ledger's who
+wants to remind the class what a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to remind the class what a ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to remind the class what a ledger
+is why do ledgers matter anybody wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do ledgers matter anybody wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do ledgers matter anybody wanna
+ledgers alright we didn't I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers alright we didn't I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledgers alright we didn't I didn't I
+clearly I I didn't make it on Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hugo Stewart transaction history what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo Stewart transaction history what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo Stewart transaction history what
+else their balances balances of accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else their balances balances of accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else their balances balances of accounts
+so it stores a balance and a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it stores a balance and a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it stores a balance and a transaction
+so it's you can think of it as a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you can think of it as a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you can think of it as a flow
+and a balance the flow is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a balance the flow is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a balance the flow is the
+transaction I give Hugo money regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction I give Hugo money regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction I give Hugo money regardless
+of who gives Hugo money here's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who gives Hugo money here's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who gives Hugo money here's his
+balance so like an income statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so like an income statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance so like an income statement and
+a balance sheet is a flow and a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance sheet is a flow and a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance sheet is a flow and a balance
+but Ledger's and keeping Ledger's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Ledger's and keeping Ledger's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Ledger's and keeping Ledger's go
+back thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back thousands of years
+so blockchain technology is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blockchain technology is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blockchain technology is really about
+money but it's also about a database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but it's also about a database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but it's also about a database
+that has Ledger's and Ledger's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Ledger's and Ledger's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Ledger's and Ledger's usually
+store things of value so then we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store things of value so then we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store things of value so then we got to
+fiat currency and fiat currency is G he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency and fiat currency is G he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency and fiat currency is G he
+said there was represented by central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was represented by central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there was represented by central
+bank notes central bank reserves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank notes central bank reserves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank notes central bank reserves and
+sand bank deposits so there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand bank deposits so there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand bank deposits so there's three
+things does anybody want to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things does anybody want to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things does anybody want to see if
+anybody listen in those classes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody listen in those classes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody listen in those classes I'm
+kidding around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding around
+Alon you're gonna say what are that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alon you're gonna say what are that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alon you're gonna say what are that why
+is that those three things they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those three things they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that those three things they're all
+forms of fiat money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer the question you want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it find it is allegedly backed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find it is allegedly backed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it find it is allegedly backed by the
+social understanding that the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social understanding that the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social understanding that the central
+bank will respect those right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank will respect those right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank will respect those right so it's
+actually your one to this it's accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your one to this it's accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your one to this it's accepted
+for taxes it's legal tender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taxes it's legal tender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taxes it's legal tender
+so actually society gets together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually society gets together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually society gets together
+through its Parliament through its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its Parliament through its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its Parliament through its
+executive and passes the law it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive and passes the law it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive and passes the law it says
+it's legal tender that gives it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal tender that gives it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legal tender that gives it's a huge
+leg up but this is what it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg up but this is what it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg up but this is what it's really
+about it has huge network effects and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it has huge network effects and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it has huge network effects and I
+wrote this in the coin desk article the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this in the coin desk article the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this in the coin desk article the
+question I have for any new currency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have for any new currency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have for any new currency is
+how does it compete with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it compete with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it compete with those
+incredible network effects and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible network effects and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible network effects and we talked
+about Facebook has incredible network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Facebook has incredible network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Facebook has incredible network
+effects because two billion members but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because two billion members but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because two billion members but
+even money as a technology has a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even money as a technology has a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even money as a technology has a network
+effect because people readily accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because people readily accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because people readily accepted
+as a unit of account a medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit of account a medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit of account a medium of
+exchange a store value and it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a store value and it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange a store value and it only
+losses that Network effect usually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses that Network effect usually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses that Network effect usually when
+it gets to based and people can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to based and people can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to based and people can't be
+confident that it's a good store value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that it's a good store value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that it's a good store value
+because somebody else can mint a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody else can mint a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somebody else can mint a lot of
+it or print a lot of it or a king starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or print a lot of it or a king starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or print a lot of it or a king starts
+to print too much of it but it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print too much of it but it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print too much of it but it has an
+extraordinary network effects on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary network effects on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary network effects on the
+other hand sometimes currencies are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand sometimes currencies are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand sometimes currencies are a
+little bit challenged like the euro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit challenged like the euro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit challenged like the euro
+right now well the URL ultimately work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now well the URL ultimately work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now well the URL ultimately work
+that's for a different class in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for a different class in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for a different class in a
+different lecture but will the URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture but will the URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lecture but will the URL
+ultimately work long term I I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately work long term I I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately work long term I I have my
+doubts whether it will work for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts whether it will work for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubts whether it will work for decades
+to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+because there's so many jurisdictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many jurisdictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's so many jurisdictions
+and there's not a unified fiscal account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not a unified fiscal account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's not a unified fiscal account
+not a unified economy and not for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a unified economy and not for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a unified economy and not for not
+truly free movement of labor across that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly free movement of labor across that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly free movement of labor across that
+that continent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that continent
+so that's fiat currency it's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fiat currency it's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's fiat currency it's sort of the
+game in town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in town
+than Satoshi nakamoto's was dressing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Satoshi nakamoto's was dressing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Satoshi nakamoto's was dressing and
+and you all read the eight page paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all read the eight page paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all read the eight page paper
+but that was the first line been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was the first line been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that was the first line been working
+on a new electronic cash system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a new electronic cash system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a new electronic cash system that's
+fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully peer-to-peer with no trusted third
+party basically as ji he said no central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party basically as ji he said no central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party basically as ji he said no central
+bank forget about that central bank that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank forget about that central bank that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank forget about that central bank that
+was the court inspiration that was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the court inspiration that was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the court inspiration that was there
+but interestingly it wasn't the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly it wasn't the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but interestingly it wasn't the first
+try and and we talked early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and and we talked early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and and we talked early in the
+semester about at least a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about at least a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester about at least a handful of
+early attempts that all failed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early attempts that all failed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early attempts that all failed because
+they they were still centralized like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were still centralized like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were still centralized like
+digi cash was still very centralized or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digi cash was still very centralized or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digi cash was still very centralized or
+they couldn't solve the double spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't solve the double spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't solve the double spending
+on the internet you can send an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet you can send an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet you can send an email
+twice it doesn't need a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice it doesn't need a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice it doesn't need a central
+authority so what if it gets copied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority so what if it gets copied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority so what if it gets copied but
+the double spending is the big issue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double spending is the big issue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double spending is the big issue so
+how did how did how did he solve it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did how did how did he solve it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did how did how did he solve it or
+she solve it does anybody still not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she solve it does anybody still not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she solve it does anybody still not know
+who Satoshi Nakamoto is no all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Satoshi Nakamoto is no all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who Satoshi Nakamoto is no all right I
+was hoping I was hoping so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping I was hoping so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hoping I was hoping so we talked
+about blocks of data blocks of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blocks of data blocks of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blocks of data blocks of data
+using cryptography and consensus so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cryptography and consensus so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using cryptography and consensus so if
+you're at a dinner party and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at a dinner party and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at a dinner party and you can't
+remember anything else from this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything else from this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything else from this class
+maybe just remembers there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just remembers there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just remembers there's something
+about blocks of data using a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blocks of data using a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blocks of data using a bunch of
+cryptography and consensus these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and consensus these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and consensus these slides
+are on canvas download this one slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on canvas download this one slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on canvas download this one slide
+you're the expert Nahan Narula actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the expert Nahan Narula actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the expert Nahan Narula actually
+created this slide and I've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this slide and I've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this slide and I've been using
+it a lot but anybody remember who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot but anybody remember who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot but anybody remember who
+invented this whole concept of blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this whole concept of blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this whole concept of blocks of
+data James Adam Beck is a good name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data James Adam Beck is a good name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data James Adam Beck is a good name but
+he's not the guy that invented this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not the guy that invented this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not the guy that invented this he
+invented something else which was proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something else which was proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something else which was proof
+of work timestamp append-only logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work timestamp append-only logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work timestamp append-only logs
+what's the longest running blockchain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longest running blockchain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the longest running blockchain in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+New York Times all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times all right
+here he is so - Bell Labs scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is so - Bell Labs scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he is so - Bell Labs scientists
+this is one of them - Bell lab scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of them - Bell lab scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of them - Bell lab scientist
+came up with this concept that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this concept that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this concept that you could
+take a bunch of data put it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bunch of data put it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bunch of data put it through
+what's called a cryptographic hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a cryptographic hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a cryptographic hash
+function and that's a commitment scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's a commitment scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's a commitment scheme
+you couldn't change it because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't change it because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't change it because if you
+changed anything the hash function would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed anything the hash function would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed anything the hash function would
+change so what's a cryptographic hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what's a cryptographic hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what's a cryptographic hash
+function that's when I use this idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's when I use this idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's when I use this idea you
+can take the entire Library of Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the entire Library of Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the entire Library of Congress
+and put it into a little thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into a little thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it into a little thing called a
+hash function and end up with a a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and end up with a a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and end up with a a string
+of characters a hexadecimal hexadecimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output but a hash function is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but a hash function is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output but a hash function is that the
+key to what this this guy figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to what this this guy figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to what this this guy figured out
+and of course this that's the key that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this that's the key that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this that's the key that's
+if there was only two bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was only two bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was only two bits of
+cryptography in this whole class and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in this whole class and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in this whole class and I
+know that it seemed like oh why is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it seemed like oh why is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it seemed like oh why is he
+why are we teaching this but it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we teaching this but it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we teaching this but it's this
+idea that you can take a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can take a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can take a whole bunch of
+data put it into this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data put it into this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data put it into this thing called a
+hash function and it commits to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and it commits to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function and it commits to it
+because if you change any piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you change any piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you change any piece of the
+data any individual piece you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data any individual piece you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data any individual piece you're going
+to get a different output and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a different output and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a different output and so it's
+really a it's it's the key to it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a it's it's the key to it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a it's it's the key to it is that
+it commits something you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commits something you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it commits something you could do it
+with a New York Times crossword puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a New York Times crossword puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a New York Times crossword puzzle
+and that was just my observation on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was just my observation on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was just my observation on it
+so it's about data commitment the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about data commitment the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about data commitment the other
+thing that that satoshi nakamoto used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that satoshi nakamoto used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that satoshi nakamoto used
+was asymmetric cryptography or digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asymmetric cryptography or digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asymmetric cryptography or digital
+signatures I pulled one of the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures I pulled one of the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures I pulled one of the graphics
+that we talked about but the idea being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about but the idea being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about but the idea being
+that long ago cryptography was how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long ago cryptography was how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long ago cryptography was how do I
+encrypt something cuz I'm in a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt something cuz I'm in a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt something cuz I'm in a military
+campaign and I would maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and I would maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign and I would maybe just
+transpose the simplest cryptography from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the simplest cryptography from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose the simplest cryptography from
+thousands of years ago was transposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years ago was transposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years ago was transposing
+every letter and a becomes a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter and a becomes a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every letter and a becomes a B
+he becomes a see that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes a see that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he becomes a see that would be a
+transposition of one well that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition of one well that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposition of one well that's pretty
+hard to imagine that anybody got away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine that anybody got away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to imagine that anybody got away
+with that but that was early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but that was early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but that was early
+cryptography thousands of years ago just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography thousands of years ago just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography thousands of years ago just
+simple transposition by the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transposition by the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transposition by the mid
+twentieth century it was very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twentieth century it was very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twentieth century it was very complex
+transpositions which were called keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions which were called keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions which were called keys
+and like enigma if you ever go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like enigma if you ever go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like enigma if you ever go back and
+watch that movie imitation games there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that movie imitation games there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that movie imitation games there
+was five rotors five metal rotors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was five rotors five metal rotors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was five rotors five metal rotors or
+electronic rotors that changed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic rotors that changed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic rotors that changed and
+everyday the Germans would change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday the Germans would change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday the Germans would change the
+five keep the five rotors but still they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five keep the five rotors but still they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five keep the five rotors but still they
+were symmetric cryptography the u-boats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were symmetric cryptography the u-boats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were symmetric cryptography the u-boats
+actually had the same five rotors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had the same five rotors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had the same five rotors as
+high command out of Berlin let's say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high command out of Berlin let's say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high command out of Berlin let's say so
+somebody came along in the 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody came along in the 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody came along in the 1970s and
+said what if the key is different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what if the key is different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what if the key is different it's
+asymmetric there's a private key and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric there's a private key and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric there's a private key and a
+public key the public key everybody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key the public key everybody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key the public key everybody gets
+but the private key you keep and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the private key you keep and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the private key you keep and some of
+those computers tight cryptographers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those computers tight cryptographers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those computers tight cryptographers are
+here right here at MIT Ron Rivest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here at MIT Ron Rivest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right here at MIT Ron Rivest
+teaches a course in it in cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches a course in it in cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches a course in it in cryptography
+but that invention of the 1970s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that invention of the 1970s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that invention of the 1970s is
+really key so it's hash functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key so it's hash functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really key so it's hash functions and
+this concept of a private key and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of a private key and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of a private key and a
+public key and of course a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and of course a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and of course a digital
+signature that goes with it you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that goes with it you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that goes with it you probably
+don't even need to remember much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to remember much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even need to remember much about
+this class about this but just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about this but just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class about this but just know
+there's something called a private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called a private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called a private key
+and a public key and then knock about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a public key and then knock about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a public key and then knock about as
+real innovation was off of Adam back an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real innovation was off of Adam back an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real innovation was off of Adam back an
+Adam Beck said if I use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Beck said if I use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Beck said if I use some
+computational work if I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work if I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work if I use
+computational work to find a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work to find a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational work to find a hash
+function that has a predetermined number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has a predetermined number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that has a predetermined number
+of zeros it's not much of a puzzle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros it's not much of a puzzle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros it's not much of a puzzle it's
+like a random number generation people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random number generation people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a random number generation people
+will say proof-of-work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say proof-of-work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say proof-of-work is a
+computational puzzle it is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational puzzle it is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational puzzle it is simply
+running this this thing called mining is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this this thing called mining is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this this thing called mining is
+running electricity until you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running electricity until you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running electricity until you get the
+right number of leading zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of leading zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of leading zeros
+but it can be efficiently verified so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be efficiently verified so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can be efficiently verified so
+the characteristics of proof-of-work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of proof-of-work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of proof-of-work is
+invented in 1997 blockchains were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1997 blockchains were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1997 blockchains were
+invented in 1991 but what Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1991 but what Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1991 but what Satoshi
+Nakamoto what she did was she pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto what she did was she pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto what she did was she pulled
+that together after like 20 or 30 failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together after like 20 or 30 failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together after like 20 or 30 failed
+attempts to have a digital non central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to have a digital non central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to have a digital non central
+money and said that's that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and said that's that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and said that's that's where
+blockchain inspiration is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain inspiration is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain inspiration is and so
+proof-of-work I use this little visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work I use this little visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work I use this little visual
+but each block do you remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each block do you remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each block do you remember what the
+word nan says what's what's a nonce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word nan says what's what's a nonce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word nan says what's what's a nonce
+raus make me proud somebody can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raus make me proud somebody can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raus make me proud somebody can't
+remember what's that and once and once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's that and once and once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what's that and once and once a
+number once number used once and so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number once number used once and so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number once number used once and so why
+is it not important for proof-of-work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it not important for proof-of-work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it not important for proof-of-work a
+unique number so all this whole proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique number so all this whole proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique number so all this whole proof of
+work I'm just going back as a review but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm just going back as a review but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm just going back as a review but
+the whole proof of work is your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof of work is your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof of work is your computer
+is gonna randomly keep picking one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna randomly keep picking one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna randomly keep picking one thing
+that changes all the data all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes all the data all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes all the data all the
+transactions are the same but keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are the same but keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions are the same but keep
+changing this this thing called a nonce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this this thing called a nonce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing this this thing called a nonce
+until I get some leading number of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get some leading number of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get some leading number of zeros
+and the whole Bitcoin network around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole Bitcoin network around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole Bitcoin network around the
+globe all it's really doing is running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe all it's really doing is running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe all it's really doing is running a
+random number generation on nonces until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generation on nonces until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generation on nonces until
+the hash function is solved to have 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash function is solved to have 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash function is solved to have 18
+leading zeros right now or I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros right now or I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros right now or I should say
+18 leading zeros when bitcoins value was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 leading zeros when bitcoins value was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 leading zeros when bitcoins value was
+$6,500 of Bitcoin it wouldn't surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,500 of Bitcoin it wouldn't surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6,500 of Bitcoin it wouldn't surprise
+me if it's gonna fall down to 17 leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if it's gonna fall down to 17 leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if it's gonna fall down to 17 leading
+zeros or 16 leading zeros because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or 16 leading zeros because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros or 16 leading zeros because that
+would make it easier to find all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it easier to find all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make it easier to find all of that
+cryptography is just to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography is just to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography is just to make the
+database structure this database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database structure this database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database structure this database
+structure that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that is in
+blockchain to make this work all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain to make this work all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain to make this work all that
+cryptography of hash functions digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography of hash functions digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography of hash functions digital
+signatures and a little proof of work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and a little proof of work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and a little proof of work is
+to make it what's called nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it what's called nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it what's called nearly
+immutable and I'm putting the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable and I'm putting the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable and I'm putting the word
+nearly in because nothing's truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly in because nothing's truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly in because nothing's truly
+immutable you could you could overwhelm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable you could you could overwhelm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable you could you could overwhelm
+even at the Bitcoin network questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the Bitcoin network questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the Bitcoin network questions
+about the technology could you go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology could you go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technology could you go over
+the number of leading zeroes concept so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leading zeroes concept so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leading zeroes concept so
+the concept behind the proof of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept behind the proof of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept behind the proof of work
+that Adam back came up with in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Adam back came up with in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Adam back came up with in the late
+1990s was got to run some data through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s was got to run some data through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s was got to run some data through a
+hash function could be as in his case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function could be as in his case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function could be as in his case in
+Adam Beck's case it was emails literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Beck's case it was emails literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam Beck's case it was emails literally
+run an email all the way through a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an email all the way through a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run an email all the way through a hash
+function and then add an additional bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then add an additional bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then add an additional bit
+of data to it this knots a number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to it this knots a number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data to it this knots a number that's
+used once and run that nonce randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used once and run that nonce randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used once and run that nonce randomly
+until the hash that comes out in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the hash that comes out in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the hash that comes out in my
+little visual at the bottom there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little visual at the bottom there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little visual at the bottom there has
+some leading zeroes to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so in this case in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in this case in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in this case in this case for
+leading zeros and that little visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros and that little visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading zeros and that little visual
+there all the data that goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the data that goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all the data that goes into a
+block in Bitcoin a thousand of 1,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in Bitcoin a thousand of 1,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in Bitcoin a thousand of 1,500
+transactions all go in there rolled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions all go in there rolled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions all go in there rolled up
+in this thing called a Merkel tree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing called a Merkel tree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing called a Merkel tree but
+it all goes in and the only thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all goes in and the only thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all goes in and the only thing that's
+changing is the miners we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is the miners we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is the miners we're trying to
+find a random nonce until the hash has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a random nonce until the hash has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a random nonce until the hash has
+certain number of leading zeroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of leading zeroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of leading zeroes
+when Nakamoto wrote the paper the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Nakamoto wrote the paper the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Nakamoto wrote the paper the
+difficulty was I think ten leading zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty was I think ten leading zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty was I think ten leading zeros
+and and and you could solve that on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you could solve that on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you could solve that on a
+laptop would eight more leading zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop would eight more leading zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop would eight more leading zeros
+and since its hexadecimal I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since its hexadecimal I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since its hexadecimal I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen to the eighth power harder or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen to the eighth power harder or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen to the eighth power harder or
+something like seven trillion times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like seven trillion times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like seven trillion times
+harder let's assume the you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder let's assume the you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder let's assume the you know we're
+into a transaction plate and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a transaction plate and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a transaction plate and I'm gonna
+keep told many many times and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep told many many times and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep told many many times and adding
+layers of difficulty if I want to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of difficulty if I want to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of difficulty if I want to use my
+balance in five years how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance in five years how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance in five years how do we know
+what my balance is I need to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my balance is I need to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my balance is I need to go back
+through all the history so what is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the history so what is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the history so what is at
+the heart of the blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of the blockchain technology
+the Bitcoin network but also all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin network but also all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bitcoin network but also all the
+other networks is the entire transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other networks is the entire transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other networks is the entire transaction
+history is public this both gives us its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is public this both gives us its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is public this both gives us its
+strength but it's also one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength but it's also one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength but it's also one of its
+challenges and so yes even five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and so yes even five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and so yes even five years
+from now if you want to use one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now if you want to use one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now if you want to use one of your
+bitcoins which are stored on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins which are stored on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins which are stored on the
+blockchain you have to be able to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you have to be able to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you have to be able to show
+that here is a transaction output from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is a transaction output from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is a transaction output from
+five years ago if you remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago if you remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago if you remember there's
+both trends action output models Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trends action output models Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both trends action output models Bitcoin
+is a system that keeps all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system that keeps all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a system that keeps all the
+individual transactions in a set called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transactions in a set called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual transactions in a set called
+the UTX o the unspent transaction output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UTX o the unspent transaction output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UTX o the unspent transaction output
+set you'd have to be able to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you'd have to be able to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you'd have to be able to show that
+you have that in 25 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that in 25 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that in 25 years
+you said 20 23 and 20 23 you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said 20 23 and 20 23 you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said 20 23 and 20 23 you'd have to
+be able to show that it is a record of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to show that it is a record of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to show that it is a record of
+an output from an individual transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output from an individual transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output from an individual transaction
+so yes it it it is like a balance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes it it it is like a balance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes it it it is like a balance but
+because Bitcoin does not add up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bitcoin does not add up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Bitcoin does not add up all of
+those individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual
+if you had 13 individual outputs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had 13 individual outputs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had 13 individual outputs the
+Bitcoin network will not add up those 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network will not add up those 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin network will not add up those 13
+you'd have to use each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to use each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to use each of those
+individually as new inputs alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually as new inputs alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually as new inputs alright so
+the question is is does the last block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is does the last block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is does the last block
+Bitcoin has 550 some thousand blocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has 550 some thousand blocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has 550 some thousand blocks of
+data right now does the last block store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right now does the last block store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right now does the last block store
+all of the data and the answer is no but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data and the answer is no but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the data and the answer is no but
+it does store a hash function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does store a hash function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does store a hash function from the
+previous block which stores a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block which stores a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous block which stores a hash
+function from the previous block so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the previous block so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the previous block so the
+the your transaction output might be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your transaction output might be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the your transaction output might be on
+block number 420 thousand a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number 420 thousand a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block number 420 thousand a hundred
+thirty thousand blocks ago but what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand blocks ago but what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand blocks ago but what what
+shows that it's verifiable is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's verifiable is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that it's verifiable is that each
+one of these blocks are linked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these blocks are linked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these blocks are linked to
+another block through this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block through this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block through this thing called
+a commitment scheme called a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment scheme called a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment scheme called a hash
+function so technically speaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so technically speaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so technically speaking the
+latest block hasn't has a number in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest block hasn't has a number in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest block hasn't has a number in it a
+hexadecimal number but a number in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexadecimal number but a number in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexadecimal number but a number in it
+called a hash function that is committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hash function that is committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hash function that is committed
+to because all the data that's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because all the data that's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because all the data that's come
+before it all the millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it all the millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it all the millions of
+transactions before it if somebody even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions before it if somebody even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions before it if somebody even
+changes one of them you'll know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes one of them you'll know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes one of them you'll know that
+it's been tampered in essence it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been tampered in essence it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been tampered in essence it does
+both because the last block better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because the last block better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because the last block better be
+valid but for you to spend something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but for you to spend something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid but for you to spend something it
+has to really go back and find that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to really go back and find that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to really go back and find that you
+your the the input that you now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the the input that you now want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the the input that you now want to
+use is an output that has not yet been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is an output that has not yet been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is an output that has not yet been
+spent Eric did you have something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent Eric did you have something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent Eric did you have something you're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+I was you know it was a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was you know it was a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was you know it was a very bad
+explenation you have to go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explenation you have to go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explenation you have to go all the way
+where you're trying to section where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to section where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to section where
+you've got the Bitcoin was whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the Bitcoin was whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the Bitcoin was whatever
+slope it is using to the blockchain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope it is using to the blockchain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope it is using to the blockchain to
+ get those coins in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ get those coins in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ get those coins in you know
+usually use them as I think would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use them as I think would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use them as I think would see
+the whatever transaction you wanted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever transaction you wanted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever transaction you wanted this
+complexity is part of the reason why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is part of the reason why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is part of the reason why it
+doesn't have the same performance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same performance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same performance it
+doesn't have the same scalability yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same scalability yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the same scalability yet
+one that believes that in the optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that believes that in the optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that believes that in the optimistic
+that some of these scalability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these scalability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these scalability and
+performance issues will be overcome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues will be overcome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance issues will be overcome but
+it might take three five seven years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take three five seven years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might take three five seven years and
+it's not three or seven months but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three or seven months but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not three or seven months but
+you're absolutely right because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right because you have
+to kind of look back way back the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of look back way back the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of look back way back the theory
+of network doesn't just do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network doesn't just do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network doesn't just do it on
+transactions it has balances and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions it has balances and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions it has balances and so it's
+a little bit more efficient that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more efficient that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more efficient that way and
+has other inefficiencies many other big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other inefficiencies many other big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has other inefficiencies many other big
+inefficiencies but some ways it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies but some ways it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiencies but some ways it we
+talked about smart contracts Larry lesyk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about smart contracts Larry lesyk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about smart contracts Larry lesyk
+actually spoke to us also about smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spoke to us also about smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spoke to us also about smart
+contracts Nick Szabo wrote about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Nick Szabo wrote about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts Nick Szabo wrote about this in
+1996 I like to talk about the history to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 I like to talk about the history to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 I like to talk about the history to
+say it's not all about this one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not all about this one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not all about this one person
+that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know
+satoshi nakamoto but a set of promises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto but a set of promises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satoshi nakamoto but a set of promises
+specified in digital form including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in digital form including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified in digital form including
+protocols where parties keep their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols where parties keep their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols where parties keep their
+promises think about it is a modern way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises think about it is a modern way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises think about it is a modern way
+to automate so if you're out in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate so if you're out in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to automate so if you're out in business
+in the future you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future you're thinking about
+investing and somebody raises a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and somebody raises a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing and somebody raises a smart
+contract issue even if you're a Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract issue even if you're a Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract issue even if you're a Bitcoin
+make minimalist you might say wait wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make minimalist you might say wait wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make minimalist you might say wait wait
+wait there might be some way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait there might be some way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait there might be some way I can
+automate that which is currently done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate that which is currently done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate that which is currently done by
+lawyers or by back-office folks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers or by back-office folks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers or by back-office folks or
+accountants so there's still something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants so there's still something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountants so there's still something
+there and we talked about a use case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we talked about a use case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and we talked about a use case
+where the is the swap and Derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the is the swap and Derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the is the swap and Derivatives
+Association is looking at smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association is looking at smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association is looking at smart
+contracts to try to automate some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to try to automate some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts to try to automate some of the
+previously written mechanisms so smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously written mechanisms so smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously written mechanisms so smart
+contracts which which have come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which which have come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts which which have come out of
+this whole block chain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole block chain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole block chain technology
+movement actually predates blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement actually predates blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement actually predates blockchain
+technology but blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but blockchain technology
+again as well maybe we can do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as well maybe we can do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as well maybe we can do this in a
+verifiable nearly immutable way as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable nearly immutable way as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifiable nearly immutable way as well
+so moving value or automating some forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving value or automating some forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving value or automating some forms
+of contractual arrangement but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contractual arrangement but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contractual arrangement but remember
+they're not so smart and they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so smart and they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so smart and they're not so
+much contracts you probably still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much contracts you probably still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much contracts you probably still need
+the courts and there's still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts and there's still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts and there's still some
+ambiguity that can't be pushed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that can't be pushed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity that can't be pushed into
+these documents so then we talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents so then we talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these documents so then we talked a lot
+about the economics of blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the economics of blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the economics of blockchain
+technology and it's around verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it's around verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and it's around verification
+cost and networking cost but it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and networking cost but it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and networking cost but it's about
+lowering verification cost and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering verification cost and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering verification cost and some of
+those verification costs might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those verification costs might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those verification costs might just be
+the economic rents of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic rents of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic rents of the current
+incumbents so blockchain technology may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents so blockchain technology may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents so blockchain technology may
+be a really important way to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really important way to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a really important way to lower
+direct verification cost and deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct verification cost and deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct verification cost and deal with
+censorship and I think that was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship and I think that was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censorship and I think that was a lot of
+what nakamoto's innovation was about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what nakamoto's innovation was about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what nakamoto's innovation was about was
+dealing with censorship that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with censorship that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with censorship that somebody
+could deny me the right to use my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deny me the right to use my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deny me the right to use my money
+when I want to use my money but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to use my money but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I want to use my money but it could
+also be about lowering economic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions and then we said how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and then we said how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and then we said how do
+you assess a use case and this was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assess a use case and this was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assess a use case and this was at
+the core of even my coin desk article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of even my coin desk article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of even my coin desk article is
+like when like before you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when like before you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when like before you get to
+anything else is how our is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else is how our is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else is how our is it going to
+be really it's what's the value creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really it's what's the value creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really it's what's the value creation
+proposition again what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition again what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition again what are the
+verification and networking costs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and networking costs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification and networking costs that
+are really going to be reduced and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really going to be reduced and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really going to be reduced and what
+are competitors doing with a keen eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitors doing with a keen eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitors doing with a keen eye on
+like in trade finance there's twenty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in trade finance there's twenty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in trade finance there's twenty or
+thirty efforts so it's worthwhile kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty efforts so it's worthwhile kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty efforts so it's worthwhile kind
+of looking at this twenty or thirty if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this twenty or thirty if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at this twenty or thirty if
+you if you start if you're an inch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start if you're an inch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you start if you're an inch I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+which field you all go into but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which field you all go into but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which field you all go into but if
+you're in a field where nobody is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a field where nobody is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a field where nobody is used
+blockchain technology no competitor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology no competitor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology no competitor then
+ask the question will how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question will how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask the question will how our
+competitors using traditional databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors using traditional databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors using traditional databases
+and you might that might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might that might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might that might be the
+opportunity for you it might be a golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you it might be a golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you it might be a golden
+opportunity but always look what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but always look what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but always look what's the
+value proposition what verification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value proposition what verification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value proposition what verification and
+networking cost what's the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking cost what's the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking cost what's the competition
+and then you get into the sort of top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get into the sort of top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get into the sort of top
+details and if you're investing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and if you're investing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and if you're investing if
+you're a venture capitalist and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a venture capitalist and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a venture capitalist and somebody
+can't really tell you why multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell you why multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really tell you why multiple
+stakeholders need to write to the ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders need to write to the ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders need to write to the ledger
+and what's their kind of Trent data what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's their kind of Trent data what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's their kind of Trent data what
+data are they going to be storing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are they going to be storing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data are they going to be storing on
+this append-only log then I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this append-only log then I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this append-only log then I might
+suggest you invest in something else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you invest in something else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest you invest in something else I
+mean you can always invest in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can always invest in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can always invest in something
+because you think that it's a momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think that it's a momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you think that it's a momentum
+play and if you invest and somebody will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and if you invest and somebody will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and if you invest and somebody will
+it's an early seed investment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an early seed investment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an early seed investment and
+somebody will bail you out but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will bail you out but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody will bail you out but most
+venture capitalists you're investing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists you're investing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capitalists you're investing for
+three to six years or three to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to six years or three to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to six years or three to five
+years and so I wouldn't always expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so I wouldn't always expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so I wouldn't always expect
+somebody's gonna bail you out like ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna bail you out like ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna bail you out like ask
+the tough questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like there are multiple examples of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are multiple examples of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are multiple examples of you
+know products or services restored that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know products or services restored that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know products or services restored that
+are clearly not the best solution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly not the best solution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clearly not the best solution but
+have taken like dominant position in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken like dominant position in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken like dominant position in a
+market so it was curious like should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so it was curious like should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so it was curious like should it
+be the best solution well I I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best solution well I I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best solution well I I think it's
+one of the questions but you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions but you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions but you're saying
+well what if it's not the best solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going back to what Jeff sprecher said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to what Jeff sprecher said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to what Jeff sprecher said
+can it do something cheaper faster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it do something cheaper faster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it do something cheaper faster or
+better and it might not be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it might not be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it might not be the best
+solution but if it can at least answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but if it can at least answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but if it can at least answer
+the question is it cheaper better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is it cheaper better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is it cheaper better or
+cheaper better or faster you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better or faster you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper better or faster you're probably
+not going to be successful and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be successful and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be successful and in some
+cases it's not the best data solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's not the best data solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's not the best data solution
+but there's such high economic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's such high economic rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's such high economic rents
+however the mortgage product to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the mortgage product to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the mortgage product to the
+healthcare product the product is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare product the product is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare product the product is being
+delivered now the payment solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered now the payment solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered now the payment solution that
+you're saying oh I can it's not the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying oh I can it's not the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying oh I can it's not the best
+solution but this is my solution on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but this is my solution on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but this is my solution on how
+I'm gonna do it cheaper because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do it cheaper because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do it cheaper because they
+have so many economic rents so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so many economic rents so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so many economic rents so maybe
+that the word should say why is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word should say why is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the word should say why is this a
+better solution rather than best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution rather than best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better solution rather than best
+solution I'll agree with that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll agree with that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll agree with that other
+queries and then if there's a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and then if there's a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and then if there's a native
+token I think that's where you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I think that's where you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I think that's where you start to
+lose me but now I'm gonna ask the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose me but now I'm gonna ask the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose me but now I'm gonna ask the class
+how many people have come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people have come out of this
+this semester thinking there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester thinking there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester thinking there's a lot of
+lot of initial coin offerings that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of initial coin offerings that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of initial coin offerings that you'd
+want to personally invest in all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to personally invest in all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to personally invest in all right
+is there anybody in the class that owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody in the class that owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anybody in the class that owns
+an initial coin offering a token a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial coin offering a token a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an initial coin offering a token a non
+Bitcoin token okay do you wanna tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin token okay do you wanna tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin token okay do you wanna tell us
+why give us the value proposition or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why give us the value proposition or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why give us the value proposition or the
+pitch so I went for to work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch so I went for to work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch so I went for to work for a
+start-up Pepsi started doing this summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start-up Pepsi started doing this summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start-up Pepsi started doing this summer
+and after the summer they paid me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the summer they paid me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the summer they paid me in
+your stores but after the summer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores but after the summer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stores but after the summer they
+gave me a lot of tokens they have and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me a lot of tokens they have and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me a lot of tokens they have and I
+say so you go hey tokens no I was baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so you go hey tokens no I was baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so you go hey tokens no I was baby
+in US dollars after this summer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US dollars after this summer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in US dollars after this summer they
+gave me most of it right a banjo some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me most of it right a banjo some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me most of it right a banjo some of
+the tokens as a bonus or I say there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens as a bonus or I say there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens as a bonus or I say there's a
+bonus you got all right and you sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus you got all right and you sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus you got all right and you sold
+some of them and do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and do you think that
+there's a use for these native tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+names will not be repeated it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names will not be repeated it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names will not be repeated it's being
+filmed and I don't know Shawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed and I don't know Shawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed and I don't know Shawn
+I just bought a little which is a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so you bought some tokens as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you bought some tokens as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you bought some tokens as a
+token of support for a friend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token of support for a friend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token of support for a friend who
+started a company do you think they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a company do you think they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started a company do you think they have
+some use can you use the token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but is it pre functional or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it pre functional or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it pre functional or is it
+functional it's pretty functional Hugo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional it's pretty functional Hugo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional it's pretty functional Hugo
+yeah you you have you are yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you have you are yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you have you are yeah all right
+yeah all right he's got a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right he's got a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right he's got a whole
+portfolio I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio I can tell
+I know I've like been interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I've like been interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I've like been interested in this
+for over a year now so oh this one looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like there are some that seem like sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are some that seem like sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are some that seem like sure
+in the long run they may retain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run they may retain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run they may retain some
+value so I don't want to make you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so I don't want to make you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so I don't want to make you sort
+of grieve those bad investment decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grieve those bad investment decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grieve those bad investment decisions
+but are any of your tokens that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are any of your tokens that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are any of your tokens that you have
+held or hold currently or any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held or hold currently or any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held or hold currently or any of them
+functional okay it can be used known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay it can be used known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay it can be used known as
+network yeah all right here are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the tokens are mine the tokens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tokens are mine the tokens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tokens are mine the tokens but
+in any case I will disregard native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case I will disregard native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case I will disregard native
+focuses of valid William of generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses of valid William of generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses of valid William of generating a
+means to jumpstart Network and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to jumpstart Network and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to jumpstart Network and create
+some sort of valid way to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of valid way to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of valid way to drive
+protective action for some deceit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective action for some deceit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective action for some deceit your
+mediation efforts because I mean I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation efforts because I mean I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation efforts because I mean I and I
+think it's a little bit unfair to ask we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit unfair to ask we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit unfair to ask we
+kind of join or support I see us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of join or support I see us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of join or support I see us in the
+context of the huge amount of scams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the huge amount of scams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the huge amount of scams that
+are wrong all right now in the video but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong all right now in the video but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wrong all right now in the video but
+I wouldn't disregard the whole concept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't disregard the whole concept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't disregard the whole concept I
+admit it might have been an unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it might have been an unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit it might have been an unfair
+question I was just trying to get I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was just trying to get I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I was just trying to get I was
+just trying to get some support in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get some support in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to get some support in the
+room for tokens the closet for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for tokens the closet for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for tokens the closet for me is
+absolutely about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely about it
+I would explore seriously explore if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would explore seriously explore if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would explore seriously explore if I
+don't to start up in a blocking space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to start up in a blocking space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to start up in a blocking space
+seriously explore the possibility of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously explore the possibility of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously explore the possibility of use
+maybe focus and the permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe focus and the permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe focus and the permissionless
+environment so I think that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so I think that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so I think that there is
+definitely a future in this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a future in this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a future in this overall
+technology of making a database harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of making a database harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of making a database harder
+to tamper with more immutable on a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tamper with more immutable on a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tamper with more immutable on a scale
+it's maybe not a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe not a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe not a hundred percent
+immutable but closer to that immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable but closer to that immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable but closer to that immutable
+and and verifiable I think that native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and verifiable I think that native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and verifiable I think that native
+tokens could help jumpstart a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens could help jumpstart a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens could help jumpstart a network
+well I think the challenge is is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think the challenge is is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think the challenge is is I think
+the challenge is how do you compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is how do you compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is how do you compete with
+fiat currency that has such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency that has such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiat currency that has such
+extraordinary network effects so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary network effects so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary network effects so the
+Ernst & Young study the recent study I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernst & Young study the recent study I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernst & Young study the recent study I
+think captures us a bit when they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think captures us a bit when they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think captures us a bit when they looked
+at the hundred and forty largest icos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hundred and forty largest icos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hundred and forty largest icos
+from 2017 only about I think was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2017 only about I think was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2017 only about I think was
+seventeen of the hundred and forty have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen of the hundred and forty have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventeen of the hundred and forty have
+a functioning network right now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functioning network right now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functioning network right now where
+you can use the Tobin thirteen percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the Tobin thirteen percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the Tobin thirteen percent
+but of those seventeen I think seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of those seventeen I think seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of those seventeen I think seven of
+them the networks that are live have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the networks that are live have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the networks that are live have
+said well guess what will also take fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well guess what will also take fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well guess what will also take fiat
+currency for this service that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency for this service that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency for this service that we're
+providing whether they're providing file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing whether they're providing file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing whether they're providing file
+storage or something else so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or something else so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage or something else so they
+definitely used a native token to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely used a native token to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely used a native token to
+jump-start the network as a crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump-start the network as a crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump-start the network as a crowd
+funding but then when they got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding but then when they got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding but then when they got to the
+later functional stage the operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later functional stage the operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later functional stage the operator the
+entrepreneur says I don't want to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur says I don't want to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur says I don't want to limit
+my users I'm going to also take fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my users I'm going to also take fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my users I'm going to also take fiat
+currency to buy or secure whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency to buy or secure whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency to buy or secure whatever
+service I'm having and I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I'm having and I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service I'm having and I think that's
+the business model challenge and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model challenge and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business model challenge and and it
+it may well be that there are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may well be that there are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may well be that there are are
+networks just like in gaming sites where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks just like in gaming sites where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks just like in gaming sites where
+you want skins or shields and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want skins or shields and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want skins or shields and there's
+something about only trading those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about only trading those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about only trading those
+tokens but to date that's been a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but to date that's been a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens but to date that's been a limited
+class that's that's where I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's that's where I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that's that's where I probably
+will declare myself I think of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will declare myself I think of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will declare myself I think of course
+there's a bunch of trade offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of trade offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of trade offs
+over the next three to seven years that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next three to seven years that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next three to seven years that
+will be sorted out around performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sorted out around performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be sorted out around performance
+privacy security we talked about layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy security we talked about layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy security we talked about layer
+two if any of you are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if any of you are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if any of you are actually
+interested and work in the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and work in the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and work in the blockchain
+technology field you're gonna learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology field you're gonna learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology field you're gonna learn a
+lot about layer two solutions and side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about layer two solutions and side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about layer two solutions and side
+chains and all the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and all the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and all the performance
+scalability things that colleagues over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability things that colleagues over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability things that colleagues over
+the digital currency initiative are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital currency initiative are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital currency initiative are
+spending a lot of time on this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time on this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a lot of time on this question
+right here and then of course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and then of course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and then of course this is a
+business model just purely as a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model just purely as a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model just purely as a venture
+capitalist you have to think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist you have to think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist you have to think about how
+do I get adoption hado what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get adoption hado what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get adoption hado what's my
+customer user interface I'm sure come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer user interface I'm sure come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer user interface I'm sure come on
+you're thinking a lot about this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking a lot about this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking a lot about this right
+you could have the best idea on a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have the best idea on a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have the best idea on a data
+structure you could have a really nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could have a really nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could have a really nifty
+idea on a native token but you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on a native token but you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on a native token but you still
+have to deal with whatever venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with whatever venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with whatever venture
+capital assess to do is how do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital assess to do is how do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital assess to do is how do I get
+users to use this adoption what's my UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to use this adoption what's my UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to use this adoption what's my UI
+it's sort of a generic so we moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a generic so we moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of a generic so we moved to
+permission permission watching because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission permission watching because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission permission watching because
+of the adoption if if you're able to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adoption if if you're able to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adoption if if you're able to say
+which which are you using hyper ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are you using hyper ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which are you using hyper ledger
+fabric or corridor we're using Gorda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric or corridor we're using Gorda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric or corridor we're using Gorda
+channels so we talked about frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so we talked about frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so we talked about frameworks
+over time it's my thought that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's my thought that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time it's my thought that that
+orange line the slope of that will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line the slope of that will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange line the slope of that will come
+down and we'll move more towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll move more towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll move more towards the
+decentralized side but for the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized side but for the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized side but for the orange
+line to slope to come down in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to slope to come down in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to slope to come down in essence
+the costs of this scalability security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of this scalability security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of this scalability security
+even the coordination needs to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the coordination needs to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the coordination needs to come down
+it's always gonna be some challenge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always gonna be some challenge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always gonna be some challenge on
+governance in essence who's gonna pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance in essence who's gonna pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance in essence who's gonna pay
+for the software development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the software development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the software development
+in a truly decentralized Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a truly decentralized Network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a truly decentralized Network and
+Bitcoin has been supported for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has been supported for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin has been supported for instance
+by really a incredible group of Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by really a incredible group of Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by really a incredible group of Bitcoin
+core developers in part because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core developers in part because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core developers in part because they
+just believe in it in part that some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just believe in it in part that some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just believe in it in part that some are
+funded by institutions like MIT but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded by institutions like MIT but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded by institutions like MIT but but
+it's still it's always a challenge and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's always a challenge and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's always a challenge and a
+truly decentralized space who's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly decentralized space who's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly decentralized space who's gonna
+fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+who's got the economic interest to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got the economic interest to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got the economic interest to fund
+the continued updates and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continued updates and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continued updates and software
+I think uber could be completely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uber could be completely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uber could be completely a
+decentralized network and and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized network and and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized network and and probably
+drivers would get paid more but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers would get paid more but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers would get paid more but then
+where would be the incentive who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would be the incentive who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would be the incentive who would
+work on the software development to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the software development to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the software development to
+update their ride app so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their ride app so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update their ride app so you know
+there's a key trade-off there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a key trade-off there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a key trade-off there the
+financial sector well it moves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector well it moves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector well it moves and
+allocates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocates
+money and risk we talked about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk we talked about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk we talked about that but
+it relies on a system of Ledger's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relies on a system of Ledger's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relies on a system of Ledger's and
+it's always had a symbiotic relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always had a symbiotic relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always had a symbiotic relationship
+with technology the opportunities these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology the opportunities these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology the opportunities these
+are the key opportunities which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key opportunities which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key opportunities which I think
+any FinTech it's not just blockchain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any FinTech it's not just blockchain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any FinTech it's not just blockchain but
+even AI and machine learning has around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even AI and machine learning has around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even AI and machine learning has around
+finance as the customer interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as the customer interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as the customer interfaces
+there's a lot of legacy customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of legacy customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of legacy customer
+interfaces that you can actually compete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that you can actually compete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces that you can actually compete
+with if you're doing a start-up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're doing a start-up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if you're doing a start-up the
+economic rents are high there's seven a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents are high there's seven a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents are high there's seven a
+half percent of the economy is financed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent of the economy is financed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent of the economy is financed
+not all of the 75% is rents but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the 75% is rents but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of the 75% is rents but but
+there's a lot of extra excuse expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of extra excuse expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of extra excuse expression
+a lot of extra Vig or juice in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of extra Vig or juice in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of extra Vig or juice in that
+model and of course we've had repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and of course we've had repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and of course we've had repeated
+crises and instability and Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises and instability and Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises and instability and Financial
+Inclusion we talked about products like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusion we talked about products like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inclusion we talked about products like
+Ally pay and em pay so that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ally pay and em pay so that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ally pay and em pay so that we're really
+about Financial Inclusion using new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Financial Inclusion using new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Financial Inclusion using new
+technologies so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies so what are the
+technologies in our time I just put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in our time I just put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in our time I just put up a
+like nice little graphic here I've doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nice little graphic here I've doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nice little graphic here I've doing
+some work with a group called fin tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with a group called fin tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with a group called fin tech
+at C cell the computer science and AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at C cell the computer science and AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at C cell the computer science and AI
+lab here and when we meet with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab here and when we meet with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab here and when we meet with the
+funding companies the big funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding companies the big funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding companies the big funding
+companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies
+that unit over there blockchain is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit over there blockchain is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit over there blockchain is on
+their list but it's not number one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their list but it's not number one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their list but it's not number one I
+just put it in context in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it in context in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it in context in terms of their
+technologies or thinking about machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies or thinking about machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies or thinking about machine
+learning and AI would probably be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and AI would probably be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and AI would probably be the
+the biggest piece but just to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest piece but just to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest piece but just to give a
+flavor for but it's it's one at a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for but it's it's one at a top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for but it's it's one at a top
+three or four but as we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four but as we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four but as we've talked about
+they have challenges the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have challenges the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have challenges the financial
+sector sees a lot of challenges he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector sees a lot of challenges he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector sees a lot of challenges he
+decided and how would the virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and how would the virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and how would the virtual
+reality in fact finance a much I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in fact finance a much I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in fact finance a much I'm not
+familiar with the projects in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the projects in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the projects in that space
+but but where and I'm sure I'm reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but where and I'm sure I'm reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but where and I'm sure I'm reading
+now you're gonna inspire me to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna inspire me to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're gonna inspire me to do some
+research on the next day or two to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the next day or two to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on the next day or two to shoot
+you an email with some projects but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an email with some projects but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an email with some projects but
+virtual reality and and and and hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality and and and and hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality and and and and hearing
+it it does allow for more financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does allow for more financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does allow for more financial
+inclusion and the question really is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and the question really is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion and the question really is is
+can you just rather think of the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just rather think of the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just rather think of the user
+experience if you if you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if you if you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if you if you can find a
+enjoyable way to spend more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable way to spend more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable way to spend more money
+through virtual reality the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtual reality the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtual reality the banking
+system wants to tap into that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wants to tap into that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system wants to tap into that it's not
+one of the top things that FinTech at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the top things that FinTech at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the top things that FinTech at
+see cell I'm saying I'd say AI machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cell I'm saying I'd say AI machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cell I'm saying I'd say AI machine
+learning biometrics and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning biometrics and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning biometrics and blockchain
+everything's in the clouds so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in the clouds so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in the clouds so they're
+not asking right now MIT to help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking right now MIT to help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking right now MIT to help them
+with cloud issues open API is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cloud issues open API is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cloud issues open API is a really
+big issue particularly in London and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue particularly in London and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue particularly in London and in
+the UK where it's been regulated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK where it's been regulated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK where it's been regulated that
+the banks need to use open API so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks need to use open API so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks need to use open API so I'd
+say AR and virtual reality is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say AR and virtual reality is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say AR and virtual reality is probably
+eighth on the list there and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth on the list there and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth on the list there and I just
+included it because I kind of think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included it because I kind of think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included it because I kind of think it's
+they'll find a way to change a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll find a way to change a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll find a way to change a user
+interface we talked about there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface we talked about there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface we talked about there's a
+bunch of issues and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of issues and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of issues and that's really
+leading to the use we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the use we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to the use we talk about
+traditional databases which we're where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases which we're where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases which we're where
+parties can just create read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties can just create read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties can just create read
+right the ledger the private blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the ledger the private blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the ledger the private blockchain
+which of course is what most of trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is what most of trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is what most of trade
+finance most of payments all the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance most of payments all the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance most of payments all the big
+central banks that have looked at it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks that have looked at it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks that have looked at it or
+moved from aetherium to you doing hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from aetherium to you doing hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from aetherium to you doing hyper
+ledger projects Singapore and Canada's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger projects Singapore and Canada's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger projects Singapore and Canada's
+Jasper and maybe permissionless but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jasper and maybe permissionless but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jasper and maybe permissionless but this
+the finance is really in this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance is really in this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance is really in this second
+bucket right now Eric it's not to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket right now Eric it's not to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket right now Eric it's not to say
+that native tokens won't take off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that native tokens won't take off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that native tokens won't take off and
+Hugo that your portfolio will be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo that your portfolio will be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo that your portfolio will be worth
+something maybe so here that the we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe so here that the we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something maybe so here that the we we
+went through a bunch of use cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a bunch of use cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through a bunch of use cases but
+the biggest use case so far has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest use case so far has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest use case so far has been the
+20 to 30 billion dollars that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30 billion dollars that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 30 billion dollars that's been
+raised through I cos I personally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised through I cos I personally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised through I cos I personally think
+that's gonna come down way down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna come down way down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna come down way down but
+payment systems I mean we might differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems I mean we might differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems I mean we might differ
+on the views of XRP a token but ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the views of XRP a token but ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the views of XRP a token but ripple
+and other companies have done a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other companies have done a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other companies have done a lot to
+try to to be a catalyst for change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to be a catalyst for change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to be a catalyst for change in
+payment systems we talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems we talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems we talked a lot about
+trade finance again they're more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance again they're more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance again they're more in the
+permission and the permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clearing and settling what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settling what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settling what's going on in
+Australia again from permissionless not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia again from permissionless not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia again from permissionless not
+I mean permission not permission I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean permission not permission I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean permission not permission I and
+and then some of the non-financial a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the non-financial a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the non-financial a
+lively discussion about supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lively discussion about supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lively discussion about supply chain
+management James I'll forever remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management James I'll forever remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management James I'll forever remember
+that you're not a fan of it but Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not a fan of it but Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not a fan of it but Walmart
+and Cargill might disagree with James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cargill might disagree with James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cargill might disagree with James
+and and they have active projects on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they have active projects on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they have active projects on it
+and and Lauren gave where's Lauren she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Lauren gave where's Lauren she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Lauren gave where's Lauren she
+was here maybe gave a reason why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here maybe gave a reason why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here maybe gave a reason why in
+supply chain sustainability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain sustainability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain sustainability that you
+might be on the other side digital ID we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the other side digital ID we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be on the other side digital ID we
+was the last thing we talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last thing we talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the last thing we talked about so
+there's a lot going on and when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on and when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot going on and when there's
+20 or 30 billion dollars raised there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 billion dollars raised there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 or 30 billion dollars raised there's
+going to be these projects will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these projects will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be these projects will have
+some life to them well we'll learn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some life to them well we'll learn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some life to them well we'll learn a lot
+from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them
+along the way crypto finance when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way crypto finance when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way crypto finance when I
+first put this slide up it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put this slide up it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first put this slide up it wasn't a
+hundred and ten billion and gosh knows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ten billion and gosh knows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and ten billion and gosh knows I
+did this yesterday so I don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this yesterday so I don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this yesterday so I don't even know
+what it is today pretty volatile market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today pretty volatile market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is today pretty volatile market
+interestingly bitcoins staying at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly bitcoins staying at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly bitcoins staying at about
+55 or 57 percent of the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 or 57 percent of the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 or 57 percent of the market so
+there's a high correlation though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high correlation though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high correlation though
+aetherium slid and XRP is number two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium slid and XRP is number two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium slid and XRP is number two in
+in that market since we first got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that market since we first got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that market since we first got
+together in September here what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in September here what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in September here what I think
+the challenge is as an investor I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is as an investor I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge is as an investor I'm not
+trying to pick on you Hugo but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pick on you Hugo but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pick on you Hugo but you know
+an investor but I think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor but I think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor but I think that's the
+number one challenge I really do what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one challenge I really do what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one challenge I really do what's
+the viability of that token and Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viability of that token and Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viability of that token and Eric
+I'll agree with you some tokens will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll agree with you some tokens will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll agree with you some tokens will be
+worth something but it's assessing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something but it's assessing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth something but it's assessing that
+but the markets are readily susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the markets are readily susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the markets are readily susceptible
+to fraud how do I keep custody for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fraud how do I keep custody for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fraud how do I keep custody for the
+private key fidelity is announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key fidelity is announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key fidelity is announced
+they're gonna have a new private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna have a new private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna have a new private key
+solution so it's interesting that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so it's interesting that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so it's interesting that big
+incumbents are coming in it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are coming in it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are coming in it's not just
+the Zappos and the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zappos and the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Zappos and the you know the
+early-stage custody solutions even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early-stage custody solutions even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early-stage custody solutions even even
+backed the IntercontinentalExchange has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed the IntercontinentalExchange has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed the IntercontinentalExchange has
+put a lot of money into it and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a lot of money into it and the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a lot of money into it and the one
+essence have a custody solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence have a custody solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence have a custody solution because
+you could buy Bitcoin in one day futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy Bitcoin in one day futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy Bitcoin in one day futures
+have a Bitcoin and then you they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Bitcoin and then you they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a Bitcoin and then you they would
+in essence hold custody for you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence hold custody for you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in essence hold custody for you and then
+we talked about crypto exchanges and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about crypto exchanges and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about crypto exchanges and in
+the key thing and if you take anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing and if you take anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing and if you take anything
+away about exchanges other than right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away about exchanges other than right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away about exchanges other than right
+now they're unregulated and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're unregulated and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're unregulated and they're
+probably highly susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably highly susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably highly susceptible to
+front-running and manipulation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running and manipulation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-running and manipulation is that
+they're a little bit different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit different because
+they're not just matching agents which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just matching agents which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just matching agents which
+the London Stock Exchange or the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the London Stock Exchange or the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the London Stock Exchange or the New
+York Stock Exchange of managing but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange of managing but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Stock Exchange of managing but they
+also are counterparties and custodians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other thing to take away about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to take away about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing to take away about
+crypto exchanges is they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges is they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges is they're highly
+centralized so it's a central irony the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized so it's a central irony the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized so it's a central irony the
+Satoshi Nakamoto was trying to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi Nakamoto was trying to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Satoshi Nakamoto was trying to have
+decentralization and yet there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and yet there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and yet there's an
+awful lot of centralization so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of centralization so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of centralization so I'm just
+thinking about core takeaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about core takeaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about core takeaways
+if you're ever investing or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever investing or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ever investing or you're
+thinking about this or you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this or you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this or you're just
+involved in a dinner party conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a dinner party conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in a dinner party conversation
+that's central irony in a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's central irony in a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's central irony in a decentralized
+space 95% of the real transactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 95% of the real transactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space 95% of the real transactions are
+happening on crypto exchanges my thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on crypto exchanges my thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on crypto exchanges my thought
+about crypto exchanges they'll not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crypto exchanges they'll not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crypto exchanges they'll not be
+200 of them to that much longer either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them to that much longer either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them to that much longer either
+we talked about initial coin offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about initial coin offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about initial coin offerings
+central takeaway as their fundraising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central takeaway as their fundraising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central takeaway as their fundraising
+vehicles whether you believe it or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles whether you believe it or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles whether you believe it or not
+believe in the US and Canadian approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the US and Canadian approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the US and Canadian approach
+that no the Howey test but they helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no the Howey test but they helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no the Howey test but they helped
+build a network raise money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a network raise money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a network raise money and
+anticipation the tokens are issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation the tokens are issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipation the tokens are issued
+before it's functional we I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's functional we I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's functional we I think the
+latest study was the what was it one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest study was the what was it one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest study was the what was it one and
+a half percent are actually functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent are actually functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent are actually functional
+and 98 and a half percent Irish a pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 98 and a half percent Irish a pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 98 and a half percent Irish a pre
+functional so that's not a problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional so that's not a problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional so that's not a problem it's
+just that's the means it's probably an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the means it's probably an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's the means it's probably an
+investment vehicle not a utility token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment vehicle not a utility token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment vehicle not a utility token
+and that whole thing about utility token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole thing about utility token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that whole thing about utility token
+versus security tokens a stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus security tokens a stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus security tokens a stretched
+pretty darn thin we talked about public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn thin we talked about public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn thin we talked about public
+policy frameworks guarding against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy frameworks guarding against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy frameworks guarding against
+illicit activity financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity financial stability
+investing public my overall thought on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing public my overall thought on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing public my overall thought on
+this and I accepted others were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I accepted others were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I accepted others were other
+views is that any new technology if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views is that any new technology if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views is that any new technology if it
+grows to be economy wide needs to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows to be economy wide needs to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows to be economy wide needs to live
+within public policy frameworks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within public policy frameworks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within public policy frameworks or
+society will change those public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society will change those public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society will change those public policy
+frameworks modestly but you still want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks modestly but you still want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frameworks modestly but you still want
+to protect the public against core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the public against core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the public against core
+social goods that happen when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social goods that happen when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social goods that happen when the
+railroad came along and haven't when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad came along and haven't when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad came along and haven't when
+telegram came along in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram came along in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegram came along in the 19th century
+to happen with the internet societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen with the internet societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen with the internet societies
+don't have technology's fully outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have technology's fully outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have technology's fully outside of
+whatever social fabric we want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever social fabric we want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever social fabric we want to create
+and we do that social fabric stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do that social fabric stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do that social fabric stuff
+through politics and Parliament's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through politics and Parliament's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through politics and Parliament's and
+executives and regulators but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives and regulators but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives and regulators but we don't
+leave big parts of our economy outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave big parts of our economy outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave big parts of our economy outside
+of it this stuff is still small it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this stuff is still small it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this stuff is still small it's a
+hundred billion dollars the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion dollars the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion dollars the worldwide
+capital mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital mark
+it's are over 300 trillion but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's are over 300 trillion but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's are over 300 trillion but it's
+gained a lot of public attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained a lot of public attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained a lot of public attention and
+particularly we want to guard against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we want to guard against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly we want to guard against
+illicit activity most folks do maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity most folks do maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity most folks do maybe not
+everybody but no still no I recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but no still no I recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but no still no I recognize
+hopefully you all do I don't know so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you all do I don't know so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you all do I don't know so we
+talked about the US securities law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the US securities law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the US securities law the
+Howey test it's not if you forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test it's not if you forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test it's not if you forget the
+Howey test it's totally fine but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test it's totally fine but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test it's totally fine but it's
+its core to these initial coin offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its core to these initial coin offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its core to these initial coin offerings
+and it was that four-part test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was that four-part test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was that four-part test
+investment of money and a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of money and a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of money and a common
+enterprise expectation of profits so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise expectation of profits so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise expectation of profits so if
+you get into some debate you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into some debate you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into some debate you want to
+have some fun with somebody you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some fun with somebody you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some fun with somebody you can say
+you know the Howey test but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Howey test but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the Howey test but it's really
+more this I prefer the doc test just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this I prefer the doc test just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this I prefer the doc test just use
+common sense this course has been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense this course has been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense this course has been more
+about critical reasoning skills than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about critical reasoning skills than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about critical reasoning skills than
+anything if somebody's trying to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if somebody's trying to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if somebody's trying to sell
+you something or hustle you on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something or hustle you on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something or hustle you on something
+and you're you are now a venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you are now a venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you are now a venture
+capitalist and you're investing use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist and you're investing use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist and you're investing use the
+duck test you can even remember the duck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck test you can even remember the duck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck test you can even remember the duck
+test about whether they sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test about whether they sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test about whether they sure they're
+trying to sell you something and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you something and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell you something and it has
+nothing to do with the law it's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the law it's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the law it's just so
+where do I think crypto exchanges will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do I think crypto exchanges will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do I think crypto exchanges will
+go I think that they'll have to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I think that they'll have to fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go I think that they'll have to fix this
+whole custodial duty stuff they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole custodial duty stuff they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole custodial duty stuff they might
+all use fidelity's product or or they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all use fidelity's product or or they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all use fidelity's product or or they'll
+they'll keep it in-house or spin it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll keep it in-house or spin it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll keep it in-house or spin it off
+I think they'll have to start complying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they'll have to start complying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they'll have to start complying
+with any money laundering we saw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any money laundering we saw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any money laundering we saw one
+study that said a quarter of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that said a quarter of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that said a quarter of all
+exchanges don't even have any AML I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges don't even have any AML I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges don't even have any AML I
+think two years from now that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think two years from now that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think two years from now that will be
+way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down
+I think margins will compress and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think margins will compress and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think margins will compress and I
+don't think there'll be 200 exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there'll be 200 exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there'll be 200 exchanges
+two or three years from now there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three years from now there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three years from now there'll be
+five or ten relevant exchanges at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or ten relevant exchanges at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or ten relevant exchanges at some
+point in time on initial coin offerings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time on initial coin offerings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time on initial coin offerings
+I think we're gonna keep seeing a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're gonna keep seeing a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're gonna keep seeing a high
+failure rate there's still about 200 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate there's still about 200 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure rate there's still about 200 a
+month but they'll probably be fewer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month but they'll probably be fewer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month but they'll probably be fewer of
+them I think that there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think that there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think that there's going to be a
+lot of enforcement actions occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enforcement actions occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enforcement actions occasionally
+see something the Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something the Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something the Securities and
+Exchange Commission or some other maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission or some other maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission or some other maybe
+it will be in Japan or elsewhere will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be in Japan or elsewhere will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be in Japan or elsewhere will be
+bringing more cases and what's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing more cases and what's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing more cases and what's be
+interesting in 2019 is to watch does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in 2019 is to watch does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in 2019 is to watch does
+does any of the big ones go live and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does any of the big ones go live and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does any of the big ones go live and I
+think this will be a real test as file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be a real test as file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will be a real test as file
+coin figure out what to do they raised a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin figure out what to do they raised a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin figure out what to do they raised a
+quarter of a billion dollars telegram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of a billion dollars telegram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of a billion dollars telegram
+raised 1.7 billion do they figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised 1.7 billion do they figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised 1.7 billion do they figure out
+what to do and make a real live effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do and make a real live effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do and make a real live effort
+in 2019 and it will test the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 and it will test the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2019 and it will test the economics
+and by the way Eric it might pull me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way Eric it might pull me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way Eric it might pull me
+more towards where you are right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more towards where you are right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more towards where you are right I mean
+telegrams of a lot of smart folks over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegrams of a lot of smart folks over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegrams of a lot of smart folks over
+there working on this and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there working on this and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there working on this and by the way
+Facebook has advertisements out hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook has advertisements out hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook has advertisements out hiring
+people and blockchain technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and blockchain technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and blockchain technology so
+there's a lot of very big tech companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of very big tech companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of very big tech companies
+hiring and recruiting in this space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring and recruiting in this space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring and recruiting in this space but
+I think 2019 will be interesting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think 2019 will be interesting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think 2019 will be interesting to see
+what does what is telegram what is file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what is telegram what is file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does what is telegram what is file
+coin what if what some of the big let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin what if what some of the big let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin what if what some of the big let's
+hopefully well-meaning companies do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully well-meaning companies do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully well-meaning companies do with
+these tokens central bank's mostly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tokens central bank's mostly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tokens central bank's mostly in
+the monitor phase but I'd say the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitor phase but I'd say the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monitor phase but I'd say the thing
+to watch is Sweden it would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch is Sweden it would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch is Sweden it would be really
+interesting what they do with their ich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what they do with their ich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what they do with their ich
+Rona project do they go live and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rona project do they go live and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rona project do they go live and say
+inspired by blockchain the e Crona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by blockchain the e Crona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by blockchain the e Crona
+project is not blockchain technology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is not blockchain technology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is not blockchain technology but
+it's completely inspired by Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely inspired by Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely inspired by Satoshi
+Nakamoto saying well we the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto saying well we the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto saying well we the central bank
+geez the central bank says we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez the central bank says we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez the central bank says we're gonna
+do what Satoshi nakamoto's we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what Satoshi nakamoto's we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what Satoshi nakamoto's we're gonna
+have a central bank digital token you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central bank digital token you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a central bank digital token you
+can use it at Starbucks you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it at Starbucks you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it at Starbucks you can use it
+wherever I'd watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever I'd watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever I'd watch that
+I think Venezuela will probably fail on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Venezuela will probably fail on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Venezuela will probably fail on
+the other end but I'll be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end but I'll be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end but I'll be interesting
+there might be some some distressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some some distressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some some distressed
+country that does something so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that does something so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that does something so how would
+I conclude I think blockchain does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conclude I think blockchain does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I conclude I think blockchain does this
+is my disclosure I think it does provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my disclosure I think it does provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my disclosure I think it does provide
+a real peer-to-peer alternative I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real peer-to-peer alternative I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real peer-to-peer alternative I think
+it's a legit live application it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legit live application it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a legit live application it might
+not be the best but is it better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best but is it better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be the best but is it better than
+some others is it something you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others is it something you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others is it something you could
+use verification and networking cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use verification and networking cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use verification and networking cost
+repeat on that is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat on that is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat on that is the key
+but you always I think have to assess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always I think have to assess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always I think have to assess is
+it the right use case is this use case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the right use case is this use case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the right use case is this use case
+the right use case but as we've talked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right use case but as we've talked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right use case but as we've talked I
+think there are real use cases more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are real use cases more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are real use cases more in
+permission than permissionless remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission than permissionless remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission than permissionless remember
+anything money is just we all humans we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything money is just we all humans we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything money is just we all humans we
+the 7 billion of us that live now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7 billion of us that live now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7 billion of us that live now have
+to thank somebody about ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thank somebody about ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thank somebody about ten thousand
+years ago but came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but came up with this
+technology called money store value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called money store value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called money store value
+medium of exchange unit of account it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange unit of account it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of exchange unit of account it's
+just a social construct which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a social construct which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a social construct which is a
+reason why I say we could have a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I say we could have a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why I say we could have a social
+construct that is decentralized money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that is decentralized money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that is decentralized money
+absolutely believed we could have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely believed we could have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely believed we could have that
+but we'd all have to accept it where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd all have to accept it where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd all have to accept it where I
+have less optimism is that you'd want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less optimism is that you'd want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less optimism is that you'd want to
+accept it for a closed bounded ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it for a closed bounded ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it for a closed bounded ecosystem
+only for file storage that's where I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for file storage that's where I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for file storage that's where I I'm
+a little challenged as to what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little challenged as to what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little challenged as to what is the
+real economics of that financial sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economics of that financial sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real economics of that financial sectors
+characteristics and challenges is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and challenges is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and challenges is a good
+its fertile ground because finance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its fertile ground because finance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its fertile ground because finance is
+built on Ledger's and Finance is big 78%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on Ledger's and Finance is big 78%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built on Ledger's and Finance is big 78%
+of our economy and around the globe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our economy and around the globe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our economy and around the globe it's
+anywhere from five to probably eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from five to probably eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from five to probably eight
+percent of those economies most other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of those economies most other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of those economies most other
+countries it's less than the US but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's less than the US but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's less than the US but it
+it's still it's big and come incumbents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's big and come incumbents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still it's big and come incumbents
+are of course looking at permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course looking at permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of course looking at permission
+blockchains and unfortunately crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains and unfortunately crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains and unfortunately crypto
+finance as a bunch of scams and frauds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as a bunch of scams and frauds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance as a bunch of scams and frauds
+and that's hurts the development but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's hurts the development but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's hurts the development but I
+think adoption will come but it rests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think adoption will come but it rests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think adoption will come but it rests on
+solving a bunch of technical issues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a bunch of technical issues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a bunch of technical issues like
+the digital currency initiatives trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital currency initiatives trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital currency initiatives trying
+to solve what are the commercial use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve what are the commercial use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve what are the commercial use
+cases and the public policy I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and the public policy I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and the public policy I wouldn't
+lead with public policy I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead with public policy I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead with public policy I don't think
+that's the main issue here but it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main issue here but it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main issue here but it's this
+is ever gonna be anything it's gotta get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ever gonna be anything it's gotta get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ever gonna be anything it's gotta get
+over that so mostly it's probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that so mostly it's probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that so mostly it's probably going
+to be a catalyst for change more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a catalyst for change more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a catalyst for change more than
+actual real thoughts questions thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual real thoughts questions thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual real thoughts questions thoughts
+here the third point I use cases must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the third point I use cases must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the third point I use cases must
+address why versus a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address why versus a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address why versus a traditional
+database I always have the feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I always have the feeling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I always have the feeling that
+it's in the permission space where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the permission space where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the permission space where you
+have the most or the biggest urge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most or the biggest urge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most or the biggest urge to
+prove where if your solution needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove where if your solution needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove where if your solution needs a
+block change the solution as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block change the solution as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block change the solution as opposed to
+a traditional I mean making the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional I mean making the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traditional I mean making the case
+against the centralized database is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the centralized database is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the centralized database is kind
+of easy versus a distributed database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy versus a distributed database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy versus a distributed database
+think it's a little bit tough but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit tough but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a little bit tough but in the
+permissionless space that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless space that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless space that you don't have
+to struggle much because it's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to struggle much because it's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to struggle much because it's absolutely
+justified that you can because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified that you can because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified that you can because you're
+dealing with a decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a decentralized
+configuration where there's no one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration where there's no one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration where there's no one in
+charge of guaranteeing the that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of guaranteeing the that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of guaranteeing the that we have
+so so Eric's raising the question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Eric's raising the question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Eric's raising the question why
+not use a traditional database why ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use a traditional database why ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use a traditional database why ever
+use a permission in in the permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a permission in in the permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a permission in in the permissions
+space because permission is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because permission is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because permission is perfectly
+justified in the permission space I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified in the permission space I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified in the permission space I'm
+not saying it's not justified we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's not justified we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying it's not justified we the
+point is being that in the in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is being that in the in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is being that in the in our in our
+project we argue for a permission system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we argue for a permission system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we argue for a permission system
+okay we made some justifications in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made some justifications in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made some justifications in that
+space so the point is that I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the point is that I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the point is that I just wanted
+to get your thoughts so that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your thoughts so that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your thoughts so that in the
+permissionless spaces you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless spaces you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless spaces you don't have to
+struggle matching that permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle matching that permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle matching that permissionless
+blockchain technology looking forward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology looking forward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology looking forward a
+number of years looking forward to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years looking forward to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years looking forward to when
+some of the scalability and performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the scalability and performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the scalability and performance
+gets better can give you verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets better can give you verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets better can give you verification
+costs and and and its censorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and and and its censorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and and and its censorship
+resistant or practically censorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant or practically censorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant or practically censorship
+resistant unless somebody does a 51%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant unless somebody does a 51%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant unless somebody does a 51%
+attack but so I think that the truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but so I think that the truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack but so I think that the truly
+decentralized distributed permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized distributed permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized distributed permissionless
+system has a lot of lot to offer but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a lot of lot to offer but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has a lot of lot to offer but it
+comes with a lot of costs too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a lot of costs too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a lot of costs too and
+challenges hard to do the governance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges hard to do the governance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges hard to do the governance and
+hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to get
+coordinated action and as you've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated action and as you've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated action and as you've heard
+me say I think there's only probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say I think there's only probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say I think there's only probably
+gonna be a very limited use cases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a very limited use cases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a very limited use cases for
+native tokens native product specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tokens native product specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tokens native product specific
+tokens like a foul coin or a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens like a foul coin or a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens like a foul coin or a restaurant
+review coin or a health care coin I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review coin or a health care coin I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review coin or a health care coin I have
+I have my doubts about that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my doubts about that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my doubts about that an
+economy-wide coin a crypto currency like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy-wide coin a crypto currency like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy-wide coin a crypto currency like
+Bitcoin I think there's more use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I think there's more use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin I think there's more use
+particularly if you have a weak central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you have a weak central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you have a weak central
+bank a weak fiscal policy a country like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank a weak fiscal policy a country like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank a weak fiscal policy a country like
+Venezuela in the future might adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venezuela in the future might adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venezuela in the future might adopt
+something I think there's a lot to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think there's a lot to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think there's a lot to be
+said for permissionless but permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for permissionless but permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for permissionless but permission
+systems versus traditional databases I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems versus traditional databases I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems versus traditional databases I
+think also give something and I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also give something and I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also give something and I'll use
+the Australia Stock Exchange for one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australia Stock Exchange for one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australia Stock Exchange for one but
+they they know their customers they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they know their customers they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they know their customers they know
+they have I think the number was 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have I think the number was 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have I think the number was 77
+members they can take their database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members they can take their database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members they can take their database and
+decentralize it had put it on all 77
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralize it had put it on all 77
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralize it had put it on all 77
+member companies if that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member companies if that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member companies if that's the right
+number and say you're now sharing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and say you're now sharing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and say you're now sharing that
+and so then there's no single point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then there's no single point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then there's no single point of
+failure and we can lower what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and we can lower what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and we can lower what's called
+reconciliation cost because you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation cost because you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciliation cost because you all
+needed some of that data anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some of that data anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed some of that data anyway the
+historic the historic data keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic the historic data keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic the historic data keeping the
+historic nature of it came up with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic nature of it came up with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic nature of it came up with each
+of those 77 members having individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 77 members having individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 77 members having individual
+databases so I could see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases so I could see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases so I could see that there's a
+real benefit in probably efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefit in probably efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefit in probably efficiency and
+lowering costs which means lowering cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering costs which means lowering cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering costs which means lowering cost
+of verification lowering networking cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verification lowering networking cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of verification lowering networking cost
+because there are 77 members trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are 77 members trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are 77 members trade
+finance I could see some of that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance I could see some of that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance I could see some of that as well
+so that but you might be right or a coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but you might be right or a coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but you might be right or a coal
+might be able to just adopt that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to just adopt that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to just adopt that in a
+traditional database Sabrina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and copies of the same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what Sabrina's raising you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Sabrina's raising you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Sabrina's raising you can take
+the supremacy you know your your rhiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremacy you know your your rhiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremacy you know your your rhiness
+a master student in computer science at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master student in computer science at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master student in computer science at
+MIT so probably knows what she's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so probably knows what she's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so probably knows what she's talking
+about is really saying well you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is really saying well you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is really saying well you can you
+can do a lot of that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot of that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot of that you can you can
+have distributed databases without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distributed databases without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distributed databases without
+blockchain technology you can have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology you can have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology you can have and
+there's ways that this Byzantine fought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways that this Byzantine fought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways that this Byzantine fought
+tolerance has been addressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance has been addressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance has been addressed in
+distributed databases that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed databases that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed databases that you don't
+need blockchain technology the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need blockchain technology the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need blockchain technology the concept
+of a block commitment hash block a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a block commitment hash block a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a block commitment hash block a
+commitment hash block technology and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment hash block technology and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment hash block technology and and
+I accept that but I'm not I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accept that but I'm not I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I accept that but I'm not I'm not going
+to accept it to say that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept it to say that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept it to say that there's no
+space for permissioned blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for permissioned blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for permissioned blockchain
+technology what there is a space is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what there is a space is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology what there is a space is for
+the 80 of you in this room to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80 of you in this room to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80 of you in this room to have
+different opinions on all of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions on all of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different opinions on all of this you
+wanna close out I would I have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna close out I would I have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna close out I would I have one more
+slide I want to so this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I want to so this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I want to so this is of course
+about money so I went back and found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money so I went back and found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about money so I went back and found a
+quote from Benjamin Franklin that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote from Benjamin Franklin that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote from Benjamin Franklin that I
+liked and to me it's about a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked and to me it's about a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked and to me it's about a concept
+that I hope you all live by is paying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope you all live by is paying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hope you all live by is paying it
+forward paying forward is partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward paying forward is partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward paying forward is partly because
+all of us in this room are privileged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us in this room are privileged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us in this room are privileged
+word MIT or Harvard or Wellesley but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word MIT or Harvard or Wellesley but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word MIT or Harvard or Wellesley but
+we're at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at MIT
+and so what it Ben Franklin say and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it Ben Franklin say and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it Ben Franklin say and it
+does closed with money I do not pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does closed with money I do not pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does closed with money I do not pretend
+to give such a deed I only lend it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give such a deed I only lend it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give such a deed I only lend it to
+you when you meet another honest man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you meet another honest man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you meet another honest man and
+similar distress you must pay me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distress you must pay me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar distress you must pay me by
+lending this sum to him and joining him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending this sum to him and joining him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending this sum to him and joining him
+to discharge the debt by a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discharge the debt by a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discharge the debt by a like
+operation paying it forward basically he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation paying it forward basically he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation paying it forward basically he
+should be able and shall meet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able and shall meet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able and shall meet another
+opportunity hope that this may though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity hope that this may though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity hope that this may though
+many hands so Benjamin Franklin over 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hands so Benjamin Franklin over 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hands so Benjamin Franklin over 200
+years ago he closes this is a trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he closes this is a trick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago he closes this is a trick of
+mine of doing a deal good with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of doing a deal good with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine of doing a deal good with a little
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CROEh9u0VLM.txt b/CROEh9u0VLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e4251772f245767718892f42727b98126f1c33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CROEh9u0VLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in cart the value of men bucket can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cart the value of men bucket can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cart the value of men bucket can
+affect the models out-of-sample accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the models out-of-sample accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the models out-of-sample accuracy
+as we discussed earlier in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier in the lecture
+if men bucket is too small overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if men bucket is too small overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if men bucket is too small overfitting
+might occur but if men bucket is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur but if men bucket is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur but if men bucket is too
+large the model might be too simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the model might be too simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the model might be too simple so
+how should we set this parameter value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we set this parameter value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should we set this parameter value
+we could select the value that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could select the value that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could select the value that gives the
+best testing set accuracy but this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best testing set accuracy but this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best testing set accuracy but this isn't
+right the idea of the testing set is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea of the testing set is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea of the testing set is to
+measure model performance on data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure model performance on data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure model performance on data the
+model has never seen before by picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has never seen before by picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has never seen before by picking
+the value of min bucket to give the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of min bucket to give the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of min bucket to give the best
+test set performance the testing set was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set performance the testing set was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set performance the testing set was
+implicitly used to generate the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly used to generate the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly used to generate the model
+instead we'll use a method called k-fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we'll use a method called k-fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we'll use a method called k-fold
+cross-validation which is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation which is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation which is one way to
+properly select the parameter value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly select the parameter value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly select the parameter value this
+method works by going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method works by going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method works by going through the
+following steps first we split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following steps first we split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following steps first we split the
+training set into k equally sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set into k equally sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set into k equally sized
+subsets or folds in this example k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets or folds in this example k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets or folds in this example k
+equals 5 then we select k minus 1 or 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 then we select k minus 1 or 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 5 then we select k minus 1 or 4
+folds to estimate the model and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to estimate the model and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to estimate the model and compute
+predictions on the remaining 1 fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on the remaining 1 fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on the remaining 1 fold
+which is often referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often referred to as the
+validation set we build a model and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation set we build a model and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation set we build a model and make
+predictions for each possible parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for each possible parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for each possible parameter
+value were considering then we repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value were considering then we repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value were considering then we repeat
+this for each of the other folds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each of the other folds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each of the other folds or
+pieces of our training set so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of our training set so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of our training set so we would
+build a model using folds 1 2 3 & 5 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model using folds 1 2 3 & 5 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model using folds 1 2 3 & 5 to
+make predictions unfold for and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions unfold for and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions unfold for and then we
+would built a model using folds 1 2 4 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would built a model using folds 1 2 4 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would built a model using folds 1 2 4 &
+5 to make predictions unfold 3 etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to make predictions unfold 3 etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to make predictions unfold 3 etc so
+ultimately cross-validation builds mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately cross-validation builds mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately cross-validation builds mini
+models one for each fold and possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models one for each fold and possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models one for each fold and possible
+parameter value then for each candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value then for each candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value then for each candidate
+parameter value and for each fold we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value and for each fold we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value and for each fold we can
+compute the accuracy of the model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the accuracy of the model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the accuracy of the model this
+plot shows the possible parameter values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot shows the possible parameter values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot shows the possible parameter values
+on the x axis and the accuracy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis and the accuracy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x axis and the accuracy of the
+model on the y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on the y axis
+this line shows the accuracy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line shows the accuracy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line shows the accuracy of our
+model unfold one we can also compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model unfold one we can also compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model unfold one we can also compute the
+accuracy of the model using each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the model using each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of the model using each of the
+other folds as the validation sets we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folds as the validation sets we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folds as the validation sets we
+then average the accuracy over the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then average the accuracy over the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then average the accuracy over the K
+folds to determine the final parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to determine the final parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds to determine the final parameter
+value that we want to use typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we want to use typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we want to use typically the
+behavior looks like this if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior looks like this if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior looks like this if the
+parameter value is too small then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value is too small then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value is too small then the
+accuracy is lower because the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is lower because the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is lower because the model is
+probably over fit to the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably over fit to the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably over fit to the training set
+but if the parameter value is too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the parameter value is too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the parameter value is too large
+then the accuracy is also lower because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the accuracy is also lower because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the accuracy is also lower because
+the model is too simple in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is too simple in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is too simple in this case we
+would pick a parameter value around six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick a parameter value around six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick a parameter value around six
+because it leads to the maximum average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it leads to the maximum average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it leads to the maximum average
+accuracy over all parameter values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy over all parameter values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy over all parameter values so
+far we've used the parameter min bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've used the parameter min bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've used the parameter min bucket
+to limit our tree in our when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit our tree in our when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit our tree in our when we use
+cross-validation in our we'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation in our we'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation in our we'll use a
+parameter called CP instead this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called CP instead this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called CP instead this is the
+complexity parameter it's like adjusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity parameter it's like adjusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity parameter it's like adjusted
+r-squared for linear regression and AIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared for linear regression and AIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r-squared for linear regression and AIC
+for logistic regression in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for logistic regression in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for logistic regression in that it
+measures the trade-off between model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the trade-off between model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the trade-off between model
+complexity and accuracy on the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and accuracy on the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and accuracy on the training
+set a smaller CP value leads to a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a smaller CP value leads to a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a smaller CP value leads to a bigger
+tree so a smaller CP value might over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a smaller CP value might over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a smaller CP value might over
+fit the model to the training set but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the model to the training set but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the model to the training set but a
+CP value that's too large might build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP value that's too large might build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP value that's too large might build a
+model that's too simple let's go to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's too simple let's go to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's too simple let's go to R
+and use cross-validation to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use cross-validation to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use cross-validation to select the
+value of CP for our cart tree in our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of CP for our cart tree in our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of CP for our cart tree in our our
+console let's try cross-validation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console let's try cross-validation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console let's try cross-validation for
+our cart model to do this we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cart model to do this we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cart model to do this we need to
+install and load two new packages first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and load two new packages first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+install and load two new packages first
+we'll install the package carrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should see some lines running your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see some lines running your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see some lines running your
+our console and then when you're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our console and then when you're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our console and then when you're back to
+the blinking cursor load the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinking cursor load the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinking cursor load the package
+with library carrot now let's install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with library carrot now let's install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with library carrot now let's install
+the package e 1071 in install dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package e 1071 in install dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package e 1071 in install dot
+packages and in parenthesis in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and in parenthesis in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages and in parenthesis in quotes
+II 1071 again you should see some lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II 1071 again you should see some lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II 1071 again you should see some lines
+running your our console and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your our console and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running your our console and when you're
+back to the cursor load the package with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the cursor load the package with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the cursor load the package with
+library e 1071
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll define our cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define our cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll define our cross-validation
+experiment first we need to define how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment first we need to define how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment first we need to define how
+many folds we want we can do this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many folds we want we can do this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many folds we want we can do this using
+the train control function so we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train control function so we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train control function so we'll say
+num folds equals Train control and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+num folds equals Train control and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+num folds equals Train control and then
+in parentheses method equals and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses method equals and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses method equals and in
+quotes CV for cross-validation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes CV for cross-validation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes CV for cross-validation and then
+number equals ten for ten folds then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equals ten for ten folds then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number equals ten for ten folds then we
+need to pick the possible values for RCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pick the possible values for RCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pick the possible values for RCP
+parameter using the expand grid function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter using the expand grid function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter using the expand grid function
+so we'll call it CP grid and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call it CP grid and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll call it CP grid and then use
+expand dot grid where the only argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand dot grid where the only argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand dot grid where the only argument
+is dot CP equals seq for sequence zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dot CP equals seq for sequence zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dot CP equals seq for sequence zero
+point zero one comma zero point 5 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero one comma zero point 5 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero one comma zero point 5 comma
+zero point zero one this will define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point zero one this will define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point zero one this will define our
+CP parameters to test as numbers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP parameters to test as numbers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP parameters to test as numbers from
+point zero one to 0.5 in increments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero one to 0.5 in increments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero one to 0.5 in increments of
+0.01 now we're ready to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 now we're ready to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 now we're ready to perform
+cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation
+we'll do this using the train function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this using the train function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this using the train function
+where the first argument is similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is similar to
+that one we're building models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we're building models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one we're building models
+it's the dependent variable reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the dependent variable reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the dependent variable reverse
+followed by a tilde symbol and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a tilde symbol and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a tilde symbol and then the
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+variables separated by plus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables separated by plus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables separated by plus signs
+circuit plus issue plus petitioner plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit plus issue plus petitioner plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit plus issue plus petitioner plus
+respondent plus lower-court plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent plus lower-court plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondent plus lower-court plus
+unconstitutional our data set here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional our data set here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional our data set here is
+trained with a capital T and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with a capital T and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with a capital T and then we
+need to add the arguments method equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add the arguments method equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add the arguments method equals
+and in quotes are part since we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in quotes are part since we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in quotes are part since we want to
+cross validate a cart model and then TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validate a cart model and then TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validate a cart model and then TR
+control equals numb folds the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control equals numb folds the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control equals numb folds the output of
+our train control function and then tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our train control function and then tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our train control function and then tune
+grid equals CP grid the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid equals CP grid the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid equals CP grid the output of the
+expand dot grid function if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand dot grid function if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand dot grid function if you hit
+enter it might take a little while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it might take a little while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter it might take a little while but
+after a few seconds you should get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few seconds you should get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few seconds you should get a
+table describing the cross-validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table describing the cross-validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table describing the cross-validation
+accuracy for different CP parameters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy for different CP parameters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy for different CP parameters the
+first column gives the CP parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column gives the CP parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column gives the CP parameter that
+was tested and the second column gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tested and the second column gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was tested and the second column gives a
+cross-validation accuracy for that CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation accuracy for that CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation accuracy for that CP
+value the accuracy starts lower and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the accuracy starts lower and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the accuracy starts lower and then
+increases and then will start decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and then will start decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and then will start decreasing
+again as we saw in the slides at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as we saw in the slides at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as we saw in the slides at the
+bottom of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the output
+it says accuracy was used to select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says accuracy was used to select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says accuracy was used to select the
+optimal model using the largest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal model using the largest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal model using the largest value
+the final value used for the model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value used for the model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final value used for the model with
+CP equals point one eight this is the CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP equals point one eight this is the CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP equals point one eight this is the CP
+value we want to use in our cart model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we want to use in our cart model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we want to use in our cart model
+so now let's create a new cart model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's create a new cart model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's create a new cart model
+with this value of CP instead of the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this value of CP instead of the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this value of CP instead of the min
+bucket parameter we'll call this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket parameter we'll call this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket parameter we'll call this model
+Stephens tree CV and we'll use the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephens tree CV and we'll use the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephens tree CV and we'll use the art
+part function like we did earlier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part function like we did earlier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part function like we did earlier to
+predict reverse using all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict reverse using all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict reverse using all of our
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+lower court and unconstitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower court and unconstitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower court and unconstitutional
+our data set here is trained and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set here is trained and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set here is trained and then we
+want method equals class since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want method equals class since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want method equals class since we're
+building a classification tree and CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a classification tree and CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a classification tree and CP
+equals 0.18 now let's make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.18 now let's make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.18 now let's make predictions
+on our test set using this model we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our test set using this model we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our test set using this model we'll
+call our predictions predict CV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our predictions predict CV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call our predictions predict CV and
+we'll use the predict function to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the predict function to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the predict function to make
+predictions using the model Stephens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions using the model Stephens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions using the model Stephens
+tree CV the new data set test and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree CV the new data set test and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree CV the new data set test and we
+want to add type equals class so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add type equals class so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add type equals class so that we
+get class predictions now let's create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get class predictions now let's create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get class predictions now let's create
+our confusion matrix using the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our confusion matrix using the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our confusion matrix using the table
+function where we first give the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where we first give the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where we first give the true
+outcome test reverse and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome test reverse and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome test reverse and then our
+predictions predict CV so the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict CV so the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions predict CV so the accuracy
+of this model is 59 plus 64 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model is 59 plus 64 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this model is 59 plus 64 divided by
+the total number in this table 59 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number in this table 59 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number in this table 59 plus
+18 plus 29 plus 60 for the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 plus 29 plus 60 for the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 plus 29 plus 60 for the total number
+of observations in our test set so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in our test set so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in our test set so the
+accuracy of this model is 0.72 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of this model is 0.72 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of this model is 0.72 4
+remember that the accuracy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the accuracy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the accuracy of our
+previous cart model was 0.659
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cart model was 0.659
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cart model was 0.659
+cross-validation helps us make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation helps us make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation helps us make sure
+we're selecting a good parameter value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selecting a good parameter value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're selecting a good parameter value
+and often this will significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often this will significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often this will significantly
+increase the accuracy if we had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the accuracy if we had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the accuracy if we had already
+happened to select a good parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to select a good parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to select a good parameter
+value then the accuracy might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then the accuracy might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then the accuracy might not have
+increased that much but by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased that much but by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased that much but by using
+cross-validation we can be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation we can be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-validation we can be sure that
+we're selecting a smart parameter value
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CUrlh0yrQ8s.txt b/CUrlh0yrQ8s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecf1f30491a03cf83bf70e82c5735e9ad80839b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CUrlh0yrQ8s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is system Sally hey Sally it's dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is system Sally hey Sally it's dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is system Sally hey Sally it's dude
+dude are you okay you sound out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude are you okay you sound out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude are you okay you sound out of
+breath well I started growing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath well I started growing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath well I started growing some
+bacterial cells with Izzy last night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells with Izzy last night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial cells with Izzy last night and
+today I had to get to practice but coach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I had to get to practice but coach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I had to get to practice but coach
+kept us late and now I'm worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept us late and now I'm worried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept us late and now I'm worried that
+the cells dude you still there the sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells dude you still there the sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells dude you still there the sells
+what well I guess I don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well I guess I don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well I guess I don't really know
+Izzy said dog phase but that seems wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Izzy said dog phase but that seems wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Izzy said dog phase but that seems wrong
+is he probably said log phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he probably said log phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he probably said log phase which is
+when the cells are actively growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells are actively growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells are actively growing and
+dividing if you have some bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing if you have some bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing if you have some bacteria
+growing I'm happy to put the cultures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing I'm happy to put the cultures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing I'm happy to put the cultures on
+Ice that will slow down their growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice that will slow down their growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice that will slow down their growth and
+you can measure their density when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure their density when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure their density when you
+get here thanks Sally last night we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here thanks Sally last night we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get here thanks Sally last night we put
+two flasks at room temperature and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flasks at room temperature and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flasks at room temperature and two
+in the 37° incubator I'll be there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 37° incubator I'll be there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 37° incubator I'll be there as
+fast as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can hi Sally have you seen dude he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hi Sally have you seen dude he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hi Sally have you seen dude he just
+called to say he's on his way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to say he's on his way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called to say he's on his way I'm
+putting these cultures on ice but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these cultures on ice but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these cultures on ice but look
+the ones that were at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that were at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that were at room temperature
+don't seem to have grown much I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have grown much I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have grown much I was a
+little afraid of that they carry a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little afraid of that they carry a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little afraid of that they carry a high
+copy protein generator that dude and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy protein generator that dude and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy protein generator that dude and I
+made the growth of the cells takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the growth of the cells takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the growth of the cells takes a
+real hit when they carry this plasmid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hit when they carry this plasmid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real hit when they carry this plasmid
+we've seen them spend 12 hours in lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen them spend 12 hours in lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen them spend 12 hours in lag
+phas and then take two days to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas and then take two days to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas and then take two days to reach
+stationary phase without the plasmid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase without the plasmid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase without the plasmid is
+more like 4 hours to go from lag to log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 4 hours to go from lag to log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 4 hours to go from lag to log
+and they're saturated overnight when did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saturated overnight when did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saturated overnight when did
+you start these growing about 8 last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start these growing about 8 last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start these growing about 8 last
+night we diluted The Strain 1 to 1,000 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night we diluted The Strain 1 to 1,000 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night we diluted The Strain 1 to 1,000 I
+don't think these have grown much since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think these have grown much since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think these have grown much since
+then but I'll make measured their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but I'll make measured their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but I'll make measured their
+density anyway the cells that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anyway the cells that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anyway the cells that were
+growing at 37° look a little more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 37° look a little more dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 37° look a little more dense
+maybe they're doubling at an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're doubling at an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're doubling at an almost
+normal rate yep their density has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rate yep their density has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal rate yep their density has
+definitely changed since yesterday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely changed since yesterday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely changed since yesterday and
+if dude gets here fast we might be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if dude gets here fast we might be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if dude gets here fast we might be able
+to catch them in a log face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch them in a log face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch them in a log face and
+transform in a control device you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a control device you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in a control device you might
+also want to count the cells since some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to count the cells since some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to count the cells since some
+of the light scattering you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light scattering you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light scattering you're measuring
+at the spectrometer could be coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spectrometer could be coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the spectrometer could be coming from
+cell debris I hadn't thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell debris I hadn't thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell debris I hadn't thought about that
+but you're right I'll teach dude to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right I'll teach dude to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right I'll teach dude to
+count cells when he gets here one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count cells when he gets here one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count cells when he gets here one other
+thing I've seen happen is for the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've seen happen is for the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I've seen happen is for the cells
+to lose a plat if it's making them sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose a plat if it's making them sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose a plat if it's making them sick
+you and dude might want to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and dude might want to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and dude might want to check that
+the cells are still resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are still resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are still resistant to
+whatever antibiotic marker you have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever antibiotic marker you have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever antibiotic marker you have on
+the plasmid hi Sally hi Izzy sorry to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid hi Sally hi Izzy sorry to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasmid hi Sally hi Izzy sorry to be
+late I hope you left me some things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late I hope you left me some things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late I hope you left me some things to
+do in lab there's always plenty to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in lab there's always plenty to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in lab there's always plenty to do
+let's get started figuring out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started figuring out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started figuring out what's
+going on getting here I saw some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on getting here I saw some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on getting here I saw some of the
+most amazing pack of dogs getting walked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing pack of dogs getting walked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing pack of dogs getting walked
+over the bridge
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EJWG9-etPFw.txt b/EJWG9-etPFw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0c97a955451457923e9dc1aed9644c7fe6ba420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EJWG9-etPFw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll begin by reviewing quickly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin by reviewing quickly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll begin by reviewing quickly what we
+did last time we considered what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we considered what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we considered what are
+called finite range potentials in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called finite range potentials in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called finite range potentials in which
+over a distance are in the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a distance are in the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a distance are in the x-axis
+there's a non zero potential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a non zero potential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a non zero potential so the
+potential is some V of X for X between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is some V of X for X between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is some V of X for X between
+capital R and 0 is equal to 0 for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R and 0 is equal to 0 for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R and 0 is equal to 0 for X
+larger than capital R and it's infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than capital R and it's infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than capital R and it's infinity
+for X negative so there's a wall at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X negative so there's a wall at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X negative so there's a wall at x
+equals 0 and there can be some potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and there can be some potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and there can be some potential
+but this is called the finite range but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is called the finite range but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is called the finite range but
+then so because nothing happens after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so because nothing happens after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so because nothing happens after a
+distance R as usual we could third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R as usual we could third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R as usual we could third of
+scattering solutions solutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering solutions solutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering solutions solutions that are
+unnormalized ball with energies H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnormalized ball with energies H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnormalized ball with energies H
+squared K squared over 2m for a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K squared over 2m for a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared K squared over 2m for a particle
+with mass m and if we had no potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we wrote the solution Phi of X the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote the solution Phi of X the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote the solution Phi of X the wave
+function which was sine of KX and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which was sine of KX and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which was sine of KX and we
+also wrote it as a superposition of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wrote it as a superposition of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wrote it as a superposition of an
+incoming wave now an incoming wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave now an incoming wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming wave now an incoming wave in
+this setup is a wave that propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup is a wave that propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup is a wave that propagates
+from plus infinity toward zero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity toward zero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plus infinity toward zero and a
+reflected wave is a wave that bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected wave is a wave that bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected wave is a wave that bounces
+back and propagates towards more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and propagates towards more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and propagates towards more
+positive x so here we'll write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x so here we'll write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x so here we'll write this as
+minus e to the minus I K X over 2i plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I K X over 2i plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus I K X over 2i plus
+e to the I KX over 2i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the sign function were written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sign function were written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sign function were written
+in terms of Exponential's in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Exponential's in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of Exponential's in such a way
+that here is the incoming wave remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is the incoming wave remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here is the incoming wave remember
+the time dependence is minus I II T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependence is minus I II T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependence is minus I II T over
+H bar so this wave combined with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar so this wave combined with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar so this wave combined with the
+time is aways that this moving towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is aways that this moving towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is aways that this moving towards
+the origin this wave is moving outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin this wave is moving outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin this wave is moving outwards
+then we said that there would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said that there would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said that there would be in
+general with potential with a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with potential with a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with potential with a potential
+you would have a solution Phi of X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a solution Phi of X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a solution Phi of X which
+we wrote after some tinkering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote after some tinkering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote after some tinkering in the
+form I Delta sine of KX plus Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I Delta sine of KX plus Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I Delta sine of KX plus Delta and
+if you look at the part of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the part of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the part of the phase
+that has the minus ikx would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the minus ikx would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the minus ikx would have a
+minus Delta and a delta here so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta and a delta here so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta and a delta here so they
+would cancel so this solution has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cancel so this solution has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cancel so this solution has the
+same incoming wave as the no potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same incoming wave as the no potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same incoming wave as the no potential
+solution on the other hand here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the other hand here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution on the other hand here you
+would have e to the 2i Delta e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have e to the 2i Delta e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have e to the 2i Delta e to the
+ikx over 2i and this solution is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx over 2i and this solution is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx over 2i and this solution is only
+valid for X greater than R you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than R you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than R you see this
+is just a plane wave after all there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a plane wave after all there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a plane wave after all there's
+nothing more than a plane wave and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than a plane wave and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than a plane wave and a
+phase shift the phase shift of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift the phase shift of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift the phase shift of course
+doesn't make the solution any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make the solution any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make the solution any more
+complicated or subtle but what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated or subtle but what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated or subtle but what it does
+is by depending on the energy this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by depending on the energy this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by depending on the energy this this
+phase shift Delta depends on the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift Delta depends on the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift Delta depends on the energy
+over on K then it produces interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on K then it produces interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on K then it produces interesting
+phenomena when you send in wave packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena when you send in wave packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena when you send in wave packets
+so if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we write
+sigh we usually write sy is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh we usually write sy is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh we usually write sy is equal to the
+five plus sy s where P is is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus sy s where P is is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five plus sy s where P is is called the
+scattered wave you see the full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered wave you see the full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered wave you see the full wave
+that you get for X greater than R we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for X greater than R we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for X greater than R we
+would have to solve and work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to solve and work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to solve and work very
+carefully to figure out what is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to figure out what is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully to figure out what is the wave
+function in the region 0 to R but for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the region 0 to R but for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the region 0 to R but for X
+greater than R is simple and for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than R is simple and for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than R is simple and for X
+greater and are the wave functions I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and are the wave functions I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and are the wave functions I is
+the free wave function in the case of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free wave function in the case of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free wave function in the case of no
+potential plus the scattered wave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential plus the scattered wave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential plus the scattered wave a
+quick calculation with this thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation with this thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation with this thing's
+gives you that the scattered wave is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that the scattered wave is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you that the scattered wave is e
+to the I Delta sine Delta e to the I KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Delta sine Delta e to the I KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I Delta sine Delta e to the I KX
+is an outgoing wave and this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outgoing wave and this coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an outgoing wave and this coefficient
+is called the scattering amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the scattering amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the scattering amplitude is
+the amplitude of the scattered wave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the scattered wave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the scattered wave this
+is a wave that is going out and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave that is going out and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave that is going out and this is
+its amplitude so it has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude so it has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amplitude so it has something to do
+with a strength of the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a strength of the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a strength of the scattering
+because if there was no scattering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was no scattering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there was no scattering the
+wave function would just behave like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function would just behave like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function would just behave like the
+no potential wave function but due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential wave function but due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential wave function but due to
+the potential there is an extra piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential there is an extra piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential there is an extra piece
+and that represents an outgoing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that represents an outgoing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that represents an outgoing wave
+beyond what you get outgoing with a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what you get outgoing with a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what you get outgoing with a free
+no potential wave function so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential wave function so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential wave function so it's a
+scattering amplitude amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore sometimes we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore sometimes we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore sometimes we're interested
+in a s squared which is just sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a s squared which is just sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a s squared which is just sine
+squared Delta anyway those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta anyway those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta anyway those are the
+things we did last time and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we did last time and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we did last time and we can
+connect to some ideas that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to some ideas that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to some ideas that we were
+talking about in the past having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the past having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about in the past having to do
+with time delays by constructing a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time delays by constructing a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time delays by constructing a wave
+packet as we've usually done so consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet as we've usually done so consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet as we've usually done so consider
+the process of time delay which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomenon that we've observed happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that we've observed happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that we've observed happens
+in several circumstances if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several circumstances if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several circumstances if you have an
+incident wave how do you construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave how do you construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave how do you construct an
+incident wave well it has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave well it has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave well it has to be a
+superposition of e to the minus I KX for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of e to the minus I KX for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of e to the minus I KX for
+sure so we'll put a function in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we'll put a function in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so we'll put a function in front
+we'll integrate over K and we'll go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll integrate over K and we'll go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll integrate over K and we'll go from
+0 to infinity I'll actually add the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to infinity I'll actually add the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to infinity I'll actually add the time
+dependence as well so let's do Phi of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence as well so let's do Phi of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence as well so let's do Phi of X
+and T then we would have e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T then we would have e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T then we would have e to the minus
+I a of K T over H bar and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I a of K T over H bar and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I a of K T over H bar and this would be
+valid for X greater than R again as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than R again as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for X greater than R again as a
+solution of the Schrodinger equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Schrodinger equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Schrodinger equation you
+see it's a free wave there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a free wave there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's a free wave there's nothing
+extra from what you know from the de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra from what you know from the de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra from what you know from the de
+Broglie waves we studied long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broglie waves we studied long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broglie waves we studied long time ago
+so if this is your incident wave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is your incident wave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is your incident wave you
+have to now realize that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to now realize that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to now realize that you have this
+equation over here telling you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here telling you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here telling you about the
+general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution
+of the Schrodinger equation the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Schrodinger equation the general
+solution of the Schrodinger equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Schrodinger equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the Schrodinger equation in
+the simple region the outside region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple region the outside region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple region the outside region is
+of this form and it depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and it depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form and it depends on this
+Delta that must be calculated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that must be calculated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta that must be calculated this is
+the incoming wave this is the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming wave this is the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming wave this is the reflected
+wave and this is a solution so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this is a solution so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this is a solution so by
+superposition I construct the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition I construct the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition I construct the reflected
+wave of X and T so for each e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of X and T so for each e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave of X and T so for each e to the
+minus ikx wave I must put down 1 e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx wave I must put down 1 e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx wave I must put down 1 e to
+the ikx but I must also put an e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ikx but I must also put an e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ikx but I must also put an e to the
+2i Delta of the energy or Delta of K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i Delta of the energy or Delta of K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i Delta of the energy or Delta of K and
+I must put an extra minus sign because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must put an extra minus sign because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I must put an extra minus sign because
+these two have opposite signs so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two have opposite signs so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two have opposite signs so I
+should put a minus 0 to infinity the K F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put a minus 0 to infinity the K F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put a minus 0 to infinity the K F
+of K and will have the equal to minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and will have the equal to minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and will have the equal to minus I
+a of K T over H bar and just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of K T over H bar and just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of K T over H bar and just for
+reference F of K is some real function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference F of K is some real function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference F of K is some real function
+that peaks at some value K naught so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peaks at some value K naught so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peaks at some value K naught so you
+see just like what we did in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just like what we did in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just like what we did in the case of
+the step potential which we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step potential which we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step potential which we had an
+incident wave a reflected wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave a reflected wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave a reflected wave packet
+that transmitted wave packet the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transmitted wave packet the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transmitted wave packet the wave
+packets go along with a basic solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets go along with a basic solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets go along with a basic solution
+the basic solution had coefficients a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic solution had coefficients a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic solution had coefficients a B
+and C and you knew what B was in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C and you knew what B was in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C and you knew what B was in terms
+of a and uncie therefore you constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and uncie therefore you constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and uncie therefore you constructed
+the incoming wave with a e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming wave with a e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming wave with a e to the ikx
+and then the reflected wave with b e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reflected wave with b e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the reflected wave with b e to
+the minus ikx the same thing we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ikx the same thing we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ikx the same thing we're doing
+here inspired by this solution the Sai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inspired by this solution the Sai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here inspired by this solution the Sai
+of X we superpose many of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we superpose many of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we superpose many of those and
+that's what we've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now of course we can do the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we can do the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course we can do the stationary
+phase calculation that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase calculation that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase calculation that we've done
+several times to figure out how the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times to figure out how the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times to figure out how the peak
+of the wave packet moves so stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet moves so stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave packet moves so stationary
+phase phase at k equal K naught as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase phase at k equal K naught as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase phase at k equal K naught as you
+remember the only contribution can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the only contribution can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the only contribution can
+really come from case D R K naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come from case D R K naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really come from case D R K naught and
+at that point you want the face to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you want the face to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point you want the face to be
+stationary as a function of K I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary as a function of K I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary as a function of K I will not
+do here the computation again for psy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here the computation again for psy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here the computation again for psy
+incident you've done this computation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident you've done this computation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident you've done this computation a
+few times already for pi incidence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times already for pi incidence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times already for pi incidence you
+find the relation between X and T and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the relation between X and T and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the relation between X and T and I
+will just write it it's it's simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just write it it's it's simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just write it it's it's simple you
+find that X is equal to minus h-bar K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that X is equal to minus h-bar K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that X is equal to minus h-bar K
+naught over m T or minus some V velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over m T or minus some V velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over m T or minus some V velocity
+group velocity times T that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity times T that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity times T that is the
+condition for a peak to exist the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a peak to exist the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for a peak to exist the peak
+satisfies that equation and this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that equation and this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that equation and this makes
+sense when T is negative this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when T is negative this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when T is negative this solution
+for scienceand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scienceand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scienceand
+only makes sense for X positive in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense for X positive in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only makes sense for X positive in fact
+X greater than R so this solution needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X greater than R so this solution needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X greater than R so this solution needs
+X positive so it needs T negative indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X positive so it needs T negative indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X positive so it needs T negative indeed
+this is a wave that is coming from plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wave that is coming from plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a wave that is coming from plus
+infinity X equal plus infinity at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity X equal plus infinity at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity X equal plus infinity at time
+minus infinity and it's going in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity and it's going in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity and it's going in with
+this velocity for sorry reflected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity for sorry reflected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity for sorry reflected the
+derivative now has to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now has to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now has to take the
+derivative of Delta with respect to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Delta with respect to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Delta with respect to e
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the derivative of e with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of e with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of e with respect to the
+energy and the answer in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the answer in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the answer in this case and
+you've done this before is v group times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this before is v group times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done this before is v group times
+P minus 2h bar Delta prime of e so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus 2h bar Delta prime of e so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus 2h bar Delta prime of e so yes
+in the reflected wave X grows as T grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflected wave X grows as T grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflected wave X grows as T grows
+and it's positive team must now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's positive team must now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's positive team must now be
+positive but in fact this if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in fact this if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in fact this if you would
+have just X equal V group T this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just X equal V group T this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just X equal V group T this would
+correspond to a particle that seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particle that seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a particle that seems to
+start at the origin at time equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the origin at time equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at the origin at time equals zero
+and goes out but this actually there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out but this actually there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes out but this actually there has
+an extra term subtracted so only for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra term subtracted so only for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra term subtracted so only for T
+greater than this number the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than this number the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than this number the particle
+begins to appear so this is a delay T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear so this is a delay T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to appear so this is a delay T
+minus some T naught the packet gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some T naught the packet gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some T naught the packet gets
+delayed by this potential now this delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by this potential now this delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by this potential now this delay
+can really get delay sometimes it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really get delay sometimes it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really get delay sometimes it might
+even get accelerated oh but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get accelerated oh but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get accelerated oh but in general
+the delay is given by this quantity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay is given by this quantity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay is given by this quantity so
+we'll I'll write it here the delay delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll write it here the delay delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll I'll write it here the delay delta
+T is 2h bar Delta prime of e and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is 2h bar Delta prime of e and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is 2h bar Delta prime of e and let's
+write it in a way that you can see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in a way that you can see maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in a way that you can see maybe
+the unit's better and get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit's better and get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit's better and get a little
+intuition about what this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what this computation
+gives for that let's differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives for that let's differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives for that let's differentiate this
+with respect to K and then K with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K and then K with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to K and then K with
+respect to energy so the Delta with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to energy so the Delta with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to energy so the Delta with
+respect to K and the K with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K and the K with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K and the K with respect to
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is 2 over 1 over H bar d e with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 over 1 over H bar d e with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 over 1 over H bar d e with
+respect to K I do a little rearrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K I do a little rearrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to K I do a little rearrangement
+of this derivative is one function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this derivative is one function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this derivative is one function of
+one variable K and either a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable K and either a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable K and either a single
+relation so you can just invert it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so you can just invert it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so you can just invert it is
+more dangerous when you have partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous when you have partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous when you have partial
+derivatives it not necessarily true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it not necessarily true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives it not necessarily true but
+for this ordinary derivatives is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ordinary derivatives is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this ordinary derivatives is true
+and then you have this two that I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this two that I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have this two that I left
+here the H bar went all the way down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the H bar went all the way down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the H bar went all the way down and
+I have the Delta BK and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the Delta BK and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the Delta BK and here we
+recognize that this is 2 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is 2 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that this is 2 and this is
+nothing else than the group velocity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than the group velocity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than the group velocity we
+were talking before the e the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking before the e the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking before the e the energy is
+H squared K squared over 2m you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared K squared over 2m you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared K squared over 2m you
+differentiate divide by H bar and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate divide by H bar and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate divide by H bar and it
+gives you the group velocity H K naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the group velocity H K naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the group velocity H K naught
+over m because this derivatives all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m because this derivatives all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m because this derivatives all have
+to be evaluated at K naught so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evaluated at K naught so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be evaluated at K naught so this
+derivative is really evaluated at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is really evaluated at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is really evaluated at K
+naught this is also evaluated at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught this is also evaluated at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught this is also evaluated at K
+naught so this is the group velocity D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so this is the group velocity D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so this is the group velocity D
+Delta DK and finally let me rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta DK and finally let me rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta DK and finally let me rewrite it
+in a slightly different way I bow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different way I bow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly different way I bow to
+apply by 1 over R why because b delta DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply by 1 over R why because b delta DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply by 1 over R why because b delta DK
+k has units of 1 over length so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k has units of 1 over length so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k has units of 1 over length so if i
+multiply by 1 over r this will have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1 over r this will have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1 over r this will have no
+units so I claim that 1 over R the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so I claim that 1 over R the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so I claim that 1 over R the Delta
+DK is equal to delta T and you'll have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK is equal to delta T and you'll have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK is equal to delta T and you'll have 2
+over VG + R so I did a few steps I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VG + R so I did a few steps I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over VG + R so I did a few steps I move
+the 2 over VG down to the left and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 over VG down to the left and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 over VG down to the left and I
+multiplied by 1 over R and now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over R and now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over R and now we have a
+nice expression this is the delay delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice expression this is the delay delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice expression this is the delay delta
+T is the delay but you now have divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the delay but you now have divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is the delay but you now have divided
+it by 2 R divided by the velocity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 2 R divided by the velocity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by 2 R divided by the velocity which
+is the time it takes the particle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time it takes the particle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time it takes the particle with
+the group velocity to travel back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity to travel back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity to travel back and
+forth in the finite range potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the finite range potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the finite range potential so
+that gives you an idea so if you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea so if you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you an idea so if you compute
+the time delay again it will have units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time delay again it will have units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time delay again it will have units
+of microseconds and you may not know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microseconds and you may not know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microseconds and you may not know if
+that's little or much but here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's little or much but here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's little or much but here by
+completing this quantity not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this quantity not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completing this quantity not exactly
+Delta prime of e but this quantity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta prime of e but this quantity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta prime of e but this quantity you
+get an inside because this is the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by the free transit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of a nice quantity you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a nice quantity you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a nice quantity you're
+dividing your delay and comparing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing your delay and comparing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing your delay and comparing it
+with the time that it takes a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time that it takes a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time that it takes a particle
+with the velocity is coming in to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity is coming in to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity is coming in to do the
+bouncing across the finite range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing across the finite range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing across the finite range
+potential
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FLbfYpkSZ84.txt b/FLbfYpkSZ84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fa7a0fee5578715a8dc0419df6e028d254cafda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FLbfYpkSZ84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu anyhow welcome everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu anyhow welcome everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu anyhow welcome everyone
+today uh today we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh today we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh today we're going to be talking
+about advanced concepts um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about advanced concepts um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about advanced concepts um these are
+kind of like what I would consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what I would consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like what I would consider the
+next generation of solar cells if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of solar cells if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of solar cells if these
+ideas pen out some of them are very near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas pen out some of them are very near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas pen out some of them are very near
+and dear to my heart because it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dear to my heart because it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dear to my heart because it's what
+my research is mainly focused on um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is mainly focused on um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is mainly focused on um also
+another quick realization I had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quick realization I had last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another quick realization I had last
+week probably Tonio mentioned this to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week probably Tonio mentioned this to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week probably Tonio mentioned this to me
+at some point but do you guys know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point but do you guys know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point but do you guys know where
+626 comes from why the course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+626 comes from why the course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+626 comes from why the course is that
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+that so 6.2 or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so 6.2 or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so 6.2 or is it
+6.26 uh time 10us 34th is planks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.26 uh time 10us 34th is planks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.26 uh time 10us 34th is planks
+constant um so haha funny thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um so haha funny thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um so haha funny thought that
+was kind of cool um a little joke put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of cool um a little joke put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of cool um a little joke put in
+there so anyhow without further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so anyhow without further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so anyhow without further
+Ado yeah um one of the cool thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ado yeah um one of the cool thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ado yeah um one of the cool thing the
+sales are done yay this is great news I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are done yay this is great news I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are done yay this is great news I
+was very very happy um so uh didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very happy um so uh didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very happy um so uh didn't go
+quite as well as expected I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well as expected I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as well as expected I think most
+of you are finding out that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are finding out that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are finding out that these are
+incredibly serious since limited um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly serious since limited um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly serious since limited um I'm
+going to talk about why that might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about why that might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about why that might be in
+a second um hopefully that'll help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second um hopefully that'll help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second um hopefully that'll help you
+guide you through your analysis uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through your analysis uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through your analysis uh which
+we'll be doing for the final part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing for the final part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be doing for the final part of the
+quiz 2.3 which hopefully I'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 2.3 which hopefully I'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 2.3 which hopefully I'll be able to
+post by tomorrow after noonish um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post by tomorrow after noonish um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post by tomorrow after noonish um I'm
+still working on that right now um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working on that right now um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working on that right now um but
+just to give you guys kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you guys kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you guys kind of the the
+processing that you didn't get to see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that you didn't get to see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing that you didn't get to see um
+this is what the contact firing looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the contact firing looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the contact firing looks
+like it's a very very very fast process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a very very very fast process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's a very very very fast process
+um it's really remarkable to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really remarkable to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really remarkable to me that
+this is it combines so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it combines so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it combines so many
+photolithographic steps that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic steps that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithographic steps that if you
+wanted to make this in the lab um using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make this in the lab um using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make this in the lab um using
+photo lithography and condenses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo lithography and condenses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo lithography and condenses these
+six or seven steps into one process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven steps into one process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven steps into one process um
+so it's pretty remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's pretty remarkable
+uh so Dupont the people who made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Dupont the people who made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Dupont the people who made the
+pace so we use PV 16a if you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so we use PV 16a if you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace so we use PV 16a if you guys are
+curious U for our front contacts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious U for our front contacts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious U for our front contacts for
+silver past um and we actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver past um and we actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver past um and we actually get the
+really important part is this peaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part is this peaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important part is this peaking
+temperature um and you can see that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um and you can see that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um and you can see that we
+actually got pretty close to the ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got pretty close to the ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got pretty close to the ramp
+times where it really starts to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where it really starts to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times where it really starts to deviate
+is here um and we hold it around 400 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here um and we hold it around 400 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here um and we hold it around 400 a
+little bit longer um which is several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer um which is several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer um which is several
+reasons for that and I'll go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that and I'll go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for that and I'll go into that
+in a second but um what's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but um what's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second but um what's important is
+that all these are fired in an oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these are fired in an oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all these are fired in an oxygen
+atmosphere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so
+normally in these belt furnaces so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in these belt furnaces so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in these belt furnaces so this
+is again what's used in industry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again what's used in industry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again what's used in industry this is
+actually the same exact tool that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same exact tool that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same exact tool that I use
+at Harvard um it actually looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um it actually looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um it actually looks like
+this with a giant CRT monitor on top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a giant CRT monitor on top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a giant CRT monitor on top the
+only way to get the data off is with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to get the data off is with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to get the data off is with a
+three and a half floppy Drive I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half floppy Drive I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half floppy Drive I can't
+tell you how difficult it was to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how difficult it was to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how difficult it was to find a
+working three and a half floppy Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working three and a half floppy Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working three and a half floppy Drive
+most of them are demagnetized at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are demagnetized at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them are demagnetized at this
+point I had to buy new ones they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I had to buy new ones they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I had to buy new ones they're
+still being made by the way if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being made by the way if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being made by the way if you want
+them go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go to
+Staples um so anyhow um it's done in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples um so anyhow um it's done in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staples um so anyhow um it's done in an
+oxygen atmosphere so they generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atmosphere so they generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atmosphere so they generally
+Force air flow into these giant belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force air flow into these giant belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force air flow into these giant belt
+furnaces and these are really long like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnaces and these are really long like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnaces and these are really long like
+that's about probably about a foot wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about probably about a foot wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about probably about a foot wide
+maybe a little 18 in wide um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little 18 in wide um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a little 18 in wide um so this
+goes on for tens of feet or several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on for tens of feet or several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on for tens of feet or several
+meters depending on where you're from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters depending on where you're from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters depending on where you're from um
+and it's done in an oxygen atmosphere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's done in an oxygen atmosphere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's done in an oxygen atmosphere or
+an air atmosphere because it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air atmosphere because it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air atmosphere because it needs to
+burn off a lot of the binders um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn off a lot of the binders um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn off a lot of the binders um and
+some of the Organics that might still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Organics that might still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the Organics that might still be
+there and so those Organics burn off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so those Organics burn off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so those Organics burn off and
+what you're left with are the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're left with are the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're left with are the little
+metal particles the frit and the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal particles the frit and the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal particles the frit and the some
+metal oxide glass it's usually lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxide glass it's usually lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxide glass it's usually lead
+oxide although Dupont will never tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide although Dupont will never tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide although Dupont will never tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um but this is um from papers I've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is um from papers I've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is um from papers I've read
+this is generally what's used um so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generally what's used um so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is generally what's used um so when
+that happens so this is that burnoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so this is that burnoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens so this is that burnoff
+period when it spikes the frit will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when it spikes the frit will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when it spikes the frit will
+actually burn through your silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually burn through your silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually burn through your silicon
+nitride layer you guys didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride layer you guys didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride layer you guys didn't have a
+silicon nitride layer but if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon nitride layer but if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon nitride layer but if it was
+there it would help eat through it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would help eat through it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it would help eat through it um
+and so that way you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that way you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that way you remove the
+dialectric so you can actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric so you can actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric so you can actually make
+contact metal contact with your silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact metal contact with your silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact metal contact with your silicon
+surface underneath um that firing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface underneath um that firing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface underneath um that firing uh
+will during that Peak also s mously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will during that Peak also s mously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will during that Peak also s mously
+these metal particles will melt and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal particles will melt and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal particles will melt and form
+this triple tic point with the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triple tic point with the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triple tic point with the Silicon
+underneath it and with so the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it and with so the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it and with so the triple
+comes from the silver the silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the silver the silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the silver the silicon and
+the lead the lead actually dissociates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead the lead actually dissociates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead the lead actually dissociates
+from the glass this lowers the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the glass this lowers the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the glass this lowers the melting
+temperature of that mixture um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of that mixture um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of that mixture um and you
+can make good omic contact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make good omic contact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make good omic contact with the
+surface it's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it's actually a pretty
+remarkable incredible process um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable incredible process um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable incredible process um it's
+still almost kind of magic to me on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still almost kind of magic to me on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still almost kind of magic to me on how
+the whole thing works um and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing works um and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing works um and a lot of
+it's just kind of guess and check and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of guess and check and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of guess and check and um
+still very proprietary so the sence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very proprietary so the sence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very proprietary so the sence is
+still a little lacking there you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little lacking there you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a little lacking there you don't
+find a lot of good um articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of good um articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lot of good um articles
+explaining the science of it I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the science of it I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the science of it I have a
+few if you guys are interested enrs put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few if you guys are interested enrs put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few if you guys are interested enrs put
+out um a lot of really interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um a lot of really interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um a lot of really interesting stuff
+um and some of the ways they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some of the ways they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and some of the ways they actually
+figure out the actual profile underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the actual profile underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the actual profile underneath
+the contacts versus you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contacts versus you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contacts versus you measure the
+temperature on the side of the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the side of the contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the side of the contact
+so actually touching the Silicon or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually touching the Silicon or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually touching the Silicon or the
+Silicon nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon nitride
+surface um is you actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um is you actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um is you actually measure
+hydrogen diffusion underneath it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen diffusion underneath it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen diffusion underneath it and so
+they'll actually etch off the contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually etch off the contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll actually etch off the contacts
+and measure a hydro using secondary ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure a hydro using secondary ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and measure a hydro using secondary ion
+Mass spectroscopy measure the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass spectroscopy measure the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass spectroscopy measure the hydrogen
+um concentration off contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concentration off contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um concentration off contact and
+underneath the contact and that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the contact and that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the contact and that actually
+tell you what temperature it's saw um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what temperature it's saw um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what temperature it's saw um
+based on that diffusion profile so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that diffusion profile so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that diffusion profile so there
+is some good science going on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some good science going on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some good science going on but
+there's not a lot of great papers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of great papers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of great papers on the
+um on it so anyhow that just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on it so anyhow that just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on it so anyhow that just kind of
+gives you what I was working on over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what I was working on over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you what I was working on over the
+weekend trying to get these cells fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend trying to get these cells fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend trying to get these cells fired
+uh so I aggregated a lot of the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I aggregated a lot of the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I aggregated a lot of the results
+and tried to make sense of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to make sense of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tried to make sense of what was
+going on um I think I showed some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um I think I showed some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on um I think I showed some of you
+different firing temperatures and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firing temperatures and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different firing temperatures and the
+fill factors we got and there was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill factors we got and there was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill factors we got and there was kind
+of just noisy data so I couldn't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just noisy data so I couldn't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just noisy data so I couldn't get any
+real Trends the best trend I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Trends the best trend I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real Trends the best trend I could find
+was that uh if you take the median of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that uh if you take the median of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that uh if you take the median of
+all the short circuit currents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the short circuit currents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the short circuit currents of the
+cells and you look at the ones with 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you look at the ones with 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and you look at the ones with 4
+millim and 2 mm spacing the 4mm spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim and 2 mm spacing the 4mm spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millim and 2 mm spacing the 4mm spacing
+has a slightly higher short circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slightly higher short circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a slightly higher short circuit
+current presumably due to shading losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current presumably due to shading losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current presumably due to shading losses
+if you look at the relative areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the relative areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the relative areas that
+each of these cover up you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these cover up you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these cover up you would expect
+a 4% increase this is about 3% so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4% increase this is about 3% so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4% increase this is about 3% so I'll
+take that as fact it might be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as fact it might be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as fact it might be it's
+certainly within the noise and the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within the noise and the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within the noise and the error
+um of the number of samples that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the number of samples that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the number of samples that we have
+but I thought it was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought it was interesting
+nonetheless um additionally I plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless um additionally I plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless um additionally I plotted
+the series distance that I calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series distance that I calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series distance that I calculated
+from your dark IV curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your dark IV curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your dark IV curve
+um and plotted your maximum power I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and plotted your maximum power I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and plotted your maximum power I also
+removed all the cells that were broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all the cells that were broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed all the cells that were broken
+I'm sure if I actually normalized them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if I actually normalized them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if I actually normalized them
+there were some some of the cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some some of the cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some some of the cells that
+were broken actually performed a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken actually performed a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were broken actually performed a lot
+better uh and I'll get into maybe why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh and I'll get into maybe why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh and I'll get into maybe why
+that was the case in a second um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the case in a second um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the case in a second um but the
+really the take-home message is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the take-home message is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the take-home message is that a
+really best performing cells are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really best performing cells are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really best performing cells are all
+clumped over here and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped over here and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped over here and so you can see
+that our best cells have a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our best cells have a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our best cells have a very low
+series distance um that's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series distance um that's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series distance um that's not always the
+case there's some outliers like this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's some outliers like this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's some outliers like this guy
+here and I don't know how that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I don't know how that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I don't know how that happened
+but um so some interesting things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so some interesting things going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um so some interesting things going
+on I'm still trying to sift through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm still trying to sift through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I'm still trying to sift through it
+so I talked about this I think yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I talked about this I think yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I talked about this I think yesterday
+in the analysis section but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis section but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis section but there's
+several sources of series resistance do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several sources of series resistance do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several sources of series resistance do
+any you guys familiar with what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you guys familiar with what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you guys familiar with what they are
+um resistance and emter Sheet resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um resistance and emter Sheet resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um resistance and emter Sheet resistance
+emitter sheet resistance and then line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter sheet resistance and then line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter sheet resistance and then line
+contact line so there's line resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact line so there's line resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact line so there's line resistance
+along the fingers and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the fingers and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the fingers and then there's
+contact resistance so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance so I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance so I'm going to draw
+this out really quickly um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out really quickly um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out really quickly um so if you
+have this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is your
+emitter um you have a contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter um you have a contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitter um you have a contact
+here in a contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a contact
+here if you generate uh an electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you generate uh an electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you generate uh an electron here
+it'll diffuse hit the junction um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll diffuse hit the junction um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll diffuse hit the junction um then
+it has to flow through the emitter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to flow through the emitter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to flow through the emitter to
+the contact there's an Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact there's an Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact there's an Associated
+resistance with that that's the um C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance with that that's the um C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance with that that's the um C
+resistance that we taught in class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that we taught in class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that we taught in class that
+has to do with the emitter resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the emitter resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the emitter resistance
+additionally to hop over that metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally to hop over that metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally to hop over that metal
+semiconductor Junction there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Junction there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Junction there's actually
+a resistance there that's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistance there that's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistance there that's called a
+contact resistance um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance um so this
+is uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emitter and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contact UM and then it has to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact UM and then it has to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact UM and then it has to travel
+from the line to the bus barar here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the line to the bus barar here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the line to the bus barar here and
+that's our line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistance um and I think what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance um and I think what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance um and I think what's really
+limiting us because when I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting us because when I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting us because when I looked at
+both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the
+um shallow in deep emitters the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shallow in deep emitters the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shallow in deep emitters the series
+distance didn't really have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance didn't really have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance didn't really have any
+noticeable Trends um so I really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable Trends um so I really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable Trends um so I really think
+that this is what's limiting us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what's limiting us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is what's limiting us
+completely is our contact resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely is our contact resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely is our contact resistance
+which is kind of too bad uh so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of too bad uh so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of too bad uh so one of
+the reasons I think that that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I think that that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I think that that's the case
+additionally is that some the sales that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally is that some the sales that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally is that some the sales that
+performed the best I know jeles did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed the best I know jeles did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed the best I know jeles did
+particularly well um I think he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well um I think he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly well um I think he had a
+what was your fill Factor do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your fill Factor do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was your fill Factor do you
+remember well on the one side it was5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember well on the one side it was5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember well on the one side it was5
+but on the other was 64 okay so one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other was 64 okay so one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other was 64 okay so one side
+was better so again the inome gen it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better so again the inome gen it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better so again the inome gen it of
+doing the measurement there also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the measurement there also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the measurement there also another
+indication that our Ser across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that our Ser across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that our Ser across the
+contacts is really poor um so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts is really poor um so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts is really poor um so some of
+the other contacts if you look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other contacts if you look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other contacts if you look on the
+where's my good piece of Shu oh um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my good piece of Shu oh um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my good piece of Shu oh um right
+if here's our bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here's our bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if here's our bus
+bar some people saw delamination who saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar some people saw delamination who saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar some people saw delamination who saw
+their contacts delaminate yeah so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contacts delaminate yeah so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their contacts delaminate yeah so a
+couple people and so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people and so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple people and so what that means is
+that these contacts actually peeled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these contacts actually peeled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these contacts actually peeled up
+um and that's usually showing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's usually showing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's usually showing that the
+what's funny though is that these areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny though is that these areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny though is that these areas
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+middle um didn't delaminate it was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle um didn't delaminate it was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle um didn't delaminate it was only
+the edges here and so that's showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges here and so that's showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges here and so that's showing
+that some parts are being properly fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some parts are being properly fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some parts are being properly fired
+and some parts are being underf fired um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some parts are being underf fired um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some parts are being underf fired um
+cuz when I fired at higher temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz when I fired at higher temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz when I fired at higher temperatures
+I was getting shunting and that was due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was getting shunting and that was due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was getting shunting and that was due
+to shunting through the center area so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shunting through the center area so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shunting through the center area so I
+think that the RTA that I was using um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the RTA that I was using um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the RTA that I was using um
+this wasn't the case on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't the case on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wasn't the case on some of the
+earlier cells I had processed but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier cells I had processed but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier cells I had processed but is
+rather in homogene inhomogeneous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in homogene inhomogeneous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in homogene inhomogeneous in
+terms of the the temperature profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the temperature profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the temperature profile
+it's delivering to our cells so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delivering to our cells so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delivering to our cells so I think
+that could be part of our problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be part of our problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be part of our problem as
+well how many cells did you fire up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many cells did you fire up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how many cells did you fire up at
+the same time just one or yeah it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time just one or yeah it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time just one or yeah it's one
+at a time um and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time um and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time um and there's some
+variability in the peak firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the peak firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the peak firing
+temperature I've uh unfortunately with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I've uh unfortunately with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I've uh unfortunately with
+the RTA so I've learned a lot about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RTA so I've learned a lot about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RTA so I've learned a lot about when
+we're going to buy an RTA for the um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to buy an RTA for the um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to buy an RTA for the um for
+our lab what to look for the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab what to look for the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lab what to look for the temporal
+resolution of the data you get out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the data you get out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the data you get out of it
+and how it records it is 6 seconds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it records it is 6 seconds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it records it is 6 seconds um
+mean when this thing's ramping at 100 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when this thing's ramping at 100 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when this thing's ramping at 100 C
+per second your variability is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second your variability is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second your variability is quite
+large um so the temperature read is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um so the temperature read is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um so the temperature read is not
+just from the data point but I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the data point but I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the data point but I do a
+linear interpolation to actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear interpolation to actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear interpolation to actually figure
+out what the peak is uh on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the peak is uh on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the peak is uh on both sides of
+of of that Peak um and it ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that Peak um and it ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that Peak um and it ends up being
+about anywhere from 20 to 40 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anywhere from 20 to 40 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anywhere from 20 to 40 degrees
+celsius higher um using that technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsius higher um using that technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsius higher um using that technique
+and so the variability varies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the variability varies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the variability varies from
+about it's about 20 degrees plus orus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's about 20 degrees plus orus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's about 20 degrees plus orus 10
+degrees Celsius in terms of what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius in terms of what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius in terms of what I want
+the peak to be and what it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak to be and what it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak to be and what it actually is
+um so the RTA that we're using now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the RTA that we're using now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the RTA that we're using now is
+not incredibly repeatable um also better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not incredibly repeatable um also better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not incredibly repeatable um also better
+rtas will have a different heater on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtas will have a different heater on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtas will have a different heater on top
+and bottom and so you can actually heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom and so you can actually heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom and so you can actually heat
+one side more than the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side more than the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side more than the other and
+generally belt furnaces so commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally belt furnaces so commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally belt furnaces so commercial
+ones will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones will have
+both will have that same kind of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both will have that same kind of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both will have that same kind of control
+I know at 1366 that they've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at 1366 that they've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at 1366 that they've actually
+done um optimization to do heating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um optimization to do heating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um optimization to do heating the
+top and bottom differently because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom differently because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and bottom differently because they
+use different pace they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different pace they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different pace they have different
+heat requirements thermal requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat requirements thermal requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat requirements thermal requirements
+um and so nailing that temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so nailing that temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so nailing that temperature and
+that profile actually takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profile actually takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profile actually takes a lot of
+iteration and a lot of time um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and a lot of time um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration and a lot of time um and it's
+really just learning the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just learning the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just learning the tool
+as opposed to the again good science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the again good science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to the again good science
+behind it so it's it's it can be rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it so it's it's it can be rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it so it's it's it can be rather
+difficult and timeconsuming to do um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and timeconsuming to do um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and timeconsuming to do um so
+um that's what I have to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what I have to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's what I have to say about the
+cells um I think overall though I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um I think overall though I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um I think overall though I think
+the efficiencies were on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiencies were on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiencies were on the order of
+six to I think 9% for some of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six to I think 9% for some of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six to I think 9% for some of the cells
+so that's not too bad um I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not too bad um I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not too bad um I'm still
+rather pleased with that so okay uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather pleased with that so okay uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather pleased with that so okay uh last
+time I think Tonio stopped talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think Tonio stopped talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think Tonio stopped talking about
+or stopped right before he was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stopped right before he was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or stopped right before he was going to
+talk about performance of modules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about performance of modules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about performance of modules in the
+field um and the kind of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um and the kind of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um and the kind of what's the
+difference between your cell efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between your cell efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between your cell efficiency
+and your module efficiency um modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your module efficiency um modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your module efficiency um modules
+are put out in the sun they heat up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put out in the sun they heat up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are put out in the sun they heat up they
+can get shaded by snow rain clouds trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get shaded by snow rain clouds trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get shaded by snow rain clouds trees
+um and also the modules are made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also the modules are made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also the modules are made up of
+many different cells that are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different cells that are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different cells that are connected
+in series and parallel and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series and parallel and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in series and parallel and how does that
+affect the overall performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the overall performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the overall performance of the
+module and so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and so that's what we're going to
+talk about really quickly um so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about really quickly um so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about really quickly um so first
+off why does temperature matter so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off why does temperature matter so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off why does temperature matter so all
+solar cells when they're measured uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells when they're measured uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells when they're measured uh
+either at enr or in our lab are measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at enr or in our lab are measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at enr or in our lab are measured
+under standard operating conditions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under standard operating conditions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under standard operating conditions or
+standard testing conditions sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard testing conditions sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard testing conditions sorry
+certainly not standard operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not standard operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not standard operating
+conditions um standard uh testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um standard uh testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um standard uh testing
+conditions are done at 25c generally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are done at 25c generally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are done at 25c generally the
+cells are actively cooled to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are actively cooled to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are actively cooled to maintain
+that temperature of room temperature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature of room temperature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature of room temperature um
+and most semiconductor simulations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most semiconductor simulations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most semiconductor simulations you
+perform are generally done at 300 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform are generally done at 300 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform are generally done at 300 Kelvin
+I know all the calculations I did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know all the calculations I did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know all the calculations I did for
+fitting your non-ideal diode curve were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting your non-ideal diode curve were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting your non-ideal diode curve were
+done at 300K um typical operation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at 300K um typical operation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at 300K um typical operation can
+actually be pretty hot so 50 to 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pretty hot so 50 to 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pretty hot so 50 to 65
+degrees celsus I actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees celsus I actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees celsus I actually don't know
+what that is in Fahrenheit but it's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is in Fahrenheit but it's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is in Fahrenheit but it's hot
+um towards yeah 25 yeah it's hotter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um towards yeah 25 yeah it's hotter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um towards yeah 25 yeah it's hotter than
+Phoenix um and I'm sure they get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um and I'm sure they get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix um and I'm sure they get even
+even hotter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hotter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even hotter in
+Phoenix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix
+um okay so the effect of temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the effect of temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the effect of temperature so
+how does it affect vocc um if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it affect vocc um if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does it affect vocc um if you recall
+this is our diet equation we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our diet equation we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our diet equation we have
+lumination current which we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumination current which we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumination current which we'll get to
+how that's affected by temperature in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's affected by temperature in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's affected by temperature in a
+second but for now just ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but for now just ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but for now just ignore that
+assume it stays constant um so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it stays constant um so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it stays constant um so one of
+the things that's really affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's really affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that's really affecting
+your VOC so remember your vocc is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your VOC so remember your vocc is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your VOC so remember your vocc is going
+to make your current go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your current go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your current go to
+zero um and the main thing that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and the main thing that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and the main thing that's being
+altered uh is your your saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered uh is your your saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered uh is your your saturation
+current so your intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so your intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so your intrinsic carrier
+concentration your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration your
+diffusivity um so who here thinks your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so who here thinks your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity um so who here thinks your
+vocc is going to go up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocc is going to go up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocc is going to go up with
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+anyone and who thinks it'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and who thinks it'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone and who thinks it'll go
+down who has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who has no
+idea okay so who raised their hand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so who raised their hand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so who raised their hand for
+it'll go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go down
+sorry Ben do you have any ideas why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Ben do you have any ideas why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Ben do you have any ideas why that
+might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+Okay so who what's going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so who what's going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so who what's going to happen to
+your I KN not with increased temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I KN not with increased temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I KN not with increased temperature
+so the number the intrinsic carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number the intrinsic carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number the intrinsic carrier
+concentration n i is going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration n i is going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration n i is going to increase
+and that should increase I not that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should increase I not that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should increase I not that that
+that should increase I not so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should increase I not so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should increase I not so therefore
+it's going to take a smaller voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a smaller voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a smaller voltage to
+counteract I sub L to make I equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract I sub L to make I equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract I sub L to make I equal to
+zero right and so why does N Sub I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and so why does N Sub I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and so why does N Sub I
+increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with
+temperature uh just greater thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh just greater thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh just greater thermal
+energy present increases the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy present increases the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy present increases the probability
+that electrons can Beed from the ve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons can Beed from the ve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons can Beed from the ve
+right so it increases the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it increases the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it increases the number of
+thermally promoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally promoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally promoted
+carriers um and so that effect can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers um and so that effect can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers um and so that effect can
+actually be pretty Stark uh and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pretty Stark uh and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pretty Stark uh and now we
+go to a demo yay all right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a demo yay all right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a demo yay all right so what we
+have here is our favorite solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is our favorite solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is our favorite solar cell
+this came again from those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came again from those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came again from those um
+small little toy cars that we pulled off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little toy cars that we pulled off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little toy cars that we pulled off
+and again these solar cells the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these solar cells the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these solar cells the cars
+we'll assume were nothing and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume were nothing and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll assume were nothing and these were
+about 10 bucks a piece so pretty cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 bucks a piece so pretty cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 bucks a piece so pretty cheap
+probably cheaper than your solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cheaper than your solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably cheaper than your solar cells
+that you guys made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys made
+um and well certain I know they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well certain I know they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well certain I know they are
+cheap the Wafers themselves by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap the Wafers themselves by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap the Wafers themselves by the way
+were 16 bucks a piece so saying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 16 bucks a piece so saying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were 16 bucks a piece so saying they
+were a dollar it was a little inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a dollar it was a little inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a dollar it was a little inaccurate
+um so anyhow we have this hooked up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyhow we have this hooked up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so anyhow we have this hooked up to a
+multimeter um and we're going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter um and we're going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter um and we're going to measure
+the voltage off of it I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage off of it I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage off of it I'm going to
+illuminate it with our desk lamp and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate it with our desk lamp and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate it with our desk lamp and we
+can actually get a pretty decent voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a pretty decent voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get a pretty decent voltage
+I can't actually see this um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't actually see this um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't actually see this um so it's
+about7 volts and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about7 volts and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about7 volts and now we're going to
+subject it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it to
+temperature um this is obviously a gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um this is obviously a gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um this is obviously a gross
+overestimation of what's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimation of what's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimation of what's actually going
+to happen um but can someone read off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen um but can someone read off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen um but can someone read off
+the Joel can you read the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Joel can you read the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Joel can you read the temperature
+for me temperature or the the sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me temperature or the the sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me temperature or the the sorry the
+voltage yeah we're at 561 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage yeah we're at 561 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage yeah we're at 561 and
+decreasing oh yeah down to 5554
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's going down okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going down okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going down okay so
+congratulations to the people who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations to the people who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations to the people who said
+it would go down correct um hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go down correct um hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would go down correct um hopefully
+that'll cool wow that's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll cool wow that's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll cool wow that's actually quite
+hot um anyhow so that's what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um anyhow so that's what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um anyhow so that's what happens in
+the field so when these cells heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so when these cells heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field so when these cells heat up
+you actually lose on your vocc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually lose on your vocc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually lose on your vocc
+um and if you really want to you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you really want to you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you really want to you can go
+through all the math um you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the math um you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the math um you know what
+the equation is for your vocc it's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is for your vocc it's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is for your vocc it's shown
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+and you can go through this if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go through this if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go through this if you like
+it's all on pvcd ROM if you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on pvcd ROM if you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all on pvcd ROM if you want to go
+through the derivation uh you then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation uh you then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the derivation uh you then can
+take the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+temperature and if you plug in values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if you plug in values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if you plug in values
+for Crystal and silicon it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Crystal and silicon it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Crystal and silicon it comes to
+about 2.2 Mill volts per degree C which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.2 Mill volts per degree C which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.2 Mill volts per degree C which
+sounds like a small number but it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a small number but it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a small number but it's at
+around 0.1 volts if you go up to 65c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 0.1 volts if you go up to 65c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 0.1 volts if you go up to 65c so
+that's actually quite a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually quite a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually quite a substantial
+amount um and again when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount um and again when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount um and again when you're going
+from I don't know 6 to 0.59 these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I don't know 6 to 0.59 these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I don't know 6 to 0.59 these small
+margins can make or break a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins can make or break a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins can make or break a lot of
+uh installations so that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh installations so that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh installations so that's an important
+one okay now who this one's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay now who this one's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay now who this one's a little
+harder who what do you think will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder who what do you think will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder who what do you think will happen
+with your illumination current or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your illumination current or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your illumination current or your
+ISC who thinks it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up anyone who thinks it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anyone who thinks it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anyone who thinks it's going to go
+down who thinks it's going to stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who thinks it's going to stay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down who thinks it's going to stay the
+same who has absolutely no idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same who has absolutely no idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same who has absolutely no idea and
+didn't raise their hand okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't raise their hand okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't raise their hand okay that's
+totally fine um this excuse me as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine um this excuse me as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally fine um this excuse me as well
+by the way uh so when we think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way uh so when we think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way uh so when we think about it
+what is our short circuit current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our short circuit current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our short circuit current
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally
+anyone right so generally your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone right so generally your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone right so generally your
+illumination intensity and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination intensity and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination intensity and and what
+photons generally are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons generally are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons generally are we
+collecting Gap super band Gap so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting Gap super band Gap so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting Gap super band Gap so what
+could be happening is our band Gap could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening is our band Gap could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening is our band Gap could
+be changing Isabel has been pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing Isabel has been pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing Isabel has been pointed out
+should increase the flux of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should increase the flux of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should increase the flux of photons
+above the band Gap um and EG actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the band Gap um and EG actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the band Gap um and EG actually
+decreases with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with temperature
+um so your band Gap actually usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your band Gap actually usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so your band Gap actually usually
+increases the true band gap of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the true band gap of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the true band gap of silicon
+defined most properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined most properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined most properties of
+semiconductors are actually defined at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors are actually defined at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors are actually defined at
+Zer Kelvin um and semiconductors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer Kelvin um and semiconductors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer Kelvin um and semiconductors are
+technically insulators because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically insulators because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically insulators because they
+don't conduct electricity at Zer Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't conduct electricity at Zer Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't conduct electricity at Zer Kelvin
+um that just means semiconductor is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just means semiconductor is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that just means semiconductor is a
+class of materials that have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of materials that have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of materials that have a small
+enough um band Gap that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um band Gap that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um band Gap that they can
+thermally promote carriers that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally promote carriers that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally promote carriers that they can
+actually conduct some electricity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conduct some electricity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conduct some electricity at
+room temperature um and but the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature um and but the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room temperature um and but the true
+band gap of silicon is around 1.17 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of silicon is around 1.17 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap of silicon is around 1.17 um
+and as you increase temperature you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you increase temperature you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you increase temperature you get
+a reduction of the band Gap and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction of the band Gap and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction of the band Gap and so what
+should happen is your ISC should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen is your ISC should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen is your ISC should
+increase but only very very slightly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but only very very slightly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase but only very very slightly um
+so if you go over the derivation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go over the derivation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you go over the derivation for the
+actual decrease in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual decrease in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual decrease in the overall
+efficiency um there's a few things one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency um there's a few things one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency um there's a few things one
+you'll take remember your efficiency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take remember your efficiency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take remember your efficiency is
+your or your maximum power is your vocc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your or your maximum power is your vocc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your or your maximum power is your vocc
+times your ISC times your fill Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your ISC times your fill Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your ISC times your fill Factor so
+if you want the derivative of your max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the derivative of your max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the derivative of your max
+power with respect to temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power with respect to temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power with respect to temperature you
+need to do the partial derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the partial derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the partial derivatives and
+sum them up for all those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them up for all those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them up for all those different
+components so that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's what this
+calculation is doing um and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is doing um and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is doing um and again this
+is what it is for Phil Factor uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is for Phil Factor uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is for Phil Factor uh this is
+all in Martin green paper down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Martin green paper down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in Martin green paper down here and
+also on pvcd ROM um if you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on pvcd ROM um if you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on pvcd ROM um if you guys are
+interested in that Martin green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that Martin green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that Martin green
+tabulated a lot of this um doing making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated a lot of this um doing making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated a lot of this um doing making
+these General expressions and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these General expressions and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these General expressions and also
+fitting it to experimental data um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to experimental data um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting it to experimental data um to
+get that information uh and then it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information uh and then it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that information uh and then it ends
+up being not a negligible percent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being not a negligible percent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being not a negligible percent but
+point about half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about half a
+percent per de Celsius for silicon um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent per de Celsius for silicon um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent per de Celsius for silicon um so
+if you go up by 40° you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go up by 40° you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go up by 40° you can see that
+it's no longer a NE temperature is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a NE temperature is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a NE temperature is a
+non-negligible effect uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance below the ideal B gap for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance below the ideal B gap for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance below the ideal B gap for a
+single Junction solar cell yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Junction solar cell yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Junction solar cell yeah if you
+had a sem condu with one that was above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a sem condu with one that was above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a sem condu with one that was above
+that would an increase in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would an increase in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would an increase in temperature
+increase the efficiency because getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the efficiency because getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the efficiency because getting
+simply closer to the ideal band Gap oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply closer to the ideal band Gap oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply closer to the ideal band Gap oh
+that's a good point um generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point um generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point um generally
+temperature is a lot worse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is a lot worse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is a lot worse because
+you're really going to hurt your vocc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really going to hurt your vocc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really going to hurt your vocc
+you're going to increase your J knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to increase your J knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to increase your J knot
+tremendously uh with temperature right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh with temperature right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously uh with temperature right
+because you're creating more thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're creating more thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're creating more thermal
+carriers so your diffusion current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so your diffusion current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so your diffusion current
+that's counteracting your illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's counteracting your illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's counteracting your illumination
+current is going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is going to increase
+dramatically um so temperature is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um so temperature is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically um so temperature is always
+your enemy um there was a great picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enemy um there was a great picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enemy um there was a great picture
+on pvcd ROM of a solar installation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pvcd ROM of a solar installation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pvcd ROM of a solar installation in
+Antarctica and it's performing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and it's performing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antarctica and it's performing well
+above spec uh which is kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above spec uh which is kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above spec uh which is kind of cool
+so um so yeah temperature is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so yeah temperature is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so yeah temperature is generally
+an enemy uh and so a lot of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enemy uh and so a lot of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enemy uh and so a lot of people's
+ideas have often been like to do active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas have often been like to do active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas have often been like to do active
+Cooling and use that for Waste heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and use that for Waste heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling and use that for Waste heat and
+there's a lot of reasons why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of reasons why that
+doesn't necessarily economically make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily economically make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily economically make
+sense um but when you do let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but when you do let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but when you do let's say
+concentrated solar for example and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated solar for example and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated solar for example and I
+think Tony will talk about this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Tony will talk about this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Tony will talk about this in the
+next lecture um but concentrated solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture um but concentrated solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture um but concentrated solar
+is you're putting in not just one Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're putting in not just one Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're putting in not just one Sun
+but about a thousand maybe 10,000 Suns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about a thousand maybe 10,000 Suns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but about a thousand maybe 10,000 Suns
+on one small device uh and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one small device uh and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one small device uh and the idea
+there is you can have a really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you can have a really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is you can have a really small
+device have it be really expensive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device have it be really expensive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device have it be really expensive but
+incredibly efficient uh on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly efficient uh on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly efficient uh on the order of
+40% efficient because you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% efficient because you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% efficient because you have these
+stacks of different semiconductors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of different semiconductors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of different semiconductors that
+absorb different regions of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb different regions of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb different regions of the light
+preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially
+um and those heat up tremendously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those heat up tremendously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those heat up tremendously you
+know when you're being subjective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're being subjective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're being subjective it's
+like you know an ant under a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know an ant under a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know an ant under a a
+magnifying glass or something it just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifying glass or something it just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnifying glass or something it just it
+it can burn it so they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can burn it so they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can burn it so they actually have
+active cooling um to cool those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cooling um to cool those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active cooling um to cool those cells
+and they also have to track the Sun as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have to track the Sun as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also have to track the Sun as
+well in order to concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to concentrate
+it uh and the last thing which you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and the last thing which you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and the last thing which you guys
+did for your exam number one right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for your exam number one right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for your exam number one right um
+was the effect of light intensity where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the effect of light intensity where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the effect of light intensity where
+you looked at light intensity throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at light intensity throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at light intensity throughout
+the day assume some sinusoid um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day assume some sinusoid um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day assume some sinusoid um for the
+incident light and you measured how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light and you measured how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident light and you measured how your
+efficiency changes um and you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency changes um and you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency changes um and you remember
+your vocc decreases with uh light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocc decreases with uh light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your vocc decreases with uh light
+intensity with your JSC um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity with your JSC um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity with your JSC um and that's
+due to the decrease in the photon flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the decrease in the photon flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the decrease in the photon flux
+um and your efficiency goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your efficiency goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and your efficiency goes down
+according to those two equations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to those two equations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to those two equations there
+and I think uh the derating factor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh the derating factor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think uh the derating factor if
+you assume a sinusoid that hits at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume a sinusoid that hits at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume a sinusoid that hits at one
+sun and then declines uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and then declines uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and then declines uh you should
+derate your if you use instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate your if you use instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate your if you use instead of using
+Peaks on you want to derate that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks on you want to derate that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks on you want to derate that by
+about 20% um so it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20% um so it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20% um so it's actually pretty
+substantial I was kind of surprised at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial I was kind of surprised at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial I was kind of surprised at
+that finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finding
+okay so when these cells go out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when these cells go out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when these cells go out into the
+field they are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field they are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field they are not just
+in not just one individual cell so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not just one individual cell so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not just one individual cell so often
+times you're uh you string these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you're uh you string these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you're uh you string these in
+series and then in parallel so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then in parallel so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and then in parallel so right now
+we're just going to look at series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to look at series and
+in parallel solely um and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel solely um and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel solely um and what you see
+here are your three different cells all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are your three different cells all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are your three different cells all
+mounted in series so the top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted in series so the top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted in series so the top of this
+cell is connected to the bottom of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is connected to the bottom of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is connected to the bottom of this
+cell the top of this cell is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the top of this cell is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the top of this cell is connected
+to the botom of this cell um our bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the botom of this cell um our bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the botom of this cell um our bad
+cell marked here with the I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell marked here with the I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell marked here with the I guess the
+denim pattern I don't know what was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denim pattern I don't know what was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denim pattern I don't know what was in
+PowerPoint um but what's important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint um but what's important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint um but what's important here
+is that because the current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because the current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because the current flowing
+through this one is also flowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one is also flowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this one is also flowing through
+this one flowing through this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one flowing through this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one flowing through this one the
+voltage is ADD and the currents are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is ADD and the currents are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is ADD and the currents are all
+matched so the current out of the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched so the current out of the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched so the current out of the stack
+of cells is limited by your weakest cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells is limited by your weakest cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells is limited by your weakest cell
+it can't exceed your short circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't exceed your short circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't exceed your short circuit
+current of your weakest cell so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of your weakest cell so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of your weakest cell so you can
+see that your operating Point um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that your operating Point um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that your operating Point um for
+these three cells is non ideal for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cells is non ideal for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cells is non ideal for this
+one it's definitely way off the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's definitely way off the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's definitely way off the peak
+operating point for this cell and way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point for this cell and way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point for this cell and way
+off the peak oper in point for that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the peak oper in point for that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the peak oper in point for that cell
+um so it can be a pretty detrimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it can be a pretty detrimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it can be a pretty detrimental
+effect and this is why often in Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and this is why often in Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and this is why often in Industry
+when you do a series of testing on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a series of testing on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a series of testing on your
+cells you each cell gets tested either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you each cell gets tested either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you each cell gets tested either
+using Suns VOC or a very very fast um IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Suns VOC or a very very fast um IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Suns VOC or a very very fast um IV
+measurement um you can bin cells based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um you can bin cells based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement um you can bin cells based
+on their performance and then match them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their performance and then match them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their performance and then match them
+so that if you if all your cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you if all your cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you if all your cells are
+perfectly matched they're all operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly matched they're all operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly matched they're all operating
+at their Peak PowerPoint and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their Peak PowerPoint and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their Peak PowerPoint and you're
+getting the most out of all those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the most out of all those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the most out of all those cells
+um and so that's why um reducing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's why um reducing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's why um reducing the the
+variability within your process can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability within your process can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability within your process can
+really really increase your module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really increase your module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really increase your module
+performance and that's something a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that's something a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that's something a lot
+of companies work really really hard at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies work really really hard at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies work really really hard at
+um now the other reason why series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the other reason why series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the other reason why series is
+important to study is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to study is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to study is the effect of
+shading so when you decrease so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading so when you decrease so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading so when you decrease so let's
+say a leaf falls on your solar panel um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a leaf falls on your solar panel um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a leaf falls on your solar panel um
+or it's partially shaded because you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's partially shaded because you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's partially shaded because you put
+it near trees if you look at the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it near trees if you look at the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it near trees if you look at the big
+belly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belly
+solar uh ones right near campus they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh ones right near campus they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar uh ones right near campus they're
+always in shade it makes no sense to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in shade it makes no sense to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in shade it makes no sense to me
+um I think they might get 1 hour Sun a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think they might get 1 hour Sun a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think they might get 1 hour Sun a
+day in certain times of the year anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day in certain times of the year anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day in certain times of the year anyhow
+so if you partially saved one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you partially saved one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you partially saved one of the
+cells you can see that the IV curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can see that the IV curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can see that the IV curve
+drops down um and now this cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down um and now this cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down um and now this cell is
+running in Reverse bias um and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in Reverse bias um and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in Reverse bias um and when
+you're in Reverse bias you're running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in Reverse bias you're running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in Reverse bias you're running a
+lot of current through your shunts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of current through your shunts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of current through your shunts um
+for those who were here this morning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who were here this morning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who were here this morning we
+know that shunts are really really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that shunts are really really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that shunts are really really bad
+because that's where all your currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where all your currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where all your currents
+running through and if your current's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and if your current's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and if your current's
+running through one localized spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through one localized spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through one localized spot
+that's where it's heating up the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it's heating up the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it's heating up the most
+and it can heat up to temperatures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can heat up to temperatures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can heat up to temperatures that
+can actually melt the encapsulant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually melt the encapsulant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually melt the encapsulant or
+completely completely destroy the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely completely destroy the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely completely destroy the cell
+so this can actually be rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can actually be rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this can actually be rather
+destructive and generally once your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive and generally once your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive and generally once your
+whole your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole your whole
+um your cells are made and encapsulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your cells are made and encapsulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your cells are made and encapsulated
+in a module it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a module it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a module it's really hard to
+remove uh them and replace that module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh them and replace that module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove uh them and replace that module
+pretty much the whole module's cut at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the whole module's cut at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the whole module's cut at
+that point um so it's pretty destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point um so it's pretty destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point um so it's pretty destructive
+so what people generally do for yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what people generally do for yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what people generally do for yeah uh
+so in maintenance like you're yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in maintenance like you're yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in maintenance like you're yearly
+mens you should clean the panel because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mens you should clean the panel because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mens you should clean the panel because
+of the dirt or is there any other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dirt or is there any other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dirt or is there any other thing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you should do um your bases there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do um your bases there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do um your bases there's
+important things you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things you don't
+want uh it helps if they're angled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh it helps if they're angled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want uh it helps if they're angled so
+snow and other things will fall off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and other things will fall off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow and other things will fall off of
+it um you don't want to put it in areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you don't want to put it in areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um you don't want to put it in areas
+where if next to a chimney for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if next to a chimney for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if next to a chimney for example
+where certain parts of the day it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where certain parts of the day it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where certain parts of the day it will
+be shaded um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shaded um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shaded um
+or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or things like that
+so I've seen some studies on cleaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've seen some studies on cleaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've seen some studies on cleaning
+and it all depends on if an economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all depends on if an economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it all depends on if an economically
+makes sense right if you want to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if you want to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right if you want to pay
+someone to clean your panels that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to clean your panels that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to clean your panels that's
+expensive is it worth it for them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is it worth it for them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is it worth it for them to do
+that if you're only saving just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're only saving just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're only saving just a little
+bit obviously the shading is so bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit obviously the shading is so bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit obviously the shading is so bad that
+it could detrimentally ruin and destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could detrimentally ruin and destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could detrimentally ruin and destroy
+your module it's really you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your module it's really you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your module it's really you want to do
+that um ways to prevent the destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um ways to prevent the destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um ways to prevent the destruction
+is actually a lot of cells will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot of cells will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a lot of cells will have
+bypass diodes so if a string goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass diodes so if a string goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass diodes so if a string goes down
+the current will just flun through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current will just flun through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current will just flun through that
+diode and won't destroy the cell um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and won't destroy the cell um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode and won't destroy the cell um and
+so that's one way of kind of fixing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of kind of fixing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of kind of fixing that
+problem but that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that's a great question
+okay okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um
+um so now we're stacking our cells in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we're stacking our cells in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now we're stacking our cells in in
+parallel normally again in a module you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel normally again in a module you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel normally again in a module you
+have them in series and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in series and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in series and then these
+stacks of cells in series are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of cells in series are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks of cells in series are actually
+put in parallel but this is just an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in parallel but this is just an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in parallel but this is just an easy
+illustration um again cells in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration um again cells in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration um again cells in parallel
+you're matching in voltage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're matching in voltage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're matching in voltage and the
+currents are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are what
+adding um and so if one cell let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um and so if one cell let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding um and so if one cell let's say
+has a low output voltage it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low output voltage it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a low output voltage it's going to
+shift the max the operating power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the max the operating power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the max the operating power the
+operating um PowerPoint for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating um PowerPoint for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating um PowerPoint for the other
+two cells off of their maximum power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells off of their maximum power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells off of their maximum power
+point and you're going to get a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you're going to get a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you're going to get a reduced
+output um and so this is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output um and so this is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output um and so this is actually very
+analogous to this idea um that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this idea um that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this idea um that when you
+make your cells larger generally their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your cells larger generally their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your cells larger generally their
+efficiency and performance go down um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and performance go down um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and performance go down um
+you have a higher chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a higher chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a higher chance of
+inhomogeneties um and other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneties um and other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneties um and other things that
+might detrimentally hurt your cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might detrimentally hurt your cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might detrimentally hurt your cell and
+this is kind of analogous to saying when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of analogous to saying when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of analogous to saying when
+you hook a whole bunch of cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook a whole bunch of cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hook a whole bunch of cells in
+parallel um you're limited by your worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel um you're limited by your worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel um you're limited by your worst
+cell and in this case you're limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and in this case you're limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and in this case you're limited by
+your worst region of that cell uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worst region of that cell uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your worst region of that cell uh and so
+it's the same kind of analogy um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of analogy um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of analogy um and I
+think it's kind of cool and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of cool and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of cool and so you can
+see this for a lot of different cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this for a lot of different cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this for a lot of different cells so
+these are actually getting pretty big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually getting pretty big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are actually getting pretty big so
+when you're getting to I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting to I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're getting to I don't know if
+they make cells this big but um it's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make cells this big but um it's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make cells this big but um it's 100
+by 100 that's a meter squared wow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 that's a meter squared wow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 100 that's a meter squared wow so
+maybe cadel can get that big actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe cadel can get that big actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe cadel can get that big actually
+they do look here's for Sol out here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do look here's for Sol out here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do look here's for Sol out here um
+I'm sorry it's a module right probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry it's a module right probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry it's a module right probably
+oh okay your module so cells some of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay your module so cells some of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay your module so cells some of of
+the cells you can see so here's cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells you can see so here's cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells you can see so here's cells
+amorphous subm module anyhow so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous subm module anyhow so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous subm module anyhow so the idea
+is that you're Again limitated by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're Again limitated by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're Again limitated by your
+most effective region um or defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective region um or defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective region um or defective
+region in the cell uh and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the cell uh and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the cell uh and again
+illustrated by this idea here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by this idea here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by this idea here is that
+you have if you take a cell you split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you take a cell you split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you take a cell you split it
+up into a grid um and you model it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a grid um and you model it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into a grid um and you model it as a
+bunch of like mini cells operating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of like mini cells operating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of like mini cells operating in
+parallel um you're again limited by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel um you're again limited by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel um you're again limited by that
+bad region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this looks a little outdated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this looks a little outdated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this looks a little outdated so
+this is 2006 um so this is cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2006 um so this is cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2006 um so this is cell
+performance versus module performance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance versus module performance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance versus module performance uh
+and you can see that it's also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it's also quite
+significant um one of the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um one of the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant um one of the other things
+that's different about cells and modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different about cells and modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different about cells and modules
+is that you have glass in front so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have glass in front so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have glass in front so when
+you optimize for for example in class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize for for example in class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you optimize for for example in class we
+optimize our silicon nitride coating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize our silicon nitride coating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize our silicon nitride coating for
+an air silicon interface um modules you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air silicon interface um modules you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an air silicon interface um modules you
+optimize that silicon nitrate coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that silicon nitrate coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that silicon nitrate coating
+for a um silicon to Glass interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a um silicon to Glass interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a um silicon to Glass interface uh
+and the glass which has a dialectric or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glass which has a dialectric or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the glass which has a dialectric or
+um index of refraction sorry of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um index of refraction sorry of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um index of refraction sorry of about
+1.5 you're automatically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 you're automatically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 you're automatically going to
+reflect 4% of the light so that light's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect 4% of the light so that light's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect 4% of the light so that light's
+lost um but it does help with your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um but it does help with your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost um but it does help with your um
+reflection losses because you now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection losses because you now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection losses because you now have a
+graded index of refraction um so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded index of refraction um so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded index of refraction um so it does
+reduce some of those reflection losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce some of those reflection losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce some of those reflection losses
+from that interface yeah is this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silicon uh I'm guessing yes because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh I'm guessing yes because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh I'm guessing yes because this
+is from Richard Swanson um this is Tonio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Richard Swanson um this is Tonio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from Richard Swanson um this is Tonio
+slide I actually I my guess would be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I actually I my guess would be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I actually I my guess would be yes
+but I don't quote me on that yeah so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't quote me on that yeah so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't quote me on that yeah so for
+the modules how how was like the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modules how how was like the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modules how how was like the voltage
+and current control I'm assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and current control I'm assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and current control I'm assuming that
+they call it at a specific point yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it at a specific point yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call it at a specific point yes so
+that's a great great question actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great great question actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great great question actually
+so your modules are hooked up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your modules are hooked up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your modules are hooked up to an
+inverter the output of your solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter the output of your solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter the output of your solar cells
+are direct current um and so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are direct current um and so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are direct current um and so you have to
+convert that to alternating current um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that to alternating current um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that to alternating current um
+and the inverters are actually rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverters are actually rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverters are actually rather
+intelligent they'll actually scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent they'll actually scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent they'll actually scan
+constantly scan at very high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly scan at very high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly scan at very high frequency
+where it should be operating and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it should be operating and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it should be operating and taking
+the derivative and finding where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and finding where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and finding where that
+optimal point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal point is
+um and so one of the other ideas is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so one of the other ideas is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so one of the other ideas is that
+if you have a bunch of modules usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bunch of modules usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bunch of modules usually
+those are also hooked up in parallel um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also hooked up in parallel um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are also hooked up in parallel um
+and the idea is to have instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to have instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is to have instead of just
+one inverter uh micro inverters so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inverter uh micro inverters so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one inverter uh micro inverters so small
+inverters for each one so that way each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters for each one so that way each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters for each one so that way each
+of those are operating at the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are operating at the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are operating at the maximum
+power point um and I think problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point um and I think problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power point um and I think problem is
+that inverters are expensive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inverters are expensive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inverters are expensive and the
+larger they are generally the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger they are generally the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger they are generally the more
+efficient they are and um cheaper it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they are and um cheaper it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient they are and um cheaper it can
+be so I don't know how far that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I don't know how far that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so I don't know how far that material
+has been real that idea has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been real that idea has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been real that idea has been
+realized but um it's a good question did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized but um it's a good question did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized but um it's a good question did
+that answer it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that answer it okay
+all right so we have good plent of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have good plent of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have good plent of time
+so now we're moving on to advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're moving on to advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're moving on to advanced
+concepts um which again area that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts um which again area that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts um which again area that I'm
+working in um kind of exciting these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in um kind of exciting these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in um kind of exciting these are
+ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that
+are uh very very high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh very very high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh very very high efficiency
+potentially very low cost uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very low cost uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very low cost uh and that's
+kind of the allert of them and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the allert of them and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the allert of them and and
+they're they're great science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're great science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're great science and
+research projects so they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects so they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects so they're really
+exciting to be in um so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be in um so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting to be in um so one of the
+things that kind of motivates this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that kind of motivates this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that kind of motivates this work
+um I think you guys have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you guys have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you guys have seen this
+equation I know I've used it before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I know I've used it before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I know I've used it before but
+you know that the the defining metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the the defining metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the the defining metric
+for the performance of a cell in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the performance of a cell in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the performance of a cell in terms
+of its economic cost is dollars per watt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its economic cost is dollars per watt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its economic cost is dollars per watt
+um dollar so dollars per Watt peak this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollar so dollars per Watt peak this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dollar so dollars per Watt peak this
+is all defined at your Peak Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all defined at your Peak Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all defined at your Peak Sun
+illumination this makes it location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination this makes it location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination this makes it location
+blind right the real important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind right the real important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind right the real important thing
+when integrating it onto the grid is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when integrating it onto the grid is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when integrating it onto the grid is you
+know how much are you paying in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much are you paying in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much are you paying in terms of
+cents per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents per kilowatt hour
+um but to make it location blind um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but to make it location blind um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but to make it location blind um you
+put it into dollars per watt and dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into dollars per watt and dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into dollars per watt and dollars
+per watt is a function of many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per watt is a function of many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per watt is a function of many things
+it's how much does it cost to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how much does it cost to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's how much does it cost to make the
+the module itself so how many dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module itself so how many dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module itself so how many dollars
+per given area um you divide it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per given area um you divide it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per given area um you divide it by the
+insulation for dollars per wat Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation for dollars per wat Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation for dollars per wat Peak
+you'd set that to am 1.5 or 1,000 kilow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd set that to am 1.5 or 1,000 kilow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd set that to am 1.5 or 1,000 kilow
+per met squar multiply that times your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per met squar multiply that times your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per met squar multiply that times your
+efficiency and then by your yield um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and then by your yield um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and then by your yield um
+which is a manufacturing parameter um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a manufacturing parameter um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a manufacturing parameter um so
+for some cells where if you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cells where if you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some cells where if you can reduce
+this number quite dramatically so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number quite dramatically so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number quite dramatically so for
+example suppose you decide to go to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you decide to go to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you decide to go to very
+very Wafers okay um for silicon you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Wafers okay um for silicon you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Wafers okay um for silicon you want
+to move to 20 Micron Wafers let's say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to 20 Micron Wafers let's say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to 20 Micron Wafers let's say uh
+which is something that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that a lot of
+companies now are working on um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies now are working on um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies now are working on um what
+happens is that those become very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that those become very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that those become very very
+fragile and when you handle them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile and when you handle them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragile and when you handle them and
+using all these pick and place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these pick and place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these pick and place
+operations to move them to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to move them to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to move them to different
+processes within the cell faab often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes within the cell faab often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes within the cell faab often
+times they'll Break um and so that yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll Break um and so that yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they'll Break um and so that yield
+parameter can come very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter can come very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter can come very important and
+off interplay with this number here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off interplay with this number here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off interplay with this number here and
+that's why it's there so anyhow what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's there so anyhow what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's there so anyhow what
+this graph is is this is the dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is is this is the dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is is this is the dollars per
+meter squared so the cost of producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter squared so the cost of producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter squared so the cost of producing
+that cell um and then you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell um and then you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell um and then you have this
+efficiency here and each of these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency here and each of these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency here and each of these lines
+represent a certain dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a certain dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a certain dollars per
+watt and so I think the doe has wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt and so I think the doe has wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watt and so I think the doe has wanted
+us to get to a dollar per watt and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get to a dollar per watt and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to get to a dollar per watt and you
+can do that by either producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that by either producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that by either producing
+incredibly efficient cells around 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly efficient cells around 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly efficient cells around 50%
+which seems a little unreasonable but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems a little unreasonable but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems a little unreasonable but um
+and they could cost $500 per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could cost $500 per meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could cost $500 per meter
+squared and that would be that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that would be that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and that would be that would be
+actually a cheap panel um or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a cheap panel um or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a cheap panel um or the other
+idea is to go to very very low cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to go to very very low cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to go to very very low cost and
+low efficiency and you can try to hover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency and you can try to hover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency and you can try to hover
+around in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in here and
+so this nomenclature about to use is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this nomenclature about to use is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this nomenclature about to use is a
+little outdated but I think still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little outdated but I think still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little outdated but I think still some
+people use it although rather Loosely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it although rather Loosely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use it although rather Loosely um
+what's known as first generation um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as first generation um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as first generation um and
+again these terms are M I've read papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these terms are M I've read papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these terms are M I've read papers
+now that they claim that they're third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they claim that they're third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that they claim that they're third
+generation where they used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation where they used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation where they used to be
+classified as second generation doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as second generation doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified as second generation doesn't
+really matter but the ideas behind them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but the ideas behind them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but the ideas behind them
+are still relevant um so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still relevant um so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still relevant um so the first
+generation with the single band Gap it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation with the single band Gap it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation with the single band Gap it's
+Crystal and silicon still what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon still what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal and silicon still what's the
+market leader um and they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market leader um and they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market leader um and they're on the
+order 15 to 20% efficient but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 15 to 20% efficient but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order 15 to 20% efficient but they're
+still relatively high cost um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still relatively high cost um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still relatively high cost um and
+there's actually a lot of work now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of work now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of work now that
+says that this can move in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this can move in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that this can move in this
+direction uh moving to thinner Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh moving to thinner Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh moving to thinner Wafers
+increased laser processing um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased laser processing um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased laser processing um just
+tighter manufacturing uh can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter manufacturing uh can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter manufacturing uh can really
+bring that cost down so your second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that cost down so your second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that cost down so your second
+generation are your thin films so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation are your thin films so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation are your thin films so this
+is either sigs amorphous silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either sigs amorphous silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either sigs amorphous silicon
+Organics um a lot of these very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organics um a lot of these very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Organics um a lot of these very very
+cheap to deposit um cheap to manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to deposit um cheap to manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to deposit um cheap to manufacture
+but they generally suffer in efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they generally suffer in efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they generally suffer in efficiency
+so they hover around in this area um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hover around in this area um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they hover around in this area um um
+and so far this idea hasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far this idea hasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far this idea hasn't really
+fulfilled itself except for maybe cadel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled itself except for maybe cadel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled itself except for maybe cadel
+which is a thin fil material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a thin fil material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a thin fil material and then
+what we're about to talk about is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're about to talk about is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're about to talk about is our
+third generation of cells so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third generation of cells so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third generation of cells so these are
+potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially
+lowcost um and potentially incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost um and potentially incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowcost um and potentially incredibly
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+um so we're going to talk about only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're going to talk about only a
+few types today um I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few types today um I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few types today um I encourage you to
+look up there's a whole different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up there's a whole different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up there's a whole different types
+of uh solar cells you can look up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh solar cells you can look up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh solar cells you can look up uh
+ideas that are research being done on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that are research being done on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that are research being done on um
+but I'm going to talk this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to talk this is what I
+work on are intermediate band solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on are intermediate band solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on are intermediate band solar
+cells um specifically impurity band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um specifically impurity band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um specifically impurity band
+photovoltaics and I'm sure you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics and I'm sure you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics and I'm sure you're all
+familiar with this picture but um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this picture but um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this picture but um if you
+want to create uh free mobile charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create uh free mobile charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create uh free mobile charges
+within your semiconductor you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your semiconductor you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your semiconductor you have to
+shine light on it that has energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine light on it that has energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine light on it that has energies
+greater than the band Gap um and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the band Gap um and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the band Gap um and so you
+lose these low energy photons um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose these low energy photons um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose these low energy photons um they're
+not collected and what's a way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not collected and what's a way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not collected and what's a way that we
+can collect these well one idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect these well one idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect these well one idea is
+this guy um had was if you can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy um had was if you can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy um had was if you can create a
+material that has a density of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that has a density of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that has a density of states
+that looks like this you can create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this you can create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this you can create a
+stepping stone by putting a half filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping stone by putting a half filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping stone by putting a half filled
+band within your band Gap that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band within your band Gap that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band within your band Gap that allows
+you to promote to that band and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to promote to that band and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to promote to that band and then
+from that band into the conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that band into the conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that band into the conduction band
+so the idea is that your voltage output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that your voltage output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that your voltage output
+can still be maintained um for the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be maintained um for the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be maintained um for the host
+material um but you can collect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um but you can collect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um but you can collect that
+extra current so your ISC will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra current so your ISC will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra current so your ISC will increase
+substantially and so that's the promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and so that's the promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially and so that's the promise
+and if you do some theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do some theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do some theoretical
+calculations similar to what shle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations similar to what shle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations similar to what shle and
+quazar did um assuming the radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazar did um assuming the radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazar did um assuming the radiative
+lifetime is your limiting factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is your limiting factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is your limiting factor and
+again that's certainly not the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's certainly not the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's certainly not the case in
+some of the materials that are uh worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the materials that are uh worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the materials that are uh worked
+on for this idea and the idea is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this idea and the idea is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for this idea and the idea is you can
+actually get up to around 63%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get up to around 63%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get up to around 63%
+efficient um and so what this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um and so what this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um and so what this graph is
+here here's your single Gap limit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's your single Gap limit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's your single Gap limit um
+this is a calculation similar to what sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a calculation similar to what sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a calculation similar to what sh
+quazar did I think this is using black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazar did I think this is using black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazar did I think this is using black
+body radiation which is why the curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation which is why the curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation which is why the curves
+are so smooth um and it can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so smooth um and it can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so smooth um and it can actually
+outperform a tandem cell um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform a tandem cell um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform a tandem cell um which is
+again a multi-junction cell that are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a multi-junction cell that are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a multi-junction cell that are two
+cells stacked um um and it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells stacked um um and it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells stacked um um and it turns out the
+best is something that has a gap level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is something that has a gap level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is something that has a gap level
+that's about 7 EV from the uh conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 7 EV from the uh conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 7 EV from the uh conduction
+band and has a larger band Gap so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and has a larger band Gap so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and has a larger band Gap so the
+distance between your bance band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between your bance band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between your bance band and
+your conduction band of around 1.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conduction band of around 1.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conduction band of around 1.9
+electron volts and that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts and that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts and that's kind of the
+ideal material for an intermediate band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal material for an intermediate band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal material for an intermediate band
+solar cell um so theoretically this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell um so theoretically this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell um so theoretically this idea
+is a great idea problem is how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great idea problem is how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great idea problem is how do you
+make a material that has this band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a material that has this band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a material that has this band
+structure that's really the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's really the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's really the challenge
+where people are working right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are working right now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are working right now um
+and it's actually rather difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually rather difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually rather difficult and
+so there's three approaches one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three approaches one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three approaches one is the
+impurity band um which I personally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity band um which I personally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity band um which I personally like
+because it's a much cheaper method uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a much cheaper method uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a much cheaper method uh
+other one is this band anti-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is this band anti-crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is this band anti-crossing
+idea where you can actually split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where you can actually split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea where you can actually split the
+conduction band using and it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band using and it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band using and it's generally
+done with these uh mixed metal oxides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these uh mixed metal oxides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these uh mixed metal oxides
+and these highly mismatch Alloys um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these highly mismatch Alloys um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these highly mismatch Alloys um and
+they're really cool and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really cool and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really cool and this is
+currently the most successful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the most successful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the most successful uh
+material there for intermediate band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there for intermediate band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there for intermediate band
+solar cells um and and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells um and and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells um and and then there's
+quantum dot arrays and Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot arrays and Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum dot arrays and Quantum
+structures um that are also a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um that are also a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures um that are also a possible
+uh fabrication method okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fabrication method okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fabrication method okay
+so idea behind an impurity photovoltaic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so idea behind an impurity photovoltaic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so idea behind an impurity photovoltaic
+is you start with let's say a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you start with let's say a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you start with let's say a material
+like Silicon or some other high band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Silicon or some other high band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Silicon or some other high band Gap
+semiconductor you put in materials or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor you put in materials or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor you put in materials or um
+uh impurities that have these deep level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impurities that have these deep level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impurities that have these deep level
+States iron would be an example so iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States iron would be an example so iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States iron would be an example so iron
+in very low concentrations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very low concentrations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very low concentrations can be
+incredibly detrimental but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly detrimental but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly detrimental but as you
+increase that concentration above some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that concentration above some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that concentration above some
+critical limit often called the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical limit often called the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical limit often called the m
+transition limit um you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition limit um you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition limit um you can actually
+form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a
+band within the band Gap um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band within the band Gap um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band within the band Gap um and so the
+idea what's going on here is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's going on here is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what's going on here is that each
+of these atoms has some electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms has some electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms has some electron wave
+function um in some radius that it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in some radius that it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um in some radius that it sees
+and then as you increase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you increase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you increase that
+concentration these wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration these wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration these wave functions
+overlap and you can have conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and you can have conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and you can have conduction
+through those uh mid-level States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those uh mid-level States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those uh mid-level States so
+that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one
+idea um and I like it because you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um and I like it because you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um and I like it because you use
+very what I would consider very dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very what I would consider very dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very what I would consider very dirty
+materials the concentrations you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the concentrations you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the concentrations you can put
+in here around one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here around one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here around one a
+percent um so your silicon is only 99.9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent um so your silicon is only 99.9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent um so your silicon is only 99.9%
+pure at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um other idea is to use either Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other idea is to use either Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other idea is to use either Quantum
+dots or these Quantum Wells so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots or these Quantum Wells so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots or these Quantum Wells so these are
+I think the idea here is that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the idea here is that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the idea here is that these are
+localized and then this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and then this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and then this becomes
+delocalized so as you bring these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized so as you bring these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized so as you bring these um
+Quantum well structures or Quantum dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well structures or Quantum dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum well structures or Quantum dots
+closer together you can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together you can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together you can actually get
+tunneling through these states and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling through these states and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling through these states and it
+basically essentially forms a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically essentially forms a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically essentially forms a band
+within your band Gap um um similar idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your band Gap um um similar idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your band Gap um um similar idea
+is to do this locally is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do this locally is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to do this locally is that you have
+one Photon promote to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Photon promote to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Photon promote to one of these
+confined States in your Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined States in your Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined States in your Quantum
+structure and then another Photon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then another Photon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then another Photon to
+keep promoting up into your conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep promoting up into your conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep promoting up into your conduction
+band to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band to create
+carriers J are so would there be Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers J are so would there be Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers J are so would there be Quantum
+dots like embedded in Silicon or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots like embedded in Silicon or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots like embedded in Silicon or these
+are these are SAR cells made out of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are SAR cells made out of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are SAR cells made out of or
+uh it's usually stacked between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's usually stacked between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's usually stacked between two
+other semiconductor materials so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other semiconductor materials so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other semiconductor materials so you
+have semiconductor Quantum do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have semiconductor Quantum do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have semiconductor Quantum do
+semiconductor um if you look up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor um if you look up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor um if you look up this
+paper among if you look up anything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper among if you look up anything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper among if you look up anything they
+so Antonio luk and uh sorry yeah luk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Antonio luk and uh sorry yeah luk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Antonio luk and uh sorry yeah luk and
+Marti are two people in Spain who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marti are two people in Spain who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marti are two people in Spain who've
+kind of uh promoted a lot of the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh promoted a lot of the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh promoted a lot of the theory
+around this and look up their Quantum do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this and look up their Quantum do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this and look up their Quantum do
+papers and they'll really go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and they'll really go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and they'll really go into the
+device structure if you're curious I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device structure if you're curious I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device structure if you're curious I
+would recommend doing that Joel so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend doing that Joel so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend doing that Joel so the
+x-axis on these figures are I mean real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis on these figures are I mean real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis on these figures are I mean real
+space yeah so there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah so there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yeah so there will be some
+portions of the device that where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the device that where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the device that where this
+is possible in I mean it it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible in I mean it it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible in I mean it it kind of
+depends upon how how many Quantum Wells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon how how many Quantum Wells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon how how many Quantum Wells
+you actually put in your instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put in your instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put in your instruction
+right and and that's one of the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and that's one of the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and that's one of the limiting
+things is the eqe of these devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is the eqe of these devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is the eqe of these devices
+because they can't grow so many are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can't grow so many are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can't grow so many are
+pretty limited um and again these also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty limited um and again these also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty limited um and again these also
+provide Pathways for traps and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide Pathways for traps and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide Pathways for traps and other
+things which is again a huge problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is again a huge problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is again a huge problem for
+these types of devices and ideas um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of devices and ideas um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of devices and ideas um and
+people are working on that quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on that quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are working on that quite
+extensively from the theory side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively from the theory side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively from the theory side and
+from the experimental side and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the experimental side and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the experimental side and trying to
+merge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the
+two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+um yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah sorry
+benum on the right functions mhm do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benum on the right functions mhm do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benum on the right functions mhm do
+those act as recombination centers or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those act as recombination centers or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those act as recombination centers or it
+seems to me that they would act as traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that they would act as traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to me that they would act as traps
+um again I'm not a an expert on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again I'm not a an expert on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again I'm not a an expert on these
+types of materials but yeah no that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of materials but yeah no that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of materials but yeah no that that
+would be my inclination I mean I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my inclination I mean I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my inclination I mean I guess
+the idea is that you have a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you have a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you have a very very
+short well and then you have a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short well and then you have a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short well and then you have a field
+across it so there's not something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it so there's not something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across it so there's not something else
+to hop to um and it just pulls it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hop to um and it just pulls it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hop to um and it just pulls it right
+out uh so that would be one device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so that would be one device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so that would be one device
+structure again like these are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure again like these are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure again like these are generally
+just like a few layers of of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a few layers of of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a few layers of of quantum
+dots um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh I didn't put up their iqe to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I didn't put up their iqe to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh I didn't put up their iqe to C
+okay so this is the bandand crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the bandand crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the bandand crossing
+model so this is with um they're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is with um they're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is with um they're using
+these quinary Alloys so these are again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quinary Alloys so these are again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quinary Alloys so these are again
+very very hard to grow um and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard to grow um and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard to grow um and they've
+done these awesome measurements where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these awesome measurements where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these awesome measurements where
+they can show your bance band conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can show your bance band conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can show your bance band conduction
+band and your impurity bands and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and your impurity bands and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and your impurity bands and they
+use it using a technique called um photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it using a technique called um photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it using a technique called um photo
+modulated reflectant so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated reflectant so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated reflectant so basically the
+reflectance under oscillating Fields um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance under oscillating Fields um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance under oscillating Fields um
+and from that you can get the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you can get the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you can get the kind of
+resonance points between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance points between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance points between the different
+Transitions and you can figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and you can figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transitions and you can figure out where
+your energy states lie it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy states lie it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy states lie it's a really
+cool technique um but what they did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool technique um but what they did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool technique um but what they did is
+they've done some very very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done some very very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done some very very careful
+engineering and grown these very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and grown these very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and grown these very very
+carefully um and they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um and they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully um and they can actually
+demonstrate the subband Gap response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the subband Gap response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate the subband Gap response
+where if they have let's say a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if they have let's say a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if they have let's say a photon
+that's able to drive this transition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to drive this transition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to drive this transition but
+it's too low in energy to drive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too low in energy to drive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too low in energy to drive that
+transition they will get no current out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition they will get no current out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition they will get no current out
+and then as soon as they add um The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as they add um The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as they add um The
+Higher One it the current will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher One it the current will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher One it the current will increase
+and then if they turn off that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they turn off that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they turn off that low
+energy Photon um Source the current um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon um Source the current um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon um Source the current um
+decreases but doesn't stop because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases but doesn't stop because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases but doesn't stop because the
+other high energy Photon can do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other high energy Photon can do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other high energy Photon can do both
+promotions um so this is actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions um so this is actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions um so this is actually one of
+the only successful devices of impurity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only successful devices of impurity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only successful devices of impurity
+ban solar cells and it was quite um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban solar cells and it was quite um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban solar cells and it was quite um
+quite an awesome feat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an awesome feat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an awesome feat so
+okay uh I think one of the few ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I think one of the few ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I think one of the few ones
+we'll talk about for another Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about for another Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about for another Advanced
+concept is hot carrier cells um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is hot carrier cells um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is hot carrier cells um this is
+something I think Martin green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think Martin green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think Martin green
+pioneered um and I believe it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered um and I believe it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered um and I believe it's still
+working on I haven't heard much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on I haven't heard much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on I haven't heard much about
+them recently so I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recently so I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recently so I don't know what the
+progress is there um so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is there um so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is there um so the idea is that
+one of the biggest losses as I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest losses as I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the biggest losses as I'm sure
+you guys know from I think homework one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know from I think homework one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know from I think homework one
+or two uh is thermalization in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two uh is thermalization in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two uh is thermalization in your
+solar cells that when you promote an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that when you promote an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that when you promote an
+electron well up into the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron well up into the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron well up into the conduction
+band it then thermalizes due to heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band it then thermalizes due to heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band it then thermalizes due to heat and
+sorry gives off heat um or phonons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gives off heat um or phonons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry gives off heat um or phonons which
+are just lattice vibrations which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just lattice vibrations which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just lattice vibrations which is
+another way of thinking about heat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about heat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking about heat in
+that process the problem is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process the problem is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process the problem is that's
+incredibly fast if you look at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly fast if you look at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly fast if you look at the time
+scales here so you come in you promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales here so you come in you promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales here so you come in you promote
+this electron way up into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron way up into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron way up into your
+conduction band uh this is what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band uh this is what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band uh this is what it looks
+like prior at that promotion and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prior at that promotion and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like prior at that promotion and then it
+slowly decays and that decay happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decays and that decay happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly decays and that decay happens
+over about a Pico second so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about a Pico second so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about a Pico second so if you want
+to move your carrier in a Pico second if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move your carrier in a Pico second if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move your carrier in a Pico second if
+you know what your field is you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your field is you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your field is you can see
+how long that length is and that length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that length is and that length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long that length is and that length
+scale is also incredibly short um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is also incredibly short um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is also incredibly short um and
+so one of the ideas is okay how either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ideas is okay how either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ideas is okay how either
+we can decrease our path length or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can decrease our path length or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can decrease our path length or we
+can somehow slow down thermalization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somehow slow down thermalization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somehow slow down thermalization and
+that's actually one idea and to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one idea and to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually one idea and to slow
+down thermalization um is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thermalization um is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down thermalization um is something that
+they call Carrier cooling um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call Carrier cooling um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call Carrier cooling um and
+basically making certain types of device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making certain types of device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically making certain types of device
+structures or or material structures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures or or material structures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures or or material structures you
+can inhibit certain phonon modes so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhibit certain phonon modes so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can inhibit certain phonon modes so when
+these electrons get promoted they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons get promoted they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons get promoted they want
+to give off heat they basically give off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give off heat they basically give off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give off heat they basically give off
+lce vibrations so they want to shake the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce vibrations so they want to shake the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce vibrations so they want to shake the
+atoms around them and distribute those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around them and distribute those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms around them and distribute those
+um that motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that motion
+um if you prevent that from happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you prevent that from happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you prevent that from happening
+somehow through um certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow through um certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow through um certain types of
+structures you can allow that process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you can allow that process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you can allow that process to
+go slower and that's one of the ideas um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go slower and that's one of the ideas um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go slower and that's one of the ideas um
+extracting the carriers is also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the carriers is also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the carriers is also kind of
+difficult you need to have um contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult you need to have um contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult you need to have um contacts
+that are selective that can take the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are selective that can take the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are selective that can take the hot
+carriers at all the different energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers at all the different energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers at all the different energies
+that they're promoted at um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're promoted at um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're promoted at um and that's
+also are a really difficult idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are a really difficult idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are a really difficult idea and
+some of the ideas that they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ideas that they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ideas that they've been
+working on are these resonant tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on are these resonant tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on are these resonant tunneling
+contacts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts um
+so again this is kind of hairy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is kind of hairy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is kind of hairy stuff
+this has been I think these slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been I think these slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been I think these slides are
+rather old and I don't know what's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather old and I don't know what's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather old and I don't know what's come
+of This research so um it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of This research so um it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of This research so um it's a really
+exciting idea uh and I encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting idea uh and I encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting idea uh and I encourage you
+guys to look more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to look more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to look more into
+it okay so now we're going to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now we're going to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so now we're going to move a
+little bit away from um advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit away from um advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit away from um advanced
+concepts and talk about kind of bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and talk about kind of bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and talk about kind of bulk
+thin film materials I think we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film materials I think we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film materials I think we actually
+going to end quite early which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end quite early which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end quite early which is
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um the most common uh commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most common uh commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the most common uh commercially
+available type of material are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available type of material are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available type of material are these
+wafer based materials so monoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer based materials so monoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer based materials so monoc
+crystallin which you know which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin which you know which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin which you know which is what
+our cells were made out of there was CZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cells were made out of there was CZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cells were made out of there was CZ
+or kolski growth probably pronouncing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kolski growth probably pronouncing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kolski growth probably pronouncing
+that wrong um silicon um multi crystall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong um silicon um multi crystall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wrong um silicon um multi crystall
+and silicon which I think Tony was shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon which I think Tony was shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and silicon which I think Tony was shown
+you what that looks like you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that looks like you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what that looks like you can see the
+different grains um they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grains um they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different grains um they're actually
+quite pretty um ribbon silicon which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pretty um ribbon silicon which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite pretty um ribbon silicon which was
+pioneered by Evergreen and I think now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by Evergreen and I think now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered by Evergreen and I think now
+that technolog is gone uh ever green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technolog is gone uh ever green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technolog is gone uh ever green
+went out of business so I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out of business so I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out of business so I don't think
+that technology is still around um selo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology is still around um selo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology is still around um selo
+still might be making modules anyhow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be making modules anyhow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still might be making modules anyhow so
+thin films um cadel is still currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films um cadel is still currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin films um cadel is still currently
+First Solar is still one of the cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Solar is still one of the cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First Solar is still one of the cheapest
+module makers um their process was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module makers um their process was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module makers um their process was so
+cheap and that their efficiency really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and that their efficiency really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and that their efficiency really
+suffered because they didn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered because they didn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffered because they didn't even have
+an arc coding for the first five or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arc coding for the first five or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arc coding for the first five or 10
+years of development and they said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of development and they said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of development and they said we
+didn't need it and they were right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need it and they were right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need it and they were right they
+were still outperforming silicon people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still outperforming silicon people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still outperforming silicon people
+um that's becoming less so the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's becoming less so the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's becoming less so the case and
+the one of the big problems with cadel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the big problems with cadel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the big problems with cadel
+as you guys know is the shortage torium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you guys know is the shortage torium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you guys know is the shortage torium
+um and Al the toxicity which uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Al the toxicity which uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Al the toxicity which uh some
+people are really concerned about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really concerned about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are really concerned about um
+other yeah just a note on that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah just a note on that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah just a note on that so we
+were debating in in this class whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were debating in in this class whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were debating in in this class whether
+they should be allowed to be imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be allowed to be imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be allowed to be imported
+into Japan and my understanding from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Japan and my understanding from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Japan and my understanding from the
+reading was that Japan actually does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was that Japan actually does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was that Japan actually does not
+allow CAD tell Imports is that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow CAD tell Imports is that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow CAD tell Imports is that correct
+uh I I guess so then yes oh okay I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I guess so then yes oh okay I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I guess so then yes oh okay I I
+don't I don't actually know um I do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't actually know um I do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't actually know um I do know
+that cadel is a very stable compound um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cadel is a very stable compound um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cadel is a very stable compound um
+and I know people who work with it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know people who work with it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know people who work with it here
+and they actually work on recycling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually work on recycling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually work on recycling it
+so how to dissolve it and and separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to dissolve it and and separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to dissolve it and and separate
+the two elements um and it's they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two elements um and it's they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two elements um and it's they're not
+worried about the hazards of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the hazards of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the hazards of the actual
+raw material um because it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material um because it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material um because it's a pretty
+stable compound um but a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable compound um but a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable compound um but a lot of people
+do worry about it and you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do worry about it and you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do worry about it and you know it's it's
+certainly a valid concern so um but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a valid concern so um but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly a valid concern so um but one
+of the thin film Replacements um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thin film Replacements um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thin film Replacements um well
+amorphic silic I think you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphic silic I think you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphic silic I think you guys know
+what that is but that's deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is but that's deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is but that's deposited
+silicon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it
+has no real like lattice structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no real like lattice structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no real like lattice structure to
+speak of it's kind of a disordered mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of it's kind of a disordered mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of it's kind of a disordered mess
+um which means it has a lot of dangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means it has a lot of dangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which means it has a lot of dangling
+bonds it has very very low mobilities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds it has very very low mobilities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds it has very very low mobilities as
+a result um or sorry low lifetimes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result um or sorry low lifetimes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result um or sorry low lifetimes as a
+result um and also uh coincidentally has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um and also uh coincidentally has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um and also uh coincidentally has
+low mobilities um you also deposit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mobilities um you also deposit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low mobilities um you also deposit and
+you uh deposit with hydrogen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh deposit with hydrogen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh deposit with hydrogen to
+passivate all of those dangling bonds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivate all of those dangling bonds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passivate all of those dangling bonds um
+and that's usually done with either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually done with either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's usually done with either
+plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma enhanced chemical vapor
+deposition and it's done on either metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and it's done on either metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition and it's done on either metal
+or glass and so it has potential to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glass and so it has potential to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glass and so it has potential to be
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+cheap um and then one of the things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um and then one of the things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap um and then one of the things I
+think was aimed to replace cadel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was aimed to replace cadel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was aimed to replace cadel was
+sigs um so copper indium gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigs um so copper indium gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigs um so copper indium gallium
+diselenide I'll get into some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diselenide I'll get into some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diselenide I'll get into some of the
+problems with sigs in a second um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with sigs in a second um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with sigs in a second um but
+there are a few startups around it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few startups around it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few startups around it I
+think uh Nano solars W Helo volt um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh Nano solars W Helo volt um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh Nano solars W Helo volt um and
+I think cylindro was one although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think cylindro was one although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think cylindro was one although I
+don't really want to say their name out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to say their name out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to say their name out
+loud uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud uh
+so okay so problem with sigs is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so problem with sigs is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so problem with sigs is if
+you're looking for Earth abundant films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for Earth abundant films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for Earth abundant films
+again if we want to scale if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we want to scale if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we want to scale if we want
+solar energy to scale to Tera levels if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy to scale to Tera levels if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy to scale to Tera levels if
+we wanted to provide all of human energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to provide all of human energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to provide all of human energy
+needs then we're going to need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs then we're going to need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs then we're going to need to use
+elements and materials that are Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and materials that are Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and materials that are Earth
+abundant cheap to find cheap to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant cheap to find cheap to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant cheap to find cheap to produce
+and sigs isn't going to get us there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigs isn't going to get us there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigs isn't going to get us there um
+it's got indium and gallium uh indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got indium and gallium uh indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got indium and gallium uh indium
+which is highly used and the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is highly used and the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is highly used and the price is
+skyrocketed now because I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketed now because I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skyrocketed now because I think it's
+used in your um displays and televisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in your um displays and televisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in your um displays and televisions
+um there's indium in here Indi oh it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's indium in here Indi oh it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's indium in here Indi oh it's I
+yeah okay then that that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay then that that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay then that that's where it
+comes from then thank you um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from then thank you um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from then thank you um so
+what people have been working on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have been working on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have been working on are
+trying to look at Replacements so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at Replacements so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look at Replacements so uh
+this is a czts so it's copper zinc tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a czts so it's copper zinc tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a czts so it's copper zinc tin
+um it's sometimes sulfide this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes sulfide this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes sulfide this is
+selenide um but they are also working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selenide um but they are also working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selenide um but they are also working on
+replacing the selenium with sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the selenium with sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the selenium with sulfur
+something a little more Earth abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more Earth abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more Earth abundant
+um and this was done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this was done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this was done at
+IBM um and it was pretty remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM um and it was pretty remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM um and it was pretty remarkable
+actually because I think within a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because I think within a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because I think within a very
+very short period of time they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short period of time they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short period of time they were able
+to get efficiencies of around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get efficiencies of around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get efficiencies of around
+99.6% um which for for a fledgling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.6% um which for for a fledgling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.6% um which for for a fledgling
+material is incredible uh and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is incredible uh and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is incredible uh and I'll get
+to why that was so incredible in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why that was so incredible in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to why that was so incredible in a
+second um but again when thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um but again when thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um but again when thinking about
+Earth abundant materials I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant materials I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth abundant materials I really
+recommend you guys read this paper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you guys read this paper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you guys read this paper this
+is a paper by Cyrus wadia um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper by Cyrus wadia um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paper by Cyrus wadia um it's
+environmental science and technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental science and technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental science and technology and
+it looks at all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks at all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks at all of these different
+semiconductor materials and it looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor materials and it looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor materials and it looks at
+in yellow this is the what you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow this is the what you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yellow this is the what you could get
+if you looked at annual production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at annual production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at annual production of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um of that semiconductor material now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of that semiconductor material now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of that semiconductor material now in
+terms of what is being produced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is being produced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what is being produced to
+produce the raw materials that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the raw materials that to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the raw materials that to make
+it um and then if we the known economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and then if we the known economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and then if we the known economic
+reserves what can we mine and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves what can we mine and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserves what can we mine and get
+economically today how much could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically today how much could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically today how much could it
+produce and your worldwide consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and your worldwide consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and your worldwide consumption
+is on this line and you can see cadel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this line and you can see cadel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this line and you can see cadel is
+just barely eeking it out um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely eeking it out um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just barely eeking it out um and the
+ones of note for this discussion are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of note for this discussion are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of note for this discussion are
+cadel sigs which is slightly better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadel sigs which is slightly better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadel sigs which is slightly better and
+then czts which is rather plentiful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then czts which is rather plentiful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then czts which is rather plentiful um
+even with reserves that are currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with reserves that are currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with reserves that are currently
+being mined now um and so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mined now um and so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mined now um and so that's kind of
+the take-home message the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-home message the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-home message the other thing
+also really interesting is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really interesting is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really interesting is the actual
+raw material cost um cadel turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material cost um cadel turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material cost um cadel turns
+out it's not that great when you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's not that great when you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's not that great when you compare
+it to sigs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to sigs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to sigs and then
+czts um it's a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czts um it's a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+czts um it's a whole lot
+cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+so uh one of the other things about czs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the other things about czs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the other things about czs
+that's so cool is that there's this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so cool is that there's this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so cool is that there's this huge
+basically there's this huge growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's this huge growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's this huge growth
+parameter space for making these quary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space for making these quary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space for making these quary
+Alloys and IBM on their first shot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alloys and IBM on their first shot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alloys and IBM on their first shot just
+kind of nailed it so they didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nailed it so they didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nailed it so they didn't really
+look at their whole this whole parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their whole this whole parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their whole this whole parameter
+space it was just kind of their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it was just kind of their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it was just kind of their first
+first shot was just right there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shot was just right there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shot was just right there and so
+it might already be optimized and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might already be optimized and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might already be optimized and a lot
+of people are kind of concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are kind of concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are kind of concerned about
+that um but I think it's certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but I think it's certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but I think it's certainly a
+very interesting field and really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting field and really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting field and really cool
+to work in and um so I think hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in and um so I think hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in and um so I think hopefully
+there's hope there so that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hope there so that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hope there so that actually
+we're ending way early but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ending way early but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ending way early but that
+concludes the lecture today uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the lecture today uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the lecture today uh if you
+guys want to stick around for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to stick around for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys want to stick around for more
+questions it's totally fine um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's totally fine um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions it's totally fine um but
+that's all I had prepared for today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I had prepared for today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I had prepared for today so
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FUwr_EtcPIU.txt b/FUwr_EtcPIU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4a4dae4b261c26ce3c9046597f1b7e9f607fee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FUwr_EtcPIU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2866 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll look at a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll look at a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll look at a powerful
+tool in the probabilistic method known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in the probabilistic method known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in the probabilistic method known
+as bounded differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bounded differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bounded differences
+inequality which also goes by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which also goes by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which also goes by the name
+auma hofing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auma hofing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auma hofing
+inequality this inequality tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality this inequality tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality this inequality tells us that
+if we have a function of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a function of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a function of independent
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variables and such that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and such that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and such that this function
+doesn't change very much if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change very much if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change very much if we just
+change one of the inputs of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one of the inputs of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change one of the inputs of the function
+then the output of this function given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output of this function given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output of this function given
+the random input is fairly concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random input is fairly concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random input is fairly concentrated
+around its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around its
+mean let's look at this actual statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let's look at this actual statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let's look at this actual statement
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+theorem we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we have
+X1 random variable taking values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 random variable taking values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 random variable taking values in the
+set or in the probability space Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or in the probability space Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set or in the probability space Omega 1
+and so on so so X1 X2 to xn so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so so X1 X2 to xn so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so so X1 X2 to xn so these are
+independent random variables and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables and it's
+very important that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that they're
+independent we have a function f which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we have a function f which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we have a function f which
+takes as input and coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes as input and coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes as input and coordinates and
+outputs a real number and the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a real number and the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a real number and the hypothesis
+of this theorem is that this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem is that this function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem is that this function f
+satisfies the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the following
+property that if we look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if we look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if we look at two
+different outputs of f on inputs X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outputs of f on inputs X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outputs of f on inputs X and Y
+such that X and Y differ on exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X and Y differ on exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that X and Y differ on exactly one
+coordinate right so by only changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so by only changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so by only changing a
+single coordinate of f the assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single coordinate of f the assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single coordinate of f the assumption is
+that the value of f changes by no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of f changes by no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of f changes by no more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one right so F in some sense is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so F in some sense is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so F in some sense is fairly
+smooth to the fluctuations in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth to the fluctuations in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth to the fluctuations in the input
+if you change only one input coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change only one input coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change only one input coordinate
+then the output of f does not change too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output of f does not change too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the output of f does not change too
+much does not change by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does not change by more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much does not change by more than
+one okay what is the conclusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what is the conclusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what is the conclusion of the
+theorem it says that the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it says that the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it says that the random variable
+obtained by evaluating F on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by evaluating F on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by evaluating F on these
+independent random input coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random input coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random input coordinates
+right so we call this output Z this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we call this output Z this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we call this output Z this
+random variable Z satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Z satisfies the
+following concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following concentration
+inequality for every non- negative real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for every non- negative real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for every non- negative real
+Lambda the probability that Z is exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the probability that Z is exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the probability that Z is exceeds
+its expectation by at least Lambda is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation by at least Lambda is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its expectation by at least Lambda is at
+most this quantity here which goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most this quantity here which goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most this quantity here which goes down
+rapidly as Lambda is gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly as Lambda is gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly as Lambda is gets
+large and also we also have a lower tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and also we also have a lower tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and also we also have a lower tail
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+bound which says that the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which says that the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which says that the probability
+that Z is significantly below its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z is significantly below its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z is significantly below its
+expectation by more than Lambda at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by more than Lambda at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by more than Lambda at least
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+is this probability is upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability is upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this probability is upper bounded by
+the same quantity which again decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quantity which again decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same quantity which again decays
+extremely quickly when Lambda is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely quickly when Lambda is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely quickly when Lambda is large
+okay so this is the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the statement of the
+bound the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound the differences
+inequality again the intuition here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality again the intuition here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality again the intuition here is
+that given independent inputs to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given independent inputs to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given independent inputs to a
+function which satisfies this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which satisfies this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which satisfies this property
+that it does not change by more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does not change by more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it does not change by more than one
+upon changing any single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon changing any single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon changing any single
+coordinate the output random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the output random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate the output random variable is
+very concentrated around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concentrated around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concentrated around the
+mean in the rest of this video I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the rest of this video I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the rest of this video I want to
+present three applications of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three applications of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three applications of this
+inequality the first application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the first application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the first application is
+meant to illustrate a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate a very simple
+example of a function where we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a function where we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a function where we can apply
+the theorem and this function is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and this function is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem and this function is simply
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+taking Boolean input so n Boolean inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Boolean input so n Boolean inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking Boolean input so n Boolean inputs
+outputs a real number obtained by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a real number obtained by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a real number obtained by simply
+adding up the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers another words this is a sum of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers another words this is a sum of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers another words this is a sum of N
+different coin tosses each coin toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin tosses each coin toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coin tosses each coin toss
+resulting in zero or one and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in zero or one and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting in zero or one and you can
+check that this function has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this function has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this function has the
+property that we require in this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we require in this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we require in this theorem
+namely that if you flip just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that if you flip just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that if you flip just one of the
+input coordinates the output changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coordinates the output changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input coordinates the output changes by
+well in this case exactly one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case exactly one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case exactly one but
+certainly no more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly no more than one
+now we can apply theuma hting inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can apply theuma hting inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can apply theuma hting inequality
+or the Bounder differences inequality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bounder differences inequality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Bounder differences inequality to
+this function and that gets us a tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and that gets us a tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and that gets us a tail
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+on the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution this case you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this case you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this case you know that the
+expectation of Z is exactly n /2 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z is exactly n /2 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z is exactly n /2 and it
+tells you that the deviation cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the deviation cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the deviation cannot
+exceed very much Beyond something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed very much Beyond something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed very much Beyond something on the
+Square on the order of the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square on the order of the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square on the order of the square root
+of uh the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+this bound is also known as the turnoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound is also known as the turnoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound is also known as the turnoff
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact the proof of the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the proof of the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the proof of the bound
+differences in equality is very Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in equality is very Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in equality is very Sim
+similar to the proof of the turnoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the proof of the turnoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the proof of the turnoff
+bound which you can view in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video let me now go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the next
+example concerned a problem called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example concerned a problem called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example concerned a problem called the
+coupon collector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem the setup is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the setup is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the setup is that we have
+independent random numbers S1 through SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random numbers S1 through SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random numbers S1 through SN
+and they're each chosen uniformly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're each chosen uniformly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're each chosen uniformly from
+the numbers 1 through n so these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 1 through n so these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers 1 through n so these numbers
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uniformly and independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chosen so you can imagine a setup as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so you can imagine a setup as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so you can imagine a setup as
+having and different coupons and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having and different coupons and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having and different coupons and each
+time you draw a random coupon see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you draw a random coupon see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you draw a random coupon see what
+it is return it to the box and draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is return it to the box and draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is return it to the box and draw it
+again and these S1 through SN are it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and these S1 through SN are it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and these S1 through SN are it's a
+list of coupons that you draw from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of coupons that you draw from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of coupons that you draw from this
+box and the random variable that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the random variable that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the random variable that we're
+interested in Z is the number of missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Z is the number of missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Z is the number of missing
+coupons the number of coupons that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons the number of coupons that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons the number of coupons that you
+have not seen through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay in other words this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay in other words this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay in other words this is the
+number of elements of one through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements of one through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements of one through
+n that are not among the elements S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that are not among the elements S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that are not among the elements S1
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+SN okay so this is a number of missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN okay so this is a number of missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN okay so this is a number of missing
+coupons it is a random variable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons it is a random variable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons it is a random variable because
+S1 through SN are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random we wish to understand how Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we wish to understand how Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we wish to understand how Z is
+concentrated around its mean and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around its mean and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated around its mean and for
+that we can apply the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply the bounded
+differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in
+equality note that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality note that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality note that this
+function given viewing this quantity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given viewing this quantity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function given viewing this quantity as
+a function from S1 through SN as inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function from S1 through SN as inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function from S1 through SN as inputs
+to the output number this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output number this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output number this function
+satisfies the required hypothesis namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the required hypothesis namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the required hypothesis namely
+if you change one of the SI you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change one of the SI you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change one of the SI you do not
+change the number of missing coupons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of missing coupons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the number of missing coupons by
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+one number of coupons missing coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number of coupons missing coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number of coupons missing coupons
+might not change at all but it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not change at all but it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not change at all but it cannot
+change by more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so this means that we can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this means that we can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this means that we can apply the
+bound differences inequality to deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound differences inequality to deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound differences inequality to deduce
+the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion that
+the probability that Z deviates from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Z deviates from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that Z deviates from its
+expectation by more than Lambda is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by more than Lambda is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation by more than Lambda is at
+most two because here we're using upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two because here we're using upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most two because here we're using upper
+and lower bounds simultaneously time 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bounds simultaneously time 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bounds simultaneously time 2
+to the minus E 2 Lambda 2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and the expectation is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation is something that we
+can calculate pretty easily using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate pretty easily using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate pretty easily using
+linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+expectations of these n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of these n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of these n different
+numbers these n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these n different
+coupons each single coupon is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons each single coupon is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons each single coupon is missing
+with probability one minus 1 / n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus 1 / n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus 1 / n to the
+N right because in this does this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N right because in this does this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N right because in this does this is the
+probability that a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coupon coupon I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+missing which is the event that coupon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing which is the event that coupon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing which is the event that coupon I
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not drawn in each of the N different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drawn in each of the N different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drawn in each of the N different
+random draws and this quantity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws and this quantity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random draws and this quantity is very
+close to n/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to n/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to n/
+e okay so this is an application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay so this is an application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay so this is an application of
+the bounded differences inequality to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded differences inequality to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded differences inequality to a
+function which is not linear like before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is not linear like before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is not linear like before
+right so the first example is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first example is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the first example is a much
+simpler example because the function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler example because the function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler example because the function f
+is simply a sum of its inputs and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a sum of its inputs and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a sum of its inputs and here
+there's a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more complicated
+function our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function our last
+example involves an even subtler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example involves an even subtler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example involves an even subtler
+function and here the result is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here the result is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here the result is a
+classic theorem in probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic theorem in probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic theorem in probabilistic
+combinatorics due to Shamir and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics due to Shamir and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics due to Shamir and
+Spencer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80s the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s the theorem
+concerns the chromatic number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the chromatic number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns the chromatic number of a
+random graph so let Z be the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GNP okay so GMP is the airish r random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNP okay so GMP is the airish r random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GNP okay so GMP is the airish r random
+graph obtained by taking n vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph obtained by taking n vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph obtained by taking n vertices and
+putting an edge between every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an edge between every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting an edge between every pair of
+vertices with probability P so throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with probability P so throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices with probability P so throw a
+probability P coin for each possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P coin for each possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P coin for each possible
+Edge independently and construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge independently and construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge independently and construct a
+random graph this way and then Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph this way and then Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph this way and then Z is the
+chromatic number of of this random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number of of this random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number of of this random graph
+right so it is the minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it is the minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it is the minimum number of
+colors required to color all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors required to color all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors required to color all the
+vertices so that no two adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so that no two adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices so that no two adjacent
+vertices receive the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color this is some random variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color this is some random variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color this is some random variable and
+this random variable is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable is pretty
+complicated it's pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated it's pretty hard to
+analyze but nevertheless using the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze but nevertheless using the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze but nevertheless using the bound
+the differences inequality let us deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences inequality let us deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences inequality let us deduce
+the following concentration bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following concentration bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following concentration bound
+showing that Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that Z
+typically is not too far away from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is not too far away from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is not too far away from its
+expectation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and
+specifically we have the bound saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we have the bound saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we have the bound saying
+that Z deviates from expectation by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z deviates from expectation by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z deviates from expectation by more
+than this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this quantity
+here and this event has probability at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this event has probability at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this event has probability at
+most 2 * eus 2 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem the interesting part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the interesting part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the interesting part of this
+proof is how to set up the function f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is how to set up the function f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is how to set up the function f so
+that we can apply the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can apply the bounded
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+inequality so right now Z is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so right now Z is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so right now Z is some
+quantity which seems kind of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which seems kind of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which seems kind of complicated
+and it's based on Something That Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based on Something That Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's based on Something That Is
+Random so how can we phrase it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random so how can we phrase it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random so how can we phrase it in terms
+of independent random variables in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent random variables in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent random variables in a way
+so that we can apply the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can apply the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can apply the bound
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+inequality well one way to do it and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality well one way to do it and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality well one way to do it and um
+it's a natural first attempt is to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural first attempt is to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural first attempt is to view
+Z as a function with n choose two inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as a function with n choose two inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as a function with n choose two inputs
+one input for each possible edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one input for each possible edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one input for each possible edge of the
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph that is a valid choice in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that is a valid choice in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that is a valid choice in the
+sense that it satisfies the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it satisfies the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it satisfies the bounded
+differences condition but it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences condition but it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences condition but it will not
+give the correct bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the correct bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the correct bound
+because it will turn out to have way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will turn out to have way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will turn out to have way too
+many variables in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variables in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many variables in this
+function we'll take a look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we'll take a look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we'll take a look at a
+different method that will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method that will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different method that will be able to
+provide us with the desired bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide us with the desired bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide us with the desired bound
+and there's some neat idea here on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some neat idea here on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some neat idea here on how
+to Cluster the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cluster the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Cluster the random variables
+together so we will represent our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we will represent our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we will represent our graph
+on N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N
+vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices
+labeled 1 through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 1 through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 1 through n
+and this graph which has some edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this graph which has some edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this graph which has some edges and
+we'll need to represent these edges um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to represent these edges um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need to represent these edges um
+will represent them as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element of the following product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set Omega 1 * Omega 2 so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Omega 1 * Omega 2 so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Omega 1 * Omega 2 so these are
+cartisian products * Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian products * Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian products * Omega
+3 so on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so on to
+Omega n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n minus
+one and how we're going to encode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and how we're going to encode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and how we're going to encode the
+graph using the element of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph using the element of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph using the element of of this
+product set is as follows Omega 1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the set0 comma 1 and this set will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set0 comma 1 and this set will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set0 comma 1 and this set will
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the which either zero or one which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which either zero or one which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which either zero or one which one
+gets chosen or record whether there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets chosen or record whether there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets chosen or record whether there's an
+edge between the first vertex and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge between the first vertex and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge between the first vertex and the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+vertex okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so
+if we choose zero then there's no Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we choose zero then there's no Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we choose zero then there's no Edge
+between one and two if we choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and two if we choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and two if we choose one
+then there is an edge between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an edge between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an edge between one and
+two Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+product set of 01 with itself and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product set of 01 with itself and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product set of 01 with itself and this
+two bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits
+encodes whether there's an edge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes whether there's an edge between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes whether there's an edge between
+one and three and also whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three and also whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and three and also whether there's
+an edge between two and three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge between two and three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge between two and three that
+information is encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded in
+the element of Omega 2 that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of Omega 2 that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of Omega 2 that we
+choose and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 is now 0a 1 raised to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is now 0a 1 raised to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is now 0a 1 raised to the 3
+power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and
+here these three bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these three bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these three bits
+record whether the three edges from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record whether the three edges from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record whether the three edges from 1
+two and three to the fourth vertex are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three to the fourth vertex are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three to the fourth vertex are
+included or not included in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or not included in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included or not included in this graph
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so every graph on N labelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every graph on N labelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so every graph on N labelled
+vertices can be represented as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices can be represented as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices can be represented as an
+element of this product set and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this product set and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this product set and vice
+versa basically we are clustering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa basically we are clustering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa basically we are clustering the
+edges together according to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges together according to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges together according to the end
+point of its uh the right end point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of its uh the right end point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of its uh the right end point of
+its Edge according to this vertex order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Edge according to this vertex order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Edge according to this vertex order
+of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why is this
+useful well if we have two graphs G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful well if we have two graphs G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful well if we have two graphs G and
+G Prime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+around only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay um
+so if G and G Prime differ on edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G and G Prime differ on edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if G and G Prime differ on edges
+around only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around only one
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+then the chromatic number so Kai of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chromatic number so Kai of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the chromatic number so Kai of G
+minus Kai of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime this in absolute value is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this in absolute value is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime this in absolute value is at most
+one so if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you have two
+graphs and one can be obtained from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and one can be obtained from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and one can be obtained from the
+other by modifying edges around a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by modifying edges around a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by modifying edges around a single
+vertex then their chromatic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex then their chromatic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex then their chromatic numbers
+cannot be differ cannot differ by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be differ cannot differ by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be differ cannot differ by more
+than one and the reason is that well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and the reason is that well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and the reason is that well we
+could have just chosen a new color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just chosen a new color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have just chosen a new color for
+the vertex that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex that is
+involved so we would not need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so we would not need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so we would not need to use
+more than one color change to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one color change to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one color change to go from
+one graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph to
+another okay so this is a important fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay so this is a important fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay so this is a important fact
+that turns out to be incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be incredibly
+useful and it's useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and it's useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and it's useful because
+if we have a graph represented as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a graph represented as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a graph represented as an
+element of this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this product
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+then having another graph that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having another graph that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having another graph that's
+obtained by just changing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by just changing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by just changing one
+coordinate results in a graph where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate results in a graph where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate results in a graph where the
+only changes to the graph itself are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only changes to the graph itself are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only changes to the graph itself are
+edges around a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges around a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges around a single
+vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and
+therefore the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the function
+F that sends an element of this to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that sends an element of this to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that sends an element of this to an
+element of the r basically the chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the r basically the chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the r basically the chromatic
+number of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the graph
+satisfies the bounded differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis and by applying the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and by applying the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and by applying the theorem
+we can then deduce the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then deduce the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then deduce the concentration
+bound here so that finishes the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here so that finishes the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here so that finishes the proof of
+this theorem on the concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem on the concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem on the concentration of a
+chromatic number of a random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number of a random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic number of a random graph
+all right so in this video we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in this video we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in this video we saw the
+statement of the bound differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the bound differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the bound differences
+inequality which is a important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which is a important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which is a important
+versatile tool that is used all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile tool that is used all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile tool that is used all over
+probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+combinatorics it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics it says that the
+concentration of a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a function of
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+inputs or this as long as the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or this as long as the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs or this as long as the function
+has the property that it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the property that it doesn't change
+very much if you only change a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much if you only change a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much if you only change a single
+coordinate then the output as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then the output as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then the output as a random
+variable is highly concentrated around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is highly concentrated around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is highly concentrated around
+its mean and we saw three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and we saw three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean and we saw three different
+examples applying this Bounder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples applying this Bounder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples applying this Bounder
+differences in equality
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GQbq9G__--Y.txt b/GQbq9G__--Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17ec528c6cb4555a1babd157bf9a80786c130cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GQbq9G__--Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is the start I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is the start I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so this is the start I
+won't be able to do it all in one day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do it all in one day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to do it all in one day of
+what I think of as the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think of as the number one
+uh model in applied math in discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model in applied math in discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh model in applied math in discreet
+applied math I'll say let me review what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math I'll say let me review what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math I'll say let me review what
+our four examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four examples
+are just so you see the big picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so you see the big picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just so you see the big picture so
+the first example was the springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example was the springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example was the springs and
+masses that's that that was beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses that's that that was beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses that's that that was beautiful
+it's simple the masses are all in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple the masses are all in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simple the masses are all in a line
+and the Matrix K the free fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Matrix K the free fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Matrix K the free fixed and
+fixed fixed and free free come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and free free come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and free free come out
+closely related to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely related to our
+KTB matrices so those were that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KTB matrices so those were that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KTB matrices so those were that was the
+natural place to start and actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place to start and actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural place to start and actually we
+also got a chance to do the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a chance to do the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a chance to do the most
+important uh time equation in time KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh time equation in time KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh time equation in time KU
+ouble Prime M sorry muu prime plus KU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouble Prime M sorry muu prime plus KU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouble Prime M sorry muu prime plus KU
+equals z so that was a that's a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z so that was a that's a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z so that was a that's a key
+example then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example then these
+squares very important I'm already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares very important I'm already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares very important I'm already
+getting questions from the class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting questions from the class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting questions from the class about
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh problems that come up in your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems that come up in your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems that come up in your work
+lease Square problems uh maybe I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease Square problems uh maybe I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease Square problems uh maybe I'll just
+mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+professional uh numerical guys uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional uh numerical guys uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional uh numerical guys uh don't
+always go to a transpose a if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go to a transpose a if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go to a transpose a if it's a
+badly conditioned problem and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly conditioned problem and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly conditioned problem and that
+conditioning is a topic that was in 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is a topic that was in 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning is a topic that was in 1.7
+and we'll eventually come back to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll eventually come back to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll eventually come back to if
+it's a badly conditioned problem Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a badly conditioned problem Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a badly conditioned problem Matrix
+a then a transpose a kind of makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then a transpose a kind of makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then a transpose a kind of makes it
+worse so there's another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so there's another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse so there's another way to
+orthogonalize in advance and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize in advance and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonalize in advance and if you're
+working with orthogonal vectors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with orthogonal vectors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with orthogonal vectors or
+orthonormal vectors that numerical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors that numerical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors that numerical uh
+calculations are as safe as they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are as safe as they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are as safe as they can
+be you know Wall Street is more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know Wall Street is more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know Wall Street is more like a
+transpose a and uh uh the the uh ororon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and uh uh the the uh ororon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and uh uh the the uh ororon
+normalist a safe way okay all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalist a safe way okay all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalist a safe way okay all right this
+is today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is today's
+lecture you'll see the Matrix a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you'll see the Matrix a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you'll see the Matrix a for a
+graph or a network it's it's simple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or a network it's it's simple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or a network it's it's simple to
+construct and it's uh it just shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and it's uh it just shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and it's uh it just shows up
+everywhere because networks and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because networks and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere because networks and are
+everywhere and I'll just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and I'll just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and I'll just looking
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+trusses are there partly because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses are there partly because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses are there partly because they're
+the most fun you you'll enjoy trusses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fun you you'll enjoy trusses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fun you you'll enjoy trusses I
+mean it's kind of fun to figure out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's kind of fun to figure out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's kind of fun to figure out is
+the trust going to collapse or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust going to collapse or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trust going to collapse or not it's
+it's good and and what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good and and what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good and and what is actually
+what's the linear algebra in there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the linear algebra in there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the linear algebra in there the
+the collapsing or not will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collapsing or not will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collapsing or not will depend on the
+solutions to auu equals z let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to auu equals z let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to auu equals z let me just
+let me just recall the equation Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just recall the equation Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just recall the equation Au
+equals z the a is our key Matrix in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the a is our key Matrix in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the a is our key Matrix in each
+example it's it's different in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's it's different in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's it's different in each
+example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+we sort of hope that Au equals z doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of hope that Au equals z doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of hope that Au equals z doesn't
+have Solutions or that it has Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Solutions or that it has Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Solutions or that it has Solutions
+we we know because we because if Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know because we because if Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know because we because if Au
+equals z has Solutions that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z has Solutions that's the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z has Solutions that's the case
+where a transpose a is not invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a transpose a is not invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a transpose a is not invertible
+and we have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to do something
+okay very useful to review what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very useful to review what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very useful to review what were the
+solutions to Au equals z in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Au equals z in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Au equals z in the case of
+Springs well there were some in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs well there were some in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs well there were some in the free
+free case the all ones Vector was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free case the all ones Vector was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free case the all ones Vector was the
+solution U or all constant was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U or all constant was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution U or all constant was the
+solution u in the free free case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution u in the free free case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution u in the free free case and
+that's why we couldn't invert it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we couldn't invert it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we couldn't invert it but the
+fix free or the fix fixed when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix free or the fix fixed when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix free or the fix fixed when we have
+one support or two supports that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one support or two supports that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one support or two supports that that
+removed the the all one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the the all one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the the all one solution
+good these squares we assumed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these squares we assumed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good these squares we assumed there
+weren't any we assumed to because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any we assumed to because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any we assumed to because we
+wanted to work directly with a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work directly with a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work directly with a transpose
+a the normal equations and and we so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the normal equations and and we so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the normal equations and and we so we
+assumed that The Columns of a were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that The Columns of a were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that The Columns of a were
+independent we assumed that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we assumed that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent we assumed that there were
+no nonzero solutions to Au equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nonzero solutions to Au equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nonzero solutions to Au equals z
+because if there were that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there were that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there were that would have
+made a transpose a singular and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a transpose a singular and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a transpose a singular and we would
+have had to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to do something
+different uh here this will be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh here this will be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh here this will be a lot
+like this one today if we look at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one today if we look at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one today if we look at once
+once you see a you'll spot the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see a you'll spot the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you see a you'll spot the solutions
+to Au equal Z this is a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Au equal Z this is a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Au equal Z this is a for a
+network uh and the solution is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh and the solution is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh and the solution is going to
+be that same guy all ones and that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that same guy all ones and that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that same guy all ones and that only
+tells us again that we have to ground a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us again that we have to ground a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us again that we have to ground a
+node if I may use an electrical term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if I may use an electrical term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if I may use an electrical term
+here grounding a node is like fixing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here grounding a node is like fixing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here grounding a node is like fixing a
+displacement once you fixed one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement once you fixed one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement once you fixed one of those
+say it zero whatever but zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it zero whatever but zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it zero whatever but zero is the
+Natural Choice once you've said one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice once you've said one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural Choice once you've said one of
+the potentials one of the voltages is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials one of the voltages is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentials one of the voltages is
+zero then you could you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you could you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you could you know all the
+rest you you you can find all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest you you you can find all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest you you you can find all the rest
+from our equation so this is is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equation so this is is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our equation so this is is like
+this and having this all one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and having this all one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and having this all one solution
+and as uh as you'll see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as uh as you'll see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as uh as you'll see with
+trusses that could depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses that could depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusses that could depending on the
+truss have more solutions and if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truss have more solutions and if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truss have more solutions and if there
+are more solutions that's when the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more solutions that's when the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more solutions that's when the trust
+collapses yeah so so the trusses need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses yeah so so the trusses need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses yeah so so the trusses need
+more than just a single support to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a single support to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a single support to hold
+up a you know a whole uh truss okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a you know a whole uh truss okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a you know a whole uh truss okay
+okay so that's the Au equals z now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the Au equals z now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the Au equals z now we're
+ready for the lecture itself what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the lecture itself what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for the lecture itself what's a
+graphs and networks graphs and networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks graphs and networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks graphs and networks
+okay let me start with a what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me start with a what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me start with a what's a
+graph a graph is a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a graph is a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a graph is a bunch of
+nodes and Ed some some or all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and Ed some some or all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and Ed some some or all of the
+edges between them let let me take just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between them let let me take just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between them let let me take just
+a a particular example of a graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a particular example of a graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a particular example of a graph and
+and this of course you spot in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this of course you spot in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this of course you spot in the book
+oh and everybody recognized that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and everybody recognized that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and everybody recognized that and
+it's proba now corrected that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proba now corrected that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proba now corrected that in that
+homework uh where it said 3.4 it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh where it said 3.4 it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework uh where it said 3.4 it meant
+2.4 of course and that's this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 of course and that's this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.4 of course and that's this is 2
+Section 2.4 now let me draw a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Section 2.4 now let me draw a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Section 2.4 now let me draw a different
+uh graph maybe it'll have four nodes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph maybe it'll have four nodes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph maybe it'll have four nodes as
+those four edges let me put in a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four edges let me put in a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four edges let me put in a fifth
+Edge okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay that's a
+graph it's not a complete graph because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's not a complete graph because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it's not a complete graph because
+I didn't include that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't include that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't include that extra
+Edge it's not a tree because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge it's not a tree because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge it's not a tree because there are
+some Loops here so so complete graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Loops here so so complete graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Loops here so so complete graphs
+are the are one extreme where the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the are one extreme where the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the are one extreme where the where
+all the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges are
+in a a tree is the Other Extreme where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a tree is the Other Extreme where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a a tree is the Other Extreme where
+you have a minimum number of edges it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minimum number of edges it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a minimum number of edges it
+would only take probably three edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only take probably three edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only take probably three edges so
+what just while we're looking at it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just while we're looking at it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just while we're looking at it what
+would there are a bunch of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there are a bunch of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there are a bunch of possible
+trees that would be sort of inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that would be sort of inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that would be sort of inside this
+graph subgraphs of this graph if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph subgraphs of this graph if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph subgraphs of this graph if I if I
+knock out those two edges I have a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out those two edges I have a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out those two edges I have a tree
+going out going out or I a tree could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out going out or I a tree could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out going out or I a tree could be
+like this or a tree could be like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or a tree could be like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or a tree could be like this
+anyway five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway five
+edges is in this graph six in a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is in this graph six in a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges is in this graph six in a complete
+graph it would be three edges in a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it would be three edges in a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph it would be three edges in a tree
+I guess okay and the number of edges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess okay and the number of edges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess okay and the number of edges is
+always M so five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always M so five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always M so five
+edges and the number of nodes is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the number of nodes is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and the number of nodes is always
+n four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n four
+nodes so a will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so a will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so a will be
+5x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x4
+okay and it's called so we get a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's called so we get a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's called so we get a special
+name in this in this world it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in this in this world it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in this in this world it's called
+the incidence Matrix of the graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence Matrix of the graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incidence Matrix of the graph the
+incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence
+Matrix or of course these things come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or of course these things come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or of course these things come up
+so often they have other names too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often they have other names too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often they have other names too but
+incidence Matrix is a pretty General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix is a pretty General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix is a pretty General
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+okay it doesn't yeah okay now I did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't yeah okay now I did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't yeah okay now I did I
+have to number the nodes just so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to number the nodes just so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to number the nodes just so we can
+create the Matrix say 1 2 3 four and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the Matrix say 1 2 3 four and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the Matrix say 1 2 3 four and I
+have to number the edges if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to number the edges if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to number the edges if I don't
+number them I don't know which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number them I don't know which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number them I don't know which is which
+so let me uh call this Edge one from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh call this Edge one from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me uh call this Edge one from one
+to two and I'll draw an arrow on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and I'll draw an arrow on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two and I'll draw an arrow on the
+edges so from one to two maybe this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so from one to two maybe this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so from one to two maybe this will
+be Edge two from one to three this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Edge two from one to three this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Edge two from one to three this will
+be Edge three oh no let me put Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Edge three oh no let me put Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Edge three oh no let me put Edge
+three there would be a natural one say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there would be a natural one say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there would be a natural one say
+from 2 to three and how about Edge four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to three and how about Edge four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 to three and how about Edge four
+there from 2 to four and HED five going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from 2 to four and HED five going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there from 2 to four and HED five going
+from three to four okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to four okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to four okay so now I
+have numbered you know I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numbered you know I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have numbered you know I've I've
+identified the nodes and I've identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the nodes and I've identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the nodes and I've identified
+the edges and there were five edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and there were five edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and there were five edges and
+four nodes usually m is bigger than n we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nodes usually m is bigger than n we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four nodes usually m is bigger than n we
+we're we're in this except for trees m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're in this except for trees m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're in this except for trees m
+will be at least as large as n okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least as large as n okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at least as large as n okay so
+now and I've put arrows on so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I've put arrows on so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I've put arrows on so you could
+say it's a directed graph because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a directed graph because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a directed graph because I've
+given a direction you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a direction you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a direction you'll see that the
+directions those those Arrow directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions those those Arrow directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions those those Arrow directions
+which are just to tell me which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just to tell me which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are just to tell me which way
+current should count as plus if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current should count as plus if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current should count as plus if it's
+with the arrow or which way it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arrow or which way it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the arrow or which way it should
+count as minus if it's against the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as minus if it's against the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as minus if it's against the arrow
+of course current could go either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course current could go either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course current could go either way
+it's just now I have a Convention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just now I have a Convention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just now I have a Convention of
+plus which was plus and which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus which was plus and which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus which was plus and which is minus
+okay so now let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me tell you the
+incidence Matrix so everybody can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix so everybody can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix so everybody can get it
+right away how do you create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away how do you create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away how do you create this
+incidence Matrix a 5 by4 so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix a 5 by4 so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix a 5 by4 so it's going
+to have five rows one for every Edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have five rows one for every Edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have five rows one for every Edge so
+what's the row for Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the row for Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the row for Edge
+one and it's got four columns one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's got four columns one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it's got four columns one for
+every node so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every node so these are the
+nodes nodes one two three four in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes nodes one two three four in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes nodes one two three four in the
+are associated with so there's a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with so there's a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associated with so there's a column
+for every node and a row for every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every node and a row for every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every node and a row for every Edge
+okay Edge one every this is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Edge one every this is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Edge one every this is just going
+to tell me everything about the graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me everything about the graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me everything about the graph so
+so exactly what's in that picture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly what's in that picture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly what's in that picture will
+be in this Matrix if I erased one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this Matrix if I erased one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this Matrix if I erased one I
+could reproduce it by knowing the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reproduce it by knowing the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reproduce it by knowing the other
+one okay Edge one goes from node one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Edge one goes from node one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Edge one goes from node one to
+node two so it leaves node one I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two so it leaves node one I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two so it leaves node one I'll put
+a minus one there in the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one there in the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one there in the First Column
+and a plus one in the second column so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus one in the second column so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a plus one in the second column so
+that's telling and no and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling and no and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's telling and no and it doesn't
+touch Edge one doesn't touch uh nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch Edge one doesn't touch uh nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch Edge one doesn't touch uh nodes
+three and four so there you go that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four so there you go that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four so there you go that's
+Edge one let me do Edge two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge one let me do Edge two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge one let me do Edge two and then
+you'll you'll be able to fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be able to fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll be able to fill in the
+rest so Edge two goes from 1 to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so Edge two goes from 1 to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest so Edge two goes from 1 to three
+minus one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and a
+one Edge three goes from two to three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge three goes from two to three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge three goes from two to three I
+I'll just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just keep going
+whoops minus one and a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops minus one and a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops minus one and a one
+Edge four goes from 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge four goes from 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge four goes from 2 to
+four and Edge five goes from 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four okay simple right got it the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay simple right got it the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four okay simple right got it the that
+Matrix has got all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has got all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has got all the information
+that's in my picture and uh and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in my picture and uh and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in my picture and uh and and the
+Matrix but the point about matrices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but the point about matrices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but the point about matrices is
+they do something they multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something they multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something they multiply
+Vector U to produce something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector U to produce something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector U to produce something you know
+they have a meaning Beyond just a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a meaning Beyond just a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a meaning Beyond just a record
+of the picture so that's a is is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture so that's a is is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture so that's a is is a great
+thing in fact what does it do let let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in fact what does it do let let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in fact what does it do let let's
+see okay so that's the Matrix a that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so that's the Matrix a that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so that's the Matrix a that we
+work with oh first tell me about Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with oh first tell me about Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with oh first tell me about Au
+equals z because we brought up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z because we brought up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z because we brought up that
+subject already what are those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject already what are those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject already what are those four
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+independent I've got four columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I've got four columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent I've got four columns
+they're sitting in five-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sitting in five-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sitting in five-dimensional
+space there's plenty of room there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's plenty of room there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there's plenty of room there for
+four independent vectors are these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four independent vectors are these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four independent vectors are these four
+columns independent vectors no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns independent vectors no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns independent vectors no no
+they're not because what combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not because what combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not because what combination of
+them produces the zero Vector one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them produces the zero Vector one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them produces the zero Vector one one
+one one if I take that column plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one if I take that column plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one if I take that column plus that
+plus that plus that I'm multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that plus that I'm multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that plus that I'm multiplying by
+so a I'll just put that up here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a I'll just put that up here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a I'll just put that up here and then
+I won't have to write it again a * 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't have to write it again a * 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't have to write it again a * 1 1 1
+one is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is five
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+right so that U that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that U that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that U that particular
+U of all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of all ones
+is uh it's I would say in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's I would say in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it's I would say in the null space
+of the Matrix the null space is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix the null space is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix the null space is all the
+solutions to Au equals z and in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Au equals z and in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to Au equals z and in other
+words so these four columns tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so these four columns tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so these four columns tell me
+about the geometry again these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry again these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the geometry again these four
+columns if I take all their combin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns if I take all their combin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns if I take all their combin
+ations yeah think about this if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations yeah think about this if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations yeah think about this if I take
+all four combinations all com all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four combinations all com all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four combinations all com all
+combinations any amount of this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations any amount of this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations any amount of this column
+this column this column and that fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column this column and that fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column this column and that fourth
+column that those are all vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that those are all vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that those are all vectors in
+five-dimensional space now this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional space now this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional space now this isn't
+essential but it's good do you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential but it's good do you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential but it's good do you have an
+idea of what you'd get what what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you'd get what what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you'd get what what would
+you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you
+took so this think of four vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so this think of four vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took so this think of four vectors
+pointing along take all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing along take all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing along take all their
+combinations that kind of fills in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that kind of fills in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations that kind of fills in
+whatever fill in May mean and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fill in May mean and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fill in May mean and what does
+it fill in what do I get what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fill in what do I get what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fill in what do I get what do you
+what's your image it's frankly I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your image it's frankly I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your image it's frankly I don't
+know I can't visualize five-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't visualize five-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't visualize five-dimensional
+space that well but still we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that well but still we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that well but still we can use
+words what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words what do you
+think you get a something Subspace you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you get a something Subspace you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you get a something Subspace you
+get a something you get something flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a something you get something flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a something you get something flat
+if can I I don't know if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if can I I don't know if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if can I I don't know if you do
+it's pretty flat somehow like like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty flat somehow like like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty flat somehow like like I'm
+I'm just asking you to jump up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just asking you to jump up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just asking you to jump up from the
+case we know where we had columns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we know where we had columns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we know where we had columns in
+threedimensional space and they we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space and they we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space and they we took
+ACC combination they gave us a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC combination they gave us a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC combination they gave us a plane
+right when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when they were
+dependent now what would how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now what would how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent now what would how would you
+visualize the combinations in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the combinations in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the combinations in five
+dimensional space Ju Just for the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space Ju Just for the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space Ju Just for the heck
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+it it's some kind of a Subspace I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's some kind of a Subspace I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's some kind of a Subspace I would
+say say and what's its Dimension maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say and what's its Dimension maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say say and what's its Dimension maybe
+that's what I want to ask you what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to ask you what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to ask you what's the
+dimension do I get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension do I get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension do I get like a
+four-dimensional Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional Subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional Subspace of
+five-dimensional space when I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional space when I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-dimensional space when I take the
+combinations of these particular Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these particular Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these particular Four
+Guys yes or no do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guys yes or no do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guys yes or no do I get a
+four-dimensional Subspace whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional Subspace whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional Subspace whatever that
+may mean no right answer I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may mean no right answer I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may mean no right answer I don't I don't
+somehow the dimension of that SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the dimension of that SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the dimension of that SP
+Subspace whatever I get isn't four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace whatever I get isn't four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace whatever I get isn't four
+because this fourth guy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fourth guy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this fourth guy is not
+contributing anything new the fourth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing anything new the fourth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing anything new the fourth one
+is a combination of the first three so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of the first three so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a combination of the first three so I
+get a three-dimensional Subspace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three-dimensional Subspace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a three-dimensional Subspace the
+rank of this Matrix is three that's if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of this Matrix is three that's if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of this Matrix is three that's if I
+if you allow me to introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow me to introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow me to introduce that
+keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rank is sort of it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is sort of it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is sort of it's the number of
+independent columns it tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns it tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns it tells you how
+much how how big the re the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how how big the re the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much how how big the re the Matrix
+really is you know if the Matrix if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is you know if the Matrix if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is you know if the Matrix if I
+pile on a whole more a lot of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile on a whole more a lot of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile on a whole more a lot of zero
+columns or a lot of zero rows you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or a lot of zero rows you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns or a lot of zero rows you know
+the Matrix get looks bigger but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix get looks bigger but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix get looks bigger but of
+course it isn't truly bigger the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it isn't truly bigger the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it isn't truly bigger the heart
+of the Matrix the core of the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix the core of the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix the core of the Matrix is
+somehow just three and actually the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow just three and actually the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow just three and actually the the
+I tell you now and we'll see it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you now and we'll see it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you now and we'll see it happen
+the great can I tell you the key result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great can I tell you the key result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great can I tell you the key result
+in the first half of linear algebra it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of linear algebra it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first half of linear algebra it's
+it's this that if I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this that if I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this that if I have three
+independent columns and by the way any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and by the way any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and by the way any
+three are independent it's just all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are independent it's just all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three are independent it's just all four
+together are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together are
+dependent this has three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent this has three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent this has three independent
+columns then the great fact is it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns then the great fact is it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns then the great fact is it has
+three independent rows that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent rows that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent rows that's kind of
+fantastic can I can I just since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic can I can I just since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic can I can I just since it's
+like such a beautiful and remarkable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like such a beautiful and remarkable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like such a beautiful and remarkable and
+basic fact that look at the rows that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact that look at the rows that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact that look at the rows that's
+what linear algebra is all about looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what linear algebra is all about looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what linear algebra is all about looking
+at a matrix by columns and then by rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a matrix by columns and then by rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a matrix by columns and then by rows
+and seeing what are the connections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing what are the connections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing what are the connections and
+the connection is the key connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection is the key connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection is the key connection is
+that these five rows now what space are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these five rows now what space are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these five rows now what space are
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+in what space what space are these rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what space what space are these rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what space what space are these rows
+in four dimensional space they only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four dimensional space they only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four dimensional space they only have
+four components so I I had four columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four components so I I had four columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four components so I I had four columns
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+5D I have five rows in 4D but now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5D I have five rows in 4D but now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5D I have five rows in 4D but now are
+those five rows independent let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five rows independent let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five rows independent let me just
+ask that question question are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question question are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that question question are those
+five independent rows are they pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five independent rows are they pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five independent rows are they pointing
+in different directions or could any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions or could any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different directions or could any
+combination give the zero Vector in 4D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination give the zero Vector in 4D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination give the zero Vector in 4D
+looking at those five rows what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those five rows what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those five rows what do you
+say wait a minute five vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute five vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute five vectors in
+four-dimensional space dependent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional space dependent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-dimensional space dependent of
+course right so they're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course right so they're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course right so they're certainly
+dependent I I they couldn't be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I I they couldn't be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I I they couldn't be five
+independent vectors in 4D but are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors in 4D but are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors in 4D but are there
+four in this particular cas case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in this particular cas case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in this particular cas case and
+here's the great fact no there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the great fact no there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the great fact no there are three
+if there are four if there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are four if there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are four if there are three
+independent columns and no more then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and no more then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns and no more then
+there are three independent rows and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three independent rows and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three independent rows and no
+more and we'll get to see which rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we'll get to see which rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and we'll get to see which rows are
+independent and which are not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and which are not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and which are not that's
+that's a question about a transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question about a transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question about a transpose and
+we haven't got to a transpose yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't got to a transpose yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't got to a transpose yet okay
+are you okay with that incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you okay with that incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you okay with that incidence
+Matrix because just the this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because just the this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because just the this is like the
+the central Matrix of our subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Matrix of our subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central Matrix of our subject and
+why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I
+um we can figure out a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can figure out a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can figure out a transpose a
+that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of
+fun that if I do a transpose a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that if I do a transpose a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun that if I do a transpose a then
+you'll see the core computations of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the core computations of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the core computations of this
+of this neat section so if I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neat section so if I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this neat section so if I do a
+transpose a so I'm going to bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a so I'm going to bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a so I'm going to bring in a
+transpose and you know that that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and you know that that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and you know that that I'm not
+just bringing it in from nowhere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bringing it in from nowhere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bringing it in from nowhere that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+networks the balance law is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the balance law is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks the balance law is going to
+involve a transpose so but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a transpose so but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a transpose so but let's just
+anticipate what do you think a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what do you think a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate what do you think a transpose
+a looks like now how am I going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a looks like now how am I going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a looks like now how am I going to do
+this for you may I write may I erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you may I write may I erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for you may I write may I erase
+this for a moment and write a try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a moment and write a try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for a moment and write a try to
+squeeze in a transpose here so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in a transpose here so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in a transpose here so that you
+can multiply it by by sight and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply it by by sight and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can multiply it by by sight and and and
+see the answer and and then you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the answer and and then you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the answer and and then you'll see
+the pattern that's the Great great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern that's the Great great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern that's the Great great thing
+about math is you do a few examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about math is you do a few examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about math is you do a few examples and
+you hope that the pattern reveals itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope that the pattern reveals itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope that the pattern reveals itself
+so let me show a transpose so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show a transpose so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me show a transpose so now I'm
+going to take that column and make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that column and make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that column and make it a
+row I'm going to take that column and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'm going to take that column and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I'm going to take that column and
+make it a row it's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a row it's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a row it's going to be a little
+squeezed but we can do it take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed but we can do it take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezed but we can do it take that
+column 0 1 1 0 -1 and the last column 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 0 1 1 0 -1 and the last column 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column 0 1 1 0 -1 and the last column 0
+0 0 1 1 okay so I just wrote a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 1 okay so I just wrote a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 1 1 okay so I just wrote a transpose
+here and now could you help me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now could you help me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now could you help me with a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+a which is the key Matrix in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is the key Matrix in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is the key Matrix in graph
+Theory what what size will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what what size will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory what what size will it
+be everybody knows it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everybody knows it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be everybody knows it's going to be
+square it's going to be symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's going to be symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square it's going to be symmetric and
+just tell me the size 4x4 right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me the size 4x4 right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell me the size 4x4 right we have
+a 4X 5 * a 5x4 we're EXP exp in this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4X 5 * a 5x4 we're EXP exp in this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4X 5 * a 5x4 we're EXP exp in this to
+be 4x4 and what what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4x4 and what what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 4x4 and what what's the first
+entry two right take Row one dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry two right take Row one dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry two right take Row one dotted with
+column one that's I get two ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one that's I get two ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column one that's I get two ones and
+then a bunch of zeros so I just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of zeros so I just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of zeros so I just get a
+two what's the next entry take Row one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what's the next entry take Row one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two what's the next entry take Row one
+against column two can you do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against column two can you do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against column two can you do that in
+your head Row one column two this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head Row one column two this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head Row one column two this the
+the top one is going to hit on a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one is going to hit on a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one is going to hit on a minus
+one and I think that's all there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I think that's all there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I think that's all there is
+right then this one hits a zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this one hits a zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this one hits a zero and
+those three zeros so and then what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three zeros so and then what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three zeros so and then what about
+then what about the next guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about the next guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about the next guy
+here A minus one and the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here A minus one and the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here A minus one and the last
+guy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a
+zero so that's Row one of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's Row one of a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's Row one of a transpose a
+can I just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just look at
+that for a moment before I fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a moment before I fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a moment before I fill in the
+rest and then when you fill in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and then when you fill in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and then when you fill in the rest
+it'll confirm the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll confirm the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll confirm the idea
+the why do I have a zero there why did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why do I have a zero there why did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why do I have a zero there why did a
+I shouldn't say I have a zero why did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say I have a zero why did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't say I have a zero why did a
+zero appear in the one four position if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero appear in the one four position if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero appear in the one four position if
+I look back at the graph what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look back at the graph what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look back at the graph what is it
+about nodes one and four that told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nodes one and four that told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nodes one and four that told me
+ahead of time I'm you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time I'm you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time I'm you're going to get a
+zero in that a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in that a transpose
+a everybody sees it one noes one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a everybody sees it one noes one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a everybody sees it one noes one and
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+are yeah say it again not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah say it again not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah say it again not
+connected no edge here there was an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected no edge here there was an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected no edge here there was an edge
+from Node 1 to two there's an edge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Node 1 to two there's an edge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Node 1 to two there's an edge from
+Node 1 to 3 those both produced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Node 1 to 3 those both produced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Node 1 to 3 those both produced the
+minus ones and on the diagonal came the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones and on the diagonal came the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ones and on the diagonal came the
+two to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to balance
+it what does that two represent that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does that two represent that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does that two represent that two
+represents the number of edges that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the number of edges that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the number of edges that do
+go into node one see that row is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into node one see that row is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into node one see that row is all
+about node one so there are two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about node one so there are two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about node one so there are two edges
+into it and then an edge out and an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and then an edge out and an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and then an edge out and an edge
+The Edge out and the edge out and the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Edge out and the edge out and the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Edge out and the edge out and the no
+Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+okay so now I know it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I know it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I know it's going to be a
+symmetric Matrix so I could speed up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so I could speed up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so I could speed up and
+fill those in what's the next entry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill those in what's the next entry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill those in what's the next entry here
+what's the guy on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the guy on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the guy on this
+diagonal so that's row2 versus against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that's row2 versus against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that's row2 versus against
+column two so I have a one there a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two so I have a one there a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column two so I have a one there a one
+there a one there that makes a three why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a one there that makes a three why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a one there that makes a three why
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+three because there are yep you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because there are yep you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because there are yep you got it
+there are three edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three edges
+into node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into node
+number two three edges into node number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two three edges into node number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two three edges into node number
+two and now I'm going to have some minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now I'm going to have some minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now I'm going to have some minus
+ones off the diagonal for those edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones off the diagonal for those edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones off the diagonal for those edges
+and what so what are these entries going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what so what are these entries going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what so what are these entries going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+here they're both minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're both minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're both minus
+ones Edge two is connected to all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Edge two is connected to all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones Edge two is connected to all three
+other nodes so I'm going to see a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nodes so I'm going to see a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other nodes so I'm going to see a minus
+one and a minus one there and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a minus one there and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a minus one there and it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and
+I'm nearly there what about of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm nearly there what about of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm nearly there what about of course
+I'm describing a pattern that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm describing a pattern that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm describing a pattern that you're
+just seeing unfold but uh that my I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing unfold but uh that my I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seeing unfold but uh that my I'm
+doing it that way so that you'll feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that way so that you'll feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that way so that you'll feel
+hey I can write down a transpose a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can write down a transpose a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can write down a transpose a or
+check it quite quickly without doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it quite quickly without doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it quite quickly without doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh complete matrix multiplication so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complete matrix multiplication so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh complete matrix multiplication so
+what number goes there that's to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number goes there that's to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number goes there that's to do with
+node three and I see node three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node three and I see node three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node three and I see node three
+connected to all three other nod noes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to all three other nod noes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to all three other nod noes
+and so what do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you expect
+there minus one there and a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus one there and a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there minus one there and a minus one
+there and what do you expect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what do you expect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what do you expect here
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and so now I have my Matrix the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I have my Matrix the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I have my Matrix the a
+transpose a matrix and it's square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix and it's square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix and it's square and
+it's symmetric now I ask you is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric now I ask you is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetric now I ask you is it
+positive definite or is it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or is it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite or is it only
+semi-definite right we know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite right we know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite right we know that a
+transpose a is always positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a is always positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a is always positive definite
+in the best case but only positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the best case but only positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the best case but only positive
+semi-definite if it's singular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite if it's singular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite if it's singular if
+there's some Vector in its null space if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Vector in its null space if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Vector in its null space if
+a transpose a * some Vector gives zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a * some Vector gives zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose a * some Vector gives zero
+if some combination of those columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some combination of those columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some combination of those columns
+gives me the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the zero
+column which is it have I got a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column which is it have I got a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column which is it have I got a singular
+Matrix or an invertible Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or an invertible Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix or an invertible Matrix
+here singular singular why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here singular singular why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here singular singular why
+singular because a had some solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular because a had some solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular because a had some solutions to
+Au equals 0 so if Au equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au equals 0 so if Au equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au equals 0 so if Au equal 0
+then I could multiply both sides by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could multiply both sides by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could multiply both sides by a
+transpose that same u a transpose time Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that same u a transpose time Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that same u a transpose time Z
+will still be zero it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be zero it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be zero it might be a
+different size zero but it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size zero but it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size zero but it'll be
+zero and and what's the what's the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and what's the what's the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and what's the what's the U
+then it's the all ones Vector what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's the all ones Vector what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's the all ones Vector what am I
+saying about The Columns of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about The Columns of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about The Columns of a transpose
+a they're dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're dependent
+they add up because it's the one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up because it's the one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up because it's the one one one
+one vector that's guilty every row adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector that's guilty every row adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one vector that's guilty every row adds
+to zero every row adds to zero right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero every row adds to zero right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero every row adds to zero right let
+me just say for a moment introduce two a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say for a moment introduce two a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say for a moment introduce two a
+notation for the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for the diagonal
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+d That's the diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d That's the diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d That's the diagonal matrix
+2332 and then I'll put in a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2332 and then I'll put in a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2332 and then I'll put in a minus sign
+and this is call and I'll call it w the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is call and I'll call it w the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is call and I'll call it w the
+so you can pick out what D and W are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pick out what D and W are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can pick out what D and W are but
+let me do it for for sure so D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do it for for sure so D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do it for for sure so D the
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix see this is this is like fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix see this is this is like fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix see this is this is like fun
+because I'm not doing anything yet I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not doing anything yet I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not doing anything yet I'm
+just giving names here 2 3 32 the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving names here 2 3 32 the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just giving names here 2 3 32 the degree
+of a node the degree means how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a node the degree means how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a node the degree means how many
+edges go from it how many edges touch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges go from it how many edges touch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges go from it how many edges touch it
+and w is called the what's it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is called the what's it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w is called the what's it called
+it's also a great matrix it's called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a great matrix it's called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a great matrix it's called The
+adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+adjacent adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent adjacent
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+matrix it's also beautiful it's the now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's also beautiful it's the now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's also beautiful it's the now
+it'll have plus ones because I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have plus ones because I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have plus ones because I wanted
+minus W so it has Edge these nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W so it has Edge these nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W so it has Edge these nodes are
+not adjacent to themselves but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adjacent to themselves but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adjacent to themselves but these
+it's got this one and this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this one and this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this one and this one and this
+one and this one and that one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one and that one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this one and that one and that's
+a zero so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so there are
+five The adjacency Matrix tells me which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five The adjacency Matrix tells me which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five The adjacency Matrix tells me which
+nodes are connected to which other nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected to which other nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are connected to which other nodes
+and of course the connections are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the connections are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the connections are going
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ways so I see five ones from five edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so I see five ones from five edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so I see five ones from five edges
+and I see five more ones below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see five more ones below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see five more ones below the
+diagonal because it because the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because it because the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal because it because the edges
+are connecting both ways one's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connecting both ways one's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connecting both ways one's connected
+to three and three is connected to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three and three is connected to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three and three is connected to one
+one is not connected to four and four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not connected to four and four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not connected to four and four is
+not connected to one one is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to one one is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not connected to one one is not
+connected to Itself by an edge if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Itself by an edge if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to Itself by an edge if we
+allowed like little self Loops then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed like little self Loops then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed like little self Loops then one
+could appear on the diagonal but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear on the diagonal but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could appear on the diagonal but we
+don't okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay so that's
+D&W here are the key matrices this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D&W here are the key matrices this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D&W here are the key matrices this is
+actually I I venture to say that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I venture to say that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I venture to say that any
+afternoon at MIT there's a seminar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon at MIT there's a seminar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon at MIT there's a seminar that
+involves these matrices this one name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves these matrices this one name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves these matrices this one name
+for this is the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is the graph
+laian from lass's equation and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laian from lass's equation and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laian from lass's equation and we'll see
+pretty soon why where that name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon why where that name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon why where that name is
+coming from but it's there and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it's there and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from but it's there and and do
+should I think I think I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think I think I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I think I think I should just
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+networks like where did the network come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like where did the network come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks like where did the network come
+from I I just think we got networks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I I just think we got networks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I I just think we got networks all
+around us right electrical Networks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us right electrical Networks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around us right electrical Networks are
+the like the the simplest uh maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the the simplest uh maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the the simplest uh maybe in
+some ways the simplest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the simplest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the simplest to
+visualize so that's the example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize so that's the example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize so that's the example that's
+the language I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language I'll
+use I'll use the language well at yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I'll use the language well at yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I'll use the language well at yeah
+so so I might put I'm thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I might put I'm thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I might put I'm thinking of
+everything's going to stay linear so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to stay linear so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to stay linear so if
+I wanted this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted this to
+so a graph I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a graph I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a graph I've
+got now I get a network I I use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got now I get a network I I use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got now I get a network I I use the word
+Network when there's a C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network when there's a C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network when there's a C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
+you know those extra numbers I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those extra numbers I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those extra numbers I've got
+the A and now the network comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and now the network comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and now the network comes from the
+the C part that diagonal matrix and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C part that diagonal matrix and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C part that diagonal matrix and if
+I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+electricity the these could be resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity the these could be resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity the these could be resistors
+instead of Springs they're resistors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Springs they're resistors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Springs they're resistors so
+it's the conductance in those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistors the RC C2 C3 C4 and C5 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors the RC C2 C3 C4 and C5 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors the RC C2 C3 C4 and C5 that
+I'm yeah so I'm ready for that ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm yeah so I'm ready for that ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm yeah so I'm ready for that ready for
+the C Matrix because we got the a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C Matrix because we got the a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C Matrix because we got the a matrix
+and we've got a transpose a but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a transpose a but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a transpose a but you know
+that the the applications throw in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the applications throw in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the applications throw in the C
+Matrix also what are other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix also what are other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix also what are other applications
+I was saying like this one is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying like this one is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying like this one is the one
+I'll use the I'll use the word current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the I'll use the word current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use the I'll use the word current
+for flow in the edges or I I'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flow in the edges or I I'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flow in the edges or I I'll use the
+word flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word flow
+uh a network of oil or natural gas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a network of oil or natural gas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a network of oil or natural gas or
+water pipes would be just that the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water pipes would be just that the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water pipes would be just that the I
+mean the Electrical uh people study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the Electrical uh people study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the Electrical uh people study the
+the yeah professor veraz in in course 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah professor veraz in in course 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah professor veraz in in course 6
+studies the uh electric grid the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the uh electric grid the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies the uh electric grid the US
+electric grid or the Western often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid or the Western often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric grid or the Western often the
+Western half of the US electric grid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western half of the US electric grid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western half of the US electric grid so
+that's got a whole lot of of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a whole lot of of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's got a whole lot of of things
+pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping
+STS you you see it actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS you you see it actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS you you see it actually the
+worldwide web the internet is a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the internet is a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the internet is a giant
+Network that people would love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that people would love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network that people would love to
+understand and the phone company would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and the phone company would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and the phone company would
+love to understand the network of phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to understand the network of phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to understand the network of phone
+calls I mean those are really that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls I mean those are really that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls I mean those are really that's
+that's what giant businesses are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what giant businesses are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what giant businesses are are
+dependent on understanding and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on understanding and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on understanding and and and
+maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining
+networks okay so I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks okay so I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks okay so I'm going to use
+resistors of course I'm staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors of course I'm staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors of course I'm staying
+linear and I'm staying steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and I'm staying steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and I'm staying steady
+state so by staying linear there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so by staying linear there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so by staying linear there aren't
+any transistors in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transistors in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any transistors in this
+network by staying steady state there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network by staying steady state there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network by staying steady state there
+aren't any capacitors or inductors those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any capacitors or inductors those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any capacitors or inductors those
+guys would be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be linear
+elements but they would be coming in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but they would be coming in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but they would be coming in a
+Time dependent problem a UT problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time dependent problem a UT problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time dependent problem a UT problem and
+I'm just staying now with the KU U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just staying now with the KU U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just staying now with the KU U equal
+F I'm trying to create k a the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I'm trying to create k a the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I'm trying to create k a the the
+stiffness Matrix which maybe here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness Matrix which maybe here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness Matrix which maybe here we
+might call The conductance Matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call The conductance Matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call The conductance Matrix or
+something okay so ready for the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so ready for the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so ready for the picture
+now that that that these that these come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that that these that these come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that that that these that these come
+into you know what the picture looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know what the picture looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know what the picture looks
+like it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to
+have the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the usual
+four we we'll start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we we'll start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four we we'll start with these
+potentials U at the nodes potentials at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials U at the nodes potentials at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials U at the nodes potentials at
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those will be U1 U2 u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u4 voltages if I'm really speaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 voltages if I'm really speaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 voltages if I'm really speaking the
+that would those the units would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would those the units would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would those the units would be
+Volts for for uh and now comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volts for for uh and now comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volts for for uh and now comes the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+a and now I get what do I get from a ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now I get what do I get from a ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and now I get what do I get from a ah
+what do I get from a key question If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get from a key question If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get from a key question If I
+multiply a * U and you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a * U and you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a * U and you know that's
+coming right if I multiply a * U so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming right if I multiply a * U so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming right if I multiply a * U so I'll
+erase a transpose now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase a transpose now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase a transpose now because
+we've got that so there's a but now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that so there's a but now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that so there's a but now I'll
+make space to multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make space to multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make space to multiply by
+U all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U all
+right so now I want to look at a u so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I want to look at a u so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I want to look at a u so a
+multiplies a bunch of potentials a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a bunch of potentials a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies a bunch of potentials a bunch
+of voltages and let's just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltages and let's just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of voltages and let's just do this
+multiplication and see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and see what it
+produces this is the great thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this is the great thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces this is the great thing about
+matrices they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices they produce
+something okay what's what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay what's what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay what's what's the first
+component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of
+au of course it's Au is going to be 5 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au of course it's Au is going to be 5 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au of course it's Au is going to be 5 by
+five it's going to be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's going to be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five it's going to be associated with
+edges right U is associated with nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right U is associated with nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right U is associated with nodes
+Au with edges just the pattern is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au with edges just the pattern is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au with edges just the pattern is so
+nice all right what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice all right what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice all right what's the first
+component just do that multiplic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just do that multiplic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just do that multiplic and
+what do you get U2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U1 what do you get in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 what do you get in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 what do you get in the second
+component do that multiplication and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component do that multiplication and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component do that multiplication and you
+get u3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get u3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get u3 minus
+U1 the third one will be u3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 the third one will be u3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 the third one will be u3 minus
+U2 the fourth one will be u4 minus U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 the fourth one will be u4 minus U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 the fourth one will be u4 minus U2
+and the fifth one will be u4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u3 just like our first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices which were but this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which were but this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which were but this one
+is this one deals with I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one deals with I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one deals with I mean it it
+they're exactly our first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly our first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly our first difference
+matrices were exactly like this when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were exactly like this when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices were exactly like this when the
+graph was all in a line the the big step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph was all in a line the the big step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph was all in a line the the big step
+now is that the graph is not in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that the graph is not in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that the graph is not in a line
+not even necessarily in a plane could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even necessarily in a plane could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even necessarily in a plane could be
+in high it's a bunch of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high it's a bunch of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high it's a bunch of points and
+edges actually the position of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges actually the position of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges actually the position of those
+point we don't have to know are they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we don't have to know are they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we don't have to know are they in
+a plane I'm just I think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane I'm just I think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane I'm just I think of them as
+nodes and edges okay so what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and edges okay so what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and edges okay so what's what's
+the natural name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au I would call those potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au I would call those potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au I would call those potential
+differences right voltage differences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right voltage differences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences right voltage differences so
+that's what we see here and those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we see here and those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we see here and those will
+be e E1 E2 E3 E4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e E1 E2 E3 E4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be e E1 E2 E3 E4
+E5 will be potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E5 will be potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E5 will be potential
+or voltage differences voltage drops you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or voltage differences voltage drops you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or voltage differences voltage drops you
+might potential differences voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might potential differences voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might potential differences voltage
+drops oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when I say voltage drops that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I say voltage drops that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I say voltage drops that's
+because as we noted before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we noted before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we noted before the
+current goes from a higher to a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current goes from a higher to a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current goes from a higher to a lower
+potential it it goes in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it it goes in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it it goes in the direction of
+the drop and I think that what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop and I think that what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drop and I think that what we need
+now is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is minus
+Au for E so E I think we need a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au for E so E I think we need a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au for E so E I think we need a minus
+sign and and it's quite common to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and and it's quite common to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and and it's quite common to have
+the minus sign we saw it already with Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign we saw it already with Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus sign we saw it already with Le
+squares okay and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares okay and let
+me let me uh keep let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh keep let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me uh keep let me say
+also so this is e can I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so this is e can I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so this is e can I I'll
+abbreviate those five E I just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate those five E I just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate those five E I just wrote
+down five of them so you would remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down five of them so you would remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down five of them so you would remember
+there are five we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five we're talking about
+currents we're talking talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we're talking talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we're talking talking
+about this is the e and e equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is the e and e equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is the e and e equal
+I the the electromotive the the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the the electromotive the the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the the electromotive the the voltage
+drop that that makes some current go now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that that makes some current go now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that that makes some current go now
+also just as with Le Square so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just as with Le Square so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just as with Le Square so it was
+great that we saw it before there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that we saw it before there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great that we saw it before there could
+be a source term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a source term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a source term
+here so this I'm I'm completing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this I'm I'm completing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this I'm I'm completing the
+picture here allowing the The Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here allowing the The Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here allowing the The Source
+term and we'll come back to what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we'll come back to what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we'll come back to what does
+that mean physically but uh that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean physically but uh that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean physically but uh that at that
+point could enter B and B is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point could enter B and B is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point could enter B and B is really
+standing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for
+batteries I work hard to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries I work hard to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries I work hard to make the
+language match the initials of the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language match the initials of the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language match the initials of the these
+letters okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters okay now
+what okay that's that step just involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay that's that step just involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay that's that step just involved
+a no no uh nothing physical now comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no no uh nothing physical now comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a no no uh nothing physical now comes
+the step that involves C so w will be C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step that involves C so w will be C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the step that involves C so w will be C
+and these will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these will be the
+currents on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents on the
+edges and and that's the law then with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and and that's the law then with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and and that's the law then with a
+matrix C that of course C is our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix C that of course C is our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix C that of course C is our old
+friend C1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend C1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend C1 to
+C5 and well tell me first the name who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 and well tell me first the name who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 and well tell me first the name who
+whose law is this that the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose law is this that the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose law is this that the current is
+proportional to the voltage drop oh Oh's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the voltage drop oh Oh's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the voltage drop oh Oh's
+law so this is Oh's law set of Hook law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so this is Oh's law set of Hook law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so this is Oh's law set of Hook law
+it's Ohm's law right and I've written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Ohm's law right and I've written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Ohm's law right and I've written it
+with conductances not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with conductances not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with conductances not
+resistances so resistances are one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances so resistances are one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances so resistances are one over
+RS the usual R in e equal I would be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS the usual R in e equal I would be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RS the usual R in e equal I would be I
+I'm I'm more looking at is I current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm more looking at is I current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm more looking at is I current
+equals c instead of e equal IR so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c instead of e equal IR so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c instead of e equal IR so I'm
+flipping the the the resistance or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the the the resistance or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping the the the resistance or the
+impedance to give the conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance to give the conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance to give the conductance
+okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally can you tell me what the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally can you tell me what the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally can you tell me what the last
+step is going to be if if it's if life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is going to be if if it's if life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is going to be if if it's if life
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good well you might wonder whether life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well you might wonder whether life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well you might wonder whether life
+is good reading the papers but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good reading the papers but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good reading the papers but it's
+still good here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still good here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still good here
+uh okay what Matrix shows up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay what Matrix shows up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay what Matrix shows up there
+everybody knows it a transpose so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows it a transpose so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows it a transpose so the
+the final equation the balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final equation the balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final equation the balance equation
+will be let me write it so I don't catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be let me write it so I don't catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be let me write it so I don't catch
+it up here will be a transpose W equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here will be a transpose W equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here will be a transpose W equals
+whatever will be the balance equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever will be the balance equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever will be the balance equation
+the current balance it's it's a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current balance it's it's a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current balance it's it's a balance
+of currents balance of charge whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents balance of charge whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents balance of charge whatever
+you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to
+say at each nodes it's the balance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at each nodes it's the balance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at each nodes it's the balance at
+the nodes because when we're up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes because when we're up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes because when we're up on this
+line we're in the node picture we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we're in the node picture we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we're in the node picture we have
+four equations here right we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations here right we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations here right we're talking
+about at each node here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at each node here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at each node here we're talking
+about on each Edge very it's so critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on each Edge very it's so critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about on each Edge very it's so critical
+these are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these two
+variables which we're seeing physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which we're seeing physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which we're seeing physically
+as node variables and Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as node variables and Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as node variables and Edge
+variables uh that the pair of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh that the pair of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh that the pair of variables
+just shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shows up
+everywhere uh in uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere uh in uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere uh in uh you know
+displacements and stresses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and stresses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and stresses is
+fundamental in plasticity and oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in plasticity and oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in plasticity and oh there
+just so many in in in in yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so many in in in in yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so many in in in in yeah in
+optimization oh you it's it's everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization oh you it's it's everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization oh you it's it's everywhere
+and and a big part of this course is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a big part of this course is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a big part of this course is to
+see it everywhere okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it everywhere okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it everywhere okay so
+uh why don't I just so you see the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't I just so you see the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't I just so you see the main
+picture we're going to have the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're going to have the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we're going to have the a
+transpose CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA
+Matrix that I'm going to maybe call K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that I'm going to maybe call K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that I'm going to maybe call K
+again and uh now of course there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh now of course there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and uh now of course there could
+be current sources just the way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be current sources just the way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be current sources just the way there
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+forces that we had to balance there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that we had to balance there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that we had to balance there
+could be there don't not always but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there don't not always but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there don't not always but
+there could be current sources from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be current sources from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be current sources from
+outside external current sources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside external current sources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside external current sources so
+these are external voltage sources these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are external voltage sources these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are external voltage sources these
+are external current sources so in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are external current sources so in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are external current sources so in a way
+we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now
+have combined our first two examples our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combined our first two examples our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have combined our first two examples our
+Springs and masses only had forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and masses only had forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and masses only had forces
+external our Le squares problem had a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external our Le squares problem had a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external our Le squares problem had a in
+had an external B measurements this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an external B measurements this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an external B measurements this this
+picture is the whole deal it's got B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the whole deal it's got B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the whole deal it's got B and
+F and actually I could put in even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and actually I could put in even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and actually I could put in even a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+uh uh sources sources like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sources sources like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sources sources like uh
+well we already kind of caught on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already kind of caught on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already kind of caught on to the
+fact that we better ground a node or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we better ground a node or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we better ground a node or a
+transpose CA as it stands a transpose CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA as it stands a transpose CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA as it stands a transpose CA
+as it stands will be singular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands will be singular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands will be singular you know
+it's the Matrix there's a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix there's a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the Matrix there's a transpose a
+and the C in the middle isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C in the middle isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C in the middle isn't going to
+help any that's singular if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help any that's singular if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help any that's singular if we wanted
+to compute be able to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute be able to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute be able to compute
+voltages we got to set one of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages we got to set one of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages we got to set one of them you
+know it's like setting one temperat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like setting one temperat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like setting one temperat it's
+like deciding what you know where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deciding what you know where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like deciding what you know where is
+absolute zero let's put absolute zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute zero let's put absolute zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute zero let's put absolute zero
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+u4 equals z grounded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 equals z grounded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 equals z grounded the
+node okay so that that is a like we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so that that is a like we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so that that is a like we we
+fixed a potential so we fixed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed a potential so we fixed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed a potential so we fixed here
+here's a boundary condition coming in u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a boundary condition coming in u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a boundary condition coming in u4
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z that's another source term another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that's another source term another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z that's another source term another
+thing coming you could say sort of from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing coming you could say sort of from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing coming you could say sort of from
+outside the a transpose CA we could fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the a transpose CA we could fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the a transpose CA we could fix
+another voltage at I mean I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another voltage at I mean I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another voltage at I mean I'm thinking
+now about uh you know what's the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about uh you know what's the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about uh you know what's the picture
+what what what is what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is what's what's the
+whole uh problem so the problem could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh problem so the problem could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole uh problem so the problem could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+batteries in the edges it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges it could have
+current sources into the nodes it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources into the nodes it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources into the nodes it could
+fix you one at some voltage like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you one at some voltage like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you one at some voltage like
+10 it we can also our our problem could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 it we can also our our problem could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 it we can also our our problem could
+fix we must fix one of them otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we must fix one of them otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we must fix one of them otherwise
+our our Matrix isn't as singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our Matrix isn't as singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our Matrix isn't as singular
+but once we've set up the Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we've set up the Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once we've set up the Matrix and
+when we fix u4 equals 0 by the way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we fix u4 equals 0 by the way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we fix u4 equals 0 by the way what
+happens to our Matrix yeah yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our Matrix yeah yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our Matrix yeah yeah let me
+take u4 equals z so this is a key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take u4 equals z so this is a key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take u4 equals z so this is a key key
+step here when I set u4 equals z I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here when I set u4 equals z I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step here when I set u4 equals z I now
+know u4 it's not an unknown anymore so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know u4 it's not an unknown anymore so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know u4 it's not an unknown anymore so I
+I've removed u4 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and then it'll be also removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then it'll be also removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then it'll be also removed
+from a transpose a so this is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a transpose a so this is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a transpose a so this is you could
+say Like A reduced a or a grounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Like A reduced a or a grounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Like A reduced a or a grounded
+Matrix a it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a it's now
+5x3 and a transpose a what shape will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x3 and a transpose a what shape will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x3 and a transpose a what shape will
+the a transpose a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a transpose a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a transpose a matrix
+be it'll be 3x3 right I now have 5 by3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it'll be 3x3 right I now have 5 by3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it'll be 3x3 right I now have 5 by3
+3x5 multiplying 5 by 3 gives me 3 by3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x5 multiplying 5 by 3 gives me 3 by3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x5 multiplying 5 by 3 gives me 3 by3
+this column is gone and that row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column is gone and that row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this column is gone and that row is
+gone because the row came from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because the row came from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because the row came from a
+transpose and the column came from a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the column came from a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the column came from a and
+we've just thrown them away by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just thrown them away by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just thrown them away by by
+grounding that node now tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that node now tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding that node now tell me about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+now uh give me the key fact about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh give me the key fact about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh give me the key fact about that a
+transpose a matrix what what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix what what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a matrix what what do you see
+there now you see a different A reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now you see a different A reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now you see a different A reduced
+a grounded a transpose a what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grounded a transpose a what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grounded a transpose a what's what
+kind of a matrix have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a matrix have I
+got positive definite good positive def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got positive definite good positive def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got positive definite good positive def
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+now uh not singular anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh not singular anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh not singular anymore it's
+determined as some positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined as some positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined as some positive number and
+uh everything is positive its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything is positive its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everything is positive its igen
+values are all positive everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are all positive everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are all positive everything's
+good about that Matrix okay and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about that Matrix okay and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good about that Matrix okay and I guess
+what I'm saying is I what I was starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is I what I was starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying is I what I was starting
+to say here if I wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here if I wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say here if I wanted to know
+something if I wanted to fix this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if I wanted to fix this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if I wanted to fix this would
+be a natural problem fix the top voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a natural problem fix the top voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a natural problem fix the top voltage
+at one say fix U1 equal one and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one say fix U1 equal one and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one say fix U1 equal one and see how
+much current flows right that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current flows right that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current flows right that would be a
+natural question what how much you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question what how much you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural question what how much you know
+what's the system resistance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system resistance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system resistance between the
+top node and the bottom if I'm if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top node and the bottom if I'm if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top node and the bottom if I'm if I'm
+given or the system conductance if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given or the system conductance if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given or the system conductance if I'm
+given a C1 a C2 a C3 a C4 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a C1 a C2 a C3 a C4 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a C1 a C2 a C3 a C4 and a
+C5 I could say I could fix that voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 I could say I could fix that voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C5 I could say I could fix that voltage
+at one I could fix this at zero maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one I could fix this at zero maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one I could fix this at zero maybe
+one of the homework problems asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the homework problems asks you
+for something like this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like this and then you
+find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the
+currents and the voltages you solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and the voltages you solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and the voltages you solve the
+problem and you know uh what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know uh what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know uh what what the
+currents are you know the total current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are you know the total current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are you know the total current
+that leaves node one enters node four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves node one enters node four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves node one enters node four
+when the voltage is drop by one between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage is drop by one between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage is drop by one between
+right so current can flow down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so current can flow down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so current can flow down here
+cross over here down here whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over here down here whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over here down here whatever
+somehow all these five numbers are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all these five numbers are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow all these five numbers are going
+to show up in are going to play a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in are going to play a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show up in are going to play a part
+in that system resistance so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system resistance so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system resistance so that would
+be interesting number to know out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting number to know out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting number to know out of out
+of those five numbers some how 5 C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those five numbers some how 5 C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those five numbers some how 5 C's
+there's a system resistance between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system resistance between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a system resistance between that
+node and that node and we can find it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and that node and we can find it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and that node and we can find it by
+setting this to be one this to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this to be one this to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this to be one this to be zero
+having the reduced Matrix oh well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the reduced Matrix oh well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the reduced Matrix oh well what
+will happen how many unknowns will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen how many unknowns will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen how many unknowns will I
+have yeah just just do this mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah just just do this mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah just just do this mental
+experiment suppose I set suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment suppose I set suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment suppose I set suppose I
+introduce U1 to be1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce U1 to be1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce U1 to be1 for
+example this is just one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is just one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is just one type of
+possible problem if I take U1 to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible problem if I take U1 to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible problem if I take U1 to be one
+what happens to my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it loses its first column too U1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it loses its first column too U1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it loses its first column too U1 is
+not unknown anymore U1 will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unknown anymore U1 will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unknown anymore U1 will not be
+unknown uh and whatever that value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown uh and whatever that value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown uh and whatever that value one
+is somehow going to move to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow going to move to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somehow going to move to the right
+hand side right people have asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side right people have asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side right people have asked me
+after class well what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class well what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class well what happens if the
+boundary condition isn't zero suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition isn't zero suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition isn't zero suppose
+it's suppose we have this fixed spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppose we have this fixed spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's suppose we have this fixed spring
+and we pull this spring down to make its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull this spring down to make its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull this spring down to make its
+displacement 12 well somehow that 12 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement 12 well somehow that 12 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement 12 well somehow that 12 is
+going to show up on the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up on the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show up on the right side of
+the equation it's a source term it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation it's a source term it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation it's a source term it's a
+it's an external term okay so if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an external term okay so if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an external term okay so if if we
+had U1 equals whatever this U1 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had U1 equals whatever this U1 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had U1 equals whatever this U1 would
+disappear I would only have a 2 by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I would only have a 2 by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear I would only have a 2 by two
+problem because I would only have two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because I would only have two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because I would only have two I
+now have only two unknown use right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have only two unknown use right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have only two unknown use right so
+that's where sources can come and can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where sources can come and can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where sources can come and can I
+just like complete the picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like complete the picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like complete the picture of the
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+stuff we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we could
+fix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we
+could look here's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look here's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look here's what I'm going to
+say external stuff sources can can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say external stuff sources can can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say external stuff sources can can come
+into here they can come into here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here they can come into here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here they can come into here they
+can come into here so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come into here so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come into here so of course
+everybody says why shouldn't they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says why shouldn't they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says why shouldn't they come
+in here and the answer is we could send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and the answer is we could send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and the answer is we could send
+them here so we could fix we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so we could fix we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here so we could fix we could
+fix some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix some
+W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's
+also of course you understand we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course you understand we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of course you understand we can't
+do everything I mean you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything I mean you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything I mean you know there's a
+limit to how much we we can uh put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how much we we can uh put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how much we we can uh put on
+this system we want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system we want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system we want to have some
+unknowns left uh some Matrix still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns left uh some Matrix still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns left uh some Matrix still but
+anyway I I like this picture now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I I like this picture now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I I like this picture now it's
+more complete that you now see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete that you now see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete that you now see
+the the node variables and node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node variables and node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node variables and node
+equations The Edge variables e and w the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations The Edge variables e and w the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations The Edge variables e and w the
+currents the these guys are the big ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the these guys are the big ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the these guys are the big ones
+W and E and U are the are the what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and E and U are the are the what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and E and U are the are the what I
+think of as The crucial unknowns e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as The crucial unknowns e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as The crucial unknowns e is
+sort of on the way f is the source but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the way f is the source but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of on the way f is the source but
+now we have the possibility of sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the possibility of sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the possibility of sources
+at all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all four
+positions okay so that's uh let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions okay so that's uh let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions okay so that's uh let's see if
+I wrote out I don't I think maybe yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote out I don't I think maybe yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote out I don't I think maybe yeah
+if I looked at a transpose CA would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked at a transpose CA would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked at a transpose CA would you
+like to tell me yeah have we got no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell me yeah have we got no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tell me yeah have we got no we
+don't uh I was going to say what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh I was going to say what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh I was going to say what's a
+typical role of a transpose CA can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical role of a transpose CA can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical role of a transpose CA can I can
+I just say it in words it it'll be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say it in words it it'll be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say it in words it it'll be too
+quick to really catch so without the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to really catch so without the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to really catch so without the C
+this is what we had so what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we had so what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we had so what do you think
+that two becomes if there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two becomes if there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two becomes if there's a a
+transpose C A if there's a c in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C A if there's a c in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose C A if there's a c in the
+middle have you got the pattern yet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle have you got the pattern yet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle have you got the pattern yet that
+two was there because of two edges edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two was there because of two edges edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two was there because of two edges edges
+one and two it happened to be so instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two it happened to be so instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two it happened to be so instead
+of the two I'm going to see C1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two I'm going to see C1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two I'm going to see C1 plus
+C2 right when those were ones I got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 right when those were ones I got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 right when those were ones I got the
+two so this will be C1 + C2 this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this will be C1 + C2 this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this will be C1 + C2 this will be
+a minus C1 and that'll be a minus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus C1 and that'll be a minus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus C1 and that'll be a minus C2
+when when we do it out you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we do it out you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when we do it out you could do it
+out for yourself just tell me like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for yourself just tell me like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for yourself just tell me like what
+what would show up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would show up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would show up there
+in a transpose CA so I'm I'm talking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transpose CA so I'm I'm talking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a transpose CA so I'm I'm talking now
+about a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a transpose
+CA so instead of 1+ 1+ one what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so instead of 1+ 1+ one what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA so instead of 1+ 1+ one what do I
+have what am I going to have and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what am I going to have and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what am I going to have and and you
+really want to multiply it out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to multiply it out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to multiply it out because
+it's so nice to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so nice to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so nice to see it
+happen uh what do I have I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh what do I have I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh what do I have I'm looking at
+node two I'm seeing three edges out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two I'm seeing three edges out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two I'm seeing three edges out of
+it and instead of 11 one I'll have C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and instead of 11 one I'll have C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and instead of 11 one I'll have C1
+plus C3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C3 plus
+C4 C1 plus C3 plus C4 will be sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 C1 plus C3 plus C4 will be sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 C1 plus C3 plus C4 will be sitting
+here and minus C1 will be here and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and minus C1 will be here and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and minus C1 will be here and minus
+C3 will be here and minus C4 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 will be here and minus C4 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 will be here and minus C4 will be
+there yeah yeah the the pattern is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah the the pattern is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah the the pattern is just
+nice so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so if you
+can read this part of the section I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read this part of the section I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read this part of the section I'll
+have more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more to say
+Friday about the a transpose W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday about the a transpose W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday about the a transpose W the
+balance that that critical point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that that critical point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that that critical point we
+didn't do yet but the main thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do yet but the main thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do yet but the main thing you
+you've got it oh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GUgYT7GxUGA.txt b/GUgYT7GxUGA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d16d2afd6d7086f697043d3949a113ea7970aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GUgYT7GxUGA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Abraham Jason Jason Kevin Nguyen Jenn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abraham Jason Jason Kevin Nguyen Jenn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abraham Jason Jason Kevin Nguyen Jenn
+and our team was called speed racers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our team was called speed racers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our team was called speed racers and
+that's beautiful and now is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beautiful and now is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's beautiful and now is about the
+castle dozen a MOBA games and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle dozen a MOBA games and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle dozen a MOBA games and that
+change of the name it's like learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the name it's like learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the name it's like learning
+experience at least the way I see it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at least the way I see it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at least the way I see it I'm
+not sure my teammates will expand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure my teammates will expand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure my teammates will expand on
+this putt so last week when we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this putt so last week when we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this putt so last week when we did a
+little two-day project we one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two-day project we one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little two-day project we one of the
+petitioner took was to make a race in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioner took was to make a race in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioner took was to make a race in a
+big idea that this plan that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big idea that this plan that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big idea that this plan that we will
+want to use a roller ball physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a roller ball physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a roller ball physics
+simulation mechanic to make two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation mechanic to make two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation mechanic to make two simple
+wheels for an object to so we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels for an object to so we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels for an object to so we ended up
+being a little harder than that in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little harder than that in next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little harder than that in next
+week which is gonna expand on that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is gonna expand on that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is gonna expand on that same
+project and try to finish the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and try to finish the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and try to finish the race
+equation right and the components that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and the components that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and the components that
+we we try to figure out that we came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try to figure out that we came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we try to figure out that we came up
+with to make a game is something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to make a game is something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with to make a game is something like a
+fail stage things have changed speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail stage things have changed speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail stage things have changed speed
+matters but they're dissipating and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters but they're dissipating and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters but they're dissipating and the
+reason why sapote a squiggle now other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why sapote a squiggle now other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why sapote a squiggle now other
+than speed great exploit is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than speed great exploit is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than speed great exploit is because we
+actually figure out how to make well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how to make well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out how to make well
+jason figured out a way to make a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jason figured out a way to make a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jason figured out a way to make a car
+like a functioning you go forward you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a functioning you go forward you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a functioning you go forward you go
+left you go right and there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you go right and there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you go right and there was this
+conversation whether like two days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation whether like two days ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation whether like two days ago
+we're having the more basic kind of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having the more basic kind of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having the more basic kind of two
+bowls can't you know moving something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowls can't you know moving something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowls can't you know moving something
+forward was awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward was awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward was awkward
+it didn't feel as good as a car and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel as good as a car and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't feel as good as a car and we
+have to make a choice whether we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a choice whether we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a choice whether we're
+going to do the car which was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the car which was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the car which was a little
+more uh it was softer and it on ice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh it was softer and it on ice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh it was softer and it on ice it
+to play with throw some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with throw some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play with throw some of that
+interesting or change our premise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or change our premise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or change our premise and
+abandon to cut the racing game instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon to cut the racing game instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon to cut the racing game instead
+she pushing for the notion of we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pushing for the notion of we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she pushing for the notion of we have to
+evolve from these moves awkwardly and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve from these moves awkwardly and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve from these moves awkwardly and so
+now we have this I really will be game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this I really will be game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this I really will be game
+how can we make that you know funny or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we make that you know funny or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we make that you know funny or
+fun or interesting it's an s definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or interesting it's an s definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun or interesting it's an s definitely
+castrate oh you want to show it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castrate oh you want to show it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castrate oh you want to show it you know
+yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music they looked at everything did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music they looked at everything did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music they looked at everything did it
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is anything on you what son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but actually the fact that is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually the fact that is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually the fact that is a little
+lighter makes it funnier they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter makes it funnier they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter makes it funnier they're not
+going to looking at you're pushing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to looking at you're pushing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to looking at you're pushing and
+pulling at me that's trying to infest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling at me that's trying to infest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling at me that's trying to infest so
+we can try to connect virtue just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to connect virtue just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to connect virtue just so you
+see how that thing used to feel but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that thing used to feel but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that thing used to feel but yeah
+that was tough I think that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was tough I think that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was tough I think that that would
+have been being realizations I work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been being realizations I work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been being realizations I work with
+what you have is he doesn't deliver what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is he doesn't deliver what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is he doesn't deliver what
+your theme was reported at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theme was reported at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your theme was reported at the beginning
+actually can become a new theme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can become a new theme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can become a new theme and
+that's some stuff we try like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some stuff we try like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some stuff we try like a very
+nice car like thing with the cabbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice car like thing with the cabbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice car like thing with the cabbage
+it's just it felt like we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it felt like we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it felt like we've seen that
+game before like a very nice car moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before like a very nice car moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before like a very nice car moving
+around it's like using that Italian were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's like using that Italian were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's like using that Italian were
+too like awkward edges are genuine have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too like awkward edges are genuine have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too like awkward edges are genuine have
+able to speak at the discovery Mormon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to speak at the discovery Mormon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to speak at the discovery Mormon
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so choose captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so because we decide to have mercy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so because we decide to have mercy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so because we decide to have mercy
+on them say yes so this is a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them say yes so this is a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them say yes so this is a clear
+signal check not like a one day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal check not like a one day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal check not like a one day so
+challenging can do amazing words at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging can do amazing words at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging can do amazing words at the
+camera of those of you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera of those of you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera of those of you saw the
+prototypes account was being around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes account was being around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes account was being around like
+crazy and how small it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully rust or what ends up happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully rust or what ends up happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully rust or what ends up happening
+is you have good support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have good support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have good support
+come on come on feel that you're pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come on feel that you're pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come on feel that you're pushing
+to be and the reason we have to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and the reason we have to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and the reason we have to separate
+for that is because we tried combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is because we tried combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is because we tried combining
+both parties in the world but we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties in the world but we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties in the world but we had a
+lot of complication she's testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complication she's testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of complication she's testing the
+mechanics to make it smoother add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to make it smoother add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to make it smoother add some
+animation so there's more feedback right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation so there's more feedback right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation so there's more feedback right
+now acting like it's a little Dominica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now acting like it's a little Dominica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now acting like it's a little Dominica
+I think of it at your school look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of it at your school look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of it at your school look like
+they're suffering a lot more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're suffering a lot more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're suffering a lot more than what
+they look like right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like right now
+and June's SDK so it's DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let it go I think you get some any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let it go I think you get some any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let it go I think you get some any
+questions come see I thought but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come see I thought but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come see I thought but there
+goes the entire sermon I thought of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the entire sermon I thought of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes the entire sermon I thought of it a
+flat surface that making a depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface that making a depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat surface that making a depression
+right now the head jokes are just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the head jokes are just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the head jokes are just it's
+just a mesh that is replacing of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a mesh that is replacing of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a mesh that is replacing of this
+object that is a cube that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that is a cube that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that is a cube that has been
+pushed around get upset with anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed around get upset with anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed around get upset with anybody
+though it is all over so you can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is all over so you can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is all over so you can move
+all her or anything and that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all her or anything and that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all her or anything and that's why you
+know a new version of it I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a new version of it I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a new version of it I would like to
+have time to animate the hedgehogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to animate the hedgehogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to animate the hedgehogs and
+attract the steps and to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the steps and to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract the steps and to do something
+more more advanced like that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it's because the tables here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's because the tables here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's because the tables here but
+it's having trouble tracking the French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having trouble tracking the French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having trouble tracking the French
+legs a little much shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that so that such that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that such that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that such that if the
+captain was done and then the cat will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain was done and then the cat will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain was done and then the cat will
+be respectable to be the graffiti and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be respectable to be the graffiti and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be respectable to be the graffiti and
+just like Ross done that you know before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Ross done that you know before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Ross done that you know before
+excessive days but when we did that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive days but when we did that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive days but when we did that like
+everything that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's true
+like like when you cook when you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like when you cook when you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like when you cook when you press
+play the cat will just glue to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the cat will just glue to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the cat will just glue to others
+after space so we had to avoid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after space so we had to avoid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after space so we had to avoid the
+teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is amazing to see happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it is actually contracting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is actually contracting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it is actually contracting that
+well it was kind of fun yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was kind of fun yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it was kind of fun yesterday
+they're making it feels like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making it feels like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making it feels like you're
+pushing too deep but this is uh it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing too deep but this is uh it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing too deep but this is uh it will
+start at 1 0 position where you position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 1 0 position where you position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at 1 0 position where you position
+yourself so the next thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so the next thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so the next thing you need to
+do is to move forward in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to move forward in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to move forward in the same
+direction closer to the connect such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction closer to the connect such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction closer to the connect such
+that if you crease exact value and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you crease exact value and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you crease exact value and then
+the thing should actually propel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing should actually propel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing should actually propel you
+forward and if you go backward for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and if you go backward for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and if you go backward for them
+0 the composition it should actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the composition it should actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the composition it should actually go
+behind so it's like two differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so it's like two differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so it's like two differential
+will if you want to stare yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will if you want to stare yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will if you want to stare yourself you
+just move your left that would go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move your left that would go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move your left that would go right
+forward or something I suppose so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or something I suppose so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or something I suppose so I want
+you just show you the cat because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just show you the cat because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just show you the cat because it's
+funny looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny looking
+yeah you can only take a look at the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can only take a look at the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can only take a look at the hot
+would I recommend making this it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I recommend making this it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I recommend making this it's just
+like this angry cat this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this angry cat this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this angry cat this is not a
+standard maybe stop stretching better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard maybe stop stretching better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard maybe stop stretching better
+that he spent like two days I'm cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he spent like two days I'm cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he spent like two days I'm cheap
+parlor here spend more time doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlor here spend more time doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlor here spend more time doing some
+things to help the game actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to help the game actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to help the game actually work
+but I figure like if we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I figure like if we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I figure like if we have something
+out where we can just make something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where we can just make something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where we can just make something out
+there to move with it those two had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to move with it those two had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to move with it those two had to
+do that angry cat baby came to the Kratz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that angry cat baby came to the Kratz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that angry cat baby came to the Kratz
+the cat's cradle game
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HpeJ1h0V1RE.txt b/HpeJ1h0V1RE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c37b7c1766c7815ee252628be5e30197c3fa6a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HpeJ1h0V1RE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we're looking at assessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're looking at assessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're looking at assessing the
+students um we're working we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um we're working we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um we're working we're looking
+an awful lot at their work on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot at their work on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an awful lot at their work on their
+project more so than the actual project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project more so than the actual project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project more so than the actual project
+itself and we're also thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and we're also thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and we're also thinking about
+what did they learn and what can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they learn and what can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they learn and what can they
+demonstrate that they've learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that they've learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that they've learned from
+the project so um a fair chunk of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project so um a fair chunk of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project so um a fair chunk of their
+assessment is making sure they're class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is making sure they're class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is making sure they're class
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+participating um and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating um and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating um and that's actually
+separate from projects and then within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from projects and then within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from projects and then within
+the project we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project we're looking
+at how well they managed and ran their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how well they managed and ran their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how well they managed and ran their
+project and worked together on a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and worked together on a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and worked together on a group
+to get their project done and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their project done and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get their project done and that has
+less that again has less to do with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that again has less to do with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less that again has less to do with how
+the project turned out and more with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project turned out and more with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project turned out and more with how
+they worked on it um we've got about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked on it um we've got about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they worked on it um we've got about an
+equal Chunk on does the project meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Chunk on does the project meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Chunk on does the project meet the
+specified requirements for the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified requirements for the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified requirements for the from the
+assignment um as we say we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um as we say we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um as we say we're not
+actually looking for good games here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking for good games here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking for good games here we
+don't expect you guys to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you guys to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect you guys to come up with
+good games given all the constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good games given all the constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good games given all the constraints
+we've piled on you and the time you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've piled on you and the time you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've piled on you and the time you have
+what we want to know is can you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is can you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is can you make a
+reasonably complete game that fits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably complete game that fits all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably complete game that fits all
+the requirements we've put on we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements we've put on we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirements we've put on we've
+given you and runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you and runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you and runs
+well um and then the final chunk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and then the final chunk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and then the final chunk is
+their own personal reflection we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal reflection we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal reflection we ask
+after every project we ask each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every project we ask each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every project we ask each of them
+to write um an essay basically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write um an essay basically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write um an essay basically it's a
+short essay but it's talking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short essay but it's talking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short essay but it's talking about what
+they did on their project um what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did on their project um what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did on their project um what what
+worked well what didn't work well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well what didn't work well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked well what didn't work well what
+changes they would make to the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes they would make to the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes they would make to the process
+and to the project on their next project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the project on their next project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to the project on their next project
+because we really want them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we really want them to be
+learning from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from these
+experiences and so what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so what we're really
+looking for is proof that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is proof that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is proof that they have
+learned something and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something and it's going to
+affect the way they work going forward
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IZ0qGEZkTIw.txt b/IZ0qGEZkTIw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24e1f5c210798051a78b3a99f05daa5d61e5cea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IZ0qGEZkTIw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how regression trees do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how regression trees do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how regression trees do well
+first load the app hot library and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first load the app hot library and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first load the app hot library and also
+load the app hops flooding library we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load the app hops flooding library we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load the app hops flooding library we
+build a regression tree in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a regression tree in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a regression tree in the same way
+we'd build a classification tree using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd build a classification tree using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd build a classification tree using
+the iPad command we predict mid V as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPad command we predict mid V as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iPad command we predict mid V as a
+function of latitude and longitude using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of latitude and longitude using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of latitude and longitude using
+the Boston dataset if we now plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston dataset if we now plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boston dataset if we now plot the
+tree using the PRP commands which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree using the PRP commands which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree using the PRP commands which is to
+find an app hot tub plot we can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an app hot tub plot we can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an app hot tub plot we can see it
+makes a lot of splits and it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of splits and it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a lot of splits and it's a little
+bit hard to interpret but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard to interpret but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hard to interpret but the important
+thing is to look at the leaves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to look at the leaves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is to look at the leaves in a
+classification tree the leaves would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification tree the leaves would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification tree the leaves would be
+the classification we assign 7 applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification we assign 7 applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classification we assign 7 applies
+that would that would these split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would these split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would these split
+applies you but in regression tree trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies you but in regression tree trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies you but in regression tree trees
+we instead predict a number that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we instead predict a number that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we instead predict a number that number
+is the median is the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the median is the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the median is the average of the
+median house prices in that bucket poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median house prices in that bucket poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median house prices in that bucket poor
+leaf so let's let's see what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so let's let's see what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so let's let's see what that means
+in practice so we'll plot again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice so we'll plot again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice so we'll plot again the
+latitude the points and we'll again plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude the points and we'll again plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude the points and we'll again plot
+the points with above median prices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points with above median prices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points with above median prices I
+just scrolled up from my command history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scrolled up from my command history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just scrolled up from my command history
+to do that now we want to predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that now we want to predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that now we want to predict what
+the tree thinks is above median just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree thinks is above median just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree thinks is above median just
+like we did with a linear regression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with a linear regression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with a linear regression so
+we'll say the fitted values we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the fitted values we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the fitted values we can get
+from using the predict command on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using the predict command on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using the predict command on the
+tree we just built and we can do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we just built and we can do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we just built and we can do another
+points command just like we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command just like we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points command just like we did before
+the fitted values lie greater than 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitted values lie greater than 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fitted values lie greater than 21
+point 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the color is blue and the character is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color is blue and the character is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color is blue and the character is a
+dollar sign now we see that we've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign now we see that we've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar sign now we see that we've done a
+much better job in linear regression was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better job in linear regression was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better job in linear regression was
+able to do we've currently left the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do we've currently left the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do we've currently left the low
+value area in Boston and below out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value area in Boston and below out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value area in Boston and below out and
+we've quickly managed to classify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've quickly managed to classify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've quickly managed to classify some
+of those points in the bottom right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those points in the bottom right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those points in the bottom right and
+top right we're still making mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right we're still making mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right we're still making mistakes
+that we've able to make make a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've able to make make a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've able to make make a nonlinear
+prediction on latitude and longitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction on latitude and longitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction on latitude and longitude so
+that's interesting but the tree was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting but the tree was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting but the tree was very
+complicated so maybe it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so maybe it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so maybe it's like
+drastically overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically overfitting
+can we get most of us effects with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get most of us effects with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get most of us effects with a
+much simpler tree we can we will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler tree we can we will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler tree we can we will just
+change the min bucket size so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the min bucket size so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the min bucket size so let's
+build a new tree using the app pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new tree using the app pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new tree using the app pack
+command again mid V as a function of lat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command again mid V as a function of lat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command again mid V as a function of lat
+and lon a data Boston but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lon a data Boston but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lon a data Boston but this time
+we'll say the min bucket size must be 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the min bucket size must be 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the min bucket size must be 50
+we'll use the other way of plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the other way of plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the other way of plotting
+trees plot and we'll add text to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees plot and we'll add text to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees plot and we'll add text to the
+text command and we see we have five us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text command and we see we have five us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text command and we see we have five us
+splits and it's far more interpretable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and it's far more interpretable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits and it's far more interpretable
+the first split says if a longitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first split says if a longitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first split says if a longitude is
+greater than equal to negative 70 1.07
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to negative 70 1.07
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to negative 70 1.07
+so if you're on the right side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're on the right side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're on the right side of a
+picture and also the left hand branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and also the left hand branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and also the left hand branches
+on the left hand side of a picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of a picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of a picture in
+the right hand so at left hand side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand so at left hand side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand so at left hand side of a
+tree corresponds to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree corresponds to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree corresponds to the right hand side
+of the the map and the right side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the map and the right side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the map and the right side of a
+tree corresponds to the left side if map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree corresponds to the left side if map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree corresponds to the left side if map
+that's a little bit of a mouthful let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of a mouthful let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit of a mouthful let's
+see what it means visually so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it means visually so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it means visually so let's
+remember these values and we'll plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these values and we'll plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these values and we'll plot the
+longitude and let it shoot a game so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude and let it shoot a game so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude and let it shoot a game so
+here's a map okay so the first split was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a map okay so the first split was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a map okay so the first split was
+on longitude and it was negative 71 0.07
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on longitude and it was negative 71 0.07
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on longitude and it was negative 71 0.07
+there was a very handy command a b-line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very handy command a b-line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very handy command a b-line
+which can plot horizontal horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can plot horizontal horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can plot horizontal horizontal
+horizontal or vertical lines easily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical lines easily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical lines easily so
+we're gonna plot a vertical line so V we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna plot a vertical line so V we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna plot a vertical line so V we
+wanted to plot it at negative 70 1.07
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to plot it at negative 70 1.07
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to plot it at negative 70 1.07
+okay so that's that first split from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that first split from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that first split from the
+tree it corresponds to being ally of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it corresponds to being ally of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it corresponds to being ally of the
+left or right hand side of this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right hand side of this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right hand side of this tree
+we'll plot the if we what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plot the if we what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll plot the if we what we want to do
+is well we'll focus on one area we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well we'll focus on one area we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well we'll focus on one area we'll
+focus on the lowest-priced prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the lowest-priced prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the lowest-priced prediction
+which is in the bottom left corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the bottom left corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the bottom left corner of
+the tree right down the bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree right down the bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree right down the bottom left
+after all those splits so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all those splits so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all those splits so that's where
+we want to get to so let's plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get to so let's plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to get to so let's plug in the
+points plot a vertical line the NICS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points plot a vertical line the NICS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points plot a vertical line the NICS
+split down towards that bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split down towards that bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split down towards that bottom left
+corner was a horizontal line at forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner was a horizontal line at forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner was a horizontal line at forty
+two point two one so I put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point two one so I put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point two one so I put that in
+that's interesting so that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting so that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting so that line
+corresponds pretty much to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds pretty much to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds pretty much to where the
+child's river was from before the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's river was from before the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child's river was from before the final
+split you need to to get to that bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split you need to to get to that bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split you need to to get to that bottom
+left corner I was pointing out is forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left corner I was pointing out is forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left corner I was pointing out is forty
+two point one seven that was above this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one seven that was above this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point one seven that was above this
+line and now that's interesting if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and now that's interesting if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and now that's interesting if we
+look at the right side of the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right side of the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right side of the middle of
+the three rectangles on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three rectangles on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three rectangles on the right side
+that is the bucket we were predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bucket we were predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bucket we were predicting
+and it corresponds to that rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it corresponds to that rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it corresponds to that rectangle
+those areas that's the South Boston low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas that's the South Boston low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas that's the South Boston low
+price area we saw before so maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price area we saw before so maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price area we saw before so maybe we can
+make that more clear by plotting now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that more clear by plotting now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that more clear by plotting now the
+high value prices so let's go back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value prices so let's go back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value prices so let's go back up to
+where we plugged all the red dots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we plugged all the red dots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we plugged all the red dots and
+overlay it so this makes it even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay it so this makes it even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlay it so this makes it even more
+clear we've correctly shown how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we've correctly shown how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear we've correctly shown how the
+regression she carves out that rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression she carves out that rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression she carves out that rectangle
+in the bottom of Boston and says that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of Boston and says that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bottom of Boston and says that is
+a low value area so that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low value area so that's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low value area so that's actually very
+interesting it's shown us something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's shown us something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's shown us something that
+regression trees can do that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees can do that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees can do that we would
+never expect linear regressions we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never expect linear regressions we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never expect linear regressions we had
+to do so the question we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so the question we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so the question we're going to
+answer the next video is given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the next video is given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the next video is given that
+regression trees can do these fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees can do these fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression trees can do these fancy
+things of latitude and longitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of latitude and longitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of latitude and longitude is
+actually going to help us to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to help us to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to help us to build a
+predictive model for predicting house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model for predicting house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive model for predicting house
+prices well we'll have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices well we'll have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices well we'll have to see
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ih92AK1D-2M.txt b/Ih92AK1D-2M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ec665c4038fb7ee8c8b8567c755486fa607062f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ih92AK1D-2M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7384 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+started welcome back from spring break I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started welcome back from spring break I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started welcome back from spring break I
+hope you guys got a little rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys got a little rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys got a little rest
+in so what we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so what we're going to talk about the
+next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few
+lectures is what is done when one gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is what is done when one gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is what is done when one gets
+to higher powers in power electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher powers in power electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher powers in power electronics
+and in particular we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to talk
+about three phase uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three phase uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about three phase uh
+power um or more generally polyphase AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power um or more generally polyphase AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power um or more generally polyphase AC
+systems and let's you know perhaps first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and let's you know perhaps first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and let's you know perhaps first
+start by motivating it why why would one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by motivating it why why would one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by motivating it why why would one
+think of wanting a polyphase system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of wanting a polyphase system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of wanting a polyphase system and
+here's one of the Notions suppose I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the Notions suppose I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of the Notions suppose I had
+um I was going to build a machine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was going to build a machine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was going to build a machine okay
+so you know I'm going to have some rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I'm going to have some rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I'm going to have some rotor
+or some place we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some place we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some place we're going to make
+something that's going to try to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to try to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to try to spin
+right and so maybe I put a coil on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so maybe I put a coil on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so maybe I put a coil on
+it okay and here I'll draw some Stater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and here I'll draw some Stater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and here I'll draw some Stater
+side coil and I'll drive it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side coil and I'll drive it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side coil and I'll drive it with some
+voltage source okay and if I do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source okay and if I do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source okay and if I do that you
+know I can push some magnetic field here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can push some magnetic field here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can push some magnetic field here
+so maybe I can create an X directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I can create an X directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I can create an X directed
+magnetic field B subx okay so the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field B subx okay so the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field B subx okay so the notion
+is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I
+create in this case I'm showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in this case I'm showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in this case I'm showing the
+magnetic flux density if I create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density if I create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density if I create some
+exter active flux density I can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exter active flux density I can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exter active flux density I can cause
+some Magnet or some piece of verom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Magnet or some piece of verom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Magnet or some piece of verom
+magnetic material to align with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic material to align with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic material to align with that
+direction right so if this was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so if this was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so if this was sort of
+uh going to give me I I could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to give me I I could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to give me I I could create
+here maybe uh B subx is equal to B cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe uh B subx is equal to B cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here maybe uh B subx is equal to B cine
+of Omega T for example okay and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega T for example okay and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega T for example okay and if if
+something was spinning I could transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was spinning I could transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something was spinning I could transfer
+energy to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to that
+um on the other hand that's sort of Only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand that's sort of Only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand that's sort of Only
+One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+Direction but imagine I came and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but imagine I came and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but imagine I came and said
+all right that's one phase right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's one phase right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's one phase right this
+could be a sinodal voltage I'm driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a sinodal voltage I'm driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a sinodal voltage I'm driving
+with but perhaps I created a second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but perhaps I created a second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with but perhaps I created a second one
+like this that's perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right and maybe with this one I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and maybe with this one I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and maybe with this one I could
+create some yired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux
+density okay well maybe the orange set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay well maybe the orange set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay well maybe the orange set
+of coils here could create B suby is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coils here could create B suby is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coils here could create B suby is
+equal to B um sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B um sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B um sin Omega
+T okay if I did that with both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I did that with both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I did that with both of those
+what would I get for a net magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I get for a net magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I get for a net magnetic
+field I could I could then get a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I could I could then get a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I could I could then get a total
+magnetic field or total magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or total magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or total magnetic flux
+density as I'm drawing it that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as I'm drawing it that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as I'm drawing it that's sort of
+B subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B subx
+or or is B KN cine of Omega T in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or is B KN cine of Omega T in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or is B KN cine of Omega T in the X
+hat Direction plus b KN sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction plus b KN sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat Direction plus b KN sin Omega
+T in the Y hat Direction okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in the Y hat Direction okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in the Y hat Direction okay so I'm
+using sort of uh one coil to give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sort of uh one coil to give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sort of uh one coil to give me the
+X directed and one coil to give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X directed and one coil to give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X directed and one coil to give me the
+yired and notice that so these are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yired and notice that so these are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yired and notice that so these are sort
+of the two coils are perpendicular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two coils are perpendicular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two coils are perpendicular in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+right but I'm or orthogonal in space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm or orthogonal in space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I'm or orthogonal in space but
+the other thing is I'm making the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is I'm making the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is I'm making the the
+two drives of them such that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drives of them such that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two drives of them such that they're
+orthogonal in time as well okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal in time as well okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal in time as well okay so
+they're per perpendicular in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're per perpendicular in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're per perpendicular in time and
+why would I do that well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I do that well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would I do that well let's just
+think about the magnitude in phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the magnitude in phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the magnitude in phase of
+the net flux density in this space what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net flux density in this space what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net flux density in this space what
+I would then get is I would get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would then get is I would get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would then get is I would get the
+magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+B is the sum of the square roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the sum of the square roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the sum of the square roots of
+these is just going to be B KN right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just going to be B KN right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just going to be B KN right
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+cosine SAR plus sin s is 1 right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine SAR plus sin s is 1 right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine SAR plus sin s is 1 right so the
+net magnitude of this between X and Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net magnitude of this between X and Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net magnitude of this between X and Y is
+just going to be one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be one and the
+angle of the net flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the net flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the net flux
+density is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arctangent the angle in space is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent the angle in space is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arctangent the angle in space is going
+to be the arctangent of s of Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the arctangent of s of Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the arctangent of s of Omega T
+over cosine of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine of Omega
+T which is going to be equal to Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is going to be equal to Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is going to be equal to Omega T
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what that says is if I play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that says is if I play this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that says is if I play this game
+what I'm going to get is a net magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is a net magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is a net magnetic
+field that has constant amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that has constant amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that has constant amplitude and
+rotates in space with an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates in space with an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates in space with an angular
+frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega
+T okay so then if I put some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so then if I put some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so then if I put some sort of
+salient ferromagnetic material in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient ferromagnetic material in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salient ferromagnetic material in here
+or I put a magnet uh pole pair in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I put a magnet uh pole pair in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I put a magnet uh pole pair in here I
+could make that rotate in space all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that rotate in space all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that rotate in space all
+right so the the concept and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the concept and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the concept and this
+concept of used us sort of uh spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of used us sort of uh spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of used us sort of uh spatially
+and time orthogonal signals to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time orthogonal signals to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time orthogonal signals to generate
+a rotating magnetic field is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating magnetic field is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating magnetic field is the the
+first person who really made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person who really made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person who really made it
+practical and used it for practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and used it for practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and used it for practical
+purposes was Nicola Tesla and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes was Nicola Tesla and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes was Nicola Tesla and that's
+sort of the first thing that made him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first thing that made him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first thing that made him
+famous uh was this is how you can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh was this is how you can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh was this is how you can build
+sort of AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of AC
+machines okay and so this is shown with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines okay and so this is shown with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines okay and so this is shown with
+two phase and in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phase and in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phase and in fact uh
+Tesla's uh original systems were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla's uh original systems were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla's uh original systems were
+two-phase it turns out you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase it turns out you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase it turns out you can do the
+same thing with three phases right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with three phases right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with three phases right so
+you could imagine putting in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine putting in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine putting in instead of
+having two that are 90 degrees out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two that are 90 degrees out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two that are 90 degrees out of
+phase you could imagine having a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that
+generated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated uh
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+direction a second one that generated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a second one that generated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a second one that generated a
+second Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second set of coils to generate a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of coils to generate a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second set of coils to generate a second
+direction that was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that was like
+this and a third set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and a third set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and a third set of
+coils see got orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils see got orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils see got orange
+pink a third set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink a third set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink a third set of
+coils overlapped in space that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils overlapped in space that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils overlapped in space that would
+generate a third Direction and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a third Direction and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a third Direction and it turns
+out that if I again make the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if I again make the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if I again make the um
+coils phase shifted in space and phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils phase shifted in space and phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils phase shifted in space and phase
+shifted in time we can get a Rota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time we can get a Rota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted in time we can get a Rota
+magnetic field all right just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field all right just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field all right just to
+demonstrate this to you mon has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this to you mon has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate this to you mon has been
+very kind to set up a demonstration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind to set up a demonstration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind to set up a demonstration of
+this and this is sort of a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is sort of a modern
+version of a demonstration that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a demonstration that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a demonstration that uh
+Nicola Tesla himself did at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicola Tesla himself did at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicola Tesla himself did at the
+Colombian Exposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1893 okay so today we have a demo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 okay so today we have a demo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1893 okay so today we have a demo to
+visualize a rotating magnetic field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize a rotating magnetic field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize a rotating magnetic field um
+the demo here is an adaption of Tesla's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo here is an adaption of Tesla's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo here is an adaption of Tesla's
+egg of Columbus demo from 1893 Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg of Columbus demo from 1893 Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg of Columbus demo from 1893 Tesla
+used a two-phase inductor but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a two-phase inductor but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a two-phase inductor but we're
+going to use a three-phase toroidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a three-phase toroidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a three-phase toroidal
+inductor here and that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor here and that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor here and that's going to be our
+stator for our rotor we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stator for our rotor we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stator for our rotor we're going to use
+this metal egg um and then on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metal egg um and then on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metal egg um and then on this side
+we have our three-phase inverter uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our three-phase inverter uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our three-phase inverter uh with
+six switches and this is our gating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six switches and this is our gating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six switches and this is our gating
+circuit so what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so what's going to happen is
+that we're going to create some rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to create some rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to create some rotating
+magnetic field using our stator and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field using our stator and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field using our stator and then
+that's going to IND uce some Ed currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to IND uce some Ed currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to IND uce some Ed currents
+in our rotor that is our egg and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our rotor that is our egg and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our rotor that is our egg and then
+it's going to force the egg to spin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to force the egg to spin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to force the egg to spin so
+let's start by trying to like slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by trying to like slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by trying to like slowly
+increase the bus voltage and see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the bus voltage and see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the bus voltage and see what's
+happen what's going to happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's going to happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what's going to happen and then
+I'm plotting the three-phase currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the three-phase currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting the three-phase currents
+there so they should be phe shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they should be phe shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so they should be phe shifted by
+120° so I'm slowly increasing the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° so I'm slowly increasing the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° so I'm slowly increasing the bus
+voltage for the inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for the inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage for the inverter
+and we see that the phase current slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase and as I increase the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and as I increase the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and as I increase the voltage
+we see the egg is slowly spinning as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the egg is slowly spinning as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the egg is slowly spinning as I
+go higher the egg starts spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go higher the egg starts spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go higher the egg starts spinning
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+faster and then F eventually due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and then F eventually due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and then F eventually due to
+gyroscopic action the EG going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopic action the EG going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyroscopic action the EG going to start
+spinning at its it's going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at its it's going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at its it's going to start
+spinning at its end and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at its end and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning at its end and it's going to
+start rotating here so what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rotating here so what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rotating here so what we have here
+is that we have a rotating magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a rotating magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a rotating magnetic
+field from our stator and it's forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field from our stator and it's forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field from our stator and it's forcing
+our rotor to rotate and that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rotor to rotate and that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rotor to rotate and that's the key
+concept behind uh an induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motor thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man whole industry founded on that demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man whole industry founded on that demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man whole industry founded on that demo
+okay so um let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's talk about
+three-phase uh more broadly okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase uh more broadly okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase uh more broadly okay so if I
+have a three-phase voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-phase voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a three-phase voltage
+set okay um maybe I could have um VA of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay um maybe I could have um VA of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay um maybe I could have um VA of
+T is equal to v s sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to v s sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to v s sin Omega
+T VB of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T VB of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T VB of
+T is equal to v s sin of Omega t - 2i 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to v s sin of Omega t - 2i 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to v s sin of Omega t - 2i 3
+and VC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VC of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VC of
+T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to
+vs Sin of Omega t plus 2 pi over3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs Sin of Omega t plus 2 pi over3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs Sin of Omega t plus 2 pi over3 okay
+so we're going to have three sinusoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have three sinusoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have three sinusoids
+in time shifted by 120° or 2 pi over3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time shifted by 120° or 2 pi over3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time shifted by 120° or 2 pi over3
+from each other okay now recall that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other okay now recall that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other okay now recall that we
+can write any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write any of these
+sinusal uh time domain waveforms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusal uh time domain waveforms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusal uh time domain waveforms as
+phasers right so I can write um VX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers right so I can write um VX of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers right so I can write um VX of
+T is equal to the real part of VX hat e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to the real part of VX hat e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is equal to the real part of VX hat e
+to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega
+t Okay where VX hat is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay where VX hat is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Okay where VX hat is the
+phaser okay which indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser okay which indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser okay which indicates the
+magnitude and phase of the sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase of the sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and phase of the sinusoid
+right so in this case right I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case right I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this case right I could
+write uh vs Sin Omega t as being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh vs Sin Omega t as being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh vs Sin Omega t as being equal
+to the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the real part of
+vs eus J pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 e to the J Omega
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+T okay and in this case right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and in this case right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and in this case right if I
+plotted this is my uh this could be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this is my uh this could be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted this is my uh this could be my
+phaser VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser VA
+hat okay which says it has a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat okay which says it has a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat okay which says it has a magnitude
+of vs and a phase of minus pi/ 2 so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vs and a phase of minus pi/ 2 so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vs and a phase of minus pi/ 2 so on
+the real and imaginary plane on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary plane on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real and imaginary plane on the
+complex plane it might look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane it might look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane it might look like this
+right where it has an angle of minus 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it has an angle of minus 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where it has an angle of minus 90°
+with respect to zero and an amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to zero and an amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to zero and an amplitude of
+vs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay
+and if I then said If This Was VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I then said If This Was VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I then said If This Was VA
+hat then I could have say VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat then I could have say VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat then I could have say VB
+hat would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and VC hat would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay and so that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so that's sort of a
+snapshot of the magnitude and phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the magnitude and phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of the magnitude and phase of
+each of these when I'm multiplying by e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these when I'm multiplying by e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these when I'm multiplying by e
+to the J Omega T that means I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega T that means I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the J Omega T that means I'm taking
+this set of elements and rotating it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of elements and rotating it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of elements and rotating it by
+an angle Omega T okay so I could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle Omega T okay so I could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle Omega T okay so I could think
+of these phasers as spinning in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these phasers as spinning in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these phasers as spinning in time and
+the real part which is the projection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part which is the projection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part which is the projection to
+give me the time domain waveform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the time domain waveform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the time domain waveform is
+really the instantaneous projection onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the instantaneous projection onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the instantaneous projection onto
+the real axis right so at time equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis right so at time equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real axis right so at time equals
+zero VA is vs Sin Omega T has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero VA is vs Sin Omega T has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero VA is vs Sin Omega T has
+zero value because sine wave is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero value because sine wave is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero value because sine wave is zero at
+time equals zero if I waited Omega till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals zero if I waited Omega till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals zero if I waited Omega till
+Omega t = 90 it would rotate up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t = 90 it would rotate up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega t = 90 it would rotate up and it
+would have a value vs okay so we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a value vs okay so we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a value vs okay so we often
+draw um we often express our time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um we often express our time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um we often express our time domain
+waveforms as a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms as a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms as a set of
+phasers okay any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers okay any questions about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phasers okay any questions about that so
+the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ona yeah it's this minus pi/ 2 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ona yeah it's this minus pi/ 2 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ona yeah it's this minus pi/ 2 is just
+saying that if I'm a sine wave a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if I'm a sine wave a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if I'm a sine wave a sign
+has zero projection at T equals z and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero projection at T equals z and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero projection at T equals z and as
+I wait and Omega T gets bigger this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wait and Omega T gets bigger this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wait and Omega T gets bigger this kind
+of rotates around and becomes larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotates around and becomes larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotates around and becomes larger
+which is what a S Wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does okay so I can create a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so I can create a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so I can create a set of
+three phases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phases that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um and represent them with a phaser okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and represent them with a phaser okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and represent them with a phaser okay
+so I can talk only about this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can talk only about this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can talk only about this component
+if I if I desire understanding that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I desire understanding that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I desire understanding that the
+instantaneous waveform is rotated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous waveform is rotated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous waveform is rotated in
+projected to get the instantaneous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected to get the instantaneous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected to get the instantaneous time
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+value there's different ways we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there's different ways we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value there's different ways we might
+connect these three voltage sources so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these three voltage sources so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these three voltage sources so
+suppose I create three voltage sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I create three voltage sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I create three voltage sources
+this way the most typical way you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the most typical way you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way the most typical way you see a
+source connected is in a so-called y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection also historically sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection also historically sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection also historically sometimes
+called a star connection and one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a star connection and one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a star connection and one might
+do that this way maybe I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this way maybe I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that this way maybe I would have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA
+VB of T and VC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay and you notice that what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and you notice that what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and you notice that what I do is
+I for Illustrated of purposes sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for Illustrated of purposes sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for Illustrated of purposes sometimes
+I draw the voltages directions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw the voltages directions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw the voltages directions you know
+in my schematic in the way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my schematic in the way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my schematic in the way they're
+reflected in terms of their phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in terms of their phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in terms of their phaser
+diagram just to show their relations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram just to show their relations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram just to show their relations to
+one another that's kind of a convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that's kind of a convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that's kind of a convention
+that people follow but what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people follow but what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people follow but what I'm doing is
+I'm connecting one terminal of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting one terminal of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm connecting one terminal of each
+source to one node that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to one node that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to one node that we're going to
+call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+okay that's the neutral point and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the neutral point and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the neutral point and then I
+have three voltages that I can play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three voltages that I can play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three voltages that I can play with
+each with respect to this neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with respect to this neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with respect to this neutral
+voltage okay so something where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so something where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so something where I
+brought out sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought out sort of this
+wire this wire and this wire my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire this wire and this wire my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire this wire and this wire my three
+phase voltages in the neutral would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase voltages in the neutral would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase voltages in the neutral would be
+called three-phase for wire okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called three-phase for wire okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called three-phase for wire okay and
+that's a very common way to connect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common way to connect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common way to connect a
+source you can also connect a load that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you can also connect a load that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source you can also connect a load that
+way and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and we'll talk about
+why um another way one could connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um another way one could connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why um another way one could connect
+it is to have a Delta connection so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to have a Delta connection so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to have a Delta connection so I
+could have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have for
+example um I could connect something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um I could connect something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um I could connect something
+this way I could have a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I could have a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way I could have a voltage
+vbc connected this way a voltage VAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected here and a
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+um VCB I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VCB I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VCB I'm sorry
+VCA connected here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA connected here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCA connected here
+okay and if I did that then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I did that then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I did that then I could
+bring out these three leads now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out these three leads now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out these three leads now I have
+no neutral okay but I still have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neutral okay but I still have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neutral okay but I still have sort of
+a b and c and I can just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c and I can just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c and I can just do the
+differential connections right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential connections right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential connections right so this
+is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of
+um this is sort of node a this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is sort of node a this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is sort of node a this is still
+node B and this is still node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node B and this is still node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node B and this is still node
+C now this is a less common way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now this is a less common way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C now this is a less common way to
+connect a set of sources because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a set of sources because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect a set of sources because if
+there's any imbalance between these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any imbalance between these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any imbalance between these I
+would get circulating currents around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get circulating currents around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get circulating currents around
+this Loop right so people tend not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop right so people tend not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop right so people tend not to
+connect generators this way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect generators this way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect generators this way but
+sometimes you see it done that way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see it done that way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see it done that way I've
+seen it done that way before okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it done that way before okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it done that way before okay it's
+not uncommon to connect loads that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uncommon to connect loads that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uncommon to connect loads that way
+okay so these are two basic and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two basic and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two basic and this is
+called a a Delta connection for obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasons um so you know you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons um so you know you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons um so you know you can either
+have your sources or your loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your sources or your loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your sources or your loads
+connected in delta or Y okay the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in delta or Y okay the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in delta or Y okay the only
+difference between a Delta connection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a Delta connection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a Delta connection is
+you have no neutral to trans to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no neutral to trans to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no neutral to trans to to
+connect up to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect up to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect up to other
+things any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+why would we do this why bother with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would we do this why bother with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would we do this why bother with
+three-phase systems and I said people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems and I said people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase systems and I said people
+almost exclusively do this at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively do this at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exclusively do this at higher
+power levels what is the advantage well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels what is the advantage well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power levels what is the advantage well
+it turns out there's a lot of advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a lot of advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out there's a lot of advantages
+of doing a three-phase system instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a three-phase system instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing a three-phase system instead of
+a singlephase system okay and let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlephase system okay and let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a singlephase system okay and let's go
+through those advantages um I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those advantages um I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those advantages um I've already
+shown you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you one
+actually and that that is sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and that that is sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and that that is sort of this
+one in the sense that because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the sense that because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the sense that because I can
+create a rotating magnetic field if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a rotating magnetic field if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a rotating magnetic field if I
+only had a single phase you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had a single phase you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had a single phase you know if I
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+misaligned with my rotor then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned with my rotor then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misaligned with my rotor then I could
+get it going and it would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it going and it would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it going and it would you know
+generate it would it would spin I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it would it would spin I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it would it would spin I can
+transfer energy that way but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer energy that way but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer energy that way but you know if
+I started out aligned it just would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started out aligned it just would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started out aligned it just would
+never start right it would just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never start right it would just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never start right it would just sit
+there because I can only direct generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I can only direct generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because I can only direct generate
+with single phase I can only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single phase I can only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with single phase I can only sort of
+generate one physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate one physical
+Direction okay whereas with polyphase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay whereas with polyphase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay whereas with polyphase I
+can generate multiple directions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate multiple directions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate multiple directions so
+that's one reason that's a zeroth reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that's a zeroth reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that's a zeroth reason
+I might do it but what's another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might do it but what's another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might do it but what's another reason
+let's consider power trans transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider power trans transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider power trans transfer
+right if I just came up and I gave you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I just came up and I gave you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I just came up and I gave you a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+phase you know here we go VSS sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you know here we go VSS sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you know here we go VSS sin Omega
+T and I hook it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and I hook it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and I hook it to a
+load R right um what is the power that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load R right um what is the power that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load R right um what is the power that I
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+well this is VA of T right so power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is VA of T right so power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is VA of T right so power
+would be equal to v v ^2 over R so it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to v v ^2 over R so it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to v v ^2 over R so it'
+be just vs s / R sin s of Omega T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just vs s / R sin s of Omega T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just vs s / R sin s of Omega T okay
+which through Tri trigonometry I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which through Tri trigonometry I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which through Tri trigonometry I could
+rewrite as vs^ 2 over 2 R * 1us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as vs^ 2 over 2 R * 1us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as vs^ 2 over 2 R * 1us the
+cosine of 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega
+T okay so what would that look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so what would that look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so what would that look like in
+time if I plotted the power transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I plotted the power transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if I plotted the power transferred
+to the resistor in time okay that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the resistor in time okay that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the resistor in time okay that would
+look like this I'd have an average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this I'd have an average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this I'd have an average value
+of vs s 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R okay but it would pulsate because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay but it would pulsate because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay but it would pulsate because it
+pulsates because of this cosine of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsates because of this cosine of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsates because of this cosine of 2
+Omega T okay and it would do this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T okay and it would do this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T okay and it would do this it
+would pulsate between zero and twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pulsate between zero and twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pulsate between zero and twice the
+average value like this okay every zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value like this okay every zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value like this okay every zero
+Crossing is this is at twice the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing is this is at twice the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing is this is at twice the line
+frequency at 2 Omega T every zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at 2 Omega T every zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at 2 Omega T every zero
+Crossing is because the voltage went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing is because the voltage went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing is because the voltage went
+through zero when I got zero voltage I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero when I got zero voltage I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero when I got zero voltage I'm
+not getting any power transfer right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any power transfer right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting any power transfer right so
+no matter what I do I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what I do I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what I do I'm going to have
+this pulsating power okay way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulsating power okay way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulsating power okay way that
+reflects itself is even if I do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects itself is even if I do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects itself is even if I do have a
+singlephase motor and I'm doing that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase motor and I'm doing that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase motor and I'm doing that I'm
+going to have torque Ripple if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have torque Ripple if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have torque Ripple if it's
+running at constant speed I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at constant speed I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at constant speed I'm going to
+have torque ripple at twice the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have torque ripple at twice the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have torque ripple at twice the the line
+frequency or I'm going to have if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or I'm going to have if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or I'm going to have if I'm
+going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a
+rectifier uh and I want to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier uh and I want to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier uh and I want to deliver
+constant power to somewhere else I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant power to somewhere else I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant power to somewhere else I'm
+going to have to buffer sort of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to buffer sort of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to buffer sort of these
+energy pulsations okay and so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy pulsations okay and so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy pulsations okay and so I'm going
+have to put energy storage out there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put energy storage out there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put energy storage out there to
+do that yeah so um vs Square over 2 R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yeah so um vs Square over 2 R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yeah so um vs Square over 2 R is
+the the average the s^2 over 2 R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average the s^2 over 2 R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the average the s^2 over 2 R is the
+average right because the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right because the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right because the average of the
+cosine 2 Omega T is zero so if I took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 Omega T is zero so if I took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 2 Omega T is zero so if I took a
+Time average of This this term goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time average of This this term goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time average of This this term goes away
+and I get vs^ S over 2R uh and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get vs^ S over 2R uh and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get vs^ S over 2R uh and then I
+get this sort of equal size pulsation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sort of equal size pulsation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sort of equal size pulsation so
+the peak to the peak pulsation is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak to the peak pulsation is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak to the peak pulsation is equal
+to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average
+value so what happens you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what happens you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so what happens you know what
+would happen if I walked out and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I walked out and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if I walked out and I said
+okay well let me go instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let me go instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let me go instead of having
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+load suppose I had three and i' I'd come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load suppose I had three and i' I'd come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load suppose I had three and i' I'd come
+up here and I'd say okay you know let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and I'd say okay you know let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and I'd say okay you know let me
+connect one resistor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect one resistor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect one resistor to
+here one resistor to here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one resistor to here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one resistor to here and one
+resistor to here what would that do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to here what would that do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor to here what would that do what
+would that net transfer to those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that net transfer to those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that net transfer to those three
+loads do and we can write that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads do and we can write that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads do and we can write that the same
+way um so we could say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so we could say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so we could say all right
+well the power in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the power in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the power in this
+case is going to be equal to um vs^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be equal to um vs^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is going to be equal to um vs^
+2/ R time sin^2 of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ R time sin^2 of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ R time sin^2 of Omega
+t plus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus sin
+2 of Omega t - 2 piun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of Omega t - 2 piun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of Omega t - 2 piun
+3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 plus
+sin^2 of Omega t + 2 piun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 of Omega t + 2 piun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 of Omega t + 2 piun
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay I can then rewrite these again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can then rewrite these again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can then rewrite these again as
+being equal to vs^ 2 over 2 R *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to vs^ 2 over 2 R *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to vs^ 2 over 2 R *
+3us cosine of 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us cosine of 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us cosine of 2 Omega
+T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus
+cosine of 2 Omega t - 4i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega t - 4i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 2 Omega t - 4i
+3us cosine of Omega t plus 4i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us cosine of Omega t plus 4i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3us cosine of Omega t plus 4i
+3 okay now why am I interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay now why am I interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 okay now why am I interested in that
+if I look at these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at these three
+terms these things form a three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these things form a three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms these things form a three-phase
+set at um twice the line frequency this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at um twice the line frequency this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set at um twice the line frequency this
+should have been 2 Omega T okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been 2 Omega T okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been 2 Omega T okay so in
+other words if I looked at the phasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I looked at the phasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I looked at the phasers
+for these three terms they're at 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these three terms they're at 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these three terms they're at 2 Omega
+T but they are adding up the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but they are adding up the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but they are adding up the same way
+that those three signals add up in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those three signals add up in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those three signals add up in other
+words they add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they add up to
+zero okay so these three things net to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so these three things net to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so these three things net to
+zero all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all the
+time all right and then I just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right and then I just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right and then I just get a
+pure DC power transfer of 3 vs^ 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure DC power transfer of 3 vs^ 2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure DC power transfer of 3 vs^ 2 over 2
+R um constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um constant
+power so in principle then if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so in principle then if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so in principle then if I had a
+three-phase rectifier that treated each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier that treated each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase rectifier that treated each
+line the same it could draw constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the same it could draw constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the same it could draw constant
+power from those three phases and need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from those three phases and need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power from those three phases and need
+no energy storage to deliver constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no energy storage to deliver constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no energy storage to deliver constant
+power to the output or I would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the output or I would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to the output or I would need to
+have no torque Ripple in principle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no torque Ripple in principle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no torque Ripple in principle at
+least for power transfer reasons okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for power transfer reasons okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for power transfer reasons okay so
+this kind of constant power transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of constant power transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of constant power transfer
+capability of three-phase is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of three-phase is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of three-phase is a huge
+advantage and the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage and the way to think about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um the way to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way to think about that
+intuitively is just that okay if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is just that okay if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is just that okay if I have
+three phase shifted sinusoids you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase shifted sinusoids you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase shifted sinusoids you know
+when one of them's Crossing zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one of them's Crossing zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one of them's Crossing zero and
+isn't delivering it power the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't delivering it power the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't delivering it power the other two
+can deliver power to make up for it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deliver power to make up for it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deliver power to make up for it and
+vice versa so there's always somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so there's always somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa so there's always somebody
+there's always a phase that can deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a phase that can deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a phase that can deliver
+power and sort of make the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and sort of make the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and sort of make the power
+transfer constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer constant
+okay now I should say by the way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I should say by the way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I should say by the way you can
+do this with two phase too right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with two phase too right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with two phase too right because
+if I thought about it if I had a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I thought about it if I had a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I thought about it if I had a sign
+and a cosine I'd have powers being sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cosine I'd have powers being sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cosine I'd have powers being sin
+squ plus cosine squ which also adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus cosine squ which also adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ plus cosine squ which also adds to
+one right so you can do the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so you can do the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so you can do the constant
+power transfer trick and the rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transfer trick and the rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power transfer trick and the rotating
+magnetic field trick with two phase as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field trick with two phase as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field trick with two phase as
+well as three phase all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as three phase all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as three phase all
+right so why might we do three phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why might we do three phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why might we do three phase and
+here's a very very valuable reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a very very valuable reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a very very valuable reason why
+you might do it let's just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do it let's just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might do it let's just think
+about suppose I go and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about suppose I go and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about suppose I go and I want to
+transfer power over some distance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer power over some distance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer power over some distance right
+so I have a generator I want to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a generator I want to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a generator I want to send
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+power some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power some
+distance and then I want to throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then I want to throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then I want to throw it
+into a load all right so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a load all right so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a load all right so here's my
+sources here's my three phase I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources here's my three phase I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources here's my three phase I I'll
+make it a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a y
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now suppose I wanted to go send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now suppose I wanted to go send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now suppose I wanted to go send
+this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this single
+phase okay here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay here's my
+wires here's my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire and I'll my load here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and I'll my load here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and I'll my load here all
+right and you know keep in mind these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know keep in mind these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know keep in mind these
+wires have some resistance to them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires have some resistance to them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires have some resistance to them right
+so if I want to keep my loss down I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to keep my loss down I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to keep my loss down I need
+to use a certain amount of size of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a certain amount of size of wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a certain amount of size of wire
+to carry the current that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry the current that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry the current that I want to
+carry okay so that's the single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry okay so that's the single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry okay so that's the single phase
+system right there I deliver the wire I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right there I deliver the wire I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right there I deliver the wire I
+got to buy so much copper to deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to buy so much copper to deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to buy so much copper to deliver the
+wire within an allowed loss limit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire within an allowed loss limit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire within an allowed loss limit okay
+but suppose I go out and say okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I go out and say okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose I go out and say okay let me
+let me go to use two other phases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to use two other phases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to use two other phases so
+I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+make here's my other conductor here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here's my other conductor here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make here's my other conductor here and
+maybe I'll connect them on this side as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll connect them on this side as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll connect them on this side as
+well here's another one and I'll do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's another one and I'll do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's another one and I'll do my
+third one so so I'm sending current out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so so I'm sending current out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so so I'm sending current out
+this wire and back this wire and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire and back this wire and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire and back this wire and then
+I'll go do my last one I'll send current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go do my last one I'll send current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go do my last one I'll send current
+out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this
+wire right I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connect and I'll send current back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and I'll send current back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and I'll send current back
+through this wire as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this wire as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this wire as well
+okay so now I'm transferring three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm transferring three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I'm transferring three times
+as much power right uh if if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much power right uh if if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much power right uh if if all the
+resistors were the same okay but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors were the same okay but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors were the same okay but notice
+that I said all these three voltages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said all these three voltages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I said all these three voltages and
+the resulting all these three currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting all these three currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting all these three currents
+add to zero right and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero right and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero right and that means that
+the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current in these Center conductors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in these Center conductors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in these Center conductors is
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+zero so suddenly if what I cared about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so suddenly if what I cared about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so suddenly if what I cared about
+was the copper loss to send power down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the copper loss to send power down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the copper loss to send power down
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+line I can basically throw away half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I can basically throw away half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I can basically throw away half of
+my conductors for a three phase system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conductors for a three phase system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conductors for a three phase system
+instead of a single phase system I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a single phase system I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a single phase system I need
+half the copper to carry that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the copper to carry that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the copper to carry that much
+current okay and that is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and that is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and that is a huge
+Advantage if your goal is to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage if your goal is to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage if your goal is to transfer
+power over long distances so three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power over long distances so three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power over long distances so three in
+fact AC distribution if you see what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact AC distribution if you see what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact AC distribution if you see what and
+you know you look up what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look up what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you look up what you're going
+to see is basically three wires going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is basically three wires going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is basically three wires going
+along in all these towers that's why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in all these towers that's why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in all these towers that's why is
+because basically they don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically they don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically they don't need to
+carry six conductors to it they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry six conductors to it they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry six conductors to it they only
+need to carry three conductors or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to carry three conductors or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to carry three conductors or three
+heftily sized conductors in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heftily sized conductors in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heftily sized conductors in order to do
+that okay so that's a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's a tremendous
+advantage that Advantage also applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that Advantage also applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that Advantage also applies to
+things like Motors right so if you wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Motors right so if you wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Motors right so if you wind
+your motor you can get away with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your motor you can get away with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your motor you can get away with less
+effectively less copper to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively less copper to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively less copper to do the same
+thing it also applies to fluxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it also applies to fluxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it also applies to fluxes and
+Transformers right we we showed you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers right we we showed you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers right we we showed you know
+if you're going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to have three
+phase uh carrying a flux essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh carrying a flux essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase uh carrying a flux essentially
+what we're doing here is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing here is that we're
+using the other phases to be our return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the other phases to be our return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the other phases to be our return
+conductors in the same way you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors in the same way you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors in the same way you can use
+other legs in a three-phase Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other legs in a three-phase Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other legs in a three-phase Transformer
+to be your flux returns okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your flux returns okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be your flux returns okay so there's
+tremendous advantage in reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous advantage in reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous advantage in reducing the
+size of equipment uh by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of equipment uh by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of equipment uh by using
+polyphase now I should say I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase now I should say I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase now I should say I'll give you
+one little tiny caveat to that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little tiny caveat to that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little tiny caveat to that which is
+that um if I thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if I thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if I thought about the
+insulation rating of these right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation rating of these right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation rating of these right so the
+voltage between this conductor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage between this conductor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage between this conductor and the
+neutral is vs right uh while I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral is vs right uh while I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral is vs right uh while I haven't
+calculated it for you yet um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it for you yet um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated it for you yet um the
+the voltage rating between this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage rating between this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage rating between this phase
+and say this phase is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say this phase is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say this phase is actually the
+square root of 3 vs okay so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 3 vs okay so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 3 vs okay so it turns out
+you need a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a little bit more
+insulation if you're going to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation if you're going to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation if you're going to put this
+conductor right next to this conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor right next to this conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor right next to this conductor
+than if you put this conductor next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you put this conductor next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you put this conductor next to
+the ground right so so but if I cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground right so so but if I cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground right so so but if I cared
+about insulation I could just turn down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insulation I could just turn down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about insulation I could just turn down
+the voltage right and I'd still get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage right and I'd still get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage right and I'd still get an
+advantage of the two over theun of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the two over theun of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the two over theun of three
+in terms of the amount of power I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the amount of power I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the amount of power I could
+handle for a given loss right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle for a given loss right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle for a given loss right so
+essentially you know depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know depending upon
+whether you only care about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you only care about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you only care about your
+conductor loss or you care about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor loss or you care about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor loss or you care about like
+insulation is what cost you everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation is what cost you everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation is what cost you everything
+it's somewhere between two over theot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere between two over theot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere between two over theot of
+three and a factor of two Advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a factor of two Advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a factor of two Advantage
+having polyphase all right so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having polyphase all right so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having polyphase all right so it's it's
+a really big advantage in practice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big advantage in practice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big advantage in practice all
+right so if you're at really low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're at really low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're at really low power
+maybe you don't need the complexity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need the complexity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you don't need the complexity but
+if you want to transmit lots of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to transmit lots of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to transmit lots of power
+polyphase is really your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase is really your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase is really your friend
+okay what else can we do um here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else can we do um here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else can we do um here I
+showed you know my source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you know my source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you know my source is
+connected in y and my load is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in y and my load is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in y and my load is connected
+in y and that's what sort of lets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y and that's what sort of lets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y and that's what sort of lets me
+throw out you know a lot of the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out you know a lot of the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out you know a lot of the required
+heavy copper conductors okay but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy copper conductors okay but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy copper conductors okay but there's
+nothing that says I couldn't come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I couldn't come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I couldn't come back
+here and create a polyphase source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and create a polyphase source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and create a polyphase source
+that was like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like this
+again here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here's
+VA here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VB and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VC okay and here's my neutral um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and here's my neutral um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and here's my neutral um there's
+nothing that says I actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that says I actually have to
+connect my loads the same way right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect my loads the same way right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect my loads the same way right I
+could do something different I could for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something different I could for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do something different I could for
+example go connect my loads like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example go connect my loads like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example go connect my loads like
+this I could my source in Delta uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could my source in Delta uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could my source in Delta uh my
+source in y and my load in Delta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in y and my load in Delta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source in y and my load in Delta for
+example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right
+um so that means that for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that means that for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that means that for each of these
+loads okay if this is V sub a and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads okay if this is V sub a and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads okay if this is V sub a and this
+is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V
+subb okay I'm now going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb okay I'm now going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subb okay I'm now going to have a
+different voltage across the actual load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltage across the actual load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltage across the actual load
+resistors than if I did this trick okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors than if I did this trick okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors than if I did this trick okay
+well what would that look like what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would that look like what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would that look like what does
+VAB look like well this is where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB look like well this is where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VAB look like well this is where um
+phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser
+come in really handy here okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in really handy here okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in really handy here okay so if I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's my complex plane I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my complex plane I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's my complex plane I'm just
+going to draw the real and the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the real and the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the real and the imaginary
+axis okay I could say that uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay I could say that uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay I could say that uh let me
+just keep consistent uh VA is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VA right and it has magnit it has phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA right and it has magnit it has phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA right and it has magnit it has phase
+of minus 90° and a magnitude of vs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 90° and a magnitude of vs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus 90° and a magnitude of vs and
+here's VB it also has a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VSS okay so here's this is I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VSS okay so here's this is I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VSS okay so here's this is I should say
+be careful this is VA hat that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful this is VA hat that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful this is VA hat that's my
+phaser for VA this is VB hat right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser for VA this is VB hat right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser for VA this is VB hat right what
+would my phaser for VAB look like well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would my phaser for VAB look like well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would my phaser for VAB look like well I
+can do subtraction in the phaser plane I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do subtraction in the phaser plane I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do subtraction in the phaser plane I
+can just do it geometrically so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it geometrically so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just do it geometrically so what
+that would look like is VA looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like is VA looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like is VA looks like
+that V looks like that VA minus VB which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V looks like that VA minus VB which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that V looks like that VA minus VB which
+is VA B hat would be just VA plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VA B hat would be just VA plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VA B hat would be just VA plus the
+negative of VB and it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of VB and it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of VB and it would look
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so this would be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this would be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this would be V
+hat okay and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat okay and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat okay and it turns out that the
+length of this Vector is the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this Vector is the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this Vector is the square root
+of 3 vs this is just basic trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 vs this is just basic trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3 vs this is just basic trigonometry
+and the phase of this Vector is pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase of this Vector is pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase of this Vector is pi/
+6 okay so uh VA B will lead VA by pi/ 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so uh VA B will lead VA by pi/ 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so uh VA B will lead VA by pi/ 6
+so what I would get is VA B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I would get is VA B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I would get is VA B of
+T would be equal to the < TK of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to the < TK of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to the < TK of 3
+vs time sin of Omega t plus pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs time sin of Omega t plus pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs time sin of Omega t plus pi/
+6 all right because it it leads VA by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 all right because it it leads VA by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 all right because it it leads VA by
+pi/ 6 any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 6 any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi/ 6 any questions about
+that yeah this is just semantics but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this is just semantics but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah this is just semantics but is
+there a reason why uh we use S instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why uh we use S instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why uh we use S instead
+of no I just decided to start with SS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I just decided to start with SS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no I just decided to start with SS
+today yeah I mean you can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah I mean you can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah I mean you can do it with
+cosiness right and then everything would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness right and then everything would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness right and then everything would
+be rotated by 90 degrees you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rotated by 90 degrees you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rotated by 90 degrees you know what
+the the real reason I'm using signs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real reason I'm using signs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the real reason I'm using signs is
+because they they're zero at Z equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're zero at Z equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they're zero at Z equals z
+so they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're easy to
+draw but no you could do it there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but no you could do it there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw but no you could do it there in
+fact if you don't like it just wait you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you don't like it just wait you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you don't like it just wait you
+know pi over six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pi over six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pi over six and
+then you've got cosiness yeah the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got cosiness yeah the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got cosiness yeah the thing
+that's important about three phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important about three phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important about three phase
+however is making sure what which order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is making sure what which order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is making sure what which order
+is which right and in fact we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which right and in fact we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which right and in fact we'll talk
+about this but they often color code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but they often color code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but they often color code the
+leads you know you need these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you know you need these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads you know you need these different
+leads that you're wiring and you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads that you're wiring and you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads that you're wiring and you got to
+make sure you get your phase order right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get your phase order right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you get your phase order right
+because otherwise things uh rotate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise things uh rotate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise things uh rotate in
+the opposite direction from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction from what you
+think and there there's a there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and there there's a there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and there there's a there's a very
+famous example of this um where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example of this um where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous example of this um where there
+was a there was a famous English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there was a famous English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a there was a famous English
+researcher that used to make three-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher that used to make three-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher that used to make three-phase
+essentially rail guns using polyphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rail guns using polyphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rail guns using polyphase
+power and he you know use it to throw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and he you know use it to throw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and he you know use it to throw a
+a projectile off the end and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projectile off the end and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a projectile off the end and he was
+doing a demo for the I think the Prince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demo for the I think the Prince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demo for the I think the Prince
+of Wales like you know the royalty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wales like you know the royalty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Wales like you know the royalty in
+England and uh in between he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and uh in between he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and uh in between he actually
+you know somebody had shut it down he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody had shut it down he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody had shut it down he
+reconnected and he reconnected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnected and he reconnected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnected and he reconnected it
+backwards so instead of throwing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so instead of throwing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so instead of throwing the
+projectile that way it threw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile that way it threw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile that way it threw the
+projectile that way and almost took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile that way and almost took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectile that way and almost took the
+head off of the Prince of Wales so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head off of the Prince of Wales so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head off of the Prince of Wales so you
+do have to be careful about which your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be careful about which your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to be careful about which your
+phase order is but whether it's sign or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase order is but whether it's sign or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase order is but whether it's sign or
+cosine you know take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine you know take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine you know take your
+pick okay so um what this says is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so um what this says is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so um what this says is if I
+did this I get this scaling if I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this I get this scaling if I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this I get this scaling if I looked
+at the other line toline phases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other line toline phases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the other line toline phases right
+this is VAB I just plotted I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VAB I just plotted I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VAB I just plotted I will get
+another three-phase set that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three-phase set that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three-phase set that essentially
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so I get a scaling by theun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I get a scaling by theun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so I get a scaling by theun of
+three and I get a phase shift and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I get a phase shift and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and I get a phase shift and it may
+be that maybe I have a load that wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that maybe I have a load that wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that maybe I have a load that wants
+to have higher resistance so that scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have higher resistance so that scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have higher resistance so that scale
+of square of three in voltage does me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square of three in voltage does me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of square of three in voltage does me
+some good and what we're going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good and what we're going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good and what we're going to see is
+there's certain converters where if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain converters where if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain converters where if I
+can generate a natural phase shift by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate a natural phase shift by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate a natural phase shift by a
+square of three I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of three I get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of three I get an
+advantage okay so that can be handy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage okay so that can be handy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage okay so that can be handy in
+itself but here's the other piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but here's the other piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but here's the other piece of it
+by adding up I could take Transformers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding up I could take Transformers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding up I could take Transformers
+if I had this three-phase set I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had this three-phase set I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had this three-phase set I could
+take Transformers take a piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Transformers take a piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Transformers take a piece of this
+voltage a piece of this voltage and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage a piece of this voltage and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage a piece of this voltage and a
+piece of this voltage and if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this voltage and if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of this voltage and if I do that
+in a balanced way I can actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a balanced way I can actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a balanced way I can actually create
+three-phase sets with any arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase sets with any arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase sets with any arbitrarily
+phase shift that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift that I
+want okay and that turns out to be handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay and that turns out to be handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay and that turns out to be handy
+for some kinds of converters you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some kinds of converters you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some kinds of converters you might
+want to build because we can do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build because we can do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build because we can do things
+like we talked about harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about harmonic
+cancellation or Ripple cancellation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation or Ripple cancellation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation or Ripple cancellation with
+inner leaving I have a natural way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner leaving I have a natural way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner leaving I have a natural way to to
+generate phase shifted sets of signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate phase shifted sets of signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate phase shifted sets of signals
+if I have a balanced three-phase set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a balanced three-phase set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a balanced three-phase set and
+I can generate other balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can generate other balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can generate other balanced
+three-phase sets when I say balanced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase sets when I say balanced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-phase sets when I say balanced I
+mean the three of them add to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the three of them add to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the three of them add to zero
+instantaneously at any given time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at any given time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at any given time I
+guess I left off my third phase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which should have been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should have been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should have been like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+BC okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so um in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um in terms
+of sort of the benefit of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the benefit of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of the benefit of doing
+polyphase right we've said we can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase right we've said we can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase right we've said we can um
+transfer constant power and hence get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer constant power and hence get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer constant power and hence get
+constant torque generate rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque generate rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque generate rotating
+magnetic fields we can send energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields we can send energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields we can send energy at
+much lower transmission loss okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower transmission loss okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower transmission loss okay which
+is why all longdistance things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why all longdistance things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why all longdistance things are
+either done as polyphase AC or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either done as polyphase AC or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either done as polyphase AC or sometimes
+high voltage DC depending upon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage DC depending upon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage DC depending upon what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+doing there is uh another huge advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there is uh another huge advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing there is uh another huge advantage
+to polyphase and we're going to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polyphase and we're going to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polyphase and we're going to see this
+as we start to look at uh converters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to look at uh converters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we start to look at uh converters and
+that's the following suppose I went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the following suppose I went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the following suppose I went and
+built a system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a system like this
+okay but let me um let me imagine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me um let me imagine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me um let me imagine in
+fact what I'll do is let me connect up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I'll do is let me connect up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what I'll do is let me connect up a
+y connected load here okay so I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y connected load here okay so I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y connected load here okay so I'll I'll
+go and it doesn't actually matter if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and it doesn't actually matter if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and it doesn't actually matter if the
+load is y or Delta but it's it's clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is y or Delta but it's it's clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is y or Delta but it's it's clearer
+to see here okay so suppose I have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see here okay so suppose I have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see here okay so suppose I have you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+some set of loads that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of loads that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of loads that looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually no let me back up on that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no let me back up on that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no let me back up on that let
+me let me do the Delta connected load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me do the Delta connected load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me do the Delta connected load
+it's actually easier to see in Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to see in Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to see in Delta
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+um it applies either way but but suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it applies either way but but suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it applies either way but but suppose
+I suppose I do this suppose I connect up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I do this suppose I connect up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I do this suppose I connect up
+I have some load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some load
+here and then I connect another load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I connect another load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I connect another load
+here okay and then the last load here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's no neutral point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no neutral point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's no neutral point
+Connection in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connection in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connection in this thing
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um if I looked at these things now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I looked at these things now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I looked at these things now these
+could be resistors in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be resistors in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be resistors in which case
+everything is simple but if I if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is simple but if I if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is simple but if I if I'm
+going to start to create rectifiers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to create rectifiers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to create rectifiers or
+other elements right just because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements right just because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements right just because my
+voltages are sine waves doesn't mean my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are sine waves doesn't mean my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are sine waves doesn't mean my
+currents are sine waves right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are sine waves right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are sine waves right if you
+think about right at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about right at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about right at the beginning of
+class right we said we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we said we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right we said we could have
+a a rectifier wave for form whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a rectifier wave for form whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a rectifier wave for form whose
+current look like sort of a square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current look like sort of a square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current look like sort of a square wave
+or something like that right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that right the the
+currents don't have to follow and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents don't have to follow and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents don't have to follow and be
+linear compared to the voltages they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear compared to the voltages they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear compared to the voltages they
+they don't have to be proportional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to be proportional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to be proportional so
+let me just imagine that these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just imagine that these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just imagine that these are some
+kind of nonlinear elements right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nonlinear elements right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nonlinear elements right and the
+only thing I'm the only constraint I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I'm the only constraint I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I'm the only constraint I'm
+going to place on them is they act in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place on them is they act in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to place on them is they act in a
+way that you know whatever this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you know whatever this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you know whatever this guy is
+doing this guy is doing a third of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this guy is doing a third of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this guy is doing a third of a
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+later right so what I'm saying is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later right so what I'm saying is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later right so what I'm saying is you
+know if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this were
+some current I'll call it iix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T right then this current and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right then this current and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right then this current and I'm not
+I'm not keeping to my earlier color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not keeping to my earlier color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not keeping to my earlier color
+conventions but this current then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions but this current then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions but this current then would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+iix this would be I ofx I subx of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix this would be I ofx I subx of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix this would be I ofx I subx of T
+minus Capital T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Capital T3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Capital T3
+okay I'm getting a phase shift in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm getting a phase shift in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm getting a phase shift in my
+currents okay so then what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay so then what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay so then what is this
+current going to be if I looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going to be if I looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going to be if I looked at the
+net line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net line
+current so I'll look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'll look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'll look at this
+current right I'll I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right I'll I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right I'll I'm going to call
+this I sub B of T is simply going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I sub B of T is simply going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I sub B of T is simply going to be
+I subx of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subx of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subx of
+T minus I subx of T minus capital T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus I subx of T minus capital T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T minus I subx of T minus capital T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a third of a cycle phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a third of a cycle phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have a third of a cycle phase
+shift the third of a fundamental cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the third of a fundamental cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the third of a fundamental cycle
+phase shift uh and it's he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift uh and it's he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift uh and it's he's the
+difference between something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something and
+something shifted by a third of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shifted by a third of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something shifted by a third of a
+cycle right well why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right well why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle right well why is that
+important suppose I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important suppose I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important suppose I could
+write iix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write iix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write iix of
+t as a summation let's assume he has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as a summation let's assume he has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as a summation let's assume he has no
+DC component so this could be Nal 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC component so this could be Nal 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC component so this could be Nal 1 to
+Infinity of i subn s of n Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of i subn s of n Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of i subn s of n Omega t plus
+pi subn right that means that I sub B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T would be equal to this minus a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to this minus a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T would be equal to this minus a shift
+of a third of a cycle which I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a third of a cycle which I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a third of a cycle which I could
+rewrite as Nal 1 to Infinity of I subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as Nal 1 to Infinity of I subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite as Nal 1 to Infinity of I subn
+times s of n Omega t + 5 subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s of n Omega t + 5 subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s of n Omega t + 5 subn
+minus s of n Omega t plus 5 subn plus nt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over3 Okay so it's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 Okay so it's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 Okay so it's the difference
+between a signal and a signal where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a signal and a signal where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a signal and a signal where I'm
+shifting by T over3 in time but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting by T over3 in time but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting by T over3 in time but for the
+nth harmonic that is a phase of nt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth harmonic that is a phase of nt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth harmonic that is a phase of nt
+over3 Okay and what that means is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 Okay and what that means is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 Okay and what that means is uh
+actually that should be I'm sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that should be I'm sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that should be I'm sorry this
+should be an N Omega t T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 and Omega T over 3 and and Omega T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and Omega T over 3 and and Omega T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and Omega T over 3 and and Omega T is
+just 2 pi so it's n * 2 pi over 3 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2 pi so it's n * 2 pi over 3 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2 pi so it's n * 2 pi over 3 right
+so that means every time N is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means every time N is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means every time N is a multiple
+of three I'm taking a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three I'm taking a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three I'm taking a difference between
+something and something with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and something with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and something with the same
+phase right so this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right so this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase right so this is exactly the
+harmonic cancellation game we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation game we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation game we were
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about uh in previous classes right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in previous classes right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in previous classes right we
+said with inverters if I if I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said with inverters if I if I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said with inverters if I if I could get
+two waveforms and shift them by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waveforms and shift them by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waveforms and shift them by the
+right angle I would start to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle I would start to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle I would start to cancel
+harmonics well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancels all triple n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmonics okay so that means um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay so that means um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay so that means um if I
+have halfwave symmetric waveforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halfwave symmetric waveforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have halfwave symmetric waveforms and
+that's sort of depends upon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of depends upon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of depends upon this
+nonlinearity or the rectifier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity or the rectifier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity or the rectifier I
+use I get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I get no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use I get no
+evens and then I cancel three and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens and then I cancel three and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evens and then I cancel three and six
+and n and then the lowest harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n and then the lowest harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n and then the lowest harmonic
+content I would have in the actual line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content I would have in the actual line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content I would have in the actual line
+wave form would be the fifth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form would be the fifth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave form would be the fifth and the
+seventh so suddenly even though I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh so suddenly even though I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh so suddenly even though I may
+have kind of some very rectifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of some very rectifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of some very rectifier that
+draws very funky current waveforms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws very funky current waveforms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws very funky current waveforms I
+start to eliminate or actually to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to eliminate or actually to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to eliminate or actually to be
+accurate cancel out harmonic content I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate cancel out harmonic content I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate cancel out harmonic content I
+don't like okay and sort of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like okay and sort of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like okay and sort of the three
+phase waveform set will give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase waveform set will give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase waveform set will give you that
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+beautifully okay so all of all the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully okay so all of all the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully okay so all of all the games
+I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+about right the first couple ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right the first couple ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right the first couple ones you
+can do with two phase right you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with two phase right you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with two phase right you can get
+a rotating magnetic field with two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating magnetic field with two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rotating magnetic field with two phase
+um you can get constant power transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get constant power transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can get constant power transfer
+with two phase if I add a phase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two phase if I add a phase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two phase if I add a phase I
+suddenly start to get these balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start to get these balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly start to get these balanced
+wave forms that will uh cancel trip n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave forms that will uh cancel trip n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave forms that will uh cancel trip n
+harmonics it will it will also give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics it will it will also give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics it will it will also give me
+much lower conduction loss in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower conduction loss in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower conduction loss in my
+conductors so um I get much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors so um I get much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors so um I get much better
+performance out of three phase than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of three phase than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance out of three phase than I
+get out of two phase now you said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of two phase now you said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of two phase now you said well
+what if I had four phase four phase also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I had four phase four phase also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I had four phase four phase also
+adds up to zero and I can get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to zero and I can get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to zero and I can get all the
+benefits I talked about in four phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits I talked about in four phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits I talked about in four phase
+except that I'd cancel different sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I'd cancel different sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that I'd cancel different sets of
+harmonics okay so it wouldn't be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay so it wouldn't be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics okay so it wouldn't be quite
+as good in that regard especially if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good in that regard especially if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good in that regard especially if I'm
+going to have things that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have things that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have things that don't have
+even harmonics anyways but the be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harmonics anyways but the be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harmonics anyways but the be but
+the beauty of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of it is
+is that you know three is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know three is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know three is sort of the
+simplest number that gives you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest number that gives you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest number that gives you the most
+benefit okay so people talk about higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay so people talk about higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit okay so people talk about higher
+numbers of poly phases and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of poly phases and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of poly phases and people have
+worked on it but in practice you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it but in practice you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on it but in practice you want
+the simplest thing that's really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing that's really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing that's really good
+and three-phase is it so two-phase gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three-phase is it so two-phase gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three-phase is it so two-phase gives
+you some of the benefits you go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the benefits you go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the benefits you go up to
+three phase and you get all the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase and you get all the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phase and you get all the benefits
+you want you go to more phases well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you go to more phases well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you go to more phases well yeah
+you can get it but it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it but it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it but it's more complicated
+so why do it okay so that's sort of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do it okay so that's sort of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do it okay so that's sort of uh a
+lightening introduction to all the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightening introduction to all the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightening introduction to all the or
+many of the benefits of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the benefits of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the benefits of having a
+polyphase signal so you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase signal so you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyphase signal so you know if you're
+in your home and you're up to you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home and you're up to you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home and you're up to you know a
+couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+kilowatts um you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts um you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatts um you're going to see
+singlephase systems when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase systems when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase systems when you get to
+higher power levels for motor drives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher power levels for motor drives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher power levels for motor drives or
+electric vehicle drives or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicle drives or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicle drives or you know
+whatever whatever you have a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever you have a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever you have a lot of that
+is all done in three-phase and all AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all done in three-phase and all AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all done in three-phase and all AC
+power Transmissions all three phase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Transmissions all three phase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Transmissions all three phase so
+if you look up on the you know look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look up on the you know look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look up on the you know look up
+at the towers you're going to see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the towers you're going to see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the towers you're going to see three
+lines big lines going across and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines big lines going across and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines big lines going across and those
+are your three phases so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your three phases so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your three phases so I'm going to
+pause there are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause there are there any questions
+about just this introduction to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just this introduction to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just this introduction to three
+phase before we start to talk about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase before we start to talk about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase before we start to talk about you
+know the actual Power Electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+content all right we'll wrap it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content all right we'll wrap it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content all right we'll wrap it there
+and we will pick this up next class have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will pick this up next class have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will pick this up next class have
+a great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JIw9mnVeFig.txt b/JIw9mnVeFig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..226a00b2c1ad039b1d62ee7e41440caec3d17725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JIw9mnVeFig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8549 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone so
+i'm going to start off uh today with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to start off uh today with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to start off uh today with a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a small demonstration and i wonder if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small demonstration and i wonder if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small demonstration and i wonder if
+somebody could tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody could tell me
+what what are the states of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the states of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the states of matter
+yeah i liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid liquid gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma good good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma good good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma good good okay
+so the plasma is one you know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plasma is one you know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the plasma is one you know that we
+don't oftentimes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't oftentimes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't oftentimes uh
+talk about and that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about and that's what we're going
+to be talking about in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about in this lecture
+so what we're going to what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to what we're going
+to do a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a plasma
+basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a group of ionized gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of ionized gas molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of ionized gas molecules
+the sun and the stars of plasma this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and the stars of plasma this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and the stars of plasma this is
+a plasma globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasma globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plasma globe
+which on a small scale you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on a small scale you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which on a small scale you're not
+actually going to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be able to see
+the plasma inside because it's not hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma inside because it's not hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma inside because it's not hot
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+but we'll be able to see the colors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be able to see the colors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll be able to see the colors from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+emissions so ionization is when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so ionization is when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions so ionization is when an
+electron hits a gas particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits a gas particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits a gas particle
+kicks an electron off and produces a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks an electron off and produces a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks an electron off and produces a gas
+ion that's ionization that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that's ionization that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion that's ionization that's what's
+happening on the sun and the stars i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the sun and the stars i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on the sun and the stars i
+mean you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you've got
+the sea of ions that's malty hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea of ions that's malty hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea of ions that's malty hot
+and then emission happens when the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then emission happens when the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then emission happens when the gas
+ion grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion grabs
+its electron back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electron back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its electron back and
+and that and what it does is then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and what it does is then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and what it does is then it
+gives off light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives off light
+and that's what we're going to see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to see here
+so i've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got two
+plasmas actually i've got the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas actually i've got the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas actually i've got the plasma
+globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe
+and i've also got a fluorescent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've also got a fluorescent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've also got a fluorescent light
+bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb
+which is also a plasma and i need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a plasma and i need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a plasma and i need a
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+someone who wants to be a conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who wants to be a conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who wants to be a conductor
+between the two plasmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two plasmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two plasmas
+someone who's not a alec come on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so alex you can you can stand right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alex you can you can stand right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alex you can you can stand right in
+the front actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front actually
+kind of over here so so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over here so so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over here so so we're going to
+start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by
+just shining 120 volts through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shining 120 volts through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shining 120 volts through this
+globe that's 120 volts going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe that's 120 volts going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe that's 120 volts going through
+and what i'm going to be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to be doing is
+putting 70 000 volts through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then and then we're going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then we're going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then we're going to you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+alex is going to be the conductor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex is going to be the conductor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex is going to be the conductor so
+we're going to put the 70 000 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the 70 000 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put the 70 000 volts
+through alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through alec
+and they will they'll crawl along his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will they'll crawl along his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will they'll crawl along his
+skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin
+the surface of his skin and he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of his skin and he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of his skin and he's going
+to hold the fluorescent light bulb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the fluorescent light bulb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the fluorescent light bulb in
+his other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his other
+hand and i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and i don't know
+hopefully he'll be able to light it i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully he'll be able to light it i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully he'll be able to light it i
+mean in that fluorescent light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in that fluorescent light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in that fluorescent light bulb
+it's plasma there's mercury you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plasma there's mercury you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plasma there's mercury you have to
+ionize the mercury first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize the mercury first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize the mercury first
+it gives off uv radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives off uv radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives off uv radiation
+grabs its electron back and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs its electron back and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs its electron back and then it
+shines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines that
+that invisible uv on the phosphorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invisible uv on the phosphorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that invisible uv on the phosphorescent
+coating of the bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating of the bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating of the bulb
+and we see the white you know the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see the white you know the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see the white you know the white
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+given off so we'll try this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given off so we'll try this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given off so we'll try this out
+can someone shut the lights off there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone shut the lights off there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can someone shut the lights off there
+just turn those lights off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep just hold i think so yeah just hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep just hold i think so yeah just hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep just hold i think so yeah just hold
+that in that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that's perfect
+and so before we start alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before we start alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before we start alec
+i think we're going to have you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to have you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're going to have you uh
+let's see if we get this thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we get this thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we get this thing going
+here want to just bring your hand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here want to just bring your hand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here want to just bring your hand up
+toward that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right
+put this pair of goggles on just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this pair of goggles on just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this pair of goggles on just in case
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+okay mainly for the fluorescent bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mainly for the fluorescent bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mainly for the fluorescent bulb
+okay so now now what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now now what's going to happen
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+is i'm going to have you hold your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to have you hold your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm going to have you hold your hand
+there and don't take it off you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't take it off you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and don't take it off you're not
+going to get shocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get shocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get shocked
+okay and i'm going to have you hold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to have you hold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to have you hold this
+in your other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your other hand
+now put your hand there good now here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put your hand there good now here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put your hand there good now here we
+go ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wow all right you feel a little warmth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right you feel a little warmth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow all right you feel a little warmth
+on your hand yeah not too hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+70 000 volts going through him along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 000 volts going through him along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 000 volts going through him along the
+surface of his skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of his skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of his skin
+coming out the hand and ionizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out the hand and ionizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out the hand and ionizing the
+mercury in a fluorescent light bulb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in a fluorescent light bulb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in a fluorescent light bulb so
+that's pretty good thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good thank you very much
+alex you're very brave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex you're very brave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alex you're very brave
+yeah give him a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah give him a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah give him a hint
+all right so you you saw two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you you saw two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you you saw two
+two plasmas there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plasmas there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plasmas there and
+the plasma we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma we're going to talk about
+today and here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and here we'll
+bring the lights back up there oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the lights back up there oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the lights back up there oh there
+we go he's got him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go he's got him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go he's got him
+we've got our own technician here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our own technician here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got our own technician here so
+excellent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so
+we've reached the final lecture in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached the final lecture in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reached the final lecture in this
+series the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the
+uh we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to be talking about
+inductively coupled plasma mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively coupled plasma mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively coupled plasma mass
+spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+and this this is a lecture where you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is a lecture where you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is a lecture where you'll
+be able to impress yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to impress yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to impress yourself
+and your friends because there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your friends because there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your friends because there's only
+two of these machines at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these machines at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these machines at mit
+and it's a very rare opportunity we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very rare opportunity we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very rare opportunity we're
+actually introducing this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introducing this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introducing this machine
+in 5 310. you're going to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5 310. you're going to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5 310. you're going to be the first
+ones that have an opportunity to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have an opportunity to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that have an opportunity to use
+this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine
+so we're going to answer a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to answer a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to answer a series of
+questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here
+what is icpms what can be detected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is icpms what can be detected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is icpms what can be detected with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+what are the main components how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the main components how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the main components how it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and some of the challenges we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the challenges we're going
+to face in using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face in using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to face in using it
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk a little bit about
+the mit experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mit experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mit experiment
+and we'll spend the last 10 minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll spend the last 10 minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll spend the last 10 minutes or
+so talking about mercury analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking about mercury analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so talking about mercury analysis
+so inductively coupled plasma mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inductively coupled plasma mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inductively coupled plasma mass
+spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+there are two things that separate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that separate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that separate this
+from all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all other
+forms of mass spec and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of mass spec and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of mass spec and
+they are high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a combination of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a combination of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a combination of those two
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+that that allows the sample to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it undergoes atomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes atomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes atomization
+and then ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what what you can actually detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you can actually detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you can actually detect
+with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is
+pretty much most of the elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most of the elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much most of the elements in the
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+at the part per trillion level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the part per trillion level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the part per trillion level
+that's mind-boggling at the part per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mind-boggling at the part per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's mind-boggling at the part per
+trillion level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion level
+and what this machine does is it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this machine does is it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this machine does is it it
+scans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scans
+from 5 lithium this is the mass scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 5 lithium this is the mass scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 5 lithium this is the mass scale
+up to 260
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 260
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 260
+which is uranium now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uranium now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uranium now that's
+another big difference between this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big difference between this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big difference between this and
+the other forms of mass spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other forms of mass spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other forms of mass spectrometry
+because the other forms we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other forms we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the other forms we have
+molecular weights that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weights that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weights that are in the
+hundreds of thousands for these nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands for these nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands for these nucleic
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+these carbohydrates the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbohydrates the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these carbohydrates the uh the
+you know that were the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that were the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that were the proteins that
+we're trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to study
+and from from regular mass spec which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from from regular mass spec which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from from regular mass spec which is
+a much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much lower
+energy much lower ionization we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy much lower ionization we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy much lower ionization we're
+looking for molecular weight information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for molecular weight information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for molecular weight information
+about these biomolecules and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these biomolecules and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these biomolecules and some
+fragmentation information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation information
+so we're primarily concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're primarily concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're primarily concerned about
+carbon hydrogen oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen oxygen
+nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur
+those are pretty much the six elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pretty much the six elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are pretty much the six elements
+regular mass spec would be concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular mass spec would be concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular mass spec would be concerned
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+with this machine we're rapidly scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this machine we're rapidly scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this machine we're rapidly scanning
+the whole range of all these elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole range of all these elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole range of all these elements
+and the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass
+range the top mass range is 260 for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the top mass range is 260 for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range the top mass range is 260 for this
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+so that's that's the big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the big difference
+now what are the main components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we've got is we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've got is we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've got is we've got our
+sample introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample introduction
+and the sample is going to be a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sample is going to be a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sample is going to be a liquid
+so it's a liquid that enters the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a liquid that enters the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a liquid that enters the sample
+intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro
+and that liquid is converted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an aerosol and the aerosol gets shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aerosol and the aerosol gets shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aerosol and the aerosol gets shot
+into a plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plasma
+ion source and in that ion source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion source and in that ion source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion source and in that ion source
+that's where your your ionization takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where your your ionization takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where your your ionization takes
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sample is going to be dried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is going to be dried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample is going to be dried out
+decomposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed
+atomized and the elements are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomized and the elements are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomized and the elements are going to
+be ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ionized
+and then we've got an ion lens which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got an ion lens which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got an ion lens which
+focuses that ion beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses that ion beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses that ion beam
+so this focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focuses the ion beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also have a collision reaction cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a collision reaction cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a collision reaction cell
+where we actually introduce helium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually introduce helium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we actually introduce helium and
+the helium bombards our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium bombards our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helium bombards our
+ions and gets rid of the interferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and gets rid of the interferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and gets rid of the interferences
+like the polyatomic ions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the polyatomic ions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the polyatomic ions we're going to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+so this this removes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the the monatomic ions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the monatomic ions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the monatomic ions that are
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+enter this quadruple mass analyzer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this quadruple mass analyzer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this quadruple mass analyzer which
+is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four
+rods the ions travel down the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods the ions travel down the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods the ions travel down the center of
+those rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rods
+and they're sorted by their mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sorted by their mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're sorted by their mass to
+charge ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ions are then counted at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions are then counted at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ions are then counted at the
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+and we've got the detector actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got the detector actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got the detector actually
+records the counts per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the counts per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the counts per second
+of every ion hitting it and these counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every ion hitting it and these counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every ion hitting it and these counts
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+like hundreds of thousands of counts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hundreds of thousands of counts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hundreds of thousands of counts for
+each ion every second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so counts per second recorded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counts per second recorded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so counts per second recorded and
+interestingly the detector takes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the detector takes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly the detector takes those
+counts per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts per second
+and then it goes and looks at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes and looks at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it goes and looks at our
+calibration standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+and it associates those counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it associates those counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it associates those counts per
+second with our concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second with our concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second with our concentrations
+in our calibration standards and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our calibration standards and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our calibration standards and then
+you've got concentration for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got concentration for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got concentration for your
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+so the counts per second then head into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the counts per second then head into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the counts per second then head into
+our data system and the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data system and the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data system and the software
+analyzes all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes all this
+and produces us as some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces us as some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces us as some data
+let's take a look and see how it how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look and see how it how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look and see how it how it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's our sample a liquid sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our sample a liquid sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our sample a liquid sample
+and we've got a little peristaltic pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a little peristaltic pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got a little peristaltic pump
+that pumps the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pumps the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pumps the liquid
+up to this thing called a nebulizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this thing called a nebulizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this thing called a nebulizer
+the nebulizer is going to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nebulizer is going to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nebulizer is going to convert it
+into an aerosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an aerosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an aerosol
+but coming in here notice there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coming in here notice there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but coming in here notice there's a
+dilution gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution gas
+it's the dilution gas is argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the dilution gas is argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the dilution gas is argon
+and argon actually dilutes our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argon actually dilutes our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and argon actually dilutes our sample
+right at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at that point
+before it enters this spray chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it enters this spray chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it enters this spray chamber
+once the aerosol gets in here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the aerosol gets in here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the aerosol gets in here there's a
+makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makeup
+gas also argon that pushes the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas also argon that pushes the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas also argon that pushes the droplets
+down to the bottom of the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the bottom of the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the bottom of the tube
+once they're down here they have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they're down here they have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they're down here they have to make
+two right turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right turns
+to end up outside the ion source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up outside the ion source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up outside the ion source
+and those two right hand turns cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two right hand turns cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two right hand turns cause the
+larger droplets to be pumped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger droplets to be pumped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger droplets to be pumped out
+and fall by the waveside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fall by the waveside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fall by the waveside so
+the most sample that is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sample that is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sample that is actually going
+to enter this ion source is only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this ion source is only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enter this ion source is only about
+two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent
+of our original sample we've gotten rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our original sample we've gotten rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our original sample we've gotten rid
+of the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rest
+now once it goes into this this ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once it goes into this this ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once it goes into this this ion
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+there are three concentric glass tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three concentric glass tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three concentric glass tubes
+so the ions will go into the center tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ions will go into the center tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ions will go into the center tube
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and look look at these gases coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look look at these gases coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look look at these gases coming in
+here plasma gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plasma gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plasma gas
+and auxiliary gas they're coming in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auxiliary gas they're coming in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and auxiliary gas they're coming in at
+right angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles
+and both of those gases are argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of those gases are argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both of those gases are argon
+so the gas comes in at right angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas comes in at right angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas comes in at right angles and
+it forms like a mini tornado
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms like a mini tornado
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms like a mini tornado
+inside of this tube it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this tube it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of this tube it's like a
+hurricane going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane going on
+in there and that cyclonic motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and that cyclonic motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and that cyclonic motion
+picks up the sample into a vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up the sample into a vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up the sample into a vortex
+and what goes into a vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what goes into a vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what goes into a vortex
+stays in a vortex right so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in a vortex right so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in a vortex right so you've got
+your sample trapped up in this vortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample trapped up in this vortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample trapped up in this vortex
+moving through this tube and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through this tube and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through this tube and then
+there's an electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electrode
+sending electrons out and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending electrons out and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending electrons out and look at this
+we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got this
+rf coil wrapped around the glass too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf coil wrapped around the glass too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf coil wrapped around the glass too
+that's producing uh about 1 500 watts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's producing uh about 1 500 watts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's producing uh about 1 500 watts of
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+it's like 27.1 megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 27.1 megahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 27.1 megahertz
+and look at my hand the old right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at my hand the old right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at my hand the old right hand
+rule goes into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule goes into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule goes into play
+remember this what are my fingers doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this what are my fingers doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this what are my fingers doing
+what are we making in that tube roberto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we making in that tube roberto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we making in that tube roberto
+yeah an electromagnetic field and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an electromagnetic field and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an electromagnetic field and that
+electromagnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field
+is is thrashing around in there and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is thrashing around in there and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is thrashing around in there and it's
+so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so powerful
+that it that can rip an electron off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that can rip an electron off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that can rip an electron off
+argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+so we've got our argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got our argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got our argon
+hitting that energy there's your high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that energy there's your high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that energy there's your high
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+and you've got argon ions plus electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got argon ions plus electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got argon ions plus electrons
+and those eye argon ions and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those eye argon ions and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those eye argon ions and electrons
+are just smashing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just smashing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just smashing around
+twirling around in there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twirling around in there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twirling around in there and the
+collisions from that the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from that the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from that the kinetic energy
+that's given off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given off
+that's your plasma so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your plasma so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your plasma so that's all
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+inside of that too let's take a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that too let's take a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that too let's take a bigger
+bigger view of it this is a blown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger view of it this is a blown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger view of it this is a blown up
+view of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of what
+what's happening here so here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here so here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here so here's your
+aerosol sample going down the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol sample going down the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerosol sample going down the center
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+what happens to the sample is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the sample is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to the sample is it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+the liquid is dried out to a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is dried out to a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is dried out to a solid
+in that tube and then that solid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tube and then that solid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tube and then that solid is
+vaporized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaporized
+it's atomized decomposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's atomized decomposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's atomized decomposed and
+then ionized the temperatures in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ionized the temperatures in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ionized the temperatures in here
+they can get up to eight thousand kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get up to eight thousand kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get up to eight thousand kelvin
+i mean we're talking like you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we're talking like you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we're talking like you're talking
+like the temperature of the sun is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the temperature of the sun is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the temperature of the sun is what
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+six thousand or a little under six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thousand or a little under six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thousand or a little under six
+thousand kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand kelvin
+so the temperatures are very hot and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperatures are very hot and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the temperatures are very hot and you
+can see this plasma when the machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this plasma when the machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this plasma when the machine is
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+you'll see the glow of this white hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the glow of this white hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the glow of this white hot
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+that's actually formed in there so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually formed in there so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually formed in there so what
+you've got is your ions coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got is your ions coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got is your ions coming out
+your plus charged ions will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plus charged ions will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plus charged ions will come out
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and
+what's going to happen is they will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is they will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is they will then
+enter the ion lens which i'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the ion lens which i'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the ion lens which i'll show you
+so what what i've done here is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what i've done here is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what i've done here is i've
+actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um
+actually opened up our machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opened up our machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opened up our machine and
+this is the ion source that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ion source that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the ion source that's the that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh that's where the plasma is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's where the plasma is generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's where the plasma is generated
+it's a glass tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a glass tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a glass tube
+and it's got you can see the rf coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got you can see the rf coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's got you can see the rf coil
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and right behind it you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right behind it you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right behind it you can't see
+is is this sample cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this sample cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is this sample cone
+so what i did is pushed a button here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i did is pushed a button here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i did is pushed a button here
+and moved this back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moved this back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moved this back
+to reveal the sample cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal the sample cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reveal the sample cone
+now think about this inside of this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about this inside of this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think about this inside of this box
+you've got like 6 000 kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like 6 000 kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got like 6 000 kelvin
+going on in there outside is room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in there outside is room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in there outside is room
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+it's like putting putting the earth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like putting putting the earth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like putting putting the earth a
+couple miles away from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles away from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles away from the sun
+that's what that's what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what you're doing
+here and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what this
+cone is it's made of copper and it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone is it's made of copper and it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone is it's made of copper and it's got
+a nickel center with a little hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nickel center with a little hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nickel center with a little hole in it
+and what happens is this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens is this there's a
+grounding system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounding system here
+so the electrons coming out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons coming out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the electrons coming out of this
+torch box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torch box
+coming out at the speed of light go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the speed of light go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out at the speed of light go to
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+the positive charges the ions cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charges the ions cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive charges the ions cannot go
+to ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground
+so they they build up on this cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they build up on this cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they they build up on this cone
+and here you've got a cone with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you've got a cone with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you've got a cone with all
+these positive ions building up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positive ions building up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these positive ions building up with a
+tiny hole in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny hole in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny hole in it
+it's a no-brainer they get pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a no-brainer they get pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a no-brainer they get pushed
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+and so um on the other side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um on the other side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um on the other side of this
+box is the high vacuum low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is the high vacuum low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is the high vacuum low pressure
+area of the mass spectrometer so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the mass spectrometer so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the mass spectrometer so we've
+got here we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here we've got this
+high temperature high pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature high pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature high pressure
+we've got room temperature and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got room temperature and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got room temperature and then
+we've got low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got low pressure
+three areas of this of this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three areas of this of this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three areas of this of this mass
+spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer
+so the ions going through this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ions going through this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ions going through this that's
+the best definition of an ion lens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best definition of an ion lens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best definition of an ion lens you
+can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have
+and i unscrewed this so you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i unscrewed this so you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i unscrewed this so you could see
+inside there's a skimmer cone another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there's a skimmer cone another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there's a skimmer cone another
+cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone
+before you get into the high vacuum area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's talk a moment about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk a moment about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk a moment about the
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges
+with this uh system there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh system there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this uh system there are some
+challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing is easy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is easy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing is easy right
+in this world everything is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world everything is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world everything is can be
+challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging
+so it turns out that there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that there are a lot of
+isotopes of different elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of different elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of different elements
+that have the the same mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the the same mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the the same mass
+they overlap these are isobaric overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap these are isobaric overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap these are isobaric overlap
+calcium 40 and argon 40 iron 58 nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium 40 and argon 40 iron 58 nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium 40 and argon 40 iron 58 nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium 115 and 10 115
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium 115 and 10 115
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium 115 and 10 115
+isobaric overlaps are pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric overlaps are pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric overlaps are pretty easy to
+take care of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can we can choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can choose an
+interference-free isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference-free isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference-free isotope
+of the element that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element that means that
+every one of these elements has at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these elements has at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of these elements has at least
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+isotope that doesn't overlap so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that doesn't overlap so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope that doesn't overlap so with the
+icpms we can key in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icpms we can key in on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icpms we can key in on that
+isotope and measure just that isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope and measure just that isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope and measure just that isotope
+and we're good the only problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're good the only problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're good the only problem is
+indium 115 doesn't have any isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium 115 doesn't have any isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium 115 doesn't have any isotopes
+they all overlap with something so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all overlap with something so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all overlap with something so what
+we have to do is type an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is type an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is type an equation
+into the mass spectrometer to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mass spectrometer to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mass spectrometer to take care
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+and the main interference is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main interference is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main interference is 10
+115 so the equation is pretty simple we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115 so the equation is pretty simple we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+115 so the equation is pretty simple we
+take the counts per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the counts per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the counts per second
+of indium that we want that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indium that we want that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indium that we want that we want to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+and we we take the counts per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we take the counts per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we take the counts per second
+of everything which is the indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything which is the indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything which is the indium
+115 plus the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total counts we're seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total counts we're seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the total counts we're seeing and
+then we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we subtract
+the counts per second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counts per second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counts per second of
+the interferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way we get that is we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we get that is we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we get that is we multiply
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+by an isotope ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an isotope ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an isotope ratio
+we multiply it by the abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interferent divided by the abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferent divided by the abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferent divided by the abundance
+of an isotope of tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that does not interfere which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not interfere which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not interfere which would be
+10 118.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 118.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 118.
+so we can take those two abundances get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can take those two abundances get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can take those two abundances get
+a ratio there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio there
+multiply that times the total counts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that times the total counts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that times the total counts and
+end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting
+our counts for indium 115 and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counts for indium 115 and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our counts for indium 115 and all this
+is done by the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done by the software
+there's one other equation i have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other equation i have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other equation i have to put
+in this mass spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mass spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this mass spectrometer
+it's for lead because lead 206
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for lead because lead 206
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for lead because lead 206
+207 and 208 anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207 and 208 anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207 and 208 anytime
+you dig up lead anywhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig up lead anywhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig up lead anywhere in the world
+anywhere on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the earth
+basically the isotope ratios will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the isotope ratios will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the isotope ratios will always
+be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different
+because of all the radioactive decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the radioactive decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of all the radioactive decay
+that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on
+from when the earth was formed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when the earth was formed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when the earth was formed and
+so we put this in and we we add all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put this in and we we add all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put this in and we we add all the
+isotopes of lead up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of lead up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of lead up to
+to the 208 and we get a total and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 208 and we get a total and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 208 and we get a total and that
+that's good that's how we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's how we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good that's how we do it
+then we have these polyatomic ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the plasma you've got argon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma you've got argon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma you've got argon and
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+so they can combine with each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can combine with each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can combine with each other to
+form these polyatomics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these polyatomics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these polyatomics which
+interfere with other other elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with other other elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with other other elements
+they overlap directly argon argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap directly argon argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overlap directly argon argon
+which would be argon 40 and argon 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be argon 40 and argon 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be argon 40 and argon 38
+overlaps with selenium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps with selenium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaps with selenium and
+then if we add our matrix like our acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we add our matrix like our acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we add our matrix like our acids
+hydrochloric acid you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid you're putting
+chlorine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine in
+sulfuric you're putting sulfur nitric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric you're putting sulfur nitric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfuric you're putting sulfur nitric
+you're putting nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting nitrogen
+so you can have a whole slew of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a whole slew of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have a whole slew of these
+the two most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most
+challenging ones are selenium 78
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging ones are selenium 78
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging ones are selenium 78
+and arsenic 75 because those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arsenic 75 because those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arsenic 75 because those two
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+give the weakest signal of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the weakest signal of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the weakest signal of all the
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+for icpms they only ionize about 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icpms they only ionize about 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for icpms they only ionize about 30
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+so we've got to get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to get rid of these
+polyatomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomics
+another thing that can happen is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that can happen is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that can happen is you can
+have doubly charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have doubly charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have doubly charged
+ions form cerium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions form cerium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions form cerium is
+an element in our tuning solution cerium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in our tuning solution cerium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in our tuning solution cerium
+has a molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a molecular
+weight of 140. if it's doubly charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of 140. if it's doubly charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of 140. if it's doubly charged
+you divide that by two and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide that by two and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide that by two and you get
+70. so doubly charged cerium would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70. so doubly charged cerium would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70. so doubly charged cerium would
+interfere with gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with gallium
+so somehow we've got to take these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow we've got to take these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow we've got to take these into
+account and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and
+there's a whole table of them look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole table of them look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole table of them look at
+this i'm giving you this so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm giving you this so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm giving you this so you don't
+have to search for these in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search for these in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to search for these in the dark
+this is this is everything right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is everything right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is everything right here
+um everything that i wrote up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that i wrote up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything that i wrote up there
+isn't is included here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is included here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't is included here
+and typically most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically most of these
+interferences come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferences come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferences come
+below mass 82. so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below mass 82. so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below mass 82. so how do
+how are we going to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to deal with these
+we've got to figure out a way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to figure out a way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to figure out a way to deal
+with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them
+in comes the collision reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comes the collision reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in comes the collision reaction
+cell so just to put this back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so just to put this back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so just to put this back in
+perspective here's our nebulizer and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective here's our nebulizer and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective here's our nebulizer and our
+tube our torch and then this is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube our torch and then this is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube our torch and then this is the high
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+low pressure area of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure area of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressure area of the mass
+spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometer
+so we've got a collision reaction cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a collision reaction cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a collision reaction cell
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that we put helium in and we fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put helium in and we fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put helium in and we fill it
+with helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with helium
+and the helium starts colliding with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the helium starts colliding with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the helium starts colliding with the
+ions both the polyatomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions both the polyatomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions both the polyatomics
+and the monatomics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monatomics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the monatomics and
+those collisions give off the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those collisions give off the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those collisions give off the same
+kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy
+whether it's a plus one ion or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a plus one ion or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a plus one ion or a
+polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic
+however think about this polyatomics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however think about this polyatomics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however think about this polyatomics are
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+so they start colliding more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they start colliding more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they start colliding more frequently
+with the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the helium
+so they give off more kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they give off more kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they give off more kinetic energy
+so there's a positive discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a positive discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a positive discrimination
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+a kinetic energy of discrimination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic energy of discrimination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinetic energy of discrimination that
+prevents the polyatomics from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the polyatomics from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents the polyatomics from going
+out of that uh octopole that collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh octopole that collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that uh octopole that collision
+reaction cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction cell
+this is amazing i mean 15 years ago or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amazing i mean 15 years ago or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is amazing i mean 15 years ago or
+something they didn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they didn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they didn't have this
+they had to put equations in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to put equations in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to put equations in for
+everything now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything now
+now at least there's a way to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least there's a way to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least there's a way to get rid of
+the polyatomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyatomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polyatomics
+so what goes through are the monatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what goes through are the monatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what goes through are the monatomic
+ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions
+down this quadrupole mass filter toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this quadrupole mass filter toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this quadrupole mass filter toward
+the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the detector it's a pretty fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the detector it's a pretty fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the detector it's a pretty fancy
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+it's got these dynodes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got these dynodes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got these dynodes which are
+electrodes in in vacuum that produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in in vacuum that produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes in in vacuum that produce
+electrons they multiply electrons this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they multiply electrons this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they multiply electrons this
+thing has 26 dynodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has 26 dynodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has 26 dynodes
+connected together so when the ion hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together so when the ion hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together so when the ion hits
+produces a couple electrons those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a couple electrons those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a couple electrons those
+electrons hit the next dynode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons hit the next dynode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons hit the next dynode
+they get multiplied exponentially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get multiplied exponentially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get multiplied exponentially and
+then it continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continues
+and then finally you get down here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally you get down here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally you get down here to
+the last dynode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last dynode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last dynode
+and that that's called your pulse signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's called your pulse signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's called your pulse signal
+and that's where you you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where you you know you you
+could have a million counts or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a million counts or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a million counts or something
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+once that signal becomes saturated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that signal becomes saturated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that signal becomes saturated then
+the machine says to itself well wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine says to itself well wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine says to itself well wait a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+i have to i have to pull back so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to i have to pull back so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to i have to pull back so it goes
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+a few dynodes picks up the analog signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few dynodes picks up the analog signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few dynodes picks up the analog signal
+and then it the software multiplies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it the software multiplies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it the software multiplies that
+by some pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some pulse
+analog ratio to make it look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog ratio to make it look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog ratio to make it look like a
+pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse
+it's it's quite complex but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's quite complex but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's quite complex but you can
+actually when it's graphing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it's graphing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it's graphing your
+your elements if a point goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elements if a point goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elements if a point goes on
+the graph you can tell whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph you can tell whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph you can tell whether it's a
+pulse or analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse or analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse or analog
+point and if it's been corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and if it's been corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and if it's been corrected
+so this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh
+this is pretty much the detector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty much the detector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pretty much the detector uh
+let's see what else we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what else we have here
+so what are we going to detect in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to detect in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to detect in this
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+so we're actually going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to be looking at
+these 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 29
+elements we picked 29 elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we picked 29 elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we picked 29 elements
+that we're going to be scanning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be scanning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be scanning and
+monitoring during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring during
+during our river lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our river lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during our river lab
+what we've what we did is we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've what we did is we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've what we did is we actually
+got standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got standards
+that contained these 29 elements so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contained these 29 elements so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contained these 29 elements so we
+could make up calibration standards for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make up calibration standards for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make up calibration standards for
+you for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for this
+for this lab we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lab we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lab we also have
+a set of internal standards which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of internal standards which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of internal standards which
+are four elements that are not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four elements that are not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four elements that are not part of
+the 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 29
+elements that that we're looking at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that that we're looking at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that that we're looking at and
+the internal standards are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal standards are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal standards are there
+to actually they're pumping through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually they're pumping through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually they're pumping through the
+machine constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine constantly
+with every sample with every calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every sample with every calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every sample with every calibration
+standard with your blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard with your blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard with your blanks
+and they're telling us about the drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're telling us about the drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're telling us about the drift
+of the machine we can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine we can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine we can look at this
+and see oh things look pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see oh things look pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see oh things look pretty good
+they're hugging together very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hugging together very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're hugging together very nicely
+this run here is about a five-hour run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this run here is about a five-hour run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this run here is about a five-hour run
+and so if those internal standards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if those internal standards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if those internal standards are
+staying together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying together
+we know the machine is is doing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the machine is is doing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the machine is is doing well
+but if something happens to the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if something happens to the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if something happens to the internal
+standards then we see we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards then we see we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards then we see we might have a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so we can actually go in and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually go in and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can actually go in and try to
+figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on
+along with this we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this we also have
+quality control standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control standards
+here's your 29 elements again but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your 29 elements again but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your 29 elements again but we
+bought these from a different company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought these from a different company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought these from a different company
+than our calibration standards and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our calibration standards and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than our calibration standards and each
+one of the elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements in this
+mix has a defined concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix has a defined concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix has a defined concentration
+so this this mix comes from the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this mix comes from the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this mix comes from the national
+institute of standards in gaithersburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute of standards in gaithersburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute of standards in gaithersburg
+maryland and we'll be running one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland and we'll be running one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland and we'll be running one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+with your samples so you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your samples so you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your samples so you'll be able to
+look at this and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and say oh
+these look pretty good you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look pretty good you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look pretty good you know we're
+very close to the ranges we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the ranges we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the ranges we want
+that means things are working well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means things are working well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means things are working well your
+results are really going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are really going to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are really going to mean
+something you know when we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know when we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know when we have all
+these controls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these controls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these controls and
+all our calibration standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our calibration standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our calibration standards and
+quality control standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control standards
+so a little bit of epa terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of epa terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of epa terminology
+when you get your your report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your your report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get your your report
+which will be a pdf file you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a pdf file you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be a pdf file you'll see
+various things like calibration blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things like calibration blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things like calibration blank
+what this is is just reagent water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is just reagent water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is just reagent water
+that's acidified the same way as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's acidified the same way as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's acidified the same way as our
+calibration standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+and we run that blank before we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run that blank before we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we run that blank before we run the
+calibration standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+and then we'll run a series of maybe 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll run a series of maybe 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll run a series of maybe 10
+calibration standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards
+do another blank then we'll run our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another blank then we'll run our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another blank then we'll run our
+quality control standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll also be running something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also be running something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also be running something
+called the laboratory reagent blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the laboratory reagent blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the laboratory reagent blank
+where uh one of one of the tas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh one of one of the tas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh one of one of the tas will
+actually take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take
+water to the to the river millicue water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to the to the river millicue water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water to the to the river millicue water
+and uh open it up and just let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh open it up and just let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh open it up and just let it
+breathe the air there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe the air there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe the air there
+and then bring it back to the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bring it back to the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bring it back to the lab and
+then they're going to filter that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to filter that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to filter that water
+the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way
+you're filtering your real river samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filtering your real river samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filtering your real river samples
+and then they're going to acidify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to acidify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to acidify it
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+like you're acidifying your river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're acidifying your river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're acidifying your river
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+and so we're going to have a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have a blank
+called the laboratory reagent blank that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the laboratory reagent blank that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the laboratory reagent blank that
+will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us
+hey there may have been something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there may have been something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey there may have been something in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+funnel we're using or something in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel we're using or something in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel we're using or something in one
+of those new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those new
+filtering membrane disks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering membrane disks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering membrane disks that
+that got into this sample and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got into this sample and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got into this sample and it's also
+going to be in your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in your sample
+so that's another quality control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another quality control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another quality control and
+then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got
+we're going to run 10 samples and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run 10 samples and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to run 10 samples and then
+we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run
+a ccb which is a continuing calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ccb which is a continuing calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ccb which is a continuing calibration
+blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+it's another blank just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another blank just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another blank just to make sure
+everything's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's okay
+and then we run a ccv which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run a ccv which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run a ccv which is a
+continuing calibration verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing calibration verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing calibration verification
+which ends up being one of our we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ends up being one of our we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ends up being one of our we pick
+one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our
+calibration standards usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standards usually the
+midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint
+standard and we stick it in there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and we stick it in there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and we stick it in there just
+to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure
+things are still okay then we'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are still okay then we'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are still okay then we'll run
+another 10 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 10 samples
+another ccb and a ccv so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ccb and a ccv so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another ccb and a ccv so that's what
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+terms mean when you see these you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms mean when you see these you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms mean when you see these you're not
+you're not overwhelmed you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not overwhelmed you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not overwhelmed you'll you'll
+kind of understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand what
+what these terms are this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these terms are this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these terms are this is from the
+epa method that we're that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epa method that we're that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epa method that we're that we're
+actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the protocol is very detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol is very detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol is very detailed
+and the tas are going to go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tas are going to go over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tas are going to go over this
+with you in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you in the lab
+they'll pull out the pull out the tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull out the pull out the tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull out the pull out the tubes
+they'll pull out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll pull out the
+uh the filtration system they'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the filtration system they'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the filtration system they'll show
+you how to connect it to the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to connect it to the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to connect it to the vacuum
+show you what kind of bottles to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what kind of bottles to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what kind of bottles to take to
+the river and collect this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and collect this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and collect this from
+so they'll be going through all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have to talk about mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to talk about mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to talk about mercury
+there's a lot of mercury up there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of mercury up there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of mercury up there in the
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who knows where all this mercury's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows where all this mercury's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows where all this mercury's
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where does where does all the elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does where does all the elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does where does all the elemental
+mercury in the atmosphere come brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in the atmosphere come brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury in the atmosphere come brian
+cole is a big one yeah that's a man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cole is a big one yeah that's a man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cole is a big one yeah that's a man-made
+source of some of the mercury yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of some of the mercury yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of some of the mercury yeah
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean look at the mercury look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean look at the mercury look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean look at the mercury look at the
+elemental mercury floating around up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental mercury floating around up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental mercury floating around up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+where else could it come from besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else could it come from besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where else could it come from besides
+besides you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides you know
+our energy source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes autumn uh maybe if there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes autumn uh maybe if there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes autumn uh maybe if there's like a
+forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest
+forest fires that would definitely be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest fires that would definitely be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest fires that would definitely be a
+big source of mercury yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big source of mercury yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big source of mercury yeah
+anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah ryan i mean it's the in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah oh yeah it's in the dirt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah oh yeah it's in the dirt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah oh yeah it's in the dirt and
+rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks
+and evaporating out yeah i mean another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaporating out yeah i mean another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaporating out yeah i mean another
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+big source would be volcanoes natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big source would be volcanoes natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big source would be volcanoes natural
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+yeah so probably about two-thirds of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so probably about two-thirds of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so probably about two-thirds of it
+comes from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from our
+fossil fuels and a third of it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels and a third of it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil fuels and a third of it comes
+from natural sources but once it gets up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural sources but once it gets up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from natural sources but once it gets up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+once it's in the atmosphere this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in the atmosphere this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once it's in the atmosphere this
+elemental mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental mercury
+there are plenty of things up there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of things up there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are plenty of things up there that
+can oxidize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can oxidize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can oxidize it
+there's ozone up there there's hydroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ozone up there there's hydroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ozone up there there's hydroxide
+radicals there's chlorine and bromine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals there's chlorine and bromine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals there's chlorine and bromine
+in the troposphere so this elemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the troposphere so this elemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the troposphere so this elemental
+mercury gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury gets
+gets oxidized to mercury too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets oxidized to mercury too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets oxidized to mercury too
+and then it rains outside right where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it rains outside right where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it rains outside right where do
+you think that mercury too goes when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that mercury too goes when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that mercury too goes when it
+rains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains
+it's coming down on us right it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming down on us right it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming down on us right it's going
+into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water
+and once it gets in the water there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it gets in the water there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it gets in the water there are
+a couple things that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things that can happen
+it can have a it can be photo reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a it can be photo reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a it can be photo reduced
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and you can form the elemental mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can form the elemental mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can form the elemental mercury
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+and some of that can vaporize back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that can vaporize back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of that can vaporize back up
+into the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the atmosphere
+or the mercury too can get down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mercury too can get down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mercury too can get down here
+into the depths of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the depths of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the depths of the water
+and this is where the bad things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the bad things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the bad things happen
+this is where the nasty methyl mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the nasty methyl mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the nasty methyl mercury
+is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed
+so once it gets down here we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once it gets down here we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once it gets down here we know that
+mercury loves sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury loves sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury loves sulfur
+so it can attach itself to this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can attach itself to this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can attach itself to this uh this
+there's plenty of hydrogen sulfide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of hydrogen sulfide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of hydrogen sulfide in
+the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water
+it can attach itself to this sulfur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can attach itself to this sulfur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can attach itself to this sulfur and
+form mercury sulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form mercury sulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form mercury sulfide
+and this is a neutral molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being a neutral molecule it can go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a neutral molecule it can go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a neutral molecule it can go right
+through a bacterial cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bacterial cell wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bacterial cell wall
+and once it's inside of a bacteria there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it's inside of a bacteria there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it's inside of a bacteria there
+are some bacteria down there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some bacteria down there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some bacteria down there that
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+methyl mercury nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl mercury nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl mercury nobody knows
+how it's done they know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's done they know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's done they know that the
+mercury sulfide goes in but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury sulfide goes in but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury sulfide goes in but they don't
+know the exact mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact mechanism
+the other thing that's not known is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's not known is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that's not known is that
+there are some fish out there that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some fish out there that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some fish out there that have
+millions of parts of mercury in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of parts of mercury in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of parts of mercury in the in
+their systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their systems
+much more than the surrounding water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the surrounding water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the surrounding water so
+there's got to be some other sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some other sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be some other sources of
+this methyl mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl mercury
+down there somewhere that they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there somewhere that they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there somewhere that they haven't
+really pinpointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pinpointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pinpointed
+so once once we get this methylmercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once once we get this methylmercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once once we get this methylmercury
+i just told you it loves sulfur right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just told you it loves sulfur right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just told you it loves sulfur right
+so you get this stuff in the body this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this stuff in the body this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this stuff in the body this
+organic form of mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic form of mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic form of mercury
+it's going to go for your cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go for your cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go for your cysteine
+amino acids and it forms a covalent bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and it forms a covalent bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and it forms a covalent bond
+to the sulfur so you've got this you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sulfur so you've got this you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sulfur so you've got this you've
+got this carboxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this carboxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this carboxy
+ethyl sulfonyl methyl mercury here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl sulfonyl methyl mercury here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl sulfonyl methyl mercury here
+now you think about these cysteine amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you think about these cysteine amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you think about these cysteine amino
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+we've got them in our proteins so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them in our proteins so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them in our proteins so this
+methyl mercury once it's inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl mercury once it's inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl mercury once it's inside of our
+self right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self right
+it can go for all the proteins and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go for all the proteins and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go for all the proteins and and
+infiltrate covalently bond and hook up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrate covalently bond and hook up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infiltrate covalently bond and hook up
+to all these cysteines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all these cysteines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all these cysteines
+um once we get methyl mercury inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once we get methyl mercury inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once we get methyl mercury inside of
+us from eating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from eating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from eating the
+the fish it's like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish it's like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish it's like you know a
+bio accumulation it's down the bio food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio accumulation it's down the bio food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio accumulation it's down the bio food
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+it starts with the plankton then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with the plankton then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts with the plankton then the
+small fish and the bigger fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fish and the bigger fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fish and the bigger fish
+then we get it this stuff 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get it this stuff 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get it this stuff 90
+of the methylmercury can can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methylmercury can can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methylmercury can can actually
+come out of our gut get into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of our gut get into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of our gut get into our
+bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream
+and it can pass through the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can pass through the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can pass through the blood
+brain barrier so it gets into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain barrier so it gets into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain barrier so it gets into our
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+and can wreak havoc can also go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can wreak havoc can also go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can wreak havoc can also go through
+the placenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placenta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the fetus is just in there i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the fetus is just in there i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the fetus is just in there i
+mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's
+just developing and once methyl mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just developing and once methyl mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just developing and once methyl mercury
+gets in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in there
+you can have total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decontrol of the whole thing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decontrol of the whole thing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decontrol of the whole thing everything
+can fall apart for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall apart for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall apart for that
+so this is really bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really bad stuff
+now what we're going to be doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to be doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to be doing in this
+lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab is
+actually we're going to be detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're going to be detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we're going to be detecting
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and we're going to be using our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be using our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be using our new
+dma-80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dma-80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dma-80
+atomic absorption spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic absorption spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic absorption spectrometer
+and this spectrometer operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this spectrometer operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this spectrometer operates
+under three things there are three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under three things there are three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under three things there are three three
+things happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've got thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got thermal
+degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've got amalgamation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've got atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this spectrometer has two detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrometer has two detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spectrometer has two detectors
+and three cells it's called a tri cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three cells it's called a tri cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three cells it's called a tri cell
+so on the nanogram scale and the ppb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the nanogram scale and the ppb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the nanogram scale and the ppb
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the cells will detect from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cells will detect from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the cells will detect from about
+0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+to 10 nanograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 nanograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 nanograms
+which is like 0.1 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ppb the next cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppb the next cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppb the next cell
+will will detect between 10 and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will detect between 10 and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will detect between 10 and 20
+nanograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms
+which is 100 to 200 ppb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 100 to 200 ppb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 100 to 200 ppb
+and the third cell will pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third cell will pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third cell will pick up the
+the last range from 20 to 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last range from 20 to 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last range from 20 to 1500
+nanograms which is 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms which is 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanograms which is 200
+to 15 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 15 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 15 000
+ppb the the detection limit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppb the the detection limit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppb the the detection limit of this
+machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+to the thousandths of a nanogram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detects down to 0.001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects down to 0.001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects down to 0.001
+nanogram can actually you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanogram can actually you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanogram can actually you're talking
+almost the part per trillian there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the part per trillian there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the part per trillian there
+with this machine so it's it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this machine so it's it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this machine so it's it's really a
+fantastic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic machine
+so let's actually see how this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually see how this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually see how this machine
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a little schematic of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little schematic of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little schematic of this
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+and i did this on chemdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this on chemdraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this on chemdraw
+so chemdraw is amazing it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemdraw is amazing it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chemdraw is amazing it is just
+you can do just about anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do just about anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do just about anything with
+chemdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemdraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemdraw
+so we've got a tank of oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a tank of oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got a tank of oxygen that
+you'll see it's sitting in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's sitting in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's sitting in the lab
+and then we have this auto sampler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this auto sampler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this auto sampler
+which is a 40 position auto sampler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a 40 position auto sampler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a 40 position auto sampler
+and so we'll be we'll be massing out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll be we'll be massing out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll be we'll be massing out our
+our fish putting it into the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fish putting it into the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our fish putting it into the auto
+sampler and then this little pneumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler and then this little pneumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler and then this little pneumatic
+arm comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm comes out
+grabs your sample out of the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs your sample out of the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs your sample out of the auto
+sampler and inserts it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler and inserts it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampler and inserts it into this
+drying decomposition oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying decomposition oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drying decomposition oven
+and the drying decomposition oven will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the drying decomposition oven will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the drying decomposition oven will
+heat the sample up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the sample up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat the sample up to about
+650 degrees or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 degrees or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 degrees or so and
+it combusts everything and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combusts everything and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combusts everything and all of the
+combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion
+products of your sample are carried by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of your sample are carried by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of your sample are carried by
+the stream of oxygen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream of oxygen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream of oxygen gas
+into this catalyst tube furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this catalyst tube furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this catalyst tube furnace
+everything goes in the catalyst tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in the catalyst tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in the catalyst tube and
+that catalyst tube gets heated up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catalyst tube gets heated up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that catalyst tube gets heated up to
+about 500 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 500 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 500 degrees
+and it pulls everything out literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it pulls everything out literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it pulls everything out literally
+all the noxes soxes everything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the noxes soxes everything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the noxes soxes everything you can
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+not only that it converts every mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that it converts every mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that it converts every mercury
+species including methylmercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species including methylmercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species including methylmercury
+down to the elemental mercury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the elemental mercury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the elemental mercury
+the only thing that comes out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that comes out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that comes out of that
+catalyst tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst tube
+is the elemental mercury i know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the elemental mercury i know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the elemental mercury i know it's
+hard to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to believe that
+but everything else stays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything else stays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything else stays in the
+catalyst tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst tube
+so the elemental mercury comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the elemental mercury comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the elemental mercury comes out and
+goes into a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into a gold
+amalgamator and all it is is a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgamator and all it is is a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amalgamator and all it is is a glass
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+filled with tiny gold beads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with tiny gold beads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled with tiny gold beads and
+the mercury comes out goes in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mercury comes out goes in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mercury comes out goes in there and
+sticks to those beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to those beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to those beads
+then this gold amalgamator is flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this gold amalgamator is flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this gold amalgamator is flash
+heated up to 900 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated up to 900 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated up to 900 degrees
+and bam you release the mercury vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bam you release the mercury vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bam you release the mercury vapor
+right and the vapor goes into the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the vapor goes into the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the vapor goes into the atomic
+absorption part of the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption part of the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption part of the instrument
+that has our tri cells our three cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has our tri cells our three cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has our tri cells our three cells
+so we've got two mercury lamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got two mercury lamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got two mercury lamps
+they're shining light on the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shining light on the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shining light on the samples
+like 254 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 254 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 254 nanometers
+and the light goes in shines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light goes in shines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light goes in shines on the
+sample and then we record the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and then we record the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and then we record the height of
+the peak and the absorbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak and the absorbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak and the absorbance
+that's going on and we get our we figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on and we get our we figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on and we get our we figure
+out our concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our concentrations
+of the of the mercury in our samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh this is a great machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you guys have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys have any questions about
+this machine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine or
+or the icpms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no sample prep for this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sample prep for this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no sample prep for this machine
+which is amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is amazing
+we can do solids liquids or gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do solids liquids or gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do solids liquids or gases
+and you can actually follow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually follow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually follow your
+sample through there's a system status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample through there's a system status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample through there's a system status
+that you can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can turn
+on and you can see your sample traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you can see your sample traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and you can see your sample traveling
+through the various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the various uh
+positions while it's going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's pretty easy just three simple steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy just three simple steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy just three simple steps
+you you cut up your fishy right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cut up your fishy right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cut up your fishy right and
+we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have
+we'll have several native fish to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have several native fish to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have several native fish to the
+charles river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charles river
+so you'll be able to uh i know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be able to uh i know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll be able to uh i know it's not
+that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+don't pass out on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass out on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't pass out on me
+no it's really won't be that bad but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's really won't be that bad but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's really won't be that bad but um
+you'll you'll take your fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll take your fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll take your fish
+put a piece on the boat and weigh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a piece on the boat and weigh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a piece on the boat and weigh it
+mass it and then you type your mass into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass it and then you type your mass into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass it and then you type your mass into
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+now put it in the auto sampler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it in the auto sampler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it in the auto sampler and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+pretty much goes you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much goes you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much goes you're going to do this
+on monday and tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday and tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on monday and tuesday
+you'll do this at the beginning and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do this at the beginning and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do this at the beginning and then
+after that you'll make up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you'll make up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that you'll make up your
+your standards for the for the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standards for the for the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your standards for the for the phosphate
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+and you'll do the phosphate testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll do the phosphate testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll do the phosphate testing
+you'll go to the river and get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go to the river and get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go to the river and get your
+bottle of water for the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions yes autumn um is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yes autumn um is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions yes autumn um is there any
+research on how to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on how to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on how to remove
+mercury from like other animals or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury from like other animals or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury from like other animals or from
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+they they have uh there are certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have uh there are certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have uh there are certain uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+chemicals that uh that you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that uh that you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals that uh that you could get
+prescribed that would actually chelate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed that would actually chelate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed that would actually chelate
+some of the mercury yeah and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the mercury yeah and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the mercury yeah and uh
+chelate means to latch onto it and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelate means to latch onto it and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chelate means to latch onto it and try
+to pull it out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it out of your
+out of your bloodstream yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your bloodstream yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your bloodstream yeah
+uh i don't know anyone that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know anyone that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know anyone that's actually
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+mercury poisoned uh to that extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury poisoned uh to that extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury poisoned uh to that extent
+but uh i know there are there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i know there are there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh i know there are there are there
+are chemicals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemicals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemicals that
+that you can that you can take that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can that you can take that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can that you can take that will
+help mitigate some of that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we're when we're doing the icpms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're when we're doing the icpms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're when we're doing the icpms
+next wednesday and thursday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wednesday and thursday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next wednesday and thursday um
+we'll have you you can come in and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have you you can come in and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have you you can come in and take
+a peek at it you'll you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peek at it you'll you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peek at it you'll you can look at the
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+you'll see it lit up and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it lit up and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it lit up and you can see the
+signal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal on the
+on the screen how we're how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen how we're how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen how we're how we're
+looking at the signal and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the signal and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the signal and we're
+we're getting it all ready for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting it all ready for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting it all ready for your
+samples um i'll also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples um i'll also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples um i'll also have an
+an associate here from uh from agilent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate here from uh from agilent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associate here from uh from agilent a
+phd chemist who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd chemist who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phd chemist who
+who is actually going to he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually going to he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is actually going to he wanted to
+come just for this lab so i told him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come just for this lab so i told him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come just for this lab so i told him to
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+you know so so he'll be a great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so he'll be a great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so he'll be a great great
+source to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to talk to
+when you're when you're coming in yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're coming in yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're coming in yeah
+yeah so i'm kind of excited uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm kind of excited uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i'm kind of excited uh that
+you're the first group to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the first group to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the first group to use this
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+and i think that um i think it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that um i think it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that um i think it'll be
+exciting for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting for you
+so i mean the charles river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the charles river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the charles river
+is probably the cleanest river in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the cleanest river in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the cleanest river in
+america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+yes believe it or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes believe it or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes believe it or not but
+but it's you know there's still there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know there's still there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know there's still there's
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+uh it has to be monitored we we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to be monitored we we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to be monitored we we still
+find problems from time to time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find problems from time to time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find problems from time to time so
+so we will see you uh up in the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see you uh up in the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will see you uh up in the lab and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+next week dr sarah ewit will start a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week dr sarah ewit will start a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week dr sarah ewit will start a new
+series of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JLkEM9tQ2jE.txt b/JLkEM9tQ2jE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19a7d16c88dc2ef674a067de0a6d9f92d19501c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JLkEM9tQ2jE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+after your assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your assignment
+you should know the following about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know the following about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know the following about
+pedigrees you should be able to pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees you should be able to pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees you should be able to pick out
+an autosomal recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autosomal recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autosomal recessive
+an autosomal dominant or an x-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autosomal dominant or an x-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an autosomal dominant or an x-linked
+recessive pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive pedigree
+and you should know also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know also the
+nomenclature you should be able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature you should be able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature you should be able to look
+at a pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pedigree
+and remember what the filled in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what the filled in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what the filled in and the
+not filled in and the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not filled in and the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not filled in and the various
+different symbols mean and then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols mean and then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different symbols mean and then you'll
+be well on your way to doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well on your way to doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well on your way to doing more
+complex pedigree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pedigree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pedigree
+analysis what we've talked about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what we've talked about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what we've talked about today
+has been a whole bunch we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a whole bunch we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a whole bunch we've talked
+really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about
+changes in dna and the traits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in dna and the traits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in dna and the traits the
+phenotypes that are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that are associated with
+these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes
+we've talked about actually knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about actually knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about actually knowing what
+the changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes are
+as in mutations we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in mutations we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in mutations we've talked about
+different variations of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variations of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variations of genes
+as in alleles and how these segregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in alleles and how these segregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in alleles and how these segregate
+during meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during meiosis
+and we've talked about how those the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about how those the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about how those the
+gametes that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gametes that come
+out of meiosis are then used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of meiosis are then used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of meiosis are then used to
+carry out genetic crosses that let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out genetic crosses that let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out genetic crosses that let us
+understand something more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something more about the
+characteristics of the inheritance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the inheritance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the inheritance of
+various traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various traits
+and finally we've talked about cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we've talked about cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we've talked about cases
+where it's very difficult to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very difficult to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's very difficult to know what
+gene is involved in in which case we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is involved in in which case we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is involved in in which case we use
+analysis of pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of pedigrees
+to help enlighten us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KdAsNQVdaNk.txt b/KdAsNQVdaNk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f780a29e972d9bc900521a98c4bfef247c85d9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KdAsNQVdaNk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have just seen that a clever trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have just seen that a clever trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have just seen that a clever trick
+based on the frequency interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the frequency interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the frequency interpretation of
+the transitions between successive state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions between successive state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions between successive state
+like here allows us to write a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here allows us to write a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here allows us to write a simple
+set of equations which can be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations which can be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations which can be solved
+recursively even here giving PI I plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively even here giving PI I plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively even here giving PI I plus 1
+as a function of PI of I more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of PI of I more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of PI of I more
+specifically we have pi I plus 1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we have pi I plus 1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we have pi I plus 1 equals
+PI of I times P of I divided by Q of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of I times P of I divided by Q of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of I times P of I divided by Q of I
+plus 1 and this is true for I equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and this is true for I equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 and this is true for I equals 0
+to M and to start the recursion we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M and to start the recursion we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M and to start the recursion we need
+to find PI of 0 and this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find PI of 0 and this can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find PI of 0 and this can be done
+using this normalization conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which leads to PI of 0 times 1 plus p0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to PI of 0 times 1 plus p0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads to PI of 0 times 1 plus p0
+of q1 plus etc equals 1 let's illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 plus etc equals 1 let's illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of q1 plus etc equals 1 let's illustrate
+the details of this procedure on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this procedure on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this procedure on a
+special case let's assume that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case let's assume that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case let's assume that all the
+peas are the same and all the Q's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas are the same and all the Q's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peas are the same and all the Q's are
+the same so this is the special case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this is the special case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so this is the special case in
+which we are interested in so at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are interested in so at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are interested in so at each
+point in time if we are somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time if we are somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time if we are somewhere in the
+middle you have priority P of moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you have priority P of moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle you have priority P of moving up
+and priority Q of moving down define row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priority Q of moving down define row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priority Q of moving down define row
+to be the ratio of P over Q Rho can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the ratio of P over Q Rho can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the ratio of P over Q Rho can be
+interpreted as the frequency of going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the frequency of going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted as the frequency of going up
+versus the frequency of going down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the frequency of going down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the frequency of going down if
+it's a service system you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a service system you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a service system you can think of
+it as a measure of how loaded the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a measure of how loaded the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a measure of how loaded the system
+is if P equals Q that means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if P equals Q that means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if P equals Q that means that if you
+are at this state you are equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at this state you are equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at this state you are equally likely
+to move left or right so the chain does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move left or right so the chain does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move left or right so the chain does
+not have a tendency to move in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a tendency to move in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a tendency to move in that
+direction or in that direction if Rho is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in that direction if Rho is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in that direction if Rho is
+bigger than 1 so that P is bigger than Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 so that P is bigger than Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1 so that P is bigger than Q
+it means that whenever we are at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that whenever we are at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that whenever we are at some
+state in the middle we are more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the middle we are more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in the middle we are more likely
+to move right as opposed to moving left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move right as opposed to moving left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move right as opposed to moving left
+which means that the chain has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the chain has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the chain has a
+tendency to move in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to move in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to move in that direction
+and if you think of this as a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of this as a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of this as a number of
+customers in queue it means your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in queue it means your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in queue it means your system
+as the tendency to become loaded and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tendency to become loaded and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tendency to become loaded and to
+build up a queue so row being bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a queue so row being bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up a queue so row being bigger
+than one correspond to a heavy load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one correspond to a heavy load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one correspond to a heavy load
+where Q's Delta Rho less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Q's Delta Rho less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Q's Delta Rho less than one
+corresponds to the system where queues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the system where queues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the system where queues
+of the tendency to drain down the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tendency to drain down the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tendency to drain down the system
+is gonna move in that direction now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna move in that direction now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna move in that direction now let
+us write down these equations for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us write down these equations for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us write down these equations for that
+special case we end up with that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case we end up with that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case we end up with that which
+is PI I times Rho by definition of Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI I times Rho by definition of Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is PI I times Rho by definition of Rho
+once you look at this equation then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you look at this equation then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you look at this equation then you
+realize that PI of 1 is PI of 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that PI of 1 is PI of 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that PI of 1 is PI of 0 times
+Rho and PI of 2 is PI of 1 times Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and PI of 2 is PI of 1 times Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and PI of 2 is PI of 1 times Rho
+equals PI of 0 times 4 Square and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PI of 0 times 4 Square and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals PI of 0 times 4 Square and so on
+and so forth and you find that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and you find that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and you find that you can
+express PI of I as PI of 0 times Rho at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express PI of I as PI of 0 times Rho at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express PI of I as PI of 0 times Rho at
+the power I for any possible I between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power I for any possible I between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power I for any possible I between 0
+and M and now if we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M and now if we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M and now if we use the
+normalization condition we get that PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization condition we get that PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization condition we get that PI
+of 0 times 1 plus Rho plus Rho square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 times 1 plus Rho plus Rho square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 times 1 plus Rho plus Rho square
+first row at the power M is equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row at the power M is equals to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row at the power M is equals to 1
+let's now complete the calculations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now complete the calculations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now complete the calculations for
+two special cases if Rho is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two special cases if Rho is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two special cases if Rho is equal to one
+that means P equals Q then PI I equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means P equals Q then PI I equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means P equals Q then PI I equals
+PI of 0 for all I it means that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of 0 for all I it means that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of 0 for all I it means that all the
+steady-state probabilities are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state probabilities are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state probabilities are equal
+this special case is called a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case is called a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case is called a symmetric
+random walk so you start at the state at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk so you start at the state at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk so you start at the state at
+a point in time either you stay in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in time either you stay in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in time either you stay in place
+or you have an equal probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have an equal probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you have an equal probability of
+going left or right there is no bias in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left or right there is no bias in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left or right there is no bias in
+either direction you might think that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction you might think that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either direction you might think that in
+such a process you will tend to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a process you will tend to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a process you will tend to get
+stuck either near one end or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck either near one end or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck either near one end or the other
+hand it turns out that no in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it turns out that no in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it turns out that no in the long
+run this symmetric random walk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this symmetric random walk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this symmetric random walk is
+equally likely to be at any other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to be at any other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to be at any other state
+and for this special case this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this special case this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this special case this equation
+here is simply that PI of 0 times 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply that PI of 0 times 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply that PI of 0 times 1 plus
+M equals 1 that means that PI of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M equals 1 that means that PI of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M equals 1 that means that PI of 0
+equals 1 over 1 plus M which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 1 plus M which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 1 plus M which is
+consistent with the fact that all steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the fact that all steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the fact that all steady
+state properties are the same they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state properties are the same they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state properties are the same they are
+all equally likely they are M States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely they are M States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equally likely they are M States and
+so each one of them by I is PI of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of them by I is PI of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each one of them by I is PI of 0
+which is 1 over 1 plus M the Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over 1 plus M the Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over 1 plus M the Markov
+chain is equally likely to be in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is equally likely to be in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is equally likely to be in any of
+these n plus 1 states in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n plus 1 states in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n plus 1 states in the long run
+suppose now instead of P equals Q that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now instead of P equals Q that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now instead of P equals Q that M
+is very very large a very large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very large a very large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very large a very large number
+let's take M going to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take M going to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take M going to infinity and
+suppose that the system is on the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the system is on the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the system is on the stable
+side that means that P is less than Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that means that P is less than Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that means that P is less than Q
+which means that there is a tendency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there is a tendency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there is a tendency for
+customers to be served faster than they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to be served faster than they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers to be served faster than they
+arrived in other words the chain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in other words the chain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived in other words the chain is
+drifting toward that direction so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifting toward that direction so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifting toward that direction so that
+means that Rho is less than 1 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Rho is less than 1 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Rho is less than 1 and what
+it means is that this infinite series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that this infinite series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means is that this infinite series
+when M goes to infinity is the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M goes to infinity is the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M goes to infinity is the geometric
+series and this race is going to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and this race is going to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series and this race is going to be 1
+over 1 minus Rho that is this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus Rho that is this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus Rho that is this infinite
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is 1 over 1 - room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over 1 - room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over 1 - room
+and since power of 0 is 1 over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since power of 0 is 1 over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since power of 0 is 1 over this
+infinite series we end up having PI 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series we end up having PI 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series we end up having PI 0
+equals 1 minus Rho and since we have PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 minus Rho and since we have PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 minus Rho and since we have PI
+of I equals PI 0 times Rho at the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I equals PI 0 times Rho at the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I equals PI 0 times Rho at the power
+I we end up having PI of I cos PI of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we end up having PI of I cos PI of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we end up having PI of I cos PI of 0
+which is 1 minus Rho times Rho equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus Rho times Rho equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 minus Rho times Rho equals 1
+minus Rho this pi I can be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Rho this pi I can be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Rho this pi I can be seen as
+coming from a private distribution they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a private distribution they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a private distribution they
+tell us that if we observe that chain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that if we observe that chain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us that if we observe that chain at
+time let's say 1 billion and ask where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's say 1 billion and ask where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's say 1 billion and ask where
+is the state of the Markov chain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state of the Markov chain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state of the Markov chain the
+answer will be the chain isn't state 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will be the chain isn't state 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer will be the chain isn't state 0
+that is the system is empty with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the system is empty with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the system is empty with the
+probability 1 minus Rho all there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus Rho all there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 minus Rho all there is one
+customer in the system and that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the system and that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the system and that happens
+with probability 1 minus Rho times Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1 minus Rho times Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1 minus Rho times Rho
+and so on so the distribution can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the distribution can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so the distribution can be
+drawn like that you have here hi right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn like that you have here hi right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn like that you have here hi right
+corresponding to a state and if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a state and if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a state and if you put
+PI of Phi here 0 here then 1 2 3 then PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of Phi here 0 here then 1 2 3 then PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI of Phi here 0 here then 1 2 3 then PI
+of 0 is 1 minus Rho here PI of 1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is 1 minus Rho here PI of 1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 is 1 minus Rho here PI of 1 will be
+Rho times Roman and 1 minus Rho and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times Roman and 1 minus Rho and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho times Roman and 1 minus Rho and I
+have 2 and so and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you look at this distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this distribution here
+it's pretty much a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much a geometric
+distribution except that it is it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution except that it is it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution except that it is it has
+shifted so that it starts at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted so that it starts at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted so that it starts at zero
+instead of starting at one so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of starting at one so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of starting at one so it's so
+shifted geometric this small is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted geometric this small is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted geometric this small is the
+first and simple small that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and simple small that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and simple small that one
+encounters when studying queueing theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters when studying queueing theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounters when studying queueing theory
+so a final note the PMF that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a final note the PMF that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a final note the PMF that we have
+here as an expected value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an expected value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as an expected value and the
+expectation is given here a of f x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is given here a of f x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is given here a of f x of n
+is 1 let me write it here is grow over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 let me write it here is grow over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 let me write it here is grow over 1
+minus Rho and this formula which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Rho and this formula which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Rho and this formula which is
+interesting to anyone who tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to anyone who tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to anyone who tries to
+analyze the system of this kind tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the system of this kind tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the system of this kind tells
+you the following that as long as Rho is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the following that as long as Rho is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the following that as long as Rho is
+less than 1 then the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 then the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1 then the expected number of
+customers in the system is finite but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in the system is finite but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers in the system is finite but if
+Rho this lil Rho becomes very close to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho this lil Rho becomes very close to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho this lil Rho becomes very close to 1
+then you're gonna have 1 over something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna have 1 over something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're gonna have 1 over something
+that is very close to 0 and that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very close to 0 and that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very close to 0 and that number
+will be very very big so when Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very very big so when Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very very big so when Rho
+becomes very close to 1 that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very close to 1 that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very close to 1 that means the
+load factor is something like let's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load factor is something like let's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load factor is something like let's is
+0.99 you expect to have a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99 you expect to have a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99 you expect to have a very large
+number of customers in the system at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of customers in the system at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of customers in the system at any
+given time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LJZi6CZafms.txt b/LJZi6CZafms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adb278e572645169b2fbd6bf1b839830cf2e178d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LJZi6CZafms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3757 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: All right
+good afternoon everyone.
+
+What I have on the board here is
+what we're going to cover today
+
+and what we had
+covered the last time.
+
+Those in blue here are the ones
+we have covered the last time
+
+and the rest of them,
+five through nine,
+
+are the ones we are
+going to cover today.
+
+Actually the last time I didn't
+have this last step here,
+
+dreaming and rapid
+eye-movement sleep,
+
+if there is time I want to
+say a few words about that
+
+because that's a very
+interesting topic
+
+and brings us to make a few
+comments about Freudian theory.
+
+All right then so we
+are going to then start
+
+with a description of
+the cortical structures
+
+that are involved in
+eye-movement control.
+
+Now the first thing
+I want to do is
+
+to show you once again
+the monkey brain.
+
+You're already familiar with
+those items which are on here.
+
+Here's V1, here's V4, here's
+the superior temporal sulcus
+
+that contains areas MT
+and MST and of course
+
+here's the central sulcus,
+principalis, and the arcuate.
+
+Another structure involved
+in eye-movement control
+
+is the lateral intraparietal
+sulcus which is in here,
+
+and then another one is the
+medial intraparietal sulcus
+
+but those two perform
+service similar tasks
+
+and so I'm not going
+to talk about the MIP
+
+separately from LIP.
+
+And then here in
+the frontal lobe
+
+we have the frontal eye fields
+as the name implies of course,
+
+it has a lot to do with
+eye-movement control
+
+and then here very
+close to the midline
+
+we have the medial
+eye fields which
+
+also play a role in
+eye movement control.
+
+So now we have all
+these structures
+
+and this is not by any
+means totally complete,
+
+because these deal mostly
+with saccadic eye movements
+
+and to a lesser degree
+with pursuit eye movements
+
+but the fact is it that
+all these areas that
+
+play a significant role
+in eye-movement control
+
+and of course, those people
+who want to understand
+
+eye-movement control
+need to figure out
+
+what these various structures
+do for you to enable you to look
+
+around with the great ease
+that you can look around
+
+with actually.
+
+So anyway let's try
+a number of views
+
+of how to go about finding out
+the operational characteristics
+
+of these areas and
+furthermore also to find out
+
+how they interconnect.
+
+Now one approach that has been
+very useful in delineating
+
+the areas in the visual cortex
+and even in subcortical areas
+
+is to use electrical
+stimulation.
+
+Because it has been found
+as, as we had discussed
+
+like the last time that when
+you electrically stimulate
+
+some structures heavily
+involved in eye movement
+
+control of like the colliculus,
+at low current levels
+
+electrical stimulation
+can elicit a saccade
+
+and by looking at the
+characteristics of that
+
+as we had in the colliculus,
+you can gain further insight
+
+about what the roles are
+of these various areas.
+
+And of course people have
+done electrical stimulation
+
+all over creation
+in the visual cortex
+
+as well as in other
+cortical areas,
+
+thereby trying to
+determine whether or not
+
+the electrical stimulation
+elicits a motor response
+
+and of course if you
+do this in motor cortex
+
+then you get a motor
+response and if you do
+
+do it in areas which is
+specifically connected
+
+with eye-movement control
+you get eye movement.
+
+So here is an example of the
+kinds of things we can do.
+
+Here is a monkey
+brain and of course
+
+as we have discussed
+already, from the brain stem
+
+the signal is sent to the
+eye muscles which provides
+
+the so-called rate code
+and then above that
+
+via the superior colliculus
+and then in the back
+
+we have V1 that you're
+already familiar with V2, LIP,
+
+frontal eye fields, and
+the medial eye fields.
+
+So now let's ask
+the question, what
+
+happens when you electrically
+stimulate these cortical areas?
+
+And also to compare
+that with what
+
+happens when you stimulate
+in the superior colliculus.
+
+So we already know that when you
+stimulate the colliculus what
+
+you get is wherever you put the
+electrodes in the colliculus
+
+and you find out where the
+receptive field is of the cells
+
+that you will be stimulating,
+that when you then convert
+
+and stimulate you get
+a saccade that brings
+
+the fovea into the center of the
+receptive fields of the neurons
+
+that you are stimulating
+and that is laid out
+
+in a nice topographic fashion
+and that is shown here
+
+in a schematic fashion.
+
+So that no matter where the
+eye starts, at any given point,
+
+if you electrically
+stimulate you
+
+get the same vector saccade
+in the superior colliculus.
+
+So you have what is called
+the vector code which
+
+if you remember, is quite
+different from the code
+
+that you have in the brain stem
+where you have a rate code.
+
+So now the question
+is suppose we now
+
+start stimulating these
+other cortical areas
+
+that I had designated
+in the previous slide
+
+and ask the question what
+happens in those places?
+
+All right so if you stimulate
+the visual cortex in this case
+
+V1 for example, you get the
+same kind of coding operation,
+
+you get vector saccades OK,
+constant vector saccades.
+
+Then if you do the
+same thing in LIP
+
+you also get a
+constant vector saccade
+
+and if you do that in
+the frontal eye fields
+
+you still get the same thing.
+
+So all of these areas seem
+to be coding saccadic vectors
+
+but now when you stimulate
+in the medial eye fields
+
+you get a very different
+kind of effect.
+
+Very interesting
+what you get here
+
+is what is called a place code,
+meaning that when you stimulate
+
+in various regions of the
+medial eye fields, the eye
+
+wherever it starts, converges
+on a particular point which you,
+
+we'll call the motor field, OK?
+
+And different regions
+in the medial eye fields
+
+have motor fields that generate
+different locations to which
+
+the eye will saccade
+when you stimulate there.
+
+So that's a very different kind
+of code from all the others.
+
+So now the next question is
+that you're going to pose is,
+
+how do the signals from
+all these cortical areas
+
+get down to the brain stem?
+
+So what kind of
+experiment do you
+
+think you would want to do to
+get some easy answers to that?
+
+So to, to perhaps highlight
+that some people thought,
+
+that the signals from
+all of these areas
+
+go down to the colliculus
+and then the colliculus sends
+
+its signals down
+to the brain stem.
+
+So if that's the
+case, what would you,
+
+what experiment would you do?
+
+Well the experiment
+you would do is
+
+you would remove the
+superior colliculus OK?
+
+And then again stimulate
+all of these areas.
+
+If that hypothesis, that all
+these areas send their signals
+
+through the superior colliculus
+of the brain stem is correct,
+
+then you would no longer get any
+saccades when you electrically
+
+stimulate in the cortex
+at any of these sites.
+
+Got it?
+
+All right now, let's see
+if an experiment like that
+
+had been done and
+yes, yes it has been.
+
+So here it is, here
+we're going to remove
+
+the superior colliculus.
+
+All right think about
+it for a minute,
+
+think what you would
+hypothesize will happen?
+
+Well what happens
+is quite dramatic.
+
+When you stimulate
+in V1, V2, and LIP
+
+you no longer get a saccade.
+
+Somehow the signals to generate
+the saccade from these areas
+
+seem to be going
+through the colliculus
+
+because once the
+colliculus is not there
+
+those signals are ineffective.
+
+Now what happens in
+the frontal lobe?
+
+All right what happens
+there is quite interesting.
+
+You still get
+saccades and you still
+
+get the same coding operation.
+
+You get a constant
+vector code when
+
+you stimulate the
+frontal eye fields
+
+and you get your place code
+in the medial eye fields
+
+and you get that at
+the same old threshold.
+
+So that discovery then resulted
+in the hypothesis first of all
+
+that these posterior areas
+send the signals to the brain
+
+stem from the colliculus which
+are called the posterior system
+
+and the ones in the anterior
+portions of the brain
+
+from medial and
+frontal eye fields
+
+seem to be able to gain
+direct access bypassing
+
+the colliculus to
+the brain stem is
+
+because they're still effective
+when you stimulate there
+
+and so we can call that
+the anterior system.
+
+All right, now of
+course these two systems
+
+need to talk to each other,
+which they do, there are plenty
+
+of connections there because
+of course, if you will,
+
+the left hand, it's got to know
+what the right hand is doing.
+
+So anyway this is then a
+very summary arrangement
+
+and now we can proceed
+to ask some questions
+
+about just what do
+these various areas do?
+
+And to understand
+that data we need
+
+to look into more
+detail about the nature
+
+of electrical stimulation
+and compare that
+
+with the nature of eye
+movements made to visual target.
+
+So let's look at that next time.
+
+So we can look at
+the effects of paired
+
+electrical and
+visual stimulation.
+
+All right so, the first
+thing we're going to look at
+
+is what happens
+when you stimulate
+
+two sites say in the
+colliculus at the same time?
+
+And if you remember, medial
+is up and lateral is down.
+
+So if you stimulate
+each of those alone
+
+you get here in number one
+you get an upward saccade,
+
+you simulate number two
+you get a downward saccade.
+
+Now the question
+comes up, what happens
+
+when you stimulate
+both at the same time?
+
+Well the number
+of hypotheses that
+
+have been proposed and by now
+it's been well established
+
+that what happened is that you
+get a vector average saccade
+
+not vector summation,
+but vector averaging OK?
+
+Now, to prove that
+that is indeed
+
+vector averaging if you
+take the same experiment
+
+but you put one
+electrode in the anterior
+
+portion and the other
+electrode in the posterior
+
+one of the colliculus,
+this one of course
+
+generates a small saccade
+and this one a large saccade.
+
+So if its vector
+averages, you should
+
+get an in-between saccade.
+
+If your vector sums then it
+should get a bigger saccade
+
+than either of
+those and you indeed
+
+get a vector average saccade.
+
+So depending on
+this arrangement,
+
+or this arrangement, you get
+the same vector average saccade
+
+because the only thing
+that's happening here
+
+is you excite the
+neurons in the colliculus
+
+by virtue of this
+electrical stimulation.
+
+Now think about
+that for a minute.
+
+If this were the case
+with visual stimuli,
+
+suppose two visual
+stimuli come up,
+
+it would be a total
+disaster if you
+
+made an eye movement between
+the two of them wouldn't it?
+
+So somehow there's
+some mechanisms
+
+in the brain that
+force you, force you,
+
+I guess that may not
+be the right word,
+
+achieve the ability
+to select one
+
+or the other of
+the visual targets
+
+accurately and not be
+vector averaging it.
+
+Now to accomplish that logically
+speaking, what you need
+
+is some inhibitory
+circuits and the mechanism
+
+for selection and then a
+decision as to where to look.
+
+All right so to
+highlight that let
+
+me just say one more thing
+about electrical stimulation.
+
+This is true what I told
+you about vector averaging
+
+with electrical stimulation
+even when you stimulate the two,
+
+the two superior colliculi
+or two different locations
+
+in the brain each of those
+gives you an eye movement
+
+into the left or right
+hemifield and yet
+
+they also vector average.
+
+So now let's look
+at what happens
+
+when a similar situation is
+used in a real experiment where
+
+the monkey looks at visual
+targets and so what you do here
+
+is you present these two
+targets at the same time.
+
+And so the monkey in a
+sense has to make a decision
+
+or you have to make a
+decision as to where to look.
+
+And as long as there's a
+nice big separation here
+
+which is 90 degrees in this
+case, what you can see here
+
+are the real eye movements that
+half the time the monkey looks
+
+to the left, half
+the time to the right
+
+and it makes very very
+few in-between saccades.
+
+Whereas if you
+electrically stimulated
+
+at these sites in
+the colliculus you'd
+
+get a vector
+average saccade just
+
+like what I've
+shown you here OK?
+
+All right so now
+that being the case,
+
+we can move on and ask
+some additional questions
+
+about what happens
+when you bring the two
+
+stimuli closer
+together, all right?
+
+The closer together they
+get the more difficult
+
+it is to make an
+independent decision
+
+as to whether to look to the
+left or the right target that
+
+comes up above
+the fixation spot.
+
+So here's an example
+of that, actually what
+
+I'm going to do is this.
+
+Let me delay for a little
+bit what happens with that
+
+and first I want to
+tell you about what
+
+happens with various
+kinds of lesions
+
+that you make on eye
+movements and then we'll
+
+talk about this
+question of the angular
+
+separation between the
+two visual targets.
+
+So therefore let's do-- the
+reason I want to do this first
+
+is to give you sort of
+a real sense when you
+
+do very informal kind of testing
+and by informal testing what
+
+I mean is that you're going
+to see a monkey actually
+
+perform eye movements OK?
+
+So here we are, here's a monkey,
+here's his brain so to speak
+
+and this is what we call of
+course an intact animal and now
+
+what I'm going to do, I'm going
+to start the movie for you
+
+to see what kinds
+of eye movements
+
+he makes when we present some
+apple pieces for the monkey
+
+to eat.
+
+OK are you ready?
+
+Here it is.
+
+Can everybody see this OK?
+
+So you can see that when
+an apple piece appears
+
+the monkey makes a saccade
+to it and grabs it and stuffs
+
+in his mouth and eats it.
+
+OK so that's what a
+normal monkey does
+
+with his fully intact,
+functional brain.
+
+So now we're going to
+ask the question, what
+
+happens if you take out
+the colliculus on one side,
+
+meaning a unilaterally lesion,
+what happens to the eye
+
+movements the monkey makes
+subsequent to such a lesion?
+
+Are you ready for that?
+
+Here we are.
+
+It's the same monkey.
+
+You can see that his
+eye movements may
+
+be a little bit slower perhaps
+but he still looks to the left
+
+and to the right quite well.
+
+He tends to sort of look towards
+the side of the lesion when
+
+there's no stimulus OK, but
+other than that he seems
+
+to make really rather, rather
+good eye movement in spite
+
+of the fact that he has a
+colliculus missing on one side.
+
+So what that means is that just
+looking at what the monkey does
+
+in this qualitative
+manner is not
+
+going to tell you too much about
+what these various structures
+
+do and so consequently you
+have to carry out some more
+
+refined experiments to
+determine what kinds of deficits
+
+do arise when you take out
+the colliculus, you take out
+
+other cortical structures for
+the generation of eye movement.
+
+So let me first of all tell
+you about a really interesting
+
+finding that was
+made that had nothing
+
+to do with the colliculus
+at the time it was made,
+
+was a strictly behavioral study
+much of it done on humans.
+
+What was done is first of
+all a fixation spot came on
+
+and then a single
+target appeared
+
+and often what was done is that
+the fixation spot was turned
+
+off just a few milliseconds
+before the target came
+
+on and on each trial it
+appeared someplace else OK?
+
+So then you've
+collected a lot of data
+
+to see what is the nature of
+the monkey's eye movements
+
+and in particular that initial
+study examined by Fischer
+
+and Boch, examined what the
+latency distribution was
+
+of the eye movements
+made and they made
+
+an incredible discovery that
+they subsequently generated
+
+hundreds of studies published
+in numerous journals,
+
+and this is the discovery.
+
+Here we have the
+latency of saccades made
+
+and here's a number
+of saccades and what
+
+you get is a
+bimodal distribution
+
+of saccadic latencies, amazing.
+
+They call the first
+mode, which takes
+
+place in the latency of average
+latency for bright stimulus
+
+over about 100 milliseconds,
+called express saccades.
+
+The second mode they called
+regular saccades and that
+
+took about I don't know,
+135, 140 milliseconds
+
+on the average.
+
+So that got this
+bimodal distribution
+
+and so people said, my goodness
+what could this be due to?
+
+How do we explain this effect?
+
+What other cortical
+or subcortical
+
+mechanisms that give rise
+to a bimodal distribution
+
+of saccadic latencies?
+
+As I've said a huge
+number of experiments
+
+had been carried out
+to find this out.
+
+So when one group
+of investigators
+
+saw this phenomenon and
+they did experiments
+
+with monkey's and
+they found this
+
+is a real effect everywhere,
+these findings were initially
+
+made in Germany and even,
+even in the United States
+
+you get a bimodal
+distribution of saccades
+
+in both humans and monkeys.
+
+So once it was established
+as a really solid effect
+
+people began to speculate
+as to what are the neural,
+
+underlying mechanisms?
+
+And as I've told
+you earlier it was
+
+noted that based on those lesion
+studies of the colliculus which
+
+eliminated saccades from the
+posterior portion of the cortex
+
+but not from the
+interior, that there
+
+is a reasonable hypothesis
+involved in proposing that you
+
+have a posterior system
+and an anterior system.
+
+And so when people saw
+this they said aha,
+
+now we know why we
+have these two systems.
+
+One is for making rapid
+saccades and the other
+
+is to making regular saccades.
+
+And so they proposed that
+the posterior system does
+
+one of these and the anterior
+system does the other.
+
+Well that was a nice
+hypothesis but so often
+
+when it comes to hypotheses
+as to how the brain works,
+
+often most of the time the
+hypotheses end up being wrong
+
+and so what you need to do
+rather than just hypothesize is
+
+to actually carry
+out experiments
+
+to test the hypothesis.
+
+So what is the test
+of this hypothesis?
+
+What would you do as
+an experimentalist?
+
+Well, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could
+ablate either posterior
+
+or the anterior pathways.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good
+you could ablate.
+
+All right so one
+thing you can do
+
+first of all you can ablate
+the superior colliculus even
+
+though when you saw that just
+with regular easy test just
+
+filming it, you didn't
+see much of a deficit.
+
+You sort of sense that maybe the
+monkey's a bit slower but other
+
+than that it wasn't that clear.
+
+But if you take
+out the colliculus
+
+then you eliminate the posterior
+system in essence all right,
+
+and so the question is what
+happens when you do that?
+
+And then you can
+ask the question
+
+what happens when you take
+out some other cortical areas?
+
+So let's look at this.
+
+Here we have a monkey 10 weeks
+after the colliculus has been
+
+ablated, we're talking
+about a major effect here
+
+that doesn't recover,
+and you took out
+
+the colliculus on one
+side on the left OK,
+
+so that controls
+rightward saccades
+
+and therefore when you look at
+the leftward saccades that's
+
+to the intact side
+of the brain you
+
+get the usual
+bimodal distribution
+
+of saccadic latencies.
+
+But then when you look
+at rightward saccades
+
+Lo and behold, you don't
+see a single express saccade
+
+and even the regular
+saccades have
+
+a longer latency than the
+ones to they intact side
+
+and these are collected
+at the same time.
+
+The monkey's sitting
+there with his head fixed
+
+and sometimes a target
+appears on the left
+
+sometimes on the right and you
+collect hundreds of thousands
+
+of trials that way and you test
+this over various time periods
+
+and this is at least 10 weeks, 2
+and 1/2 months after the lesion
+
+and even if you test
+the monkey a year
+
+later you still get
+the same effect.
+
+So this clearly
+points out the fact
+
+that your ability to make these
+rapid reflex-like saccades
+
+is something that's got to go
+through the superior colliculus
+
+OK?
+
+So now we can ask the question,
+well, what about if one
+
+makes lesions in the frontal
+and medial eye fields?
+
+All right so think about
+that for a minute what would
+
+you predict?
+
+All right so here we go.
+
+We take out the frontal eye
+fields in this case, ready?
+
+Oops let me go back.
+
+We take out the
+frontal eye fields
+
+but to give you a sense of this
+overall effect first of all
+
+let's just do the same informal
+testing that I've shown you
+
+before with the
+colliculus and see
+
+what the movie looks like OK?
+
+Here's a monkey not as
+handsome as the other one,
+
+but what you do here
+is a person behind
+
+there sometimes just
+presents a target
+
+and sometimes just moves it
+around so the monkey tracks it,
+
+can you see that?
+
+And what I shouldn't have
+told you which one I feel
+
+have been ablated.
+
+Look at how nicely he
+tracks on both sides,
+
+grabs it, puts it in his,
+stuffs it in his mouth
+
+and so the monkey seems to
+be perfectly fine with making
+
+saccades to either side and
+perfectly fine making pursuit
+
+eye movements either
+direction, indicating
+
+that this informal testing
+doesn't reveal anything truly
+
+obvious about the deficit
+that you have in eye movement
+
+control when you take out
+the frontal eye fields.
+
+So therefore you
+again need to go on
+
+to carry out some more
+careful experiments
+
+to obtain some detailed
+quantitative data.
+
+So let's look at that.
+
+First of all let's go back
+and look at express saccades.
+
+You take out the frontal eye
+fields and Lo and behold,
+
+you still get express
+saccades indicating
+
+that that is definitely specific
+for the posterior system
+
+even further if you do
+this experiment what
+
+you find if you take out both
+the medial and frontal eye
+
+fields you still
+get it, you still
+
+get your express saccades.
+
+So clearly these two areas
+are not directly involved
+
+in generating quick rapid
+saccadic eye movements
+
+and it's still bimodal so
+that initial hypothesis
+
+that the first mode
+is the colliculus
+
+and the second posterior
+system the colliculus
+
+and the second mode
+is the anterior system
+
+is clearly totally wrong.
+
+All right so that's
+what then happens
+
+and once this has been
+done, you say, well, you've
+
+got to find something that the
+frontal eye and the medial eye
+
+fields are doing.
+
+So let's come up with
+some other experiments
+
+to see whether the monkey is
+selective for anything else
+
+when it comes to lesions of
+the frontal and the medial eye
+
+fields.
+
+All right so one thing
+that had been proposed
+
+is that maybe the important
+factor is some high level eye
+
+movement activity such as making
+saccades in quick succession
+
+to successive targets
+that are out there OK?
+
+So the way that can
+be done quantitatively
+
+is you have the monkey
+first fixate OK,
+
+and after they fixate
+you present the target
+
+and then you present
+the second target.
+
+So the monkey has to make
+two successive saccades
+
+and what you can
+do is you can vary
+
+the temporal delay
+between their succession.
+
+So the monkey then has to make
+a plan to makes two saccades
+
+because these two stimuli
+appear before the monkey starts
+
+his initial saccade when the
+temporal interval is short.
+
+So then the monkey
+somehow knows it's easier
+
+to do, he has to do this even
+though he starts a saccade only
+
+after the two targets have
+come on when they are presented
+
+indeed in the short,
+the short latency.
+
+So that's what happens and
+of course in different trials
+
+you have different kinds
+of pairings like that
+
+and if you do that what you
+find is very interesting
+
+here are the four
+conditions, this
+
+shows the monkey's
+performance 18 weeks post
+
+left frontal eye field
+lesion and this shows it
+
+60 weeks after and it shows
+this to the intact side
+
+and the side where the
+frontal eye fields are missing
+
+and what you can see
+very dramatically
+
+is that the monkey
+really has difficulties
+
+in making a plan to execute
+two saccades in a row.
+
+Quite dramatic effect
+significant [INAUDIBLE] one
+
+level, of course indicating
+that the frontal eye fields
+
+play a role in planning
+sequences of eye movements.
+
+Now then another, well
+this I want to show you,
+
+what happens with
+the, when you compare
+
+the effects of the
+frontal eye field
+
+lesions and the medial
+eye field lesion
+
+and this is done over
+various sequence durations
+
+and for several weeks and what
+you find is that in both cases
+
+there is a recovery
+but the effect
+
+is much, much more dramatic with
+the frontal eye field lesion
+
+than a medial eye field lesion.
+
+So indeed there's
+for the frontal eye
+
+fields we can say the
+frontal eye fields play
+
+an important role in planning
+sequences of eye movements
+
+which is sort of a high
+level activity in executing
+
+saccadic eye movements.
+
+Now then what we can
+do is to examine what
+
+about making a decision
+of where to look when
+
+more than one target comes up
+and the simplest form of that
+
+is that you present two
+targets like that OK?
+
+And so the monkey has
+to make a decision am
+
+I going to look to the
+left or to the right?
+
+And then what you
+do is you can vary
+
+the temporal delay between the
+two like that, or like that OK?
+
+And then you can do that
+again either to intact
+
+parts of the visual
+field or those
+
+where either frontal eye
+fields or some other structure
+
+is missing.
+
+All right so let's
+look at what happens.
+
+Here is what we have
+is the intact monkey
+
+this part I've shown you before.
+
+All right this is when
+the two targets come
+
+on simultaneously
+and in this case
+
+the left target comes on 34
+milliseconds before the right
+
+and here's the
+reverse and what you
+
+can see that even a 34
+millisecond delay causes
+
+the monkey to very much prefer
+to go to the, to the target,
+
+make a saccade to the target
+that had appeared first.
+
+So that's what happens in
+a normal intact monkey.
+
+Now we can ask the next
+related questions still
+
+in the normal
+intact monkey, what
+
+happens when you put the
+two stimuli closer together?
+
+OK so here's an example they're,
+now they're separated only
+
+by 40 degrees and
+here the data again it
+
+shows that when it's, in this
+case 67 milliseconds apart
+
+the monkey chooses
+almost exclusively
+
+the target that comes on first.
+
+When they're simultaneous
+what happens is interesting,
+
+you get some so-called
+vector average saccades
+
+that you always get with
+electrical stimulation.
+
+So those you get, it's still
+a minority of the saccades.
+
+And the closer you
+bring the two together,
+
+the more frequent will be
+the vector average saccades.
+
+When they're only
+separated by set 10 degrees
+
+they will be all vector
+average saccades So this
+
+is what happens in
+the normal monkey you
+
+get this nice bimodal
+distribution and vector
+
+average saccades when
+the two are simultaneous.
+
+Now let's ask the question
+what happens when you take out
+
+a cortical structure in this
+case the frontal eye fields
+
+and here we are you take out
+the left frontal eye fields.
+
+These above are the same
+the data I just shown you
+
+adding a bigger delay here, just
+to make it even clearer that
+
+by that time the
+monkey never chooses
+
+the target that comes on second.
+
+And here we have the monkey
+after left frontal eye field
+
+lesion and look at
+what, what happens.
+
+What happens is
+that the monkey at 0
+
+chooses 100% saccade
+to the intact side OK.
+
+There seem to be a little
+bit of a shift here
+
+and then when they're
+100 milliseconds,
+
+then you have an
+equal distribution.
+
+So to equalize the choice
+that the brain makes
+
+you have to now because of the
+missing frontal eye fields,
+
+present one of the targets
+a 100 milliseconds earlier
+
+on the affected side to get
+the same kind of distribution
+
+that you get in
+the intact monkey.
+
+So this further
+highlights the fact
+
+that the frontal eye fields
+play a significant role
+
+in making decisions about the
+selection of visual targets.
+
+All right now we can look
+at this more quantitatively.
+
+This shows the distribution of
+choices OK, to the left target,
+
+this is the intact
+monkey preoperative
+
+and then when you take
+out the left frontal eye
+
+fields it's a huge movement
+over the equal choices
+
+has to be about 130
+milliseconds separated
+
+with the affected side getting
+the target a 130 milliseconds
+
+earlier.
+
+Then if you keep doing
+this there's some recovery
+
+but even four years later
+you still have a huge effect.
+
+Now you can ask
+the question what
+
+if you do the same experiment
+in the medial eye fields?
+
+And so if you do that you
+first of all get a small effect
+
+to begin with and after just
+16 weeks there's full recovery.
+
+So obviously the
+medial eye fields
+
+don't, do not seem to
+play a central role
+
+in making decisions
+as to which target
+
+to look at when more
+than one target appears
+
+in the visual field.
+
+All right so now having
+done that quantitative work
+
+indicating that the
+frontal eye fields play
+
+an important role
+in target selection
+
+and the sequencing
+of eye movements.
+
+We can move on and
+ask the question,
+
+well we talked
+about the posterior
+
+system and the anterior system.
+
+Is it true that there
+are these two systems?
+
+Or are there many more systems
+that we're not aware of?
+
+This should remind
+you of the fact
+
+that it had been
+proposed when we talked
+
+about extrastriate
+cortex that area of V4
+
+essential for processing high
+level activity including color,
+
+whereas the area MT and MST play
+an important role in emotion
+
+and so it was purported
+that these two
+
+major systems in the posterior
+cortex, the medial and lateral
+
+if you will.
+
+So the question was raised if
+you remove both of these areas,
+
+meaning the gateway to these
+areas, V4 and MT what happens?
+
+And when you do that
+they still the monkey's
+
+able to do a lot of things
+indicating that we have more
+
+pathways from V1 than just these
+two the anterior, the medial
+
+and the lateral.
+
+So now the question
+is what about when
+
+it comes to this eye
+movement control?
+
+We should do the same
+kind of experiment.
+
+We should remove the colliculus
+that supposedly eliminates
+
+the posterior system and then
+we should remove the frontal eye
+
+fields bilaterally, that
+eliminates the anterior system.
+
+So now the question is what
+happens when you do that?
+
+And again, we going to
+turn to the informal test,
+
+meaning we going
+to, we going to take
+
+a movie of the monkey who
+has these areas removed.
+
+Think about it for a minute what
+do you think's going to happen?
+
+OK so here's the monkey.
+
+Ready?
+
+The monkey sees well, he makes
+his movements with his hands
+
+quite accurately but what,
+what happens to the eyes,
+
+you watching the eyes right?
+
+No eye movement.
+
+Everybody see this?
+
+Should I show it again?
+
+The monkey makes
+no eye movements.
+
+He cannot make eye movements
+because his natural tendency
+
+would be just like I'd seen
+in the previous movies that he
+
+makes eye movements to the apple
+pieces so he can grab them.
+
+He still pays attention
+to them everything
+
+is fine except he doesn't move
+his eyes because he can't move
+
+his eyes as a result of
+having eliminated these two
+
+systems and because
+of that we can say
+
+with confidence that it's,
+as far as the visual as far
+
+as the ocular motor system
+is concerned we indeed have
+
+these two major pathways
+which when they're eliminated
+
+eliminates their
+ability to move,
+
+make saccadic eye movements.
+
+OK now let's go
+back to the effect
+
+of electrical stimulation to
+gain further insight about what
+
+these various areas
+do and what you
+
+can do in these
+experiments is not only
+
+to stimulate at a high
+level to elicit a saccade
+
+but you can simulate
+at a lower level
+
+and then pair that with the
+appearance of a visual target.
+
+This then enables you to see
+whether there's summation here
+
+or if there's interference,
+so let's look at that.
+
+All right here is
+again a monkey brain
+
+and what I'm going to tell
+you is what happens when you
+
+do this experiment in V1, in
+LIP, and in the frontal eye
+
+fields, even maybe I
+think I may have something
+
+also in the medial eye fields.
+
+All right so let me describe the
+experimental procedure for you
+
+so that you understand how
+these kinds of experiments
+
+are conducted.
+
+You put an electrode in
+to any of these structures
+
+and you find the receptive
+field first all right?
+
+Once you've found the receptive
+field you electrically
+
+stimulate then you
+confirm the fact
+
+that the electrical
+stimulation brings the fovea
+
+into the receptive field of
+the simulated neuron's when
+
+you do this in all the areas
+except in the medial eye
+
+fields.
+
+Then what you do is you actually
+present the visual target there
+
+OK?
+
+And lastly you present
+two visual targets
+
+and you electrically
+stimulate to see
+
+how it biases your choice
+as a result of this
+
+in most cases sub-threshold
+electrical stimulation.
+
+So if you do that what
+you find is, first of all,
+
+if you do this experiment
+with a intact monkey
+
+without stimulation you find
+say a receptive field here
+
+and then you simply see what
+the monkey's choices are left
+
+to the right and
+what you plot here
+
+is the saccades made to the
+target in the receptive field
+
+and what you can see
+is what I've shown you
+
+before namely when the
+targets are simultaneous then
+
+the monkey chooses left or
+right with equal probability.
+
+Now we're going to add
+the electrical stimulation
+
+and ask the question can we
+shift the curve to the left?
+
+If you shift it
+to the left, that
+
+means that the electrical
+stimulation facilitated
+
+the choice and if you shift
+to the right it means that it
+
+caused interference,
+it lessened the chances
+
+of the monkey making a
+saccade into that area,
+
+meaning the stimulation
+created inhibition.
+
+Got it?
+
+All right, so here's
+an example in the lower
+
+layers of V1 remember
+in layer six of area
+
+V1 is where you have your
+complex cells that project down
+
+to the superior colliculus.
+
+So here if you stimulate at
+sub-threshold levels and some
+
+of these are very low levels
+only 7 1/2 and 10 microamps.
+
+OK, really very,
+very fine currents
+
+using themselves going to
+elicit an eye movement.
+
+So if you do that the
+stimulation created
+
+a significant, highly
+significant facilitatory
+
+affect.
+
+This is in the lower layers.
+
+Now if you do the same
+experiment in the upper layers
+
+you get the opposite effect
+we get a gigantic even-- look
+
+at this five and 10 microamps,
+--even at that low, incredibly
+
+low level you get a gigantic
+interference effect.
+
+So that says that there's
+a complex interplay in V1
+
+in the decision
+process that arises
+
+as to whether you're
+going to look at a target,
+
+or whether you're not
+going to look at a target.
+
+Now we can do the
+same experiment in LIP
+
+and in some regions you get
+this huge facilitatory effect
+
+and in other regions you
+get an inhibitory effect,
+
+so that's LIP.
+
+So therefore this structure
+also plays a significant role
+
+in deciding whether
+to look at or not
+
+to look at a visual
+stimulus and here it
+
+shows that in LIP as
+you increase the current
+
+you get a gigantic
+increase in the latency
+
+in these inhibitory
+areas with which
+
+a saccade can be generated
+indicating that LIP plays
+
+an important role
+in whether you're
+
+going to look at a target
+or whether you're not
+
+going to look at target.
+
+OK and then if you do
+the frontal eye fields
+
+everywhere in the
+frontal eye fields
+
+you get a huge
+facilitatory effect
+
+and in the medial eye fields you
+also get a facilitatory effect
+
+as long as the
+motor field is where
+
+the visual target appears.
+
+But now you can remember what
+I told you about the medial eye
+
+fields the fact is that
+they have a place code.
+
+So one can do a
+different experiment
+
+in which instead of presenting
+the target in the motor field
+
+you can present the
+fixation spot there.
+
+So here again to remind you,
+we have this place code.
+
+So now we do this
+experiment, just
+
+like what I've shown you
+before just to repeat it,
+
+in this case the target appears
+and that causes a facilitation
+
+in this case we put the
+fixation spot in there
+
+and the location of the
+target's just displaced
+
+and when you do that you
+get a huge inhibitory
+
+effect because somehow the
+electrical stimulation forces
+
+the animal keep the eye at
+the location where the motor
+
+field is in the
+medial eye fields
+
+and this is a very
+important point
+
+and it means that the medial eye
+fields plays a significant role
+
+in deciding how long
+to look at a target
+
+before making the next saccade.
+
+OK so now we going to,
+there's a lot of facts, so
+
+and you're going to get
+some more lot of facts.
+
+So now I'm going to
+summarize what I told you
+
+about the effects of
+sub-threshold electrical
+
+stimulation OK?
+
+If you stimulate in the
+upper layers of V1 and V2,
+
+V2 I should add to this
+you get interference,
+
+in the lower layers you get
+facilitation in V4 there was
+
+no effect I didn't talk about
+that before in LIP you can get
+
+both facilitation interference
+and also fixation increase.
+
+In the frontal eye fields
+you get facilitation
+
+and the medial eye
+fields depending
+
+on how you set it up
+you can get facilitation
+
+if the target appears
+in the motor field
+
+and you get inhibition
+when it appear,
+
+when the fixation
+spot appears in it.
+
+So that's the basic
+summary of these effects.
+
+Now what these findings
+indicate that somehow
+
+inhibitory circuits are
+essential in our ability
+
+to make saccades to
+selected visual targets
+
+and therefore what
+we want to do is
+
+to examine what
+happens when you use
+
+various kinds of
+pharmacological agents
+
+that either facilitate
+or increase inhibition.
+
+So to explain that then let me
+first of all point out to you
+
+that if you take
+again the whole brain
+
+and you look at the
+colliculus and you look at V1,
+
+you look at LIP, you look
+at the frontal eye fields
+
+you can study these
+areas by injecting
+
+two kinds of
+pharmacological agents,
+
+bicuculline and muscimol
+some people believe
+
+you've heard of this as
+muscimol I call it muscimol.
+
+At any rate you
+all know I'm sure
+
+but this is bicuculline is
+a GABA antagonist meaning
+
+that if you inject
+it OK, it stops
+
+the effectiveness of
+inhibition by GABA.
+
+Muscimol on the other
+hand is a GABA agonist
+
+meaning that if
+you inject it you
+
+increase inhibition all right?
+
+Now I'm sure that
+all of you must
+
+have had enough of a
+background in biochemistry
+
+to know what these
+two agents are.
+
+So now what we can
+do is we can inject
+
+either one or the other of these
+agents and assess two things.
+
+First off we assess
+eye movements
+
+and secondly we also
+have to obviously assess
+
+how it affects your
+visual ability.
+
+So let's move on and do this.
+
+The first set of
+experiments done with this
+
+was by Hikosaka and Woods many
+years ago in the colliculus.
+
+So what they did, very
+clever beautiful experiment,
+
+is that they would
+put a microelectrode
+
+into the colliculus and then
+initially just stimulate
+
+to see what kind of eye
+movement you get and then they
+
+would inject either muscimol
+or what's the other agent?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good
+and see what happens.
+
+Now which of those
+causes more inhibition?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so let's
+look at that then.
+
+If you electrically stimulate
+just like I've shown you
+
+before you get a constant
+vector saccade no matter
+
+where the eye starts
+you get the same vector.
+
+Now the question is what
+happens to the spontaneous eye
+
+movements of the monkey when
+you first inject muscimol OK?
+
+Which is an agent that
+mimics if you will your GABA,
+
+meaning it increases
+inhibition and what happens
+
+is that the monkey hardly
+ever makes a saccade
+
+with the vectors
+represented by the area that
+
+has been injected.
+
+By contrast if you
+inject bicuculline
+
+the monkey keeps making saccades
+with that vector even when
+
+there's nothing out there
+like the release of area
+
+for inhibition.
+
+And the signal is sent down to
+the brain step move your eye,
+
+move your eye, move
+your eye, move your eye,
+
+that's what happens.
+
+So to show this in
+more detail then
+
+we can ask what happens when
+you use two behavioral tasks OK,
+
+the so-called paired
+target task that we already
+
+talked about quite
+a bit and you talk
+
+about a visual
+discrimination task
+
+and that one is
+that you're already
+
+familiar with the so-called
+audited task you present
+
+several stimuli one of which
+is different from the others.
+
+All right so here is an example
+of the paired target task.
+
+What we do here again we
+vary the temporal asynchrony
+
+between the two
+targets just like what
+
+I've shown with the
+electrical stimulation
+
+and this is the monkey's
+normal behavior when the two
+
+targets are simultaneous the
+monkey chooses each randomly.
+
+Now let's ask the question what
+happens is again to remind you,
+
+if it goes this way the curve
+goes this way it's facilitation
+
+if the current curve goes
+that way we get interference.
+
+So let's ask what happens first
+of all, no let me also tell you
+
+about the oddity task just to
+make sure that you have it.
+
+All right that's the oddity
+task you know that already.
+
+All right so we can now
+go on and first examine
+
+what happens with
+muscimol or muscimol
+
+or whatever you
+prefer to use OK?
+
+Well again what, what
+does this agent do?
+
+Does it do excitation
+or inhibition?
+
+AUDIENCE: Inhibition.
+
+PROFESSOR: Very good, inhibition
+because it mimics GABA
+
+all right?
+
+So let's look at what happens.
+
+Here we have a normal
+monkey same experiment
+
+as before, here
+is the this is V1,
+
+here's a receptive field you
+present one visual target
+
+there, the other there, then you
+vary the temporary asynchrony
+
+between them, this is what
+happens in the normal case OK?
+
+Now you're going to
+inject the muscimol
+
+and ask yourself
+the question, we
+
+increased inhibition what do
+you think is going to happen?
+
+Well it should be
+pretty obvious,
+
+what happens is you
+get gigantic inhibition
+
+the monkey practically
+never looks
+
+at here because that area
+is not being activated
+
+by the visual stimulus
+because of the inhibition.
+
+Then if you do this over time,
+even four hours later there's
+
+a huge, huge effect
+but by the next day
+
+the monkey recovers luckily
+so one can do this experiment
+
+several times because
+this agent is something
+
+that washes out of the brain.
+
+All right so now
+let's look at what
+
+happens in the
+frontal eye fields.
+
+Same experiment, all right,
+just a different location
+
+with the electrode.
+
+And what you get, this
+is your preinjection.
+
+And once again,
+after the injection,
+
+you get a big
+interference effect
+
+which recovers by the next day.
+
+So that is what you
+get that with that.
+
+Then let's examine
+what happens in LIP.
+
+Curiously in LIP
+there was no effect.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let's next turn to the
+so-called oddity task meaning
+
+several stimuli, one of which
+is different from the others
+
+and what is the monkey's
+ability to choose
+
+the different stimulus.
+
+So if you do this with
+a muscimol injection
+
+there's a huge deficit
+for V1 that you
+
+would expect because it
+destroyed the monkey's ability
+
+to analyze the
+visual stimulus that
+
+appeared in the receptive field.
+
+Then if you do the same thing
+in the frontal eye fields
+
+you find a mild deficit and then
+if you do the same thing in LIP
+
+you get no deficit at all.
+
+So this is what then happens
+with the oddities task
+
+and now what you can do is
+ask what happens when instead
+
+of muscimol we're going
+to inject bicuculline?
+
+And we're going to go
+through the same procedure
+
+as what I just shown you
+and so we start here in V1
+
+and when you do that think
+about it for a minute,
+
+now you're
+facilitating supposedly
+
+because you're
+eliminating inhibition
+
+what do you think you would get?
+
+Well, you'll be in
+for a surprise, what
+
+you get is gigantic
+interference again
+
+because putting bicuculline
+in also screwed up you're
+
+ability in the visual cortex
+to analyze the visual percept.
+
+This again recovers over
+time by the next day
+
+it's back to normal.
+
+Then if you do the same
+experiment in the frontal eye
+
+fields what do you
+think's going to happen?
+
+Can you predict what's
+going to happen just
+
+looking at this slide?
+
+Why do you think this is such
+a big empty space here huh?
+
+OK well look at that, when
+you put in bicuculline we
+
+get this incredible
+facilitation.
+
+OK the monkey just
+like in the colliculus
+
+barely can help himself to
+make a saccade into the field
+
+that has been disinhibited
+OK?, and that again recovers,
+
+bicuculline is washed
+out more rapidly
+
+than muscimol and
+by the next day
+
+certainly is back to normal.
+
+Now we can do the same
+thing just looking
+
+at the eye movements
+themselves to further highlight
+
+what I've shown you before.
+
+If you'd put bicuculline in
+OK, in the frontal eye fields
+
+the monkey cannot help but make
+saccades with similar vectors
+
+that are represented by the
+neurons in the injected site
+
+and that's why you have all this
+is its full stack of saccades
+
+buh, buh, buh, buh, bang
+the monkey just can't help
+
+but makes saccades because the
+signal to make the saccade has
+
+been disinhibited.
+
+All right so then you can
+ask what happens in LIP
+
+and when you do that you
+get no effect at all,
+
+and if you do now the
+bicuculline injection
+
+with the oddities
+task we can once again
+
+ask well what happens with that?
+
+And then once again as
+I've already indicated,
+
+both bicuculline and muscimol
+cause a major interference
+
+in your ability to
+select the odd target,
+
+in other words to
+visually discriminate,
+
+but if you do the same thing
+in the frontal eye fields
+
+and in the medial and LIP
+you get no effect at all.
+
+So what this then says
+to summarize all right
+
+is the following.
+
+We talk about target selection,
+which was a two target
+
+task, individual discrimination
+which was the oddities task
+
+and here we have muscimol
+and here bicuculline.
+
+So if you do that in the
+frontal eye field, in V1 first,
+
+you get interference, you
+do it in the frontal eye
+
+fields you get
+interference of muscimol
+
+with great facilitation,
+with bicuculline
+
+and LIP has no effec.
+
+And then, just to remind
+you, it has already
+
+been shown by
+Hikosaka and Woods,
+
+that you get interference
+of facilitation
+
+in the superior colliculus
+with these two agents.
+
+You do the same thing with
+visual discrimination,
+
+you get a major
+deficit in V1 for both
+
+and you get a mild effect
+for both actually no effect
+
+really with bicuculline
+in the frontal eye
+
+fields and no effect
+at all in LIP.
+
+So these manipulations
+then gives you
+
+sort of a sense of what
+these various areas do
+
+in the generation
+of eye movements
+
+that involve not only just
+to make a saccade to a target
+
+but to select targets individual
+field, make a decision as
+
+to where to look, and also
+to decide when to look,
+
+because any time you
+make an eye movement
+
+and I should've mentioned that
+more thoroughly before, you
+
+look at something and
+how long you look at it
+
+depends on how long it takes you
+to analyze what you're looking
+
+at.
+
+Now in most cases
+it takes you maybe I
+
+don't know 200 milliseconds
+or less to say,
+
+oh yeah that's
+letter a or whatever
+
+and then you say it's your brain
+mechanisms tell you, OK, now
+
+you know what it is.
+
+It's OK for you
+to move your eye.
+
+OK so that's involved
+and then thirdly,
+
+you have an important
+task in making sequences
+
+of eye movements
+so that when you
+
+look at a picture like the movie
+I showed you in the beginning
+
+in the previous lecture,
+when you look at something
+
+then you make a decision
+as to where to look next,
+
+where to look next and
+if you keep doing this
+
+for I don't know 20, 30
+saccades then you get to a state
+
+where you say oh
+now I understand
+
+the picture as a whole.
+
+All right so now we're
+going to summarize
+
+what the tasks are in
+a very simple situation
+
+and what brain structures
+are involved in it.
+
+First of all let's
+imagine that you're
+
+looking at fixation
+spot designated by a.
+
+Let's assume the
+two stimuli come on
+
+and that means that you
+have to make a decision as
+
+to what those two
+targets are, you
+
+have to identify them because
+you have to select one of those
+
+OK?
+
+Of course in most cases you're
+talking about many targets that
+
+are out there this is a
+highly simplified version.
+
+The next step is to
+decide which of these two
+
+targets now that I know one says
+a and the other says b, which
+
+of those two targets, actually
+b and c in the picture here
+
+which of these targets
+should I look at,
+
+and so you make a decision
+all right, that generates
+
+excitation and inhibitin,
+inhibition through excitatory
+
+and inhibitory
+circuits, and then you
+
+decide OK we going
+to look here and that
+
+means that you have to
+decide which one not to look
+
+at in addition to deciding
+which one to look at,
+
+because you've got to make
+an accurate saccade so you
+
+don't want a vector average.
+
+All right.
+
+And then what you need
+of course is a map,
+
+if you will, of the motor
+field so that you can generate
+
+the appropriate
+direction of the saccade
+
+so that you can decide where
+you're going to look at
+
+and then lastly as I've
+mentioned already before,
+
+you also have to
+make a decision as
+
+to when to make
+that eye movement.
+
+So now in a very
+summary fashion we
+
+can talk about the various
+brain areas involved.
+
+Quite a number of
+different areas
+
+are involved in the decision as
+to what these two stimuli are,
+
+they of course involve much
+of the visual system including
+
+also LIP and
+several other areas.
+
+Then, then you have
+to make a decision as
+
+to which one to look at, again
+several areas involve notably
+
+among them are the frontal
+eye fields, LIP, and also
+
+the medial eye fields.
+
+Then you also have to decide
+which ones not to look at,
+
+that it was largely
+the same areas
+
+and then you need of course
+a topographic arrangement
+
+to know where things
+are and that you
+
+can find in many areas,
+including V1, V2,
+
+the frontal eye fields, and the
+colliculi which are laid out
+
+in a nice topographic
+fashion, and then
+
+lastly LIP is
+important for that,
+
+and I think to some degree
+also the medial eye fields
+
+but I'm not sure about that to
+decide when you should generate
+
+saccadic eye movements.
+
+Well that's very
+nice and makes you
+
+realize that even
+though we never
+
+think about making eye movement
+all this stuff is going
+
+on three times a
+second it's amazing.
+
+So now you're going to look at
+what the various visual areas
+
+and ocular motor areas are
+that play a role in this OK,
+
+and so we're going to
+create a summary diagram.
+
+So here we have,
+that's the first one
+
+I shown you, which has a rate
+code that from the brain stem
+
+connects with the eye
+muscles and activates them.
+
+Then we have the
+superior colliculus,
+
+now the superior colliculus is
+under strong inhibitory control
+
+all right, and they're several
+inhibitory circuits that
+
+are involved in that and those
+include the substantia nigra
+
+that sends inhibitory
+circuits down
+
+to the colliculus that then
+prevents the colliculus
+
+from generating an eye
+movement because it
+
+is under inhibition,
+because every time you
+
+look around thousands
+and thousands
+
+of impressions impinge
+on the colliculus
+
+and you only want one of
+those to actually get down
+
+to the deep place,
+the colliculus,
+
+to generate an eye movement.
+
+Now then the substantia
+nigra is under the control
+
+of several neural structures
+which, many of which
+
+go through this
+so-called basal ganglia.
+
+Now we can expand on this
+and look at the visual input
+
+to do this.
+
+We already talked
+about this a lot
+
+you, pointed out to you
+that you have these three
+
+major, many, many different
+types of ganglion cells.
+
+The three major
+ones we talked about
+
+are the midget parasol
+and the so-called W-cells
+
+that go to the cortex.
+
+And the W-cells also project
+directly to the colliculus.
+
+Then from layer five
+in the visual cortex
+
+you have the cells that project
+to the superior colliculus
+
+and the intermediate layers and
+that down flow is controlled
+
+predominantly by the parasol
+system as we had described.
+
+Then we have all
+these other areas
+
+that V1 projects to, V2, MT,
+V4, and so on some of them
+
+dominated by input
+from the parasol system
+
+and others get input
+from both, and those
+
+in turn project to the
+parietal and temporal lobes
+
+and those in turn have
+an important influence
+
+on the inhibitory circuits
+through the basal ganglia
+
+and the substantia nigra.
+
+Now let me finally come to the
+frontal lobe, the frontal eye
+
+fields, and the medial eye
+fields and they in turn
+
+have direct access
+to the brain stem
+
+and also connect to the
+superior colliculus.
+
+Now this is still
+not the whole story
+
+because what you
+have in addition is
+
+a bunch of interconnections
+among numerous cortical areas
+
+they talk back and
+forth to each other
+
+that enables you to
+make these decisions as
+
+to where to look next.
+
+Now if you think
+this is complete
+
+you're still wrong because
+now what you have to realize
+
+is that all this
+circuitry is also
+
+one that receives input
+from several other areas,
+
+with the auditory
+system that you're
+
+going to hear a lot about
+later on in the course,
+
+the somatosensory system,
+the olfactory system,
+
+the smooth pursuit
+system that we'll mention
+
+a little bit next
+time, the vestibular
+
+system, the accessory
+optic system we'll
+
+talk about next time,
+and the vergence system.
+
+So all these fit into this
+incredibly complex circuitry
+
+already and essential
+elements in your ability
+
+to move your eyes about.
+
+So I think you need to realize
+therefore that something even
+
+as simple as just moving your
+eyes about it's an incredibly
+
+complicated system
+involving many structures
+
+and involving excitatory
+and inhibitory circuits,
+
+interconnections it's just,
+it's almost dumbfounding.
+
+So that then is the essence
+of these connections,
+
+and what I want
+turn to next I think
+
+we still have a little time.
+
+Before I summarize
+our results for today,
+
+I want to say something
+about dreaming and rapid eye
+
+movements.
+
+I think all of you know that
+every night you sleep you dream
+
+and what you also know that
+has been discovered more
+
+recently is when you dream you
+make rapid eye movement so it's
+
+called REM sleep, and so the
+question arose why do we dream?
+
+Why do we have REM sleep?
+
+Now, the major influence
+as to why we dream
+
+comes from the work
+of Sigmund Freud who
+
+published a famous book one of
+his really great works called,
+
+The Interpretation
+Of Dreams, which
+
+was the original version in
+German was published in 1900.
+
+OK so 113 years ago.
+
+Now this was an incredibly
+influential book and also
+
+central for the emergence
+of psychoanalysis
+
+and has been used extensively to
+interpret quotes why we dream.
+
+Now the prime, in
+very summary fashion,
+
+the prime idea that
+Freud expressed
+
+is that dreaming is equivalent
+to wish-fulling your dreams,
+
+your wishes, to
+fulfilling your wishes.
+
+So that's why it's called
+wish fulfillment dreams.
+
+Now, that's interesting because
+one of the stories he has
+
+in that book of his,
+Interpretation Of Dreams,
+
+is a woman he was
+psychoanalyzing who one day
+
+when she came to be, to her
+session said you know you told
+
+me the other day that dreams
+are wish fulfillment's.
+
+She said, I don't believe
+that, I had a dream last night
+
+and it didn't go along with
+wish fulfillment and Freud said,
+
+I want you to tell me
+what the dream was about.
+
+Well, my dream was
+that I went to a store
+
+to buy some food because I was
+going to have a dinner party
+
+and when I got to the store
+it was closed and I could,
+
+as much as I wanted
+to I couldn't
+
+buy the food for the dinner.
+
+Freud scratched his eyes,
+you know I'm making that up,
+
+and he said that's true,
+he said you know what?
+
+You didn't want to
+give a dinner party
+
+that's why you dreamt that.
+
+So that's famous
+psychoanalytic stuff.
+
+You can always twist
+things around so
+
+that it fits with
+your hypotheses,
+
+in this case Freud felt that
+indeed even though she had
+
+this, what she thought was a
+contrary dream it was a wish
+
+fulfillment dream.
+
+Well that's one
+part of dreaming,
+
+what the other part that
+Freud had emphasized
+
+is that when we dream
+so many of our wishes
+
+are actually
+unacceptable to ourselves
+
+and therefore we
+dream it at night
+
+and so he constructed
+in many other studies
+
+the idea that in humans we have
+three subdivisions of the mind.
+
+We have the Id, the
+ego and the super ego,
+
+you all know that right?
+
+So what it means that when
+you dream at night some
+
+of the wishes that
+you, unacceptable
+
+wishes that aren't
+in your Id, kind
+
+of seep through
+because the super ego
+
+is not under control
+since you're asleep.
+
+So that was his basic
+idea and of course it
+
+was then many years later
+discovered that whenever
+
+you dream you make all
+kinds of eye movements.
+
+You don't make eye movements
+when you don't dream
+
+but when you dream you
+make eye movements.
+
+Now one of the problems
+with the Freudian theory
+
+is that animals also dream
+and in fact most dramatically,
+
+animals that hibernate do
+a lot of dreaming and not
+
+only dreaming but
+those animals also
+
+move their eyes about a lot OK?
+
+So that observation
+then kind of shifted
+
+the notion as to why
+we have REM sleep
+
+and so people thought about
+that and one observation that
+
+had been made is that when
+you eliminate a persons
+
+ability to move the eyes, such
+as you lose somehow the ability
+
+to activate your
+eye muscles, this
+
+can be done also in monkeys.
+
+What happens in
+fairly short order
+
+is it your eye
+becomes ill-affected
+
+and what I mean by that
+is that the eye loses
+
+it's perfect roundness
+to some degree
+
+and more notably
+even what happens
+
+is that your cornea
+becomes uneven,
+
+becomes ridged, because
+you're not moving your eye.
+
+So that discovery then has
+led to an alternate theory
+
+about why we dream
+which is not nearly as
+
+romantic or intriguing
+as Freudian theory,
+
+namely that we have REM
+sleep at night in order--
+
+and especially have it in
+animals that hibernate--
+
+in order to keep the
+eyes in healthy condition
+
+and to keep the cornea
+nice and smooth and even
+
+because if you were
+not to dream at all
+
+and you would sleep
+eight or 10 hours.
+
+Then you would have
+an uneven, would
+
+result in having an
+uneven cornea that
+
+would make it more
+difficult for you to see
+
+and the reason for this
+then is that animals
+
+that, which presumably don't
+have Ids, egos, and super egos
+
+also dream as do
+animals that hibernate
+
+and so there's a necessity
+to move your eyes while you
+
+are sleeping or hibernating.
+
+So that's an alternate
+theory and we'll
+
+see one of these years
+whether they're correct
+
+but I can tell
+you, which may not
+
+be very nice, that basically
+Freudian theory has taken quite
+
+a nose dive and in fact today
+psychoanalysis has become
+
+largely dead for a
+number of reasons,
+
+and so you don't have too many
+psychiatrists or psychoanalysts
+
+out there performing those
+psychoanalytic tasks that they
+
+had, in which a
+patient lies down
+
+on a couch and sort
+of free associates
+
+and sometimes even gets
+hypnotized to talk about some
+
+of his unconscious
+wishes and so on.
+
+So anyway that's
+the story for today
+
+and that brings me to an
+end to eye movement control.
+
+I hope you'll
+appreciate the fact
+
+that even a simple
+system like eye movements
+
+is unbelievably
+complex when it comes
+
+to the brain controlling it.
+
+Next time we're going to
+talk about eye movements
+
+and towards the end of that
+I'll come back a little bit
+
+and talk more about yet another
+aspect of eye movement control.
+
+Does anybody have any questions?
+
+Yes please.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+just explain again
+
+quickly why the
+bicuculline injection in V1
+
+causes interference?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's
+a very good question.
+
+Why does bicuculline in the,
+in V1 cause interference?
+
+Because it screws up
+the neurons ability
+
+to analyze the visual scene.
+
+You mess up the centers
+around antagonism,
+
+you mess up the orientation
+selectivity of these cells,
+
+or direction
+selectivity of them,
+
+so they're no longer able
+to analyze the visual scene
+
+in the normal fashion.
+
+Yeah that's, and, it
+certainly you see,
+
+the V1 is quite
+far removed really
+
+from the generation
+of a motor response.
+
+If you inject GABA
+inhibitors into areas
+
+which are closely linked to
+the execution of motor acts
+
+then the, the effect is seen
+because you generate a motor
+
+response or if it's muscimol
+then you inhibit the motor
+
+response but the frontal, you
+see this in the frontal eye
+
+fields but you
+don't see this in V1
+
+because V1 is predominantly
+the system that
+
+analyzes visual percepts,
+as are V2 and V4 and all
+
+those other higher
+cortical visual areas.
+
+Any further questions?
+
+All right very good so I
+will see you then next Monday
+
+and I think you'll
+find that we'll
+
+have an interesting session.
+
+We're going talk about movement
+and we're not going talk
+
+about regular
+movement, we're also
+
+going to talk about
+confusing kinds of movements,
+
+like especially very
+important apparent motion.
+
+You realize and just to
+say one more word here,
+
+that nowadays when you go home
+and watch television almost all
+
+the motion that
+you see on the TV
+
+is apparent motion,
+not real motion
+
+and I-- keep
+thinking about that--
+
+and I'll tell you
+about that next time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Monday is
+actually a Holiday.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+Sorry it's not Monday.
+
+It's our next session
+is next Wednesday.
+
+Sorry about that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lkq-Y0VBdTw.txt b/Lkq-Y0VBdTw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e2995eb3f1efbf9cfee4f7bbb2a2c02daf87469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lkq-Y0VBdTw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get
+started so the we are up to our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the we are up to our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so the we are up to our uh
+segment I guess is three is it's not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment I guess is three is it's not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment I guess is three is it's not of
+four anyways uh because first two were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anyways uh because first two were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anyways uh because first two were
+together a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tuesday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it
+change yeah okay I think that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah okay I think that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change yeah okay I think that's probably
+the other bug I thought I fixed it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bug I thought I fixed it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other bug I thought I fixed it uh
+the uh the close schedule set what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the close schedule set what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the close schedule set what it
+was Tuesday 25th isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Tuesday 25th isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Tuesday 25th isn't
+it I thought I fixed it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I thought I fixed it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I thought I fixed it never
+mind okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind okay
+so good that's why nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good that's why nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good that's why nice thing about
+having uh PowerPoint you can fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh PowerPoint you can fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh PowerPoint you can fix it
+immediately okay uh so so fifth is uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately okay uh so so fifth is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately okay uh so so fifth is uh uh
+so key thing is treat this as a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key thing is treat this as a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so key thing is treat this as a serious
+deadline because this actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline because this actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline because this actually uh
+matters and hand this in because I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and hand this in because I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and hand this in because I know
+up to this much this point everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this much this point everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this much this point everybody's
+doing well they actually getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well they actually getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well they actually getting all
+those things done but this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things done but this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things done but this is a very
+hard uh uh segment we have lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh uh segment we have lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh uh segment we have lot of things
+we need to be doing doing here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be doing doing here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be doing doing here so so
+instead of giving you one deadline we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you one deadline we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of giving you one deadline we
+try to give you two deadline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you two deadline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you two deadline so
+uh and I think this just is Right 31st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think this just is Right 31st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think this just is Right 31st
+is a due date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a due date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a due date
+uh and so we have paper discussions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we have paper discussions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we have paper discussions uh
+17th the next Monday with me and 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th the next Monday with me and 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th the next Monday with me and 21st
+with uh uh Martin and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh Martin and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh Martin and we are going to
+make the paper available uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the paper available uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the paper available uh probably
+today or tomorrow on the website so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or tomorrow on the website so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today or tomorrow on the website so you
+can just download from the class website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just download from the class website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just download from the class website
+and read it and again if you talked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read it and again if you talked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read it and again if you talked with
+me last time sign up with Martin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me last time sign up with Martin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me last time sign up with Martin and
+vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+versa okay so today I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so today I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so today I'm going to do a
+little bit of introduction of uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of introduction of uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of introduction of uh what
+we're trying to do in this segment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do in this segment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do in this segment uh
+talk about machine language overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about machine language overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about machine language overview of
+a modern microprocessor this probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern microprocessor this probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern microprocessor this probably a
+lot of you probably know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you probably know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you probably know this is
+probably nothing new in there uh talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably nothing new in there uh talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably nothing new in there uh talk a
+little bit about the memory layout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the memory layout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the memory layout that
+that matters to us procedia abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters to us procedia abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters to us procedia abstraction
+procedia linkage and end up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedia linkage and end up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedia linkage and end up with some
+guidelines of creating uh uh a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines of creating uh uh a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines of creating uh uh a code
+generator so in intro so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so in intro so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so in intro so this is
+basically our flow we have been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our flow we have been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our flow we have been working
+on there program tokens tokens go to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there program tokens tokens go to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there program tokens tokens go to P
+trees and that's where we are yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and that's where we are yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and that's where we are yeah uh
+sorry actually we did a semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually we did a semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry actually we did a semantic
+analysis we in intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we in intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we in intermediate
+representation we get got to some type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we get got to some type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we get got to some type
+of intermediate representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intermediate representation and
+normally in a compiler flow is uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in a compiler flow is uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally in a compiler flow is uh you do
+code optimization and then do code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code optimization and then do code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code optimization and then do code
+generation because intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation because intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation because intermediate
+representation is where a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is where a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation is where a lot of
+optimizations happen but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations happen but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations happen but we want to
+short circuit and we won't directly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit and we won't directly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit and we won't directly go
+to uh code generation because at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh code generation because at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh code generation because at that
+point we have Inn system and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have Inn system and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have Inn system and then we'll
+get back to optimization in the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to optimization in the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to optimization in the next two
+uh segments so what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh segments so what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh segments so what we want to do
+is uh uh go through through this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh go through through this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh uh go through through this with
+this high level ir and lower it to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high level ir and lower it to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high level ir and lower it to a low
+level intermediate representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level intermediate representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level intermediate representation and
+directly do the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly do the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly do the code
+generation and if you look at code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and if you look at code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and if you look at code
+generation what do you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation what do you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation what do you have to worry
+about in code generation that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in code generation that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in code generation that means
+every part of the program we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the program we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the program we have to
+actually map into some place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map into some place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually map into some place in the
+architecture so what are the parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so what are the parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so what are the parts of
+the program you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program you have to worry about
+there's code things like procedures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's code things like procedures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's code things like procedures in
+the code there's control flow in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code there's control flow in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code there's control flow in the
+code statements and accessing data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code statements and accessing data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code statements and accessing data you
+have to worry about those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about those things and
+then we had to come up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to come up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had to come up with some
+stylistic ways of doing all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic ways of doing all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylistic ways of doing all those things
+and there's a lot of data we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of data we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of data we have to
+deal with we have Global static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with we have Global static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with we have Global static
+variables uh we don't have that Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh we don't have that Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh we don't have that Global
+dyamic variables in dcaf because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic variables in dcaf because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyamic variables in dcaf because we
+didn't do classes and and we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do classes and and we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do classes and and we are not
+doing stuff like that so this is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff like that so this is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing stuff like that so this is doesn't
+matter that much but I just put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much but I just put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that much but I just put it in
+there you have local variables you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have local variables you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have local variables you have
+Temporaries that at some point when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries that at some point when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temporaries that at some point when you
+deal with things like statements we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with things like statements we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with things like statements we'll
+figure out how to the where we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to the where we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to the where we need to
+allocate them we need to do parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them we need to do parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate them we need to do parameter
+passing we need to do call call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing we need to do call call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing we need to do call call
+parameter passing and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter passing and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter passing and we have to
+actually deal with three data so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deal with three data so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deal with three data so what
+I'm going to do today is go and and deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is go and and deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do today is go and and deal
+with each of these categories where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of these categories where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of these categories where it
+arise and how to deal with in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise and how to deal with in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise and how to deal with in your code
+generator so the machine uh code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so the machine uh code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so the machine uh code
+generation basically should translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation basically should translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation basically should translate
+all the instruction from intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instruction from intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the instruction from intermediate
+representation to assembly you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to assembly you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to assembly you are doing
+and you need to allocate space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to allocate space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to allocate space for
+variables and arrays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and arrays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and arrays in
+there oh okay you have more handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh okay you have more handouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oh okay you have more handouts
+good y this what pun gave yep okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good y this what pun gave yep okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good y this what pun gave yep okay so uh
+uh I guess we can pick it up at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we can pick it up at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I guess we can pick it up at the end
+and uh we need to create the necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we need to create the necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we need to create the necessary
+uh uh symbolic information in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh symbolic information in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh symbolic information in there and
+we add to calling convention these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add to calling convention these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add to calling convention these are
+the kind of main things we need to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of main things we need to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of main things we need to do in
+in in machine code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in machine code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in machine code
+generation so what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation so what are we going to
+generate two so we have intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two so we have intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate two so we have intermediate
+representation so we are ending up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we are ending up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we are ending up in a
+machine language so machines basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine language so machines basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine language so machines basically
+understand bits so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bits so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand bits so at the end of the day
+machine wants bunch of bits and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine wants bunch of bits and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine wants bunch of bits and it's
+going to look at the bits and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the bits and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the bits and it's going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that's what we want at the end however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want at the end however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want at the end however
+we are not going to generate bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to generate bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are not going to generate bits we
+actually going to generate assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to generate assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to generate assembly
+instruction that has almost one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that has almost one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction that has almost one to one
+correspondence between these bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between these bits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between these bits okay
+and so that's what that's what we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what that's what we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what that's what we end
+now so if you actually think about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if you actually think about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if you actually think about it we
+came with this notion that in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with this notion that in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with this notion that in this class
+we are going to go all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to go all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to go all the way down to
+metal and we'll do everything that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and we'll do everything that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and we'll do everything that the
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+wants it was a little bit of a lie we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it was a little bit of a lie we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it was a little bit of a lie we
+just fudged it a little bit actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fudged it a little bit actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fudged it a little bit actually
+what you're generating an assembly code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're generating an assembly code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're generating an assembly code
+and you're not going to write assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not going to write assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not going to write assembly
+and a link which actually generates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a link which actually generates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a link which actually generates the
+binary so we are using that but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so we are using that but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so we are using that but this is
+close enough uh after you learn what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough uh after you learn what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough uh after you learn what we
+do I mean assembly and Linker would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean assembly and Linker would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean assembly and Linker would be
+almost a very simple subset of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a very simple subset of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a very simple subset of what a
+compiler is about so uh so uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is about so uh so uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler is about so uh so uh I think
+this is course enough so why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course enough so why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course enough so why are you
+doing Assembly Language what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Assembly Language what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Assembly Language what are the
+advantages of doing that using AEM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of doing that using AEM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of doing that using AEM
+language it simplifies code Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it simplifies code Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it simplifies code Generations
+like crazy you don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy you don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy you don't have to worry about
+uh generation in Bits And then trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generation in Bits And then trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generation in Bits And then trying to
+figure out and try to debug it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and try to debug it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out and try to debug it would be
+a big pain uh uh and also having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big pain uh uh and also having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big pain uh uh and also having
+symbolic names and and and symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic names and and and symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic names and and and symbolic
+Instructions make it much easier to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instructions make it much easier to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instructions make it much easier to read
+and and easier to generate you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and easier to generate you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and easier to generate you don't
+have to figure out exact locations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out exact locations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out exact locations and
+stuff like that there's a nice logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that there's a nice logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that there's a nice logical
+abstraction layer uh because what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction layer uh because what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction layer uh because what we are
+trying to do is build abstraction layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is build abstraction layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is build abstraction layers
+Assembly Language is a nice logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language is a nice logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language is a nice logical
+abstraction layer in there uh so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction layer in there uh so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction layer in there uh so because
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+uh uh for example many different small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for example many different small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh for example many different small
+changes in architectures can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in architectures can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in architectures can be
+abstracted out to one uh Isa one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted out to one uh Isa one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted out to one uh Isa one
+Assembly Language and and also uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language and and also uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly Language and and also uh uh
+some times with between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some times with between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some times with between some
+architectures you actually change macros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures you actually change macros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures you actually change macros
+in the assembler and deal with that x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assembler and deal with that x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assembler and deal with that x86
+is kind of hard because x86 has so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of hard because x86 has so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of hard because x86 has so much
+weird low things it's all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird low things it's all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird low things it's all kind of
+exposed there's no that this abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed there's no that this abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed there's no that this abstraction
+is not that nice in Risk architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that nice in Risk architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that nice in Risk architecture
+sometimes you have this assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have this assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have this assembly
+abstraction that you can hide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that you can hide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that you can hide some
+architecture details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture details in
+there and uh there are disadvantages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh there are disadvantages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh there are disadvantages uh
+a lot of times there some there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there some there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times there some there could be
+some additional procing in assembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional procing in assembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional procing in assembling
+and linking again this is more of a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linking again this is more of a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linking again this is more of a risk
+issue than X because risk try to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue than X because risk try to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue than X because risk try to create
+some nice abstractions to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice abstractions to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice abstractions to the actual
+assembler try to hide some low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler try to hide some low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler try to hide some low level
+details to in XA dis6 there's no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to in XA dis6 there's no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to in XA dis6 there's no nice
+abstraction so everything kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so everything kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so everything kind of get
+exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed
+up and assembler can add overhead uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and assembler can add overhead uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and assembler can add overhead uh uh
+basically doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing
+things so there are two types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there are two types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there are two types of things
+you can generate one is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate one is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can generate one is what we call
+relocatable machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocatable machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocatable machine
+language so what that means is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what that means is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so what that means is all
+addresses in there are represented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses in there are represented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses in there are represented with
+some kind of symbols or uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of symbols or uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of symbols or uh the the
+there's some relocation information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some relocation information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some relocation information
+available uh to the link loader that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh to the link loader that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available uh to the link loader that
+when Linker when you especially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Linker when you especially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Linker when you especially when you
+load you can actually move that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load you can actually move that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load you can actually move that piece of
+code anywhere in memory and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code anywhere in memory and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code anywhere in memory and and and
+relocate that uh and and what it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate that uh and and what it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate that uh and and what it gives
+is it gives you flexibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gives you flexibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gives you flexibility in
+compilation because if you're compiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation because if you're compiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilation because if you're compiling
+multiple files if everybody thinks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple files if everybody thinks I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple files if everybody thinks I
+want to be in address 100 and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in address 100 and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be in address 100 and if you
+have two different functions competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different functions competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different functions competing
+then in trouble so relocation say says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in trouble so relocation say says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in trouble so relocation say says
+that you have all everything is relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all everything is relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all everything is relative
+so if two two different functions get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if two two different functions get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if two two different functions get
+recompiled separately they can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompiled separately they can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompiled separately they can kind of
+come uh find its own space and go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come uh find its own space and go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come uh find its own space and go in
+there so it's a multiple level first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's a multiple level first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's a multiple level first in
+the Linker level when you're combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Linker level when you're combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Linker level when you're combining
+things and then loader level because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then loader level because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then loader level because the
+two different liaries get loaded and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different liaries get loaded and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different liaries get loaded and and
+they they might have to uh uh put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they might have to uh uh put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they might have to uh uh put in
+different spaces and then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces and then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces and then you can do
+absolute machine language uh especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute machine language uh especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute machine language uh especially
+there are some areas in in especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some areas in in especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some areas in in especially
+things like kernel where you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like kernel where you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like kernel where you have to be
+in absolute address the addresses mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute address the addresses mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute address the addresses mean
+something and at that point you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and at that point you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and at that point you actually
+hard code addresses and say this address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard code addresses and say this address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard code addresses and say this address
+address do that but uh uh uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address do that but uh uh uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address do that but uh uh uh when you're
+doing things like interrupts and device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like interrupts and device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things like interrupts and device
+ders you have to do that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders you have to do that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ders you have to do that you have
+hardcode things addresses mean things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcode things addresses mean things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardcode things addresses mean things
+whereas in this class in what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this class in what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this class in what we're
+generating we actually do relocatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating we actually do relocatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating we actually do relocatable
+stuff so this is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this is a little bit of a
+primer for assembly I mean all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer for assembly I mean all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer for assembly I mean all of you
+guys probably understand assembly do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably understand assembly do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys probably understand assembly do you
+okay I don't have to spend that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't have to spend that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't have to spend that much
+time uh going through assembly um x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh going through assembly um x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh going through assembly um x86
+assembly is uh uh weird uh it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is uh uh weird uh it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is uh uh weird uh it's it's a
+very complex language and and the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex language and and the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex language and and the key
+thing what we're trying to do is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what we're trying to do is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing what we're trying to do is even
+though we are using x86 don't go crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we are using x86 don't go crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we are using x86 don't go crazy
+on it because in x86 anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it because in x86 anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it because in x86 anything and
+everything has instruction available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has instruction available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has instruction available in
+the in the architecture but don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the architecture but don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the architecture but don't use
+them because right now it might be fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because right now it might be fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because right now it might be fun
+but when you go optimization you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you go optimization you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you go optimization you'll just
+you'll suffer the pain dealing with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll suffer the pain dealing with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll suffer the pain dealing with all
+those things different weird cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things different weird cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things different weird cases so
+just take stay with Focus stay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take stay with Focus stay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take stay with Focus stay with the
+simple things we are giving so I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things we are giving so I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things we are giving so I think I
+that's that's the key thing I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the key thing I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the key thing I mean uh
+what I would say is go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is go through this
+segment and the next one probably next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and the next one probably next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and the next one probably next
+two also staying in there and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also staying in there and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two also staying in there and and and
+probably last segment and when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably last segment and when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably last segment and when you go to
+the compiler Derby you just can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler Derby you just can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compiler Derby you just can just go
+crazy I mean if you want just go crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy I mean if you want just go crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy I mean if you want just go crazy
+and try to do the if you wanton do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do the if you wanton do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to do the if you wanton do a
+string copy there one instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string copy there one instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string copy there one instruction that
+will copy a string from one to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will copy a string from one to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will copy a string from one to another
+instead of having 5050 instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 5050 instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having 5050 instructions
+you can do all those crazy things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all those crazy things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do all those crazy things but
+not now uh uh just just work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now uh uh just just work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now uh uh just just work with the
+simple subset we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple subset we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple subset we
+give so what happens in this assembly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give so what happens in this assembly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give so what happens in this assembly at
+some point get mapped into some file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point get mapped into some file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point get mapped into some file
+object file we are not really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object file we are not really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object file we are not really going
+you're not trying to look into object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not trying to look into object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not trying to look into object
+file that much but it's good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that much but it's good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file that much but it's good to know
+what's in the object file uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the object file uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the object file uh we are
+using files that are in in called L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using files that are in in called L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using files that are in in called L
+format files and the object files have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format files and the object files have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format files and the object files have
+many things there are multiple segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things there are multiple segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things there are multiple segments
+because different parts of the code go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different parts of the code go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because different parts of the code go
+into different segments so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different segments so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different segments so if you look
+at this this right hand side defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this right hand side defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this right hand side defined by
+section it defines a segment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it defines a segment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section it defines a segment what
+segment that part goes into and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that part goes into and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that part goes into and it has
+other information like symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information like symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information like symbolic
+information that's needed for debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's needed for debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's needed for debugging
+relocation information that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocation information that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocation information that's that's
+needed to relocate uh thing uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to relocate uh thing uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to relocate uh thing uh also
+procedure linkage information so when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure linkage information so when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure linkage information so when it
+knows when you're calling a procedure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows when you're calling a procedure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows when you're calling a procedure we
+to call and and we to link things and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and and we to link things and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and and we to link things and so
+there are multiple segments for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple segments for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple segments for example
+there's a thing called a global offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called a global offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called a global offset
+table what it gives is all the exported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what it gives is all the exported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what it gives is all the exported
+function and and variable it it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and and variable it it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and and variable it it tells
+you in your object where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your object where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in your object where they are
+offset to the location so what it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset to the location so what it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset to the location so what it gives
+what it can do is then if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can do is then if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it can do is then if you have a
+variable visible outside for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable visible outside for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable visible outside for some
+another object you want to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object you want to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another object you want to look at this
+in another uh uh Library you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another uh uh Library you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another uh uh Library you know where
+to find it so give that and same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it so give that and same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find it so give that and same thing
+in Pro proced linkage and text segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pro proced linkage and text segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Pro proced linkage and text segment
+has the code and there's a data segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the code and there's a data segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the code and there's a data segment
+that is read write data and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is read write data and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is read write data and then there's
+a read only data segment too uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a read only data segment too uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a read only data segment too uh so this
+segment table has lot of other segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment table has lot of other segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment table has lot of other segments
+that very complicated in debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very complicated in debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very complicated in debug
+information da da da da but we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information da da da da but we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information da da da da but we only
+right now concentrating on Tex segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now concentrating on Tex segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now concentrating on Tex segment
+we don't even want to because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even want to because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even want to because we want to
+simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the
+life so at the end of the day we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so at the end of the day we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so at the end of the day we are
+trying to map from this high level uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to map from this high level uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to map from this high level uh
+language into a machine so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into a machine so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into a machine so it's always
+good to uh go and review what a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to uh go and review what a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to uh go and review what a machine
+is what are the things in there and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the things in there and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the things in there and I'm
+especially doing this uh uh with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially doing this uh uh with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially doing this uh uh with respect
+to X x86 64 uh we are actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X x86 64 uh we are actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X x86 64 uh we are actually going
+through to switch last couple of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to switch last couple of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to switch last couple of years
+we generated uh code for mips Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generated uh code for mips Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generated uh code for mips Ms
+machines they're very nice risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines they're very nice risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines they're very nice risk
+architectures except mips it seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures except mips it seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures except mips it seem to be
+a Dying Breed and and so we we had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dying Breed and and so we we had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dying Breed and and so we we had a lot
+of thought what where should you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought what where should you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought what where should you go
+generate code and then as one cam say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code and then as one cam say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate code and then as one cam say
+still generate maps and run on simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still generate maps and run on simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still generate maps and run on simulator
+and I was very adamant that at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was very adamant that at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was very adamant that at the end
+of the day it would be nice for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day it would be nice for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day it would be nice for you guys
+to run on a real machine so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run on a real machine so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run on a real machine so you know
+actually how it works on real metal than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it works on real metal than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it works on real metal than
+on some kind of simulator so we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some kind of simulator so we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some kind of simulator so we chose
+8664 for a few reasons seem to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8664 for a few reasons seem to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8664 for a few reasons seem to be a
+prevalent architect it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent architect it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevalent architect it seems like
+everybody has at Le x86 and we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has at Le x86 and we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has at Le x86 and we didn't
+choose x86 because x86 has very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose x86 because x86 has very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose x86 because x86 has very little
+registers so at some point doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so at some point doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so at some point doing things
+like register allocation is is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like register allocation is is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like register allocation is is a very
+complicated thing in x86 so x86 64 seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing in x86 so x86 64 seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing in x86 so x86 64 seem
+to have more registers so that's one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more registers so that's one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have more registers so that's one big
+reason and it seem to be little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and it seem to be little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason and it seem to be little bit more
+un uniform in there so the key thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un uniform in there so the key thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un uniform in there so the key thing is
+x86 64 even though it's uniform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 even though it's uniform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x86 64 even though it's uniform and
+mortes it's almost super set it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortes it's almost super set it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortes it's almost super set it has the
+entire baggage in x86 2 so the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire baggage in x86 2 so the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire baggage in x86 2 so the key thing
+is kind of ignore those things and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of ignore those things and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of ignore those things and kind
+of focus on on on a simple archite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus on on on a simple archite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus on on on a simple archite and
+going forward uh so I won't have a ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward uh so I won't have a ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward uh so I won't have a ask
+question from you guys so so this is new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from you guys so so this is new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question from you guys so so this is new
+the machine just arrived about uh 3 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine just arrived about uh 3 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine just arrived about uh 3 days
+ago we just managed to just get get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we just managed to just get get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago we just managed to just get get the
+thing working uh did Puna give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing working uh did Puna give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing working uh did Puna give you
+account information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account information
+yet no so what we trying to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no so what we trying to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet no so what we trying to do is we
+just got x86 64 machine and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got x86 64 machine and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got x86 64 machine and and it's
+actually running Linux and and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running Linux and and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running Linux and and and we
+will give each group account we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give each group account we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give each group account we just
+created account and he just have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created account and he just have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created account and he just have to give
+you passwords um contact pun he's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you passwords um contact pun he's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you passwords um contact pun he's off
+today tomorrow and try to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow and try to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow and try to get the
+accounts in there the other thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts in there the other thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts in there the other thing in
+that machine is since the machine just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine is since the machine just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machine is since the machine just
+came out we want to make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out we want to make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out we want to make sure the
+machine is stable it actually Sunday it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is stable it actually Sunday it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is stable it actually Sunday it
+went down because of some mounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down because of some mounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down because of some mounting
+problems so if you have problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so if you have problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so if you have problems okay
+you need to contact either me or pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to contact either me or pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to contact either me or pun
+immediately we will give you contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately we will give you contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately we will give you contact
+information so we can actually go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we can actually go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so we can actually go and
+get the machine rebooted and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the machine rebooted and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the machine rebooted and stuff like
+that so I don't want you to guys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't want you to guys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't want you to guys you
+guys to get frustrated with that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to get frustrated with that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to get frustrated with that uh the
+question I have for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have for you guys
+is uh so did I make the right decision I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so did I make the right decision I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so did I make the right decision I
+mean are you guys happy with dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean are you guys happy with dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean are you guys happy with dealing
+with x864 or should we have stayed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x864 or should we have stayed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x864 or should we have stayed with
+uh uh Ms how many people think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Ms how many people think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Ms how many people think we should
+this is good decision oh how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good decision oh how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good decision oh how many people
+would have preferred to stay in m not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have preferred to stay in m not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have preferred to stay in m not
+like not that we have a choice I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not that we have a choice I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like not that we have a choice I don't
+want people do different things but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people do different things but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people do different things but I
+want to at least get some uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback a while between the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback a while between the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback a while between the time that
+my compiler output something to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my compiler output something to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my compiler output something to the time
+that I'm able to test it I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm able to test it I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm able to test it I think right
+now minute you get the account uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now minute you get the account uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now minute you get the account uh on
+tomorrow you should be able to test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you should be able to test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you should be able to test it
+and the way we were going to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we were going to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we were going to do is you
+do all the Java stuff on in a and do SCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the Java stuff on in a and do SCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the Java stuff on in a and do SCP
+and copy the file GCC run and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copy the file GCC run and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copy the file GCC run and and and
+and you get the output so so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the output so so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the output so so you have
+login thing and and there's only few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login thing and and there's only few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login thing and and there's only few
+groups so one machine is probably good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so one machine is probably good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so one machine is probably good
+enough for doing that we are not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for doing that we are not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for doing that we are not doing
+timing test so uh so I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing test so uh so I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing test so uh so I think you should
+be able because it's always intuitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able because it's always intuitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able because it's always intuitive to
+actually run Snippets of code and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run Snippets of code and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run Snippets of code and see
+what happens and stuff like that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens and stuff like that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens and stuff like that in the
+real architecture you don't want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real architecture you don't want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real architecture you don't want to go
+and generate huge amount of assembly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate huge amount of assembly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate huge amount of assembly to
+realize the kind of assembly generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the kind of assembly generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the kind of assembly generate
+actually doesn't work there are bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't work there are bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't work there are bugs in
+it and stuff like that so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and stuff like that so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and stuff like that so you want to
+actually test I mean lot of times one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually test I mean lot of times one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually test I mean lot of times one
+nice way of testing what I like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of testing what I like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of testing what I like to do is
+before I start generate writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start generate writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start generate writing
+something to generate that I will hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to generate that I will hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to generate that I will hand
+write the kind of assembly it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the kind of assembly it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the kind of assembly it might
+generate and run it and see does thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and run it and see does thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate and run it and see does thing
+actually work because so sometimes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work because so sometimes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work because so sometimes a lot
+of times I did that I realized D it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I did that I realized D it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I did that I realized D it
+didn't work because of some reason and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work because of some reason and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work because of some reason and
+X8 have this exception condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X8 have this exception condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X8 have this exception condition that
+that that that that was not allowed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that was not allowed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that was not allowed and
+then before you actually re write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before you actually re write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then before you actually re write the
+entire compiler to generate that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire compiler to generate that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire compiler to generate that you
+want to make sure that it works so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it works so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it works so it's
+always good to get to the machine first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to get to the machine first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to get to the machine first
+and and and try out these small pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and try out these small pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and try out these small pieces
+of handwritten assembly because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of handwritten assembly because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of handwritten assembly because a lot of
+time you're not gener wrting complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're not gener wrting complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're not gener wrting complicated
+things simple expression okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple expression okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple expression okay my
+expression will map here hand map will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression will map here hand map will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression will map here hand map will
+it work okay good it works now I will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work okay good it works now I will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work okay good it works now I will go
+write the entire compiler to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the entire compiler to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the entire compiler to generate
+that sequence I I think that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence I I think that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sequence I I think that's that's a
+good way of going and uh debugging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of going and uh debugging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way of going and uh debugging that
+any other uh uh uh comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other uh uh uh comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other uh uh uh comments on
+this so it's new it's a brand new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's new it's a brand new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's new it's a brand new
+architecture I think it's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I think it's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I think it's a fun
+architect interesting architecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect interesting architecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect interesting architecture so
+let's see how this goes uh one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how this goes uh one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how this goes uh one other
+comment I want to get probably at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I want to get probably at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I want to get probably at the
+end of the year is one thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the year is one thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the year is one thing I was
+thinking is whether we should generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is whether we should generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is whether we should generate
+it for the beta architecture I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the beta architecture I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the beta architecture I didn't do
+it this time because I couldn't get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this time because I couldn't get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this time because I couldn't get done
+because you guys have done B beta4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys have done B beta4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys have done B beta4 and
+and and and and I want to get get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and I want to get get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and I want to get get your
+feedback at some point saying in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback at some point saying in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback at some point saying in the
+next CF should I go go and rework it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next CF should I go go and rework it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next CF should I go go and rework it for
+beta so if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so if you look at a
+machine I think there are four things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I think there are four things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine I think there are four things we
+have to worry about uh memory registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about uh memory registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about uh memory registers
+ALU and and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALU and and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALU and and uh the
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+so ALU is what most of the operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ALU is what most of the operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ALU is what most of the operations
+happen and in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and in a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and in a um
+I64 uh x86 sorry x86 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I64 uh x86 sorry x86 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I64 uh x86 sorry x86 64
+the operations are in this form there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations are in this form there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations are in this form there
+are two things uh normal risk is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things uh normal risk is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things uh normal risk is what we
+call three address form so it takes reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call three address form so it takes reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call three address form so it takes reg
+one register another register operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one register another register operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one register another register operates
+and put it in the third register uh x86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in the third register uh x86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in the third register uh x86
+is a little bit different what it do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different what it do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit different what it do is
+it has two operants it takes one operant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two operants it takes one operant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has two operants it takes one operant
+and second oper modify it and put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second oper modify it and put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second oper modify it and put it on
+the second operant uh other interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second operant uh other interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second operant uh other interesting
+thing about X6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about X6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about X6 is
+that these operat doesn't doing arith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these operat doesn't doing arith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these operat doesn't doing arith
+doesn't have to be registers in Risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be registers in Risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be registers in Risk
+machines everything has to be registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines everything has to be registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines everything has to be registered
+you bring things into registers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring things into registers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring things into registers using
+explicit load and store instructions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit load and store instructions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit load and store instructions and
+then all the work happen with registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the work happen with registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the work happen with registers
+in X6 you can directly work work inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X6 you can directly work work inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X6 you can directly work work inside
+memory because you don't have that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because you don't have that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because you don't have that many
+registers so that's the idea so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so that's the idea so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so that's the idea so you
+directly work with memory you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly work with memory you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly work with memory you don't have
+to deal with registers and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with registers and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with registers and then there
+are also unary operations like increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also unary operations like increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also unary operations like increment
+decrement uh uh that you give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement uh uh that you give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement uh uh that you give one
+operate and then operat could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and then operat could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate and then operat could be
+immediate so you can give a immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate so you can give a immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate so you can give a immediate
+integer into operand it can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer into operand it can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer into operand it can be a
+register immediate it could be integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register immediate it could be integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register immediate it could be integer
+address whatever if you have immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address whatever if you have immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address whatever if you have immediate
+address I don't think you guys will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I don't think you guys will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address I don't think you guys will have
+hard code address but if you can hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard code address but if you can hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard code address but if you can hard
+code address in there or register or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code address in there or register or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code address in there or register or
+memory so memory is you can either give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so memory is you can either give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so memory is you can either give
+direct hardcore memory addresses which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct hardcore memory addresses which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct hardcore memory addresses which
+you probably won't do it's mainly off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't do it's mainly off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't do it's mainly off
+some register that keeps the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some register that keeps the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some register that keeps the memory
+address and and you can actually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and and you can actually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and and you can actually give
+offset so you can actually offset from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so you can actually offset from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset so you can actually offset from
+that and uh it's negative or positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh it's negative or positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh it's negative or positive
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+that and operations are you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and operations are you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and operations are you can do
+arithmetic operation add sub integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation add sub integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation add sub integer
+multiply logic operations and also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply logic operations and also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply logic operations and also there
+are things like operations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like operations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like operations like
+increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment
+decrement that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh one thing is you'd always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one thing is you'd always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one thing is you'd always think
+about what can happen most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what can happen most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what can happen most of these
+arithmetic operations actually can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations actually can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations actually can cause
+exceptions so we are not dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions so we are not dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions so we are not dealing with
+exceptions but in debugging kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions but in debugging kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions but in debugging kind of
+situations if suddenly you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations if suddenly you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations if suddenly you realize
+control is completely gone somewhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is completely gone somewhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is completely gone somewhere you
+think okay did I did something bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay did I did something bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay did I did something bad that
+actually causes an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causes an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually causes an exception
+and also there are different data types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there are different data types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also there are different data types
+so uh in X6 with all the bagage there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in X6 with all the bagage there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in X6 with all the bagage there it
+can do eight 16 and 32 bits and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do eight 16 and 32 bits and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do eight 16 and 32 bits and in fact
+in this class we will concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we will concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we will concentrate
+everything on 64bit so you because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on 64bit so you because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on 64bit so you because then
+you don't have to deal with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to deal with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to deal with all the
+conversion issues and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion issues and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion issues and stuff like that
+everything is 64bit and and and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is 64bit and and and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is 64bit and and and no
+questions asked so so no because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked so so no because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked so so no because that
+nice thing is addresses data everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is addresses data everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is addresses data everything
+works in there nicely so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in there nicely so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in there nicely so you can
+actually do everything every instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do everything every instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do everything every instruction
+by adding the last letter Q saying quod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding the last letter Q saying quod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding the last letter Q saying quod
+word so add Q mq or stuff like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so add Q mq or stuff like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so add Q mq or stuff like that or
+if you actually give the right uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually give the right uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually give the right uh um
+arguments it will figure it out itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments it will figure it out itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments it will figure it out itself
+so if you want to be safe when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to be safe when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to be safe when you
+generate down just generate ad you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate down just generate ad you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate down just generate ad you can
+generate add Q so you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate add Q so you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate add Q so you know that that
+because if you if you uh uh arguments if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if you uh uh arguments if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you if you uh uh arguments if
+you do something wrong if you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something wrong if you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something wrong if you think it's
+a 30 two bit and and actually did add l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30 two bit and and actually did add l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30 two bit and and actually did add l
+in you otherwise it would be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you otherwise it would be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you otherwise it would be hard to
+debug you won't know that but if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug you won't know that but if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug you won't know that but if you do
+add Q it will complain and say look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Q it will complain and say look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Q it will complain and say look I
+couldn't do that so that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that so that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do that so that's much
+easier uh and things like there are sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh and things like there are sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier uh and things like there are sign
+and unside arithmetic we don't you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unside arithmetic we don't you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unside arithmetic we don't you guys
+worry about the entire class of floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the entire class of floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the entire class of floating
+Point separate ALU separate registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point separate ALU separate registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point separate ALU separate registers
+which we are not worrying about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are not worrying about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are not worrying about in this
+class but it's always know good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's always know good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but it's always know good to know
+that you have all those things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all those things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have all those things in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+control standard instruction sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control standard instruction sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control standard instruction sequencing
+the simple thing is Easy Come memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple thing is Easy Come memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple thing is Easy Come memory
+comes instructions come from memory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes instructions come from memory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes instructions come from memory uh
+keep keep Fetch and executing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep Fetch and executing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep keep Fetch and executing there's a
+program counter that that does that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program counter that that does that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program counter that that does that this
+thing and uh the simple control is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh the simple control is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and uh the simple control is easy
+but the interesting thing is actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interesting thing is actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interesting thing is actually if
+you want instead of going to executing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want instead of going to executing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want instead of going to executing
+next and instruction and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and instruction and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and instruction and next
+instruction if you want to go to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you want to go to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you want to go to uh
+change control and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change control and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change control and there are
+unconditional branches things like fetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branches things like fetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional branches things like fetch
+next instruction from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next instruction from a different
+location and and uh in U x86 the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and and uh in U x86 the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and and uh in U x86 the main
+thing is Jump instruction you can go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is Jump instruction you can go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is Jump instruction you can go you
+can do a jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a jump to
+label uh or you can uh jump to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh or you can uh jump to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label uh or you can uh jump to address
+in a register so you can you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a register so you can you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a register so you can you have two
+two way so it's a calculat address in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two way so it's a calculat address in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two way so it's a calculat address in
+the second one uh and then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one uh and then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one uh and then there are
+special instruction handle procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special instruction handle procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special instruction handle procedure
+call so in in sometimes what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so in in sometimes what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so in in sometimes what you have is
+in Risk architecture you actually to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Risk architecture you actually to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Risk architecture you actually to set
+up all those things yourself here sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all those things yourself here sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all those things yourself here sing
+one instruction will deal everything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction will deal everything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instruction will deal everything uh
+push the return address uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the return address uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the return address uh into the
+stack and go there so uh uh you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and go there so uh uh you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and go there so uh uh you either
+can do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with the
+label or you can actually uh go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or you can actually uh go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or you can actually uh go with the
+address in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address in the
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+and other thing is conditional branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other thing is conditional branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other thing is conditional branches
+conditional branches is a in ex done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches is a in ex done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional branches is a in ex done it
+little bit different from risk risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from risk risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different from risk risk
+architectures has a operation that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures has a operation that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures has a operation that gives
+you both registers to do the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both registers to do the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both registers to do the condition
+and the target so it says uh Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the target so it says uh Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the target so it says uh Branch
+greater than or equal to two registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to two registers
+you do the comparison and then uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the comparison and then uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the comparison and then uh uh uh
+if the branch is true go to the Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the branch is true go to the Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the branch is true go to the Target
+so it's a single instruction in ex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a single instruction in ex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a single instruction in ex you
+have separated two things what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have separated two things what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have separated two things what happens
+is every arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every arithmetic
+operation create add some side defs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation create add some side defs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation create add some side defs into
+this uh condition codes so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh condition codes so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh condition codes so every
+operation if if it is Overflow underflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if if it is Overflow underflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if if it is Overflow underflow
+uh uh uh or if it uh value is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh or if it uh value is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh or if it uh value is zero
+whatever this uh condition codes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this uh condition codes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this uh condition codes get
+updated and also there's a uh explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated and also there's a uh explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated and also there's a uh explicit
+instruction compare instruction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction compare instruction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction compare instruction that
+will do the comparison and update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the comparison and update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the comparison and update the
+condition code so the last one the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code so the last one the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition code so the last one the last
+previous uh arithmetic operation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh arithmetic operation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh arithmetic operation or
+compare instruction update this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare instruction update this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare instruction update this
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+codes and then you do conditional jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and then you do conditional jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and then you do conditional jumps
+uh depending on what's in the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on what's in the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on what's in the condition
+codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes
+and it's instruction is something like J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's instruction is something like J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's instruction is something like J
+something something uh either for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something uh either for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something uh either for a
+label or a register so what is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or a register so what is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label or a register so what is something
+something that's huge list you can jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's huge list you can jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's huge list you can jump
+flow overflow FL carry if it is equal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow overflow FL carry if it is equal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow overflow FL carry if it is equal if
+the answer is zero if it is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is zero if it is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is zero if it is not equal
+there are all these things you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these things you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these things you can go
+look at a manual and figure out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a manual and figure out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a manual and figure out what it
+is again uh I would caution you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again uh I would caution you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again uh I would caution you to go
+crazy on all the possibilities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy on all the possibilities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy on all the possibilities because
+what you realizes if you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realizes if you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you realizes if you come up with
+all the 20 possibilities and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the 20 possibilities and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the 20 possibilities and have
+generate instructions when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate instructions when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate instructions when you start
+doing optimization you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimization you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing optimization you need to
+understand all those 20 possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all those 20 possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all those 20 possibilities
+and you going to go crazy and sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you going to go crazy and sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you going to go crazy and sit down
+now you're going to have these huge case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to have these huge case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're going to have these huge case
+statements minimal just minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements minimal just minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements minimal just minimal
+instructions are generated now makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are generated now makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions are generated now makes
+your life lot easier in optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life lot easier in optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life lot easier in optimization
+because that at that point your case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that at that point your case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that at that point your case
+statements are going to much easier much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are going to much easier much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are going to much easier much
+simpler because you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because you only have to
+understand few things so so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand few things so so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand few things so so even though
+there's many just don't go crazy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many just don't go crazy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many just don't go crazy just
+just do the do the fewest possible thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the do the fewest possible thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the do the fewest possible thing
+and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go
+on and then there are uh exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then there are uh exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then there are uh exception
+control transer that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transer that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transer that you don't have to
+worry about that much traps exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that much traps exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that much traps exceptions
+uh there are lot of uh uh uh uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are lot of uh uh uh uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are lot of uh uh uh uh in this
+basically uh the operating system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh the operating system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh the operating system will
+take care of save the current context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of save the current context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of save the current context
+and and go to a trap Handler it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and go to a trap Handler it's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and go to a trap Handler it's most
+of this code is written in assembly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this code is written in assembly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this code is written in assembly and
+uh for our purposes it just looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our purposes it just looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for our purposes it just looks like
+either assembly written or some system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either assembly written or some system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either assembly written or some system
+calls that deal with that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that deal with that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls that deal with that so the
+compiler doesn't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler doesn't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler doesn't have to worry about
+most of these things especially at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things especially at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these things especially at least
+so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a
+question there are lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there are lot of different
+types of control flow you have jum calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of control flow you have jum calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of control flow you have jum calls
+jump from registers uh uh uh think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from registers uh uh uh think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from registers uh uh uh think
+conditional jumps when would we use each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jumps when would we use each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jumps when would we use each
+of these in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compiler when would we use a jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+label so jum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so jum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label so jum to
+label yeah you are there but uh wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label yeah you are there but uh wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label yeah you are there but uh wouldn't
+if statement would be a jump condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+break and continue that's again again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and continue that's again again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and continue that's again again uh
+yeah continue could be a jump and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah continue could be a jump and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah continue could be a jump and also
+even also the other thing about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even also the other thing about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even also the other thing about if
+statements I actually it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I actually it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements I actually it's a little bit
+trick question because if statement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question because if statement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question because if statement the
+first J branch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first J branch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first J branch in
+here let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me
+see so you have two regions if fs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you have two regions if fs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you have two regions if fs and
+and then do the condition and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do the condition and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do the condition and so this is
+a conditional jump here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional jump here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional jump here this is a
+conditional jump this is a JZ or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jump this is a JZ or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional jump this is a JZ or
+something like that but when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but when you get to
+here you need to jump over this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need to jump over this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need to jump over this guy and
+that is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just a
+jump because you you have linear so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump because you you have linear so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump because you you have linear so you
+have to jump over this thing to here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to jump over this thing to here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to jump over this thing to here so
+in even in if you you will have a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in if you you will have a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in if you you will have a jump
+statement call I guess it's obvious so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement call I guess it's obvious so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement call I guess it's obvious so
+if you're doing function call you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing function call you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing function call you're
+doing a call to function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a call to function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a call to function call
+label would we ever use a jump from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label would we ever use a jump from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label would we ever use a jump from a
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+Address given in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Address given in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Address given in a
+register we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register we have
+switch yeah that's a good one so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch yeah that's a good one so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch yeah that's a good one so so if
+you have switch statements uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have switch statements uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have switch statements uh can
+somebody anybody elaborate more on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody anybody elaborate more on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody anybody elaborate more on that
+I mean how would you a switch statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how would you a switch statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how would you a switch statement
+go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has so lot of times if sometimes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so lot of times if sometimes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so lot of times if sometimes what
+happens is if the switch statement has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is if the switch statement has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is if the switch statement has a
+very dense number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dense number of
+values so you can have normally a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so you can have normally a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so you can have normally a jump
+table so you have all the addresses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so you have all the addresses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so you have all the addresses in
+there so you look at that in integer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you look at that in integer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you look at that in integer if
+it is pass it's hard to do a jump table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pass it's hard to do a jump table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is pass it's hard to do a jump table
+because if dense you you offset from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if dense you you offset from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if dense you you offset from
+that that uh that one so the base at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that one so the base at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh that one so the base at
+that and you get that address and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you get that address and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you get that address and you
+can jump from that uh yeah uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump from that uh yeah uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump from that uh yeah uh that's
+that and if your language support uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if your language support uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if your language support uh uh
+uh passing uh uh function pointers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh passing uh uh function pointers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh passing uh uh function pointers so
+the function point will come as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function point will come as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function point will come as a
+register and you can do that how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and you can do that how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and you can do that how about
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+one that's a crazy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too when I when would I do conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump yeah but uh conditional jump out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump yeah but uh conditional jump out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump yeah but uh conditional jump out
+from uh this is probably a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh this is probably a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh this is probably a little bit of
+a crazy one out from calculated address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy one out from calculated address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy one out from calculated address
+address in in uh somewh calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these kind of things come in things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things come in things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things come in things like
+uh uh method dispatch type stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh method dispatch type stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh method dispatch type stuff uh
+because uh uh if you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh if you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh if you are doing
+uh something like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's a good
+example this is a little bit too crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a little bit too crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is a little bit too crazy
+one let's yeah exception handle type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's yeah exception handle type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's yeah exception handle type
+stuff yeah that's a good one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah that's a good one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff yeah that's a good one because
+exception handle when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception handle when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception handle when you go to
+exception Handler you should do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception Handler you should do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception Handler you should do these
+kind of things to get up there uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things to get up there uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things to get up there uh the
+next one is basically I guess top of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is basically I guess top of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is basically I guess top of if
+then else you can do that so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then else you can do that so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then else you can do that so here we
+go so the next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so the next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so the next thing is
+memory um it's um composed of words by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um it's um composed of words by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory um it's um composed of words by
+add addressable in here and what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add addressable in here and what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add addressable in here and what we will
+do for this cast purposes we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for this cast purposes we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for this cast purposes we will
+basically look at quad words uh 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at quad words uh 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically look at quad words uh 64-bit
+words because that's makes our life hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because that's makes our life hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because that's makes our life hell
+of a lot simple then we we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot simple then we we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot simple then we we don't have to
+do with anything else so in the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with anything else so in the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with anything else so in the memory
+we need to store everything to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to store everything to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to store everything to store
+program local variables Global stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program local variables Global stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program local variables Global stack
+Heap everything has to go in the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap everything has to go in the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap everything has to go in the memory
+so normally what happens is um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally what happens is um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally what happens is um by
+convention we the memory in the address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we the memory in the address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention we the memory in the address
+space get assigned in in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space get assigned in in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space get assigned in in in some
+format the x86 uh uh uh 64 format has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the x86 uh uh uh 64 format has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format the x86 uh uh uh 64 format has
+been at the beginning there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at the beginning there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been at the beginning there's some
+unmapped memory that's used for system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmapped memory that's used for system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmapped memory that's used for system
+purposes and at some point the Tex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and at some point the Tex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and at some point the Tex
+segment gets started that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment gets started that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment gets started that's where the
+program is that's where most most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that's where most most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is that's where most most of our
+stuff in and then after that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in and then after that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in and then after that there's a
+data segment that has basically globals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data segment that has basically globals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data segment that has basically globals
+and readon memory in there and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and readon memory in there and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and readon memory in there and then you
+have two segments that start growing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two segments that start growing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two segments that start growing in
+opposite direction one is the stack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction one is the stack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction one is the stack that
+start growing down and one is the Heap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start growing down and one is the Heap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start growing down and one is the Heap
+that start growing up so so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start growing up so so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start growing up so so that's uh
+that region uh the key thing is um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region uh the key thing is um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that region uh the key thing is um we
+don't have to worry that much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry that much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry that much of the
+Heap because we are not doing uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap because we are not doing uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap because we are not doing uh uh uh
+Malo or anything like that we most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malo or anything like that we most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malo or anything like that we most of
+our data is static so that part doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data is static so that part doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data is static so that part doesn't
+come into it but stack we will deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it but stack we will deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it but stack we will deal
+with and then rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then rest
+registers so why do you need registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so why do you need registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so why do you need registers
+uh actually in ex you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually in ex you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually in ex you don't need
+registers that much in a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that much in a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers that much in a risk
+architecture what happens is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture what happens is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture what happens is every
+arithmetic operation only happens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation only happens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operation only happens from
+from registers to register so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from registers to register so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from registers to register so everything
+has to come to register just to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come to register just to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to come to register just to do the
+operation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation in
+um uh ex you can actually do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh ex you can actually do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh ex you can actually do some
+arithmetic operations from uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations from uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic operations from uh uh
+directly from memory but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from memory but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from memory but there are
+limitations for example I can't do add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for example I can't do add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for example I can't do add
+from from some memory to another memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from some memory to another memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from some memory to another memory
+it doesn't have that instruction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have that instruction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have that instruction it's
+invalid but I can do the other two I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid but I can do the other two I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invalid but I can do the other two I can
+do add from some memory to register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add from some memory to register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add from some memory to register
+register some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register some
+memory so so so that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so so so that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so so so that's why this
+craziness is basically you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness is basically you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craziness is basically you try to
+generate that and and at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that and and at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate that and and at some point it
+doesn't work and you real then you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and you real then you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and you real then you read
+the manual in this very small print in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual in this very small print in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual in this very small print in
+5,000 Pages there's something you say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 Pages there's something you say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 Pages there's something you say by
+the way you cannot do that so so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you cannot do that so so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you cannot do that so so just
+stay with the simple things so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with the simple things so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with the simple things so so that
+for that you need a reg register and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you need a reg register and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you need a reg register and I
+think most important registers give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most important registers give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most important registers give you
+performance uh uh because uh unlike a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh uh because uh unlike a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance uh uh because uh unlike a
+memory address you have access you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address you have access you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory address you have access you have
+to go access uh uh this registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go access uh uh this registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go access uh uh this registers
+basically is much FAS accessible there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is much FAS accessible there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is much FAS accessible there
+are lot more parallel lot more registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lot more parallel lot more registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lot more parallel lot more registers
+can be accessed in given clock cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accessed in given clock cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accessed in given clock cycle so
+there's a lot of performance using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of performance using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of performance using
+registers so this code generation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so this code generation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so this code generation we
+don't care about performance but as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about performance but as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about performance but as we
+go into the next two sections we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the next two sections we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the next two sections we will
+start using registers more and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using registers more and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using registers more and try to
+get registers and and actually register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get registers and and actually register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get registers and and actually register
+allocation is one of the optim that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is one of the optim that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocation is one of the optim that you
+can see a very big Improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a very big Improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a very big Improvement in
+performance when you when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance when you when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance when you when you start
+doing that so we'll get there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that so we'll get there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that so we'll get there and there
+are some special registers base pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some special registers base pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some special registers base pointer
+stack pointer and also in here they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack pointer and also in here they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack pointer and also in here they they
+introduce a new uh I think it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new uh I think it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a new uh I think it's called
+Rip the instruction pointer that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rip the instruction pointer that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rip the instruction pointer that uh that
+points to current instruction being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to current instruction being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to current instruction being
+executed so so those are very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed so so those are very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed so so those are very special
+registers uh that has that has side defs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers uh that has that has side defs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers uh that has that has side defs
+happening from uh instructions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+execute and then there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute and then there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute and then there are a lot of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+interaction in the system like input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the system like input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the system like input
+output privilege instructions handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output privilege instructions handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output privilege instructions handling
+of T there are a lot of instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T there are a lot of instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T there are a lot of instructions
+that deal with this special status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with this special status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with this special status
+inside the hardware loading the tlb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the hardware loading the tlb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the hardware loading the tlb
+tables and stuff like that and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and stuff like that and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and stuff like that and for
+compiler purposes this is mostly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler purposes this is mostly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler purposes this is mostly a
+system call this hard some guy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call this hard some guy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call this hard some guy will
+write some assembly code and give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some assembly code and give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some assembly code and give a
+system function call it's either it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function call it's either it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function call it's either it's a
+system call or function call we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call or function call we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system call or function call we don't
+treat with that the compiler doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat with that the compiler doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat with that the compiler doesn't
+even know those instructions we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know those instructions we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know those instructions we just
+just ignore them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ignore them so
+so that's kind of a very high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a very high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a very high level
+picture of a modern architecture so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a modern architecture so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a modern architecture so the
+next thing you I want to look at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing you I want to look at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing you I want to look at is
+memory layout because lot of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory layout because lot of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory layout because lot of things we
+need to put is in memory so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put is in memory so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put is in memory so this is the
+memory layout that that that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory layout that that that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory layout that that that came up
+with uh we don't have to care about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we don't have to care about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh we don't have to care about in
+this decaf about uh uh uh the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decaf about uh uh uh the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decaf about uh uh uh the dynamic
+part but if you are doing a program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but if you are doing a program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but if you are doing a program uh
+like Java you actually have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Java you actually have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Java you actually have to deal with
+the dynamic memory part so you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic memory part so you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic memory part so you'll have
+to come up with fre list meory allocator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with fre list meory allocator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with fre list meory allocator
+and stuff like that and and and manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and and and manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and and and manage
+the dynamic part and uh in the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic part and uh in the uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic part and uh in the uh uh uh
+Tex segment that's where everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex segment that's where everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tex segment that's where everything
+matters that's where your code is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters that's where your code is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters that's where your code is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be and for if you have Dynamic data if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and for if you have Dynamic data if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and for if you have Dynamic data if
+you you had to allocate that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you had to allocate that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you had to allocate that in the
+dynamic part you probably mostly time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic part you probably mostly time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic part you probably mostly time
+you probably have a small runtime system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have a small runtime system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have a small runtime system
+also small library that you include with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small library that you include with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small library that you include with
+with your compile codes not just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your compile codes not just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your compile codes not just because
+even in a c compile you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a c compile you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a c compile you come up with
+there's a library that comes with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a library that comes with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a library that comes with that
+do lot of setup stuff and that Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of setup stuff and that Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lot of setup stuff and that Library
+will deal with uh things like maling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with uh things like maling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with uh things like maling
+freeing handling the runtime uh handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing handling the runtime uh handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeing handling the runtime uh handling
+the uh the uh Dynamic allocation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the uh Dynamic allocation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the uh Dynamic allocation and
+stuff like that and in this project you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and in this project you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that and in this project you
+don't really need to generate a runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to generate a runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to generate a runtime
+system because you don't you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because you don't you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because you don't you are not
+doing things that complicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that complicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things that complicated in
+there so the next thing is allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the next thing is allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the next thing is allocating
+readon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readon
+data so you have a bunch of data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you have a bunch of data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you have a bunch of data that's
+only read only and and in here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only read only and and in here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only read only and and in here we
+basically use the data segment to do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the data segment to do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the data segment to do do
+uh use readon data you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use readon data you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use readon data you can actually
+allocate a special segment called readon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a special segment called readon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate a special segment called readon
+segment but we don't need to complicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment but we don't need to complicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment but we don't need to complicate
+our lives that much so we have two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives that much so we have two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives that much so we have two types
+of fre only data one is integers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fre only data one is integers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fre only data one is integers okay
+you might have explicit integer that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have explicit integer that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have explicit integer that you
+want to use there are the simplest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use there are the simplest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use there are the simplest thing
+is to use as immediate just don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use as immediate just don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use as immediate just don't worry
+about putting it anywhere special place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting it anywhere special place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting it anywhere special place
+just use it as immediate put it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it as immediate put it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it as immediate put it into the
+instruction and you are done so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and you are done so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and you are done so here
+there's dollar five and do 16 there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dollar five and do 16 there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dollar five and do 16 there are
+two integers you want to do and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integers you want to do and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integers you want to do and you just
+immediately you hardcode the thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you hardcode the thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you hardcode the thing into
+uh the immediates in X you can put a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the immediates in X you can put a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the immediates in X you can put a you
+can put a 64bit number in there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put a 64bit number in there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put a 64bit number in there if you
+want to hardcore it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hardcore it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hardcore it on
+yourself and other thing is string data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and other thing is string data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and other thing is string data
+so you have you want do print f for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have you want do print f for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have you want do print f for
+string in there and and at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in there and and at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in there and and at that point
+what you can do is you can use this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can use this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can use this uh
+uh assembl directory called string that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assembl directory called string that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assembl directory called string that
+basically says okay at that point I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says okay at that point I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says okay at that point I will
+I will allocate memory and put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will allocate memory and put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will allocate memory and put that
+string value in that memory calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string value in that memory calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string value in that memory calculated
+memory needed and then you can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory needed and then you can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory needed and then you can put a
+label next to it and said okay give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label next to it and said okay give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label next to it and said okay give me
+the position where it is and I can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position where it is and I can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position where it is and I can use a
+label any way I want so so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label any way I want so so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label any way I want so so there's
+there's accessibility in there so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's accessibility in there so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's accessibility in there so by
+using that label I can get access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that label I can get access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that label I can get access to
+that that read on data the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that read on data the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that read on data the thing about
+the text segment is it's marked read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text segment is it's marked read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text segment is it's marked read
+only you can't write to that because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you can't write to that because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you can't write to that because uh
+uh you don't want people write it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't want people write it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't want people write it on
+your code so it's read only thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so it's read only thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code so it's read only thing but
+you can do that so by doing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so by doing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that so by doing that you can
+actually deal with readon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data then the other type of global data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then the other type of global data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data then the other type of global data
+you want to do is global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is global
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+that uh uh what you want to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh what you want to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh what you want to do is we
+want to use there's a directive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use there's a directive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use there's a directive in the
+assembly called the com directive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly called the com directive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly called the com directive the
+com directive lets you allocate uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com directive lets you allocate uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com directive lets you allocate uh uh
+regions in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in the data
+segment okay so the com directory comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment okay so the com directory comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment okay so the com directory comes
+with the com and the name of the so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the com and the name of the so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the com and the name of the so you
+can get a symbol name so it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a symbol name so it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a symbol name so it has to be
+unique symbol name and you give the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique symbol name and you give the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique symbol name and you give the size
+saying how much and Alignment how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much and Alignment how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much and Alignment how do you
+want to align otherwise they will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to align otherwise they will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to align otherwise they will try to
+pack them and if you it's bite align so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack them and if you it's bite align so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack them and if you it's bite align so
+if you want to do I think this is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do I think this is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do I think this is yeah
+if you want to do align by four bytes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do align by four bytes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do align by four bytes or
+align by eight bytes you just give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align by eight bytes you just give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align by eight bytes you just give that
+number and x86 it doesn't matter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and x86 it doesn't matter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and x86 it doesn't matter because
+uh except for performance x86 internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh except for performance x86 internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh except for performance x86 internally
+there are all these conventions some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these conventions some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these conventions some
+alignment gives better performance than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment gives better performance than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment gives better performance than
+others so it's always good to be aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so it's always good to be aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so it's always good to be aligned
+in the large largest and and lose space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large largest and and lose space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large largest and and lose space
+it's a it's a mixed bag so since you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a mixed bag so since you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a mixed bag so since you are
+doing 64-bit everything it's always good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 64-bit everything it's always good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 64-bit everything it's always good
+to be align 64-bit but if you have lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be align 64-bit but if you have lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be align 64-bit but if you have lot
+of 32bit numbers and 8 bit numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 32bit numbers and 8 bit numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 32bit numbers and 8 bit numbers and
+stuff like that if you if you align them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that if you if you align them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that if you if you align them
+all in 64-bit boundaries you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in 64-bit boundaries you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in 64-bit boundaries you're going to
+waste space if you have lot of 8 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste space if you have lot of 8 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste space if you have lot of 8 bit
+numbers and stuff like that but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and stuff like that but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and stuff like that but your
+access might be faster in here I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access might be faster in here I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access might be faster in here I think
+for you everything is align 8 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you everything is align 8 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you everything is align 8 bit
+boundaries is uh eight 8 byte boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries is uh eight 8 byte boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries is uh eight 8 byte boundaries
+uh uh uh is good U and then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh is good U and then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh is good U and then you don't
+have this slow slowdowns and stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slow slowdowns and stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this slow slowdowns and stuff that
+happens inside that you don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens inside that you don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens inside that you don't have any
+access to where are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to where are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to where are some of
+architectures that that some alignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that that some alignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures that that some alignments
+are illegal some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illegal some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are illegal some kind of
+accesses of unaligned access unaligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses of unaligned access unaligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses of unaligned access unaligned
+memory is illegal so you have to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is illegal so you have to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory is illegal so you have to we have
+lot more things to worry about but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more things to worry about but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more things to worry about but here
+just everybody get aligned to eight8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody get aligned to eight8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just everybody get aligned to eight8
+bytes and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bytes and you're
+happy and another interesting thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and another interesting thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and another interesting thing here
+is now after you assign that how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now after you assign that how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now after you assign that how do you
+access this thing so one way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this thing so one way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access this thing so one way to do that
+is get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is get the
+uh value of of the the location explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value of of the the location explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value of of the the location explicit
+location saying this is in address 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location saying this is in address 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location saying this is in address 5,000
+and address saying okay now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and address saying okay now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and address saying okay now I want to
+get the data from address 5,000 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data from address 5,000 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data from address 5,000 that's
+great but the problem is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the problem is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but the problem is it's not
+relocatable because the minute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocatable because the minute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocatable because the minute I
+relocate that thing that address 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate that thing that address 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate that thing that address 5,000
+has to go change so they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go change so they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go change so they came up with
+this NE trick where what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE trick where what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this NE trick where what you do is you
+access it using uh the the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it using uh the the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access it using uh the the name of the
+uh that you give the symol name give and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you give the symol name give and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you give the symol name give and
+using RP RP is not rest in piece it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using RP RP is not rest in piece it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using RP RP is not rest in piece it's
+your I instruction pointer and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I instruction pointer and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your I instruction pointer and what it
+says is it gives you the the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is it gives you the the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is it gives you the the that
+current instruction location so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current instruction location so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current instruction location so what the
+what the uh uh assembly and Link has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uh uh assembly and Link has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uh uh assembly and Link has to
+do is for X put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is for X put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is for X put
+because it knows where it's in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it knows where it's in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it knows where it's in the data
+segment it's not where the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment it's not where the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment it's not where the what
+instruction it it just find the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it it just find the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it it just find the distance
+there and put it in put that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put it in put that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put it in put that value
+constant value in there so when so so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value in there so when so so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value in there so when so so it
+because you know both relatively from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know both relatively from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know both relatively from
+the instruction to data where the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction to data where the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruction to data where the data
+is it knows that distance it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it knows that distance it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it knows that distance it doesn't
+change because when you relocate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because when you relocate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because when you relocate the
+entire thing get relocated together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing get relocated together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire thing get relocated together so
+you find that distance at the uh link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that distance at the uh link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that distance at the uh link
+time uh or the yeah it's the when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh or the yeah it's the when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh or the yeah it's the when you
+generate the object code and plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the object code and plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the object code and plug that
+list distance there adding to the rip so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list distance there adding to the rip so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list distance there adding to the rip so
+what happens is if this thing entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if this thing entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is if this thing entire
+thing get relocated the my uh uh rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing get relocated the my uh uh rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing get relocated the my uh uh rip
+will basically Point okay I am here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically Point okay I am here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically Point okay I am here and
+I I know I now I have the exact address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know I now I have the exact address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I know I now I have the exact address
+and I added that that value in then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added that that value in then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I added that that value in then I
+find my where my data is so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my where my data is so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find my where my data is so I can
+relocate I don't have to because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate I don't have to because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate I don't have to because a lot
+of times what happens is if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times what happens is if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times what happens is if you don't
+use that you need to use symbol names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that you need to use symbol names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that you need to use symbol names
+and relocator every time you relocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relocator every time you relocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relocator every time you relocate
+you have to go touch all the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go touch all the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go touch all the use of the
+symbol name so what normally would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol name so what normally would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol name so what normally would
+happen is instead of saying putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is instead of saying putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is instead of saying putting in
+this form you can say I am going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can say I am going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can say I am going to have
+variable X and in the compiler the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and in the compiler the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X and in the compiler the the
+assembler can't actually put exact value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler can't actually put exact value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembler can't actually put exact value
+it puts some space in there and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts some space in there and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it puts some space in there and when you
+relocate it says okay by the way go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate it says okay by the way go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relocate it says okay by the way go
+figure out where X is and all the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where X is and all the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where X is and all the places
+that X is being used just go update that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is being used just go update that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is being used just go update that
+location and so the so the the the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and so the so the the the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and so the so the the the link
+and load has all this additional work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load has all this additional work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and load has all this additional work to
+go look at relocation tables and and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at relocation tables and and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at relocation tables and and go
+keep updating by doing this you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep updating by doing this you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep updating by doing this you don't
+have to do that so there's no updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that so there's no updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that so there's no updates
+that needs to happen in the loader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to happen in the loader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to happen in the loader
+because loader just crun it and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because loader just crun it and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because loader just crun it and at the
+run time it will figure out my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time it will figure out my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time it will figure out my current
+Place calculate and I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place calculate and I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place calculate and I'm done
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+clear how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear how that
+works simple and the assemble and Linker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works simple and the assemble and Linker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works simple and the assemble and Linker
+will take care of all distance you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take care of all distance you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take care of all distance you don't
+have to do that and another nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that and another nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that and another nice thing
+about doing that is when you use com X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that is when you use com X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that is when you use com X
+when you go to the debugger you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the debugger you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the debugger you can
+actually see the symbol you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the symbol you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the symbol you don't see
+just just uh bite off certain stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just uh bite off certain stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just uh bite off certain stuff you
+can actually look at the symbol and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually look at the symbol and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually look at the symbol and and
+it it helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it helps you
+deer so now we have Global uh uh static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deer so now we have Global uh uh static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deer so now we have Global uh uh static
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+also so that's mainly about memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so that's mainly about memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so that's mainly about memory and
+the next interesting thing is procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next interesting thing is procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next interesting thing is procedure
+abstraction so in procedur this is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so in procedur this is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so in procedur this is a one
+very nice thing that we have come up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice thing that we have come up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice thing that we have come up uh
+uh to basically deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to basically deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to basically deal
+with many weirdnesses going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many weirdnesses going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many weirdnesses going on inside
+the system because if you don't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because if you don't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because if you don't because
+the thing is either you can agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is either you can agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is either you can agree on
+everything you every compiler I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you every compiler I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you every compiler I have to
+agree on exactly what you do everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on exactly what you do everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on exactly what you do everywhere
+that's very hard because you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very hard because you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very hard because you need to
+give freedom for different systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give freedom for different systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give freedom for different systems
+different people doing that but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people doing that but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people doing that but if you
+give Freedom it doesn't really you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Freedom it doesn't really you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give Freedom it doesn't really you can't
+interoperate and here what happens is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperate and here what happens is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperate and here what happens is we
+came up with this this set of agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this this set of agreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this this set of agreements
+that involve architecture operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve architecture operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve architecture operating
+system and compiler and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and compiler and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and compiler and and and and
+where people have to interact and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have to interact and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people have to interact and say
+okay these are the things where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the things where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the things where people
+have to interact and if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to interact and if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to interact and if you're doing
+that you have to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to follow this
+Covenant and it because of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Covenant and it because of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Covenant and it because of doing that
+you can actually get access to system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get access to system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get access to system
+wide facilities things like storage flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide facilities things like storage flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide facilities things like storage flow
+control interrupts uh interface between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control interrupts uh interface between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control interrupts uh interface between
+many different things and everybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things and everybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things and everybody can
+coexist because those things have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist because those things have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist because those things have a very
+well- defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined
+interface and uh uh what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and uh uh what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and uh uh what it does is
+within the procedure it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the procedure it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the procedure it gives you
+private stuff and it gives you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private stuff and it gives you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private stuff and it gives you control
+and say it's up to you to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's up to you to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say it's up to you to figure out how
+to deal inside I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal inside I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal inside I'm not going to go
+dictate uh uh what happens inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate uh uh what happens inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate uh uh what happens inside and
+it's your privacy you can go do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your privacy you can go do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your privacy you can go do whatever
+but but I will have this interface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I will have this interface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I will have this interface that
+I can I when you come out and interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I when you come out and interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I when you come out and interact
+with global resources I can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with global resources I can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with global resources I can work
+together and in some sense almost like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and in some sense almost like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and in some sense almost like a
+social contract there's no explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social contract there's no explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social contract there's no explicit
+Hardware things there's no enforcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware things there's no enforcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware things there's no enforcement
+in many cases this is basically it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases this is basically it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases this is basically it's in
+thick manual that basically do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick manual that basically do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick manual that basically do that and
+so in some sense between operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense between operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense between operating
+system operating systems things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system operating systems things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system operating systems things can
+change Linux has a different contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Linux has a different contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Linux has a different contract
+than X8 windows and every architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than X8 windows and every architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than X8 windows and every architecture
+has obvious a different contract so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has obvious a different contract so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has obvious a different contract so so
+it's if you it's basically something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you it's basically something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you it's basically something
+that you enforce within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment so so in Practical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so so in Practical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so so in Practical it
+basically what it does is you can deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it does is you can deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what it does is you can deal
+with multiple procedures multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple procedures multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiple procedures multiple
+libraries different things comile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries different things comile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries different things comile
+compiled with different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled with different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled with different languages
+different compilers handwritten assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compilers handwritten assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compilers handwritten assembly
+all can participate in in in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can participate in in in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can participate in in in one
+gigantic program in fact if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic program in fact if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic program in fact if you start
+compiling if you do print you aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling if you do print you aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling if you do print you aren't
+compiling printf printf is been compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling printf printf is been compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiling printf printf is been compiled
+by some other compiler uh that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other compiler uh that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some other compiler uh that got
+released with the uh uh compiler system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released with the uh uh compiler system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released with the uh uh compiler system
+that come through that get linked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come through that get linked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come through that get linked with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then you're using that and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're using that and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're using that and and and
+that's not decaf that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not decaf that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not decaf that's something
+different and and and so all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and and so all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and and and so all those
+things work because there's this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work because there's this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work because there's this very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface and what we have to do is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and what we have to do is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and what we have to do is then
+everything that's Global we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's Global we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's Global we need to
+actually figure out when you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out when you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out when you are going
+interfacing things like parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing things like parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacing things like parameter
+passing obvious you pass parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing obvious you pass parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing obvious you pass parameters
+between outside world and us how what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between outside world and us how what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between outside world and us how what's
+the convention there registers stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention there registers stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convention there registers stack
+calling convention all those things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention all those things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling convention all those things have
+to worry about in fact we have a simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about in fact we have a simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about in fact we have a simply
+simplified calling convention for dcaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified calling convention for dcaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified calling convention for dcaf
+so what that really means is you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that really means is you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that really means is you cannot
+directly call from dcaf to a libc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly call from dcaf to a libc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly call from dcaf to a libc
+function so what pun is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what pun is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so what pun is going to give
+you is he's going to give a rapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is he's going to give a rapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is he's going to give a rapper
+function that basically deals with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that basically deals with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that basically deals with that
+because the coing conventions has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coing conventions has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coing conventions has this
+all these additional we rules of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these additional we rules of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these additional we rules of where
+the return address comes and some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address comes and some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address comes and some part
+comes in registers I'll go that detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in registers I'll go that detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in registers I'll go that detail
+so so instead of coming up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead of coming up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instead of coming up with this
+very complex calling convention we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex calling convention we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex calling convention we give
+you a very simple calling convention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple calling convention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple calling convention so
+what that means is when you calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is when you calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is when you calling
+functions you actually has to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you actually has to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you actually has to go to the
+right calling convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one main thing calling convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one main thing calling convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one main thing calling convention
+does is you do parameter passing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is you do parameter passing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is you do parameter passing so you
+you pass uh so the between call and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass uh so the between call and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass uh so the between call and call
+you pass some parameters so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass some parameters so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass some parameters so there are
+three ways of doing this one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of doing this one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of doing this one is called
+by call by reference so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by call by reference so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by call by reference so what that means
+is I have uh some variable sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have uh some variable sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have uh some variable sitting in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+location okay when I pass that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay when I pass that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay when I pass that variable
+into a a function called they also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a function called they also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a function called they also see
+the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location
+okay so when they read they read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when they read they read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when they read they read from
+the same location ma then they modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location ma then they modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same location ma then they modify
+they modify that same location so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modify that same location so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they modify that same location so they
+they basically they got ins to my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically they got ins to my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically they got ins to my my
+variable in there okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in there okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in there okay that's what
+called call by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called call by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called call by
+reference call by value on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference call by value on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference call by value on the other
+hand say okay I'm calling a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand say okay I'm calling a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand say okay I'm calling a function
+what I will do is I will take my uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I will take my uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I will take my uh uh
+variable I will copy it to your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I will copy it to your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I will copy it to your new
+location and I will give it to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and I will give it to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and I will give it to you and
+and then you own it and and and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you own it and and and anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you own it and and and anything
+you do I don't see changes I have my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I don't see changes I have my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do I don't see changes I have my own
+variable you got a copy when I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you got a copy when I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable you got a copy when I actually
+the call and you have that The Call by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call and you have that The Call by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call and you have that The Call by
+value result is kind of weird The Call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value result is kind of weird The Call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value result is kind of weird The Call
+by value result says when I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by value result says when I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by value result says when I'm actually
+calling I will give you a copy I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling I will give you a copy I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling I will give you a copy I have my
+variable I don't give it to you I you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I don't give it to you I you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I don't give it to you I you go
+change your variable you modify you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your variable you modify you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your variable you modify you see
+your variable uh that you get pass as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable uh that you get pass as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your variable uh that you get pass as a
+argument and then when you return I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then when you return I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and then when you return I will
+basically replace mine with the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replace mine with the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically replace mine with the last
+value you had in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yours so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours so uh uh
+so when when he's running there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when he's running there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when when he's running there are two
+copies but at then of the day it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies but at then of the day it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies but at then of the day it comes
+and modifies me again so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifies me again so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modifies me again so so it's
+somewhere in between a reference and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between a reference and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between a reference and a
+value so here's a question so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so here's a question so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so here's a question so I have
+this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small
+program okay uh that has one Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay uh that has one Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program okay uh that has one Global
+variable a I call a function Fu uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a I call a function Fu uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a I call a function Fu uh and
+Fu it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fu it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fu it's
+as has the local variable basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as has the local variable basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as has the local variable basically
+argument B that it gets and then I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument B that it gets and then I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument B that it gets and then I do
+this two operations so if I do call by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two operations so if I do call by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two operations so if I do call by
+value at the end of this function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the end of this function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the end of this function what
+what should be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a yeah because what happens is uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah because what happens is uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah because what happens is uh uh I
+pass I copy 10 into this new uh location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass I copy 10 into this new uh location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass I copy 10 into this new uh location
+that has B and I'm only modifying B I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has B and I'm only modifying B I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has B and I'm only modifying B I'm
+not modifying a at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modifying a at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modifying a at all
+great how about call by reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+21 any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 any other
+takers 22 I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+22 any any other takers okay how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 any any other takers okay how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 any any other takers okay how many
+people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21 how many people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 how many people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 how many people think
+22 okay so the easiest way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 okay so the easiest way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 okay so the easiest way to think
+about that is there's no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is there's no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is there's no difference
+between b and a so replace B with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between b and a so replace B with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between b and a so replace B with a
+because it's all going to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all going to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all going to the same
+location so what happens is then instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so what happens is then instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location so what happens is then instead
+of B you have AAL a + 1 so it becomes 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B you have AAL a + 1 so it becomes 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B you have AAL a + 1 so it becomes 11
+then it becomes AAL a plus a so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes AAL a plus a so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes AAL a plus a so it
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+22 okay how about uh value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result1 21 that's 21 because that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result1 21 that's 21 because that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result1 21 that's 21 because that you
+the old value still keeps there and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old value still keeps there and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old value still keeps there and when
+you see a you still getting the old a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a you still getting the old a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a you still getting the old a
+but at the end of the day you you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day you you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of the day you you go and
+uh smash a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh smash a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh smash a
+so there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go so parameter passing so you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so parameter passing so you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so parameter passing so you have all
+these conventions you can do it in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conventions you can do it in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conventions you can do it in many
+different ways you can pass it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can pass it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways you can pass it in the
+stack you can pass it via registers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you can pass it via registers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack you can pass it via registers or
+do some kind of combination in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of combination in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some kind of combination in fact the
+normal calling convention is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal calling convention is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal calling convention is a
+combination it says you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination it says you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination it says you need to have
+four the first I think five parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the first I think five parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the first I think five parameters
+you passed you pass the parameter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you passed you pass the parameter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you passed you pass the parameter in the
+register but you still have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but you still have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register but you still have to have some
+memory allocated in the stack because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocated in the stack because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory allocated in the stack because if
+you want to spill you have location to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to spill you have location to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to spill you have location to
+spill so you get the value in registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill so you get the value in registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill so you get the value in registers
+you don't have to get from the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to get from the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to get from the memory
+and after the fifth it all in the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the fifth it all in the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the fifth it all in the step
+because you don't run out of registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't run out of registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't run out of registers
+so that's too complicated to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's too complicated to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's too complicated to deal with
+in the class so we said okay everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class so we said okay everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class so we said okay everything
+comes from the stack you don't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the stack you don't deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the stack you don't deal with
+the registers so we came up with a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registers so we came up with a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the registers so we came up with a much
+simpler uh um scheme in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler uh um scheme in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler uh um scheme in
+there so another thing about registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so another thing about registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so another thing about registers
+is there only same set of simple set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there only same set of simple set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there only same set of simple set of
+registers so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers so what
+happened when you have register and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when you have register and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when you have register and and
+when you f call a function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you f call a function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you f call a function because
+within the function you want a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the function you want a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the function you want a register
+all the reg you manage them but now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reg you manage them but now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the reg you manage them but now if I
+if I do a function call what do I do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do a function call what do I do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do a function call what do I do to
+registers there are two types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers there are two types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers there are two types of things
+in there one is called caller saved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there one is called caller saved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there one is called caller saved and
+one is called Call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called Call
+Save okay in the caller save things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Save okay in the caller save things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Save okay in the caller save things is
+if I am calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I am calling
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+function and at the end of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and at the end of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and at the end of the function
+called if I want the register to remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called if I want the register to remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called if I want the register to remain
+have the same value okay that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same value okay that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same value okay that means the
+value has to be uh uh live through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value has to be uh uh live through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value has to be uh uh live through the
+function I better save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I better save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I better save
+it because it's my duty the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's my duty the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's my duty the function is
+to save my values through the call okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save my values through the call okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save my values through the call okay
+call Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Save
+say it's not my duty but the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not my duty but the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not my duty but the function
+will guarantee that that register value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that that register value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will guarantee that that register value
+survives across the function so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives across the function so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives across the function so what
+that means is if I have a function when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if I have a function when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is if I have a function when
+the function gets started if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function gets started if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function gets started if there's any
+kind of a qually save registers in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a qually save registers in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a qually save registers in there
+that I am going to use I better save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am going to use I better save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am going to use I better save it
+because I the the other guy who called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I the the other guy who called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I the the other guy who called
+me expects the same value to come out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me expects the same value to come out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me expects the same value to come out at
+the end so I have to save it in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so I have to save it in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so I have to save it in in that
+function okay so there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so there are two different
+conventions interesting thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions interesting thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions interesting thing is what
+are the advantages of these two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the advantages of these two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the advantages of these two so
+assume you have half your registers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have half your registers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have half your registers at
+caller save half of them are call Save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save half of them are call Save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save half of them are call Save
+when would you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what theage of not to say not to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theage of not to say not to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what theage of not to say not to do any
+extra work when you don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work when you don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra work when you don't care about
+the and you care about is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you care about is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and you care about is the value
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+in some sense what I would do is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what I would do is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense what I would do is if I
+have some values that doesn't that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some values that doesn't that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some values that doesn't that's not
+that doesn't need to get survived across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't need to get survived across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't need to get survived across
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+call it's great to put that in a caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's great to put that in a caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's great to put that in a caller
+save register because I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save register because I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save register because I don't have to
+save it and I'm producing I I I'm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it and I'm producing I I I'm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it and I'm producing I I I'm and
+I'm eliminating something that I same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eliminating something that I same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eliminating something that I same so
+so if if so I keep all the values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if so I keep all the values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if so I keep all the values that
+doesn't that doesn't need to survive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that doesn't need to survive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that doesn't need to survive in
+in in in caller save and I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in caller save and I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in caller save and I don't have to
+save it and anything I want I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it and anything I want I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save it and anything I want I want to
+survive across the function call I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive across the function call I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive across the function call I put a
+call if I just pass the buck down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if I just pass the buck down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call if I just pass the buck down and
+said okay I don't I'm not doing any work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay I don't I'm not doing any work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay I don't I'm not doing any work
+better let the Callie deal with it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let the Callie deal with it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better let the Callie deal with it I'm
+going to save that that's the one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save that that's the one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to save that that's the one way to
+do that and in the call SA site okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and in the call SA site okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and in the call SA site okay
+what you do is if you can only get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is if you can only get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is if you can only get the
+function executed using half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function executed using half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function executed using half the
+registers you make you use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you make you use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers you make you use all the
+caller save registers because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save registers because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caller save registers because I don't
+have to save it at all because the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save it at all because the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to save it at all because the other
+guy is supposed to save it for me so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is supposed to save it for me so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is supposed to save it for me so I
+if I if I only need assume I I have 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I only need assume I I have 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I only need assume I I have 60
+register if I only need eight I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register if I only need eight I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register if I only need eight I need
+they caller save registers and I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they caller save registers and I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they caller save registers and I'm done
+for because I don't have to do any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because I don't have to do any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for because I don't have to do any kind
+of saves and restor in there and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saves and restor in there and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saves and restor in there and only
+you gradally start adding call saves if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gradally start adding call saves if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gradally start adding call saves if
+you had to go beyond that and also uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go beyond that and also uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go beyond that and also uh so
+that that's a nice thing in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a nice thing in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a nice thing in there and
+and what that means is if you if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is if you if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is if you if each
+function doesn't doesn't need that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't doesn't need that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't doesn't need that many
+registers between doing doing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers between doing doing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers between doing doing that you
+really minimize uh the spills you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimize uh the spills you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really minimize uh the spills you can
+have to do so so I mean you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do so so I mean you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do so so I mean you don't have
+to do this now but when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this now but when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this now but when you're doing
+code generation these kind of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation these kind of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generation these kind of issues
+come in and this is interesting do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+segment basically we don't want you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment basically we don't want you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment basically we don't want you guys
+to deal with these things what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these things what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these things what we are
+saying is use registers very minimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is use registers very minimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is use registers very minimally
+so I think what pun did was I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what pun did was I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what pun did was I think he
+only gave you access to two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gave you access to two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gave you access to two three
+registers basically in some sense except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers basically in some sense except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers basically in some sense except
+for stack pointer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stack pointer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stack pointer and
+frame pointer yeah what you what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer yeah what you what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer yeah what you what I what
+I suggest is just get it from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest is just get it from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suggest is just get it from memory
+into one temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one temporary
+registers every all arithmetic basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers every all arithmetic basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers every all arithmetic basically
+will have three things you you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three things you you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three things you you you get
+two things modify and put the back get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things modify and put the back get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things modify and put the back get
+from memory to that get the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory to that get the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from memory to that get the other one
+there modify put it back just do that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there modify put it back just do that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there modify put it back just do that do
+that very simple thing you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very simple thing you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very simple thing you can you can
+optimize this I mean here you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this I mean here you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize this I mean here you look at
+this ad and you can say e why don't I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad and you can say e why don't I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ad and you can say e why don't I do
+that why I don't have to move to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why I don't have to move to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why I don't have to move to two
+registers I can just bring one value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers I can just bring one value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers I can just bring one value
+when use uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when use uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when use uh one
+instruction it will make your life much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it will make your life much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it will make your life much
+simpler in optimization if you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler in optimization if you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler in optimization if you have this
+something very simple otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple otherwise you
+created this very complex things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this very complex things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this very complex things and
+when you go to optimiz you go go crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to optimiz you go go crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to optimiz you go go crazy
+so just do the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing okay uh how are we doing it time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay uh how are we doing it time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay uh how are we doing it time
+wise I guess we have few more minutes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise I guess we have few more minutes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise I guess we have few more minutes uh
+the other thing is St that that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is St that that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is St that that we need
+to deal with so uh uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with so uh uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with so uh uh there are
+arguments in the stack that get passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in the stack that get passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments in the stack that get passed
+in and that's the previous uh uh stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that's the previous uh uh stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that's the previous uh uh stack
+frame and your stack frame start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and your stack frame start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and your stack frame start with
+the return address because when you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address because when you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address because when you call
+the return address get put in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address get put in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return address get put in there and
+then there's a frame Point uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a frame Point uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a frame Point uh uh that
+you need to put in there and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to put in there and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to put in there and then you
+allocate room for all your local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate room for all your local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate room for all your local
+variables and Temporaries in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and Temporaries in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and Temporaries in there and
+then there's a variable size if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a variable size if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a variable size if you do
+push and Pop I don't think you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and Pop I don't think you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push and Pop I don't think you'll have
+to do that anyway you can have variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that anyway you can have variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that anyway you can have variable
+size going on in there so so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size going on in there so so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size going on in there so so this is how
+the stack should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack should
+behave so let me skip that procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave so let me skip that procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave so let me skip that procedure
+linkage so let me see if I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage so let me see if I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage so let me see if I can go
+through this fast uh so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this fast uh so what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this fast uh so what happens is
+each procedure call you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each procedure call you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each procedure call you have to have
+some kind of pre-call and post call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of pre-call and post call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of pre-call and post call
+instruction and each proceed you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and each proceed you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and each proceed you have a
+pre prologue and epilog basically going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre prologue and epilog basically going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre prologue and epilog basically going
+on in there so what happens here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in there so what happens here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in there so what happens here is
+assume I am doing a call for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I am doing a call for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I am doing a call for the sake of
+argument assume there a register rcx uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument assume there a register rcx uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument assume there a register rcx uh
+uh is live and is caller save that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is live and is caller save that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is live and is caller save that means
+I need to save and I'm passing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to save and I'm passing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to save and I'm passing these
+three different values that that sits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different values that that sits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different values that that sits in
+uh uh these uh uh uh three memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these uh uh uh three memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these uh uh uh three memory
+locations and in in there so first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and in in there so first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and in in there so first thing
+I need to do is I need to do this caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is I need to do this caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is I need to do this caller
+save regist I need to basically push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save regist I need to basically push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save regist I need to basically push
+that value into the step because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value into the step because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value into the step because I'm
+supposed to save that in there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to save that in there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to save that in there and then
+I need to go get all these arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to go get all these arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to go get all these arguments
+pushed into stack at this point at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into stack at this point at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed into stack at this point at this
+point I actually do the call and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I actually do the call and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I actually do the call and call
+will go into the next uh uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into the next uh uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into the next uh uh uh uh uh
+frame and and put the return return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and and put the return return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and and put the return return
+address there when I go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address there when I go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address there when I go into the
+call assume I have a regist RBX which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call assume I have a regist RBX which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call assume I have a regist RBX which is
+call save so I need to save that myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call save so I need to save that myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call save so I need to save that myself
+and assume I need 40 bytes to do keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume I need 40 bytes to do keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume I need 40 bytes to do keep
+locals so I have some local variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locals so I have some local variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locals so I have some local variable
+that require 40 bytes that I decided so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require 40 bytes that I decided so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require 40 bytes that I decided so
+what I need to do is I need to push of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to do is I need to push of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I need to do is I need to push of
+the frame pointer uh uh uh uh previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame pointer uh uh uh uh previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame pointer uh uh uh uh previous
+frame pointer in there basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer in there basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame pointer in there basically this
+this Frame pointer value out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame pointer value out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame pointer value out that in
+there get pushed there because then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there get pushed there because then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there get pushed there because then I
+want to actually modify my frame pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually modify my frame pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to actually modify my frame pointer
+to point here so now why I'm in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point here so now why I'm in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point here so now why I'm in the new
+new frame and then what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new frame and then what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new frame and then what I do is I
+allocate that uh 48 bytes why 48 8 44 my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that uh 48 bytes why 48 8 44 my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate that uh 48 bytes why 48 8 44 my
+local variables and I I need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and I I need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and I I need to do this
+Callie save business uh uh and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callie save business uh uh and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Callie save business uh uh and for that
+I need to allocate 8 bytes so I allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to allocate 8 bytes so I allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to allocate 8 bytes so I allocate
+48 by and finally actually did the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 by and finally actually did the call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 by and finally actually did the call
+Save in there so I save save save that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Save in there so I save save save that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Save in there so I save save save that
+thing you you don't have to do call call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you you don't have to do call call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you you don't have to do call call
+I just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just this
+illustration and in fact all these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and in fact all these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and in fact all these three
+first three instruction get replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three instruction get replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three instruction get replaced by
+enter so enter basically did all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so enter basically did all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter so enter basically did all this
+just nothing but like a uh macro get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nothing but like a uh macro get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nothing but like a uh macro get
+expanded in there so you can you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in there so you can you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in there so you can you can do
+that so enter and do that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so enter and do that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so enter and do that that's what
+happens in there now you are inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in there now you are inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in there now you are inside the
+function and if you want to address uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if you want to address uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if you want to address uh
+uh arguments being passed it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments being passed it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arguments being passed it's very
+simple because what happens is arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because what happens is arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because what happens is arguments
+get passed in the stack and and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get passed in the stack and and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get passed in the stack and and you you
+access all this off set of Base Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all this off set of Base Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all this off set of Base Point
+all the frame pointer and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the frame pointer and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the frame pointer and the first
+argument is 16 of the frame pointer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is 16 of the frame pointer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is 16 of the frame pointer the
+next argument is 24 whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next argument is 24 whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next argument is 24 whatever whatever
+whatever so so you can easily you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so so you can easily you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so so you can easily you have
+exact address always in the function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact address always in the function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact address always in the function to
+get get to your arguments so that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get to your arguments so that's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get to your arguments so that's easy
+so you know how to pass the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how to pass the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know how to pass the arguments
+the caller pass it by pushing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller pass it by pushing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caller pass it by pushing these
+things in there and and and call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there and and and call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in there and and and call
+basically access is using that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically access is using that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically access is using that very
+simple so you you look at your argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you you look at your argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so you you look at your argument
+number you in in this you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you in in this you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you in in this you look at
+how much space each argument takes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much space each argument takes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much space each argument takes and
+you basically figure out the offset to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically figure out the offset to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically figure out the offset to
+that argument access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that argument access
+it uh local variable it's the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh local variable it's the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh local variable it's the other way
+around so what happens is in here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so what happens is in here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so what happens is in here I
+actually had since I actually had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had since I actually had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had since I actually had to do
+some qually saved I had to skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some qually saved I had to skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some qually saved I had to skip over
+that and and and I I I have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and and I I I have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and and I I I have some kind of
+a map saying the first first local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map saying the first first local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map saying the first first local
+variable goes from here to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable goes from here to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable goes from here to the first
+location next and I I have a map and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location next and I I have a map and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location next and I I have a map and I
+know where things are I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where things are I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where things are I can just
+directly address over uh RBP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly address over uh RBP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly address over uh RBP
+and when I actually do return basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I actually do return basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I actually do return basically
+uh what I do is uh uh first uh uh I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I do is uh uh first uh uh I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I do is uh uh first uh uh I uh
+uh basically I assume I have U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically I assume I have U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically I assume I have U
+uh RBX uh uh is what uh this thing why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh RBX uh uh is what uh this thing why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh RBX uh uh is what uh this thing why
+got saved the call the call Save why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got saved the call the call Save why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got saved the call the call Save why I
+restore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore that
+thing uh then assume I had some return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh then assume I had some return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh then assume I had some return
+value I need to return I had it in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I need to return I had it in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I need to return I had it in all
+the values are in my local storage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values are in my local storage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values are in my local storage so
+and I from local storage put it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I from local storage put it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I from local storage put it to the
+register that returns a return value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that returns a return value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register that returns a return value
+that's our convention it's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our convention it's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our convention it's in that
+register and then I wipe out uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and then I wipe out uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register and then I wipe out uh all the
+things I allocated in here I restore my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I allocated in here I restore my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I allocated in here I restore my
+RBP I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBP I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RBP I
+return and and all these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and and all these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and and all these two
+instructions can be done in leave leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can be done in leave leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions can be done in leave leave
+says uh just wipe out my frame in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh just wipe out my frame in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh just wipe out my frame in there
+and then finally when I return from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally when I return from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally when I return from the
+call I wipe out all the arguments that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I wipe out all the arguments that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I wipe out all the arguments that I
+I I I mapped in there I did a call sayi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I mapped in there I did a call sayi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I mapped in there I did a call sayi
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh go and uh caller save I got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go and uh caller save I got rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go and uh caller save I got rid of
+that and then and and then I actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then and and then I actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then and and then I actually uh
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+uh uh return I move the return to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh return I move the return to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh return I move the return to where
+I want it so at this point what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it so at this point what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it so at this point what you have
+is a ability to basically deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ability to basically deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ability to basically deal with
+procedures so this is what procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so this is what procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures so this is what procedure
+calls and and actually procedure now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and and actually procedure now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and and actually procedure now you
+can generate a function basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate a function basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate a function basically in
+there so you figured out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you figured out how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you figured out how to do that
+so uh I have example I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I have example I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I have example I'm going to skip
+that yes I I'll go one more thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes I I'll go one more thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes I I'll go one more thing so
+what we have done today we covered how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done today we covered how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done today we covered how
+to deal with a pro layout of procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a pro layout of procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with a pro layout of procedure
+and Al to do procedure call okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al to do procedure call okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al to do procedure call okay so you
+know what what needs to be done and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what needs to be done and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what needs to be done and we
+figured out how to actually get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to actually get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to actually get all the
+our data types in there and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data types in there and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data types in there and generate
+assembly so what I'm going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so what I'm going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly so what I'm going to do next
+time is I will go a little bit into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is I will go a little bit into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is I will go a little bit into some
+high level principles of uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level principles of uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level principles of uh uh uh
+writing uh code generator and deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh code generator and deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh code generator and deal with
+all the control side and at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the control side and at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the control side and at that point
+you should be all set to go uh right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be all set to go uh right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be all set to go uh right to
+code generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code generator
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LnSvSfXUmVs.txt b/LnSvSfXUmVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f0e201dfdc83b94a3965c43e57d8034ef7fb998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LnSvSfXUmVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're gonna be doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna be doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're gonna be doing a little
+hands-on solar or wind turbine building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on solar or wind turbine building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands-on solar or wind turbine building
+activity so by the end of if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so by the end of if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so by the end of if you guys
+remember from the first bus wear lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the first bus wear lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the first bus wear lab
+session where we cut and sawed things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session where we cut and sawed things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session where we cut and sawed things
+apart using different hand tools well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart using different hand tools well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart using different hand tools well
+the end product is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end product is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end product is supposed to be
+something that looks like this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this it's
+pretty simple the way it works is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple the way it works is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple the way it works is the
+way it works is you have you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is you have you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it works is you have you have this
+pen like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen like this
+wooden dowel on in your mounting of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden dowel on in your mounting of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooden dowel on in your mounting of wind
+turbine on it when you blow on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine on it when you blow on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine on it when you blow on there's
+some destruction the spins it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some destruction the spins it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some destruction the spins it has some
+magnets attached to the bottom and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets attached to the bottom and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnets attached to the bottom and then
+you're making coils with electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making coils with electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making coils with electromagnetic
+wire and so as the magnets spin by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and so as the magnets spin by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and so as the magnets spin by the
+coils you're inducing a current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils you're inducing a current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils you're inducing a current and
+generating electricity we are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating electricity we are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating electricity we are just
+starting to assemble this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other snake yes if you guys feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other snake yes if you guys feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other snake yes if you guys feel like
+changing your design at all because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your design at all because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing your design at all because you
+think something makes more sense we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something makes more sense we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something makes more sense we want
+to make any improvements to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any improvements to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make any improvements to the design
+you should feel you don't feel like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should feel you don't feel like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should feel you don't feel like you
+know if you follow these directions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you follow these directions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you follow these directions like
+every step of the way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to come between them yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to come between them yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to come between them yeah yeah
+yeah but do we need something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but do we need something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but do we need something in between
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait are you doing all four coils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait are you doing all four coils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait are you doing all four coils
+first you should do all four coils so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you should do all four coils so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you should do all four coils so
+one event but make sure you leave space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event but make sure you leave space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event but make sure you leave space
+like wire between the clothes you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wire between the clothes you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wire between the clothes you do
+something yeah but I mean like drop more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah but I mean like drop more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah but I mean like drop more
+wire between machine yeah cuz you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire between machine yeah cuz you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire between machine yeah cuz you want
+to like you want to land like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like you want to land like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like you want to land like that and
+so you just need enough wire to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just need enough wire to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just need enough wire to go from
+here to here well I mean you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here well I mean you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here well I mean you could just
+like you could just pull alright you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could just pull alright you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you could just pull alright you
+could just say leave this much wine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say leave this much wine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just say leave this much wine and
+then start your next well like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay should I wake up I need to wrap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should I wake up I need to wrap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should I wake up I need to wrap in
+a few of these okay ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of these okay ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of these okay ready
+oh nice do you look lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is definitely not for manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely not for manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely not for manufacturing
+oh it's we glued it to it a little it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's we glued it to it a little it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's we glued it to it a little it's
+now hitting them oh good nice ah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hitting them oh good nice ah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hitting them oh good nice ah we're
+so clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's 17 ohms across it which probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 17 ohms across it which probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 17 ohms across it which probably
+makes sense for the amount of tiny wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for the amount of tiny wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for the amount of tiny wire
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're measuring amperes there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're measuring amperes there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're measuring amperes there you go
+that was a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do some types of street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see that one moving
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MAbnZhFX3nk.txt b/MAbnZhFX3nk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07b25abf2212101aaedb40e01d3549447ff36bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MAbnZhFX3nk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my spies told me that there was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spies told me that there was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spies told me that there was a good
+mood after the exam and it was an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood after the exam and it was an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood after the exam and it was an exam
+that was created to show the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created to show the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was created to show the power of
+intuition and how you build intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and how you build intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and how you build intuition
+based on stuff that seems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on stuff that seems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on stuff that seems kind of
+ordinary and it and all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and it and all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary and it and all of a sudden you
+have the power to to exercise chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power to to exercise chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power to to exercise chemical
+insight in ways which are more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight in ways which are more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight in ways which are more than just
+textbook ways of solving differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook ways of solving differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook ways of solving differential
+equations memorizing pictures and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations memorizing pictures and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations memorizing pictures and so on
+so this is my purpose and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my purpose and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my purpose and at the end of
+the course I'm going to try to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm going to try to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm going to try to really
+stretch your imagination now so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch your imagination now so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch your imagination now so this is
+that's the probable schedule and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probable schedule and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probable schedule and so I'm
+I'm taking more time with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking more time with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking more time with the the
+lecture on electronic spectroscopy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on electronic spectroscopy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on electronic spectroscopy and
+dynamics because this is really the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics because this is really the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics because this is really the core
+of what I do and what I care about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I do and what I care about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I do and what I care about and
+and so I don't know what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I don't know what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I don't know what I'm going to
+say in this lecture I want to spend some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this lecture I want to spend some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this lecture I want to spend some
+time talking about zu ales Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about zu ales Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time talking about zu ales Nobel Prize
+work and certainly that will be partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and certainly that will be partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and certainly that will be partly
+on Monday and so then intermolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday and so then intermolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday and so then intermolecular
+interactions is basically why isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is basically why isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions is basically why isn't
+everything in the gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the gas phase
+you know everything isn't in the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything isn't in the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know everything isn't in the gas
+phase and this is the first step towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and this is the first step towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and this is the first step towards
+not being in the gas phase kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being in the gas phase kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being in the gas phase kind of
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and then probably photochemistry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then probably photochemistry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then probably photochemistry which
+is a little bit more of electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more of electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit more of electronic
+spectroscopy but in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy but in a different
+framework Delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework Delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework Delta functions
+is a way of dealing with complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of dealing with complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of dealing with complicated
+potentials without perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials without perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials without perturbation theory
+and it's really neat and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really neat and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really neat and it's very
+abstract and it's called the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and it's called the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and it's called the discrete
+variable representation and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable representation and it's a very
+powerful way of approaching complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way of approaching complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way of approaching complicated
+problems without having to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems without having to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems without having to do a lot of
+algebra because the computer does all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra because the computer does all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra because the computer does all of
+it but it does it in a funny way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it does it in a funny way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it does it in a funny way and
+I've been putting off this lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been putting off this lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been putting off this lecture on
+time dependable torian's for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependable torian's for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time dependable torian's for a long time
+and I hope that the last lecture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that the last lecture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that the last lecture will be
+an honest approach to time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honest approach to time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honest approach to time-dependent
+Hamiltonian ok so this is a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian ok so this is a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian ok so this is a kind of a
+model for me small is a template for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for me small is a template for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for me small is a template for
+large if you really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if you really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if you really understand
+everything a diatomic molecule can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a diatomic molecule can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a diatomic molecule can do
+you're prepared to understand most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prepared to understand most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prepared to understand most of
+what big molecules do and and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what big molecules do and and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what big molecules do and and so this is
+sort of a bottom-up approach and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a bottom-up approach and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a bottom-up approach and what
+I've presented last time was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've presented last time was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've presented last time was sort of a
+template for everything a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template for everything a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template for everything a diatomic
+molecule can do you have a ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do you have a ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can do you have a ground state
+and that dissociates the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dissociates the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that dissociates the ground state
+atoms you have a repulsive state now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you have a repulsive state now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you have a repulsive state now
+it's not always just two states but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always just two states but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always just two states but for
+for h2 plus or for h2 we sort of expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus or for h2 we sort of expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for h2 plus or for h2 we sort of expect
+this sort of structure and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of structure and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of structure and then there
+are excited states which are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excited states which are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are excited states which are usually
+less bound in the ground state so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less bound in the ground state so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less bound in the ground state so they
+have smaller rotational constants larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller rotational constants larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller rotational constants larger
+energy through distance and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy through distance and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy through distance and if they
+don't there's a good reason for it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there's a good reason for it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't there's a good reason for it which
+you're supposed to be able to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to be able to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to be able to produce
+now the repulsive States often cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the repulsive States often cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the repulsive States often cross
+through a bound state and this results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bound state and this results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bound state and this results
+in what we call pre-dissociation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what we call pre-dissociation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what we call pre-dissociation in
+other words it happens before it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it happens before it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it happens before it was
+intended to and it also is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to and it also is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to and it also is an example
+for all sorts of interesting effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sorts of interesting effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all sorts of interesting effects
+associated with this curve crossing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this curve crossing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this curve crossing and
+we'll talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that
+and so pre-dissociation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pre-dissociation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so pre-dissociation and
+auto-ionization these are dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization these are dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization these are dynamical
+effects that occur as you approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that occur as you approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that occur as you approach is
+some special limit now this is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special limit now this is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special limit now this is you're
+above the dissociation limit so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the dissociation limit so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the dissociation limit so it could
+happen but as far as this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but as far as this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but as far as this state is
+concerned you're not and so it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned you're not and so it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned you're not and so it happens
+earlier now here you have ionization you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier now here you have ionization you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier now here you have ionization you
+and below the ionization there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below the ionization there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below the ionization there's a whole
+infinite manifold of red Burgh States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite manifold of red Burgh States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite manifold of red Burgh States
+which look almost identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look almost identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look almost identical to the
+potential in e curve for the ion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in e curve for the ion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in e curve for the ion and
+there's all sorts of stuff that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff that that you
+can understand about the electron ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand about the electron ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand about the electron ion
+interaction by studying Risberg States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction by studying Risberg States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction by studying Risberg States
+and that's been for the last twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been for the last twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been for the last twenty
+years roughly half of my research now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years roughly half of my research now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years roughly half of my research now
+encoded in red Berg States is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in red Berg States is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in red Berg States is
+auto-ionization if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto-ionization if you have a
+vibrational level of a red work state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of a red work state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of a red work state
+which lies above the ionization limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lies above the ionization limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lies above the ionization limit
+well then it can ionize and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it can ionize and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then it can ionize and that's
+interesting too okay so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting too okay so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting too okay so this is a very
+quick summary of what I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of what I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick summary of what I talked about
+before and I want to add to that so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to add to that so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I want to add to that so in
+order for a transition to occur you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for a transition to occur you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for a transition to occur you
+either need a permanent dipole moment a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need a permanent dipole moment a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either need a permanent dipole moment a
+dipole moment derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment derivative with respect to
+the displacement coordinate or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement coordinate or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement coordinate or an
+electronic transition so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transition so this is the
+rule this is what you need for a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is what you need for a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is what you need for a pure
+rotation transition which is looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation transition which is looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation transition which is looked at
+in the microwave this is what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microwave this is what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microwave this is what you need
+for a vibrational transition the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vibrational transition the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vibrational transition the dipole
+moment has to depend on displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment has to depend on displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment has to depend on displacement
+from equilibrium for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium for one of the
+coordinates if it's a diatomic there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if it's a diatomic there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if it's a diatomic there's
+only one if it's a polyatomic there's 3n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one if it's a polyatomic there's 3n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one if it's a polyatomic there's 3n
+minus 6 but and so these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 but and so these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 but and so these two things are
+very important and then the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and then the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important and then the electronic
+transition moment you can always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment you can always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment you can always have
+decisions where you promote an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions where you promote an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions where you promote an electron
+from the ground state to an excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground state to an excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground state to an excited
+state but since the operator is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but since the operator is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but since the operator is a
+one-electron operator the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-electron operator the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-electron operator the strong
+transitions are a very small subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are a very small subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are a very small subset of
+all the possible ones okay and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible ones okay and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible ones okay and one of
+the important things for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things for dealing with
+electronic transitions is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions is the
+franck-condon principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle the
+franck-condon principle is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle is basically a
+restatement of the born-oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement of the born-oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement of the born-oppenheimer
+approximation that the electrons move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that the electrons move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that the electrons move
+fast nuclei move slowly and and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast nuclei move slowly and and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast nuclei move slowly and and as a
+result Delta R equals zero Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result Delta R equals zero Delta P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result Delta R equals zero Delta P
+equals zero now I'm using capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now I'm using capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero now I'm using capital
+letters just to mean all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters just to mean all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters just to mean all of the
+coordinates and this is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and this is what we call a
+vertical transition and Delta P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical transition and Delta P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical transition and Delta P equals
+zero is stationary phase now I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is stationary phase now I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is stationary phase now I like
+stationary phase you have integrals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase you have integrals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase you have integrals of
+oscillating functions and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating functions and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating functions and you're
+integrating usually over all space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating usually over all space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating usually over all space but
+the integral accumulates to its final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates to its final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral accumulates to its final
+value in a very small region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in a very small region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in a very small region of space
+and that that region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that region of space
+corresponds to where the momenta on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to where the momenta on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to where the momenta on the
+upper and lower states or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower states or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower states or whatever
+you're looking at where the momentum are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at where the momentum are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at where the momentum are
+the same and this leads enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and this leads enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and this leads enables you to
+use classical insights because instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use classical insights because instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use classical insights because instead
+of having quantum mechanics where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having quantum mechanics where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having quantum mechanics where you're
+thinking about wave functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about wave functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about wave functions and
+thinking like I can't I've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like I can't I've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking like I can't I've got an
+integral to do and I can't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to do and I can't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to do and I can't say anything
+simple about it but if you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple about it but if you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple about it but if you know if the
+integral accumulates in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral accumulates in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral accumulates in a particular
+geometry then you can even estimate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry then you can even estimate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry then you can even estimate it
+you know what determines how big that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what determines how big that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what determines how big that
+integral is and this is almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is and this is almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is and this is almost always
+neglected in talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected in talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected in talk
+about the franck-condon principle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the franck-condon principle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the franck-condon principle but
+it's a very important part especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important part especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important part especially
+for me because I want to find out simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me because I want to find out simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me because I want to find out simple
+things and the simple things are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the simple things are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the simple things are always
+in simple places in state space or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simple places in state space or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simple places in state space or in
+coordinate space and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space and then there's a
+Franck Condon factor in the Franck kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franck Condon factor in the Franck kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franck Condon factor in the Franck kind
+of factor is something you you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor is something you you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factor is something you you calculate
+if you know the potential or you it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the potential or you it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the potential or you it you
+have a reasonable estimate of the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable estimate of the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable estimate of the shape
+of our potential you can calculate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our potential you can calculate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our potential you can calculate all
+the vibrational wave functions in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave functions in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave functions in that
+potential not a big deal I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential not a big deal I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential not a big deal I haven't
+taught you how to do it I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you how to do it I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you how to do it I will talk
+about in 573 but that's next year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in 573 but that's next year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in 573 but that's next year and
+that's a different life for most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different life for most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different life for most of you
+but you can you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can you can calculate the
+vibrational wave functions and the Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions and the Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational wave functions and the Frank
+Otter factor is the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otter factor is the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otter factor is the square of the
+overlap between the vibrational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between the vibrational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between the vibrational wave
+function for the initial state and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the initial state and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the initial state and the
+final state so principal factor big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state so principal factor big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final state so principal factor big
+difference we we want ideas for any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we we want ideas for any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we we want ideas for any kind
+of factors are numerical we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors are numerical we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of factors are numerical we want to know
+what's behind the Franck Condon factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's behind the Franck Condon factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's behind the Franck Condon factors
+and the Franck kind of principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Franck kind of principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Franck kind of principle and
+stationary phases what's behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phases what's behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phases what's behind it and
+so you're now charged with being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're now charged with being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're now charged with being able to
+understand everything that happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything that happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything that happens in
+electronic transitions guided by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions guided by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic transitions guided by this
+very important principle which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important principle which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important principle which is really
+relegated to only to calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relegated to only to calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relegated to only to calculating
+franck-condon factors which is just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon factors which is just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon factors which is just just
+you know something you do as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something you do as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something you do as opposed to
+something you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was kind of a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was kind of a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was kind of a summary of
+what we did last time so we can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time so we can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time so we can have an
+electronic and system so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and system so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and system so that's the
+transition between two electronic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between two electronic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between two electronic states
+and these electronic states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these electronic states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these electronic states have
+vibrational levels and the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and the vibrational
+levels have rotation levels and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have rotation levels and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels have rotation levels and so it
+depends on how deep you want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how deep you want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how deep you want to go into
+understanding electronic transitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding electronic transitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding electronic transitions and
+but what are the questions we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the questions we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are the questions we want to
+answer when we record a spectrum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when we record a spectrum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer when we record a spectrum we
+record a spectrum not just to publish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a spectrum not just to publish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record a spectrum not just to publish a
+paper or to fulfill an assignment but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or to fulfill an assignment but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or to fulfill an assignment but to
+ask questions and so what do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions and so what do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions and so what do we want to
+know and there's how questions and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's how questions and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there's how questions and why
+questions how is a particular excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how is a particular excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions how is a particular excited
+state different from the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this means excited state this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this means excited state this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this means excited state this means
+ground state spectroscopy so using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state spectroscopy so using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state spectroscopy so using that
+notation people who don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation people who don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation people who don't know anything
+about spectroscopy can use whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy can use whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spectroscopy can use whatever
+notation they feel like and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation they feel like and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation they feel like and that's
+really stupid but anyway that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stupid but anyway that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stupid but anyway that's a
+different sort of thing and so how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of thing and so how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of thing and so how are
+states different well they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states different well they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states different well they have
+different equilibrium interval liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equilibrium interval liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equilibrium interval liberal
+geometries they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries they have different
+vibrational frequencies they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies they have
+different energies it's a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies it's a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies it's a transition
+between states pretty far apart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states pretty far apart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between states pretty far apart in
+energy there's permanent dipole moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's permanent dipole moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there's permanent dipole moment
+there's transition dipole moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transition dipole moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's transition dipole moments
+there's radiative lifetimes there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's radiative lifetimes there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's radiative lifetimes there's all
+sorts of things that are distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that are distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things that are distinct from
+one electronic state to another and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electronic state to another and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electronic state to another and so
+that's those this is how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those this is how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's those this is how they're
+different but then why this is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but then why this is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but then why this is much more
+interesting but you do this in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but you do this in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but you do this in order to
+start asking why and ah and and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking why and ah and and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking why and ah and and so you
+already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have
+qualitative electronic structure stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative electronic structure stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative electronic structure stuff
+like lcao mo now you could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lcao mo now you could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lcao mo now you could calculate
+things really accurately but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really accurately but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really accurately but you
+wouldn't be using your brain and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be using your brain and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be using your brain and your
+brain you know you this is MIT for God's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you know you this is MIT for God's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you know you this is MIT for God's
+sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake
+you do want to use your brain to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to use your brain to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to use your brain to to
+explain why one state is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why one state is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why one state is different from
+another and there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and there's all sorts of
+qualitative theories that are your guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative theories that are your guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative theories that are your guide
+or your framework for doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your framework for doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your framework for doing this and
+lcao mo local theory these are the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao mo local theory these are the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao mo local theory these are the kinds
+of things that you can use and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you can use and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that you can use and we also
+have ideas about orbitals bonding so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas about orbitals bonding so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas about orbitals bonding so we
+have orbitals that are bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orbitals that are bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orbitals that are bonding
+nonbonding anti-bonding and we know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonbonding anti-bonding and we know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonbonding anti-bonding and we know this
+by drawing a molecular orbital diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a molecular orbital diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing a molecular orbital diagram
+all and we know the properties of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and we know the properties of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and we know the properties of what
+happens with when you have bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with when you have bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with when you have bonding and
+anti-bonding orbitals we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-bonding orbitals we have
+hybridization so a tremendous amount is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization so a tremendous amount is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization so a tremendous amount is
+gained by asking for a carbon atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained by asking for a carbon atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained by asking for a carbon atom and
+for some of many other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of many other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of many other atoms
+what is the SP and hybridization we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the SP and hybridization we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the SP and hybridization we make
+a special set of orbitals which focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special set of orbitals which focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special set of orbitals which focus on
+this symmetry that structure around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry that structure around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry that structure around each
+atom and again you can you can be guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and again you can you can be guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and again you can you can be guided
+by what you know from the spectrum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you know from the spectrum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what you know from the spectrum or
+what you know from simple rules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know from simple rules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know from simple rules to
+saying okay if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay if we have this
+hybridization there's a certain geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there's a certain geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization there's a certain geometry
+around that atom or if we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that atom or if we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that atom or if we have that
+geometry or if it's constrained to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or if it's constrained to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry or if it's constrained to have
+that geometry it will have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometry it will have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometry it will have this
+hybridization and you can we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and you can we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization and you can we haven't
+talked about this very much but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this very much but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this very much but it's a
+very important part of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important part of understanding
+chemistry and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and then we have
+these things where we so we we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things where we so we we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things where we so we we look at
+families of molecules where you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of molecules where you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of molecules where you have the
+same number of electrons and that was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of electrons and that was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of electrons and that was on
+the exam and it's really beautiful how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and it's really beautiful how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and it's really beautiful how
+you can you can say okay even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can say okay even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can say okay even though we
+have the same number of electrons if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of electrons if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of electrons if we
+change the difference tonight a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the difference tonight a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the difference tonight a
+difference in ionization energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in ionization energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in ionization energy between
+the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two atoms
+terrible things happen or wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things happen or wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things happen or wonderful
+beautiful things happen whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things happen whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things happen whether it
+depends on what you like and homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you like and homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what you like and homologous
+is just different number event or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just different number event or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just different number event or the
+same number of valence electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of valence electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of valence electrons but
+from different rows of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different rows of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different rows of the periodic
+table and you had that on the exam too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you had that on the exam too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you had that on the exam too
+okay these are the tricks we use and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the tricks we use and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the tricks we use and and
+then there's there's dynamics and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's there's dynamics and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's there's dynamics and some
+people might say we study structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might say we study structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might say we study structure so
+that we can understand dynamics I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand dynamics I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can understand dynamics I am not
+quite there yet but dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet but dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite there yet but dynamics is
+interesting because it's harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's harder than
+structure I mean you have a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I mean you have a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I mean you have a static
+structure the spectrum is telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spectrum is telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the spectrum is telling you
+what that is but it's also telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is but it's also telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is but it's also telling you
+if you look at it in the right way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it in the right way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it in the right way what
+the molecule can do when it gets excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule can do when it gets excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule can do when it gets excited
+and I frequently start my talk talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I frequently start my talk talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I frequently start my talk talks
+with two slides one called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two slides one called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two slides one called
+molecules at play where the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at play where the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at play where the molecules
+are in the ground state and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the ground state and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the ground state and they're not
+doing anything interesting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything interesting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything interesting and then
+molecules at work where molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at work where molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules at work where molecules are
+highly excited and doing what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly excited and doing what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly excited and doing what they're
+supposed to do and our job is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do and our job is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do and our job is really not
+deploy it to understand play let them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy it to understand play let them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy it to understand play let them do
+what they want but we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want but we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want but we'd like to
+understand when they're working and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when they're working and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when they're working and how
+do we work with them so dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we work with them so dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we work with them so dynamics is
+really that kind of a question and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that kind of a question and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that kind of a question and okay
+there's there's all sorts of kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's all sorts of kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's all sorts of kinds of
+dynamics there's dissociation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's dissociation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics there's dissociation is
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+born-oppenheimer breakdown and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer breakdown and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer breakdown and you
+probably noticed these letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably noticed these letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably noticed these letters and
+that's what I do I'm known for being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I do I'm known for being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I do I'm known for being a
+specialist and born up and I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist and born up and I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist and born up and I'm a
+breakdown and it appears in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown and it appears in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown and it appears in many
+different ways and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and so there's
+pre-dissociation there's auto-ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation there's auto-ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation there's auto-ionization
+there's avoided crossings and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's avoided crossings and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's avoided crossings and there's
+adiabatic versus diabetic so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic versus diabetic so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic versus diabetic so these two
+things are really different sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are really different sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are really different sides of the
+same coin suppose you have two potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coin suppose you have two potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same coin suppose you have two potential
+curves that cross well this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves that cross well this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves that cross well this is what we
+think about as chemists where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as chemists where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about as chemists where a
+potential curve corresponds to following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve corresponds to following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve corresponds to following
+the energy without really significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy without really significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy without really significantly
+changing the electronic structure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the electronic structure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the electronic structure and so
+these crossing curves are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crossing curves are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crossing curves are what we call
+diabetic and but if you are a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic and but if you are a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic and but if you are a quantum
+chemist what you would do is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist what you would do is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist what you would do is you would
+calculate the adiabatic curves and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the adiabatic curves and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the adiabatic curves and they
+would look like that they don't cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like that they don't cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like that they don't cross
+and so we have two ways of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have two ways of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have two ways of looking at
+the interaction between two electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between two electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between two electronic
+states the adiabatic one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the adiabatic one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the adiabatic one and the
+diabetic one and we use whichever one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic one and we use whichever one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic one and we use whichever one is
+simpler for the particular case and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler for the particular case and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler for the particular case and at
+some point later in this lecture I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point later in this lecture I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point later in this lecture I hope
+to talk about the thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+landau-zener and it basically is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener and it basically is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener and it basically is is
+suppose you're driving at night on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're driving at night on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're driving at night on a
+very curvy road and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curvy road and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curvy road and
+you're mostly awake but you're driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mostly awake but you're driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're mostly awake but you're driving
+too fast and so if if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast and so if if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast and so if if you have a
+situation like this where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this where there's a
+there's a sharp curve and maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sharp curve and maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sharp curve and maybe if
+you're lucky there is another sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky there is another sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky there is another sharp
+curve on another road somewhere over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on another road somewhere over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve on another road somewhere over
+here you you're going too fast you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you're going too fast you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you you're going too fast you can
+go off the road and maybe you'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off the road and maybe you'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off the road and maybe you'll end up
+on this other road or you end up hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this other road or you end up hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this other road or you end up hitting
+a tree and so if you're going slow fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree and so if you're going slow fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree and so if you're going slow fast
+you're going to jump off the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to jump off the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to jump off the curve
+that's that's diabetic and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's diabetic and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's diabetic and that's the
+point of view we take as chemists and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we take as chemists and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we take as chemists and if
+you're going really slowly you'll stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going really slowly you'll stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going really slowly you'll stay
+on the road and everything you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road and everything you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the road and everything you know you
+won't even remember this intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even remember this intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even remember this intersection
+because you didn't die at it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't die at it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't die at it and that's
+adiabatic and depending on this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic and depending on this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic and depending on this the the
+gap and the curvature for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and the curvature for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap and the curvature for a particular
+situation the molecule knows how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the molecule knows how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the molecule knows how to
+either do this or do that and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do this or do that and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do this or do that and it's not
+fatal for the molecule but they if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal for the molecule but they if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal for the molecule but they if
+you're going if the molecule is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going if the molecule is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going if the molecule is going
+through a curved crossing region fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a curved crossing region fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a curved crossing region fast
+it's going to jump the gap and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to jump the gap and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to jump the gap and that's
+one of the things that's a well looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's a well looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's a well looked
+at if you can start a system energy high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you can start a system energy high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you can start a system energy high
+above the energy where the curves cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the energy where the curves cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the energy where the curves cross
+you're going through really fast if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through really fast if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through really fast if you
+excited really close to the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited really close to the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited really close to the energy of
+the curve crossing you're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve crossing you're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve crossing you're going through
+slowly and so by changing the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and so by changing the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly and so by changing the conditions
+you can understand what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can understand what's going to
+happen this is really powerful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is really powerful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is really powerful for
+insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I'm trying to convey is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to convey is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to convey is that there
+are very simple pictures to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple pictures to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very simple pictures to describe
+really complicated looking things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated looking things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated looking things and
+sometimes the data on these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the data on these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the data on these complicated
+things are very hard to either obtain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very hard to either obtain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are very hard to either obtain or
+to interpret because it looks well often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret because it looks well often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret because it looks well often
+it looks what we people would say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks what we people would say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks what we people would say it
+looks statistical now statistically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks statistical now statistically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks statistical now statistically is
+really a a cop-out it says I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a cop-out it says I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a cop-out it says I don't
+understand what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on here
+and so I'll approach it as if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'll approach it as if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I'll approach it as if there
+isn't any law and we just count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any law and we just count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any law and we just count the
+density of states and we'd use simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and we'd use simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of states and we'd use simple
+formulas and the the shameful thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the the shameful thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the the shameful thing is
+that that usually works but it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that usually works but it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that usually works but it only
+works so far it doesn't lead to insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so far it doesn't lead to insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so far it doesn't lead to insight
+it just leads to a representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just leads to a representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just leads to a representation and
+our job is to understand not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to understand not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to understand not just to
+represent okay so back to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent okay so back to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent okay so back to this question
+of electronic transitions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic transitions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electronic transitions and the
+franck-condon principle so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon principle so if we have a
+transition between two potential curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between two potential curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between two potential curves
+that have the same geometry we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same geometry we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the same geometry we get a
+Delta V equals zero propensity rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V equals zero propensity rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V equals zero propensity rule and
+it has good and bad signs one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has good and bad signs one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has good and bad signs one is the
+spectrum gets to be really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum gets to be really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum gets to be really simple
+because you only see transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only see transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you only see transitions between
+the same vibrational quantum upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vibrational quantum upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vibrational quantum upstairs
+and downstairs and this is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstairs and this is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstairs and this is true for
+polyatomic and diatomics as well you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic and diatomics as well you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic and diatomics as well you get
+a simple spectrum and you sell flat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple spectrum and you sell flat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple spectrum and you sell flat I
+can go home early but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go home early but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go home early but you don't know
+anything about other vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about other vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about other vibrational levels
+and if you're doing a vibrational if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're doing a vibrational if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're doing a vibrational if
+you're starting in the vibrational the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting in the vibrational the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting in the vibrational the
+zero vibrational level of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vibrational level of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vibrational level of the ground
+state well you only know about the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well you only know about the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state well you only know about the zero
+vibrational level of the excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of the excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational level of the excited state
+if the potential curves are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential curves are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential curves are the same and
+there's all sorts of stuff you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of stuff you don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+and if you're doing a mission well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're doing a mission well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're doing a mission well maybe
+in an emission spectrum you excite more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an emission spectrum you excite more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an emission spectrum you excite more
+vibrational levels but what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels but what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels but what's going to
+happen is if they're all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is if they're all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is if they're all have the same
+if if the potential curves are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the potential curves are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the potential curves are the same
+well then all the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then all the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then all the vibrational
+transitions are going to be on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to be on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions are going to be on top of
+each other in emission and you might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in emission and you might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in emission and you might as
+well not have bothered it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not have bothered it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not have bothered it's just a
+horrible situation so Delta V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situation so Delta V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible situation so Delta V equals
+zero depends on what your point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on what your point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero depends on what your point of view
+is if you want to understand things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you want to understand things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you want to understand things this
+is bad and then you you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad and then you you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad and then you you can have
+transitions between states which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between states which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between states which have
+different shapes or displaced and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes or displaced and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes or displaced and the
+Frank kind of calculation tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kind of calculation tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank kind of calculation tells you what
+how this works but here you have Delta V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works but here you have Delta V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works but here you have Delta V
+equals many but now for a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals many but now for a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals many but now for a polyatomic
+molecule where you have n atoms you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule where you have n atoms you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule where you have n atoms you have
+3n minus 6 mode normal modes and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n minus 6 mode normal modes and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3n minus 6 mode normal modes and some of
+them are going to be like this and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be like this and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to be like this and some
+of them are going to be like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be like this and
+that's good and bad because of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and bad because of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good and bad because of what's
+saying is yeah you could have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is yeah you could have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is yeah you could have had a
+really complicated spectrum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated spectrum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated spectrum because
+there's so many vibrational honey for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many vibrational honey for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many vibrational honey for
+example benzene as 30 30 vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example benzene as 30 30 vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example benzene as 30 30 vibrational
+levels the 30 vibrational modes not 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the 30 vibrational modes not 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the 30 vibrational modes not 1
+but 30 and some of them have relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 30 and some of them have relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 30 and some of them have relatively
+low frequency and benzene for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and benzene for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and benzene for most of
+you is a simple molecule for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a simple molecule for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is a simple molecule for me it's
+really just beyond complex and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just beyond complex and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just beyond complex and what
+happens when you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have a lot of
+vibrational levels is the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels is the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels is the vibrational
+density States gets very high very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density States gets very high very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density States gets very high very fast
+so high that it's hopeless to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that it's hopeless to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that it's hopeless to be able to
+resolve individual eigenstates when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve individual eigenstates when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve individual eigenstates when that
+happens frequency domain spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens frequency domain spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens frequency domain spectroscopy
+stops being so useful because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops being so useful because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops being so useful because a lot of
+the key details are hidden so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key details are hidden so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key details are hidden so if it's
+not frequency domain it wants to be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequency domain it wants to be time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequency domain it wants to be time
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+and you can ask really good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask really good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask really good questions
+using time domain techniques which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using time domain techniques which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using time domain techniques which is
+what I'm going to talk about when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to talk about when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to talk about when I
+spend some time with mr. Zhu ale okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time with mr. Zhu ale okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time with mr. Zhu ale okay so
+you're going to have certain normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have certain normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have certain normal
+modes which are what we call Frank on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which are what we call Frank on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which are what we call Frank on a
+dark because they don't they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark because they don't they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark because they don't they don't
+contribute to the spectrum you only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the spectrum you only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the spectrum you only see
+Delta V of zero for those modes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V of zero for those modes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta V of zero for those modes and the
+ones that lead to a change in geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that lead to a change in geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that lead to a change in geometry
+or a change in bond structure those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a change in bond structure those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a change in bond structure those are
+the ones you see those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you see those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones you see those are the
+franck-condon bright ones and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon bright ones and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franck-condon bright ones and they're
+also much more interesting because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much more interesting because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also much more interesting because why
+did the geometry change what part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the geometry change what part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the geometry change what part of the
+molecule was responsible for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule was responsible for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule was responsible for the
+geometry change this is what chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry change this is what chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry change this is what chemists
+want to ask okay so that's the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask okay so that's the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask okay so that's the framework
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've spent the last 30 years of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent the last 30 years of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent the last 30 years of my life
+looking at the acetylene molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acetylene is you know it's for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene is you know it's for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene is you know it's for me it's
+as big as I want to get but for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as I want to get but for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as I want to get but for most of
+you that's really really small okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's really really small okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's really really small okay and
+acetylene is ground state which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene is ground state which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene is ground state which we can
+denote by zero here s 0 lowest singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by zero here s 0 lowest singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by zero here s 0 lowest singlet
+if we had a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a different number of
+electrons we might say if we had an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we might say if we had an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we might say if we had an odd
+number of electrons the lowest state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons the lowest state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons the lowest state
+would be D 0 or T 0 if it had a triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be D 0 or T 0 if it had a triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be D 0 or T 0 if it had a triplet
+ground state like oxygen but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state like oxygen but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state like oxygen but the
+notation is simple and but we also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is simple and but we also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is simple and but we also use
+for spectroscopy use notation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spectroscopy use notation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spectroscopy use notation where we
+use a Roman capital letter with a tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a Roman capital letter with a tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a Roman capital letter with a tilde
+over for polyatomic molecules and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for polyatomic molecules and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over for polyatomic molecules and not
+for Dietetics and the electronics take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dietetics and the electronics take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dietetics and the electronics take
+the ground state is this and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is this and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state is this and I have to
+be careful because the notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because the notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful because the notation that
+organic chemists would use for assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemists would use for assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemists would use for assembly
+is just this and my point is I wanted I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this and my point is I wanted I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this and my point is I wanted I
+want to talk about where the hydrogen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about where the hydrogen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about where the hydrogen's
+are and so this is kind of a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so this is kind of a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and so this is kind of a cheap
+because it sounds like I put a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds like I put a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds like I put a hydrogen
+on butane butane as a you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on butane butane as a you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on butane butane as a you know because
+you have carbon here you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon here you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have carbon here you know these
+bonds okay you know the nothing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay you know the nothing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay you know the nothing and then
+there's an excited state which we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an excited state which we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an excited state which we could
+call s1 and the excited state looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call s1 and the excited state looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call s1 and the excited state looks like
+this its transmitted this has a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its transmitted this has a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its transmitted this has a triple
+bond this has a double bond what yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this has a double bond what yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this has a double bond what yes
+there's a you know you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a you know you know you know
+about this paper here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the lowest equilibrium geometry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lowest equilibrium geometry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the lowest equilibrium geometry for
+the excited state is transmitted now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state is transmitted now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excited state is transmitted now you
+couldn't have this structure to and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have this structure to and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have this structure to and we
+have looked at the isomerization between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at the isomerization between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at the isomerization between
+these two and how did we do that how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and how did we do that how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and how did we do that how do
+we characterize the transition state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we characterize the transition state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we characterize the transition state for
+the isomerization this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isomerization this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isomerization this is you know
+twenty thirty person years of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thirty person years of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thirty person years of work
+getting to the transition state and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the transition state and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the transition state and it
+led to a paper in science with my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a paper in science with my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a paper in science with my first
+in 40 years of trying and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 40 years of trying and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 40 years of trying and so this is a
+molecule I really like because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I really like because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule I really like because there are
+four modes which are Franken and dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four modes which are Franken and dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four modes which are Franken and dark
+and two that are Franken and bright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two that are Franken and bright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two that are Franken and bright and
+we can do all sorts of really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do all sorts of really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do all sorts of really neat
+things now so at high in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so at high in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so at high in the ground
+state at high vibrational excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at high vibrational excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at high vibrational excitation
+what do we expect well one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we expect well one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we expect well one thing is
+nothing special molecule could just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special molecule could just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing special molecule could just go
+on doing nothing interesting having four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doing nothing interesting having four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doing nothing interesting having four
+modes which are Frank on the dark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which are Frank on the dark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes which are Frank on the dark and
+two modes that are Frank on and bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes that are Frank on and bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes that are Frank on and bright
+or we you know it will remain boring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we you know it will remain boring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we you know it will remain boring and
+another would be just increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another would be just increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another would be just increasing
+complexity because there can be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because there can be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because there can be an
+harmonic interactions between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic interactions between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic interactions between different
+normal modes and so when that starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and so when that starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes and so when that starts to
+happen people start to say III let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen people start to say III let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen people start to say III let me
+out of here it gets complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here it gets complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here it gets complicated and
+everything gets destroyed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets destroyed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets destroyed and the
+spectrum just becomes uninterpretable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum just becomes uninterpretable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum just becomes uninterpretable
+which is wrong and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is wrong and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is wrong and then there's
+chaos which is another way of or quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos which is another way of or quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos which is another way of or quantum
+chaos which is another way of waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos which is another way of waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos which is another way of waving
+your heads at saying it's statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads at saying it's statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heads at saying it's statistical
+and we know my opinion about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know my opinion about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know my opinion about that
+because bonds are really sacred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bonds are really sacred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bonds are really sacred in
+chemistry and bonds if there are bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and bonds if there are bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and bonds if there are bonds
+there isn't bag of atoms behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't bag of atoms behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't bag of atoms behavior and
+then there's other possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's other possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's other possibility
+isomerization so this guy at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization so this guy at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization so this guy at high
+excitation can go to that vanilla bean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation can go to that vanilla bean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation can go to that vanilla bean
+and I've spent a hundred person years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've spent a hundred person years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've spent a hundred person years
+chasing after this so there is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after this so there is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after this so there is you know
+very shallow vanilla bean well and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very shallow vanilla bean well and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very shallow vanilla bean well and how
+is this kind of isomerization encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this kind of isomerization encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this kind of isomerization encoded in
+the spectrum so in order to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so in order to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectrum so in order to have a
+chance of understanding about vanilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of understanding about vanilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of understanding about vanilla
+bean or things that happen in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bean or things that happen in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bean or things that happen in the ground
+state at very high excitation I invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at very high excitation I invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at very high excitation I invented
+a fairly important method for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly important method for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly important method for looking at
+high vibrational levels it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels it's called
+stimulated emission pumping it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission pumping it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission pumping it looks
+like this so we have two now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we have two now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so we have two now this is
+this initially was demonstrated on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initially was demonstrated on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initially was demonstrated on a
+diatomic molecule but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecule but it's true
+importance is for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance is for something like
+acetylene so what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can excite to this distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can excite to this distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can excite to this distorted
+molecule from the ground state and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule from the ground state and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule from the ground state and this
+this this some vibrational levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this some vibrational levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this some vibrational levels are
+accessible because you have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible because you have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible because you have a little bit
+of room between two turning points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room between two turning points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room between two turning points so
+you can excite a few vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can excite a few vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can excite a few vibrational levels
+by vertical transitions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vertical transitions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vertical transitions but the
+important thing is that each vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that each vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that each vibrational
+level has an inter turning point which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level has an inter turning point which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level has an inter turning point which
+is how you access it and an outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you access it and an outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you access it and an outer
+turning point which enables you to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point which enables you to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point which enables you to do so
+this is called the pump and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the pump and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the pump and this is
+called the dump now I'm not sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dump now I'm not sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dump now I'm not sure whether
+I came up with pump and dump before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came up with pump and dump before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came up with pump and dump before it
+was talked about on Wall Street but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about on Wall Street but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talked about on Wall Street but it
+was it was a very app named for sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a very app named for sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was a very app named for sim
+simulator mission thumping and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator mission thumping and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator mission thumping and so what
+we can do then is to accent access very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do then is to accent access very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do then is to accent access very
+high vibrational levels in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels in the
+electronic ground state by pump and dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic ground state by pump and dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic ground state by pump and dump
+and the way we detect it is we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we detect it is we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we detect it is we get
+fluorescence from this level and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from this level and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence from this level and when we
+hit the dump transition the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the dump transition the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the dump transition the fluorescence
+is decrease in intensity and we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decrease in intensity and we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decrease in intensity and we can do a
+very significant map of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant map of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significant map of what's going on
+at high excitation in the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high excitation in the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high excitation in the ground state
+and when I invented SCP I believed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I invented SCP I believed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I invented SCP I believed in
+quantum chaos so I expected as we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chaos so I expected as we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chaos so I expected as we went
+up higher and higher we would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher and higher we would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up higher and higher we would see
+breaking of all the usual patterns and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of all the usual patterns and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking of all the usual patterns and I
+even wrote a paper saying we had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wrote a paper saying we had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even wrote a paper saying we had seen
+quantum chaos when we excited to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chaos when we excited to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chaos when we excited to very
+high vibrational levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high vibrational levels and the
+reasoning for that is complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning for that is complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning for that is complicated but
+the reasoning was what was correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasoning was what was correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasoning was what was correct
+except it didn't apply to chaos it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it didn't apply to chaos it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it didn't apply to chaos it just
+in fly to the spectrum getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fly to the spectrum getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fly to the spectrum getting
+complicated really complicated so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated really complicated so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated really complicated so what I
+really wanted to be able to do was to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to be able to do was to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to be able to do was to be
+able to somehow sample this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to somehow sample this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to somehow sample this transition
+state and that experiment in its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that experiment in its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that experiment in its initial
+form was doomed to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was doomed to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form was doomed to fail
+because in order to this transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to this transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to this transition
+state involves a local Bend in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state involves a local Bend in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state involves a local Bend in other
+words acetylene has normal modes suspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words acetylene has normal modes suspend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words acetylene has normal modes suspend
+trans banned c-h symmetric stretch CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans banned c-h symmetric stretch CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans banned c-h symmetric stretch CH
+anti-symmetric stretch and CC stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric stretch and CC stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric stretch and CC stretch
+and this is just a look at the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a look at the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a look at the this
+coordinate is mostly just that a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is mostly just that a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is mostly just that a large
+amplitude local Bend and so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude local Bend and so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude local Bend and so when I
+started this I didn't know that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this I didn't know that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this I didn't know that local
+bends would magically emerge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends would magically emerge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends would magically emerge from the
+spectrum but they do and we saw them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but they do and we saw them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum but they do and we saw them and
+that led to a lot of good stuff I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to a lot of good stuff I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to a lot of good stuff I said
+mentioned that I got tenure at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that I got tenure at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that I got tenure at MIT
+because of stimulation pumping that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of stimulation pumping that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of stimulation pumping that was
+a long time ago okay so we have not had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago okay so we have not had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago okay so we have not had
+not seen the isomerization in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen the isomerization in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen the isomerization in the ground
+state because we couldn't get high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because we couldn't get high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state because we couldn't get high
+enough because Frank kind of factors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because Frank kind of factors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because Frank kind of factors for
+him prevented us from getting high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him prevented us from getting high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him prevented us from getting high
+enough and the spectrum also gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and the spectrum also gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and the spectrum also gets
+complicated and there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and there's all sorts of
+reasons why I didn't work but as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why I didn't work but as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why I didn't work but as far as
+the SIS trans isomerisation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS trans isomerisation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SIS trans isomerisation in the
+excited state we killed that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state we killed that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state we killed that and we
+killed that because there we saw new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed that because there we saw new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed that because there we saw new
+patterns emerge and that was more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns emerge and that was more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns emerge and that was more robust
+than normal modes and then we saw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than normal modes and then we saw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than normal modes and then we saw those
+new patterns break and the breaking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new patterns break and the breaking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new patterns break and the breaking is
+due to isomerization and we worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to isomerization and we worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to isomerization and we worked out
+the theory and that's what the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory and that's what the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory and that's what the science
+paper was all about okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes phase versus condensed phase people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes phase versus condensed phase people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes phase versus condensed phase people
+who work in the gas phase don't talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the gas phase don't talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the gas phase don't talk to
+people who work in the condensed phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work in the condensed phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work in the condensed phase
+and vice-versa because the spectra are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice-versa because the spectra are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice-versa because the spectra are
+profoundly different so we have a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly different so we have a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly different so we have a ground
+state we have some excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we have some excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we have some excited state and
+whether it's a diatomic molecule or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a diatomic molecule or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a diatomic molecule or a
+polyatomic molecule it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule it doesn't matter
+that much so what we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much so what we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much so what we have in the
+absorption spectrum is vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption spectrum is vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption spectrum is vertical
+transitions to a few vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to a few vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to a few vibrational levels
+depending on the difference in geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the difference in geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the difference in geometry
+and in condensed phase instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in condensed phase instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in condensed phase instead of
+staying in the vibrational level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in the vibrational level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying in the vibrational level we
+populated there's rapid transfer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated there's rapid transfer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populated there's rapid transfer of
+energy from the molecule into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the molecule into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the molecule into its
+surroundings and you end up in V equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and you end up in V equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and you end up in V equals
+zero of the ground of the excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the ground of the excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the ground of the excited state
+and then the spectrum is to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the spectrum is to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the spectrum is to a few
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of the ground state
+and so you get something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get something that looks like
+this this is the sort of classic diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the sort of classic diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the sort of classic diagram
+for absorption versus emission spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absorption versus emission spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for absorption versus emission spectra
+of a polyatomic molecule so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polyatomic molecule so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polyatomic molecule so this is
+emission this is absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission this is absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission this is absorption and
+frequency is on the right and so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is on the right and so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is on the right and so so what
+happens is in the absorption spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is in the absorption spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is in the absorption spectrum
+you observe transitions to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe transitions to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe transitions to higher
+vibrational levels to several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels to several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels to several
+vibrational levels v double V prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels v double V prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels v double V prime
+equals zero and higher and so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and higher and so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and higher and so those are
+two the blue of the banned origin and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the blue of the banned origin and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the blue of the banned origin and in
+a mission you get emission only from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission you get emission only from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mission you get emission only from V
+equals zero in the excited state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in the excited state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero in the excited state and
+that's to the red of the origin and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to the red of the origin and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to the red of the origin and so
+you get this classic mm speck picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this classic mm speck picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this classic mm speck picture
+and there's all sorts of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's all sorts of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's all sorts of vibrational
+levels that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that are not
+solved and this is basically the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and this is basically the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and this is basically the kind of
+crappy spectrum you get when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy spectrum you get when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy spectrum you get when you look at
+a big molecule in the condensed phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big molecule in the condensed phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big molecule in the condensed phase
+and so it's telling you frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's telling you frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's telling you frequency domain
+for this sort of thing is the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of thing is the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this sort of thing is the wrong
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because nothing much here so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing much here so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing much here so this thing
+the expectation value of the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the Hamiltonian
+for the molecule as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the molecule as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the molecule as opposed to the
+overall system is time dependent we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system is time dependent we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system is time dependent we're
+used to the Hamiltonian being time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to the Hamiltonian being time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to the Hamiltonian being time
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+there can be dynamics because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be dynamics because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be dynamics because you you
+excite a coherent superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite a coherent superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite a coherent superposition of
+states but okay so for condensed phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but okay so for condensed phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but okay so for condensed phase
+systems the Hamiltonian or energy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the Hamiltonian or energy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the Hamiltonian or energy is not
+conserved in the molecule but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in the molecule but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in the molecule but of course
+thermodynamics says if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics says if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics says if you have an
+isolated system it's conserved that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system it's conserved that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated system it's conserved that's
+irrelevant cuz we we always want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant cuz we we always want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant cuz we we always want to look
+at something more interesting than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something more interesting than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something more interesting than a
+bulk sample ok now I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk sample ok now I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk sample ok now I want to talk about
+dynamics that is more subtle than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that is more subtle than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics that is more subtle than the
+naive stuff ok so well let's let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive stuff ok so well let's let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive stuff ok so well let's let's have
+no collisions well we can do that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no collisions well we can do that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no collisions well we can do that in the
+gas phase if the pressure is low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no breaking molecules so if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no breaking molecules so if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no breaking molecules so if there's no
+pre dissociation or auto-ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre dissociation or auto-ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre dissociation or auto-ionization
+there's you know so we can restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know so we can restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know so we can restrict
+ourselves to a low enough energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to a low enough energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to a low enough energy that
+things don't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is this is cow this is subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is cow this is subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is this is cow this is subtle
+molecules will fluoresce and populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules will fluoresce and populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules will fluoresce and populations
+and excited states will decay and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excited states will decay and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and excited states will decay and as a
+rule the lifetime of the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the lifetime of the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule the lifetime of the fluorescence
+lifetime if it's truly only fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime if it's truly only fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime if it's truly only fluorescence
+and not other dynamics is longer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not other dynamics is longer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not other dynamics is longer the
+lifetime is longer than 10 nanoseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is longer than 10 nanoseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is longer than 10 nanoseconds
+so if we're looking at times shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're looking at times shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're looking at times shorter
+than 10 nanoseconds we can say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 nanoseconds we can say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 nanoseconds we can say there's
+no fluorescence okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fluorescence okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no fluorescence okay we're going to
+ignore that that's okay because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that that's okay because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that that's okay because there's
+no there still can be dynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there still can be dynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there still can be dynamics so
+simplest case to level come on a beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case to level come on a beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case to level come on a beach
+and you know about quantum beats you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know about quantum beats you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know about quantum beats you've
+already looked at them in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at them in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already looked at them in various
+problems and so you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and so you know you have a
+system where you have a ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have a ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have a ground state and
+you have two excited States and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two excited States and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two excited States and one of
+them is bright and one of them is dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is bright and one of them is dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is bright and one of them is dark
+with respect to transitions from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to transitions from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to transitions from this
+state and but there's an interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and but there's an interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and but there's an interaction
+between them so they're a mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so they're a mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so they're a mixed
+character and with a short pulse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and with a short pulse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and with a short pulse you
+prepare a coherent superposition of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a coherent superposition of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare a coherent superposition of two
+eigen States and the fluorescence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen States and the fluorescence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen States and the fluorescence the
+intensity of the fluorescence oscillates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the fluorescence oscillates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the fluorescence oscillates
+and it oscillates at the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates at the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it oscillates at the frequency
+difference of these two levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these two levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these two levels and the
+modulation depth of the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation depth of the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation depth of the fluorescence
+tells you something about what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you something about what is the
+coupling matrix element between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling matrix element between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling matrix element between these
+two states relative to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states relative to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states relative to the energy
+difference between them so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them so there's a lot
+of information in there and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information in there and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information in there and so this is
+something that can happen faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can happen faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can happen faster than
+the spontaneous fluorescence one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spontaneous fluorescence one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spontaneous fluorescence one is
+observing it in the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing it in the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing it in the spontaneous
+fluorescence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence but
+the the whole point is you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole point is you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole point is you're looking at
+some dynamics that is encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dynamics that is encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dynamics that is encoded in
+eigenstates and that's one of my mottos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know how to write all the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to write all the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to write all the the the
+theory for this and but you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for this and but you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory for this and but you know we have
+something that looks broad but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks broad but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks broad but in
+reality it's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's a whole bunch of
+eigenstates and the pattern of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and the pattern of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and the pattern of these
+eigenstates is telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates is telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates is telling you what the
+dynamics is now normally we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is now normally we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics is now normally we think of
+dynamics as the width of something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics as the width of something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics as the width of something and
+this collection of eigenstates behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection of eigenstates behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection of eigenstates behaving
+in some coherent way has a width but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some coherent way has a width but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some coherent way has a width but
+that's only the beginning what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only the beginning what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only the beginning what was the
+the the thing that gave intensity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that gave intensity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that gave intensity to
+these eigenstates what was the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenstates what was the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenstates what was the zero
+order state and what was the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order state and what was the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order state and what was the coupling
+matrix element between the bright state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element between the bright state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element between the bright state
+and the dark state and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dark state and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dark state and what are the
+rules for these and so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for these and so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for these and so if you can
+resolve these eigenstates you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve these eigenstates you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve these eigenstates you learn
+about much more detailed picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much more detailed picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much more detailed picture of
+dynamics than just saying well dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics than just saying well dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics than just saying well dynamics
+is a width if you're below the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a width if you're below the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a width if you're below the energy
+where molecules can break there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where molecules can break there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where molecules can break there is no
+width but if you do a crappy experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width but if you do a crappy experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width but if you do a crappy experiment
+you don't resolve stuff and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't resolve stuff and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't resolve stuff and it looks
+broad now sometimes the molecule sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad now sometimes the molecule sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad now sometimes the molecule sets
+their standard for what's what's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard for what's what's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard for what's what's a real
+experiment by having it's density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by having it's density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by having it's density of
+states so large you couldn't resolve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so large you couldn't resolve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so large you couldn't resolve it
+even if you had the best experiment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you had the best experiment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you had the best experiment in
+the world but there's still the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but there's still the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but there's still the idea
+that inside this broad thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside this broad thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside this broad thing there is
+some interpretable dynamics that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interpretable dynamics that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interpretable dynamics that's my
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+okay all right well one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well one kind of
+interpretable dynamics is okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable dynamics is okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretable dynamics is okay so you
+have some excited state and some ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some excited state and some ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some excited state and some ground
+state and there's a range of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and there's a range of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and there's a range of vibrational
+levels that you can excite and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that you can excite and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that you can excite and if you
+have a short pulse you make a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a short pulse you make a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a short pulse you make a coherent
+superposition of all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all of those
+vibrational levels and then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and then what you
+have is some wave packet which is got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is some wave packet which is got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is some wave packet which is got an
+energy sort of the average of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sort of the average of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sort of the average of these and
+the wave packet starts out at a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave packet starts out at a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave packet starts out at a turning
+point because you started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because you started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because you started out with
+essentially zero momentum and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero momentum and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero momentum and the wave
+packet moves and it goes back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet moves and it goes back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet moves and it goes back and forth
+and back and forth and it's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and forth and it's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and forth and it's telling you
+what the Freak revival frequency of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Freak revival frequency of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Freak revival frequency of that
+mode is and this so you can then observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is and this so you can then observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is and this so you can then observe
+the fluorescence from this evolving wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence from this evolving wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluorescence from this evolving wave
+packet or the you can monitor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or the you can monitor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet or the you can monitor this
+evolving wave packet either by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving wave packet either by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving wave packet either by looking
+at fluorescence back to where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fluorescence back to where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fluorescence back to where you
+started and so when it's over here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and so when it's over here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and so when it's over here it
+can't fluoresce to where he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fluoresce to where he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fluoresce to where he started
+whether it's over here where was born it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's over here where was born it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's over here where was born it
+can and so the fluorescence is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so the fluorescence is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so the fluorescence is going to
+be doing a kind of quantum beating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing a kind of quantum beating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing a kind of quantum beating you
+can also use some kind of pump probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use some kind of pump probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use some kind of pump probe
+experiment where you say I'm gonna look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you say I'm gonna look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where you say I'm gonna look
+at the wave packet when it's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave packet when it's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave packet when it's here
+because I have a transition to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a transition to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a transition to another
+electronic state and so the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state and so the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state and so the vertical
+excitation is that that energy and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is that that energy and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is that that energy and so I
+wait for the wave packet to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the wave packet to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the wave packet to get to a
+point and so you have periodic motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so you have periodic motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so you have periodic motion
+and you have defacing because this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have defacing because this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have defacing because this wave
+packet is built out of vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is built out of vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is built out of vibrational
+levels which are not harmonic so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which are not harmonic so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels which are not harmonic so that
+there's some dispersion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some dispersion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some dispersion of the
+vibrational frequencies around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational frequencies around the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+as a result that causes this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result that causes this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result that causes this thing to
+deface and it's defacing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deface and it's defacing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deface and it's defacing time
+could could look like a width but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could look like a width but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could look like a width but it's
+actually a particular mechanisms - and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a particular mechanisms - and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a particular mechanisms - and
+then there are other things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are other things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are other things that can
+happen I love this okay so I got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I love this okay so I got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I love this okay so I got a few
+minutes so we suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so we suppose we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so we suppose we have two
+electronic states that are crossing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states that are crossing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states that are crossing and
+you're starting out in this level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting out in this level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting out in this level and
+you made a wave packet so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made a wave packet so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made a wave packet so this is going
+back and forth and every half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and every half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and every half
+oscillation it goes through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it goes through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it goes through this
+critical region what's that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's special about that region come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry not if this is a bound state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry not if this is a bound state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry not if this is a bound state
+that's a good try that is in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good try that is in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good try that is in fact if
+this were a repulsive state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a repulsive state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this were a repulsive state and
+pre-dissociation where the current went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation where the current went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-dissociation where the current went
+across through the region this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across through the region this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across through the region this is a
+stationary phase region this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase region this is where
+the - the momentum on the two potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the - the momentum on the two potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the - the momentum on the two potential
+curves is the same and so the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves is the same and so the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves is the same and so the molecule
+can make up its mind which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make up its mind which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make up its mind which which
+potential curve it wants to leave on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve it wants to leave on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curve it wants to leave on
+because there is no for there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no for there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no for there's no
+impulse that causes a change in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse that causes a change in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse that causes a change in its
+momentum and it just it just makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it just it just makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it just it just makes a
+decision which one and so and what when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which one and so and what when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which one and so and what when
+that happens if you're following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens if you're following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens if you're following the
+dynamics you have a series of beats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you have a series of beats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics you have a series of beats and
+I'm just sketching them as a stick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sketching them as a stick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just sketching them as a stick but
+they're really they have width and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really they have width and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really they have width and then
+at some later time you start seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some later time you start seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some later time you start seeing a
+new family of oscillations because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new family of oscillations because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new family of oscillations because now
+you've got some amplitude on this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some amplitude on this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some amplitude on this other
+state and it has a different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it has a different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it has a different frequency
+but the important thing and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important thing and I really
+will I should stop here is that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I should stop here is that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I should stop here is that the only
+time the molecule has to change its mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the molecule has to change its mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the molecule has to change its mind
+between one state and another is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one state and another is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one state and another is when
+it's crossing through this stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's crossing through this stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's crossing through this stationary
+phase region so it's a complicated thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase region so it's a complicated thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase region so it's a complicated thing
+but it's isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's isolate
+a particular region where the curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular region where the curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular region where the curves
+cross and where the curves cross instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and where the curves cross instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and where the curves cross instead
+of having crossing curves you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having crossing curves you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having crossing curves you could have
+something like this and something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and something like
+that now we're back to mr. Landau and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we're back to mr. Landau and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now we're back to mr. Landau and
+mr. Zener and so the if there's a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Zener and so the if there's a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Zener and so the if there's a curve
+crossing depending on how far above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing depending on how far above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing depending on how far above the
+curve crossing it tells you how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve crossing it tells you how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve crossing it tells you how fast
+you're going through it see there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through it see there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through it see there's all
+sorts of wonderful stuff here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of wonderful stuff here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of wonderful stuff here which is
+not the trivial dynamics that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the trivial dynamics that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the trivial dynamics that you know
+this is the only way you get broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only way you get broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only way you get broadening
+is the molecule breaks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecule breaks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the molecule breaks and the
+fluorescence is usually so slow 10 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence is usually so slow 10 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence is usually so slow 10 that
+seconds is slow that you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is slow that you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds is slow that you don't you don't
+see any any broadly because 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any any broadly because 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any any broadly because 10
+nanoseconds corresponds to pretty high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds corresponds to pretty high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds corresponds to pretty high
+resolution and most people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and most people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and most people aren't
+looking at that kind of resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that kind of resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that kind of resolution
+Hey and so we have quantum beats which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey and so we have quantum beats which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey and so we have quantum beats which
+then can show beautiful dynamics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can show beautiful dynamics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can show beautiful dynamics you
+know in a way that if you're prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a way that if you're prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in a way that if you're prepared to
+build a model and to say well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model and to say well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a model and to say well we can
+have this case in this case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this case in this case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this case in this case this is the
+chemists case this is the the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists case this is the the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists case this is the the quantum
+chemist case you can interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist case you can interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist case you can interpret
+everything this is very much related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is very much related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is very much related to
+what mr. soil does and and I will spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mr. soil does and and I will spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mr. soil does and and I will spend
+a significant amount of time on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount of time on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a significant amount of time on Monday
+talking about the soil experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the soil experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the soil experiments and
+how the whole point of his experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the whole point of his experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the whole point of his experiments
+are not just saying okay I I excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just saying okay I I excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just saying okay I I excite the
+molecule and it breaks and it breaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it breaks and it breaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and it breaks and it breaks in
+this much time well that's a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much time well that's a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much time well that's a useful
+question but what did it do before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but what did it do before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but what did it do before it
+broke do the exit a one particular bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke do the exit a one particular bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke do the exit a one particular bond
+breaks but what about the motions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks but what about the motions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks but what about the motions of the
+other bonds or maybe you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bonds or maybe you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bonds or maybe you're talking
+about breaking in a particular normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breaking in a particular normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breaking in a particular normal
+mode does the molecule arrange itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode does the molecule arrange itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode does the molecule arrange itself to
+be broken or once it's excited it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken or once it's excited it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken or once it's excited it it
+goes downhill to the to the graveyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes downhill to the to the graveyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes downhill to the to the graveyard
+and a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a pretty
+you know path but you know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know path but you know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know path but you know that there
+are wonderful things you can do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wonderful things you can do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wonderful things you can do by
+asking what is the mechanism by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the mechanism by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what is the mechanism by which
+the molecule breaks and by varying where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule breaks and by varying where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule breaks and by varying where
+you how you excite the molecule you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you excite the molecule you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you excite the molecule you're
+looking at different aspects of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different aspects of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different aspects of that
+mechanism now mr. swales sold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism now mr. swales sold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism now mr. swales sold this
+really hard and it worked and so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard and it worked and so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard and it worked and so I'll
+leave that for Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MK5uZttfWfM.txt b/MK5uZttfWfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..043f3fcd63b0d1a9e27205c98b24ef98b871984b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MK5uZttfWfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'd like to continue with with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to continue with with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd like to continue with with what
+we're discussing last time we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing last time we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing last time we were at
+the point where we're discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we're discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where we're discussing the
+three-dimensional wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional wave equation
+before I start let me take care of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start let me take care of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start let me take care of a
+couple of administrative things so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of administrative things so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of administrative things so for
+an I am very close to finishing grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I am very close to finishing grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I am very close to finishing grading
+the quizzes so as soon as I do I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quizzes so as soon as I do I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quizzes so as soon as I do I'll put
+them on an anvil on the EH saddle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on an anvil on the EH saddle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on an anvil on the EH saddle and
+ship them back to Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship them back to Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship them back to Boston
+of course those of you who are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course those of you who are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course those of you who are in
+Singapore will get them from locally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore will get them from locally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore will get them from locally and
+so that's done the question ocean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's done the question ocean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's done the question ocean of
+course has been posted you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has been posted you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course has been posted you must have
+seen it by now so I would encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it by now so I would encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it by now so I would encourage you
+to go to go over the solution it's a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to go over the solution it's a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to go over the solution it's a it
+was a pretty good problems actually both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pretty good problems actually both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pretty good problems actually both
+of them were pretty good so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were pretty good so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were pretty good so and the
+other thing I want to say is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I want to say is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I want to say is that I have
+posted the homework the new homework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the homework the new homework so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the homework the new homework so
+has anybody looked at it yet okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody looked at it yet okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody looked at it yet okay if you
+look at it it it might appear to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it it might appear to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it it it might appear to be a
+little bit intimidating especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating especially the
+graduate version it is about I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version it is about I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version it is about I don't
+know six or seven pages but you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know six or seven pages but you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know six or seven pages but you may know
+from experience that if a homework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience that if a homework is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience that if a homework is
+very worthy it means that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worthy it means that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very worthy it means that most of the
+work has been done for you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has been done for you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has been done for you okay so
+basically what I've done is I've I there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I've done is I've I there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I've done is I've I there
+is no a this is the first time I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no a this is the first time I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no a this is the first time I give
+this assignment and basically developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment and basically developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment and basically developed
+the analogy between the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy between the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy between the optical
+Hamiltonian and the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and the mechanical
+Hamiltonian and I guide you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and I guide you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and I guide you through a
+few dude elevations a few proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dude elevations a few proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few dude elevations a few proves that
+basically I think in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I think in my opinion
+elucidate the the analogy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidate the the analogy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elucidate the the analogy and the
+difference because they're not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because they're not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference because they're not exactly
+the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay
+and and there is an abilities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there is an abilities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there is an abilities because
+last year was the first time that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was the first time that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year was the first time that they
+taught the Hamiltonian it used to be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught the Hamiltonian it used to be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught the Hamiltonian it used to be no
+I used to just skip that part and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to just skip that part and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to just skip that part and do
+other things but last year I did it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but last year I did it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things but last year I did it and
+I got some pretty good feedback from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some pretty good feedback from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some pretty good feedback from the
+students who thought that well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who thought that well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who thought that well you know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+: allergy so this year I expanded it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+: allergy so this year I expanded it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+: allergy so this year I expanded it a
+bit so that's the reason this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so that's the reason this homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so that's the reason this homework
+is a little bit rich but but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit rich but but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit rich but but it's not
+bad really once you get into it and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad really once you get into it and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad really once you get into it and if
+you follow the instructions carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow the instructions carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow the instructions carefully
+each question should take no more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question should take no more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question should take no more than
+two lines so it is not like a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines so it is not like a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines so it is not like a long
+derivation or tedious or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation or tedious or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation or tedious or anything like
+that it's just a step by step and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just a step by step and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just a step by step and if you
+but read it careful because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but read it careful because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but read it careful because because
+there's some derivatives involved so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some derivatives involved so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some derivatives involved so you
+want to make sure you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're taking the
+correct derivative it's time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct derivative it's time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct derivative it's time right
+that's the only challenge if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only challenge if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only challenge if you can
+manage to do it which will be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do it which will be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to do it which will be you know
+if you follow the instructions carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the instructions carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow the instructions carefully
+then it should be pendulous and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be pendulous and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it should be pendulous and there's
+a little bit of MATLAB that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of MATLAB that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of MATLAB that you have to
+do but that's not about it and the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but that's not about it and the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but that's not about it and the code
+actually the MATLAB that you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the MATLAB that you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the MATLAB that you have to do
+I also give you the code it's posted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also give you the code it's posted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also give you the code it's posted on
+the website it's a bunch of function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website it's a bunch of function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website it's a bunch of function and
+one of the things that they're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that they're doing the
+assignment is a walk you through how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is a walk you through how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is a walk you through how to
+use the MATLAB code so what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the MATLAB code so what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the MATLAB code so what you have to
+do basically is take one of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do basically is take one of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do basically is take one of the function
+and modified yeah someone turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modified yeah someone turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modified yeah someone turn on the
+bike I have a question or okay so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike I have a question or okay so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike I have a question or okay so going
+back to the Alice has a question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Alice has a question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the Alice has a question I'm
+gonna stand on your mic which is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stand on your mic which is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stand on your mic which is okay
+actually as long as you don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as long as you don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as long as you don't say
+anything embarrassing to yourself foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything embarrassing to yourself foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything embarrassing to yourself foot
+okay so so let me go back please go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me go back please go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let me go back please go back
+now to to the the main topic so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to the the main topic so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to the the main topic so of
+course we've moved on from Hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've moved on from Hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we've moved on from Hamiltonians
+and all the stuff were doing wave optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the stuff were doing wave optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the stuff were doing wave optics
+now and the last time we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the last time we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the last time we discussed the
+wave equation and without really a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and without really a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and without really a proof
+we did the proof of the one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the proof of the one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the proof of the one-dimensional
+case but then without the proof I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but then without the proof I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case but then without the proof I just
+added basically the one-dimensional case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added basically the one-dimensional case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added basically the one-dimensional case
+was this one the just a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this one the just a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this one the just a derivative of
+the Z term without any additional terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z term without any additional terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z term without any additional terms
+and anyway you can think of it simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyway you can think of it simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyway you can think of it simply by
+by symmetry if you accept that 3d space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry if you accept that 3d space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry if you accept that 3d space
+is symmetric then the way you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric then the way you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric then the way you go from
+one dimensional two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensional two three
+by just adding two derivatives similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just adding two derivatives similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just adding two derivatives similar
+to the one that you already had and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that you already had and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one that you already had and of
+course the waves that were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the waves that were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the waves that were getting
+through there much later than the waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there much later than the waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there much later than the waves
+that that we expected to get in one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we expected to get in one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we expected to get in one day
+and here I plotted the two cases one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I plotted the two cases one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I plotted the two cases one is
+a plane wave which I will play as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave which I will play as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane wave which I will play as a
+movie so you will see the fringes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so you will see the fringes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so you will see the fringes in
+this case of the plane wave are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of the plane wave are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of the plane wave are moving
+in some arbitrary direction now it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some arbitrary direction now it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some arbitrary direction now it can
+go anywhere in 3d of course I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere in 3d of course I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go anywhere in 3d of course I can only
+show a slice on the line of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a slice on the line of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a slice on the line of your
+projector and this is a spherical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and this is a spherical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector and this is a spherical wave
+where the weapons are not circles as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weapons are not circles as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the weapons are not circles as you
+see here but they're actually spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here but they're actually spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here but they're actually spheres
+so there's fields that are propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's fields that are propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's fields that are propagating
+clearly outwards in this case so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly outwards in this case so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly outwards in this case so this is
+what we used to call it the Virgin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call it the Virgin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we used to call it the Virgin
+spherical wave in in geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave in in geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave in in geometrical optics
+well you can also have the opposite you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can also have the opposite you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can also have the opposite you
+can have a converging spherical wave if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a converging spherical wave if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a converging spherical wave if
+the wave fronts are moving inwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave fronts are moving inwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave fronts are moving inwards so
+all of these are valid solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are valid solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are valid solutions to the
+wave equation and the plane wave is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and the plane wave is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and the plane wave is very
+simple I will do it next the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I will do it next the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I will do it next the spherical
+wave is not really difficult but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is not really difficult but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is not really difficult but it
+involves a transformation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a transformation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a transformation of the
+coordinates from Cartesian that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates from Cartesian that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates from Cartesian that we have
+here to polar and this is done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to polar and this is done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to polar and this is done in the
+book I'm not going to do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I'm not going to do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I'm not going to do it in the
+classes it is a little bit of work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it is a little bit of work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it is a little bit of work and
+you don't get any particular intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get any particular intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get any particular intuition
+if you take a class in electromagnetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a class in electromagnetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a class in electromagnetics
+or you know electrostatics they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know electrostatics they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know electrostatics they will
+probably do it but because they because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do it but because they because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do it but because they because
+in this class we will use the spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we will use the spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we will use the spherical
+wave and its full form very rarely we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and its full form very rarely we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and its full form very rarely we
+will use an approximation to it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use an approximation to it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use an approximation to it that's
+why I don't I don't bother to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I don't I don't bother to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I don't I don't bother to do the
+full derivation ok I'm going to skip now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full derivation ok I'm going to skip now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full derivation ok I'm going to skip now
+a couple of slides and I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides and I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides and I'm going to go
+directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one slide number 16 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one slide number 16 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one slide number 16 which is
+which is the plane wave so what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the plane wave so what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the plane wave so what I would
+like to do so for the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do so for the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do so for the rest of the class
+now pretty much for the next what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pretty much for the next what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pretty much for the next what is it
+seven or eight weeks that we have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or eight weeks that we have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or eight weeks that we have left
+we will be talking almost exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking almost exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking almost exclusively
+about plane waves and there are super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plane waves and there are super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plane waves and there are super
+positions because what we'll discover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions because what we'll discover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions because what we'll discover is
+that we can describe every optical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe every optical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe every optical wave
+and if well at least in within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if well at least in within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if well at least in within the
+approximations that are valid in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that are valid in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that are valid in this
+class you can describe every optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can describe every optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can describe every optical
+wave as a superposition of plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a superposition of plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as a superposition of plane waves
+it's a very powerful property because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful property because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very powerful property because
+plane waves as we will see they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves as we will see they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves as we will see they're very
+simple and they obey some relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and they obey some relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and they obey some relatively
+straightforward properties so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward properties so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward properties so if we
+learn how to describe those properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to describe those properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to describe those properly
+then we can describe the great variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can describe the great variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can describe the great variety
+of other phenomena including diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other phenomena including diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other phenomena including diffraction
+interference refraction and a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference refraction and a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference refraction and a number of
+other things okay so I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things okay so I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things okay so I would like to
+make sure that we understand plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand plane waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we understand plane waves
+it is a crucial part of the class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a crucial part of the class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a crucial part of the class okay
+so in the last lecture without a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last lecture without a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the last lecture without a simple
+wave that will call the harmonic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that will call the harmonic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that will call the harmonic wave
+and it used to look like this from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it used to look like this from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it used to look like this from now
+on I will start using a facial notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I will start using a facial notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I will start using a facial notation
+almost without without warning right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost without without warning right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost without without warning right so
+when I start throwing complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start throwing complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start throwing complex
+Exponential's you know that I'm using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's you know that I'm using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's you know that I'm using a
+favor I mean a phaser so okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor I mean a phaser so okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor I mean a phaser so okay okay so
+having said that now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that now let's look at the
+phaser over of what I wrote last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser over of what I wrote last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser over of what I wrote last time
+the last time I wrote something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time I wrote something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time I wrote something that
+looked like e to the i kz e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like e to the i kz e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like e to the i kz e to the minus
+I Omega T and I call this a call and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega T and I call this a call and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega T and I call this a call and I
+call this a a harmonic wave so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a a harmonic wave so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a a harmonic wave so this was
+in 1d so the set I'm sorry the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1d so the set I'm sorry the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1d so the set I'm sorry the plane
+wave is basically the generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is basically the generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is basically the generalization of
+this one now I'm going to have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now I'm going to have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now I'm going to have to write
+terms of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the form
+y & x do you remember what we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y & x do you remember what we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y & x do you remember what we called the
+quantity K in the cache were still had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity K in the cache were still had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity K in the cache were still had
+the one dimensional wave what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one dimensional wave what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one dimensional wave what was the
+name of K wave number yeah wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of K wave number yeah wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of K wave number yeah wave number
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I'm sorry someone else had been singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry someone else had been singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry someone else had been singer
+persuade okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuade okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuade okay
+but he was dealing it so make sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was dealing it so make sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was dealing it so make sure to
+push your button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so case the wave number and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so case the wave number and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so case the wave number and it is
+fair to use it if you have one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to use it if you have one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair to use it if you have one dimension
+but if you have the three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have the three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have the three dimensions
+that we actually need at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually need at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually need at least
+apparently we need three such quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we need three such quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we need three such quantities
+so I need to put Z subscript here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to put Z subscript here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need to put Z subscript here and
+then I need two more one for Y and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need two more one for Y and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need two more one for Y and one
+for X so now the triad of these three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X so now the triad of these three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X so now the triad of these three I
+don't want to call them wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to call them wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to call them wave numbers
+they're not really we have numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really we have numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really we have numbers but
+these three quantities that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three quantities that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three quantities that they have
+there I mean these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean these are essentially
+special periods and they write in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special periods and they write in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special periods and they write in the
+three dimensions so these quantities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so these quantities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so these quantities if
+you take the triad of this quantity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the triad of this quantity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the triad of this quantity it
+is called the wave vector and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the wave vector and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the wave vector and it is
+usually we use the same symbol as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use the same symbol as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we use the same symbol as the
+wave number but with the vector now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it consists of the three components K Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consists of the three components K Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consists of the three components K Y
+KZ it is a matter of taste how you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ it is a matter of taste how you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ it is a matter of taste how you write
+vectors in this class I actually I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in this class I actually I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in this class I actually I will
+alternate a little bit sometimes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate a little bit sometimes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate a little bit sometimes I will
+write vectors like this as a period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write vectors like this as a period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write vectors like this as a period in
+the parenthesis sometimes I might write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis sometimes I might write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parenthesis sometimes I might write
+the vector like this when I use the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector like this when I use the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector like this when I use the a
+unit vector the unit Cartesian vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector the unit Cartesian vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector the unit Cartesian vectors
+of course okay I hope that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course okay I hope that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course okay I hope that's not
+confusing me one can is you know clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing me one can is you know clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing me one can is you know clearly
+they're both commonly used okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both commonly used okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both commonly used okay so that
+quantity K then is the wave vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's significant you can sit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's significant you can sit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's significant you can sit on the
+slide is probably better if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is probably better if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is probably better if I don't
+attempt to drive there but we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to drive there but we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to drive there but we consider
+the slide so the wave front of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide so the wave front of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide so the wave front of the plane
+wave is a surface where which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a surface where which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a surface where which is
+perpendicular to the wave vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the wave vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the wave vector and
+what is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different
+well wavefront is out in the movie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wavefront is out in the movie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wavefront is out in the movie that
+I played earlier wavefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I played earlier wavefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I played earlier wavefront
+is the surface upon which the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the surface upon which the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the surface upon which the phase of
+the wave is constant okay so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is constant okay so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is constant okay so what is
+this this is basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is basically a
+three-dimensional sinusoid of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional sinusoid of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional sinusoid of which we
+only see a 2d slice alright so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see a 2d slice alright so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see a 2d slice alright so this is a
+sinusoid which alternates the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid which alternates the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid which alternates the black
+regions are negative the minimum I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are negative the minimum I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are negative the minimum I mean
+they're sort of a maximum negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of a maximum negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of a maximum negative
+values the bright stripes are maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the bright stripes are maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the bright stripes are maximum
+positive value and the wavefront is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and the wavefront is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and the wavefront is the
+surface on which the phase of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on which the phase of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on which the phase of the wave
+has the same value for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same value for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same value for example if the
+phase is zero then we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is zero then we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is zero then we're talking about
+the positive peak if the face is PI when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive peak if the face is PI when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive peak if the face is PI when
+we are talking about the negative trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about the negative trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking about the negative trap
+and so on and so forth and or anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and or anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth and or anywhere
+in between for that matter and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between for that matter and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between for that matter and the
+wavefront has a sense of travel to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront has a sense of travel to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront has a sense of travel to it
+because if I play the movie again then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I play the movie again then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I play the movie again then
+you consider that these surfaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider that these surfaces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider that these surfaces of
+constant phase are moving this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant phase are moving this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant phase are moving this is the
+sense that the wave transport energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the wave transport energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the wave transport energy
+issue is because the weapons are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is because the weapons are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is because the weapons are moving
+with the wave speed okay so then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wave speed okay so then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wave speed okay so then we'll
+call it a plane wave because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a plane wave because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a plane wave because the
+surfaces of constant phase are planes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces of constant phase are planes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces of constant phase are planes of
+course you only see them as lines here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you only see them as lines here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you only see them as lines here
+because again we're looking at a slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we're looking at a slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we're looking at a slice
+of the wave but in 3d there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave but in 3d there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave but in 3d there would be
+actually planes that will be propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually planes that will be propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually planes that will be propagating
+with the speed of the wave so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the speed of the wave so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the speed of the wave so that is
+the sudenly wave vector we need it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudenly wave vector we need it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudenly wave vector we need it in
+order to tell us what is the orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell us what is the orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to tell us what is the orientation
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+planes and and foreigners of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and and foreigners of convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and and foreigners of convenience
+would define it to be perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define it to be perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define it to be perpendicular
+perpendicular to those planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to those planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to those planes
+now that's one useful thing to know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's one useful thing to know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's one useful thing to know but
+that's not all the wave vector it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not all the wave vector it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not all the wave vector it
+appears to be composed of say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be composed of say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be composed of say three
+elements so the question is are these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the question is are these do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the question is are these do
+I really have three parameters can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have three parameters can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have three parameters can I
+describe the plane wave with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the plane wave with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the plane wave with three
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+well you even before we do any math you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you even before we do any math you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you even before we do any math you
+could probably guess that I shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably guess that I shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably guess that I shouldn't
+because these are surfaces these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are surfaces these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are surfaces these are
+plane planar surfaces in 3d space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane planar surfaces in 3d space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane planar surfaces in 3d space so
+cannot really fit three dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really fit three dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really fit three dimensions of
+planes in the 3d space right something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in the 3d space right something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in the 3d space right something
+is wrong with that argument even without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong with that argument even without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong with that argument even without
+doing any math so in actuality these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any math so in actuality these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any math so in actuality these
+three numbers K X KY and KZ they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers K X KY and KZ they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers K X KY and KZ they have to
+be related somehow I cannot arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related somehow I cannot arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be related somehow I cannot arbitrarily
+define all three of them but I have to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define all three of them but I have to -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define all three of them but I have to -
+somehow - somehow related so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow - somehow related so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow - somehow related so the way you
+relate them is they actually go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate them is they actually go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate them is they actually go back to
+my wave equation and recall this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave equation and recall this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave equation and recall this thing
+here the wave which I will call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the wave which I will call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the wave which I will call it
+something what they call attack I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what they call attack I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what they call attack I didn't
+call it anything actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it anything actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it anything actually
+I just put an amplitude coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put an amplitude coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put an amplitude coefficient in
+front so the amplitude coefficient well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so the amplitude coefficient well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front so the amplitude coefficient well
+it is it is good for for complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is good for for complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it is good for for complete
+completeness again and it must satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness again and it must satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness again and it must satisfy
+the wave equation so it must it is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll call it something out because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it something out because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it something out because I
+Fergus yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fergus yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fergus yeah
+so it is f of X Y Z T and it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is f of X Y Z T and it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is f of X Y Z T and it must
+satisfy this nasty thing could look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this nasty thing could look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this nasty thing could look like
+DF DX square plus DF the Y square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF DX square plus DF the Y square plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF DX square plus DF the Y square plus
+DF the Z square minus one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF the Z square minus one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF the Z square minus one over the
+velocity now this square F over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity now this square F over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity now this square F over the
+this square it must equal to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square it must equal to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square it must equal to zero this
+is what we call the wave equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the wave equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call the wave equation and
+for future reference sometimes instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future reference sometimes instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future reference sometimes instead
+of right in all these always reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right in all these always reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right in all these always reduce
+derivatives there is a shorthand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives there is a shorthand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives there is a shorthand which
+collapses all of this with a symbol del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses all of this with a symbol del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses all of this with a symbol del
+so you just write del square F minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just write del square F minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just write del square F minus one
+over C square DF DT square is zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C square DF DT square is zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C square DF DT square is zero okay
+that's the wave equation very good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wave equation very good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wave equation very good so
+now what I need to do is I need to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I need to do is I need to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I need to do is I need to plug
+this expression into the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression into the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression into the wave equation
+so what expression this expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what expression this expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what expression this expression that
+the head for the way I need to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head for the way I need to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head for the way I need to put it
+into the equation okay almost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation okay almost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the equation okay almost by
+inspection we can see what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection we can see what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection we can see what's going to
+happen each day so we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen each day so we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen each day so we have an
+exponential right and if I take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right and if I take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential right and if I take one
+derivative the first derivative it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative it will
+knock out it will multiply by I K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out it will multiply by I K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock out it will multiply by I K X
+right if I take the X derivative if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I take the X derivative if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I take the X derivative if I
+take the second X derivative it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the second X derivative it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the second X derivative it will
+bring out another I KX and since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out another I KX and since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out another I KX and since I
+square equals -1 it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equals -1 it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equals -1 it means that the
+derivative will look like this D let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will look like this D let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will look like this D let me
+write it separately here the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it separately here the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it separately here the second
+derivative for example of F with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for example of F with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative for example of F with respect
+to X square to liq wanna make well minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X square to liq wanna make well minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X square to liq wanna make well minus
+K X square times F itself right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X square times F itself right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K X square times F itself right and then
+I can do the same for y and z and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the same for y and z and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do the same for y and z and t
+except in the case of time I will pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the case of time I will pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the case of time I will pull
+out Omega square so if i if i substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Omega square so if i if i substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Omega square so if i if i substitute
+all of that now and i put it in i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that now and i put it in i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that now and i put it in i will
+get that - plus a KX square minus KY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that - plus a KX square minus KY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that - plus a KX square minus KY
+square minus K Z square these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus K Z square these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus K Z square these are the
+three spatial derivatives and then minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spatial derivatives and then minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three spatial derivatives and then minus
+Omega square but I have to divide by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square but I have to divide by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square but I have to divide by C
+also but because C actually C square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but because C actually C square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but because C actually C square is
+in the wave equation so all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave equation so all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave equation so all of this
+according to the wave equation must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the wave equation must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the wave equation must
+equal to 0 and of course it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and of course it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and of course it is possible
+to satisfy this by setting F equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this by setting F equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy this by setting F equal to 0
+but that's not very interested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not very interested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not very interested so
+basically what this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what this means that this
+quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it must equal to zero so indeed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must equal to zero so indeed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must equal to zero so indeed is
+advertised the three parameters kxkykz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised the three parameters kxkykz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised the three parameters kxkykz
+they're not independent but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not independent but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not independent but in
+combination specify two of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination specify two of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination specify two of them the
+third one is completely determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is completely determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is completely determined by
+the two among the three plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two among the three plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two among the three plus the
+frequency of the wave so if I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave so if I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the wave so if I give you a
+mega KX and KY then this equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega KX and KY then this equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mega KX and KY then this equation will
+force KZ to have a certain value and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force KZ to have a certain value and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force KZ to have a certain value and you
+can see from this equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from this equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see from this equation which is
+written both on the whiteboard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written both on the whiteboard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written both on the whiteboard and the
+end on the slide oh oh yes because ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on the slide oh oh yes because ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on the slide oh oh yes because ever
+yes thank you because yeah because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you because yeah because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes thank you because yeah because I
+have a minus sign here so the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus sign here so the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus sign here so the extra
+minus will become a class here yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus will become a class here yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus will become a class here yes okay
+now it is correct and and so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is correct and and so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is correct and and so if you look
+at this equation now what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation now what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this equation now what does it
+describe if you think of kxkykz if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe if you think of kxkykz if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe if you think of kxkykz if you
+think of them now as a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them now as a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them now as a new
+three-dimensional space what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space what is the
+surface that the three of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that the three of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that the three of them are
+constrained to lie upon but a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to lie upon but a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to lie upon but a spherical
+shell sphere that's right I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell sphere that's right I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell sphere that's right I said the
+shell of his FIRREA and this fear is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of his FIRREA and this fear is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of his FIRREA and this fear is not
+new to us who have seen it it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to us who have seen it it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to us who have seen it it actually
+popped up in a different context who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped up in a different context who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popped up in a different context who
+call it the card sphere it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the card sphere it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the card sphere it is actually
+the same same sphere that actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same sphere that actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same sphere that actually not
+even the cart an Arab scientist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the cart an Arab scientist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the cart an Arab scientist in the
+11th century guessed from Snell's law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th century guessed from Snell's law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th century guessed from Snell's law so
+it is a little bit I guess magical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a little bit I guess magical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a little bit I guess magical or
+soothing or rewarding whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothing or rewarding whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soothing or rewarding whatever
+combination of those adjectives like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those adjectives like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of those adjectives like
+that we found a nice sort of analogy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found a nice sort of analogy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we found a nice sort of analogy or
+not not analogy actually we found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not analogy actually we found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not analogy actually we found an
+agreement with with geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with with geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement with with geometrical optics
+and the in geometrical optics who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in geometrical optics who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the in geometrical optics who said
+that the radius of the sphere equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the sphere equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the sphere equals two
+pi upon lambda this is now what in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi upon lambda this is now what in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi upon lambda this is now what in our
+new language we'll call it the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new language we'll call it the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new language we'll call it the wave
+number times the index of refraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the index of refraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the index of refraction and
+now this is something that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is something that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is something that that I
+haven't told you yet but where I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you yet but where I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you yet but where I will
+tell you I would tell you later today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I would tell you later today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I would tell you later today in
+this in this equation haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this equation haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this equation haven't said
+anything about index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about index of refraction
+however you know again from geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you know again from geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you know again from geometrical
+optics that see the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics that see the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics that see the speed of light
+depends on index of refraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on index of refraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on index of refraction so
+another way to rewrite this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to rewrite this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to rewrite this equation is
+to say to put the free space speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to put the free space speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to put the free space speed of
+light over here and then in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light over here and then in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light over here and then in order for
+the question to be correct I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question to be correct I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question to be correct I would have
+to multiply by n square then extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by n square then extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by n square then extra
+refraction so you can see from this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction so you can see from this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction so you can see from this that
+indeed the radius of the sphere oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the radius of the sphere oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the radius of the sphere oh and
+of course we'll compute the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we'll compute the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we'll compute the radius of
+the sphere I have to do to use once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere I have to do to use once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere I have to do to use once
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+this dispersion relation so the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dispersion relation so the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dispersion relation so the radius
+of the sphere if you look from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere if you look from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere if you look from this
+equation over here the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here the edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here the edges of the
+sphere is okay the magnitude of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is okay the magnitude of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is okay the magnitude of the wave
+vector it must equal and Omega over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it must equal and Omega over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it must equal and Omega over C
+free space okay and now it is a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space okay and now it is a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space okay and now it is a matter
+of preference how you wanna do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preference how you wanna do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preference how you wanna do it for
+example you can write Omega as 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can write Omega as 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can write Omega as 2 pi
+times nu where nu is the frequency mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nu where nu is the frequency mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times nu where nu is the frequency mm
+remember Omega is the angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega is the angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega is the angular frequency
+over CFS then you can use the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CFS then you can use the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CFS then you can use the dispersion
+relation which says that see free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which says that see free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which says that see free space
+equals lambda nu so nu will cancel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda nu so nu will cancel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda nu so nu will cancel then
+you end up with n times 2 PI over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with n times 2 PI over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with n times 2 PI over lambda
+free space okay and of course no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space okay and of course no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space okay and of course no I don't
+say anything about free space because nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about free space because nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about free space because nu
+is the same everywhere at whether it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same everywhere at whether it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same everywhere at whether it is
+free space or slave I mean not free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space or slave I mean not free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space or slave I mean not free
+space and so on okay so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so on okay so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so on okay so that's where
+this equation comes from that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation comes from that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation comes from that's why the
+reviews of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews of the
+case fear if equals and Omega over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case fear if equals and Omega over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case fear if equals and Omega over the
+free over the speed of life in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free over the speed of life in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free over the speed of life in in the
+vacuum or to PI and over lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum or to PI and over lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum or to PI and over lambda the
+wavelength in free space okay now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in free space okay now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength in free space okay now those
+of you some of you may have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you some of you may have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you some of you may have taken
+solid-state this case fear also comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state this case fear also comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state this case fear also comes up
+there and it is called the evil sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it is called the evil sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it is called the evil sphere
+in our language in optics we seldom call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our language in optics we seldom call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our language in optics we seldom call
+it evil it's fear we call it case fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evil it's fear we call it case fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it evil it's fear we call it case fear
+or the cards fear but all of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the cards fear but all of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the cards fear but all of the state
+AB all of these three three yeah three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB all of these three three yeah three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB all of these three three yeah three
+names they actually be no to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names they actually be no to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names they actually be no to the same
+thing and of course in the case of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and of course in the case of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and of course in the case of solid
+state this fear does not apply to lie to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this fear does not apply to lie to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this fear does not apply to lie to
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+what does not apply heat to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does not apply heat to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does not apply heat to light
+usually but it applies to what button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually but it applies to what button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually but it applies to what button
+electrons to electrodes that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to electrodes that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to electrodes that's correct
+yeah so they're so according to quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they're so according to quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they're so according to quantum
+mechanics electrons are also waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics electrons are also waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics electrons are also waves and
+they satisfy actually the don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy actually the don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they satisfy actually the don't
+satisfied is a question that satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied is a question that satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied is a question that satisfy
+this radical equation which is in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical equation which is in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical equation which is in one of
+the problems of the homework so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems of the homework so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems of the homework so anyway
+so the Cenacle is a question similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cenacle is a question similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Cenacle is a question similarly
+leads to a sphere like this room okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is one thing that okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing that okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one thing that okay so so this
+is a sort of a preliminary introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of a preliminary introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort of a preliminary introduction
+to plane waves one thing that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plane waves one thing that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plane waves one thing that I would
+like to to very strongly emphasize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to very strongly emphasize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to to very strongly emphasize is
+this expression over here the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression over here the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression over here the complex
+exponential I will rewrite it once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I will rewrite it once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I will rewrite it once again
+e to the I a xx plus KY y plus K Z Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I a xx plus KY y plus K Z Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the I a xx plus KY y plus K Z Z
+minus Omega T okay this expression when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T okay this expression when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T okay this expression when
+we see that when we see an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that when we see an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that when we see an exponential
+with linear terms in the Cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear terms in the Cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with linear terms in the Cartesian
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+that's a plain way and now we know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a plain way and now we know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a plain way and now we know why
+right because because it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because because it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because because it corresponds to
+this moving wavefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moving wavefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moving wavefront
+and of course most of the time we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course most of the time we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course most of the time we will
+not add it like this we will omit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not add it like this we will omit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not add it like this we will omit this
+term because of the facial business that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because of the facial business that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because of the facial business that
+we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed last time
+so we'll actually see it like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually see it like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually see it like this and
+also very often when some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very often when some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very often when some other things
+will happen in here for one thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in here for one thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen in here for one thing the
+these three numbers as I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers as I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers as I said before
+they're not free so they're given by KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not free so they're given by KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not free so they're given by KX
+square plus KY square plus K Z square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus KY square plus K Z square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus KY square plus K Z square
+equals Omega over C square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is another way after solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is another way after solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is another way after solving
+solving the sphere so so we will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the sphere so so we will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the sphere so so we will say
+this these kinds of expressions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these kinds of expressions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these kinds of expressions for
+example I might write something like e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I might write something like e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I might write something like e
+to the I KX x plus KY y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and there's a Z here outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there's a Z here outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and there's a Z here outside the
+square so this looks a little bit scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so this looks a little bit scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so this looks a little bit scary
+but it doesn't need to be scary it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need to be scary it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't need to be scary it is a
+plane wave alright and we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave alright and we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave alright and we will see
+expressions like this one later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions like this one later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions like this one later in the
+class but a one sort of prepare you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but a one sort of prepare you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but a one sort of prepare you now
+so that they are associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they are associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they are associated with a
+physical meaning your minds it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning your minds it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning your minds it is not
+just an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an expression
+it actually denotes a plane wave the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually denotes a plane wave the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually denotes a plane wave the two
+linear terms here actually also a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms here actually also a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms here actually also a linear
+XY and Z appear as first powers so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and Z appear as first powers so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY and Z appear as first powers so and
+and the reason this square root appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this square root appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason this square root appeared
+here is because of the decart sphere or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is because of the decart sphere or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is because of the decart sphere or
+the evil sphere or whichever ok any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil sphere or whichever ok any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evil sphere or whichever ok any
+questions about plane waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other way that we'll be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way that we'll be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way that we'll be dealing with
+quite a bit is the spherical wave and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit is the spherical wave and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit is the spherical wave and so
+clearly as the name suggests in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly as the name suggests in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly as the name suggests in this
+case you have spherical wavefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have spherical wavefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have spherical wavefront
+which are either going away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are either going away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are either going away from a
+source at the Virgin wave or inwards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source at the Virgin wave or inwards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source at the Virgin wave or inwards a
+convergent wave just as an aside by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent wave just as an aside by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent wave just as an aside by the
+way I should emphasize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I should emphasize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I should emphasize that this
+vertical wave is not the physical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wave is not the physical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical wave is not the physical thing
+so plane wave is not physical either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plane wave is not physical either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plane wave is not physical either by
+the way why is the plane wave not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way why is the plane wave not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way why is the plane wave not
+physical why I mean what's an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical why I mean what's an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical why I mean what's an obvious
+reason why a plane wave is must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why a plane wave is must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why a plane wave is must be an
+approximation of something but and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of something but and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of something but and you
+have the planar is infinite that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the planar is infinite that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the planar is infinite that's right
+has infinite energy it is infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite energy it is infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has infinite energy it is infinitely
+larger so clearly I cannot create plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so clearly I cannot create plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger so clearly I cannot create plane
+waves per se I can only create sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves per se I can only create sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves per se I can only create sort of
+finite approximations to plane waves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite approximations to plane waves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite approximations to plane waves a
+spherical wave is but nevertheless it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave is but nevertheless it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave is but nevertheless it is
+an interesting thing and the little who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing and the little who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing and the little who
+spend all this time defendant is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all this time defendant is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all this time defendant is because
+it provides a lot of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides a lot of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides a lot of mathematical
+convenience in dealing with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience in dealing with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience in dealing with more
+realistic waves waves that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic waves waves that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic waves waves that can be
+realized I can express them in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I can express them in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I can express them in terms of
+these fictitious entity the plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fictitious entity the plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fictitious entity the plane wave
+the same is true for the point source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true for the point source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true for the point source
+but for a slightly different reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a slightly different reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a slightly different reason
+it is actually impossible to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually impossible to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually impossible to create an
+ideal spherical wave the best thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal spherical wave the best thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal spherical wave the best thing you
+can do is you can create a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can create a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can create a way that
+would sort of if you you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of if you you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would sort of if you you know if you
+well the only the best thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only the best thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only the best thing that you
+can do is you can create a dipole source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can create a dipole source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can create a dipole source
+here so if you lend the dipole the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you lend the dipole the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you lend the dipole the same
+the vertical direction then what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical direction then what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical direction then what you can
+do is you can create a radiation pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can create a radiation pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can create a radiation pattern
+that has approximately 60 or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has approximately 60 or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has approximately 60 or actually
+120 degrees open in 126 to be 63 yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 degrees open in 126 to be 63 yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 degrees open in 126 to be 63 yeah I
+think the 63 degrees the the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the 63 degrees the the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the 63 degrees the the dipole
+anyway so you can create the a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can create the a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can create the a pattern
+like this but never quite a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but never quite a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but never quite a spherical
+wave in fact someone as famous as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in fact someone as famous as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in fact someone as famous as
+Einstein said that spherical waves don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein said that spherical waves don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein said that spherical waves don't
+exist nevertheless it is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist nevertheless it is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist nevertheless it is a very
+convenient mathematical quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient mathematical quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient mathematical quantity and
+that's why that's why we're describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why we're describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that's why we're describing
+it but again this is - by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but again this is - by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but again this is - by the way this
+is true in any kind of physics that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true in any kind of physics that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true in any kind of physics that you
+might learn for example in mechanic's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might learn for example in mechanic's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might learn for example in mechanic's
+very often you deal with frictionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you deal with frictionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often you deal with frictionless
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+suppose you burst a small cracker in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you burst a small cracker in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you burst a small cracker in a
+in a in a water tank then it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a water tank then it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a water tank then it wouldn't
+for in optics yeah in what the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in optics yeah in what the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in optics yeah in what the time
+possibly you can create this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly you can create this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly you can create this particular
+even so it's not a spherical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so it's not a spherical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so it's not a spherical wave
+because it is a finite ray it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a finite ray it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a finite ray it has a
+finite source anyway there is only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite source anyway there is only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite source anyway there is only in
+optics you can fundamentally not create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics you can fundamentally not create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics you can fundamentally not create
+this kind of thing is because of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing is because of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of thing is because of charge
+conservation you cannot in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation you cannot in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation you cannot in order to
+create a spherical wave like this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a spherical wave like this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a spherical wave like this you
+would have to create an oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to create an oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to create an oscillating
+charge here and no such thing exists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here and no such thing exists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge here and no such thing exists so
+the only thing you can do is you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do is you can get
+a dipole that is two charges which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole that is two charges which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipole that is two charges which are
+at the naiton up and down up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the naiton up and down up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the naiton up and down up and down
+positive and negative that would result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative that would result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative that would result
+in a way that it looks approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that it looks approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that it looks approximately
+like a spherical wave but only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spherical wave but only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spherical wave but only the
+direction perpendicular to the dipole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction perpendicular to the dipole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction perpendicular to the dipole in
+the direction along the dipole axis it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction along the dipole axis it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction along the dipole axis it
+actually the wave vanishes so it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave vanishes so it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the wave vanishes so it is very
+different than a very fluid okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a very fluid okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than a very fluid okay to
+justify it a little bit more why even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it a little bit more why even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it a little bit more why even
+though it is non-physical why we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is non-physical why we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it is non-physical why we spend
+so much time discussing it it has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time discussing it it has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much time discussing it it has to do
+actually with system with Systems Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with system with Systems Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with system with Systems Theory
+yes question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes question
+isn't a dipole actually cancelling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a dipole actually cancelling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a dipole actually cancelling out
+because of the distance between the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the distance between the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the distance between the top
+and bottom source you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom source you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom source you have like a
+different distance between the charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance between the charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distance between the charge is
+zero the charge is zero but you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the charge is zero but you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the charge is zero but you still
+have a dipole moment and whatever if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dipole moment and whatever if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dipole moment and whatever if the
+dipole is oscillating that is if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole is oscillating that is if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole is oscillating that is if it is
+going from positive to negative positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from positive to negative positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from positive to negative positive
+to negative very very fast then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative very very fast then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative very very fast then you have
+charges accelerating so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges accelerating so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges accelerating so therefore you
+generate electromagnetic radiation as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electromagnetic radiation as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate electromagnetic radiation as we
+will see in a little bit no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in a little bit no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in a little bit no no
+mean the intensity of the field from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the intensity of the field from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the intensity of the field from the
+dipole isn't necessarily vanishing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole isn't necessarily vanishing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole isn't necessarily vanishing along
+the axis if the spacing set the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis if the spacing set the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis if the spacing set the right
+away note everywhere along the actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away note everywhere along the actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away note everywhere along the actually
+but you will definitely get knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will definitely get knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will definitely get knowledge
+along the axis if I remember correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis if I remember correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the axis if I remember correctly
+the dipole has a radiation button that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole has a radiation button that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole has a radiation button that
+looks like this and it will look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and it will look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this and it will look like a
+butterfly yeah it's it's dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly yeah it's it's dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterfly yeah it's it's dependent on
+the distance between the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the you know the
+plus and the minus charges talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the minus charges talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and the minus charges talking about
+an infinitesimally small dipole okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimally small dipole okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimally small dipole okay
+cool yeah if you have like a lambda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah if you have like a lambda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah if you have like a lambda over
+four and ten or something like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and ten or something like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and ten or something like that then
+yes the the radiation pattern looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the radiation pattern looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the radiation pattern looks
+different but in the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but in the simplest possible
+case that you can approximate the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you can approximate the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that you can approximate the best
+the spherical wave is an infinitesimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical wave is an infinitesimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical wave is an infinitesimally
+small dipole radiation pattern looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dipole radiation pattern looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small dipole radiation pattern looks
+like a butterfly so okay so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a butterfly so okay so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a butterfly so okay so we actually
+went a little bit ahead of ourselves now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a little bit ahead of ourselves now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a little bit ahead of ourselves now
+because this entire discussion it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this entire discussion it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this entire discussion it
+involved electro magnetics which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved electro magnetics which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved electro magnetics which we
+haven't done yet but by the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done yet but by the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done yet but by the end of this
+lecture it will be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it will be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it will be a little bit more
+clear what I mean by dipoles and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I mean by dipoles and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I mean by dipoles and all of
+these things the thing I meant to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the thing I meant to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things the thing I meant to say is
+that the spherical wave mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spherical wave mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spherical wave mathematically
+it corresponds to a point source and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it corresponds to a point source and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it corresponds to a point source and the
+and that is something that most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that most of you
+probably at some point or another took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at some point or another took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at some point or another took a
+class on linear systems where typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on linear systems where typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on linear systems where typically
+you learn a term called an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a term called an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a term called an impulse
+response so the impulse response in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so the impulse response in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so the impulse response in the
+time domain is basically is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain is basically is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain is basically is a very
+narrow excitation fact it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow excitation fact it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow excitation fact it is
+infinitesimally narrow and it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally narrow and it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally narrow and it is so
+narrow that because it has to calif i at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow that because it has to calif i at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow that because it has to calif i at
+energy it also has infinite amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it also has infinite amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it also has infinite amplitude
+right that's what is called an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what is called an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what is called an impulse
+so the spherical wave is the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spherical wave is the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spherical wave is the equivalent
+of that but in space now the same wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but in space now the same wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but in space now the same wave
+originates as an infinitesimally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates as an infinitesimally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates as an infinitesimally small
+disturbance if you wish which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance if you wish which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbance if you wish which then
+mathematically creates this uniformly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically creates this uniformly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically creates this uniformly or
+isotropically expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically expanding
+clerical wavefront and from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerical wavefront and from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clerical wavefront and from that point
+of view it is very useful because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view it is very useful because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view it is very useful because even
+the dipole that I said before it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole that I said before it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dipole that I said before it can be
+described actually as a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described actually as a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described actually as a superposition of
+spherical waves so so mathema so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves so so mathema so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical waves so so mathema so I can
+be physically correct if I do my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be physically correct if I do my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be physically correct if I do my my
+physics corrector you know I can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics corrector you know I can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics corrector you know I can get the
+the proper answer so the second wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper answer so the second wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper answer so the second wave
+provides this mathematical convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this mathematical convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides this mathematical convenient
+also to be honest the market will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be honest the market will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be honest the market will do
+here it is a very good approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is a very good approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is a very good approximation to
+what you observe in the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe in the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you observe in the laboratory
+that's another good justification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another good justification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another good justification for
+using it because even though we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it because even though we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it because even though we know
+that there's no such thing is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no such thing is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no such thing is a point
+source many of the things that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source many of the things that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source many of the things that we'll
+derive in the next few lectures based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive in the next few lectures based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive in the next few lectures based in
+this sort of crude approximation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of crude approximation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of crude approximation they
+turned out to be very good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be very good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be very good approximation
+for what you see in the laboratory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you see in the laboratory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you see in the laboratory for
+example if you take a pinhole a pinnacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a pinhole a pinnacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you take a pinhole a pinnacle
+is a finite thing right I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite thing right I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite thing right I mean the
+smallest pinhole that people use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest pinhole that people use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest pinhole that people use in the
+laboratory may have attained a diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory may have attained a diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory may have attained a diameter
+of 1 micron sometimes equals bigger 3 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 micron sometimes equals bigger 3 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 micron sometimes equals bigger 3 5
+micron something like that well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron something like that well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron something like that well if you
+pass light through a pinhole the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass light through a pinhole the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass light through a pinhole the light
+that comes out is to a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is to a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is to a very good
+approximation described by a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation described by a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation described by a spherical
+wave but of course not everywhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but of course not everywhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but of course not everywhere the
+light coming out of the pinhole it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out of the pinhole it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out of the pinhole it
+doesn't come out backwards it only goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out backwards it only goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come out backwards it only goes
+forward right so therefore you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right so therefore you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward right so therefore you have you
+know clearly the the expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know clearly the the expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know clearly the the expression is
+approximately correct but only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately correct but only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately correct but only for the
+part of the wave the portion that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave the portion that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the wave the portion that is
+physical right so so we have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical right so so we have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical right so so we have to be a
+little bit mindful of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mindful of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit mindful of what is the
+meaning of everything that we write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of everything that we write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of everything that we write down
+okay in especial so especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in especial so especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in especial so especially when
+things like that are involved the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that are involved the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that are involved the second
+wave has an any problem it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave has an any problem it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave has an any problem it has the
+problem that it blows up at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that it blows up at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that it blows up at the center
+and there isn't blows up is because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there isn't blows up is because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there isn't blows up is because well
+likely impulse in the time domain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely impulse in the time domain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely impulse in the time domain that
+you learned in in linear dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in in linear dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned in in linear dynamical
+systems it has to have a finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it has to have a finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it has to have a finite energy
+so in this context here the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this context here the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this context here the finite
+energy as you as you proved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you as you proved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you as you proved in a
+homework some time ago it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework some time ago it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework some time ago it means that the
+amplitude of this spherical wave must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of this spherical wave must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of this spherical wave must be
+like one over the distance so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over the distance so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over the distance so this one
+over R that we get in the denominator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that we get in the denominator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that we get in the denominator of
+course at R equals zero it explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at R equals zero it explodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at R equals zero it explodes
+right so they again that is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they again that is the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they again that is the Delta
+function R impulse the impulse analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function R impulse the impulse analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function R impulse the impulse analogy
+so the spherical wave has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spherical wave has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the spherical wave has a few
+mathematical inconveniences of this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical inconveniences of this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical inconveniences of this sort
+but you have to be mindful with okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to be mindful with okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to be mindful with okay now
+there's one more mysterious thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more mysterious thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more mysterious thing about
+it which I will just point out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which I will just point out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which I will just point out and I
+will then move on without saying why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then move on without saying why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then move on without saying why if
+you look at the expression of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the expression of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the expression of the
+spherical wave let me write it down it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave let me write it down it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave let me write it down it
+looks like cosine a R minus Omega T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like cosine a R minus Omega T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like cosine a R minus Omega T over
+R and let's let's say let's take stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and let's let's say let's take stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and let's let's say let's take stock
+here so the 1 over R would discuss the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the 1 over R would discuss the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the 1 over R would discuss the 1
+over R is energy conservation we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is energy conservation we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R is energy conservation we always
+like that the cosine that you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the cosine that you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that the cosine that you see in the
+numerator if I go back and play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator if I go back and play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator if I go back and play the
+movie of the spherical wave that wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of the spherical wave that wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of the spherical wave that wait
+for the plane wave to finish here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plane wave to finish here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the plane wave to finish here so the
+K R minus Omega T it is this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K R minus Omega T it is this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K R minus Omega T it is this sort of
+explosion of the wave fronts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of the wave fronts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion of the wave fronts that you
+see in the movie so K R if R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the movie so K R if R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the movie so K R if R is the
+radius K R describes a sphere again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius K R describes a sphere again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius K R describes a sphere again
+alright so the cosine K R basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the cosine K R basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the cosine K R basically
+tells you that you have this alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that you have this alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that you have this alternating
+positive positive and negative valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive and negative valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive and negative valued
+spheres and the minus Omega T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and the minus Omega T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and the minus Omega T is the
+traveling aspect it tells you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling aspect it tells you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling aspect it tells you that the
+spheres explode the propagate outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres explode the propagate outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres explode the propagate outwards
+as a function of time so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so this is the
+meaning of the K R minus Omega T then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the K R minus Omega T then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the K R minus Omega T then a
+battle to put another term over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle to put another term over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle to put another term over there
+minus PI over 2 and this might sound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI over 2 and this might sound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus PI over 2 and this might sound a
+little bit weird I mean in general you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird I mean in general you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird I mean in general you
+can put any phase that you like there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put any phase that you like there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put any phase that you like there it
+means that that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that you have a
+shifted time access so I could put five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted time access so I could put five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted time access so I could put five
+there while they battle to put PI over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there while they battle to put PI over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there while they battle to put PI over 2
+what is the PI over to relative to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the PI over to relative to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the PI over to relative to okay
+it turns out if you properly solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you properly solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you properly solve
+Maxwell's equations which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations which we haven't
+seen yet but I'm sure you're aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yet but I'm sure you're aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yet but I'm sure you're aware that
+there is such a thing called Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a thing called Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a thing called Maxwell's
+equation well the describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well the describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well the describe
+electromagnetic waves okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves okay so if you
+solve it properly with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it properly with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it properly with this kind of
+point source because of something having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source because of something having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point source because of something having
+to do with magnetic fields you pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with magnetic fields you pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with magnetic fields you pick up a
+phase delay with respect to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay with respect to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay with respect to what you
+pick up a phase the leg with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a phase the leg with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a phase the leg with respect to
+the source so there's no really weird it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source so there's no really weird it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source so there's no really weird it
+tells you to do if you have the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you to do if you have the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you to do if you have the source
+that is oscillating let's say like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is oscillating let's say like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is oscillating let's say like a
+cosine so it is maximum at T equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so it is maximum at T equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so it is maximum at T equals zero
+the wave that comes out will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave that comes out will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave that comes out will actually be
+a sine so it will be phase shifted by PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine so it will be phase shifted by PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine so it will be phase shifted by PI
+over 2 there's no easy way to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 there's no easy way to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 there's no easy way to explain
+this other than solving Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other than solving Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other than solving Maxwell's
+equations there is actually some papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there is actually some papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations there is actually some papers
+in the literature this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature this is a very very
+interesting foreign I know it's strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting foreign I know it's strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting foreign I know it's strange
+it can be explained from the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be explained from the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be explained from the question
+but it's still a little bit strange so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a little bit strange so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a little bit strange so
+people are actually working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are actually working on this
+phase shift there is some very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift there is some very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift there is some very strange
+aspects to it anyway for us the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it anyway for us the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it anyway for us the phase
+shift will just accept it it is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift will just accept it it is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift will just accept it it is well
+established so so we just accept them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so so we just accept them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so so we just accept them
+one when we help it as a phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we help it as a phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when we help it as a phaser
+I mean have the complex and presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean have the complex and presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean have the complex and presentation
+of course e to the minus I PI over 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course e to the minus I PI over 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course e to the minus I PI over 2 is
+minus I so I skipped a few steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I so I skipped a few steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I so I skipped a few steps of the
+slide so let me do them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so let me do them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so let me do them on the
+whiteboard so to go from this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard so to go from this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard so to go from this with a
+complex representation you would write e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex representation you would write e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex representation you would write e
+to the I a R minus Omega t minus PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I a R minus Omega t minus PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I a R minus Omega t minus PI over
+2 and of course you still have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course you still have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and of course you still have this
+thing outside nothing can you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing outside nothing can you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing outside nothing can you know this
+is not affected okay and then remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not affected okay and then remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not affected okay and then remember
+that e to the minus I PI over 2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the minus I PI over 2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e to the minus I PI over 2 equals
+minus I and it equals 1 over I so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I and it equals 1 over I so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I and it equals 1 over I so this
+is why the I appear that the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the I appear that the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the I appear that the denominator
+over here okay so because PI over 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so because PI over 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay so because PI over 2 is
+kind of a pain to write down when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a pain to write down when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a pain to write down when we
+write the spherical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the spherical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the spherical way
+we'll just write it with I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just write it with I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just write it with I in the
+denominator and this is actually not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this is actually not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and this is actually not I
+mean it's not a big deal you know if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not a big deal you know if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's not a big deal you know if if
+you if you in fact myself sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you in fact myself sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you in fact myself sometimes I
+will just skip it but it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just skip it but it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just skip it but it's kind of nice
+to know that it's there okay and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's there okay and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's there okay and of
+course the the the only thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the the the only thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the the the only thing that you
+do commonly but by now I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do commonly but by now I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do commonly but by now I think we're
+we're comfortable with that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comfortable with that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're comfortable with that is that we
+we neglect the temporal variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we neglect the temporal variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we neglect the temporal variation and
+then we get the failure the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the failure the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the failure the last thing I
+will do before moving on to a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do before moving on to a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do before moving on to a slightly
+different topic is remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topic is remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different topic is remember in
+geometrical optics we derived a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics we derived a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics we derived a lot of
+useful things using this paraxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things using this paraxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things using this paraxial
+approximation so the paraxial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so the paraxial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so the paraxial
+approximation basically says that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation basically says that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation basically says that that
+in this case the wave originated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the wave originated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the wave originated
+relatively far away and you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far away and you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively far away and you have the
+spherical wavefront which are nice fears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wavefront which are nice fears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wavefront which are nice fears
+near the source but if you go at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the source but if you go at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the source but if you go at a
+relatively long distance basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long distance basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long distance basically you
+cannot tell the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell the difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell the difference between these
+spherical wavefronts and parabolas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wavefronts and parabolas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wavefronts and parabolas so
+and it turns out it because the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it because the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it because the sphere
+involved this nasty square root it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this nasty square root it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved this nasty square root it is
+much more convenient to represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more convenient to represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more convenient to represent this
+as parabolas so the way you go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as parabolas so the way you go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as parabolas so the way you go from this
+field to the parabola I did it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to the parabola I did it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field to the parabola I did it on the
+slide and I will do it again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I will do it again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and I will do it again because
+this is a derivation I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a derivation I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a derivation I want you to be
+very familiar with it's it's we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with it's it's we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with it's it's we've done
+it a few times and we will do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a few times and we will do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a few times and we will do it again
+and again you start with the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you start with the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you start with the expression
+for the wave so it is e to the I K all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave so it is e to the I K all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave so it is e to the I K all
+right and there is bells and whistles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there is bells and whistles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there is bells and whistles
+there is all there are the eyes let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is all there are the eyes let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is all there are the eyes let me
+just write this way okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this way okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this way okay and then
+remember so we have R this is the polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we have R this is the polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember so we have R this is the polar
+coordinate so it is X plus y plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so it is X plus y plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so it is X plus y plus Z
+Square and the paraxial approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and the paraxial approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and the paraxial approximation
+let me put this back in our convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put this back in our convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put this back in our convention
+usually is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually is that
+is that this is the z-axis so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is the z-axis so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is the z-axis so this is
+the axis of propagation the optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of propagation the optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis of propagation the optical axis
+and then you have the other two axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the other two axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the other two axis
+perpendicular to it typically will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it typically will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it typically will be
+note X has been vertical okay and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note X has been vertical okay and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note X has been vertical okay and is
+this never that handy we did it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never that handy we did it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this never that handy we did it yeah
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+all right so so the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so the production
+approximation then means that Z is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then means that Z is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then means that Z is much
+bigger than the values of the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the values of the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the values of the other two
+coordinates right because basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates right because basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates right because basically I'm
+limiting myself to open it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting myself to open it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting myself to open it in this
+regime right that's the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime right that's the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime right that's the meaning of the
+paraxial approximation so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation so what you do
+then is you do a Taylor expansion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is you do a Taylor expansion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is you do a Taylor expansion on
+this square root so you pull the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then you use the Taylor property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use the Taylor property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you use the Taylor property that
+says 1 plus small is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 1 plus small is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 1 plus small is approximately equal
+to 1 plus small over 2 and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 plus small over 2 and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 plus small over 2 and then you can
+see that R equals Z 1 plus X square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that R equals Z 1 plus X square plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that R equals Z 1 plus X square plus
+y square over 3 square times 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y square over 3 square times 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y square over 3 square times 2 which is
+also known as Z plus okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as Z plus okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as Z plus okay so that's the
+paraxial approximation for the polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation for the polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximation for the polar
+variable and now I can of course put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and now I can of course put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and now I can of course put it
+in my expression so this means that e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my expression so this means that e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my expression so this means that e to
+the I K R is approximately equal to e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K R is approximately equal to e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K R is approximately equal to e to
+the I K Z e to the I K X square plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K Z e to the I K X square plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K Z e to the I K X square plus y
+square over 2 Z and sometimes you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over 2 Z and sometimes you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over 2 Z and sometimes you leave
+it like this or sometimes you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this or sometimes you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this or sometimes you remember
+that K equals to PI upon lambda right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K equals to PI upon lambda right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K equals to PI upon lambda right
+and then this expression now becomes e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this expression now becomes e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this expression now becomes e
+to the I 2 pi Z upon lambda e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I 2 pi Z upon lambda e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I 2 pi Z upon lambda e to the I
+naught is what will happen the twos will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is what will happen the twos will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught is what will happen the twos will
+cancel AP will pie will remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel AP will pie will remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel AP will pie will remain
+and you'll get okay so all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get okay so all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get okay so all of these are
+interchangeable expressions that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable expressions that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable expressions that we can
+use for spherical waves another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for spherical waves another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for spherical waves another
+interesting question which I omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question which I omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question which I omitted
+something I omitted one over I R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I omitted one over I R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I omitted one over I R and
+actually there's also the amplitude this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's also the amplitude this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's also the amplitude this
+put the amplitude for completeness what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the amplitude for completeness what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the amplitude for completeness what
+happens today I are should I also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens today I are should I also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens today I are should I also do
+some paraxial approximation over it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paraxial approximation over it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paraxial approximation over it it
+turns out it is sufficient to simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it is sufficient to simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it is sufficient to simply
+approximate it is Z for the for the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it is Z for the for the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it is Z for the for the part
+that appears outside the exponent we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears outside the exponent we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears outside the exponent we can
+simply approximate it as Z and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply approximate it as Z and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply approximate it as Z and the
+reason is because our it is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because our it is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because our it is actually
+slowly varying you know if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly varying you know if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly varying you know if you compare
+what is our C you can use them so R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our C you can use them so R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is our C you can use them so R is
+this right so if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically have to to pick Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically have to to pick Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically have to to pick Z
+equals constant so I have to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant so I have to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant so I have to pick a
+plane that is tangential to the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that is tangential to the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that is tangential to the sphere
+at this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place
+so I compare r1 to r2 right so r1 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I compare r1 to r2 right so r1 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I compare r1 to r2 right so r1 goes
+all the way to the plane r2 simply stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the plane r2 simply stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the plane r2 simply stops
+here so think about it this way let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so think about it this way let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so think about it this way let's
+say that the error that I make when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the error that I make when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the error that I make when I
+say Z is approximately equal to R the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Z is approximately equal to R the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Z is approximately equal to R the
+Senate I make a small error let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate I make a small error let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate I make a small error let's say
+that I make an error of 1% okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make an error of 1% okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I make an error of 1% okay that
+means that I misrepresent the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I misrepresent the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I misrepresent the amplitude
+of the wave by 1% now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave by 1% now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave by 1% now let's look at the
+term that is inside the exponential e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that is inside the exponential e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that is inside the exponential e to
+the I PI X Y X square plus y square over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I PI X Y X square plus y square over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I PI X Y X square plus y square over
+lambda Z if I miss by 1% that is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Z if I miss by 1% that is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda Z if I miss by 1% that is if I
+had it to the 1000 by and a Miss by 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it to the 1000 by and a Miss by 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had it to the 1000 by and a Miss by 1%
+then it means a 1 to e to the 990 pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means a 1 to e to the 990 pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means a 1 to e to the 990 pie
+right so this 1 percent error actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this 1 percent error actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this 1 percent error actually
+called me how many 10 full oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me how many 10 full oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me how many 10 full oscillations
+that's why I have to keep a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have to keep a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have to keep a better
+approximation inside the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation inside the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation inside the exponential
+then I can afford to keep outside so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can afford to keep outside so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can afford to keep outside so the
+with the face I have to be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the face I have to be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the face I have to be much more
+accurate in order to make sure that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in order to make sure that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate in order to make sure that I
+don't make a big error in the face delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make a big error in the face delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make a big error in the face delay
+and that's because the cosine varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because the cosine varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because the cosine varies
+very rapidly as you increase are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly as you increase are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly as you increase are the
+cosine is oscillating but one over R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is oscillating but one over R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is oscillating but one over R is
+slowly what we call a slowly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly what we call a slowly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly what we call a slowly varying
+function over and therefore we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over and therefore we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over and therefore we can
+afford to be sloppy with it if you wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to be sloppy with it if you wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford to be sloppy with it if you wish
+so the paraxial approximation then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the paraxial approximation then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the paraxial approximation then for
+the spherical wave is just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical wave is just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spherical wave is just like that
+with with Z in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with Z in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with Z in the denominator
+but this additional quadratic term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this additional quadratic term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this additional quadratic term in
+the exponent and of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent and of course this
+additional quadratic term is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional quadratic term is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional quadratic term is the one
+where all the action is happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the action is happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the action is happening and
+this we will see this later in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will see this later in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will see this later in the class
+and that's the second important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the second important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the second important lesson
+from today which is that if we see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today which is that if we see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today which is that if we see an
+expression with a quadric which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with a quadric which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression with a quadric which is
+quadratic in the Cartesian coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the Cartesian coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the Cartesian coordinates
+we call it a spherical wave so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a spherical wave so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a spherical wave so we went
+through all these adventures again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these adventures again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these adventures again
+arrived at two very basic waves one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at two very basic waves one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at two very basic waves one is
+the kind of wave in whose fan is ER you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of wave in whose fan is ER you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of wave in whose fan is ER you
+have linear terms in the Cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear terms in the Cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear terms in the Cartesian
+coordinates that will call the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that will call the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that will call the plane
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you see something like this
+it doesn't really matter what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what these
+things are K X K Y and so on but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are K X K Y and so on but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are K X K Y and so on but because
+these terms are linear it is plain when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are linear it is plain when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are linear it is plain when
+we arrive at an expression that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrive at an expression that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we arrive at an expression that looks
+like this you might have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you might have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you might have all kinds of
+junk and somewhere you have something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk and somewhere you have something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk and somewhere you have something of
+the form e to the I PI X square plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form e to the I PI X square plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form e to the I PI X square plus y
+square over lambda Z this quadratics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over lambda Z this quadratics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square over lambda Z this quadratics
+means that it is spherical or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it is spherical or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it is spherical or more
+accurately the paraxial approximation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the paraxial approximation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately the paraxial approximation to
+a spherical wave yes button I'm curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spherical wave yes button I'm curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spherical wave yes button I'm curious
+what will be the like a propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the like a propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the like a propagation of
+even a sent wave that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a sent wave that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a sent wave that's a good question
+but but we don't have the tools to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we don't have the tools to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we don't have the tools to deal
+with that yet so the pan is asking allah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yet so the pan is asking allah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yet so the pan is asking allah
+to square root here here this the but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root here here this the but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root here here this the but is
+asking what if I pick KX and KY so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what if I pick KX and KY so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what if I pick KX and KY so that
+the argument to the square root becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument to the square root becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument to the square root becomes
+negative therefore this quantity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative therefore this quantity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative therefore this quantity would
+become imaginary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become imaginary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become imaginary right
+that is called an evanescent wave but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called an evanescent wave but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called an evanescent wave but
+let's not go too into into it now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not go too into into it now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not go too into into it now yeah
+welcome back to the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to the table
+so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should say any questions that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say any questions that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say any questions that I'm
+willing to answer because that is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to answer because that is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to answer because that is a good
+question with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you come up with any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you come up with any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you come up with any questions about
+spherical wave or plane waves during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave or plane waves during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave or plane waves during the
+break okay here I have one question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay here I have one question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay here I have one question so
+just now I mentioned that the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now I mentioned that the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now I mentioned that the when the
+KX KY is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX KY is a very small
+well the Kesey's were a big we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Kesey's were a big we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the Kesey's were a big we call it
+plain weave correct white it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain weave correct white it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain weave correct white it is to
+actually what you say KX and KY would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you say KX and KY would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you say KX and KY would be
+very small yeah yeah okay but this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small yeah yeah okay but this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small yeah yeah okay but this when
+talking about the you know K dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the you know K dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the you know K dimension
+hop I in the space in a real 3d space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop I in the space in a real 3d space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop I in the space in a real 3d space
+okay the production approximation I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the production approximation I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the production approximation I did
+actually in space so this diagram over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in space so this diagram over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in space so this diagram over
+here that was a space XYZ but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was a space XYZ but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that was a space XYZ but what you
+see is true in in the plane in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is true in in the plane in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is true in in the plane in the
+spherical wave okay there is no I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave okay there is no I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave okay there is no I'm
+reluctant to admit what you say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to admit what you say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctant to admit what you say is
+because the spherical wave is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the spherical wave is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the spherical wave is not a
+plane wave so therefore KX KY KZ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so therefore KX KY KZ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave so therefore KX KY KZ the
+valley across the wave front right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley across the wave front right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley across the wave front right so a
+little bit more complicated what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complicated what happens
+but yeah if you took a small portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if you took a small portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if you took a small portion of
+the wavefront here and you plotted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefront here and you plotted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefront here and you plotted you
+know KX well this is you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know KX well this is you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know KX well this is you know the
+direction if you plotted KZ would be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you plotted KZ would be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you plotted KZ would be big
+and then KX would be very small right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then KX would be very small right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then KX would be very small right so
+just Rho KX and KY are also very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Rho KX and KY are also very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Rho KX and KY are also very small
+but they're to be careful with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're to be careful with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're to be careful with a
+spherical wave because for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave because for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave because for example here
+we have a different KX and K 0 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different KX and K 0 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different KX and K 0 so what
+it means here KX and KY well what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means here KX and KY well what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means here KX and KY well what does
+it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's not going to Wignall distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not going to Wignall distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not going to Wignall distributions
+right ok so let me let me let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok so let me let me let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok so let me let me let me say
+with a time transient in plain language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time transient in plain language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time transient in plain language
+the kxkykz would define them for a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kxkykz would define them for a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kxkykz would define them for a plane
+wave right so a plane wave is this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so a plane wave is this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right so a plane wave is this kind
+of thing where you have a well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where you have a well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing where you have a well-defined
+wave vector and the entire wavefront is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector and the entire wavefront is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector and the entire wavefront is
+blender now what you're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender now what you're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blender now what you're saying is that
+if I have a spherical wavefront like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a spherical wavefront like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a spherical wavefront like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+luckily I can define normals right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I can define normals right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily I can define normals right and I
+can call those wave vectors as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call those wave vectors as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call those wave vectors as well and
+that is actually true but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually true but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually true but they're not
+plane waves you can think of them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves you can think of them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves you can think of them as a
+race that's a good approximation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race that's a good approximation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race that's a good approximation right
+this would be the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the equivalent of
+geometrical lace but not plane waves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical lace but not plane waves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical lace but not plane waves but
+nevertheless you are correct they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless you are correct they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless you are correct they would
+these things are also per action so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are also per action so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are also per action so they
+would also satisfy kxky much less than K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also satisfy kxky much less than K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also satisfy kxky much less than K
+Z that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to talk about a fun fun topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about a fun fun topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to talk about a fun fun topic
+today I was I want to do electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I was I want to do electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I was I want to do electromagnetic
+so I don't want to spend too much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to spend too much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to spend too much time
+on this but I'll talk about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'll talk about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but I'll talk about it because
+it's fun and and and very useful in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun and and and very useful in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun and and and very useful in in
+many contexts so in all of this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many contexts so in all of this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many contexts so in all of this business
+we without very this is again the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we without very this is again the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we without very this is again the wave
+equation but we didn't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we didn't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we didn't say anything
+about the speed of light so actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the speed of light so actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the speed of light so actually we
+did a little bit I mentioned I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit I mentioned I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit I mentioned I guess
+this is how this is better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how this is better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how this is better than a
+whiteboard I have a history of what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard I have a history of what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiteboard I have a history of what I've
+written throughout the lecture yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written throughout the lecture yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written throughout the lecture yeah so
+so at some point we didn't mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some point we didn't mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some point we didn't mention this
+we did mention that the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did mention that the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did mention that the index of
+refraction actually enters in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction actually enters in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction actually enters in this
+equation over here but if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here but if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over here but if you remember
+diligently from your geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently from your geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently from your geometrical optics
+the index of refraction also happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction also happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of refraction also happens to
+be a function of wavelength it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of wavelength it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of wavelength it's not a
+constant right it is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right it is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right it is a function of
+wavelength so what this means now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so what this means now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so what this means now is
+that is that in this equation over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that in this equation over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that in this equation over here
+if I have a singly frequency now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a singly frequency now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a singly frequency now a
+singly temporal frequency a single Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly temporal frequency a single Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singly temporal frequency a single Omega
+then everything is fine because sure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything is fine because sure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything is fine because sure for
+this particular frequency I can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular frequency I can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular frequency I can find the
+index of refraction and and I'm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however however the index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however however the index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however however the index of refraction
+is a flat is a function of wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat is a function of wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a flat is a function of wavelength
+and the wavelength yes it is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength yes it is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavelength yes it is a function
+of frequency we do know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency we do know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequency we do know that this
+equation is true but we also said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is true but we also said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is true but we also said if you
+recall or if you go back to the video of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall or if you go back to the video of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall or if you go back to the video of
+the first lecture when I first presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture when I first presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture when I first presented
+this equation I gave you a warning and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation I gave you a warning and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation I gave you a warning and I
+said that this is the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this is the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that this is the dispersion
+relation but it is not the only possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but it is not the only possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation but it is not the only possible
+dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion
+it is possible to have waves where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to have waves where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible to have waves where the
+dispersion relation is different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation is different okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation is different okay
+first of all just to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all just to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all just to make sure that the
+all stuff about dispersion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff about dispersion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stuff about dispersion that we
+discussed about glass it is true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed about glass it is true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed about glass it is true in
+other words in glass yes the index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in glass yes the index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in glass yes the index of
+refraction is a function of wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is a function of wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction is a function of wavelength
+so this is a plot that we saw before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plot that we saw before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plot that we saw before but
+now in addition to that I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to that I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in addition to that I'm talking
+about a slightly different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a slightly different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a slightly different type of
+dispersion so the dispersion happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion so the dispersion happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion so the dispersion happens for
+example in waveguides in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in waveguides in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in waveguides in one of
+everything that we do so far we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do so far we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we do so far we sort of
+assume that light propagates freely who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that light propagates freely who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that light propagates freely who
+may put some lenses or or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may put some lenses or or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may put some lenses or or whatever
+prisms in the path of the light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms in the path of the light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms in the path of the light that is
+refractors and mirrors and so on but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractors and mirrors and so on but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractors and mirrors and so on but all
+of these are relatively large we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are relatively large we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are relatively large we never
+try to confine the light to a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to confine the light to a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to confine the light to a very small
+space but you can do that you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but you can do that you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but you can do that you can create
+wave guides actually for visit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave guides actually for visit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave guides actually for visit for
+visible light you will never actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light you will never actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light you will never actually
+use a metal here you would use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a metal here you would use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a metal here you would use the
+electric waveguide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric waveguide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric waveguide
+but in microwaves this is done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in microwaves this is done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in microwaves this is done very
+commonly in microwaves people trap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in microwaves people trap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly in microwaves people trap the
+wave in a metal tube as if it were water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in a metal tube as if it were water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in a metal tube as if it were water
+a suppose right or you know some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suppose right or you know some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suppose right or you know some kind of
+a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid
+you just have a hollow tube that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a hollow tube that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a hollow tube that is a
+metal and then you launch the my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and then you launch the my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and then you launch the my
+microwave inside the tube to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave inside the tube to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave inside the tube to give you an
+idea the wavelength in microwaves is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the wavelength in microwaves is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the wavelength in microwaves is in
+the order of well you know as the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of well you know as the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of well you know as the name
+suggests it is the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it is the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it is the order of the
+frequencies gigahertz so the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies gigahertz so the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies gigahertz so the wavelength
+should be between millimeters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be between millimeters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be between millimeters and
+centimeters that is typically less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters that is typically less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters that is typically less
+though the wavelength is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the wavelength is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the wavelength is a little bit
+less may be in the order of millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less may be in the order of millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less may be in the order of millimeters
+a typical millimeter so the size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical millimeter so the size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical millimeter so the size of this
+tube might also be in the order of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube might also be in the order of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube might also be in the order of a few
+millimeters so now you have a guide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so now you have a guide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so now you have a guide that
+is approximately of size of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately of size of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately of size of a few
+wavelengths so that case it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so that case it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so that case it turns out
+this equation sequence lambda nu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation sequence lambda nu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation sequence lambda nu
+it does not hold anymore it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not hold anymore it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not hold anymore it is it is
+true for a free space but it is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a free space but it is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a free space but it is not true
+in the waveguide the reason it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the waveguide the reason it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the waveguide the reason it is not
+true in a waveguide is because the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in a waveguide is because the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in a waveguide is because the wave
+must satisfy boundary conditions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must satisfy boundary conditions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must satisfy boundary conditions if you
+recall when we gave the wave equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we gave the wave equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall when we gave the wave equation we
+said if you need to satisfy an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you need to satisfy an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if you need to satisfy an initial
+condition and boundary conditions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and boundary conditions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and boundary conditions in
+free space there is no boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space there is no boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space there is no boundary
+condition actually there is a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually there is a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually there is a boundary
+condition that the wave must vanish at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the wave must vanish at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the wave must vanish at
+infinity okay fine but you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay fine but you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay fine but you know this
+doesn't have any implication in our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any implication in our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any implication in our in
+our calculation but for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation but for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculation but for example in the
+case of a metal you have to force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a metal you have to force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a metal you have to force the
+wave to be zero on the metal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to be zero on the metal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to be zero on the metal because
+well we'll see later than electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see later than electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll see later than electro
+magnetics why this is the case but take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics why this is the case but take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics why this is the case but take
+my word for it the the on the metal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word for it the the on the metal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word for it the the on the metal the
+field must equal zero so now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field must equal zero so now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field must equal zero so now if you have
+a sinusoid in this metal the sinusoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid in this metal the sinusoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sinusoid in this metal the sinusoid is
+a kind of a straight jacket because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a straight jacket because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a straight jacket because it
+is sinusoidally varying but also it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sinusoidally varying but also it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sinusoidally varying but also it must
+be over such a period that it vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over such a period that it vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be over such a period that it vanishes
+at the edge of the waveguide so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the waveguide so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the waveguide so for
+example it can be this is the waveguide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it can be this is the waveguide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it can be this is the waveguide
+the sinusoid can be like this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinusoid can be like this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinusoid can be like this that's
+fine because it vanishes it can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because it vanishes it can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because it vanishes it can be like
+this that's also fine it can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's also fine it can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's also fine it can be like
+this and so on right but for example can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so on right but for example can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so on right but for example can
+it be like this no that we cannot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be like this no that we cannot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be like this no that we cannot it
+okay so I will not do the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not do the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I will not do the full
+derivation again it's a little bit well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation again it's a little bit well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation again it's a little bit well
+it would have to solve the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to solve the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to solve the partial
+differential equation in a serious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in a serious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in a serious way
+but it turns out that this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this straight
+jacket that we put the light in actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket that we put the light in actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacket that we put the light in actually
+results in a different dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a different dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a different dispersion
+relation that looks like this it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that looks like this it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that looks like this it is not
+the C equals lambda nu anymore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C equals lambda nu anymore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C equals lambda nu anymore the
+question which was yes what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was yes what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which was yes what happens if
+what happens if a is smaller than lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then then a wave will not even get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then a wave will not even get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then a wave will not even get into
+the web guide it will become a Van Essen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web guide it will become a Van Essen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web guide it will become a Van Essen
+so it will not go in thank you what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will not go in thank you what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will not go in thank you what is
+shown in the diagram is isn't it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the diagram is isn't it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the diagram is isn't it a
+standing wave because it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave because it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave because it's not the
+oscillation is the way this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is the way this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is the way this is the
+midway in the vertical direction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midway in the vertical direction yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midway in the vertical direction yeah
+but how does it properly when you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how does it properly when you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how does it properly when you move
+it plays bouncing back and forth another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays bouncing back and forth another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it plays bouncing back and forth another
+way to think of the waveguide is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of the waveguide is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of the waveguide is that
+the light is you can think actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is you can think actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is you can think actually is
+in terms of rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rays
+you can think of Ray is bouncing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of Ray is bouncing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of Ray is bouncing back
+and forth right but you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth right but you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth right but you can also have
+the conjugate ray these are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate ray these are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate ray these are both
+possible and the result is a standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the result is a standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and the result is a standing
+wave in this sense but you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in this sense but you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in this sense but you can still
+have propagation on the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have propagation on the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have propagation on the horizontal axis
+because there is a component that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a component that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a component that goes
+towards the right okay so so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right okay so so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right okay so so when you
+get an equation like this one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an equation like this one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an equation like this one which
+relates or meget okay and of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates or meget okay and of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates or meget okay and of course as
+you can imagine now there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now there's a great
+variety of such equations that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of such equations that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of such equations that you could
+have this is the equation that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the equation that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is the equation that happens
+to be true for the metal waveguide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for the metal waveguide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for the metal waveguide if
+you replace it with a different wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace it with a different wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you replace it with a different wave
+guide for example if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for example if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide for example if you have the
+electric so different indices here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric so different indices here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric so different indices here then
+this equation changes the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation changes the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation changes the bottom line is
+the previous equation then you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous equation then you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous equation then you can plot
+one of the two you have one point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two you have one point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two you have one point one
+term here that is determined by geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here that is determined by geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here that is determined by geometry
+a is the size of the guide and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the size of the guide and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the size of the guide and then you
+have the wave vector and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wave vector and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wave vector and the frequency
+and of course we have the free velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have the free velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we have the free velocity
+of light okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light okay
+Omega is fundamental as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is fundamental as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is fundamental as soon as you
+specify the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the frequency of the
+electromagnetic wave nothing can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave nothing can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave nothing can change
+that anymore since we're in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore since we're in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore since we're in the linear
+region but the question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but the question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but the question is what is the
+wave vector so the way back to is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector so the way back to is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave vector so the way back to is really
+what you are after in this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are after in this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are after in this equation
+Omega is given it is say 10 to the 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is given it is say 10 to the 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is given it is say 10 to the 15
+hurt what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt what is
+kay well in other words what is the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kay well in other words what is the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kay well in other words what is the web
+now for results which will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for results which will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for results which will become
+apparent in the moment the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the moment the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the moment the people who
+invented these diagrams they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented these diagrams they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented these diagrams they actually
+plot in kind of the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot in kind of the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot in kind of the other way around
+instead of putting on mega on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting on mega on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting on mega on the
+horizontal axis since Omega is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis since Omega is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis since Omega is given
+they put Omega on the vertical axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put Omega on the vertical axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put Omega on the vertical axis and
+the horizontal axis is K so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis is K so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis is K so the way you
+read this diagram is of course you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this diagram is of course you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this diagram is of course you solve
+this equation and the way you read it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and the way you read it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and the way you read it is
+that if I give you a certain Omega then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I give you a certain Omega then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I give you a certain Omega then
+you have to draw a horizontal line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to draw a horizontal line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to draw a horizontal line and
+wherever this horizontal line meets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever this horizontal line meets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever this horizontal line meets the
+plot this you read the abscissa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this you read the abscissa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this you read the abscissa and
+animal the other side is the stepsister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal the other side is the stepsister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal the other side is the stepsister
+or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other
+the stepsister that's the ordinate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepsister that's the ordinate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stepsister that's the ordinate okay
+you must come up with him in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must come up with him in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must come up with him in the morning
+anyway so the horizontal the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the horizontal the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the horizontal the value of
+the horizontal axis gives you the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis gives you the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal axis gives you the y
+vector and hence the wavelength now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and hence the wavelength now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and hence the wavelength now
+interestingly if you were in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you were in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly if you were in free space
+this would look like a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like a straight line
+because well of course in free space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well of course in free space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well of course in free space I
+have written this equation many times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written this equation many times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written this equation many times I
+don't feel like writing it again in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like writing it again in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like writing it again in free
+space well let me do it once more so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well let me do it once more so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well let me do it once more so in
+free space I have that C equals K over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space I have that C equals K over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space I have that C equals K over 2
+pi that's also known as lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one 2 pi over K that is also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one 2 pi over K that is also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one 2 pi over K that is also known
+as lambda times Omega over 2 pi so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lambda times Omega over 2 pi so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lambda times Omega over 2 pi so in
+free space then you have Omega equals CK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space then you have Omega equals CK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free space then you have Omega equals CK
+this is an equivalent way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an equivalent way of writing
+this equation here these are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here these are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here these are basically
+the same equation so in free space this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation so in free space this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation so in free space this
+is a straight line now if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a straight line now if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a straight line now if you have any
+question like this one you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this one you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this one you can see that
+at relatively high frequencies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively high frequencies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively high frequencies they
+approach so indeed all of the oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so indeed all of the oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so indeed all of the oh by the
+way what are these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what are these curves
+so this equation involves an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation involves an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation involves an integral
+parameter you can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you can plug in
+well not quite zero that please erase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not quite zero that please erase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not quite zero that please erase it
+from your notes or should not have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your notes or should not have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your notes or should not have put
+zero here zero it doesn't make sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here zero it doesn't make sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here zero it doesn't make sense but
+you can have plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have plus minus 1 plus minus 2
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+and these are known as modes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are known as modes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are known as modes so the
+index defines the mode that is launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index defines the mode that is launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index defines the mode that is launched
+into the waveguide so so each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the waveguide so so each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the waveguide so so each one of
+these mode at very high frequencies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mode at very high frequencies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mode at very high frequencies it
+actually kind of approaches the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of approaches the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of approaches the free
+space mode but as you go to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space mode but as you go to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space mode but as you go to lower
+frequencies you see that it bends away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you see that it bends away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you see that it bends away
+and then eventually hits the ordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually hits the ordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually hits the ordinate
+axis and there's a gap here now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and there's a gap here now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and there's a gap here now because
+there's no there's nothing in this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's nothing in this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's nothing in this place
+over here so what will happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so what will happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so what will happen if you
+come up with you use an Omega that falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with you use an Omega that falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with you use an Omega that falls
+in this range evenness and we've correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range evenness and we've correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range evenness and we've correct
+actually someone asked it before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone asked it before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone asked it before in
+Boston someone asked me before what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston someone asked me before what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston someone asked me before what
+happens if you pick a to be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you pick a to be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you pick a to be smaller than
+wavelength well this is where well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength well this is where well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength well this is where well this
+is what happens in fact a wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens in fact a wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens in fact a wouldn't
+pause it exactly like this a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause it exactly like this a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause it exactly like this a more
+accurate way to say it is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate way to say it is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate way to say it is what happens
+if you pick an Omega which is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick an Omega which is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick an Omega which is very small
+so therefore the you know given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the you know given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the you know given the
+value of a and given the value of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a and given the value of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a and given the value of Omega
+you cannot find the K anymore the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot find the K anymore the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot find the K anymore the square
+root becomes imaginary right well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root becomes imaginary right well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root becomes imaginary right well if
+that happens the wave does not enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens the wave does not enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens the wave does not enter the
+waveguide it becomes a Vanessa as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide it becomes a Vanessa as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveguide it becomes a Vanessa as we
+said so basically it may penetrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so basically it may penetrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so basically it may penetrate a
+little bit for a couple of wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for a couple of wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit for a couple of wavelengths
+and then it will exponentially decay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will exponentially decay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will exponentially decay now
+if you as you go progressively so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you as you go progressively so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you as you go progressively so if you
+launch a very low frequency the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch a very low frequency the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch a very low frequency the wave
+does not enter at you something crease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not enter at you something crease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not enter at you something crease
+in the frequency now you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency now you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency now you will see that
+the intersection only meets one mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection only meets one mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection only meets one mode so
+basically the range of frequencies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the range of frequencies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the range of frequencies I
+don't know what it is here this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is here this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is here this looks
+like three or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three or something
+so between so the gradually this axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between so the gradually this axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between so the gradually this axis is
+you read the ordinate and you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the ordinate and you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the ordinate and you multiply
+by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three
+times 10 to the 14 so for example five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 14 so for example five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 14 so for example five
+actually means 15 times 10 to the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means 15 times 10 to the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means 15 times 10 to the 14
+Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz
+okay so then between three the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then between three the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then between three the value
+three which is nine times ten to the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which is nine times ten to the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three which is nine times ten to the 14
+and the value whatever it is seven you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value whatever it is seven you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value whatever it is seven you
+only launch one mode as you go up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only launch one mode as you go up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only launch one mode as you go up in
+frequency if the intersection here emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if the intersection here emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if the intersection here emits
+more than one lines then actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one lines then actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one lines then actually you
+can have multiple modes in this guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple modes in this guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have multiple modes in this guide
+anyway so this modes are these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this modes are these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this modes are these little
+Wiggles that are draw over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles that are draw over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles that are draw over here the
+first mode is the field shape that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode is the field shape that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode is the field shape that looks
+like this only half of the period of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this only half of the period of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this only half of the period of the
+sinusoid then the next ball you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid then the next ball you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid then the next ball you allow
+one full period the next mode you allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one full period the next mode you allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one full period the next mode you allow
+one and a half period and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half period and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half period and so on and so
+forth so as you go higher in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so as you go higher in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so as you go higher in frequency
+it means that the wave basically what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the wave basically what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the wave basically what it
+means is the waveguide now or I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is the waveguide now or I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is the waveguide now or I should
+say the wavelength of the wave becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the wavelength of the wave becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the wavelength of the wave becomes
+progressively smaller than the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller than the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller than the size of
+the waveguide so therefore you can pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveguide so therefore you can pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveguide so therefore you can pack
+more modes into the guide so I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modes into the guide so I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more modes into the guide so I only
+planted three here of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted three here of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted three here of course there's
+infinite but anyways you go up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but anyways you go up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but anyways you go up in
+frequency you have the possibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you have the possibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you have the possibility to
+excite more than one mode now how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite more than one mode now how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite more than one mode now how do you
+excite the mob's now that depends of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the mob's now that depends of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the mob's now that depends of
+course on your initial condition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on your initial condition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on your initial condition right
+if you create a distribution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a distribution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a distribution in the
+entrance of the waveguide that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance of the waveguide that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance of the waveguide that looks
+like this then you will excite the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then you will excite the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this then you will excite the first
+mode if you create a distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode if you create a distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode if you create a distribution that
+looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this
+well if the second mode is allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the second mode is allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the second mode is allowable
+that is if you are above the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you are above the green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you are above the green line
+then you will excite it if you are below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will excite it if you are below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will excite it if you are below
+the green line you will probably excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line you will probably excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line you will probably excite
+an atom because the first mode cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom because the first mode cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom because the first mode cannot be
+excited this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited this way
+okay there is no telling you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is no telling you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is no telling you know this
+is not because I want to do waveguide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not because I want to do waveguide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not because I want to do waveguide
+theory but because but because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but because but because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but because but because I want to
+do something that's called a bit and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's called a bit and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something that's called a bit and a
+bit is an extremely useful concept both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is an extremely useful concept both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is an extremely useful concept both
+in the space domain and in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space domain and in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space domain and in the time
+domain so in the time domain the beat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so in the time domain the beat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain so in the time domain the beat is
+actually defined as a very simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as a very simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as a very simple thing
+it is defined as the superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is defined as the superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is defined as the superposition of
+two sinusoids of slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sinusoids of slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sinusoids of slightly different
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+so we said it many times that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said it many times that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said it many times that the wave
+is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear
+for a superposition is allowed if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a superposition is allowed if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a superposition is allowed if I have
+two solutions the wave equation I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions the wave equation I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions the wave equation I take
+the Sun with the standard solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun with the standard solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun with the standard solution so
+now what you will can see here very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you will can see here very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you will can see here very
+easily that's a diagram that I stole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily that's a diagram that I stole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily that's a diagram that I stole
+from the textbook because the two waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the textbook because the two waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the textbook because the two waves
+have slightly different frequency they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly different frequency they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slightly different frequency they
+will miss a line so you can for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will miss a line so you can for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will miss a line so you can for example
+start at a point where the waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a point where the waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a point where the waves are
+exactly aligned so they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly aligned so they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly aligned so they kind of
+oscillate together when one is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate together when one is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate together when one is positive
+the other is positive but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is positive but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is positive but because the
+period is different or the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is different or the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is different or the frequency is
+different a little bit later they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit later they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a little bit later they will
+kind of separate and now over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of separate and now over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of separate and now over here you
+can see this is the opposite when one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is the opposite when one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this is the opposite when one of
+them is positive that is negative and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is positive that is negative and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is positive that is negative and if
+they also happen to judiciously pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also happen to judiciously pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also happen to judiciously pick
+them to have the same amplitude it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to have the same amplitude it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to have the same amplitude it means
+that here when we say the oscillator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here when we say the oscillator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here when we say the oscillator to
+face it means that as the wave amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it means that as the wave amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it means that as the wave amplitude
+overall becomes very small and so and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall becomes very small and so and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall becomes very small and so and of
+course in the other case where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the other case where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in the other case where they are
+in phase the amplitude becomes twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase the amplitude becomes twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase the amplitude becomes twice the
+amplitude of one so this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of one so this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of one so this is the sort of
+a static picture from the book I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a static picture from the book I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a static picture from the book I also
+made a movie out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a movie out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a movie out of it
+so here you see the bead propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what is really innocent about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is really innocent about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what is really innocent about
+this let me play it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at it carefully but it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it carefully but it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it carefully but it takes
+a unit let me play it once more actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit let me play it once more actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit let me play it once more actually
+think I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at it carefully you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it carefully you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it carefully you will see
+that there is two different velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is two different velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is two different velocities
+here there's two things happening why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's two things happening why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's two things happening why
+did you have this envelope that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have this envelope that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have this envelope that is
+moving to the right but also inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right but also inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right but also inside the
+envelope you have small fringes wiggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope you have small fringes wiggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope you have small fringes wiggles
+that are also moving to the right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also moving to the right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also moving to the right now I
+told you of course but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you of course but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you of course but if you look at
+the plans again more carefully you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plans again more carefully you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plans again more carefully you will
+see that the two are moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the two are moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the two are moving with
+different speeds energy The Wiggles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speeds energy The Wiggles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speeds energy The Wiggles are
+moving faster than the envelope and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster than the envelope and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster than the envelope and you
+can see that the Wiggles are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the Wiggles are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the Wiggles are moving
+faster than Mangalam if you look at if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than Mangalam if you look at if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than Mangalam if you look at if
+you look here near the vicinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here near the vicinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here near the vicinity of the
+of the null you will see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null you will see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the null you will see that there's a
+little bit of once in a while there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of once in a while there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of once in a while there's a
+pulse apart like a little pulse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse apart like a little pulse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse apart like a little pulse that
+means that the fringes passing by so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fringes passing by so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fringes passing by so the
+reason this is happening and now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is happening and now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is happening and now I will
+not derive it on the paper because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not derive it on the paper because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not derive it on the paper because it
+would end a little bit late but but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end a little bit late but but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end a little bit late but but this
+is happening is because if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening is because if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening is because if you take the
+superposition of the two sinusoids now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the two sinusoids now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of the two sinusoids now
+has to be a bit careful because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a bit careful because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a bit careful because they
+have different frequencies so if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different frequencies so if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different frequencies so if we use
+phaser we could use phasers but we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser we could use phasers but we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phaser we could use phasers but we might
+get a little confused so for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little confused so for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little confused so for that reason
+I just wrote it in the real space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote it in the real space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote it in the real space with
+simply with cosine so you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply with cosine so you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply with cosine so you do the same
+thing with it before you take the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with it before you take the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with it before you take the sum of
+the two cosines we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cosines we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two cosines we apply the
+trigonometric identity to write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric identity to write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric identity to write it as a
+product and then you find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then you find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and then you find that the
+product times two terms one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product times two terms one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product times two terms one of them
+actually by the way they should there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by the way they should there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by the way they should there is
+one more error in the notes there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more error in the notes there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more error in the notes there should
+be a cosine between the two parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cosine between the two parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cosine between the two parenthesis
+there should be a cosine a better eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a cosine a better eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a cosine a better eye
+than the correct expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're okay C equals k1 plus k2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're okay C equals k1 plus k2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're okay C equals k1 plus k2 over
+2 and the same for Omega C and K M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the same for Omega C and K M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the same for Omega C and K M
+equals k1 minus k2 over 2 so one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k1 minus k2 over 2 so one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k1 minus k2 over 2 so one of them
+is the average the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average the other is the
+difference and but now each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and but now each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and but now each one of those
+each one of these cosines okay there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these cosines okay there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these cosines okay there's a
+missing cosine here but imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing cosine here but imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing cosine here but imagine that
+there was a cosine each one of those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cosine each one of those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cosine each one of those is
+a traveling wave so basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traveling wave so basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traveling wave so basically what you
+see now is the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now is the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now is the product of the two
+traveling waves and you can see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves and you can see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling waves and you can see very
+clearly the product here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the product here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the product here
+this is they have one sinusoid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have one sinusoid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they have one sinusoid of a
+relatively long special period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long special period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long special period and
+another sinusoid of relatively fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sinusoid of relatively fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sinusoid of relatively fast
+special period and I multiply them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special period and I multiply them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special period and I multiply them but
+they both propagating because the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both propagating because the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both propagating because the both
+of the form KZ minus Omega T but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form KZ minus Omega T but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form KZ minus Omega T but they're
+propagating with different speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating with different speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating with different speeds
+because the speed of the handle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the speed of the handle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the speed of the handle and so
+and what are the names well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the names well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the names well the first
+sinusoid here is called a carrier those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid here is called a carrier those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid here is called a carrier those
+of you who are electrical engineers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are electrical engineers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are electrical engineers are
+very familiar with those the carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with those the carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with those the carrier
+wave is in radio waves for example it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is in radio waves for example it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is in radio waves for example it is
+the frequency that that upon which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that that upon which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency that that upon which will
+modulate the signal and the slow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the signal and the slow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the signal and the slow the
+slow sinusoid that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow sinusoid that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow sinusoid that's called the
+modulation okay and and they a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation okay and and they a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation okay and and they a loss
+method alright so but each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method alright so but each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method alright so but each one of those
+is it is a propagating wave so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a propagating wave so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is a propagating wave so therefore
+the velocities would be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities would be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities would be equal to the
+dependable depend on which way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependable depend on which way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependable depend on which way I'm
+talking about so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so for example the
+velocity of the carrier will equal Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the carrier will equal Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the carrier will equal Omega
+of the carrier divided by the K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carrier divided by the K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the carrier divided by the K of the
+carrier and the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and the velocity of the
+modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation
+we'll equal Omega of the modulation of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll equal Omega of the modulation of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll equal Omega of the modulation of K
+of the modulator okay and so there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the modulator okay and so there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the modulator okay and so there's not
+magical just apply the theory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical just apply the theory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical just apply the theory that we
+learned but now it is the two waves at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned but now it is the two waves at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned but now it is the two waves at
+the propagate and of course in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagate and of course in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagate and of course in general
+the two velocities are different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two velocities are different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two velocities are different because
+the the two ratios over here they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two ratios over here they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two ratios over here they have
+no reason to be the same in fact it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to be the same in fact it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to be the same in fact it is
+quite the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the opposite
+most of the time they are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time they are different
+blushing so this velocity I actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blushing so this velocity I actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blushing so this velocity I actually use
+a slightly different notation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different notation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly different notation the
+velocity of the carrier is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the carrier is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the carrier is called the
+phase velocity and the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity and the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity and the velocity of the
+modulation is called the group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the group velocity it equals as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the group velocity it equals as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the group velocity it equals as you
+can see the ratio of the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the ratio of the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the ratio of the difference of
+Omega to the ratio of the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to the ratio of the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to the ratio of the difference of
+K so if you imagine a beat this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if you imagine a beat this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if you imagine a beat this is
+called the beat by the way I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beat by the way I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the beat by the way I think I
+said before so if you imagine a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before so if you imagine a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before so if you imagine a bit
+where the two frequencies and the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two frequencies and the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two frequencies and the two
+wave numbers are very close then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers are very close then it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave numbers are very close then it will
+become the derivative so the survey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the derivative so the survey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the derivative so the survey so
+the group velocity is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity is basically the
+derivative of the whatever Omega is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the whatever Omega is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the whatever Omega is as a
+function of K if you take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K if you take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K if you take the derivative
+of that expression you get the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that expression you get the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that expression you get the group
+velocity the phase velocity is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the phase velocity is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the phase velocity is the same
+velocity we've been talking about so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we've been talking about so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we've been talking about so far
+while we're doing waves so there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're doing waves so there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're doing waves so there's not
+you know there's nothing new about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's nothing new about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's nothing new about the
+phase velocity it is still the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity it is still the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity it is still the ratio of
+Omega over K but the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K but the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K but the group velocity is
+the derivative and the region now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and the region now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative and the region now now
+there is reveal the ocean the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is reveal the ocean the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is reveal the ocean the question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+why did the derivative come about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did the derivative come about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did the derivative come about yeah
+you're right I kind of blast it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I kind of blast it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I kind of blast it through
+so if you look at the group velocity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the group velocity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the group velocity it
+equals Omega of the modulation over K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Omega of the modulation over K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Omega of the modulation over K of
+the modulation and this equals Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation and this equals Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation and this equals Omega 1
+minus Omega 2 over 2 over K 1 minus K 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 over 2 over K 1 minus K 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega 2 over 2 over K 1 minus K 2
+over 2 that is Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 that is Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 that is Omega 1 minus Omega 2
+over K 1 minus K 2 and if you take omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K 1 minus K 2 and if you take omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K 1 minus K 2 and if you take omega
+1 very close not quite the same and K 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 very close not quite the same and K 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 very close not quite the same and K 1
+very close but not quite the same then V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close but not quite the same then V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close but not quite the same then V
+sub G will become the Omega decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is the reason people put Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the reason people put Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is the reason people put Omega
+on the vertical axis over here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis over here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis over here because
+the group velocity then is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity then is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity then is simply
+obtained as the slope of the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained as the slope of the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained as the slope of the dispersion
+diagram and that's fascinating if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and that's fascinating if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and that's fascinating if you
+think about it because it suggests some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because it suggests some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because it suggests some
+weird things for example it suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things for example it suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird things for example it suggests
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I could somehow create this pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could somehow create this pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could somehow create this pension
+diagram that looks like this what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that looks like this what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that looks like this what is the
+strange thing about this and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing about this and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing about this and have a
+negative group velocity which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative group velocity which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative group velocity which means that
+in the wave the carrier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave the carrier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wave the carrier and the
+modulation they go in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation they go in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation they go in opposite
+directions the phase velocity is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the phase velocity is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions the phase velocity is going
+to the left the group Alost is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the group Alost is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left the group Alost is going to
+the right I meant to make a movie of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I meant to make a movie of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right I meant to make a movie of
+this to show you it actually looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show you it actually looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to show you it actually looks a
+little bit weird but I didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird but I didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit weird but I didn't have time
+to do it and show you one next time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and show you one next time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and show you one next time but
+but now of course it remains it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now of course it remains it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now of course it remains it's
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+how can you do something like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do something like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do something like this it
+does have to be an extremely hot topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have to be an extremely hot topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have to be an extremely hot topic
+in optics research now we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optics research now we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optics research now we know how to
+design theoretically structures by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design theoretically structures by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design theoretically structures by the
+way natural materials they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way natural materials they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way natural materials they don't have
+this property so you have to try really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property so you have to try really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property so you have to try really
+hard to make this property happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make this property happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to make this property happen for
+example by patterning at the electric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by patterning at the electric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by patterning at the electric if
+you create patterns in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create patterns in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you create patterns in a certain way
+then you can cause you can make group I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can cause you can make group I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can cause you can make group I
+mean dispersion diagrams that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean dispersion diagrams that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean dispersion diagrams that look like
+this and of course to fabricate them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course to fabricate them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and of course to fabricate them you
+know it is one thing to design them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is one thing to design them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is one thing to design them and
+simulate and one thing to fabricate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate and one thing to fabricate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate and one thing to fabricate them
+so these are all very hot topics in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very hot topics in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all very hot topics in in
+optics the cells so so that's why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics the cells so so that's why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics the cells so so that's why and
+also be it is sort of a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be it is sort of a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be it is sort of a very important
+topic so that's why I spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so that's why I spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so that's why I spend some time
+talking about ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about ok
+and one of the problems again in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems again in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the problems again in the new
+homework that I posted one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that I posted one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework that I posted one of the
+problems say I'll get you to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems say I'll get you to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems say I'll get you to play a
+little bit with this dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with this dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with this dispersion relation
+so you can get a feel for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a feel for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can get a feel for it
+unfortunately in this class we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in this class we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately in this class we we do
+mostly optics in the space domain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly optics in the space domain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly optics in the space domain this
+what I'm discussing here is clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm discussing here is clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm discussing here is clear is
+kind of time domain right because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of time domain right because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of time domain right because we're
+talking about modulations and carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about modulations and carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about modulations and carriers
+and so on the class is mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on the class is mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on the class is mostly about
+space domain so we don't spend too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space domain so we don't spend too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space domain so we don't spend too much
+time on this topic but anyway it is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this topic but anyway it is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on this topic but anyway it is sort
+of important to know that's why ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important to know that's why ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important to know that's why ok
+and with that unless there is any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that unless there is any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that unless there is any any
+questions I will move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I will move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I will move on to
+electromagnetics questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't you one question so just now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you one question so just now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you one question so just now we
+show the carrier and the modulation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the carrier and the modulation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the carrier and the modulation we
+actually have different velocity by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have different velocity by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have different velocity by in
+the everyday life well common sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday life well common sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday life well common sense for
+Tomas is the for damper they'll read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomas is the for damper they'll read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomas is the for damper they'll read a
+light and yellow light travel a same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and yellow light travel a same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and yellow light travel a same
+speed I mean that have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed I mean that have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed I mean that have different
+frequency different wavelengths pata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency different wavelengths pata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency different wavelengths pata
+prod out of this to either constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod out of this to either constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod out of this to either constant for
+example you know that is not true in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that is not true in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that is not true in a
+glass that is the reason why a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that is the reason why a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass that is the reason why a prism
+analyzes white light it is because red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes white light it is because red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzes white light it is because red
+and yellow they travel with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow they travel with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow they travel with different
+velocities in glass so any any medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in glass so any any medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in glass so any any medium
+that is dispersive they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dispersive they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is dispersive they have different
+velocities so only in a vacuum you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so only in a vacuum you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities so only in a vacuum you have
+a similar so so the the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar so so the the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar so so the the linear
+dispersion relation that I showed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation that I showed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation that I showed before
+that is providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually it is also linear in the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it is also linear in the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it is also linear in the medium
+but with a different slope I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a different slope I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a different slope I should have
+said that yeah I was just gonna point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yeah I was just gonna point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yeah I was just gonna point
+out that actually you shown the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that actually you shown the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that actually you shown the phase
+velocity there for the free space not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there for the free space not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there for the free space not
+for the yeah but at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the yeah but at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the yeah but at the point where
+you've measured the group velocity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've measured the group velocity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've measured the group velocity that
+the right word omega c kc if you drew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word omega c kc if you drew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word omega c kc if you drew a
+line from the origin to that point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from the origin to that point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line from the origin to that point the
+slope of that would gives the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that would gives the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that would gives the phase
+velocity if you're correct yes yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you're correct yes yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if you're correct yes yes yes
+thank you yes that's very true the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes that's very true the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yes that's very true the phase
+velocity is omega over k so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is omega over k so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is omega over k so it should be
+that one yes so I need to correct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yes so I need to correct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one yes so I need to correct the
+slide thank you yes the Lassa T of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide thank you yes the Lassa T of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide thank you yes the Lassa T of free
+space and this crisis than the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and this crisis than the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and this crisis than the speed of
+light how could that happen by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there's a phase velocity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a phase velocity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a phase velocity right
+you can do anything it once it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything it once it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do anything it once it can it
+can go faster than the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go faster than the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go faster than the speed of light
+because it carries no information it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it carries no information it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it carries no information it is
+simply an oscillation the group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an oscillation the group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an oscillation the group velocity
+as you will see actually I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see actually I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you will see actually I in the
+homework I get you to derive the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I get you to derive the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework I get you to derive the group
+velocity for this case you will see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for this case you will see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for this case you will see from
+the answer that the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer that the group velocity is
+actually smaller than the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than the speed of light
+you will see that the group velocity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that the group velocity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that the group velocity for
+this diagram it is given by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram it is given by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram it is given by something
+like C square root one minus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like C square root one minus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like C square root one minus something
+so it is so the group velocity is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so the group velocity is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is so the group velocity is always
+less than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we'll pass the corrected version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions so what a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions so what a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions so what a pattern
+metamaterial basically be the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metamaterial basically be the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metamaterial basically be the same thing
+as a special case of a gradient index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special case of a gradient index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a special case of a gradient index
+lens the green I know what you mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens the green I know what you mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens the green I know what you mean by a
+special case I mean they have quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case I mean they have quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case I mean they have quite
+different properties well I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties well I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties well I mean you can
+maybe like you know imagine the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like you know imagine the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like you know imagine the idea of
+the gradient in dielectric material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in dielectric material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in dielectric material or
+the gradient in the index of refraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the index of refraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the index of refraction
+sort of creating a negative group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of creating a negative group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of creating a negative group
+velocity or some case where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or some case where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or some case where you're
+actually diverting light away from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diverting light away from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually diverting light away from what
+you're trying an image I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying an image I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying an image I don't think you
+can do with a simple gradient index you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a simple gradient index you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with a simple gradient index you
+can okay the pressure of the mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay the pressure of the mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can okay the pressure of the mean by
+gradient if it is a slowly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if it is a slowly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient if it is a slowly varying
+gradient like the grain optics usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient like the grain optics usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient like the grain optics usually
+not only you can create sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only you can create sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only you can create sufficient
+dispersion to you know to turn the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion to you know to turn the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion to you know to turn the light
+around if you have sub-wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you have sub-wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around if you have sub-wavelength
+patterns then yes because the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then yes because the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns then yes because the you know
+the resulting evanescent waves they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting evanescent waves they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting evanescent waves they can
+add up in ways that yes I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up in ways that yes I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up in ways that yes I mean this is
+the whole area yes of metamaterials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole area yes of metamaterials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole area yes of metamaterials
+but those usually the gradients are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those usually the gradients are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those usually the gradients are huge
+red because you within space of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red because you within space of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red because you within space of you know
+less than the facepage wavelength you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the facepage wavelength you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the facepage wavelength you
+might have variation of index from 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have variation of index from 3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have variation of index from 3 to
+1 and then back to 3 and so on so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then back to 3 and so on so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then back to 3 and so on so these
+are huge gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say that group velocity is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that group velocity is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that group velocity is the velocity
+with which the information is traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the information is traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which the information is traveling
+well that's one interpretation yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one interpretation yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's one interpretation yeah this
+has been challenged too because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been challenged too because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been challenged too because people
+saw that group velocity in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that group velocity in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that group velocity in some cases
+cannot exceed the speed of light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot exceed the speed of light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot exceed the speed of light so
+therefore even that is questionable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore even that is questionable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore even that is questionable but
+anyway in most cases group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in most cases group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in most cases group velocity is
+the velocity at which the it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity at which the it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity at which the it is the
+velocity which the modulation travels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which the modulation travels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which the modulation travels so
+the modulation is usually denotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation is usually denotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation is usually denotes
+information if you exceed the group if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you exceed the group if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you exceed the group if
+you're the group velocity if you manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the group velocity if you manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the group velocity if you manage
+to make it exceed the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it exceed the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it exceed the speed of light
+which has been proposed then it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been proposed then it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been proposed then it means
+that the modulation actually does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the modulation actually does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the modulation actually does not
+get information right this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information right this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information right this is something
+that you artificially put in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you artificially put in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you artificially put in there so
+why we means what is the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we means what is the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we means what is the advantage of
+negative group velocity means opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative group velocity means opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative group velocity means opposite
+direction information travel well it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction information travel well it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction information travel well it can
+make you a pretty good career and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you a pretty good career and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you a pretty good career and get
+your papers published in nature no no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers published in nature no no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers published in nature no no I
+mean I'm joking but but first of all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm joking but but first of all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm joking but but first of all it
+is interesting it is interesting physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting it is interesting physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting it is interesting physics
+and very counterintuitive that is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very counterintuitive that is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very counterintuitive that is cool
+way but also the people who work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but also the people who work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but also the people who work on it
+they have shown mathematically that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have shown mathematically that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have shown mathematically that you
+can get a focusing of light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a focusing of light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a focusing of light that is
+sometimes tighter than traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tighter than traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes tighter than traditionally
+refractive you can get interesting kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive you can get interesting kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive you can get interesting kind
+of dispersion for pulse shape in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dispersion for pulse shape in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dispersion for pulse shape in very
+narrow paths you know you can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow paths you know you can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow paths you know you can do some
+clever things with it you can slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever things with it you can slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever things with it you can slow down
+light which is a slow thermal light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is a slow thermal light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light which is a slow thermal light
+means that if you go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you go back to this
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see that as you go out towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that as you go out towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that as you go out towards
+lower-frequency the group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower-frequency the group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower-frequency the group velocity
+becomes progressively smaller in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes progressively smaller in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes progressively smaller in fact
+over here it well if there's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it well if there's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it well if there's a point
+where it is actually zero Oh what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is actually zero Oh what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is actually zero Oh what does
+it mean well it means that if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean well it means that if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean well it means that if you really
+had the light pulse not the not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the light pulse not the not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the light pulse not the not the
+fringes of the light not the carry way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes of the light not the carry way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes of the light not the carry way
+but they have elope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have elope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have elope
+the modulation that if you want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation that if you want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation that if you want to run
+into this frequency were very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this frequency were very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this frequency were very close to
+this Raquin see that they would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Raquin see that they would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Raquin see that they would stop
+rate it would actually order to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it would actually order to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it would actually order to move
+very very slowly that's the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly that's the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very slowly that's the principle of
+slow light which also has potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow light which also has potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow light which also has potential
+applications for example you can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for example you can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for example you can store
+data if you can slow light down you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if you can slow light down you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data if you can slow light down you can
+create an optical buffer you can wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an optical buffer you can wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an optical buffer you can wait
+for something else to happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else to happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something else to happen and then
+launch the wave again so then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the wave again so then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch the wave again so then there is
+you know there is things that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is things that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is things that you can do
+with this in addition to interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in addition to interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in addition to interesting
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so fascinating topic retention some glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fascinating topic retention some glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fascinating topic retention some glad
+you are asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and if we go for a higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if we go for a higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and if we go for a higher frequency
+we can see that we can excite many modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that we can excite many modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that we can excite many modes
+in the waveguide so all the wave guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the waveguide so all the wave guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the waveguide so all the wave guides
+will means all the modes will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will means all the modes will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will means all the modes will have
+different velocity but right so which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocity but right so which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different velocity but right so which is
+bad because it means that if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because it means that if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because it means that if your
+information is somehow split between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is somehow split between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is somehow split between
+those two modes then they will separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two modes then they will separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two modes then they will separate
+so they will arrive at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will arrive at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will arrive at different times
+that is called modal dispersion and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called modal dispersion and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called modal dispersion and it
+is a very serious problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very serious problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very serious problem in
+telecommunications it means that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications it means that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications it means that you get
+distortion in the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that your question
+I'm sorry I kind of answered your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I kind of answered your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I kind of answered your
+question before you even asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here they are I'm sure all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here they are I'm sure all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here they are I'm sure all of you
+example or another at some moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or another at some moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or another at some moment
+probably a moment of a nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a moment of a nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a moment of a nightmare
+you saw them right the box of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw them right the box of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw them right the box of the
+equations so you can read them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so you can read them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so you can read them in the
+notes I I have slides posted in this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I I have slides posted in this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I I have slides posted in this but
+I put them in the traditional way and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put them in the traditional way and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put them in the traditional way and of
+course the book also it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the book also it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the book also it has an
+explanation but I would like to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but I would like to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but I would like to ask you
+if you remember from your physics 802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from your physics 802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember from your physics 802
+those of you who are at MIT or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are at MIT or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are at MIT or you know
+whatever was your basic electromagnetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was your basic electromagnetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was your basic electromagnetics
+class do you remember each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do you remember each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do you remember each one of those
+what is it telling us and why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it telling us and why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it telling us and why does it
+look the way it does the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the way it does the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the way it does the sum of the
+first one does anybody remember what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one does anybody remember what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one does anybody remember what is
+the first one so actually these are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one so actually these are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one so actually these are you
+know these are the same equations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the same equations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the same equations one
+with one on the left hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one on the left hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one on the left hand side the
+written in integral form the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in integral form the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in integral form the right hand
+side written in differential form does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side written in differential form does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side written in differential form does
+anybody want to volunteer and say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to volunteer and say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to volunteer and say for
+example the first row it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the first row it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the first row it is the same
+equation so what does it tell us do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so what does it tell us do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so what does it tell us do you
+know you want to say toss a coin the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to say toss a coin the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to say toss a coin the the
+first one says the integral form says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says the integral form says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says the integral form says
+that the the total electric flux passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the total electric flux passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the total electric flux passing
+through a closed surface is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a closed surface is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a closed surface is equal to the
+total charge enclosed inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total charge enclosed inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total charge enclosed inside that
+surface and the equivalent differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the equivalent differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the equivalent differential
+form says that the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form says that the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form says that the total amount of
+electric field emerging out of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field emerging out of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field emerging out of a point
+is equal to the amount of charge at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the amount of charge at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the amount of charge at that
+point that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's correct
+so basically it is telling you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it is telling you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it is telling you that you
+have a charge you have a charge then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a charge you have a charge then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a charge you have a charge then you
+have field lines radiating out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have field lines radiating out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have field lines radiating out of that
+charge and if you enclose this charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and if you enclose this charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and if you enclose this charge
+with the surface and you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surface and you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surface and you compute the
+integral of the basically you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the basically you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the basically you compute
+the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of the
+I don't know why this is a cross by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why this is a cross by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why this is a cross by the
+way there's another mistake this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's another mistake this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there's another mistake this would
+have been a dot not the cross but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a dot not the cross but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a dot not the cross but anyway
+so you know if you compute this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you compute this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you compute this integral
+it is determined by the total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is determined by the total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is determined by the total amount of
+charge and okay we can go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and okay we can go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and okay we can go back to the
+notes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what you're called Leiby just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you're called Leiby just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what you're called Leiby just
+said you have a charge then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have a charge then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you have a charge then you have
+field lines radiating out and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines radiating out and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field lines radiating out and then if
+you take all of these lines dot-product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all of these lines dot-product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take all of these lines dot-product
+them with the elemental surface and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the elemental surface and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the elemental surface and then
+integrate then you get the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate then you get the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate then you get the amount of
+charge and why why should it be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and why why should it be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and why why should it be so
+principal of charge and consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal of charge and consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal of charge and consideration
+okay but why do the field lines emanate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but why do the field lines emanate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but why do the field lines emanate
+out of the charges goes from positive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the charges goes from positive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the charges goes from positive to
+means it originates from positive and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it originates from positive and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it originates from positive and or
+we can say that red line represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that red line represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that red line represents the
+direction of the force on a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the force on a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the force on a unit
+positive charge that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge that's what I was
+looking for so the field lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so the field lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so the field lines are
+basically they tell you exactly like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they tell you exactly like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they tell you exactly like I
+said what is the direction that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what is the direction that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what is the direction that the
+small positive charge will repeat what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive charge will repeat what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive charge will repeat what
+is the direction of the force that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction of the force that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the direction of the force that the
+small positive charge would feel if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive charge would feel if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small positive charge would feel if we
+were to place it at any given position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to place it at any given position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to place it at any given position
+in that space this is what the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space this is what the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that space this is what the electric
+field says right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field says right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field says right
+and so and then there is a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and then there is a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and then there is a relationship
+called Coulomb's law which for for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Coulomb's law which for for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Coulomb's law which for for two
+given charges it tells you the force so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given charges it tells you the force so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given charges it tells you the force so
+if you have a single charge here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a single charge here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a single charge here and
+then you apply coulombs force Coulomb's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you apply coulombs force Coulomb's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you apply coulombs force Coulomb's
+law then you get this radiating lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then you get this radiating lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law then you get this radiating lines
+right so then Gauss's law is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then Gauss's law is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then Gauss's law is basically
+nothing other than Coulomb's law and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than Coulomb's law and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing other than Coulomb's law and yes
+it also has to do with charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with charge
+conservation because if you some called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because if you some called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because if you some called
+cancel all the charges inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all the charges inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all the charges inside this
+volume then the integral will vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then the integral will vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume then the integral will vanish
+right because it means that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it means that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it means that you don't
+have any net electric actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any net electric actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any net electric actually you can
+have electric charge radiating but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric charge radiating but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric charge radiating but the
+integral will vanish in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will vanish in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will vanish in other words if
+you have the charges surrounding somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the charges surrounding somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the charges surrounding somehow
+this space the space cannot pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space the space cannot pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space the space cannot pull them
+all inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inside
+okay what about the question or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the question or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about the question or what
+about the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means closed line integral is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means closed line integral is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means closed line integral is zero
+means B is a closed line that basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means B is a closed line that basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means B is a closed line that basic
+clotheslined basic law swine line y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clotheslined basic law swine line y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clotheslined basic law swine line y
+means there is no magnetic charge that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is no magnetic charge that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is no magnetic charge that's
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+magnet so only canvas dipoles right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet so only canvas dipoles right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet so only canvas dipoles right you
+cannot have the isolated North Pole for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have the isolated North Pole for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have the isolated North Pole for
+example the magnet so so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the magnet so so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the magnet so so actually
+actually this is the same equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the same equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is the same equation in
+fact they're also known by the same name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're also known by the same name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're also known by the same name
+that known as Gauss's law the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that known as Gauss's law the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that known as Gauss's law the step
+equation except there's no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation except there's no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation except there's no such thing as
+magnetic charge what about the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charge what about the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic charge what about the next one
+this one looks awful del cross e equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks awful del cross e equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one looks awful del cross e equals
+DB DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the integral usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the integral usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the integral usually
+the the differential form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the differential form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the differential form is
+mathematically better but not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically better but not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically better but not very
+inspiring site full physically so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring site full physically so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring site full physically so one
+gets more intuition by by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more intuition by by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more intuition by by looking at the
+integral forms even though the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral forms even though the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral forms even though the integral
+forms look really frightened but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms look really frightened but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms look really frightened but anyway
+they third equation is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they third equation is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they third equation is known as
+Faraday's law and it says that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law and it says that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law and it says that if you
+have a variable magnetic field inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable magnetic field inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable magnetic field inside a
+a wire then potential will develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire then potential will develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire then potential will develop
+across this wire and do you know of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this wire and do you know of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this wire and do you know of any
+places where this is jeweled button if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this is jeweled button if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where this is jeweled button if
+an I cannot hear you imagine the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I cannot hear you imagine the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I cannot hear you imagine the people
+in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston
+oh maybe you somewhere else to location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe you somewhere else to location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe you somewhere else to location
+you know it's induction motors and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's induction motors and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's induction motors and yeah
+voice coils and generators they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice coils and generators they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice coils and generators they use the
+same principle so for example if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle so for example if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle so for example if you if
+you people do this in hydroelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people do this in hydroelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you people do this in hydroelectric
+plant said you have a giant magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant said you have a giant magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant said you have a giant magnet and
+you somehow move a coil inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow move a coil inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow move a coil inside that
+magnet and of course you have to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and of course you have to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet and of course you have to react
+it properly then the coil will develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly then the coil will develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it properly then the coil will develop a
+voltage a so that's the principle of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage a so that's the principle of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage a so that's the principle of of
+course you have to move the coil for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to move the coil for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to move the coil for
+example by pouring water over a tall by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by pouring water over a tall by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by pouring water over a tall by
+steam or whatever but anyway that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam or whatever but anyway that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam or whatever but anyway that's the
+one principle of generator okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one principle of generator okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one principle of generator okay so so
+and the last equation that just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last equation that just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last equation that just as an
+aside how does a nuclear nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside how does a nuclear nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside how does a nuclear nuclear power
+plant generate energy and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant generate energy and electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant generate energy and electricity
+does it rotate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it rotate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it rotate something
+oh then you move it up a legacy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then you move it up a legacy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh then you move it up a legacy right
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the last blow is actually the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last blow is actually the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last blow is actually the most
+interesting one because this this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because this this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one because this this law
+actually was involved with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was involved with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was involved with a
+breakthrough in electromagnetics it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in electromagnetics it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough in electromagnetics it can
+be known for a long time that that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known for a long time that that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known for a long time that that if
+you have a if you have a current a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a if you have a current a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a if you have a current a
+magnetic field develops around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field develops around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field develops around that
+column that is actually Lorentz is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that is actually Lorentz is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that is actually Lorentz is known
+as Lorentz force if you have a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Lorentz force if you have a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Lorentz force if you have a moving
+charge and then you put a little magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and then you put a little magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and then you put a little magnet
+in nearby then the member said now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearby then the member said now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearby then the member said now if
+you have a moving charge and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a moving charge and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a moving charge and if you have
+a current it creates a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current it creates a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current it creates a magnetic field
+around that has been known for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that has been known for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that has been known for a long
+time but what was not known and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but what was not known and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but what was not known and was
+noticed by Maxwell was that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed by Maxwell was that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed by Maxwell was that if you have
+a capacitor well in the capacitor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor well in the capacitor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor well in the capacitor you
+cannot have a current per se right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a current per se right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a current per se right
+because the capacitor well inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the capacitor well inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the capacitor well inside the
+dielectric so there cannot be no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric so there cannot be no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric so there cannot be no current
+but you can have a variable charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have a variable charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have a variable charge
+density in the capacitor plate so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the capacitor plate so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the capacitor plate so what
+I'm trying to say is that if you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to say is that if you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to say is that if you apply
+think of charge in a capacitor when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of charge in a capacitor when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of charge in a capacitor when you
+charge a capacitor the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a capacitor the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a capacitor the capacitor
+you know you the beginning the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you the beginning the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you the beginning the voltage
+across the capacitor is zero and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the capacitor is zero and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the capacitor is zero and by the
+time you have totally changed it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have totally changed it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have totally changed it the
+voltage has reached some value right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage has reached some value right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage has reached some value right
+well while the voltage this voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while the voltage this voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well while the voltage this voltage is
+changing there is actually charge flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing there is actually charge flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing there is actually charge flow
+into the capacitor there is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the capacitor there is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the capacitor there is a positive
+charge going to to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge going to to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge going to to the positive
+electrode the negative when given from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the negative when given from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode the negative when given from
+the opposite electrode so and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite electrode so and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite electrode so and at the
+same time what is happening the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time what is happening the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time what is happening the electric
+field inside the capacitor grows because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside the capacitor grows because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside the capacitor grows because
+as you get more charge accumulating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more charge accumulating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more charge accumulating in
+the capacitor plates then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor plates then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor plates then the the
+electric field in the capacitor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the capacitor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the capacitor is
+changing so in a sense you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so in a sense you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so in a sense you can think of
+it as a current as well and what Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a current as well and what Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a current as well and what Maxwell
+he guessed it actually he didn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he guessed it actually he didn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he guessed it actually he didn't he
+didn't observe it but he guessed it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't observe it but he guessed it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't observe it but he guessed it he
+guessed that this kind of variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed that this kind of variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed that this kind of variable
+electric field should also generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field should also generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field should also generate a
+magnetic field and their own leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and their own leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and their own leaders
+guessed it is by symmetry from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed it is by symmetry from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessed it is by symmetry from the
+previous law what does it say it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous law what does it say it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous law what does it say it says
+that if you have a variable magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a variable magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a variable magnetic
+flux you generate an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux you generate an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux you generate an electrical
+potential well he looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well he looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential well he looked at this
+equation and he said wait a minute is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and he said wait a minute is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and he said wait a minute is
+fine that if I have a moving charge I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine that if I have a moving charge I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine that if I have a moving charge I
+have a magnetic field okay fine but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a magnetic field okay fine but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a magnetic field okay fine but if
+also ever-moving if a variable potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ever-moving if a variable potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ever-moving if a variable potential
+then why should they not generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why should they not generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why should they not generate a
+magnetic field I should and it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I should and it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I should and it turned
+out to be true I mean max will by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true I mean max will by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true I mean max will by the
+way he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he was
+do you know with whose was his day job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know with whose was his day job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know with whose was his day job
+James Clerk Maxwell use a fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Clerk Maxwell use a fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James Clerk Maxwell use a fluid
+mechanism standing flowing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism standing flowing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism standing flowing and that's
+why the terminology are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the terminology are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the terminology are not a
+terminology but the notation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology but the notation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology but the notation in
+electromagnetics is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics is actually very
+similar to the fluid mechanics notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the fluid mechanics notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the fluid mechanics notation
+Rho and epsilon and all the stuff I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and epsilon and all the stuff I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho and epsilon and all the stuff I mean
+they're not the same things but and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same things but and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same things but and also
+these theorems the mathematical theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems the mathematical theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these theorems the mathematical theorems
+they come from fluid mechanics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from fluid mechanics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from fluid mechanics they
+apply to incompressible flows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to incompressible flows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to incompressible flows for
+example the gauss theorem it applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the gauss theorem it applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the gauss theorem it applies to
+the incompressible flow in pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incompressible flow in pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incompressible flow in pressure
+potential anyway so much will did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential anyway so much will did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential anyway so much will did that
+first so he guessed that you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so he guessed that you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so he guessed that you should have
+this form in here and then he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form in here and then he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form in here and then he actually
+wrote down all these equations in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down all these equations in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down all these equations in a
+coordinated form and the reason this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated form and the reason this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated form and the reason this was
+a very valuable thing and where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very valuable thing and where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very valuable thing and where all the
+guests were all employed because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests were all employed because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests were all employed because of this
+is because if you manipulate Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if you manipulate Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if you manipulate Maxwell's
+equations and I will not do it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I will not do it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I will not do it now
+because I ran out of time but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I ran out of time but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I ran out of time but if you
+manipulate them you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them you can actually
+that you arrived at the wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you arrived at the wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you arrived at the wave equation
+for the electric or the magnetic field I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electric or the magnetic field I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electric or the magnetic field I
+did it here for the electric field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it here for the electric field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it here for the electric field but
+you can also derive the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also derive the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also derive the same equation
+for the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the magnetic field
+so therefore what this means is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what this means is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what this means is that if
+you have electric and magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electric and magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have electric and magnetic fields
+which change in time Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which change in time Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which change in time Maxwell's equations
+tell you that they change in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that they change in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that they change in a
+coordinated way and the way they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated way and the way they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated way and the way they change
+results in an electromagnetic wave ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is the thing it's time to quit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the thing it's time to quit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the thing it's time to quit in
+fact well in the 5 minutes late
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MUUl2yd3C9s.txt b/MUUl2yd3C9s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08241e90396bc38081425229f426d495be3397f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MUUl2yd3C9s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2263 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, it's time
+to get started.
+
+Pay attention to the
+clicker questions.
+
+All right, I'll give you
+10 more seconds.
+
+Not bad, we seem to
+be in the 70's.
+
+All right.
+
+So if you didn't have time to
+click in, let's consider
+
+what's going on here.
+
+What's true about the
+relationship of q and k here?
+
+So is q less than or
+greater than k?
+
+Less than.
+
+And so you have to think about
+what that means in terms of
+
+where we are now in the
+reaction and where the
+
+reaction is at equilibrium, and
+I like to think about it
+
+in terms of products -- are
+there more products now, or
+
+are there more products
+at equilibrium.
+
+So if q is less than k, then
+there are more products at
+
+equilibrium, and so
+the reaction will
+
+shift toward products.
+
+So it's going to move in
+the direction to reach
+
+equilibrium, since k is a bigger
+number than q, and both
+
+of these terms are products over
+reactants, there'd mean
+
+there's more product at
+equilibrium then there are
+
+now, and so the reaction
+is going to
+
+shift toward products.
+
+All right, so we're at 73%.
+
+Let's see if by the end of
+today, we can get up to 90 on
+
+these kinds of questions.
+
+All right, so we're going to
+continue to consider external
+
+effects on k in today's class.
+
+I also wanted to mention that
+on each of the handouts for
+
+the lectures, I have the
+corresponding reading material
+
+listed on the handout, and
+I've listed it as section
+
+numbers in the chapters rather
+than page numbers, so that's a
+
+little bit of a difference.
+
+And the reason why I've done
+that is that we've had many
+
+different versions of the book
+in this class, and they don't
+
+seem to change the section
+titles or the section numbers,
+
+but they do change the page
+numbers associated with them.
+
+So if I give you section numbers
+then you should be
+
+able to use of whichever
+version of the book is
+
+available to you.
+
+So that's how I have it listed
+now, and the reading
+
+assignment is also listed on
+each problem-set as well.
+
+So when you're going over the
+handouts later studying for
+
+the exam, you can see where in
+the book this particular
+
+lecture, the material
+is, so you can
+
+go and do that reading.
+
+All right, so we talked at the
+end of the class last time
+
+about the Le Chatelier's
+principle, and this is a
+
+principle that you can use to
+predict the direction of
+
+change of a reaction -- whether
+it'll shift to the
+
+right or shift to the left.
+
+And simply stated, that systems
+tend to respond in
+
+such a way to minimize
+the stress.
+
+So if something is added to
+the reaction, the reaction
+
+will shift in a way to minimize
+that stress caused by
+
+the thing that's added
+to the system.
+
+So, we talked about adding
+reagents and removing products
+
+last time, and now we're going
+to go on and talk about what
+
+happens when you change
+the volume.
+
+So if you have a system at
+equilibrium and you change the
+
+volume of it, and here in
+particular we're talking about
+
+a gaseous system, what's
+going to happen?
+
+So what do we know
+about volumes
+
+when it comes to gases?
+
+We say that a decrease in volume
+of the gaseous system
+
+causes an increase in
+total pressure.
+
+What equation leaps to your mind
+when I say those words?
+
+Exactly, p v equals n r t.
+
+Yes.
+
+So there's a relationship
+between pressure and volume --
+
+n is the number of moles, r is
+our gas constant, and t is our
+
+temperature.
+
+This is one of the things that
+usually sticks from high
+
+school, and if you haven't seen
+it before, it's pretty
+
+easy to get up to speed
+with this equation.
+
+So Le Chatelier's principle then
+predicts that the system
+
+will respond if possible
+in a way to
+
+reduce the total pressure.
+
+So if you decrease the volume
+and you cause an increase in
+
+total pressure, Le Chatelier
+says wait a minute, the system
+
+wants to respond to minimize
+that stress, so that it's
+
+going to respond in such a way
+to reduce that total pressure.
+
+So let's look at some
+examples of this.
+
+So we have an example of a
+reaction where we have two
+
+moles of p 2 gas going to one
+mole going to p 4 gas.
+
+And I have a little cartoon
+here to show this.
+
+So we have our p 4 gas up
+here, and our p 2 gas.
+
+All right, so what's going to
+happen if we're going to
+
+change the volume
+of this system?
+
+So if we're going to decrease
+the volume of the system, then
+
+the reaction should shift
+toward products.
+
+So let's think about that.
+
+So here in the middle we have
+our sort of system, and then
+
+on one side what happens when
+you decrease the volume and on
+
+the other side we're expanding
+the volume.
+
+So first, let's consider our
+system when we're going to
+
+compress that volume, decrease
+that volume.
+
+So what would be true is that
+the system's going to respond
+
+in such a way to minimize that
+stress that has been put
+
+forward by decreasing the
+volume, and you're going to
+
+try to compensate for that,
+and in this case you can
+
+compensate by a shift
+toward products.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, it all has to do with
+the stoichiometry of this
+
+equation up here.
+
+So for every two moles
+of reactants, you
+
+get one mole of products.
+
+So if you shift from the two to
+the one, that will cause a
+
+decrease in pressure, and so
+that will help compensate for
+
+the increase in pressure
+caused by
+
+the switch in volume.
+
+So you're going to respond in
+such a way to compensate for
+
+that stress.
+
+So a shift to the reaction
+to the right
+
+decreases the total pressure.
+
+So now let's think more about
+why this is true.
+
+Let's think about it from a math
+perspective and also just
+
+this qualitative perspective.
+
+So let's consider it in
+terms of q and k.
+
+So suppose our volume is
+decreased by a factor of 2,
+
+let's just make it
+easy, and we have
+
+constant temperature here.
+
+So this change will increase the
+partial pressure of both
+
+gases, the reacting gas and
+the product gas, and it's
+
+going to increase them
+both by the same
+
+amount, by 2 initially.
+
+So let's look at our equation
+for q, the reaction quotient.
+
+We have partial pressure of
+products over the partial
+
+pressures of the reactants, a
+raise to the coefficient to
+
+the equation.
+
+So initially you're going to
+increase the pressure, partial
+
+pressure of both gases by 2 --
+then your product by 2, the
+
+reactant by 2 -- but here
+it's 2 squared.
+
+So overall, q becomes 1/2.
+
+So q decreases by a factor
+of 2, and so q
+
+becomes less then k.
+
+And so, in the clicker question,
+we talked about what
+
+happens when q becomes less than
+k, and what happens there
+
+is you're going to shift
+toward products
+
+until q equals k again.
+
+So you can think about this in
+terms of q and k, and you can
+
+also just think about it how
+many moles of gas are on one
+
+side, how many mold of gas on
+the other side, and how are
+
+you going to correspond, how are
+you going to decrease or
+
+minimize the stress
+on the system.
+
+All right, so let's think
+about what happens if we
+
+increase the volume, so here
+is our system and now we're
+
+going to expand it.
+
+If we're going to increase the
+volume, what's going to happen
+
+to the total pressure?
+
+I'm hearing it, but I want
+everyone to answer.
+
+Thank you.
+
+All right, so it will decrease
+the pressure.
+
+And what that's going to do
+is shift toward reactants,
+
+because we want to compensate
+for that decrease in pressure,
+
+and to do that, we can increase
+the pressure by
+
+switching or shifting the
+reaction toward the reactants.
+
+So again, we're going from one
+mole of product on one side to
+
+two of the reactants.
+
+So here, we see a shift
+toward the reactants.
+
+And so, this shift to the left
+is going to increase the total
+
+pressure to compensate for the
+decrease in pressure that was
+
+a result of this applied
+force to the system.
+
+And we could do this again
+in terms of q and k.
+
+Now we're going to get
+a little trickier.
+
+What happens if we add an
+inert gas to a system
+
+increasing the total pressure
+at constant temperature?
+
+So we're not adding one of the
+reactants or one of the
+
+products, we're adding an
+inert gas, and we're
+
+increasing the total pressure.
+
+What's going to happen?
+
+There's a couple of options,
+what do you think?
+
+How about nothing.
+
+Why would nothing happen?
+
+Well, q depends on the partial
+pressure of the reactant gas
+
+and the product gas.
+
+And in this particular example,
+the partial pressures
+
+are not changing.
+
+We are changing the total
+pressure of the system by
+
+adding an inert gas,
+but we're not
+
+changing the partial pressure.
+
+So let's take this opportunity
+to review partial pressures,
+
+or if you haven't seen it
+before, I'm going to tell you
+
+everything you need to know
+about partial pressures.
+
+So here's a little review,
+or for the first time,
+
+description of partial
+pressure.
+
+So what is the definition?
+
+The partial pressure is the
+pressure that each gas would
+
+exert if it were present
+alone in the container.
+
+So in this example, we have
+oxygen in a container, and we
+
+have one atmosphere
+of pressure.
+
+In the second one there's
+nitrogen in the container with
+
+one atomosphere of pressure.
+
+If you put this amount of oxygen
+and this amount of
+
+nitrogen together in a
+container, then you would have
+
+two atmospheres of total
+pressure, but you're still
+
+going to have one atmosphere
+of partial pressure for
+
+oxygen, and one atmosphere of
+partial pressure for nitrogen.
+
+So it's as if the gas is
+alone in the container.
+
+That's the definition
+of partial pressure.
+
+So let's look at
+some equations.
+
+So the partial pressure of a
+gas, p to sub a, is equal to
+
+the number of moles of that gas,
+and we also have in this
+
+equation, r, our gas
+constant, t, our
+
+temperature, and v, our volume.
+
+The total pressure on the
+system, which is what this two
+
+atmospheres is, is equal to the
+partial pressure of gas a,
+
+which would be the partial
+pressure of the oxygen at one
+
+atmosphere, the partial pressure
+of the nitrogen at
+
+one atmosphere, that's
+all we have here.
+
+So the partial pressure of those
+two, of one plus one, we
+
+have two for a total.
+
+And that's equal to the total
+number of the moles.
+
+So in these problems, we're
+going to be considering
+
+partial pressure, and the
+question you're going to be
+
+asking yourself in all of these
+different wordings of
+
+the question is is the partial
+pressure of the gas changing?
+
+That's a very important question
+to ask because
+
+that'll help you answer the
+questions correctly.
+
+So let's go back to the original
+question, what
+
+happens if an inert gas is
+added to the container,
+
+increasing the total pressure
+at constant temperature?
+
+And the answer is nothing,
+because q is not affected,
+
+because q depends on the partial
+pressures, and the
+
+partial pressure
+isn't changing.
+
+We aren't changing the number
+of moles of the gas in
+
+question, we're just changing
+the total pressure of the
+
+system, we're adding
+an inert gas.
+
+And because partial pressures
+don't change, q doesn't
+
+change, and if q doesn't change,
+there's no response
+
+from the system.
+
+So a lot of the questions in
+this unit, they're not
+
+actually very difficult, but
+the wording can be tricky.
+
+And so when you're doing these
+problems, you have to be
+
+thinking about what is changing
+and what isn't
+
+changing to be able to get
+these questions correct.
+
+And if you do that, then these
+are some nice questions for
+
+you to get right on the exams --
+they're short, they're good
+
+questions to go after.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's see how you're
+doing with this.
+
+What happens if an inert gas is
+added to the container, but
+
+the total pressure is
+now kept constant,
+
+temperature is also constant.
+
+So let's think about this.
+
+OK, let's take 10
+more seconds.
+
+OK, we're going down into the
+60's -- again, we're heading
+
+toward the 90's by the end,
+but this is actually new
+
+material, so that's fine.
+
+All right, so let's
+think about it.
+
+So the reaction's going to
+shift toward reactants.
+
+Let's think about why,
+let's break it down.
+
+And what was important is that
+hint that for the pressure to
+
+be kept constant, the
+volume of the
+
+container must have increased.
+
+So let's take a look at that.
+
+So if the total pressure was
+kept constant, if the total
+
+pressure didn't change when you
+added an inert gas, the
+
+volume must have changed.
+
+Let's look at this.
+
+Say oxygen is our gas
+of interest, and n
+
+2 is an inert gas.
+
+If we added an inert gas to our
+system, the total pressure
+
+should go up.
+
+If it doesn't, then something
+else must have changed, and
+
+what must have changed
+is the volume.
+
+Otherwise the total
+pressure would not
+
+have stayed the same.
+
+So the volume of the container
+must have increased if the
+
+pressure is the same.
+
+So then we asked the question,
+if you increase the volume,
+
+what happens to the reaction,
+how does it shift?
+
+If you increase the volume, if
+you expand the volume, then
+
+you're going to shift from, in
+this case where you have one
+
+mole to two moles toward
+reactants, you will, as the
+
+volume increases, then you're
+going to have a change in the
+
+partial pressure of the gas --
+all of a sudden the gas has a
+
+lot more room, and its pressure
+is going to decrease,
+
+the partial pressure
+will decrease.
+
+It has a lot more space for
+itself -- it's like it's in
+
+there all by itself.
+
+Partial pressure, you can think
+of it as selfish gas
+
+molecules, they don't care
+what else is there.
+
+They're only thinking about how
+they're fairing in this
+
+environment.
+
+So then we want to shift in a
+way that compensates for that
+
+stress that increases the
+pressure, so we move from one
+
+molecule to two molecules.
+
+So it's all about the partial
+pressure q and k.
+
+So again in these questions
+you have to dissect
+
+what's going on.
+
+What has changed?
+
+The questions are often
+phrased in such a way,
+
+something's kept constant, but
+if something's kept constant,
+
+you have to ask the question,
+to keep it constant, did
+
+something have to change
+for that to be true.
+
+So again, the wordings of
+these can be tricky.
+
+Do you have a question?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So, the question is
+is it necessary for it to try
+
+to increase pressure.
+
+This is just the predictive
+tool of Le Chatelier.
+
+Le Chatelier would predict that
+if the system has changed
+
+in such a way, such as volume
+increases so the partial
+
+pressure decreases, that the
+system will shift in a way to
+
+minimize that stress.
+
+And to minimize that stress, you
+would increase the partial
+
+pressure by doing the shift
+from one mole to two.
+
+So again, this is Le Chatelier's
+predictive, how
+
+you would predict the direction
+of the shift based
+
+on the simple idea that a
+system where a stress is
+
+applied, the system will respond
+in a way to minimize
+
+the stress.
+
+And again, I talked about last
+time that this concept of
+
+minimizing stress is difficult
+for some MIT students, but you
+
+just sort of have to memorize
+that in this case we're
+
+predicting how a system will
+shift to minimize that stress.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you need a review
+of partial
+
+pressure, go over this.
+
+This part, it looks a little
+challenging at first, and some
+
+of the questions you really have
+to sit down and dissect
+
+what's going on, and for most
+people, once they get there,
+
+that part, those are good
+questions, you look forward to
+
+them on the exam.
+
+So now, we've talked about
+adding reagents, we've talked
+
+about removing reagents,
+removing products, adding
+
+products, shifts in volume, and
+now we're going to talk
+
+about changing the
+temperature.
+
+So here, Le Chatelier's
+principle, it's a little bit
+
+more fuzzy, but it still
+basically works.
+
+So if you talk about raising the
+temperature of a mixture
+
+at equilibrium, then Le
+Chatelier's principle would
+
+suggest that the system is going
+to respond in such a way
+
+to minimize that stress.
+
+So if you're adding heat, the
+system wants to respond in a
+
+way to absorb some of the heat,
+to counterbalance that
+
+change to the system.
+
+So let's take a look at this.
+
+So let's think about raising
+the temperature of an
+
+exothermic reaction.
+
+So what's going to
+happen here?
+
+Raising the temperature of an
+exothermic reaction, favors
+
+the formation of reactants,
+would shift toward reactants.
+
+Well, why would this be true.
+
+Well, you can think about this
+very simplistically that in an
+
+exothermic reaction, you're
+going to be producing heat in
+
+the forward direction
+and absorbing heat
+
+in the reverse direction.
+
+So if it's an exothermic
+reaction, that means it's
+
+exothermic in the forward
+direction, which would mean it
+
+was endothermic in the
+reverse direction.
+
+So if you raise the temperature
+of an exothermic
+
+reaction, you're adding heat,
+the system wants to respond in
+
+such a way to absorb that heat,
+so it would shift toward
+
+the endothermic direction of
+the reaction, which is the
+
+reverse direction toward
+reactants.
+
+So add heat, system wants
+to shift to absorb
+
+some of that heat.
+
+So in this part you think about
+the direction of the
+
+reaction, whether it's
+exothermic or endothermic, and
+
+then think about compensating
+for that stress.
+
+Endothermic reaction, again,
+they say it's an endothermic
+
+reaction, it means
+it's endothermic
+
+in the forward direction.
+
+So heat is being absorbed in the
+forward direction -- again
+
+this is just sort of a
+very simplistic way
+
+to think about it.
+
+So if you raise the temperature
+then, you want to
+
+absorb that heat, according to
+Le Chatelier's principle, and
+
+so that would favor a shift
+toward products.
+
+So let's look some
+more at this.
+
+The predictive tool
+here is delta h.
+
+So delta h, whether the reaction
+is exothermic or
+
+endothermic, is going to be a
+predictive tool in thinking
+
+about the direction of change,
+when heat is added to a system
+
+or heat is removed
+from a system.
+
+So let's try this out.
+
+Heat is added to a system.
+
+You're given information about
+your predictive tool, delta h.
+
+Which direction will
+the reaction go?
+
+All right, 10 seconds.
+
+Why don't you discuss with your
+friends and vote again.
+
+All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+Yes!
+
+I knew we could get
+into the 90's.
+
+All right, so what type of
+reaction is this, endo or
+
+exothermic?
+
+Exothermic.
+
+And so we're adding heat to an
+exothermic reaction, so it
+
+wants to shift to absorb that
+heat, so it wants to go in
+
+endothermic direction, which
+is the reverse direction or
+
+toward the reactants.
+
+And that's how it's supposed to
+work too, more people get
+
+the right answer after
+the group discusses.
+
+All right.
+
+So we've been talking about the
+equilibrium constant so
+
+far in terms of it being a
+constant, it's called the
+
+equilibrium constant, but it's
+only constant at a given
+
+temperature.
+
+So the equilibrium constant
+changes with temperature.
+
+It's also true that rates
+of reaction change with
+
+temperature.
+
+And kinetics is our last unit
+in this course, and we'll be
+
+discussing that quite a bit.
+
+So how does the equilibrium
+constant change with
+
+temperature?
+
+Let's consider that.
+
+So let's look at some of the
+equations that we know that
+
+have delta h in them -- delta
+h, again, is our predictive
+
+factor when we're talking about
+changes in temperature.
+
+We know that delta g nought is
+minus r t natural log of k, so
+
+the relationship with our
+standard free energy, our gas
+
+constant temperature, and our
+equilibrium constant.
+
+We also know that delta g nought
+equals delta h nought
+
+minus t delta s nought.
+
+If those equations don't look
+familiar, then you should go
+
+back and review the material
+on thermodynamics because
+
+you're going to need it in this
+unit, the next unit, the
+
+unit after that, and then the
+next two units, and they we're
+
+done with the class.
+
+All right, so good to get
+familiar with this now.
+
+All right, so we can rearrange
+these in terms of solving for
+
+our equilibrium constant.
+
+And so we see the natural log
+of the equilibrium constant
+
+minus delta h nought over r t,
+plus delta s nought over r.
+
+And so, it's reasonable to
+assume that for the things
+
+we're talking about, that delta
+h nought and delta s
+
+nought are pretty much
+independent of temperatures.
+
+That would be true for pretty
+much any temperature we would
+
+be talking about.
+
+So that means that k, or the
+natural log of k, is going to
+
+change depending on
+the temperature.
+
+It won't change -- these other
+ones are constant at all the
+
+temperatures, so there's
+a relationship between
+
+equilibrium constant
+and temperature.
+
+So you can consider an
+equilibrium constant at one
+
+temperature, and an equilibrium
+constant at
+
+another temperature.
+
+So we can talk about the natural
+log of a k 2, of an
+
+equilibrium constant 2, equal
+to minus delta h over r t
+
+temperature 2, plus delta
+s nought over r.
+
+We can do the same thing for
+another temperature, another
+
+temperature 1, equilibrium 1,
+and if we subtract these two,
+
+delta s is going to cancel out,
+and we're going to get
+
+this equation, which you know is
+important because it has a
+
+name, so this is the van't
+Hoff equation.
+
+And at some point later in the
+course, I'll be asking you to
+
+come up with this name, so I
+always get very excited when
+
+people can tell me it's a van't
+Hoff equation later on,
+
+not that that's on a test, but
+there are very few equations
+
+that have names.
+
+So here we go.
+
+So what does this do?
+
+Well, we can talk about the
+natural log of one equilibrium
+
+constant over another, an
+equilibrium constant k 2,
+
+which is the equilibrium at
+temperature 2, equilibrium
+
+constant k 1, which is the
+equilibrium constant at
+
+temperature 1, is going to be
+equal to minus delta h nought
+
+over r, and then it depends
+on the temperature.
+
+So you bracket 1 over
+temperature 2 minus 1 over
+
+temperature 1.
+
+And this just comes from
+subtracting those 2 equations.
+
+So again, you can think about
+how the equilibrium constant's
+
+going to change with temperature
+-- that's what
+
+this equation does for you.
+
+So let's look at some of the
+things that fall out of this
+
+particular equation.
+
+Let's think first about a case
+where this delta h nought is
+
+less than zero.
+
+What type of reaction is that?
+
+Exothermic.
+
+All right, so now let's consider
+a case for this
+
+exothermic reaction where we're
+going to increase the
+
+temperature, and so that means
+that t 2 will be greater than
+
+t 1 -- we've increased
+the temperature.
+
+So now let's think about what
+sign the natural log of k 2
+
+over k 1 will have if these
+things are true.
+
+So there's a minus in the
+equation, let's put
+
+the minus down here.
+
+Delta h nought is negative, it's
+exothermic reaction, so
+
+that's another negative sign.
+
+And if we're increasing the
+temperature, and t 2 is
+
+greater than t 1, then this
+temperature term will also
+
+have and negative sign.
+
+So if you have negative times
+negative times negative,
+
+you're going to get a negative
+for your net result over here.
+
+And what that will mean in terms
+of k 2 and k 1, is that
+
+k 1 will be greater than k 2.
+
+So you can think about this
+mathematically by running
+
+through this argument.
+
+You can also sort of think about
+it in terms of what you
+
+would expect if you increase
+the temperature in terms of
+
+what's the relative ratio of
+products to reactants at
+
+equilibrium for an exothermic
+reaction.
+
+So if you're increasing the
+temperature of an exothermic
+
+reaction, the reaction would
+want to shift in the direction
+
+to absorb that heat in the
+endothermic direction.
+
+So you would expect that the
+equilibrium constant that was
+
+at the lower temperature would
+be larger than the higher
+
+temperature one, that there'd
+be less products at this new
+
+higher temperature.
+
+So again, you can think about it
+in terms of Le Chatelier's
+
+principle, or you can run
+through with this equation and
+
+do the math and think about
+the relative size
+
+of k 1 and k 2.
+
+So now let's think about what
+happens when you decrease the
+
+temperature where t 2
+is less than t 1.
+
+So we can do the same thing, we
+have a negative sign here,
+
+we also have a negative sign
+for delta h, it's an
+
+exothermic reaction.
+
+But now we have a positive
+sign for
+
+this temperature term.
+
+So overall we're going to have
+a positive sign for the
+
+natural log of k 2 over k 1,
+which mathematically is going
+
+to mean that k 1 is less than
+k 2 or that you would expect
+
+more products in the equilibrium
+constant at higher
+
+temperature.
+
+All right, so that's an
+exothermic reaction.
+
+So if you're ever having
+problems with Le Chatelier,
+
+you can go and use the van't
+Hoff equation to think about
+
+what you would expect in terms
+of this shift, what you would
+
+expect if you change the
+temperature of an exothermic
+
+reaction in terms of the
+magnitude of the new
+
+equilibrium constants.
+
+All right, now you can do the
+same for me in terms of this
+
+delta h nought is greater
+than zero.
+
+Which of the following are going
+to be true, and notice
+
+there's a possibility that all
+of them are true or that just
+
+some of them are true or that
+one of them is true.
+
+All right, take 10
+more seconds.
+
+See, actually people did very
+well, because e is also true,
+
+all of those are true,
+but d was also true.
+
+So if we add the 30 and the 58
+together, I'm very happy.
+
+All right, so let's look at
+this -- we'll keep the
+
+questions up and let's consider
+all of them in order.
+
+So the first one is that the
+reaction was endothermic, I
+
+think everybody saw that
+as being correct.
+
+OK, the second one talked about
+the equilibrium constant
+
+is higher at higher
+temperatures.
+
+So let's look at
+the first one.
+
+We increased the temperature
+here, and we see that if you
+
+work out the math or just think
+about it, k 2 is larger
+
+than k 1, so the second
+equilibrium constant is
+
+greater than the first when you
+increase the temperature.
+
+So that would favor then, in an
+endothermic direction, if
+
+you're increasing the
+temperature, it favors the
+
+endothermic direction of the
+reaction, so you could think
+
+about the ratio having more
+products at that new
+
+equilibrium constant at that
+higher temperature.
+
+So that one was also true.
+
+Then let's think about when you
+decrease the temperature,
+
+when temperature 1 is greater
+than temperature 2.
+
+And so this would favor, then,
+the exothermic direction.
+
+So you would expect less
+products at this newer
+
+temperature.
+
+So, this part asked about k 1
+versus k 2, and we see k 1 is
+
+greater than k 2.
+
+And then d says there's fewer
+products and equilibrium when
+
+the temperature is decreased,
+and that's just the word way
+
+of saying the same thing.
+
+So all of those are true.
+
+But again, people did very, very
+well with this question.
+
+All right.
+
+So now we're going to combine
+what we learned on Friday with
+
+what we learned today, and think
+about ways that that can
+
+be applied.
+
+So why should you care about
+Le Chatelier's principle?
+
+Well, for two reasons -- one I
+think Le Chatelier had sort of
+
+a good life plan that when
+stress is applied to the
+
+system, one should respond in a
+way to minimize that stress.
+
+I think that is an important
+life lesson.
+
+But also, it's very useful in
+terms of thinking about
+
+maximizing a yield
+of a reaction.
+
+So if you were going to create
+an industrial process and make
+
+lots of money and give some of
+it back to MIT to improve
+
+things in terms of teaching
+chemistry at MIT, then you
+
+would want to think about these
+principles, because you
+
+would want to maximize
+your yield.
+
+If you're going to be making a
+product, you want to make a
+
+lot of that product, and so you
+want to be thinking about
+
+these things.
+
+So we've talked about the
+reaction with nitrogen and
+
+hydrogen making ammonia
+last time.
+
+And this is an exothermic
+reaction.
+
+So, there are a lot of people
+who want to make ammonia --
+
+it's for fertilizer, and as
+some of you have heard in
+
+terms of terrorism, it also can
+be used as an explosive,
+
+so there are a lot of
+people who want to
+
+make a lot of this.
+
+So how do you maximize
+this yield?
+
+It's an exothermic reaction.
+
+So you can think about
+temperature.
+
+So here, low temperature would
+favor product, which is good.
+
+We haven't talked about
+kinetics yet, but low
+
+temperature also slows the
+rate, which is bad.
+
+Because you not only want to
+make a lot of your product,
+
+you want to make it in a
+reasonable time frame and sell
+
+it and make lots of money
+and retire early.
+
+So you care about how fast the
+reaction is going as well.
+
+So for an exothermic reaction
+then, you have to balance out
+
+what's thermodynamically
+favorable and what's
+
+kinetically favorable.
+
+So thermodynamically, you would
+want a low temperature,
+
+but kinetically in terms of the
+rate, that's not so good.
+
+So they use a compromised
+temperature, which is 500
+
+degrees c, so that's
+pretty high
+
+actually for this reaction.
+
+So what are other things that
+you could do to drive this
+
+reaction toward products?
+
+So yeah, what's something
+else you could do?
+
+STUDENT: Increase the volume.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you could think about
+volume here.
+
+So here we have four molecules
+of gas on one side, and two
+
+molecules of gas on
+the other side.
+
+So you can think about
+changing that
+
+to favor your products.
+
+What is something else
+you could do?
+
+STUDENT: Enzymes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Enzymes, we'll talk
+about that in a minute.
+
+If you can't use the enzymes,
+what's something else
+
+that you could do?
+
+STUDENT: You could remove
+ammonia from the system.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yup, so you could
+remove ammonia from the
+
+system, which would also
+shift the direction.
+
+So let's just put those
+two things down.
+
+Remove products.
+
+So if you remove ammonia from
+the system, and they actually
+
+do this in the industrial
+process, so they'll stop --
+
+they'll, at a certain time
+points, they will remove the
+
+product and they'll say
+hey, let's shift the
+
+reaction to make more.
+
+You just changed q versus k, you
+removed your product, so
+
+now we want to shift to minimize
+that stress and make
+
+more product.
+
+And the first response, compress
+the volume, so we go
+
+from four molecules to two
+molecules, and that would be
+
+favor -- again, the system would
+want to respond, you
+
+compressed the volume, you
+increased the pressure, so you
+
+want to respond in such a way
+that compensates for that
+
+increased pressure, which is
+decrease the pressure by going
+
+from the four molecules
+to two.
+
+So both of those are great,
+and both of those are, in
+
+fact, used.
+
+Sometimes when you study
+chemistry you'll realize that
+
+some of the -- people made a lot
+of money on this, and that
+
+some of the principles are
+actually very simple.
+
+You are learning principles in
+this class that, applied
+
+correctly, could make
+you a lot of money.
+
+Some of the scientific
+discoveries are actually not
+
+all that complicated.
+
+All right.
+
+So someone said use enzymes.
+
+I love that answer, I want to
+use enzymes to do a lot of
+
+those things, and people
+are trying to do this.
+
+Now, why would you want
+to use an enzyme?
+
+Well, there is a lot of nitrogen
+in the air, but
+
+there's not a lot of usable
+nitrogen, because n 2 gas is
+
+in the air, but it's very
+difficult to break it apart to
+
+form ammonia.
+
+And when you think about
+bonding, you can probably tell
+
+me why it's hard to break n 2
+apart, and if you consider how
+
+many bonds would be between
+those two nitrogens.
+
+So it's there but
+it's hard to do.
+
+So the industrial process that's
+used now pretty much is
+
+the same industrial process
+that's been used for quite a
+
+while, the Haber-Bosch
+process, which
+
+does not use enzymes.
+
+And here are some pictures
+of these folks.
+
+This resulted in two Noble
+prizes, the development of the
+
+industrial process here, and
+it's still being used.
+
+On a historic note, these were
+German scientists, and so,
+
+working out this process was
+important to the Germans
+
+during World War II.
+
+It's still the process
+going on today.
+
+So what about enzymes.
+
+Maybe enzymes could do a bit
+better than this process.
+
+It's not true yet.
+
+Still the Haber-Bosch industrial
+process is the one
+
+that's being used, but
+enzymes can do it.
+
+So, some of the problems of a
+lot of the common industrial
+
+reactions are that you use high
+temperatures -- remember
+
+we said the compromised
+temperature
+
+was 500 degrees celsius.
+
+We were talking about
+compressing the volume, so you
+
+want to put in energy to
+compress that volume.
+
+And so that is expensive.
+
+And you might want to think
+about a way, could you do that
+
+reaction at normal ambient
+temperature without applying
+
+energy to the system.
+
+Well, enzymes can do this
+reaction at ambient
+
+temperatures and they don't
+have to have high pressure
+
+associated with them, and the
+way the enzymes do this, and
+
+here's a little cartoon of a
+space-filling model of a
+
+particular enzyme called
+nitrogenase.
+
+So for nitrogen, and the ase
+means it's an enzyme.
+
+And the secret to this enzyme,
+how it can do what Haber and
+
+Bosch got two Nobel prizes for
+-- this enzyme has received no
+
+Nobel prizes, and it can
+do the same thing.
+
+Its secret are metals.
+
+It uses these clusters of metals
+in the context of the
+
+protein environment to do this
+chemistry, and they have iron,
+
+and they have also inorganic
+sulfide, and molybdenum, and
+
+so these combinations of metals
+can do this chemistry.
+
+And a number of scientists have
+been working for decades
+
+now trying to understand
+how the enzyme works.
+
+It's actually quite complicated
+and it's been
+
+pretty controversial.
+
+So let me just kind of show
+you at the heart of the
+
+enzyme, here all the atoms of
+the enzyme, but if you rotate
+
+the enzyme around and go in,
+the secret was that those
+
+combinations of metals.
+
+And one of the units that we're
+going to have second to
+
+last in this courses is about
+transition metals, that metals
+
+can do a lot of really important
+things in biological
+
+systems, and also in industrial
+processes and other
+
+things as well.
+
+So I do also like to
+mention research is
+
+going on here at MIT.
+
+I've mentioned Dick Schrock
+before, he won a Nobel Prize
+
+in chemistry a few years back,
+but not for his work on sort
+
+of nitrogenase systems, but he
+was able to design a small
+
+catalyst that can do this
+chemistry, that can catalyze
+
+this reduction of nitrogen
+to ammonia at a defined
+
+molybdenum center.
+
+Again, we'll talk about
+transition metals
+
+later in the course.
+
+And so his laboratory is very
+interested in coming up with
+
+better ways to split nitrogen
+than the industrial processes
+
+that are currently used.
+
+Some people are studying
+enzymes, other people are
+
+trying to use some of the
+tools that come out the
+
+enzymes, thinking about the
+enzymes and come up with other
+
+catalysts as well.
+
+So this work is going
+on here at MIT.
+
+All right, so let's give one
+more example of Le Chatelier
+
+from a biological perspective,
+and this has to do with the
+
+following reaction.
+
+The combination of oxygen with
+hemoglobin in your blood.
+
+And the reaction here, we have
+hemoglobin plus oxygen has
+
+oxyhemoglobin, so the oxygen is
+now bound to be hemoglobin.
+
+This reaction is very
+important for you.
+
+None of us would be alive if
+this was not happening.
+
+We need to get the oxygen from
+our lungs to our cells.
+
+So what happens if you
+decide to climb Mount
+
+Everest, for example.
+
+You may be thinking how hard
+can that be after a first
+
+semester freshman year at MIT.
+
+Really, I can think more
+broadly about it.
+
+All right, how many of
+you have climbed
+
+a mountain so far?
+
+Woah, a lot of people.
+
+OK, something about going to MIT
+and climbing big mountains
+
+seems to be connected.
+
+How many people feel like after
+surviving the first
+
+year, why not, go ahead
+and climb a mountain?
+
+Any more people?
+
+OK, no.
+
+So you gotta -- you've been
+through the hard part now, you
+
+don't want to risk
+anything anymore.
+
+All right, so this slide seems
+to be cutting off some stuff,
+
+so let's look over here.
+
+So what happens to
+this reaction?
+
+Well, as you go up higher and
+higher, the partial pressure
+
+of oxygen changes.
+
+So you're going to drop in
+partial pressure 0.2 to 0.14 .
+
+So what happens to
+this reaction
+
+if this value decreases?
+
+What happens, what direction
+does it shift?
+
+For products or reactants?
+
+Right.
+
+So, if this is going down, then
+some of your oxygenated
+
+hemoglobin is going to
+a release its oxygen.
+
+So it'll respond in such
+a way to compensate
+
+for that added stress.
+
+So what can you do to switch
+it back the other way?
+
+Again, we want our blood
+to be oxygenated.
+
+What happens to compensate for
+this if you're going to climb
+
+a mountain?
+
+What happens in the body?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: The body can produce
+more hemoglobin.
+
+PROFESSOR: The body can produce
+more hemoglobin.
+
+So you often go to another
+altitude and hang out for a
+
+while before you start
+going way up.
+
+And what's happening during
+that time is your body
+
+realizes there is a problem,
+it knows about the Le
+
+Chatelier's principle, and so
+it's going to make more
+
+hemoglobin.
+
+And if you add more hemoglobin
+to this reaction, what
+
+direction does it go?
+
+Toward products, right.
+
+OK.
+
+So I wanted to mention
+significant figures,
+
+and there is --
+
+I have to make a confession
+that when I first started
+
+teaching this course, I had
+never really paid attention to
+
+the rules of significant
+figures for logs.
+
+In this unit, the next unit,
+the unit after, you get the
+
+idea, there are going to be a
+lot of logs, and they have
+
+special rules for significant
+figures.
+
+So in the bottom of your
+handout, these rules are
+
+explained, it's also
+in your book.
+
+Pay attention to this.
+
+It's going to help
+you on all the
+
+problem-sets and in the course.
+
+So I just wanted to point
+out special rules about
+
+significant figures for logs.
+
+All right, that's it for today,
+see you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MlsVWPWIxHI.txt b/MlsVWPWIxHI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..465166e21f43f972148667709a08d8c55ea8cc7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MlsVWPWIxHI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen so far two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen so far two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen so far two ways of
+estimating an unknown parameter we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating an unknown parameter we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating an unknown parameter we can
+use the maximum a-posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the maximum a-posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the maximum a-posteriori probability
+estimate or we can use the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or we can use the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate or we can use the conditional
+expectation that is the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that is the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that is the mean of the
+posterior distribution these were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution these were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution these were in
+some sense arbitrary choices how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense arbitrary choices how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense arbitrary choices how about
+imposing a performance criterion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a performance criterion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a performance criterion and
+then finding an estimate which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding an estimate which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finding an estimate which is
+optimal with respect to that criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal with respect to that criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal with respect to that criterion
+this is what we will be doing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we will be doing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we will be doing in this
+lecture we introduce a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we introduce a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we introduce a specific
+performance criterion the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance criterion the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance criterion the expected value
+of the squared estimation error and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squared estimation error and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squared estimation error and we
+look for an estimator that is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for an estimator that is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for an estimator that is optimal
+under this criterion it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this criterion it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this criterion it turns out that
+the optimal estimator is the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal estimator is the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal estimator is the conditional
+expectation and this is why we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and this is why we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and this is why we have been
+calling it the least mean squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the least mean squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the least mean squares
+estimator it plays a central role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator it plays a central role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator it plays a central role
+because it is a canonical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a canonical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a canonical way of
+estimating unknown random variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating unknown random variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating unknown random variables we
+will study some of its theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will study some of its theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will study some of its theoretical
+properties and we will also illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we will also illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and we will also illustrate
+its use and the associated performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use and the associated performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use and the associated performance
+analysis in the context of an example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nq6Fs0RkW9A.txt b/Nq6Fs0RkW9A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d5c9bc7e65f9b38547bf4d4e864708244bc04f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nq6Fs0RkW9A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I wanted to just recap briefly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to just recap briefly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to just recap briefly what
+we were covering uh last week and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were covering uh last week and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were covering uh last week and then
+just finish up uh this discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish up uh this discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finish up uh this discussion about
+the DNA forensics and then uh we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA forensics and then uh we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA forensics and then uh we'll go
+on to uh the next topic so recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to uh the next topic so recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to uh the next topic so recall that
+uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on
+Thursday uh I just described to you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh I just described to you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday uh I just described to you how
+information is encoded in the genome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded in the genome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded in the genome and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+how that how specific um uh signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that how specific um uh signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that how specific um uh signatures
+in the genome uh can be used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome uh can be used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome uh can be used to uh
+assess whether or not you're related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether or not you're related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether or not you're related to
+somebody else and that's by uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and that's by uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and that's by uh basically
+uh determining whether or not uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh determining whether or not uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh determining whether or not uh in your
+genome you have a particular set of Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome you have a particular set of Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome you have a particular set of Al
+at a number of different locations uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a number of different locations uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a number of different locations uh in
+your DNA and recall that this uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA and recall that this uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA and recall that this uh figure
+is just a panel of two gels in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a panel of two gels in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a panel of two gels in which the
+different locations in the genome are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations in the genome are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different locations in the genome are
+assayed uh by uh a PCR based method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assayed uh by uh a PCR based method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assayed uh by uh a PCR based method in
+which you count up the number of repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you count up the number of repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you count up the number of repeats
+in a DNA sequence uh and typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a DNA sequence uh and typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a DNA sequence uh and typically you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+have two pairs of repeats one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pairs of repeats one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two pairs of repeats one that you
+got from your mother and one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from your mother and one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from your mother and one that you
+got from your father and in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from your father and in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from your father and in some cases
+if you see one repeat uh shown that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see one repeat uh shown that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see one repeat uh shown that's
+because uh in that instance those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in that instance those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh in that instance those
+repeats uh the same number of rep pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats uh the same number of rep pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats uh the same number of rep pie
+were inherited from uh your parents um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inherited from uh your parents um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were inherited from uh your parents um
+so the technology uh for DNA forensics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technology uh for DNA forensics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the technology uh for DNA forensics
+is basically to determine a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to determine a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to determine a DNA
+fingerprint uh based on the uh repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint uh based on the uh repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint uh based on the uh repeats
+that are at different Loi in your genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at different Loi in your genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at different Loi in your genome
+and the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the accuracy
+of determining whether your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining whether your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of determining whether your uh
+fingerprint DNA fingerprint uh matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint DNA fingerprint uh matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint DNA fingerprint uh matches
+with somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else
+is a function of how many different Loi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of how many different Loi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of how many different Loi
+you assay at so the name of the game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assay at so the name of the game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assay at so the name of the game in
+the end becomes how do you size DNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end becomes how do you size DNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end becomes how do you size DNA uh
+in a way that's accurate and also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's accurate and also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's accurate and also uh
+turns out fast and so uh I left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out fast and so uh I left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out fast and so uh I left with
+this equation which basically uh tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation which basically uh tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation which basically uh tells
+you that the ability to resolve any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the ability to resolve any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the ability to resolve any two
+repeats that is uh two lengths of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats that is uh two lengths of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats that is uh two lengths of DNA
+which are uh different by four bases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are uh different by four bases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are uh different by four bases is
+a function of something about the gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of something about the gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of something about the gel
+itself uh either the material and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh either the material and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh either the material and how
+well it's able to select or interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's able to select or interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's able to select or interact
+between uh with the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh with the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh with the DNA
+strands um also with the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands um also with the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands um also with the length of the
+gel uh the longer a gel has uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel uh the longer a gel has uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel uh the longer a gel has uh in
+contact with a piece of DNA generally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with a piece of DNA generally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with a piece of DNA generally uh
+the better you are able to resolve one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better you are able to resolve one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better you are able to resolve one
+piece of DNA from the other and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA from the other and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of DNA from the other and then
+factors which uh broaden the band so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors which uh broaden the band so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors which uh broaden the band so uh
+either time or diffusion which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either time or diffusion which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either time or diffusion which in this
+term is includes the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is includes the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is includes the temperature at
+which you do the acid so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do the acid so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you do the acid so if you want to
+improve resolution then you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve resolution then you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve resolution then you either
+change the gel you make the gel longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gel you make the gel longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the gel you make the gel longer
+or you minimize uh the effects from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you minimize uh the effects from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you minimize uh the effects from
+either how you inject the sample into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either how you inject the sample into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either how you inject the sample into uh
+into the gel or how you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gel or how you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gel or how you control
+diffusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and
+broadbanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadbanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadbanding
+so uh instead of running the these DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh instead of running the these DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh instead of running the these DNA
+fragments on a a slab of acrylamide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments on a a slab of acrylamide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments on a a slab of acrylamide or
+AOSS or some sort of Monolithic 2D sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOSS or some sort of Monolithic 2D sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOSS or some sort of Monolithic 2D sheet
+of gel um the latest configuration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gel um the latest configuration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gel um the latest configuration in
+DNA analysis is based on mems okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA analysis is based on mems okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA analysis is based on mems okay so
+mems is the anachronism for Micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mems is the anachronism for Micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mems is the anachronism for Micro
+electromechanical Systems but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical Systems but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromechanical Systems but in this
+case uh instead of uh uh an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh instead of uh uh an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh instead of uh uh an electronic
+uh uh design uh we have a design for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh design uh we have a design for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh design uh we have a design for
+biology so instead of wires uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so instead of wires uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so instead of wires uh you have
+channels uh instead of electrons flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels uh instead of electrons flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels uh instead of electrons flowing
+through wires you have DNA or protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wires you have DNA or protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through wires you have DNA or protein
+flowing down channels okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing down channels okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing down channels okay so the
+analogy is directly uh the same uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is directly uh the same uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is directly uh the same uh and
+the formats uh are shown here so um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formats uh are shown here so um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formats uh are shown here so um in
+this chip and notice that the scale here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chip and notice that the scale here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chip and notice that the scale here
+is 1 cm uh you have areas where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 cm uh you have areas where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 cm uh you have areas where you
+inject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject
+uh you load your DNA sample these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you load your DNA sample these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you load your DNA sample these are
+the lanes in which the DNA is resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lanes in which the DNA is resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lanes in which the DNA is resolved
+there's a waste Reservoir and somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a waste Reservoir and somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a waste Reservoir and somewhere
+down here you're scanning across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here you're scanning across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here you're scanning across all
+eight Lanes in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Lanes in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight Lanes in this particular
+configuration to to uh detect the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to to uh detect the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to to uh detect the pieces
+of DNA as they come by so uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA as they come by so uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA as they come by so uh just to
+give you a sense of performance uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of performance uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of performance uh these
+are two Al at four different lowai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Al at four different lowai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two Al at four different lowai
+separated on the slab gel like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated on the slab gel like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated on the slab gel like the one
+you just saw two slides ago and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just saw two slides ago and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just saw two slides ago and so you
+see uh you know these two alals are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you know these two alals are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh you know these two alals are well
+resolved and so on and the time it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and so on and the time it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved and so on and the time it took
+for this uh band to pass or to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh band to pass or to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh band to pass or to resolve
+on the gel was approximately a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gel was approximately a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gel was approximately a couple
+hours uh currently uh most uh DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours uh currently uh most uh DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours uh currently uh most uh DNA
+testing is done not on slabs of gels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is done not on slabs of gels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is done not on slabs of gels but
+on fine capillaries glass capillaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fine capillaries glass capillaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fine capillaries glass capillaries
+which are filled with gels so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are filled with gels so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are filled with gels so now we've
+uh basically eliminated all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically eliminated all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically eliminated all the
+extraneous gel and now inject DNA into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous gel and now inject DNA into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous gel and now inject DNA into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+capillary and the capillary uh contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary and the capillary uh contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary and the capillary uh contains
+the sample and so you see again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample and so you see again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample and so you see again these
+two same four sets of alals uh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two same four sets of alals uh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two same four sets of alals uh now
+separated in a capillary system and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in a capillary system and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in a capillary system and now
+the time scale here is less than an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale here is less than an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale here is less than an hour
+okay so there's a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a significant
+Improvement in speed or performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in speed or performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in speed or performance
+without sacrificing uh resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sacrificing uh resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sacrificing uh resolution
+uh notice that one difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that one difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice that one difference is that
+signal to noise is poorer here than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to noise is poorer here than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to noise is poorer here than in
+the slab gel but it's still uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slab gel but it's still uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slab gel but it's still uh
+acceptable because you could still see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable because you could still see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable because you could still see
+the the Peaks um in contrast uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Peaks um in contrast uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Peaks um in contrast uh let's
+compare the performance uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the performance uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the performance uh where you
+inject these same set of four Al uh Loi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject these same set of four Al uh Loi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject these same set of four Al uh Loi
+uh on one of these microchips where now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on one of these microchips where now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on one of these microchips where now
+the time scale is on the order of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale is on the order of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scale is on the order of a
+couple minutes and you can see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes and you can see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes and you can see that you
+can resolve both both of these alals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can resolve both both of these alals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can resolve both both of these alals
+just as well as you can on a slab gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well as you can on a slab gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well as you can on a slab gel
+but uh again now the time Dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh again now the time Dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh again now the time Dimension is
+minutes rather than our uh hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes rather than our uh hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes rather than our uh hours so
+we've improved performance on in a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've improved performance on in a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've improved performance on in a log
+scale rather than in a l in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale rather than in a l in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale rather than in a l in a linear
+scale so anytime you achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so anytime you achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so anytime you achieve
+log log scale per gains in performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log scale per gains in performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log scale per gains in performance
+for whatever metric you are measuring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever metric you are measuring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever metric you are measuring uh
+it's it's a real win now these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a real win now these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a real win now these little
+Peaks here are actually the DNA ladders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks here are actually the DNA ladders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks here are actually the DNA ladders
+that are co-injected with the sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are co-injected with the sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are co-injected with the sample so
+it gives you actually a better sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you actually a better sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you actually a better sense of
+how well these microchips can work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well these microchips can work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well these microchips can work in
+resolving the different DNA fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving the different DNA fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolving the different DNA fragments
+than uh the uh than what you might see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh the uh than what you might see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh the uh than what you might see
+in these other systems so the take home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these other systems so the take home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these other systems so the take home
+messages maybe these microfabricated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages maybe these microfabricated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages maybe these microfabricated
+formats uh are better than uh current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats uh are better than uh current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats uh are better than uh current
+technology how do they work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology how do they work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology how do they work well
+remember I said that you have channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that you have channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said that you have channels
+etched in glass to stand standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched in glass to stand standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched in glass to stand standard
+photolithography method so if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography method so if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photolithography method so if you uh
+take the uh Fab course uh in uh uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh Fab course uh in uh uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the uh Fab course uh in uh uh over
+in uh this data center then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh this data center then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh this data center then you know
+you'll or in building 38 then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll or in building 38 then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll or in building 38 then you know
+you'll be able to uh fashion one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to uh fashion one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to uh fashion one of
+these devices you have a a well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices you have a a well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices you have a a well uh
+that's uh etched in glass you have a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh etched in glass you have a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh etched in glass you have a t
+configuration in which you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration in which you have a
+separation Channel and across it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation Channel and across it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation Channel and across it is
+designed a sample loading well and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a sample loading well and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a sample loading well and a
+waist exit well so you load your samp uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist exit well so you load your samp uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist exit well so you load your samp uh
+you fill these uh channels uh with gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill these uh channels uh with gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fill these uh channels uh with gel
+you load your sample in this well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load your sample in this well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load your sample in this well you
+electropores uh or pull the DNA across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electropores uh or pull the DNA across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electropores uh or pull the DNA across
+that channel um by setting up electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that channel um by setting up electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that channel um by setting up electric
+field and then uh when this intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then uh when this intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and then uh when this intersection
+is filled with DNA you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled with DNA you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is filled with DNA you change the
+polarities on the uh ends of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities on the uh ends of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarities on the uh ends of the channel
+and you pull back the DNA samples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull back the DNA samples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull back the DNA samples in the
+wings and you launch uh this plug of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings and you launch uh this plug of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings and you launch uh this plug of DNA
+down the separation Channel and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the separation Channel and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the separation Channel and then uh
+as the sample uh is sized through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sample uh is sized through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sample uh is sized through the
+gel you separate the different DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel you separate the different DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel you separate the different DNA
+fragments and then you detect them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments and then you detect them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments and then you detect them as
+they go past a point at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go past a point at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go past a point at the end of the
+channel okay now uh I told you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel okay now uh I told you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel okay now uh I told you something
+about factors that affect resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about factors that affect resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about factors that affect resolution
+this is uh just a t uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh just a t uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh just a t uh uh
+time-lapse movie uh where we're Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse movie uh where we're Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-lapse movie uh where we're Imaging
+the injector if filled with DNA to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the injector if filled with DNA to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the injector if filled with DNA to the
+sample and now we're switching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and now we're switching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and now we're switching the
+polarity and we're looking this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity and we're looking this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity and we're looking this is
+fluorescently labeled DNA and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently labeled DNA and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently labeled DNA and so you're
+seeing the DNA as it's uh being launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the DNA as it's uh being launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the DNA as it's uh being launched
+down the separation Channel notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the separation Channel notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the separation Channel notice that
+the DNA is getting concentrated as it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is getting concentrated as it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is getting concentrated as it uh
+starts to uh initiate its separation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to uh initiate its separation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to uh initiate its separation so
+this concentration factor is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concentration factor is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concentration factor is one of the
+reasons why the resolution is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why the resolution is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why the resolution is much
+better uh in this format because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh in this format because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh in this format because there's
+a change in not only the polarity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in not only the polarity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in not only the polarity on the
+gel but it turns out there's buffer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel but it turns out there's buffer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel but it turns out there's buffer and
+ion gradients that are also set up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion gradients that are also set up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion gradients that are also set up uh
+which help you um resolve these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which help you um resolve these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which help you um resolve these pieces
+of DNA because you concentrate them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA because you concentrate them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DNA because you concentrate them uh
+in a in a much narrower band okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a much narrower band okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a much narrower band okay so
+that's that's where you gain on one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where you gain on one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where you gain on one part
+of the equation uh you can run these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation uh you can run these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation uh you can run these
+gels uh longer uh or you can run these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels uh longer uh or you can run these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels uh longer uh or you can run these
+fragments through longer and longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments through longer and longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments through longer and longer
+channels obviously you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels obviously you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels obviously you'll be able to
+resolve them better but we saw that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them better but we saw that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve them better but we saw that even
+for very short channels we have adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very short channels we have adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for very short channels we have adequate
+resolution so Here length is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so Here length is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution so Here length is actually
+not as uh a main consideration in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as uh a main consideration in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as uh a main consideration in fact
+the short length is is also uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short length is is also uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short length is is also uh an
+advantage because the shorter the lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because the shorter the lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because the shorter the lane
+the faster the run is accomplished so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster the run is accomplished so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster the run is accomplished so
+you can uh analyze samples much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh analyze samples much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh analyze samples much more
+quickly as you saw in these short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as you saw in these short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly as you saw in these short
+microfabricated formats than in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabricated formats than in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microfabricated formats than in these
+long slab gels the other reason is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long slab gels the other reason is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long slab gels the other reason is is
+that because these channels are only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because these channels are only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because these channels are only on
+the order of 100 microns wide and 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 100 microns wide and 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 100 microns wide and 40
+microns deep whatever heat is dis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns deep whatever heat is dis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns deep whatever heat is dis is
+generated is is rapidly dissipated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is is rapidly dissipated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated is is rapidly dissipated so
+again that diffusion broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that diffusion broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that diffusion broadening
+parameter is minimized in this format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is minimized in this format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter is minimized in this format
+then compared to the other formats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compared to the other formats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then compared to the other formats and
+then this just shows that uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this just shows that uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this just shows that uh something
+that we saw in the other um uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw in the other um uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw in the other um uh figure
+which is that we can analyze or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can analyze or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we can analyze or
+Multiplex uh the analysis of several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplex uh the analysis of several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplex uh the analysis of several of
+these loai uh at once in the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loai uh at once in the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loai uh at once in the same uh
+injection so we can resolve all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so we can resolve all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so we can resolve all of these
+differents in these four different loai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differents in these four different loai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differents in these four different loai
+and then by looking uh with a scanner at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by looking uh with a scanner at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by looking uh with a scanner at
+different wavelengths and injecting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths and injecting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths and injecting uh
+samples that are U made with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that are U made with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that are U made with different
+color primers uh we can then Multiplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color primers uh we can then Multiplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color primers uh we can then Multiplex
+uh additional loai uh by including color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additional loai uh by including color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh additional loai uh by including color
+as the uh additional variable parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh additional variable parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh additional variable parameter
+okay so you can see how uh we can in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see how uh we can in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see how uh we can in one
+single device uh improve on the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single device uh improve on the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single device uh improve on the speed
+and uh of the DNA uh detection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of the DNA uh detection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh of the DNA uh detection and
+resolution without with or detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution without with or detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution without with or detection
+without sacrificing resolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sacrificing resolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without sacrificing resolution and
+that's basically the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the basis for
+um that's basically the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for sorry I can't uh can't talk and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sorry I can't uh can't talk and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sorry I can't uh can't talk and do
+my PowerPoints at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PowerPoints at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my PowerPoints at the same time
+here uh and and that's the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and and that's the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and and that's the basis for
+what we think will be uh how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think will be uh how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think will be uh how we're going
+to be able to genotype DNA uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to genotype DNA uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to genotype DNA uh in the
+future um devices based on the ones I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um devices based on the ones I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um devices based on the ones I've
+shown you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you are
+now uh in test where uh the forensics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh in test where uh the forensics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh in test where uh the forensics
+units are bringing them put them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are bringing them put them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units are bringing them put them into a
+van bringing them out to the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van bringing them out to the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+van bringing them out to the field and
+are testing uh DNA samples at the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are testing uh DNA samples at the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are testing uh DNA samples at the field
+so I think my goal is uh maybe I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think my goal is uh maybe I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think my goal is uh maybe I want to
+be uh on this TV show CSI as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh on this TV show CSI as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh on this TV show CSI as you know
+sort of the maybe the geeky uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the maybe the geeky uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the maybe the geeky uh
+technician that does a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician that does a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technician that does a DNA
+test okay any questions about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay any questions about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test okay any questions about what we
+just covered over the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered over the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered over the last couple
+days if you have questions you know feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days if you have questions you know feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days if you have questions you know feel
+free to this is a seminar so seminars by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to this is a seminar so seminars by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to this is a seminar so seminars by
+definition are not lectures although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition are not lectures although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition are not lectures although
+they probably seem like they are so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably seem like they are so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably seem like they are so if
+you really do have questions please feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do have questions please feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do have questions please feel
+free to uh interrupt uh this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to uh interrupt uh this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to uh interrupt uh this this is
+really to help give you some background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to help give you some background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to help give you some background
+information about uh the basis for uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about uh the basis for uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about uh the basis for uh uh
+bioengineering okay what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering okay what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering okay what I want to do
+now is to switch to a related topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to switch to a related topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is to switch to a related topic
+about how information is encoded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how information is encoded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how information is encoded in the
+genome but instead of talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome but instead of talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome but instead of talking about uh
+information as in the strict sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as in the strict sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as in the strict sense of
+sequence of DNA uh let's go up one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of DNA uh let's go up one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of DNA uh let's go up one level
+or two levels of complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two levels of complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two levels of complexity in
+biological structure and talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological structure and talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological structure and talk about how
+function is encoded in the genome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is encoded in the genome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is encoded in the genome okay
+so it's it's easy to understand that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's easy to understand that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's easy to understand that the
+genome is a linear sequence of DNA bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is a linear sequence of DNA bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome is a linear sequence of DNA bases
+but then how do you go from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how do you go from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then how do you go from that
+information which is basically a parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is basically a parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is basically a parts
+list of the different proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the different proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the different proteins that are
+uh synthesized in a cell to including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh synthesized in a cell to including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh synthesized in a cell to including
+the instructions set that tells those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions set that tells those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions set that tells those
+proteins what to do right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins what to do right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins what to do right there's no
+other information that's encoded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that's encoded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that's encoded in the
+in the genome in other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome in other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genome in other parts of the
+genome that says this protein you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome that says this protein you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome that says this protein you know
+carries out this catalytic reaction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out this catalytic reaction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries out this catalytic reaction it's
+all it's all intrinsic to the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's all intrinsic to the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's all intrinsic to the DNA
+sequence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of that
+protein so what we'll do is uh uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so what we'll do is uh uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so what we'll do is uh uh I'll
+cover two important Concepts uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover two important Concepts uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover two important Concepts uh in uh
+understanding biological structure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding biological structure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding biological structure which
+is that uh there basically two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there basically two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh there basically two ways of
+building up structure either you you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up structure either you you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up structure either you you do
+it by chemistry I.E making chem coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by chemistry I.E making chem coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by chemistry I.E making chem coent
+bonds or by selfassembly and self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds or by selfassembly and self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds or by selfassembly and self
+assembly is through interactions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is through interactions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly is through interactions by
+ionic forces or attractions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic forces or attractions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic forces or attractions or
+repulsions Vander wals interactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsions Vander wals interactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsions Vander wals interactions and
+hydrophobic interactions and it's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic interactions and it's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic interactions and it's those
+three sets of interactions that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of interactions that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of interactions that really
+are responsible for higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for higher order
+structure from the protein level up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the protein level up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the protein level up and
+then what I'll do is I'll I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is I'll I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'll do is I'll I'll show you
+an example in which self assembly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in which self assembly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example in which self assembly is
+responsible for generating force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for generating force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for generating force and
+organizing in this case the genome in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing in this case the genome in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing in this case the genome in
+daughter cells during mitosis and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells during mitosis and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells during mitosis and we'll
+talk about a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a little bit about the
+Machinery the protein Machinery that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery the protein Machinery that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery the protein Machinery that the
+cell constructs transiently in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell constructs transiently in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell constructs transiently in order to
+separate and partition uh the The genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and partition uh the The genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and partition uh the The genome
+in chromosomes and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chromosomes and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chromosomes and then we'll talk about
+how that Dynamics is the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that Dynamics is the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that Dynamics is the important
+Target for anti-cancer drugs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target for anti-cancer drugs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target for anti-cancer drugs and then
+we'll go into a little bit about um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into a little bit about um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into a little bit about um some
+aspects of uh what we uh know and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of uh what we uh know and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of uh what we uh know and think
+about uh anti-tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh anti-tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh anti-tumor
+drugs now there's a reading if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs now there's a reading if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs now there's a reading if you want
+to get a better overview of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a better overview of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a better overview of uh this
+whole area and it's a it's an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area and it's a it's an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole area and it's a it's an excellent
+review in uh nature reviews in cancer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review in uh nature reviews in cancer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review in uh nature reviews in cancer by
+Maryanne Jordan and Les Wilson who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryanne Jordan and Les Wilson who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryanne Jordan and Les Wilson who are
+at uh University of Santa Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh University of Santa Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh University of Santa Barbara
+okay now let's go back uh we have genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go back uh we have genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's go back uh we have genes
+they encode a linear sequence of DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encode a linear sequence of DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they encode a linear sequence of DNA and
+in the end what those genes uh represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end what those genes uh represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end what those genes uh represent
+is the Machinery that executes whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Machinery that executes whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Machinery that executes whatever
+the information is in the genome to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is in the genome to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information is in the genome to make
+a cell and uh carry out the functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and uh carry out the functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and uh carry out the functions of
+a cell to get to hear from the DNA we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell to get to hear from the DNA we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell to get to hear from the DNA we
+have to go through an intermediate step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through an intermediate step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through an intermediate step
+in which the four-letter DNA code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the four-letter DNA code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the four-letter DNA code is
+translated into a 20l or more amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a 20l or more amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into a 20l or more amino acid
+code and you know this whole area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you know this whole area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you know this whole area
+encompasses in 701 and in 703 and 705
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses in 701 and in 703 and 705
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses in 701 and in 703 and 705
+and 706 all of transcription regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 706 all of transcription regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 706 all of transcription regulation
+of gene expression and protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene expression and protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gene expression and protein and
+protein synthesis okay so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis okay so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein synthesis okay so uh in
+bioengineering we've managed to compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering we've managed to compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering we've managed to compress
+that down to one minute or two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down to one minute or two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down to one minute or two minutes
+now this 20l code is just the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this 20l code is just the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this 20l code is just the linear
+sequence of amino acids but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids but uh it's
+important that uh we understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that uh we understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that uh we understand how the
+execution of of function is carried out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of of function is carried out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution of of function is carried out
+by this machinery and uh it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this machinery and uh it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this machinery and uh it's all
+involves self assembly uh as I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves self assembly uh as I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves self assembly uh as I uh
+alluded to earlier and it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to earlier and it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to earlier and it has to do with
+how that linear string of DNA or protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that linear string of DNA or protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that linear string of DNA or protein
+sorry uh folds up so again uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh folds up so again uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh folds up so again uh this is
+just basic uh biological structure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basic uh biological structure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basic uh biological structure you
+have the amino acids here represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the amino acids here represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the amino acids here represented in
+one letter code um it's uh a one toone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter code um it's uh a one toone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter code um it's uh a one toone
+correspondence between an amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between an amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between an amino acid and
+three bases in the DNA sequence so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bases in the DNA sequence so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bases in the DNA sequence so the
+codons to amino acid but what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons to amino acid but what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons to amino acid but what happens
+next is that each amino acid has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is that each amino acid has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is that each amino acid has a
+particular chemical characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chemical characteristic
+either hydrophobic or hydrophilic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hydrophobic or hydrophilic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hydrophobic or hydrophilic it's
+charged or polar non-polar whatever okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged or polar non-polar whatever okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged or polar non-polar whatever okay
+and it's those uh characteristics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's those uh characteristics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's those uh characteristics or
+properties of amino acids where in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of amino acids where in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of amino acids where in their
+local environment they dictate how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local environment they dictate how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local environment they dictate how this
+amino acid will interact with the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid will interact with the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid will interact with the amino
+acids around it and so what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids around it and so what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids around it and so what you find is
+that the linear sequence of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the linear sequence of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the linear sequence of amino acids
+in a polypeptide fold locally into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polypeptide fold locally into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a polypeptide fold locally into a a
+secondary level of of structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary level of of structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary level of of structure so
+sometimes the amino acids if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the amino acids if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the amino acids if they are
+able to interact with each other will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interact with each other will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to interact with each other will
+collapse not into a string of the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse not into a string of the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse not into a string of the string
+of amino acids will collapse into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids will collapse into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amino acids will collapse into a
+coil or you'll have a string of amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil or you'll have a string of amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil or you'll have a string of amino
+acids that will uh be uh arranged as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that will uh be uh arranged as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that will uh be uh arranged as a
+as a short straight uh sheet or short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a short straight uh sheet or short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a short straight uh sheet or short
+straight s strand of protein and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight s strand of protein and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight s strand of protein and so if
+you look at the linear sequence and map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the linear sequence and map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the linear sequence and map
+onto it in in the protein structure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it in in the protein structure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it in in the protein structure what
+are the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the secondary
+uh how the protein sequence is organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the protein sequence is organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the protein sequence is organized
+in secondary structure you have these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in secondary structure you have these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in secondary structure you have these uh
+regions in which you have local folds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in which you have local folds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in which you have local folds of
+helices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices and
+strands now that doesn't tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands now that doesn't tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands now that doesn't tell you how
+the protein works it just tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein works it just tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein works it just tells you how
+the protein is organized at that at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is organized at that at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is organized at that at this
+local level now just as Pro uh amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local level now just as Pro uh amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local level now just as Pro uh amino
+acids interact with each other to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids interact with each other to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids interact with each other to give
+you these local organized bits of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these local organized bits of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these local organized bits of of
+polypeptide then it's also true that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide then it's also true that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide then it's also true that uh
+these uh structures uh they have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh structures uh they have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh structures uh they have also
+chemical characteristics they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical characteristics they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical characteristics they interact
+with the surrounding amino acids and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surrounding amino acids and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surrounding amino acids and you
+can see how you you get bits or parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how you you get bits or parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how you you get bits or parts of
+protein uh folding up on itself from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh folding up on itself from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh folding up on itself from
+these local foldes and in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these local foldes and in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these local foldes and in fact if you
+look at the structure of a protein and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of a protein and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of a protein and I
+forgot actually which one this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot actually which one this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot actually which one this one is
+you can see that uh in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh in this case the
+structure was determined by x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was determined by x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure was determined by x-ray
+crystallography and you can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography and you can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography and you can see that uh
+you have the polypeptide chain starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the polypeptide chain starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the polypeptide chain starting
+here Meander around um let's see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Meander around um let's see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Meander around um let's see it
+goes someplace here anyway Comes Around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes someplace here anyway Comes Around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes someplace here anyway Comes Around
+Comes Around Comes Around in in strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes Around Comes Around in in strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes Around Comes Around in in strands
+these strands form part of a sheet then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands form part of a sheet then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these strands form part of a sheet then
+you have a helix that's rather long oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a helix that's rather long oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a helix that's rather long oh
+actually I missed out some place the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I missed out some place the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I missed out some place the end
+Terminus goes this way this way this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus goes this way this way this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminus goes this way this way this way
+this way so you have four strand in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so you have four strand in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so you have four strand in a
+sheet then you have a long Helix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet then you have a long Helix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet then you have a long Helix and
+then now you have these four sheets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you have these four sheets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you have these four sheets or
+strands and then this long Helix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and then this long Helix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and then this long Helix so
+there's actually like a two-fold axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually like a two-fold axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually like a two-fold axis of
+symmetry uh described in the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh described in the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry uh described in the structure
+it's formed these four strands and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formed these four strands and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formed these four strands and these
+four strands are contiguous in space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four strands are contiguous in space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four strands are contiguous in space but
+they're actually discontiguous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually discontiguous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually discontiguous in
+sequence but they form the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but they form the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence but they form the a
+floor over which is overl two helices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor over which is overl two helices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor over which is overl two helices
+and so you can imagine that this forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that this forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that this forms a
+binding pocket for something else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding pocket for something else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding pocket for something else okay
+so that's just that's just uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's just uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just that's just uh an
+illustration of how locally folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how locally folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how locally folded
+elements when organized into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements when organized into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements when organized into three
+dimensions collapse into a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions collapse into a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions collapse into a compact
+structure uh in which they're connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh in which they're connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh in which they're connected
+by Loops or turns there's other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Loops or turns there's other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Loops or turns there's other parts of
+the sequence which have no defined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence which have no defined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence which have no defined or
+apparent regular structure to them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent regular structure to them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent regular structure to them but
+that that's you know basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know basically the
+elements that give rise to uh uh folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that give rise to uh uh folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that give rise to uh uh folded
+protein uh proteins can be all helical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh proteins can be all helical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh proteins can be all helical
+they could be all sheet they could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be all sheet they could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be all sheet they could be a
+combination of the two uh they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two uh they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two uh they can have
+a lot of random structure depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of random structure depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of random structure depends on the
+sequence depends actually on the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence depends actually on the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence depends actually on the context
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+sequence now uh so the process then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence now uh so the process then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence now uh so the process then is
+how does a polypeptide chain end up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a polypeptide chain end up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a polypeptide chain end up in a
+native folded structure and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native folded structure and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native folded structure and so what I
+just described to you was that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described to you was that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described to you was that uh
+elements of local sequence will fold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of local sequence will fold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of local sequence will fold up
+into something that's semi-ordered so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that's semi-ordered so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that's semi-ordered so we
+call that a Moten globule other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a Moten globule other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a Moten globule other parts
+will fold up sometimes into local folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fold up sometimes into local folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fold up sometimes into local folds
+as well and that these will coales into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and that these will coales into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and that these will coales into
+the final native structure now um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final native structure now um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final native structure now um a
+curious thing is that if you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious thing is that if you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious thing is that if you look at all
+the permutations of how a protein can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations of how a protein can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permutations of how a protein can
+fold up based on the flexibility of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up based on the flexibility of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up based on the flexibility of the
+bonds that link individual amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that link individual amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that link individual amino acids
+uh it could take it should take a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could take it should take a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it could take it should take a long
+time but obviously proteins fold much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but obviously proteins fold much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but obviously proteins fold much
+faster than that so there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than that so there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than that so there must be
+pathways through this complexity in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways through this complexity in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways through this complexity in uh
+various states of fold and unfold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of fold and unfold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of fold and unfold of
+proteins uh so that uh the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins uh so that uh the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins uh so that uh the protein
+typically folds in in a matter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically folds in in a matter of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically folds in in a matter of a
+minute or so in the test tube and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or so in the test tube and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute or so in the test tube and in in
+a Cell actually it's even faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell actually it's even faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell actually it's even faster than
+that so what is it what's responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what is it what's responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what is it what's responsible
+for uh getting proteins to fold faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh getting proteins to fold faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh getting proteins to fold faster
+and generally you can understand that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally you can understand that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally you can understand that as
+proteins get bigger and bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins get bigger and bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins get bigger and bigger and
+bigger then how do different parts find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger then how do different parts find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger then how do different parts find
+each other folding must be intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other folding must be intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other folding must be intrinsically
+more difficult for things that are big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for things that are big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for things that are big
+than things that are small and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things that are small and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things that are small and the
+answer is that uh in the last decade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that uh in the last decade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that uh in the last decade or
+so uh we found that there are proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we found that there are proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we found that there are proteins
+machines called chaperon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines called chaperon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines called chaperon and
+chaperonins which are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperonins which are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperonins which are large
+macromolecular structures you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular structures you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular structures you know on
+the order of ribosomes or larger which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of ribosomes or larger which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of ribosomes or larger which
+take the polypeptide chain as they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polypeptide chain as they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the polypeptide chain as they come
+out of the ribosome and bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ribosome and bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ribosome and bind to the
+polypeptide chain preventing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain preventing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain preventing the
+polypeptide chain from folding in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain from folding in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain from folding in an
+indiscriminate manner as it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminate manner as it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminate manner as it's being
+synthesized uh so that uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized uh so that uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized uh so that uh when the
+polypeptide chain is being synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain is being synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chain is being synthesized
+you get a discrete steps in folding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a discrete steps in folding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a discrete steps in folding of
+the protein uh to its properly folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein uh to its properly folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein uh to its properly folded
+state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state or
+alternatively uh the uh protein as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively uh the uh protein as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively uh the uh protein as it's
+being synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being synthesized
+is then uh helped in its folding by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then uh helped in its folding by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then uh helped in its folding by
+these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large
+macromolecular complexes and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular complexes and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular complexes and uh and then
+folded properly Within These uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded properly Within These uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded properly Within These uh protein
+machines so it's the Machinery that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so it's the Machinery that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so it's the Machinery that the
+cell has which allows uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has which allows uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell has which allows uh protein
+synthesis to occur uh in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis to occur uh in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis to occur uh in a relatively
+airfree uh manner Okay so we've gone now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airfree uh manner Okay so we've gone now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airfree uh manner Okay so we've gone now
+from linear sequence in amino acids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear sequence in amino acids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear sequence in amino acids to
+local folds but that's not function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local folds but that's not function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local folds but that's not function
+right if you look at uh whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at uh whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at uh whether or not
+this protein can carry out its function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein can carry out its function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein can carry out its function
+whether it's an enzyme to catalyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an enzyme to catalyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an enzyme to catalyze a
+chemical reaction or some protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction or some protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction or some protein that's
+designed to bind something um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to bind something um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to bind something um it's
+probably not going to happen it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to happen it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to happen it's only
+after the entire polypeptide chain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the entire polypeptide chain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the entire polypeptide chain has
+folded in its correct configuration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded in its correct configuration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded in its correct configuration and
+so it's in that three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in that three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in that three-dimensional
+context of the structure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the structure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the structure that the
+protein is able to execute uh what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is able to execute uh what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is able to execute uh what it's
+it was uh designed to do and so function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh designed to do and so function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh designed to do and so function
+is uh something that's encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh something that's encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh something that's encoded in
+three-dimensional structure but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure but the
+three-dimensional structure in turn is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure in turn is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure in turn is a
+consequence of the linear sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the linear sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of the linear sequence of
+amino acids so you can see then how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids so you can see then how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids so you can see then how the
+DNA sequence which and protein sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence which and protein sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA sequence which and protein sequence
+which I referred to as hardwired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I referred to as hardwired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I referred to as hardwired
+instructions then give rise to uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then give rise to uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions then give rise to uh these
+other higher order functions that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other higher order functions that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other higher order functions that aren't
+hardwired but act come out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired but act come out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwired but act come out as a
+consequence of how those instructions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of how those instructions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of how those instructions or
+how those uh amino acids fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those uh amino acids fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those uh amino acids fold
+up so uh function requires correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so uh function requires correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so uh function requires correct
+folding and self assembly of parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding and self assembly of parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding and self assembly of parts of
+amino acids into a protein okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids into a protein okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids into a protein okay now
+let's take that concept of self assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take that concept of self assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take that concept of self assembly
+so these are again local interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are again local interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are again local interactions
+electrostatic hydrophobic the under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic hydrophobic the under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic hydrophobic the under
+walls interactions no calent bonds made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls interactions no calent bonds made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls interactions no calent bonds made
+and show how higher order structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show how higher order structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show how higher order structure is
+built up within a cell okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up within a cell okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up within a cell okay so this is
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+cytoskeleton now if you take a mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton now if you take a mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton now if you take a mechanics
+course what you'll find out is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what you'll find out is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what you'll find out is that a
+measure of stiffness material properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of stiffness material properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of stiffness material properties
+of protein is that a protein has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein is that a protein has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of protein is that a protein has a
+Young's modulus on the order of a gigap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus on the order of a gigap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus on the order of a gigap
+pascal okay now gigap Pascal to you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pascal okay now gigap Pascal to you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pascal okay now gigap Pascal to you may
+not represent much but just think of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not represent much but just think of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not represent much but just think of um
+a hard plastic material like polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard plastic material like polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard plastic material like polystyrene
+that has a Young's modulus of about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a Young's modulus of about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a Young's modulus of about a
+gigap pascal as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascal as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigap pascal as
+well yet if you push on a cell you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yet if you push on a cell you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yet if you push on a cell you'll
+find that its stiffness is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that its stiffness is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that its stiffness is on the order
+of a kilopascal so something even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kilopascal so something even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kilopascal so something even though
+it's made of protein which are hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made of protein which are hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made of protein which are hard uh
+the structures that those proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that those proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures that those proteins
+assemble to is relatively soft now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble to is relatively soft now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble to is relatively soft now
+what's the basis for that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the basis for that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the basis for that material
+property well um let's look at house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well um let's look at house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well um let's look at house
+structure and then now property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then now property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and then now property of a
+material is built up from uh by through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is built up from uh by through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is built up from uh by through
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+assembly this this is an actin filament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly this this is an actin filament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly this this is an actin filament
+it's a polymer of actin subunits uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polymer of actin subunits uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a polymer of actin subunits uh the
+subunits here are depicted as red white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits here are depicted as red white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits here are depicted as red white
+and blue just so that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue just so that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue just so that you could
+distinguish their positions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish their positions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish their positions in the
+polymer so it's a linear filament um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so it's a linear filament um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so it's a linear filament um
+protein subunits tend to add at one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein subunits tend to add at one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein subunits tend to add at one end
+of the polymer uh compared to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polymer uh compared to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polymer uh compared to the other
+so it's polarized in its both in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's polarized in its both in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's polarized in its both in its
+structure and it in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it in its
+assembly now uh the the filament itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly now uh the the filament itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly now uh the the filament itself
+is organized into a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized into a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is organized into a higher level
+structure in the cell this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the cell this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the cell this is an
+electron micrograph through the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph through the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron micrograph through the outer
+region of a cell not much different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of a cell not much different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of a cell not much different than
+this and what you can see is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what you can see is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what you can see is that it
+there's a network or a mat of filaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a network or a mat of filaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a network or a mat of filaments
+now this could look disorganized to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this could look disorganized to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this could look disorganized to you
+and maybe it is at some level but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it is at some level but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it is at some level but if we
+look in much more detail at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in much more detail at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in much more detail at you know
+discrete regions in this you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete regions in this you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete regions in this you see that
+the filaments are organized in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filaments are organized in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filaments are organized in a very
+logical way in that uh off of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical way in that uh off of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical way in that uh off of one
+filament is a branch off of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch off of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch off of that
+filament is a branch off of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch off of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch off of that
+filament is a branch so each filament uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch so each filament uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament is a branch so each filament uh
+somehow gives rise to additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gives rise to additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow gives rise to additional
+filaments through this branching process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments through this branching process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments through this branching process
+that means that there must be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there must be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there must be some other
+protein which is starting this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is starting this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is starting this or
+nucleating the assembly L of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleating the assembly L of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleating the assembly L of a
+branch um and then remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch um and then remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch um and then remember that
+filaments grow by adding at the ends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments grow by adding at the ends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments grow by adding at the ends and
+if we look in this structure we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look in this structure we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look in this structure we would
+see that the ends are certainly here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the ends are certainly here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the ends are certainly here in
+this structure but if we were to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure but if we were to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure but if we were to look at
+all the ends uh most of the ends free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ends uh most of the ends free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ends uh most of the ends free
+ends in in this mesh work actually lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in in this mesh work actually lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends in in this mesh work actually lie
+at the outer regions of of this uh uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outer regions of of this uh uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the outer regions of of this uh uh of
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+cell now let's think back to what I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell now let's think back to what I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell now let's think back to what I told
+you about the assembly subunits add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the assembly subunits add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the assembly subunits add
+preferentially to one end and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially to one end and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially to one end and it turns
+out that this end is the preferred end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this end is the preferred end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that this end is the preferred end
+for assembly or addition of subunits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembly or addition of subunits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assembly or addition of subunits so
+imagine what happens in a Cell you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens in a Cell you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens in a Cell you have
+actant subunits that are adding to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actant subunits that are adding to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actant subunits that are adding to this
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+filament mass is conserved in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament mass is conserved in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filament mass is conserved in the cell
+so what must happen you you would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what must happen you you would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what must happen you you would see a
+translocation of the entire Mass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation of the entire Mass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation of the entire Mass uh
+distally in this picture or as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distally in this picture or as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distally in this picture or as you're
+seeing in this time-lapse movie of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in this time-lapse movie of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in this time-lapse movie of a
+cell you're seeing Mass being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you're seeing Mass being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you're seeing Mass being
+transported centrally to toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported centrally to toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported centrally to toward the
+nucleus of the cell so what this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the cell so what this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of the cell so what this movie
+is showing you is self assembly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing you is self assembly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is showing you is self assembly in
+action uh where it's uh capturing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh where it's uh capturing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action uh where it's uh capturing what
+we infer as assembly of subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we infer as assembly of subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we infer as assembly of subunits
+addition of subunits at the end of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of subunits at the end of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of subunits at the end of these
+filaments the entire mass of polymer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments the entire mass of polymer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments the entire mass of polymer the
+network of filaments um are being are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of filaments um are being are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of filaments um are being are in
+a sense treadmilling its way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense treadmilling its way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense treadmilling its way or
+translocating its way to uh this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocating its way to uh this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocating its way to uh this part of
+the cell if mass is conserved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell if mass is conserved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell if mass is conserved you
+balance the equation of addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the equation of addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance the equation of addition and
+there must be subtraction and you reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be subtraction and you reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be subtraction and you reuse
+the subunits okay so this is in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subunits okay so this is in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subunits okay so this is in fact uh
+how we think cells move it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we think cells move it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we think cells move it turns out
+that this cell is stuck to uh the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this cell is stuck to uh the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this cell is stuck to uh the glass
+cover slip by poly liing the forces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover slip by poly liing the forces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover slip by poly liing the forces of
+adhesion are so strong that the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion are so strong that the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesion are so strong that the cell
+can't move right but if you were to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move right but if you were to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't move right but if you were to let
+this cell make and then break adhesions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell make and then break adhesions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell make and then break adhesions
+then this uh translocation of subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this uh translocation of subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this uh translocation of subunits
+will then change its reference so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then change its reference so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then change its reference so that
+the uh that the that the membrane would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that the that the membrane would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that the that the membrane would
+then be pushed forward instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be pushed forward instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be pushed forward instead of the
+whole mass of polymer being pushed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of polymer being pushed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mass of polymer being pushed back
+okay so this is on the order of nanoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is on the order of nanoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is on the order of nanoon
+of force addition of subunits at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force addition of subunits at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force addition of subunits at the end
+of each filament End by itself is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each filament End by itself is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each filament End by itself is on the
+order of a pontin of force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a pontin of force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a pontin of force
+okay self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay self
+assembly now let's take that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly now let's take that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly now let's take that same
+example of self assembly and let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of self assembly and let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of self assembly and let's look
+at a related but different uh system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a related but different uh system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a related but different uh system now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+remember in uh the second lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in uh the second lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in uh the second lecture I
+talked about how uh the genome you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how uh the genome you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how uh the genome you know
+there's 10 to the 13th cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 to the 13th cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 10 to the 13th cells in the
+human body there's 10 to the 16th uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body there's 10 to the 16th uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human body there's 10 to the 16th uh
+total cells during your lifetime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cells during your lifetime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total cells during your lifetime that
+means there must be on that order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there must be on that order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there must be on that order of
+cell divisions in which the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell divisions in which the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell divisions in which the entire
+contents of your genome must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of your genome must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of your genome must be
+faithfully and accurately replicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully and accurately replicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully and accurately replicated and
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distributed to the daughter cells
+that machinery for distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machinery for distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machinery for distribution of the
+chromosomes or the genome from one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes or the genome from one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes or the genome from one cell
+uh among two daughter cells is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among two daughter cells is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among two daughter cells is one of
+the functions of microtubules okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of microtubules okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions of microtubules okay so
+again it's an element or component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's an element or component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's an element or component of
+the cytoskeleton of the C and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoskeleton of the C and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoskeleton of the C and it's the
+Machinery that's responsible for doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that's responsible for doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that's responsible for doing a
+certain kind of work what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of work what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of work what I'm going to
+tell you about is a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about is a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about is a little bit about the
+biochemistry and the cell biology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and the cell biology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and the cell biology of
+microtubules it's something again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules it's something again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules it's something again you
+should have gotten in 701 also in 706
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten in 701 also in 706
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten in 701 also in 706
+hopefully in 703 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in 703 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully in 703 and
+705 um if you take biology uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+705 um if you take biology uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+705 um if you take biology uh and then
+I'm going to tell you about how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about how um
+microt tual function in cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual function in cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual function in cell division
+can be used as a wedge or a handle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a wedge or a handle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used as a wedge or a handle at
+treating cancers which are characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating cancers which are characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating cancers which are characterized
+by uncontrolled cell division by use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uncontrolled cell division by use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uncontrolled cell division by use of
+drugs that are specifically designed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are specifically designed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are specifically designed or
+were discovered to act directly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered to act directly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered to act directly on the
+ability of microtubules to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of microtubules to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of microtubules to generate
+Force okay so it's a mechanics based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+microtubules uh we we just saw what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules uh we we just saw what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules uh we we just saw what a
+actin fil element is it's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin fil element is it's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin fil element is it's a linear
+polymer uh here a microtubule uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer uh here a microtubule uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer uh here a microtubule uh is
+composed of a hetero dier or the subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of a hetero dier or the subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed of a hetero dier or the subunit
+the building block of a m of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building block of a m of the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building block of a m of the polymer
+is a heterodimer of a alpha and a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heterodimer of a alpha and a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heterodimer of a alpha and a beta
+tubulin protein okay they uh associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin protein okay they uh associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin protein okay they uh associate
+into a stable heterodimer and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a stable heterodimer and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a stable heterodimer and that
+heterodimer in some way that I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterodimer in some way that I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterodimer in some way that I'll show
+you later uh adds to the uh adds in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later uh adds to the uh adds in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later uh adds to the uh adds in a
+way that you build up not a a filament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you build up not a a filament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you build up not a a filament
+but a tube so this is a tube in the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a tube so this is a tube in the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a tube so this is a tube in the true
+sense it has a hollow core and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it has a hollow core and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it has a hollow core and it has a
+wall which are composed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which are composed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which are composed of the
+microtubule or tubulin subunits and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule or tubulin subunits and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule or tubulin subunits and we
+uh Define that the the subunits add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Define that the the subunits add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Define that the the subunits add in a
+polarized Direction and they add uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized Direction and they add uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized Direction and they add uh end
+on end uh the wall of the microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on end uh the wall of the microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on end uh the wall of the microtubules
+are actually organized as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually organized as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually organized as
+protofilaments uh which are linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protofilaments uh which are linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protofilaments uh which are linear
+strings of the tubulin subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now an important um aspect of microt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an important um aspect of microt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now an important um aspect of microt
+tual function has to do with mitosis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual function has to do with mitosis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual function has to do with mitosis so
+here you see the genome condensing The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the genome condensing The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see the genome condensing The
+genome and chromosomes condensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and chromosomes condensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and chromosomes condensing
+organizing during mitosis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing during mitosis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing during mitosis in the
+metaphase plate and then now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and then now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and then now you're
+going to see the cell separate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the cell separate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see the cell separate or
+partition the uh copies of DNA from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the uh copies of DNA from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the uh copies of DNA from one
+dotter cell and the other daughter cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotter cell and the other daughter cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotter cell and the other daughter cell
+cell will divide in half to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will divide in half to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will divide in half to form the
+daughter cells okay that's basic uh cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells okay that's basic uh cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells okay that's basic uh cell
+biology you must have gotten that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you must have gotten that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you must have gotten that in
+high school now this is an experiment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school now this is an experiment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school now this is an experiment uh
+which in which the microtubules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in which the microtubules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in which the microtubules in the
+cell are stained with either an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell are stained with either an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell are stained with either an antibody
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+tubulin and the antibody is uh tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin and the antibody is uh tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin and the antibody is uh tagged
+with a fluorescent tag so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fluorescent tag so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fluorescent tag so that you can
+see this in the light fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in the light fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in the light fluorescence
+microscope and in which the DNA or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and in which the DNA or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope and in which the DNA or some
+component of the DNA is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the DNA is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the DNA is is
+differentially tagged with a different d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially tagged with a different d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially tagged with a different d
+uh in this case it could be a D that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case it could be a D that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this case it could be a D that
+stains DNA bases okay so blue is DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains DNA bases okay so blue is DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains DNA bases okay so blue is DNA
+green is microtubules and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is microtubules and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is microtubules and what you see
+is that uh during the steps in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh during the steps in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh during the steps in which the
+chromosomes uh organize into uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes uh organize into uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes uh organize into uh the
+metap and are brought aligned into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metap and are brought aligned into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metap and are brought aligned into the
+metaphase plate and then separated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and then separated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and then separated you
+find that the cell has a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the cell has a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the cell has a distribution of
+microtubules that seem random in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules that seem random in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules that seem random in some
+way and then what the cell does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then what the cell does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then what the cell does is
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+disassemble its whole Cort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble its whole Cort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassemble its whole Cort of
+cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic
+microtubules and then reassembles them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and then reassembles them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and then reassembles them
+around uh the DNA or in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh the DNA or in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh the DNA or in order to
+organize the DNA so you have now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the DNA so you have now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the DNA so you have now a
+bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar
+structure uh the bipolar structure then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh the bipolar structure then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh the bipolar structure then
+uh assembles microtubules between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assembles microtubules between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assembles microtubules between them
+and then uh what happens is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh what happens is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh what happens is that there's
+a machine uh the microtubules again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine uh the microtubules again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine uh the microtubules again are
+Dynamic structures that is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic structures that is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic structures that is they're
+adding continually adding M tubulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding continually adding M tubulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding continually adding M tubulin
+subunits to the ends of microtubules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits to the ends of microtubules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits to the ends of microtubules and
+taking uh tubulin subunits off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh tubulin subunits off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh tubulin subunits off of the
+opposite ends of microtubules and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite ends of microtubules and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite ends of microtubules and so you
+see that uh you have a specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh you have a specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh you have a specialized
+microt tual structure or machine whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual structure or machine whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual structure or machine whose
+sole function is to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole function is to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sole function is to organize the
+chromosomes and then distribute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and then distribute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and then distribute the
+chromosomes to daughter cells and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to daughter cells and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to daughter cells and so
+here you have the uh what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the uh what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the uh what's called the
+mitotic spindle in anaphase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic spindle in anaphase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic spindle in anaphase where
+literally the microtubules are pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the microtubules are pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the microtubules are pulling
+the chromosomes apart how is that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes apart how is that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes apart how is that done
+uh in several ways uh one way involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in several ways uh one way involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in several ways uh one way involves
+this concept of flux or treadmilling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of flux or treadmilling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of flux or treadmilling of
+microt tual subunits through the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual subunits through the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual subunits through the polymer
+so there's addition preferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's addition preferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's addition preferential
+addition of microtubules at one end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of microtubules at one end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of microtubules at one end of
+the polymer the all the microtubules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer the all the microtubules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer the all the microtubules in
+the structure are uh organized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure are uh organized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure are uh organized in the
+same way so they they have a polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so they they have a polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so they they have a polarity
+that's uniform in the structure okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uniform in the structure okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uniform in the structure okay so
+let's uh let me explain to you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let me explain to you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let me explain to you an
+experiment uh in which we can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh in which we can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh in which we can see you
+can see this motion of material going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this motion of material going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this motion of material going
+from the center to the ends this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center to the ends this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center to the ends this is the
+where the the chromosomes lie it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the chromosomes lie it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the chromosomes lie it's
+basically this picture on its side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this picture on its side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this picture on its side and
+then uh with time you see a flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh with time you see a flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh with time you see a flux of
+material moving uh to opposite poles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material moving uh to opposite poles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material moving uh to opposite poles or
+ends of the structure now why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the structure now why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of the structure now why are we
+able to see this flux well there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see this flux well there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see this flux well there was a
+technique uh or method developed called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh or method developed called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique uh or method developed called
+speckle microscopy in which U you add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle microscopy in which U you add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle microscopy in which U you add a
+tubulin subunit which is tagged with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin subunit which is tagged with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin subunit which is tagged with a
+fluorescent D so you can see the microt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent D so you can see the microt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent D so you can see the microt
+tual in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual in the in the
+microscope however if if the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope however if if the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope however if if the entire
+microt tual was composed of this tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual was composed of this tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual was composed of this tagged
+tubulin subunit the whole micral will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin subunit the whole micral will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubulin subunit the whole micral will
+appear as a line a flent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as a line a flent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear as a line a flent
+line the trick is and and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the trick is and and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the trick is and and if there's
+movement or or flux among the subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or or flux among the subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or or flux among the subunits
+you would never see it because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never see it because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never see it because there
+would be nothing to distinguish one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing to distinguish one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nothing to distinguish one part
+of a microt tual from the other however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a microt tual from the other however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a microt tual from the other however
+if you add the tubulin subunits that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add the tubulin subunits that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add the tubulin subunits that are
+fluorescently tagged at a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently tagged at a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescently tagged at a very very
+small relative amount compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative amount compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative amount compared to the
+amount of protein in the polymer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of protein in the polymer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of protein in the polymer then
+you see that the microt tual will appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the microt tual will appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the microt tual will appear
+speckled if if you were able to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckled if if you were able to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckled if if you were able to see it
+as an individual microt tual in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an individual microt tual in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an individual microt tual in the
+light microscope so in contrast instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light microscope so in contrast instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light microscope so in contrast instead
+of seeing a solid or contiguous line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing a solid or contiguous line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing a solid or contiguous line of
+fluorescence you would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence you would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence you would see a
+discontiguous maybe line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontiguous maybe line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontiguous maybe line in
+fluorescence maybe you might not even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence maybe you might not even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence maybe you might not even be
+able to distinguish it as one microt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish it as one microt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish it as one microt
+tual because the labeling is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual because the labeling is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tual because the labeling is so
+low however um imagine so that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low however um imagine so that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low however um imagine so that's why you
+see these Speckles here instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Speckles here instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these Speckles here instead of the
+lines of microtubules that we saw for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of microtubules that we saw for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of microtubules that we saw for
+for instance in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture you know in this picture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you know in this picture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you know in this picture where
+you see the microt tubules as linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the microt tubules as linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the microt tubules as linear
+linear objects so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear objects so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear objects so here's the
+experiment um you just take a time-lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um you just take a time-lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um you just take a time-lapse
+movie like this and for each frame you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie like this and for each frame you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie like this and for each frame you
+physically box out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically box out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically box out
+one uh segment which we show here as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh segment which we show here as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh segment which we show here as the
+chromosomes green and the Speckles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes green and the Speckles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes green and the Speckles that
+happen to be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in that
+box now what you see in the subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box now what you see in the subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box now what you see in the subsequent
+time frames is that the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frames is that the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time frames is that the chromosomes
+basically stay in place they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stay in place they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stay in place they're not
+moving during that in that interval but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving during that in that interval but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving during that in that interval but
+notice what happens here you see lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happens here you see lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what happens here you see lines
+or traces of flux in which these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traces of flux in which these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traces of flux in which these this
+speckle appears to be moving with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle appears to be moving with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speckle appears to be moving with time
+in a Direction that's opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Direction that's opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Direction that's opposite to the
+position of the chromosome that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the chromosome that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the chromosome that is you
+have a b radial uh flow of material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a b radial uh flow of material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a b radial uh flow of material from
+the chromosomes toward the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes toward the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes toward the poles of the
+uh mitotic apparatus what that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mitotic apparatus what that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mitotic apparatus what that's telling
+you is that material is being added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that material is being added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that material is being added
+here and uh and that that fiduciary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and that that fiduciary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh and that that fiduciary
+marker on the microtubule is now moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker on the microtubule is now moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker on the microtubule is now moving
+out implying that there's new material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out implying that there's new material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out implying that there's new material
+that's being added at the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being added at the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being added at the chromosomes
+during metaphase so it it you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during metaphase so it it you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during metaphase so it it you see this
+as a flux or movement of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a flux or movement of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a flux or movement of material
+outward toward the pole at metaphase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward toward the pole at metaphase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outward toward the pole at metaphase so
+because there's a flux it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a flux it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a flux it means that
+it's doing work but in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing work but in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing work but in this case the
+work is unproductive because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is unproductive because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is unproductive because the
+chromosomes are staying in place it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are staying in place it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are staying in place it's as
+if you have a car engine in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a car engine in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a car engine in which the
+engine is is revving up but what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is is revving up but what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine is is revving up but what the
+problem is is that you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is that you don't have the
+clutch engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch engaged
+right now what happens at the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what happens at the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what happens at the next stage
+is that the cell actually asks questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cell actually asks questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cell actually asks questions
+at a biochemical level and says are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a biochemical level and says are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a biochemical level and says are all
+the chromosomes aligned are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes aligned are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes aligned are all the
+chromosomes attached to microtubules is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes attached to microtubules is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes attached to microtubules is
+everything else you know sort of okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you know sort of okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you know sort of okay if
+so yes let's get started and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes let's get started and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes let's get started and what
+happens is that there are proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there are proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that there are proteins that
+keep the sister chromatids or the pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the sister chromatids or the pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the sister chromatids or the pairs
+of chromosomes physically uh together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chromosomes physically uh together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chromosomes physically uh together
+and those bonds between those proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those bonds between those proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those bonds between those proteins
+break these proteins are called cohesion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these proteins are called cohesion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these proteins are called cohesion
+and they break and if you take 73 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they break and if you take 73 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they break and if you take 73 from
+uh Professor or Weaver her lab studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Professor or Weaver her lab studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Professor or Weaver her lab studies
+these cohesion proteins so if the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cohesion proteins so if the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cohesion proteins so if the bonds
+between the chromosomes break then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chromosomes break then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chromosomes break then
+obviously any Force directed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously any Force directed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously any Force directed on the
+chromosomes is now uh transduced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes is now uh transduced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes is now uh transduced into
+the movement of the chromosomes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of the chromosomes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of the chromosomes that's
+one part of it you have to have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of it you have to have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of it you have to have uh the
+chromosomes separating but also you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes separating but also you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes separating but also you have
+to get the flux of incorporation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the flux of incorporation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the flux of incorporation of
+microtubules uh at at the chromosomes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules uh at at the chromosomes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules uh at at the chromosomes to
+be translated into a pulling force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into a pulling force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into a pulling force and
+that requires another set of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires another set of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires another set of proteins
+which are designed uh that are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are designed uh that are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are designed uh that are on the
+chromosomes to actually latch on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to actually latch on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to actually latch on to the
+end of a of a chromosome and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a of a chromosome and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of a of a chromosome and then
+thereby being transported out as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby being transported out as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby being transported out as as
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+continues okay so that's how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues okay so that's how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues okay so that's how you get
+chromosomes to the end once they're to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to the end once they're to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to the end once they're to
+the opposite poles cells divide in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite poles cells divide in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite poles cells divide in half
+you have two daughter cells mitosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two daughter cells mitosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two daughter cells mitosis is
+finished now cancer if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished now cancer if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished now cancer if you think about
+it is basically a problem in unregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is basically a problem in unregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is basically a problem in unregulated
+cell division tumors grow because cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division tumors grow because cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division tumors grow because cells
+divide when they're not supposed to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide when they're not supposed to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide when they're not supposed to in
+places that they're not supposed to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that they're not supposed to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that they're not supposed to at
+times when they're not supposed to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when they're not supposed to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when they're not supposed to so
+this whole process of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole process of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole process of cell division
+somehow goes Ary also the cells move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow goes Ary also the cells move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow goes Ary also the cells move to
+different places in the body and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the body and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places in the body and start
+tumors at different sites so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors at different sites so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors at different sites so this is
+just a picture of some organ um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a picture of some organ um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a picture of some organ um probably
+liver and you can see these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver and you can see these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver and you can see these different
+tumor masses in it and at a hystological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor masses in it and at a hystological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor masses in it and at a hystological
+level in the light microscope you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the light microscope you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the light microscope you can
+distinguish these uh blocks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish these uh blocks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish these uh blocks or
+Aggregates of tumor cells uh from normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregates of tumor cells uh from normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregates of tumor cells uh from normal
+cells so anti-cancer treatments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so anti-cancer treatments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so anti-cancer treatments are
+designed to kill tumor cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to kill tumor cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to kill tumor cells uh
+differentially you don't want to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially you don't want to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially you don't want to kill
+normal cells or somehow control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells or somehow control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells or somehow control of the
+uh properties of a tumor cell relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties of a tumor cell relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties of a tumor cell relative
+to a normal cell right a tumor cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a normal cell right a tumor cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a normal cell right a tumor cell is
+not that much different than a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much different than a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much different than a normal
+cell it's on the order of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's on the order of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it's on the order of a few
+mutations uh in the genome that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations uh in the genome that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations uh in the genome that's being
+expressed so where does microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so where does microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so where does microtubules
+come in uh the seminal observation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in uh the seminal observation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in uh the seminal observation was
+uh about uh 25 or 35 years ago uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about uh 25 or 35 years ago uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about uh 25 or 35 years ago uh when
+uh Susan hitz's group uh discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Susan hitz's group uh discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Susan hitz's group uh discovered that
+a drug or a chemical compound that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug or a chemical compound that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug or a chemical compound that the
+uh National Cancer Institute had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh National Cancer Institute had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh National Cancer Institute had
+isolated uh and found to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated uh and found to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated uh and found to have
+anti-cancer Properties or anti-tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer Properties or anti-tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer Properties or anti-tumor
+properties um Bas you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um Bas you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um Bas you know and the
+structure shown here had an unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure shown here had an unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure shown here had an unusual
+property of causing the microtubules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of causing the microtubules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of causing the microtubules in
+a Cell not to break down so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell not to break down so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cell not to break down so you can
+think of you know how do you disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know how do you disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know how do you disrupt
+mitosis well if you can't form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis well if you can't form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis well if you can't form the
+structure in the first place then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the first place then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in the first place then
+obviously the cell can't divide however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the cell can't divide however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the cell can't divide however
+what that's not what happened if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's not what happened if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's not what happened if you
+look at these micrographs where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these micrographs where again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these micrographs where again
+you have chromosomes in blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have chromosomes in blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have chromosomes in blue and
+microtubules in this case in red you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules in this case in red you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules in this case in red you see
+that the cell is able to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell is able to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell is able to form
+microtubules but in the presence of ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules but in the presence of ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules but in the presence of ta
+all uh you have committed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh you have committed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh you have committed the
+microtubules to assemble in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to assemble in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to assemble in such a way
+that you have uh disorganize the DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have uh disorganize the DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have uh disorganize the DNA so
+here you have chromosomes at the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have chromosomes at the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have chromosomes at the poles
+instead of all at the metaphase plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all at the metaphase plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all at the metaphase plate
+you have this aarant kind of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this aarant kind of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this aarant kind of structure
+and so on so uh there's unregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so uh there's unregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so uh there's unregulated
+assembly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly of
+microtubules and the important property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and the important property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and the important property
+is that um what they found was that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um what they found was that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um what they found was that this
+uh tax all bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tax all bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tax all bind
+and stabilizes the microtubules so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stabilizes the microtubules so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stabilizes the microtubules so you
+prevent the Dynamics from occurring if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the Dynamics from occurring if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the Dynamics from occurring if
+the microtubules aren't Dynamic then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microtubules aren't Dynamic then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microtubules aren't Dynamic then
+from a mechanics point of view it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanics point of view it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mechanics point of view it can't
+generate Force if it can't generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Force if it can't generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Force if it can't generate
+Force then there's nothing to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force then there's nothing to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force then there's nothing to separate
+the microt uh the chromosomes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microt uh the chromosomes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microt uh the chromosomes okay so
+this is a mechanic you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mechanic you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mechanic you can think of this
+as a chemically based problem but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemically based problem but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemically based problem but it
+really is in fact a mechanics based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is in fact a mechanics based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is in fact a mechanics based
+problem IE why you're a bioengineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem IE why you're a bioengineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem IE why you're a bioengineer
+now what is it of microt tual Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is it of microt tual Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is it of microt tual Dynamics
+we saw it in the time-lapse movie from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it in the time-lapse movie from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw it in the time-lapse movie from
+the speckle microscopy uh the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speckle microscopy uh the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speckle microscopy uh the basis for
+uh Dynamics is that microtubules like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamics is that microtubules like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dynamics is that microtubules like
+actin filaments are polar in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin filaments are polar in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actin filaments are polar in their
+structure so one end is chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so one end is chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so one end is chemically
+different than the other end subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other end subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the other end subunits
+add preferentially to one end or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add preferentially to one end or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add preferentially to one end or the
+other so in this case the preferred end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so in this case the preferred end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so in this case the preferred end
+of a microt tual if we backtrack just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a microt tual if we backtrack just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a microt tual if we backtrack just
+one second if we Mark a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second if we Mark a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one second if we Mark a set of
+microtubules just say we can tag them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules just say we can tag them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules just say we can tag them
+with a D or something um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a D or something um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a D or something um and then we
+watch how a microt tual grows uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how a microt tual grows uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch how a microt tual grows uh what
+we'll see is that on average one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that on average one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see is that on average one end
+will grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow
+longer than the other end but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the other end but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the other end but also
+notice that uh the there's a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh the there's a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that uh the there's a dynamic
+even to the assembly of uh microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the assembly of uh microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to the assembly of uh microtubules
+in that they go through these uh cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that they go through these uh cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that they go through these uh cycles
+of assembly and disassembly so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assembly and disassembly so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assembly and disassembly so that if
+you trace any one microt tual uh length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trace any one microt tual uh length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trace any one microt tual uh length
+you'll see that it'll fluctuate uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it'll fluctuate uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it'll fluctuate uh over
+a large range of lengths with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large range of lengths with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large range of lengths with time
+because it's adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's adding and subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's adding and subtracting
+subunits at both ends both ends are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits at both ends both ends are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits at both ends both ends are in
+Dynamic flux but one end is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic flux but one end is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic flux but one end is is
+dominating over the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating over the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating over the other so
+microtubules go like this well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules go like this well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules go like this well actually
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+right now what happens when you add tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what happens when you add tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what happens when you add tax
+all taxol binds to the walls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all taxol binds to the walls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all taxol binds to the walls of the
+microtubule and somehow prevents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule and somehow prevents this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule and somehow prevents this
+Dynamic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic uh
+uh disassembly reaction from having so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disassembly reaction from having so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disassembly reaction from having so
+it's as if the taxol binds and glues the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if the taxol binds and glues the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if the taxol binds and glues the
+subunits together what you see that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits together what you see that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits together what you see that is
+that as a microt tual if a microtubule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a microt tual if a microtubule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a microt tual if a microtubule
+forms it's likely to stay either its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms it's likely to stay either its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms it's likely to stay either its
+length or it may grow longer sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or it may grow longer sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or it may grow longer sometimes
+it may grow shorter but it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may grow shorter but it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may grow shorter but it doesn't have
+the dynamic characteristic like a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic characteristic like a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic characteristic like a native
+microt tual would have so taol works at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual would have so taol works at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tual would have so taol works at
+the molecular level by affecting how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular level by affecting how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular level by affecting how a
+microt tubio breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tubio breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microt tubio breaks
+down how does that work well I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how does that work well I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down how does that work well I gave you
+the clue before this is a diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clue before this is a diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clue before this is a diagram of the
+wall of a microt tual taxol actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of a microt tual taxol actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of a microt tual taxol actually
+binds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds on the
+inside uh and it it in fact uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside uh and it it in fact uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside uh and it it in fact uh is
+binding at a sight in which it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding at a sight in which it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding at a sight in which it affects
+uh the not only the microtubules bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the not only the microtubules bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the not only the microtubules bound
+or tubulin subunit that it's bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tubulin subunit that it's bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or tubulin subunit that it's bound to
+but also its neighbors you could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also its neighbors you could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also its neighbors you could look at
+it and you can actually envisage why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can actually envisage why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can actually envisage why it
+prevents disassembly right now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents disassembly right now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents disassembly right now in this
+position it seems as though it's acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it seems as though it's acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it seems as though it's acting
+to uh bind these subunits Al together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh bind these subunits Al together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh bind these subunits Al together
+okay so that's that's the interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's the interpretation
+of how a tax all works uh these happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a tax all works uh these happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how a tax all works uh these happen
+to be the locations of where other drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the locations of where other drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the locations of where other drugs
+anti-cancer drugs work that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs work that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cancer drugs work that are also
+targets whose targets are microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets whose targets are microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets whose targets are microtubules
+uh T culine is a compound which causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T culine is a compound which causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh T culine is a compound which causes
+microtubules to break down instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to break down instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to break down instead of
+microtubules to be stable and uh at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to be stable and uh at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules to be stable and uh at very
+low concentrations it also prevents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations it also prevents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations it also prevents the
+microtubule from being Dynamic there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule from being Dynamic there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubule from being Dynamic there's a
+third drug called V blasting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third drug called V blasting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third drug called V blasting it's
+actually one of the earliest ones being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the earliest ones being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the earliest ones being
+that were used which binds solely to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used which binds solely to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used which binds solely to the
+ends of microtubules again it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of microtubules again it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of microtubules again it affects
+the Dynamics uh in much the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics uh in much the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics uh in much the same way
+that uh taol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh taol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh taol
+does okay so microtubules are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so microtubules are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so microtubules are the main
+structure uh of the protein machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh of the protein machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure uh of the protein machine that
+separates chromosomes from the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates chromosomes from the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates chromosomes from the Dynamics
+you got a good idea I hope that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a good idea I hope that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a good idea I hope that it's
+also the uh part of the structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the uh part of the structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the uh part of the structure that's
+responsible for generating the motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for generating the motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for generating the motive
+Force for separating chromosomes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force for separating chromosomes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force for separating chromosomes so it's
+logical that a microt tubio would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical that a microt tubio would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical that a microt tubio would be a
+Target uh for treating cancer because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target uh for treating cancer because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target uh for treating cancer because if
+you can control unregulated cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control unregulated cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can control unregulated cell
+division which happens faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which happens faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which happens faster than
+normal cell division then maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division then maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division then maybe you have
+um uh a wedge into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a wedge into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh a wedge into uh
+uh uh controlling uh a tumor or the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh controlling uh a tumor or the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh controlling uh a tumor or the size
+of a tumor and so these are current a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tumor and so these are current a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tumor and so these are current a
+table from the uh Jordan and Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from the uh Jordan and Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table from the uh Jordan and Wilson
+review of the different uh drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the different uh drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the different uh drugs that
+are designed to act on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to act on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to act on
+microtubules and uh where they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and uh where they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules and uh where they are in
+their clinical phase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clinical phase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their clinical phase okay
+so uh taxol is a very uh important drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh taxol is a very uh important drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh taxol is a very uh important drug
+in cancer treatment um it's uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer treatment um it's uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer treatment um it's uh a very
+complex molecule it's extracted from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex molecule it's extracted from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex molecule it's extracted from the
+UT tree a Pacific UT tree which is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT tree a Pacific UT tree which is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT tree a Pacific UT tree which is not a
+very good source for the material so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good source for the material so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good source for the material so the
+routes for uh making taxol is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes for uh making taxol is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes for uh making taxol is through
+chemical synthesis you can start from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical synthesis you can start from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical synthesis you can start from uh
+the base molecules and build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base molecules and build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base molecules and build up the
+synthesis and that's you know like a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and that's you know like a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and that's you know like a 50
+step synthesis or you can identify an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step synthesis or you can identify an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step synthesis or you can identify an
+intermediate a naturally occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate a naturally occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate a naturally occurring
+intermediate which you can use as a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate which you can use as a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate which you can use as a base
+in which in a four-step process you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which in a four-step process you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which in a four-step process you can
+then build up a taxel and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build up a taxel and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build up a taxel and that's the
+economically uh favored route for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically uh favored route for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically uh favored route for uh
+synthesizing taxol um as a bioengineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing taxol um as a bioengineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing taxol um as a bioengineer
+you would think of other ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think of other ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think of other ways of
+synthesizing taxol maybe cloning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing taxol maybe cloning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing taxol maybe cloning all
+genes and taxol synthesis pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and taxol synthesis pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and taxol synthesis pathway and
+having them you know generate or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having them you know generate or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having them you know generate or make
+taxol in a bacterium or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxol in a bacterium or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxol in a bacterium or something like
+that and that's actually a topic for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's actually a topic for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's actually a topic for a
+term paper that you can use so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term paper that you can use so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term paper that you can use so the
+bioengineering aspect has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering aspect has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering aspect has to do with
+making tax all taxol is insoluble so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making tax all taxol is insoluble so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making tax all taxol is insoluble so you
+have to uh uh inject it uh with an oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh inject it uh with an oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh inject it uh with an oil
+to uh keep the solubility up so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh keep the solubility up so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh keep the solubility up so you know
+you can engine engineer the molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can engine engineer the molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can engine engineer the molecule to
+also have better solubility properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have better solubility properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have better solubility properties
+and delivery properties let me just end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivery properties let me just end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delivery properties let me just end
+by another application of tax all now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another application of tax all now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another application of tax all now uh
+it's used to control cell division let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to control cell division let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to control cell division let's
+think about uh stance in the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh stance in the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh stance in the operation
+of stents uh when you go in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stents uh when you go in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stents uh when you go in and you
+basically scrub the wall of a of a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically scrub the wall of a of a blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically scrub the wall of a of a blood
+vessel you put in place this metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you put in place this metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel you put in place this metal
+scaffold which is designed to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffold which is designed to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffold which is designed to keep the
+the wall open however one common problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall open however one common problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall open however one common problem
+is that the cells in the lining of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cells in the lining of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the cells in the lining of this
+wall overgrow that scaffold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall overgrow that scaffold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall overgrow that scaffold and
+gradually grow back and block that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually grow back and block that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradually grow back and block that
+vessel so that's that's a bad thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel so that's that's a bad thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel so that's that's a bad thing um
+I'll just alert you to that taxol or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just alert you to that taxol or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just alert you to that taxol or one
+uh new development in uh stance is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new development in uh stance is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new development in uh stance is to
+then coat them with drugs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coat them with drugs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coat them with drugs that are
+designed to knock down or to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to knock down or to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to knock down or to slow down
+cell growth around that stent and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell growth around that stent and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell growth around that stent and of
+course taxol is one of those uh drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course taxol is one of those uh drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course taxol is one of those uh drugs
+that is embedded in a polymer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is embedded in a polymer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is embedded in a polymer that's
+designed to slowly release taxol so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to slowly release taxol so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to slowly release taxol so that
+you do uh knock down or keep down cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh knock down or keep down cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh knock down or keep down cell
+growth uh which is called restenosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh which is called restenosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth uh which is called restenosis
+okay so uh that's an example where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's an example where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's an example where we
+understand the basic bi ology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic bi ology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basic bi ology we
+understand the technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the technological
+applications and a little bit of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and a little bit of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and a little bit of how
+Engineering in the chemistry uh will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering in the chemistry uh will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering in the chemistry uh will get
+you from one to the other think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from one to the other think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from one to the other think about
+other examples how chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples how chemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples how chemistry or
+engineering can uh help us with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering can uh help us with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering can uh help us with uh
+relating tax all with uh cancer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O8q7AqZxtXQ.txt b/O8q7AqZxtXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c0b369450175772c41985a027fc44da715af0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O8q7AqZxtXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2473 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: --not of the
+vindictive sort.
+
+You skip class, you've skipped
+a lot of important stuff.
+
+But I'll get you on the
+quiz, that's all.
+
+Kidding aside, there were
+a number of things
+
+that I passed out.
+
+I think nobody needs a set
+of problem set number 13.
+
+That was the one that had
+something on symmetry
+
+constraints and working with
+second-rank tensors.
+
+If anybody missed that, you
+can see me during break.
+
+Some people, I think, missed
+problem set 14.
+
+And that's the one where you
+are invited to diagonalize
+
+some tensors, either using
+the method of successive
+
+approximations or the direct
+diagonalization-
+
+by-an-eigenvalue procedure.
+
+Anybody need one of that?
+
+And I'm sure that nobody has a
+copy of problem set number 15,
+
+which deals with
+piezoelectricity.
+
+And I know you don't
+have it, because
+
+I just put it together.
+
+So I'd like to hand it out and
+invite you to explore things
+
+that deal with third-rank
+tensors.
+
+And I hope that, even though
+doing the problem sets is
+
+optional, particularly at this
+juncture in the semester when
+
+things have come to a set
+of successive crunches.
+
+But if you don't know how to
+do it, for goodness' sakes,
+
+come see me.
+
+Or raise it in our next class.
+
+You know, some question like,
+I haven't the foggiest idea
+
+how to do problem number two.
+
+Could you say a little bit
+about that, please?
+
+And I'd be happy to oblige.
+
+All right.
+
+I will have for you next time
+the quizzes and also all the
+
+problem sets which will
+have been turned
+
+in up to that point.
+
+And what I spent my time doing
+instead is writing out notes
+
+for those people who missed
+the last lecture, and also
+
+notes covering what we're
+going to do today.
+
+Because it is very exquisitely
+intensive, algebraically.
+
+It's not hard, but there are a
+lot of variables with a lot of
+
+subscripts.
+
+So let me pass this around.
+
+I'll split it up into packs.
+
+These are notes on some basic
+relations in electromagnetism
+
+which you may or may
+not have forgotten.
+
+Take one off the top.
+
+And it's coming at you from
+either side, so you're going
+
+to pass it back.
+
+And the notes also cover
+everything that we're going to
+
+do on piezoelectricity.
+
+Most of it will take
+place today.
+
+And I can zip along a little
+more rapidly if you
+
+have notes to follow.
+
+I would like to ask you when you
+get a set of the notes--
+
+I could really kick myself--
+
+the introductory discussion
+reminds you of the definition
+
+of a dipole.
+
+And down in the middle of the
+page, on the cover sheet, two
+
+different types of
+polarizability are defined.
+
+And one of them involves the
+separation of charge on an
+
+individual atom.
+
+And that is called, quite
+appropriately, the electronic
+
+polarizability because it
+involves polarization of the
+
+electrons and protons on
+the individual atoms.
+
+And then there's another type of
+induced dipole moment that
+
+comes when the structure
+is ionic.
+
+And then an electric field will
+pull positive ions in one
+
+direction and negative ions
+in the opposite direction.
+
+And that is very often referred
+to as the ionic
+
+polarizability.
+
+And it's easy to keep
+them straight.
+
+One involves electrons,
+which all atoms have.
+
+The other involves ions.
+
+And not all structures and
+materials have ions.
+
+So the second one is unique
+to ionic structures.
+
+And then, these are sometimes
+also referred to as the
+
+dielectric polarizability.
+
+And I meant to purge that
+from the notes.
+
+And as I put this together to
+xerox it, I grabbed the
+
+uncorrected sheet.
+
+So please, just below you see
+the displaced positive and
+
+negative ion on the middle
+of the page, cross out
+
+"dielectric" polarizability.
+
+And change that to "ionic"
+polarizability.
+
+And I didn't catch that.
+
+There's one other little typo
+as we go partway through.
+
+In any case, we'll talk about
+third-rank tensor properties.
+
+We'll introduce some other
+ones other than
+
+piezoelectricity later on.
+
+But piezoelectricity is one of
+the primary examples of a
+
+third-rank tensor property.
+
+And it's one that has a lot of
+applications in devices--
+
+pressure sensors, audio
+equipment, electronic devices.
+
+It's a very important property
+in terms of devices and
+
+present-day technology.
+
+But there are others.
+
+And we'll cover those
+in due course.
+
+Some of them are
+rather exotic.
+
+OK.
+
+But to review these basic
+concepts in electromagnetism,
+
+we remind you again of the
+definition of a dipole.
+
+We mentioned this last time.
+
+But to quickly review, a dipole
+is a pair of charges of
+
+opposite sign but equal
+magnitude, separated by a
+
+separation, d.
+
+And then one defines a dipole
+moment, which has a vector
+
+character, as the product
+of one of the charges of
+
+magnitude, q.
+
+And the vector that separates
+the two charges in the sense
+
+of the vector is defined as
+going from the negative charge
+
+and pointing towards the
+positive charge.
+
+It's purely a definition.
+
+But the reason it's convenient
+is that the vector sense and
+
+the product of charge and
+separation comes up again and
+
+again in all sorts of
+problems, among them
+
+definition of the piezoelectric
+effects.
+
+Also a dipole in an electric
+field is going to experience a
+
+torque because the electric
+field will pull on the
+
+positive charge in the
+same direction.
+
+It will pull on the negative
+charge in the opposite
+
+direction from the field.
+
+And that's going to create a
+torque on this little gizmo.
+
+OK.
+
+Now it's important, too--
+
+and interesting to note-- that
+there are three different
+
+kinds of dipole moments.
+
+There are some molecules--
+
+and water is the primary
+example.
+
+Water has seen an asymmetrical
+arrangement of hydrogen,
+
+relative to the oxygen ion to
+which they are connected.
+
+And that gives water a permanent
+dipole moment, which
+
+is what makes water such
+a darn good solvent.
+
+And its ability to dissolve
+primordial juices probably
+
+accounts for our fact,
+intelligent design
+
+notwithstanding, of why
+we are here today.
+
+On the other hand, dipoles, as
+I was just saying, can be
+
+induced when you impose an
+electric field on matter.
+
+And these are of two kinds.
+
+One is the dipole moment
+that is induced on
+
+an individual atom.
+
+And that results in displacement
+of the positive
+
+nucleus relative to the negative
+electron shell.
+
+It's found that the dipole
+moment is proportional to the
+
+magnitude of the
+electric field.
+
+And the proportionality
+constant, alpha, is called the
+
+polarizability.
+
+And for an individual atom, as
+I said a moment ago, it's
+
+defined as the electronic
+polarizability.
+
+We write it as a scalar
+quantity, but actually, by now
+
+you're probably sensitized to
+being a little bit skeptical
+
+when things that relate
+to vectors are
+
+described as a scalar.
+
+And in fact, the electronic
+polarizability is not a
+
+scalar, it's a tensor.
+
+And one should really write that
+the i-th component of the
+
+dipole moment is given by
+alpha i,j times the j-th
+
+component of the
+electric field.
+
+Second type of induced dipole
+moment involves, again as we
+
+said a moment ago, the effect of
+imposing an electric field
+
+on an ionic structure.
+
+And again, the field will pull
+the positive ions in one
+
+direction and negative
+ions in the other.
+
+And here quite clearly, if
+this pair of ions is in a
+
+structure, and that structure
+has some symmetry, we really
+
+have to consider this second
+origin to induce dipole
+
+moments as a tensor.
+
+And this is referred to as
+the ionic polarizability.
+
+So both of these types of dipole
+moments will be present
+
+in matter, in general.
+
+The relative importance of each
+depends on whether the
+
+electric field is a static
+field or an oscillatory
+
+electric field.
+
+And then the frequency
+dependence of these two
+
+polarizabilities has a
+consequence on the magnitude
+
+for fields of different
+frequencies.
+
+And not surprisingly, the
+ability of the ions in the
+
+structure to polarize is
+going to poop out with
+
+high-frequency electric fields
+a lot quicker than just the
+
+displacement of the
+light electrons
+
+about a positive nucleus.
+
+So there is a frequency
+dependence of the net
+
+polarizability.
+
+We won't go into that.
+
+But just keep in mind that at
+very high-frequency electric
+
+fields, the ionic polarizability
+will damp out.
+
+OK.
+
+Then we went through a rather
+simplified but amusing model
+
+for the electronic
+polarizability.
+
+And there's some rather severe
+assumptions that are made.
+
+But making those assumptions
+let's you get a rigorous
+
+result, which tells you
+something about the electronic
+
+polarizability.
+
+So we model the electron
+distribution on the atom as a
+
+uniform charge density in a
+distribution that goes up to
+
+some radius, r, and
+then quits.
+
+So there's a sharp cutoff to the
+distribution of electrons,
+
+which is obviously ridiculous.
+
+You know there are a collection
+of wave functions
+
+that give you charge
+probabilities that tail off
+
+slowly to large distances,
+getting progressively smaller
+
+and smaller.
+
+So this is not terribly
+realistic.
+
+And then the other thing we
+assume to make this model,
+
+something that we can solve
+exactly, is that the nucleus
+
+and the electron distribution
+displace as units.
+
+In other words, we start with
+a sphere of electrons, the
+
+center displaces, but it stays
+a sphere of uniformly
+
+distributed electrons.
+
+And then having made those
+assumptions and having lost
+
+any credibility for the model,
+if we carry through to see
+
+what the model predicts, it's
+rather interesting.
+
+We use a fact, again, known
+to freshman and sophomore
+
+students of electromagnetism,
+that a charge inside of a
+
+uniform distribution of charge
+experiences no force.
+
+And that's surprising, but it's
+something that you are
+
+very often invited to
+do on problem sets.
+
+So therefore, if the center of
+the electron distribution is
+
+displaced from the nucleus,
+then the restoring force
+
+between the electron sphere and
+the nucleus is simply the
+
+coulombic force between a
+nucleus of charge plus ze, and
+
+a fraction of the total number
+of electrons, namely that
+
+fraction of the electrons which
+are contained within a
+
+sphere that has a radius equal
+to the displacement.
+
+And that geometry and that
+algebra's carried out for you
+
+on the bottom of
+the first page.
+
+If you set that up and ask what
+the dipole moment will
+
+be, it comes out beautifully
+simple.
+
+It comes out to be equal to
+whatever proportionality
+
+constant you use in
+Coulomb's law.
+
+I use rationalized MKS units
+from force of habit.
+
+So there's a 4 pi epsilon 0 in
+there, then times the cube of
+
+the radius of the electron
+distribution, times the
+
+electric field.
+
+So the two items of note that
+come out of this simplified
+
+treatment is first of all, the
+induced dipole moment is
+
+proportional to the applied
+electric field, which is what
+
+we assumed.
+
+And so therefore, the
+polarizability, which is the
+
+quantity that relates the dipole
+moment to the magnitude
+
+of the field, is a constant.
+
+And it turns out to be
+equal to 4 pi epsilon
+
+0, times the radius.
+
+So not only does this tell
+us that the electronic
+
+polarizability is something that
+relates dipole moment in
+
+direct proportion to the
+magnitude of the field.
+
+And secondly, the electronic
+polarizability involves the
+
+radius of the charge
+distribution, cubed.
+
+And even on a qualitative basis,
+this is interesting.
+
+It tells you that
+high-atomic-number, big, fat
+
+ions are going to have a very,
+very large polarizability.
+
+And things way down in the
+periodic table, like beryllium
+
+and lithium, and other low-z
+atoms, are going to be tough
+
+little nuts that don't display
+much polarization at all.
+
+And in point of fact, several
+individuals have tabulated
+
+empirical sets of electronic
+polarizabilities.
+
+One of the earliest ones are
+the so-called TKS values
+
+published a long time ago
+by Tessman, Kahn,
+
+and "Wild Bill" Shockley.
+
+And I give you the reference
+to those.
+
+There is another set of values
+that were assembled by a
+
+fellow at DuPont named
+Bob Shannon.
+
+And I'll give you a citation
+to those values.
+
+But in any case, if you look at
+these values, you find that
+
+the cation that has highest
+electronic polarizability is
+
+thallium, way down on the bottom
+of the periodic table,
+
+next to lead.
+
+And that's just a big, fat,
+flabby atom that can be
+
+deformed very, very easily.
+
+How do you get these
+polarizabilities?
+
+Well, the equations at the
+bottom of page two-- which we
+
+won't make any use of but,
+nevertheless, will tell you
+
+where they come from--
+
+there's a relation between the
+square of the index of
+
+refraction and the sum of the
+polarizabilities of the
+
+individual species, times the
+number of those species per
+
+unit volume.
+
+And that is something that's
+called the Lorentz-Lorenz
+
+equation, equation.
+
+I can't resist saying
+everything
+
+twice, Lorenz and Lorentz.
+
+You can put this in another
+form that involves the
+
+molecular weight of a molecular
+structure and the
+
+polarizability per molecule.
+
+It's the same equation, but
+for organic compounds.
+
+It's a useful form.
+
+And it turns out that the
+dielectric constant of the
+
+material is directly related to
+the square of the index of
+
+refraction.
+
+So you can write those two
+equations in terms of either
+
+the dielectric constant or
+the index of refraction.
+
+And if you substitute dielectric
+constant in place
+
+of n squared in those
+equations, the
+
+equations get new names.
+
+And they're not called the
+
+Lorentz-Lorenz equation, equations.
+
+They're called the
+Clausius-Mossotti equations,
+
+which shows you that sometimes
+fame and immortality can be
+
+gained simply by a trivial
+substitution of variables.
+
+Nice to keep in mind if you can
+find something like that.
+
+Finally, we don't see
+dipole moments on
+
+individual atoms or molecules.
+
+We see evidence of polarization
+in bulk.
+
+And on page three is a little
+model that reminds you of what
+
+the polarization of
+a material is.
+
+And that's defined as
+simply the dipole
+
+moment per unit volume.
+
+And that's represented
+by a capital P rather
+
+than a small p.
+
+And this is also a
+vector quantity.
+
+And we can see how this is
+related to the individual
+
+dipole moments in the solid by
+dividing the solid up into
+
+individual cells.
+
+And I use the term of
+"cell" loosely.
+
+Is this a unit cell?
+
+Is this a box around
+each of the atoms?
+
+It really doesn't matter.
+
+Because all of these little
+dipoles on the individual unit
+
+cells are packed together back
+to front in the solid.
+
+So internally, the negative
+end of one induced dipole
+
+moment is always adjacent to
+the positive end of the
+
+neighboring dipole moment.
+
+And everything cancels out
+internally, except for the two
+
+surfaces of the solid.
+
+So macroscopically, if you
+impose an electric field and
+
+it induces dipole moments, what
+happens is you see that
+
+there is a charge on
+the surface of
+
+the piece of material.
+
+And that is a real charge.
+
+It's a bound charge.
+
+You can't draw that charge
+off as a current.
+
+Because the minute you reduce
+and eliminate the electric
+
+field, those dipoles
+disappear.
+
+And the charges all go back
+to where they came from.
+
+So this is the thing that keeps
+the exact model that we
+
+use for one of the cells in the
+solid [INAUDIBLE] of no
+
+importance whatsoever.
+
+You could say that the dipole
+moment on each atom is the
+
+charge times the separation
+of the positive
+
+and negative charge.
+
+And qi is the induced charge.
+
+The number of cells per unit
+volume, if we say that they're
+
+little cubes of the same edge
+length, delta, is unit volume
+
+one divided by the volume
+per cell, which
+
+will be delta cubed.
+
+And the dipole moment per unit
+volume is the number of cells
+
+per unit volume times the
+polarization on each.
+
+And you find that everything
+drops out.
+
+And the polarization indeed
+turns out to be equal to
+
+induced charge per unit area,
+whether that's induced charge
+
+per unit area of one of our
+cells or on a square
+
+centimeter of material.
+
+So polarization, dipole moment
+per unit volume is numerically
+
+equal to, and physically
+equivalent to, an induced
+
+charge per unit area.
+
+OK.
+
+So much for freshman
+
+electromagnetism in fast forward.
+
+And now I'd like to turn to
+something that involves
+
+tensors and materials.
+
+As I mentioned a moment ago,
+piezoelectricity, literally
+
+"pressure electricity," is a
+very technologically important
+
+property, useful property, but
+also provides a nice example
+
+of a tensor property that has
+to be defined in terms of a
+
+sensor of third rank.
+
+There are a number of different
+
+piezoelectric effects.
+
+The first one is the so-called
+direct piezoelectric effect.
+
+And it refers to the fact that
+if you subject a material to
+
+an applied stress, it will
+develop a surface charge.
+
+Remove the applied stress, the
+surface charge goes away.
+
+The surface charge can be
+described in terms of a
+
+polarization, a dipole moment
+per unit volume.
+
+And it will be in direct
+proportion to a stress
+
+tensor sigma j,k.
+
+And so what we'll assume--
+
+and this is an assumption.
+
+And it's followed, except for
+very extreme conditions, that
+
+each component of the
+polarization, p sub i, is
+
+given by a linear combination
+of every one of the nine
+
+elements of stress, sigma i,j.
+
+Oops, not i,j.
+
+I have to use a different
+index.
+
+I'm used to writing i,j.
+
+So each component of the
+polarization, where i ranges
+
+from 1 to 3, is given by a
+linear combination of all nine
+
+of the elements of stress,
+sigma j,k.
+
+And the proportionality
+constants, di,j,k, are known
+
+as the piezoelectric moduli.
+
+And this is called the direct
+piezoelectric effect.
+
+OK.
+
+That's simply an assumption
+that the polarization is
+
+proportional to the
+applied stress.
+
+We know that stress,
+however, is a field
+
+tensor of second rank.
+
+We know that the polarization
+has the character of a vector,
+
+charge times the length.
+
+We know how second-rank
+tensors transform.
+
+We know how first-rank
+tensors transform.
+
+And therefore, knowing that,
+we can say that the
+
+coefficients, the array of
+coefficients, di,j,k, will
+
+transform like a third-rank
+tensor.
+
+And therefore they
+are a tensor.
+
+So we will have three components
+of polarization.
+
+And we will have nine components
+of stress.
+
+And so there will be 27
+piezoelectric moduli, di,j,k.
+
+So things go up rapidly
+in terms of number of
+
+coefficients as the rank
+of a tensor increases.
+
+Now let's take a look at the
+nature of these equations.
+
+We'll have, for example, the x1
+component of P being given
+
+by d1,1,1 times the element
+of stress sigma 1,1.
+
+The next term will be d1,2,2
+times sigma 2,2.
+
+I'm putting down the tensor
+components first.
+
+But this is just an equation.
+
+I can write the terms
+in any order.
+
+Next will be a d1,3,3
+times sigma 3,3.
+
+And the next one would be a
+d1,2,3 times a shear component
+
+of stress sigma 2,3
+and other terms.
+
+I don't want to write out
+all nine of them.
+
+Because I think I have written
+enough to make my point.
+
+The point is that the value
+of i is always tied to the
+
+component of the resulting
+vector that we're defining.
+
+But the second pair of
+subscripts, j and k, always go
+
+together as an unseparable pair
+with the component of
+
+stress that they modify.
+
+So the 1,1 here goes
+with the 1,1.
+
+The 2,2 goes with the 2,2.
+
+The 3,3 goes with the 3,3.
+
+So why in the world, if they're
+always going to go
+
+together, do we have to use
+two indices to define the
+
+piezoelectric moduli?
+
+Why don't we use a
+single symbol?
+
+Well, there is a good reason
+for not doing it.
+
+But we'll issue that
+caveat later on.
+
+We could use an a, a b, and a c,
+or an alpha or a beta or a
+
+gamma, or some other
+esoteric symbol.
+
+But what makes sense since we're
+using Arabic numerals to
+
+represent subscripts, let's
+write the pair of indices in
+
+terms of an index that's related
+to the stress tensor,
+
+which is sigma 1,1;
+sigma 2,2; sigma--
+
+whoops.
+
+Sigma 1,2; sigma 1,3.
+
+And then comes sigma 2,1; sigma
+2,2; sigma 2,3; sigma
+
+3,1; sigma 3,2; sigma 3,3.
+
+We know that this is
+a symmetric tensor.
+
+So these off-diagonal
+terms are always
+
+equal to one another.
+
+So we're numerically going
+to have to enter
+
+each of those twice.
+
+So to define a single index
+that represents the
+
+components of stress.
+
+And I'll describe it in this
+fashion so you can remember,
+
+as a mnemonic device, what
+makes this work.
+
+We'll go down the main diagonal
+of the stress tensor,
+
+this fashion.
+
+And then having reached the
+bottom, we'll go up along the
+
+right-hand side and then jog
+over to the left to pick up
+
+the last term.
+
+And we'll define a number
+associated with these indices
+
+that goes in the form 1 to 2,
+to 3, to 4, to 5, to 6.
+
+So we'll just use these three
+integers, ranging from 1 to 6,
+
+to represent pairs of integers
+in the stress tensor.
+
+So things tidy up quite
+nicely then.
+
+This would be P1 is d1,1 times
+sigma 1; plus d1,2 times sigma
+
+2; plus d1,3 times sigma 3;
+plus d1,4 times sigma 4.
+
+And now, uh-oh, Houston.
+
+We've got a problem.
+
+Because there's another
+term in here that is
+
+d1,3,2 times sigma 3,2.
+
+And sigma 3,2 is required,
+because the stress tensor is
+
+symmetric, to be numerically
+equal to sigma 2,3.
+
+So this is really d1,2,3
+times sigma 2,3.
+
+And then we've got a d1,3,2
+times a sigma 3,2.
+
+I know that this is
+equal to this.
+
+But is there any reason d1,2,3
+has to be equal to d1,3,2?
+
+I can't see any reason why.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me confide in you that,
+yes, they are equal.
+
+But we can't show it or claim it
+on the basis of what we've
+
+got before us right now.
+
+It's going to come later.
+
+But we can show that
+they are equal.
+
+OK.
+
+But equal or not, this means
+we'll have a term d1,4 sigma
+
+4, and we're going to get
+it in there twice.
+
+So when the subscripts go up to
+4, we're going to get a 2
+
+out in front.
+
+And then we'll get for the term
+sigma 1,3 and 3,1 we'll
+
+have a d1,5 times a sigma 5.
+
+This would be sigma 1,3.
+
+And then we'd have another
+d1,5 for sigma 5 again.
+
+And this would be sigma 3,1.
+
+So what are we going to do?
+
+We're going to say, well, it's
+nice we're getting rid of an
+
+unneeded subscript.
+
+P1 is the d1,1 times sigma 1;
+plus d1,2 times sigma 2; plus
+
+d1,3 times sigma 3.
+
+Are we then going to say 2 d1,4
+times sigma four, and say
+
+that the coefficient here
+is di,j when i is
+
+equal to 1, 2, 3.
+
+But the coefficient is 2 di,j
+when j is 4, 5, or 6?
+
+Hell of a matrix
+that would be.
+
+That's going to be a bother.
+
+Since it doesn't seem that
+we can measure these two
+
+coefficients, d1,2,3 and d1,3,2,
+independently anyhow,
+
+let's just write our relation in
+reduced subscripts with the
+
+two added together as
+the element d1,4.
+
+So we are going to define d1,4
+equals d1,3,2 plus d1,2,3.
+
+So that's a definition.
+
+And d1,5 will be defined as the
+sum of d1,1,3 plus d1,3,1.
+
+And we're going to define
+d1,6, finally,
+
+as d1,1,2 plus d1,2,1.
+
+OK.
+
+So if we do that, then and only
+then are we entitled to
+
+write a nice, simple, compact
+little nugget that says that
+
+in our redefined form,
+Pi is equal to di,j
+
+times sigma of j.
+
+And i goes from 1 to 3, and
+j goes from 1 to 6.
+
+And this is kind of
+a neat compact,
+
+easily managed outcome.
+
+So the moral of this story is,
+I like to think, is you can
+
+have your cake if
+you eat its 2.
+
+Oh come on, this is a
+tough, tough crowd.
+
+You're just all worn out
+from the MRS meeting.
+
+That'll do it to anybody.
+
+So why do we worry about the
+fact that to the direct
+
+piezoelectric effect should
+be a third-rank tensor?
+
+The answer, my friends, is
+that this is no longer a
+
+tensor relationship.
+
+It's a matrix relationship.
+
+A tensor is a matrix, but it's
+a matrix with a difference.
+
+It's a matrix for which a law of
+transformation is defined,
+
+if you change axes.
+
+There's no such law defined
+for the di,j's.
+
+So they qualify as a matrix,
+but they are not a tensor.
+
+So to attempt to say-- as you
+might be inclined to do when
+
+we raise the issue of what the
+symmetry restrictions are on
+
+these tensors--
+
+if you attempt to say, well, I'm
+going to find d2,1 prime.
+
+And that's going to be
+c2,i c1,j times di,j.
+
+Wrong.
+
+You go down in flames because
+that's just nonsense.
+
+That's just nonsense.
+
+So this is a matrix relation.
+
+And if you want to do exercises
+such as slice a
+
+piezoelectric wafer out of a
+piece of quartz, and then
+
+having done so, refer the
+properties to axes taken along
+
+those edges of the plate that
+you've cut, you've got to-- in
+
+order to find the piezoelectric
+moduli for that
+
+plate in that new coordinate
+system--
+
+you've got to be prepared always
+to go back to the full
+
+tensor notation.
+
+If you want to derive symmetry
+restrictions, which we're
+
+going to do whether you
+want to or not--
+
+but we won't do them
+exhaustively--
+
+you've got to go from this
+matrix notation back to the
+
+full three-subscript
+tensor notation.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes, sir?
+
+AUDIENCE: Couldn't you extend c
+sub i,k's to be [? 3,6's ?]
+
+and extend most others
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+No, if we would write all
+these down, we'd have--
+
+I don't know if that's what
+you're asking-- but we'd have
+
+P1 is equal to d1,j times sigma
+sub j; P2 is equal to
+
+d2,j sigma sub j; and
+P3 is equal to d3,j
+
+times sigma sub j.
+
+So I just did that for the
+line with i equal to 1,
+
+because I was too lazy to write
+
+down all three relations.
+
+Is that what you're asking?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, I'm saying you
+could have a transformation
+
+model if you were to extend a
+c sub i,j matrix to be 3,6.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+It just won't do it.
+
+I mean, think of what
+these indices are.
+
+They're 1, 2, and 3 standing for
+the x1 direction, the x2
+
+direction, the x3 direction.
+
+What's the x5 direction?
+
+It's just not defined.
+
+Good try, but you just
+can't do it.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'll think of
+something next time.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm
+sure you will.
+
+Whether it will work
+or not is an
+
+absolutely different question.
+
+OK.
+
+So beware.
+
+Do not try to transform
+tensors of third rank
+
+expressed with two subscripts
+to other coordinate systems.
+
+All right.
+
+What I would like to do now,
+then, is to examine the
+
+symmetry restrictions that are
+imposed on a third-rank tensor
+
+by crystallographic symmetry.
+
+And these are embedded in
+the notes that you have.
+
+But it's going to
+be bothersome to
+
+leaf through those.
+
+So I separated out the
+pages separately.
+
+And I'm going to look at a few
+transformations so that you
+
+can see how they work, and then
+point out some very, very
+
+curious consequences of this,
+which are non-intuitive.
+
+So first of all, how
+would we do it?
+
+If we want to get the form
+of di,j, the matrix for--
+
+let's do a very, very
+simple one.
+
+Well, let's do one that we did
+last time, for those who were
+
+here, for inversion.
+
+For inversion, the direction
+cosine scheme
+
+is c1,1, 0; 0, 0--
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+For 1 bar, the transformation
+of axes is c1,1, 0, 0; 0,
+
+c2,2, 0; 0, 0, c3,3.
+
+So we'll take di,j, change it
+to the full three-subscript
+
+notation, di,j,k.
+
+And the law for transformation
+of the third-rank tensor is
+
+di,j,k prime is equal to ci,
+capital I; cj, capital J; ck,
+
+capital K; times d, capital I,
+capital J, capital K. We've
+
+not done this much.
+
+But we've mentioned quite some
+time ago that this is the way
+
+a third-rank tensor would
+transform element by element.
+
+The only terms that are non-zero
+in this array, when
+
+the symmetry transformation
+is inversion--
+
+where x1, x2, x3 goes to minus
+x1, minus x2, minus x3--
+
+is whatever i is, minus
+1; whatever j is--
+
+only the diagonal terms
+are there, and
+
+they're all minus 1--
+
+whatever k is, it's going to
+be minus 1, times di,j,k.
+
+So we find that for inversion,
+di,j,k prime is always,
+
+regardless of what the three
+indices are, is going to be
+
+minus di,j,k.
+
+And if inversion is a symmetry
+operation which the crystal
+
+possesses, we're demanding that
+the transform index be
+
+identical to the
+original index.
+
+But there's a minus
+sign in there.
+
+So we can say that every
+single element
+
+vanishes, has to vanish.
+
+So any crystal that has
+inversion in it is not going
+
+to be able to display the
+piezoelectric effect or any
+
+other third-rank tensor
+property.
+
+The electro-optic effect,
+piezoresistance, and there are
+
+a whole slew of them, which are
+examined for you in part
+
+on this sheet.
+
+One third-rank tensor property
+is the direct piezoelectric
+
+effect, which we've been
+discussing as our example.
+
+There is something called the
+converse piezoelectric effect,
+
+which describes the phenomenon
+where an applied electric
+
+field creates a strain.
+
+So the direct effect is you
+[? scush ?] your material, you
+
+develop charge.
+
+The converse piezoelectric
+effect says if you apply an
+
+electric field that's going to
+move the atoms around and
+
+induce polarizations, you are
+going to create a strain.
+
+And the absolutely mind-boggling
+thing is that
+
+the same array of 3 by 9
+coefficients describe both the
+
+direct piezoelectric effect
+and the converse
+
+piezoelectric effect.
+
+So in one relation, we have
+that each component of
+
+polarization is di,j,k times the
+nine elements of stress.
+
+And that means we have to write
+three equations in nine
+
+variables, the elements
+of stress.
+
+And the converse piezoelectric
+effect, we're
+
+developing a strain.
+
+And there are, therefore,
+nine elements of strain.
+
+And we're applying a vector,
+e sub i, a field.
+
+So there are three components
+of that vector.
+
+27 elements, 3 times 9.
+
+27 elements, 9 times 3.
+
+So both of these are
+third-rank tensors.
+
+Strain transforms like
+a second-rank tensor.
+
+Field vectors transform like
+a first-rank tensor.
+
+Therefore, the coefficients
+are elements of
+
+a third-rank tensor.
+
+But what boggles the mind is
+that the same 27 numbers
+
+describe these two seemingly
+disparate phenomena.
+
+You don't prove this
+by symmetry.
+
+You don't prove this by the
+nature of stress and strain.
+
+This hinges on the thermodynamic
+argument, which
+
+I'm not going to go into.
+
+But what you do if you're
+willing to stretch tensor
+
+notation a little bit--
+
+you can't have a 3 by 9 array
+when you've got a tensor of
+
+second rank on the left and
+a vector on the right.
+
+You have to write this in this
+fashion, that di,j,k times ei
+
+gives you the element of
+strain, epsilon j,k.
+
+And that's not proper
+tensor notation.
+
+But we're not going
+to quibble.
+
+Because if you allow this
+little departure from
+
+convention, then you can
+write both the converse
+
+piezoelectric effect and the
+direct piezoelectric effect in
+
+terms of the same matrix.
+
+But again, that is not
+intuitively obvious.
+
+It does not have
+to be the case.
+
+And it hinges on an argument
+in thermodynamics.
+
+Some other examples of
+piezoelectric relations that
+
+I've mentioned in the notes.
+
+If you apply a stress and you
+get a polarization, that
+
+stress produces a strain.
+
+So you also have to get a
+polarization if you're
+
+applying a stress, and write
+it in terms of the strain
+
+that's produced.
+
+Similarly, if you apply an
+electric field and it produces
+
+a strain, the crystal must
+be in a state of stress.
+
+So there must be relation
+between stress and applied
+
+electric field, which will also
+be a third-rank tensor.
+
+Those two relations are
+represented by coefficients
+
+given the symbol e.
+
+And again, the same array
+of 27 elements
+
+describes both effects.
+
+And these are not dignified
+with any special names.
+
+They're just tensor relations
+that have to be true because
+
+of the fact that stress
+and strain are
+
+coupled by elastic relations.
+
+Not surprisingly, then, the
+coefficients e must somehow
+
+involve the piezoelectric moduli
+di,j and the elastic
+
+properties of the material.
+
+Another effect which is a very
+interesting one is the
+
+electro-optic effect.
+
+If you apply an electric field
+to a material, you change the
+
+birefringence of the field.
+
+The birefringence is defined as
+the difference in index of
+
+refraction for light polarized
+in two orthogonal directions.
+
+Another tensor effect-- and I'll
+give you a note defining
+
+the terms next time we meet--
+
+there is a piezoresistive
+effect, which you don't see
+
+talked about very much.
+
+But that's a property that
+Texas Instruments was
+
+interested in at one time.
+
+And I have a set of sheets
+defining those relations that
+
+the presenter of a paper
+at a meeting, one time,
+
+kindly gave to me.
+
+OK.
+
+So what other symmetry
+restrictions are there?
+
+Having shown that inversion will
+not permit any third-rank
+
+tensor property, we have gone
+from 32 point groups, lost
+
+interest in the 11
+centrosymmetric point groups.
+
+And so there are only 21
+piezoelectric point groups.
+
+And the way we would plod
+through all 21 of them would
+
+be to simply define, starting
+with a twofold axis.
+
+Let's say a twofold axis
+parallel to x3 would
+
+correspond to a change of axes
+ci,j that describes the new
+
+axes in terms of the original
+ones that consisted of minus
+
+1, 0, 0; 0, minus
+1, 0; 0, 0, 1.
+
+So if we look at an element in
+the piezoelectric matrix--
+
+something like d1,6--
+
+d1,6 actually corresponds
+in tensor notation
+
+to d1,3,2 plus d1,2,3.
+
+And d1,3,2 prime is going to be
+c1,i c3,j c2,k times all of
+
+the original tensor
+elements di,j,k.
+
+The only term of the form
+ci, something that
+
+is non-zero is c,1,1.
+
+And that has a value, minus 1.
+
+The only term of the form
+c3, something which
+
+is non-zero is c3,3.
+
+And that turns out
+to be plus 1.
+
+c2, something, the only form
+that's non-zero is c2,2.
+
+And that has value, minus 1.
+
+And this should be times d.
+
+And the only value of
+i that stayed was 1.
+
+The only value of j
+that stayed was 3.
+
+And then only value of
+k that stayed was 2.
+
+So this says that d1,3,2 should
+be equal to d1,3,2,
+
+which I don't like, unless it's
+supposed to be negative.
+
+I did something wrong here.
+
+Well, you see how easy
+it is, even if it
+
+didn't turn out right.
+
+And the form of the tensor for
+monoclinic crystal of symmetry
+
+2, with a twofold access
+parallel to x3, has as shown
+
+in the lower left-hand corner
+of the handout on symmetry
+
+restrictions, it has eight
+non-zero terms.
+
+If you do the same thing for a
+mirror plane perpendicular to
+
+x3, you find that there
+are 10 non-zero terms.
+
+So we don't have the situation
+where all of the point groups
+
+that are able to show the
+property within a given
+
+crystal systems like monoclinic
+have exactly the
+
+same form of the property
+tensor.
+
+In fact, you'll notice a curious
+correspondence between
+
+the restrictions for symmetry
+2 and symmetry m.
+
+All the terms that are 0 in
+symmetry 2 are non-zero in
+
+symmetry m, and vice versa.
+
+All the non-zero terms
+in symmetry 2 are
+
+0 in symmetry m.
+
+And the reason for that is
+simply that this is the form
+
+of the direction cosine
+scheme for symmetry 2.
+
+The form of the direction cosine
+scheme for symmetry m,
+
+where the m is perpendicular to
+x3, would have the form 1,
+
+0, 0; 0, 1, 0; 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+So ci,j, for a mirror plane
+perpendicular to x3, is
+
+exactly the negative of the
+direction cosine scheme for a
+
+twofold axis parallel to x3.
+
+And since the number of
+direction cosines is odd, this
+
+means that everything that has
+an equality between the
+
+di,j,k's for m would have the
+transformed element be the
+
+negative of the original one
+for 2, and vice versa.
+
+So that's why there's this
+complementary form of the
+
+tensors for the two monoclinic
+symmetries.
+
+Point out a couple of curious
+things in the tables.
+
+You really have to go through
+21 of the symmetries
+
+independently.
+
+And you find that some of them
+do come out the same.
+
+Symmetry 4 bar 3m and
+symmetry 2:3 have
+
+restrictions of the same form.
+
+But for the most part--
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I know why
+this is wrong.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why is that wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because your notation
+of d1,6 is in fact
+
+not d1,3,2 but d1,2,1.
+
+Since you have two same
+indices, [? d3 ?]
+
+and minus [? d1. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+d1,6; d1,6.
+
+Ah, of course.
+
+Of course. d1,2,6 is
+the one up here.
+
+And that's 1, 2 and 2,
+1 for the strains.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So this is d1,1,2 plus d1,2,1.
+
+And so we would have
+1 by 1,k and 2,k.
+
+1, 1, and 2.
+
+And 1, 1, 1.
+
+1,i; 1,j; and 2,j
+for this one.
+
+So we'd have c1,1 c1,1 c2,2. c
+c1,1 is minus 1; c1,1 is minus
+
+1; c2,2 is minus 1.
+
+So d1,1,2 is minus d1,2,1, which
+means they have to be
+
+identically 0.
+
+Thank you.
+
+I'm sure nobody cares
+at this point.
+
+Very good.
+
+OK.
+
+Another curious thing that
+happens is that for cubic
+
+symmetry 4:3:2, it's acentric.
+
+But every single modulus is 0.
+
+And the reason, the explanation,
+is there's so
+
+many different transformations
+which have to leave the tensor
+
+invariant that the poor tensor
+just can't do it.
+
+It gives up, packs up, and goes
+home, leaving all the
+
+elements zero.
+
+Just no way you can get all the
+qualities to be satisfied.
+
+Another curious result that I
+point out for some of the
+
+hexagonal symmetries for
+symmetry 3:2, for symmetry
+
+6:2:2, and for 3 over m and 6
+bar 2m, all the elements of
+
+the form d3, something
+are identically 0.
+
+Which says you simply cannot
+create a polarization that has
+
+a component P3.
+
+You just cannot create a
+polarization perpendicular to
+
+the axis of high symmetry.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Got a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So all of the cubic
+that has 4:3:2 symmetry or
+
+[? 4:1:0 ?], that means
+you can't get--
+
+PROFESSOR: You just don't have
+any piezoelectric effect, even
+
+though the crystal is not
+centrosymmetric, requiring
+
+that all those transformations
+leave the tensor invariant;
+
+simultaneously, require that
+everything has to be 0.
+
+One final thing, and then I'm
+running a little bit over.
+
+But I'd like to go on to other
+aspects of piezoelectricity
+
+during the next hour.
+
+Remember something that we've
+shown and which I've asked you
+
+to look into again on one of the
+problem sets, and that is
+
+that the trace of the strain
+tensor gives you
+
+the change in volume.
+
+The first 3 by 3 blocks of this
+tensor that we've been
+
+looking at, were we to write
+the elements of strain,
+
+epsilon i,j, in terms of d--
+
+epsilon j,k--
+
+in terms of di,j,k times e sub
+k, it is this block in here
+
+which enters into the terms
+epsilon 1,1; epsilon 2,2; and
+
+epsilon 3,3.
+
+These terms give you the
+fractional change in volume.
+
+And the elements that are
+involved in the piezoelectric
+
+matrix are these
+terms in here.
+
+So if all of those terms are 0,
+it turns out that when you
+
+apply a stress and look at the
+electric field, or apply an
+
+electric field and look at the
+strain, if you apply a field
+
+and all of those nine
+terms are 0, you
+
+cannot create a strain.
+
+So there's no volume change.
+
+There can be a strain,
+but no volume change.
+
+The only deformation you can
+create is pure shear.
+
+So if you drive a piezoelectric
+oscillator with
+
+an electric field, for those
+property tensors for which
+
+that first 3 by 3 block
+are all zero,
+
+the thing can shear--
+
+in the water, for example--
+but it can't pulse.
+
+It can't have a volume change.
+
+And if you were to create
+a transducer for sonar
+
+applications, what you would
+want to do is to have
+
+piezoelectric device which
+expanded this way, to create a
+
+sound wave going through
+the water.
+
+If it just goes back and forth,
+it's going to slosh
+
+back and forth in the water and
+not create any sonic wave
+
+that could be used in sonar.
+
+Now that is true for elements
+being identically 0.
+
+It turns out it's also true for
+elements such as 4 bar,
+
+where two of those terms in
+the 3 by 3 block are the
+
+negative of one of the other.
+
+These will also have
+no volume change.
+
+So that's another very curious
+property of piezoelectric
+
+response that follows from these
+symmetry restrictions.
+
+OK.
+
+That's enough for our
+first session.
+
+When we come back, we'll
+look at the converse
+
+piezoelectric effect.
+
+And we'll also look at
+representation surfaces for
+
+specific piezoelectric devices
+and ask if it's possible for a
+
+third-rank tensor to have a
+representation surface that's
+
+analogous to the representation
+quadric for
+
+second-rank tensors.
+
+So I'm sure you'll all want to
+come back and hear the answer
+
+to that question.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PawR5Qa3rgs.txt b/PawR5Qa3rgs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4593a99ccc7925b8e3100e39dfafc81a509dd03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PawR5Qa3rgs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the field and inductance of a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and inductance of a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and inductance of a spherical
+coil illustrate the model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil illustrate the model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil illustrate the model of a
+distributed surface current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed surface current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed surface current
+density and the associated lloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields this is a coil wound on the
+surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a
+sphere here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals a current Through the Wire
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in a magnetic field inside the
+sphere that is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere that is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere that is uniform
+outside the field is that of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the field is that of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the field is that of a
+dipole because these fields are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole because these fields are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole because these fields are so
+simple this flux ball example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this flux ball example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple this flux ball example is a
+valuable resource for dealing with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable resource for dealing with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable resource for dealing with other
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and for getting basic Notions
+straight such as how to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight such as how to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight such as how to compute the
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of a coil every turn of which
+links a different amount of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux a hall magnetometer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux a hall magnetometer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux a hall magnetometer with a
+transverse probe make it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse probe make it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse probe make it possible to
+probe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we use the oscilloscope to show
+the output of the hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the hall
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the upper Trace is the coil
+current the lower is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe here at the North Pole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe here at the North Pole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe here at the North Pole the
+magnetic flux density should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux density should be
+perpendicular to the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface the probe detects the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the probe detects the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface the probe detects the field
+perpendicular to its flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to its flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to its flat
+face so we can see that the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so we can see that the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face so we can see that the field is
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface of the
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pole at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole at the
+Equator the field is tangential and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equator the field is tangential and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equator the field is tangential and in
+the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction by watching the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by watching the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction by watching the phase of the
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Trace we can see that the field at
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the South Pole is in the same direction
+as at the North Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the phase is the same at the Two Poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is the same at the Two Poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is the same at the Two Poles
+so the field is Upward at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles watch the vertical component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles watch the vertical component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles watch the vertical component of
+the field as we go from the north to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field as we go from the north to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field as we go from the north to the
+South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a hole from the south to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a hole from the south to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a hole from the south to the
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pole we can insert another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe by contrast with our transverse
+probe this axial probe measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this axial probe measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this axial probe measures the
+magnetic field along its axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnetic flux density inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic flux density inside the
+sphere is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform outside it has the decay of a
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside we measure 5.4 gaus RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the flux ball is a classic example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux ball is a classic example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux ball is a classic example where
+the fields are simple to represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields are simple to represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields are simple to represent a
+uniform field inside and a dipole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform field inside and a dipole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform field inside and a dipole field
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and yet interesting enough to
+give insight into more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insight into more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give insight into more complex
+situations for example the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations for example the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations for example the vertical
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at the North Pole should be twice
+what it is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equator for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QQpvGlF_1Qo.txt b/QQpvGlF_1Qo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a59d289a707446df4452ea3d556a5f2fa8a82825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QQpvGlF_1Qo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+in the lecture we've learned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture we've learned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture we've learned very
+important concepts linear space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts linear space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important concepts linear space and
+linear subspace well as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace well as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear subspace well as you can imagine
+if we call something a space we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we call something a space we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we call something a space we're
+putting a lot of things a lot of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a lot of things a lot of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a lot of things a lot of objects
+into one set but for linear space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one set but for linear space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one set but for linear space we
+want to put them in according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put them in according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put them in according to a
+particular manner so can you recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manner so can you recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular manner so can you recall what
+are the conditions for a set to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the conditions for a set to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the conditions for a set to be a
+linear space you take any two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space you take any two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear space you take any two elements
+from that set take the sum of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that set take the sum of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that set take the sum of them you
+want the sum to be still in the same set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sum to be still in the same set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sum to be still in the same set
+that's the first condition second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first condition second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first condition second you
+take any multiple of any element from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any multiple of any element from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any multiple of any element from
+that set the result will still be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set the result will still be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set the result will still be in
+that set well that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set well that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set well that's the second
+condition okay and if we then a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay and if we then a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition okay and if we then a linear
+space you can find a sub set which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can find a sub set which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can find a sub set which also
+satisfy the two conditions then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the two conditions then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the two conditions then that
+will give you a sub space today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a sub space today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a sub space today we're
+going to look at this example to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this example to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this example to review
+these two important properties of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two important properties of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two important properties of linear
+space and subspace okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and subspace okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and subspace okay
+I have two vectors X 1 and X 2 both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two vectors X 1 and X 2 both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two vectors X 1 and X 2 both of
+them are vectors in r3 so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are vectors in r3 so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are vectors in r3 so as you can see
+I've drawn them here this is X 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn them here this is X 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn them here this is X 1 and
+this is X 2 so first we want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X 2 so first we want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X 2 so first we want to find the
+subspace generated by x1 I call it v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by x1 I call it v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by x1 I call it v1
+let me say a word about this generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a word about this generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say a word about this generated
+by so what do I mean by a subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so what do I mean by a subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so what do I mean by a subspace
+generated by x1 I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by x1 I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by x1 I'm looking for the
+smallest subspace that contains x1 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest subspace that contains x1 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest subspace that contains x1 as
+small as you can get ok similarly I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you can get ok similarly I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you can get ok similarly I want
+to find out the subspace generated by x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out the subspace generated by x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out the subspace generated by x2
+call it v2 okay then we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it v2 okay then we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it v2 okay then we want to say
+something about the intersection of v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the intersection of v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the intersection of v1
+and v2 that's the first question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2 that's the first question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v2 that's the first question and the
+second question we want to put vector x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question we want to put vector x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question we want to put vector x1
+and x2 together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x2 together
+look at the subspace generated by x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the subspace generated by x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the subspace generated by x1 and
+x2 at the same time so I call it v3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 at the same time so I call it v3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 at the same time so I call it v3 and
+a good question to be asked here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question to be asked here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question to be asked here is what
+is the relation of v3 to V 1 Union V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation of v3 to V 1 Union V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relation of v3 to V 1 Union V 2
+do you think they're equal within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they're equal within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they're equal within the
+second question I would also like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question I would also like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question I would also like you to
+find a subspace call it s of v3 such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a subspace call it s of v3 such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a subspace call it s of v3 such
+that neither x1 nor x2 is in Earth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither x1 nor x2 is in Earth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither x1 nor x2 is in Earth and
+the last question is I like you to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last question is I like you to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last question is I like you to say
+something about the intersection of v3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the intersection of v3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the intersection of v3
+with the XY plane so notice that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the XY plane so notice that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the XY plane so notice that of
+course XY plane is also a subspace of r3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course XY plane is also a subspace of r3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course XY plane is also a subspace of r3
+so again I'm looking at the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again I'm looking at the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again I'm looking at the intersection
+of two subspaces alright why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two subspaces alright why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two subspaces alright why don't you
+hit the pause now and try to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the pause now and try to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the pause now and try to solve these
+three problems on your own and I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems on your own and I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three problems on your own and I like
+you to identify your answers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to identify your answers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to identify your answers in this
+picture whenever you can I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture whenever you can I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture whenever you can I'll come back
+later and continue working with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how did your drawing go let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how did your drawing go let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how did your drawing go let's look
+at this together first we want to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this together first we want to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this together first we want to find a
+subspace generated by x1 so here is x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by x1 so here is x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by x1 so here is x1
+let's keep in mind the two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep in mind the two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep in mind the two conditions
+that a subspace has to satisfy well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a subspace has to satisfy well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a subspace has to satisfy well if I
+want to obtain a subspace at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to obtain a subspace at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to obtain a subspace at least I
+have to be able to take any multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to take any multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to take any multiple of
+X 1 right so that means at least I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 right so that means at least I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 1 right so that means at least I have
+to include the straight line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include the straight line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include the straight line that
+contains X 1 so I'm gonna try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains X 1 so I'm gonna try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains X 1 so I'm gonna try to draw
+the straight line here so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line here so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line here so I'm just
+simply going to extend this X 1 along to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to extend this X 1 along to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to extend this X 1 along to
+both directions so X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I will try very hard to make it straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will try very hard to make it straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will try very hard to make it straight
+but to be honest it's really hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to be honest it's really hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to be honest it's really hard for me
+to draw straight lines on the board okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw straight lines on the board okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw straight lines on the board okay
+is that straight Sims fine all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that straight Sims fine all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that straight Sims fine all right so
+this entire line contains x1 so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire line contains x1 so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire line contains x1 so at least
+this line has to be in v1 is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line has to be in v1 is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line has to be in v1 is there
+anything else beyond this line now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else beyond this line now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else beyond this line now let's
+turn to the second condition the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the second condition the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to the second condition the second
+condition says that we have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says that we have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says that we have to be able
+to take any two elements take the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any two elements take the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any two elements take the sum
+and the Sun will remain in that set does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Sun will remain in that set does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Sun will remain in that set does
+it work for this line you take any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work for this line you take any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work for this line you take any two
+vectors on this line or you can say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors on this line or you can say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors on this line or you can say any
+two points on this line and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points on this line and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points on this line and then you
+take the sum of them of course you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of them of course you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of them of course you still
+get something on this line you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something on this line you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something on this line you won't be
+able to escape from it right which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to escape from it right which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to escape from it right which means
+this line is a perfect set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is a perfect set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is a perfect set that
+satisfies the two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the two conditions
+so this line simply gives me B 1 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this line simply gives me B 1 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this line simply gives me B 1 that is
+the smallest subspace that contains x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest subspace that contains x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest subspace that contains x1
+so in other words the subspace generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the subspace generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the subspace generated
+by x1 is v1 so similarly let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x1 is v1 so similarly let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x1 is v1 so similarly let's look at
+x2 what is the subspace generated by x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 what is the subspace generated by x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 what is the subspace generated by x2
+again you get the entire straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get the entire straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get the entire straight line
+that contains x2 so I'm going to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains x2 so I'm going to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains x2 so I'm going to extend
+x2 in both directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hope it's straight not too bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it's straight not too bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it's straight not too bad that
+will give me v2 all right v1 v2 both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me v2 all right v1 v2 both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me v2 all right v1 v2 both of
+them are subspaces of r3 now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are subspaces of r3 now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are subspaces of r3 now let's look
+at the intersection of v1 and v2 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intersection of v1 and v2 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intersection of v1 and v2 so we
+know that both of them are straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that both of them are straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that both of them are straight
+lines and clearly they're not parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and clearly they're not parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and clearly they're not parallel
+because x1 and x2 are not parallel right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x1 and x2 are not parallel right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x1 and x2 are not parallel right
+so what is the intersection of v1 and v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the intersection of v1 and v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the intersection of v1 and v2
+the intersection of v1 and v2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of v1 and v2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of v1 and v2 is the
+only point at which they cross and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only point at which they cross and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only point at which they cross and where
+is that point is here right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that point is here right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that point is here right at the
+origin because both of them past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because both of them past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because both of them past the
+origin so that's I'm going to use Oh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that's I'm going to use Oh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that's I'm going to use Oh to
+denote that's the intersection of v1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that's the intersection of v1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote that's the intersection of v1 and
+v2 this is a set with only one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 this is a set with only one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 this is a set with only one element
+what can you say about this set I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say about this set I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you say about this set I claim
+this is also a subspace of r3 although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a subspace of r3 although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a subspace of r3 although
+by saying space we usually mean a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying space we usually mean a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying space we usually mean a lot of
+objects together but look at this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects together but look at this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects together but look at this set
+this set fits perfectly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set fits perfectly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set fits perfectly into the
+conditions of being a linear space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of being a linear space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of being a linear space you
+take any multiple of 0 again you get 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any multiple of 0 again you get 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any multiple of 0 again you get 0 0
+plus 0 you get 0 so that's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 you get 0 so that's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 you get 0 so that's a perfectly
+fine subspace of r3 all right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine subspace of r3 all right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine subspace of r3 all right so what we
+have got here is I take the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got here is I take the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got here is I take the intersection
+of V 1 and V 2 and the result again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V 1 and V 2 and the result again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V 1 and V 2 and the result again
+becomes a subspace which only contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a subspace which only contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a subspace which only contains
+the origin that completes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin that completes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin that completes the first
+question let's look at the second one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's look at the second one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question let's look at the second one in
+the second question I want to put X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question I want to put X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question I want to put X 1
+and X 2 together and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 together and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X 2 together and look at the
+subspace generated by X 1 and X 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by X 1 and X 2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace generated by X 1 and X 2 and I
+would also like you to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also like you to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also like you to say something
+about the relation between V 1 Union V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relation between V 1 Union V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relation between V 1 Union V 2
+to the subspace generated by X 1 X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the subspace generated by X 1 X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the subspace generated by X 1 X 2
+let's try to answer the second question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to answer the second question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to answer the second question
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+is there a chance that V 1 Union V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a chance that V 1 Union V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a chance that V 1 Union V 2
+equal to V 3 ok so what is V 1 Union V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 3 ok so what is V 1 Union V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 3 ok so what is V 1 Union V 2
+that's clearly just two lines right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly just two lines right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's clearly just two lines right this
+line Union this line is there a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Union this line is there a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Union this line is there a chance
+that this union will be a subspace let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this union will be a subspace let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this union will be a subspace let's
+check the two conditions first you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the two conditions first you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the two conditions first you take
+any multiple of the elements in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any multiple of the elements in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any multiple of the elements in this
+union it's either on V is either on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union it's either on V is either on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union it's either on V is either on this
+line or on this line since that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or on this line since that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or on this line since that the
+multiple is still going to stay inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is still going to stay inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple is still going to stay inside
+the Union so the first condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Union so the first condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Union so the first condition is
+actually satisfied what about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfied what about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually satisfied what about the second
+one the second one says that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the second one says that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the second one says that I have to
+be able to take any sum the sum of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take any sum the sum of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take any sum the sum of any
+two elements from these two lines let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements from these two lines let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements from these two lines let's
+just try a simple sum X 1 plus X 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try a simple sum X 1 plus X 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try a simple sum X 1 plus X 2 so
+what is X 1 plus X 2 you just sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is X 1 plus X 2 you just sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is X 1 plus X 2 you just sum up
+each coordinate that will give you 2 5 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this picture can I draw it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture can I draw it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture can I draw it in this
+picture it's going to be somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's X 1 plus X 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's X 1 plus X 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's X 1 plus X 3
+did you notice something you clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you notice something you clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you notice something you clearly
+have got out of this union so this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got out of this union so this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got out of this union so this sum
+is not inside V 1 Union V 2 which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside V 1 Union V 2 which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside V 1 Union V 2 which means
+V 1 Union V 2 is not a subspace then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 1 Union V 2 is not a subspace then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 1 Union V 2 is not a subspace then
+it's impossible that this union will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible that this union will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible that this union will
+equal to V 3 so the second question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 3 so the second question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V 3 so the second question the
+answer the second question is no V 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the second question is no V 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the second question is no V 3 is
+not equal to V 1 Union V 2 now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to V 1 Union V 2 now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to V 1 Union V 2 now let's
+identify V 3 well as you can see since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify V 3 well as you can see since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify V 3 well as you can see since
+we have seen from this argument that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen from this argument that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen from this argument that we
+have to be include to be able to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be include to be able to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be include to be able to include
+this diagonal vector here but in fact as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal vector here but in fact as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagonal vector here but in fact as
+you can see since we can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see since we can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see since we can take any
+elements from these two lines we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from these two lines we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements from these two lines we are
+actually including every vector on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually including every vector on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually including every vector on the
+plane spent by V 1 and V 2 so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane spent by V 1 and V 2 so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane spent by V 1 and V 2 so in other
+words I'm actually looking at this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm actually looking at this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I'm actually looking at this huge
+plane that is spanned by V 1 and V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that is spanned by V 1 and V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that is spanned by V 1 and V 2
+that will give me V 3 okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me V 3 okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me V 3 okay so that's
+reasonable I'm looking at the subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I'm looking at the subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable I'm looking at the subspace
+generated by two line in r3 and that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by two line in r3 and that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by two line in r3 and that two
+line will be able to spend a plane in r3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will be able to spend a plane in r3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line will be able to spend a plane in r3
+okay now for the last part of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for the last part of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now for the last part of question
+two I want to find a sub space as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I want to find a sub space as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I want to find a sub space as the
+fee 3 so I want to find a sub space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee 3 so I want to find a sub space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee 3 so I want to find a sub space of
+this point such that x1 is not in US x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point such that x1 is not in US x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point such that x1 is not in US x2
+is not in us either so I want to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in us either so I want to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in us either so I want to stay
+away from this line and this line can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this line and this line can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this line and this line can
+you find such a subspace of V 3 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find such a subspace of V 3 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find such a subspace of V 3 it's
+right here right because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here right because if you look at
+this vector x1 plus x2 sorry that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector x1 plus x2 sorry that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector x1 plus x2 sorry that should
+be x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you look at this vector and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this vector and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this vector and if you
+look at the subspace generated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the subspace generated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the subspace generated by this
+vector again you know it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector again you know it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector again you know it's going to be a
+line and this line is right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this line is right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this line is right here this
+line forms a perfect subspace of V 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line forms a perfect subspace of V 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line forms a perfect subspace of V 3
+but neither x1 nor x2 is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but neither x1 nor x2 is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but neither x1 nor x2 is inside the
+subspace so let's just make it s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace so let's just make it s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace so let's just make it s of
+course the choice is not unique you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the choice is not unique you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the choice is not unique you can
+take twice X 1 plus X 2 or X 1 + 26 - ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take twice X 1 plus X 2 or X 1 + 26 - ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take twice X 1 plus X 2 or X 1 + 26 - ok
+we have completed the second problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have completed the second problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have completed the second problem the
+last problems asked us to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problems asked us to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problems asked us to find the
+intersection of v3 with XY plane well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of v3 with XY plane well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of v3 with XY plane well
+just think about that we've identified x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that we've identified x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about that we've identified x
+v3 as this plane spent by line v1 and v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v3 as this plane spent by line v1 and v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v3 as this plane spent by line v1 and v2
+and XY is also plane so we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY is also plane so we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and XY is also plane so we're talking
+about the intersection of two planes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the intersection of two planes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the intersection of two planes in
+r3 what would that be so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 what would that be so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 what would that be so you have two
+planes intersect the intersection will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes intersect the intersection will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes intersect the intersection will
+be a straight line again right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line again right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a straight line again right so let's
+look locate that straight line we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look locate that straight line we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look locate that straight line we want
+to find something that is inside v3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find something that is inside v3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find something that is inside v3 and
+XY plane at the same time what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane at the same time what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane at the same time what can you
+say about lines in X what can you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about lines in X what can you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about lines in X what can you say
+about the points in XY plane the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the points in XY plane the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the points in XY plane the Z
+coordinate has to be 0 okay and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate has to be 0 okay and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate has to be 0 okay and at the
+same time we know that at least x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we know that at least x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we know that at least x1 and
+x2 are in v3 so did you notice that x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are in v3 so did you notice that x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 are in v3 so did you notice that x2
+is a vector that lies in v3 but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector that lies in v3 but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector that lies in v3 but at the
+same time the z coordinate of x2 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the z coordinate of x2 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time the z coordinate of x2 is 0
+that is what we're looking for so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we're looking for so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we're looking for so the
+intersection of v3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with xy-plane will simply be the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xy-plane will simply be the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with xy-plane will simply be the line
+that contains x2 and here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains x2 and here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains x2 and here we've
+identified that as v2 that's it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that as v2 that's it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified that as v2 that's it this is
+a subspace of r3 and this is the subs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace of r3 and this is the subs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace of r3 and this is the subs of
+r3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3
+the intersection is again a subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection is again a subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection is again a subspace of
+r3 okay I hope you've learned a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 okay I hope you've learned a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r3 okay I hope you've learned a way to
+somehow visualize this linear space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow visualize this linear space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow visualize this linear space and
+subspace through this exercise okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace through this exercise okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace through this exercise okay
+thank you for watching and I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for watching and I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for watching and I'll see you
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R9ye_QZeWEU.txt b/R9ye_QZeWEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcfe36be584810cc0ef71416cfa31ffa3d425a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R9ye_QZeWEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+today on shock radio helping students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on shock radio helping students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on shock radio helping students
+reimagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagine
+cities I really I think more than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I really I think more than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I really I think more than some
+environmental analysts or academics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental analysts or academics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental analysts or academics I
+guess I really do believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I really do believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I really do believe in the
+potential for people's behavior change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for people's behavior change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for people's behavior change
+to have an impact on total climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an impact on total climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an impact on total climate
+emissions or total climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions or total climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions or total climate
+change for this episode I sat down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for this episode I sat down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change for this episode I sat down with
+Professor David Sue instructor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor David Sue instructor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor David Sue instructor for
+course 111 65 Urban Energy Systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 111 65 Urban Energy Systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 111 65 Urban Energy Systems and
+policy here at MIT I study how cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy here at MIT I study how cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy here at MIT I study how cities
+relate to the environment and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the environment and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the environment and I guess
+most recently I've been studying in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently I've been studying in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently I've been studying in a
+number of areas kind of the spaces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of areas kind of the spaces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of areas kind of the spaces in
+which cities can act on climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cities can act on climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cities can act on climate change
+before delving too deeply into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before delving too deeply into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before delving too deeply into this
+course I wanted to talk to David a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I wanted to talk to David a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I wanted to talk to David a bit
+about urban planning a major and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about urban planning a major and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about urban planning a major and a
+department here at MIT that David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here at MIT that David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department here at MIT that David
+co-chairs interestingly enough our Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs interestingly enough our Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs interestingly enough our Urban
+expert guest doesn't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert guest doesn't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert guest doesn't even really
+consider himself Al a city person I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider himself Al a city person I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider himself Al a city person I
+don't naturally feel like a city dweller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't naturally feel like a city dweller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't naturally feel like a city dweller
+as much as somebody who just happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as somebody who just happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as somebody who just happens to
+like nature happens to live in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nature happens to live in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nature happens to live in the city
+but also I think studying how cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also I think studying how cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also I think studying how cities
+could be healthier and cleaner and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be healthier and cleaner and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be healthier and cleaner and more
+environmentally friendly always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally friendly always just
+felt very natural to me because in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt very natural to me because in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt very natural to me because in some
+ways I love cities I lived in a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I love cities I lived in a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I love cities I lived in a bunch of
+cities I've lived in like I think 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I've lived in like I think 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities I've lived in like I think 10
+cities since I went off to college I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities since I went off to college I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities since I went off to college I
+actually worked for about a decade and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked for about a decade and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked for about a decade and I
+worked in and engineering for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in and engineering for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in and engineering for a while
+and I worked in finance for a while and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I worked in finance for a while and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I worked in finance for a while and
+I worked in city government for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in city government for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in city government for a while
+in New York and then Seattle and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and then Seattle and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York and then Seattle and I
+always tell my students that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell my students that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tell my students that you know I
+didn't know that engineering Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that engineering Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that engineering Plus
+Finance plus government was urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance plus government was urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance plus government was urban
+planning and for David you might add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and for David you might add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and for David you might add
+climate change to that formula much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change to that formula much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change to that formula much of
+his research and courses take a climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research and courses take a climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research and courses take a climate
+change angle on urban planning and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change angle on urban planning and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change angle on urban planning and all
+of his work comes down to the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his work comes down to the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his work comes down to the most basic
+ingredient of any Community people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of any Community people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient of any Community people
+I I think what I find so interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think what I find so interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think what I find so interesting
+about your work is just how it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your work is just how it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your work is just how it comes
+down to the person like it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the person like it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the person like it seems like
+you're really interested in how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really interested in how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really interested in how people
+themselves in communities kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in communities kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in communities kind of
+interact with the cities and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the cities and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with the cities and the
+infrastructure and how they can impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and how they can impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and how they can impact
+climate change I guess I really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change I guess I really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change I guess I really do
+believe in the potential for people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the potential for people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the potential for people's
+behavior change to have an impact on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior change to have an impact on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior change to have an impact on uh
+total climate emissions or total climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total climate emissions or total climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total climate emissions or total climate
+change but also I think you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but also I think you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but also I think you know maybe
+in a small D Democratic sense that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small D Democratic sense that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small D Democratic sense that I
+really think that you know Democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think that you know Democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think that you know Democratic
+Solutions are going to be the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions are going to be the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions are going to be the ones that
+are going to be most lasting like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be most lasting like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be most lasting like if you
+are good at something but you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at something but you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good at something but you don't like
+doing it how long are you really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it how long are you really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it how long are you really going
+to do it for and similarly if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for and similarly if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for and similarly if we think
+we have technological solutions for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have technological solutions for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have technological solutions for our
+climate change if we don't arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change if we don't arrive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change if we don't arrive at
+them in Democratic means in Equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Democratic means in Equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in Democratic means in Equitable
+ways or just ways how long are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or just ways how long are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or just ways how long are those
+Solutions really going to last and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions really going to last and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions really going to last and are
+we going to really see them through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to really see them through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to really see them through at
+the time scales we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scales we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time scales we
+need these are exactly the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these are exactly the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these are exactly the kinds of
+questions posed in David's course in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions posed in David's course in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions posed in David's course in it
+he invites students to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invites students to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invites students to think about
+climate change and urban planning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and urban planning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and urban planning by
+looking at the context that's LED our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the context that's LED our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the context that's LED our
+entire planet to where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire planet to where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire planet to where it is
+today frankly most of our population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today frankly most of our population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today frankly most of our population is
+located in cities and having worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in cities and having worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in cities and having worked in
+New York City government and having read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City government and having read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City government and having read
+quite a bit about what urban planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about what urban planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about what urban planners
+write about cities you know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about cities you know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about cities you know I would
+actually point to a particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually point to a particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually point to a particular kind of
+complacency or blind spot that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacency or blind spot that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacency or blind spot that we have
+regarding cities you know I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding cities you know I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding cities you know I think a lot
+of City policy makers or analysts will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City policy makers or analysts will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of City policy makers or analysts will
+point at cities and say oh cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at cities and say oh cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at cities and say oh cities
+actually have lower per capita emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have lower per capita emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have lower per capita emissions
+than rural areas or related areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than rural areas or related areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than rural areas or related areas and
+I've always found that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always found that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always found that to be
+particularly complacent or a blind spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly complacent or a blind spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly complacent or a blind spot
+for a bunch of reasons first we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bunch of reasons first we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bunch of reasons first we only
+know that those numbers are true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that those numbers are true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that those numbers are true because
+we only count certain things we count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only count certain things we count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only count certain things we count
+the greenhouse gas missions related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas missions related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas missions related to
+transportation and space heating but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and space heating but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation and space heating but we
+don't always count the greenhouse gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always count the greenhouse gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always count the greenhouse gas
+missions related to electricity coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions related to electricity coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions related to electricity coming
+to cities or food or water or materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cities or food or water or materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cities or food or water or materials
+like concrete and cement you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like concrete and cement you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like concrete and cement you know I
+think we have to think about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have to think about climate
+change worldwide as a heterogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change worldwide as a heterogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change worldwide as a heterogeneous
+problem as big as the world greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as big as the world greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as big as the world greenhouse
+gas emissions are Global but how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions are Global but how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions are Global but how we
+admit them and how we've admitted them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit them and how we've admitted them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit them and how we've admitted them
+historically is wildly completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically is wildly completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically is wildly completely
+inequitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequitably
+distributed the numbers here are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the numbers here are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed the numbers here are pretty
+Stark I asked David to give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark I asked David to give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark I asked David to give some
+examples of what this inequitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what this inequitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what this inequitable
+distribution of emissions really looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of emissions really looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of emissions really looks
+like poor countries on per capita basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poor countries on per capita basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poor countries on per capita basis
+consume vastly less like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume vastly less like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume vastly less like you know the
+the US is probably around 15 metric tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US is probably around 15 metric tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US is probably around 15 metric tons
+of carbon dioxide equivalent per person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent per person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon dioxide equivalent per person
+Europe and Japan are probably around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Japan are probably around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Japan are probably around 10
+metric tons global average is about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons global average is about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons global average is about 5
+metric tons and in India it's about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons and in India it's about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons and in India it's about two
+and in a place like Kenya it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a place like Kenya it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a place like Kenya it's less than
+one and so that's how inequitable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that's how inequitable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so that's how inequitable the
+problem is like I as a North American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like I as a North American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is like I as a North American
+literally probably am responsible for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally probably am responsible for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally probably am responsible for 15
+times more of a problem on an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more of a problem on an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more of a problem on an annual
+basis than somebody in Kenya that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis than somebody in Kenya that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis than somebody in Kenya that's
+fundamentally inequitable and if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally inequitable and if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally inequitable and if we're
+looking at a more Equitable future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a more Equitable future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a more Equitable future
+there's really nowhere for us to go but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really nowhere for us to go but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really nowhere for us to go but
+down in our emission of greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in our emission of greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in our emission of greenhouse
+gases and this is the message that lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and this is the message that lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases and this is the message that lies
+at the Crux of David's class while many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Crux of David's class while many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Crux of David's class while many
+cities are focusing on adapting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are focusing on adapting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are focusing on adapting to
+climate change creating policies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change creating policies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change creating policies and
+changes that help them deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that help them deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that help them deal with the
+effects of climate change like heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of climate change like heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of climate change like heat
+waves flooding and sea level rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves flooding and sea level rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves flooding and sea level rise
+David's focus is on mitigation or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David's focus is on mitigation or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David's focus is on mitigation or how
+urban planners can help cities cut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners can help cities cut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban planners can help cities cut down
+on the problems that are contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problems that are contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problems that are contributing to
+climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change
+ation is how do we stop creating climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is how do we stop creating climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is how do we stop creating climate
+change and mostly almost exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and mostly almost exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and mostly almost exclusively
+that's happening through our greous gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening through our greous gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening through our greous gas
+missions so it's how do we reduce our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions so it's how do we reduce our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions so it's how do we reduce our
+greenhouse gas emissions while trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions while trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions while trying to
+maintain a standard of living that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a standard of living that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain a standard of living that we
+all aspire to whether or not you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspire to whether or not you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all aspire to whether or not you're in a
+rich country or poor country so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich country or poor country so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich country or poor country so you know
+local governments have a really big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local governments have a really big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local governments have a really big role
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+play one of the things that David does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play one of the things that David does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play one of the things that David does
+in his class is focus on discussion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his class is focus on discussion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his class is focus on discussion so
+much of the work of an urban planner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the work of an urban planner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the work of an urban planner is
+about community decisionmaking and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community decisionmaking and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about community decisionmaking and that
+same Spirit exists in the class in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Spirit exists in the class in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Spirit exists in the class in our
+interview David mentioned that he makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview David mentioned that he makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview David mentioned that he makes
+a concerted effort to equip his students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concerted effort to equip his students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concerted effort to equip his students
+as well as possible for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as possible for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as possible for these
+discussions and where possible he brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and where possible he brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and where possible he brings
+the simple truth of math to the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple truth of math to the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple truth of math to the kinds of
+human equations that you just might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human equations that you just might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human equations that you just might not
+expect I try to teach really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect I try to teach really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect I try to teach really simple
+calculations that are simple enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that are simple enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations that are simple enough for
+anyone to access you know using like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to access you know using like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to access you know using like
+basically High School level math and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically High School level math and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically High School level math and I
+do that because you know all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because you know all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because you know all of our
+students MIT students are pretty darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students MIT students are pretty darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students MIT students are pretty darn
+good at sophisticated math but to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at sophisticated math but to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at sophisticated math but to have a
+conversation about some of these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about some of these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation about some of these topics
+you just really need simple math and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just really need simple math and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just really need simple math and so
+we do simple calculations just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do simple calculations just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do simple calculations just to
+establish the scope of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the scope of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the scope of the problem and
+so we have debates like some students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have debates like some students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have debates like some students
+will say I'm vegetarian but I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say I'm vegetarian but I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say I'm vegetarian but I like to
+travel and I'll say well it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and I'll say well it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and I'll say well it's a pretty
+simple math problem we'll just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math problem we'll just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math problem we'll just look at
+the greenhouse gas missions associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas missions associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greenhouse gas missions associated
+with both activities we will look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both activities we will look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both activities we will look at
+problems like I want to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like I want to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like I want to focus on
+electrifying buses most places actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrifying buses most places actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrifying buses most places actually
+buses almost always make sense but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses almost always make sense but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses almost always make sense but you
+know electric vehicles it's okay to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electric vehicles it's okay to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electric vehicles it's okay to be
+skeptical about electric vehicles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about electric vehicles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical about electric vehicles in
+some ways you electric vehicles solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you electric vehicles solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways you electric vehicles solve
+some problems they don't solve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems they don't solve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems they don't solve all
+problems if you're sitting in traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you're sitting in traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you're sitting in traffic
+congestion electric vehicle uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion electric vehicle uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion electric vehicle uh you're
+still losing that labor time even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still losing that labor time even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still losing that labor time even if
+your exhaust emissions have gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exhaust emissions have gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exhaust emissions have gone down
+but air pollution still comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but air pollution still comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but air pollution still comes from
+non-exhaust sources like Tire particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exhaust sources like Tire particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-exhaust sources like Tire particles
+so you know we'll talk about that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we'll talk about that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we'll talk about that just
+to kind of say here's all the aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say here's all the aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of say here's all the aspects of
+the problem we're not solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we're not solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem we're not solving the
+problem but I actually welcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I actually welcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but I actually welcome the
+students being skeptical because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students being skeptical because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students being skeptical because that's
+how we learn to solve the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn to solve the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn to solve the right
+problem David explained that readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem David explained that readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem David explained that readings
+are really important for a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important for a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important for a class like
+this so he tries to offer readings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he tries to offer readings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so he tries to offer readings from
+various angles on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various angles on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various angles on the same
+subject so we try to use uh readings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so we try to use uh readings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so we try to use uh readings to
+kind of like set the table and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like set the table and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like set the table and you know
+if you give a bunch of students four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give a bunch of students four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give a bunch of students four or
+five papers and I try to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five papers and I try to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five papers and I try to give them
+sometimes conflicting papers so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes conflicting papers so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes conflicting papers so they can
+sort out which paper they find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out which paper they find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort out which paper they find more
+appealing to them or which arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to them or which arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to them or which arguments
+they find more appealing they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find more appealing they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find more appealing they can use
+that process that we can use it to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that we can use it to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process that we can use it to sort
+out which arguments people sympathize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which arguments people sympathize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which arguments people sympathize
+with which ones they disagree with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which ones they disagree with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which ones they disagree with and
+frankly sometimes both ideas can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly sometimes both ideas can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly sometimes both ideas can be
+right but they can conflict and we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they can conflict and we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they can conflict and we learn
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+too climate change is big and sweeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too climate change is big and sweeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too climate change is big and sweeping
+and frankly terrifying and can make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly terrifying and can make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly terrifying and can make us
+feel helpless to do anything about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel helpless to do anything about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel helpless to do anything about it so
+David uses his class to empower his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David uses his class to empower his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David uses his class to empower his
+students to take action even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to take action even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to take action even in
+sometimes small incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes small incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes small incremental
+ways I guess a good thing coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I guess a good thing coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I guess a good thing coming out of
+climate change is that the problem is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is that the problem is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is that the problem is so
+big and the responses are so big that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and the responses are so big that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and the responses are so big that
+actually I'm kind of excited for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm kind of excited for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm kind of excited for my
+students you know I say like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you know I say like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students you know I say like whatever
+interest you have whatever concern you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you have whatever concern you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you have whatever concern you
+have your skill is going to matter so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your skill is going to matter so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your skill is going to matter so if
+you're a software programmer if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a software programmer if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a software programmer if you're
+an accountant if you're a lawyer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accountant if you're a lawyer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accountant if you're a lawyer if
+you're an adver Advertiser if you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an adver Advertiser if you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an adver Advertiser if you're you
+know whatever you do I think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever you do I think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever you do I think actually
+you can contribute to climate change if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contribute to climate change if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contribute to climate change if
+you care about climate change I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about climate change I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about climate change I just
+think we should welcome everyone to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should welcome everyone to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should welcome everyone to work
+on climate change and that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on climate change and that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on climate change and that if you look
+around even at MIT the she number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around even at MIT the she number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around even at MIT the she number of
+people working on different aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on different aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people working on different aspects of
+the problem is really heartening and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really heartening and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really heartening and so
+you know I always say to students find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I always say to students find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I always say to students find
+your spot find the thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spot find the thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spot find the thing that you're
+passionate about that you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about that you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about that you can make a
+difference on that you you know find joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on that you you know find joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on that you you know find joy
+in and that you think is interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that you think is interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that you think is interesting and
+exciting if you work on that and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting if you work on that and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting if you work on that and even if
+you make a small incremental Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a small incremental Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a small incremental Improvement
+I always show them how Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always show them how Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always show them how Technologies
+connect making a small incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect making a small incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect making a small incremental
+Improvement in one technology can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in one technology can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement in one technology can have
+really important knock gun effects down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important knock gun effects down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important knock gun effects down
+the road you know it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road you know it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road you know it's a little bit
+overwhelming to think about the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming to think about the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming to think about the scale of
+the problem and trying to feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and trying to feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and trying to feel like
+you're solving the whole problem but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving the whole problem but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving the whole problem but if
+you do your part to solve part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your part to solve part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your part to solve part of the
+problem I think we'll solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem that was Professor David Sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that was Professor David Sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that was Professor David Sue
+instructor for course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for course
+11165 Urban Energy Systems and policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11165 Urban Energy Systems and policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11165 Urban Energy Systems and policy
+you can find us teaching materials on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find us teaching materials on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find us teaching materials on
+our MIT open courseware website as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our MIT open courseware website as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our MIT open courseware website as
+always they are openly licensed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they are openly licensed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always they are openly licensed so you
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+teaching you can help help others find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help help others find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help help others find
+the materials too by subscribing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials too by subscribing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials too by subscribing to the
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+review thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+include myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself Brett POI and Dave Lansky
+the show notes for this episode were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+written by Peter Chipman who also built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman who also built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman who also built
+the course on our website we're funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course on our website we're funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course on our website we're funded
+by MIT open learning and supporters like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by MIT open learning and supporters like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by MIT open learning and supporters like
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RE5PmdGNgj0.txt b/RE5PmdGNgj0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5dc64b793384e3c410ae84e4dff11e1ea78c8fc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RE5PmdGNgj0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've seen uh graphs involving boys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh graphs involving boys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen uh graphs involving boys and
+girls and connections between them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and connections between them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and connections between them in
+the context of uh our sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of uh our sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of uh our sexual
+demographics calculation and study um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics calculation and study um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics calculation and study um a
+similar uh problem comes up uh in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh problem comes up uh in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh problem comes up uh in terms
+of uh what I call stable matching which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what I call stable matching which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what I call stable matching which
+is again the issue of matching up boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the issue of matching up boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the issue of matching up boys
+and girls uh in a special way according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and girls uh in a special way according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and girls uh in a special way according
+to some constraints it turns out to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constraints it turns out to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some constraints it turns out to have
+a lot of applications which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of applications which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of applications which we'll
+discuss toward the end let's just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss toward the end let's just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss toward the end let's just look
+at what the proc is the setup is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the proc is the setup is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what the proc is the setup is that
+there's some number of boys in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some number of boys in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some number of boys in this case
+5 1 through five and an equal number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1 through five and an equal number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 1 through five and an equal number of
+girls labeled a through e and uh each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls labeled a through e and uh each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls labeled a through e and uh each of
+the boys has a ranking of the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys has a ranking of the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys has a ranking of the girls
+different rankings because different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rankings because different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rankings because different
+boys have different preferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys have different preferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys have different preferences and
+likewise the girls have rankings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the girls have rankings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the girls have rankings of the
+boys different girls have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys different girls have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys different girls have different
+preferences so here girl a likes boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so here girl a likes boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so here girl a likes boy
+three best and boy five second best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three best and boy five second best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three best and boy five second best uh
+and boy one likes girl C best and girl D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy one likes girl C best and girl D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy one likes girl C best and girl D
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+so the problem basically is that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem basically is that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem basically is that we want
+to get all the boys Married To All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the boys Married To All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get all the boys Married To All the
+Girls We want to form five monogamous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girls We want to form five monogamous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Girls We want to form five monogamous uh
+bisexual marriages a boy and a girl uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisexual marriages a boy and a girl uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisexual marriages a boy and a girl uh
+and we'd like in some vague way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like in some vague way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'd like in some vague way to
+acknowledge these preferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge these preferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge these preferences and
+satisfy as many as we can I'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy as many as we can I'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy as many as we can I'll be more
+specific about that in a minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about that in a minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific about that in a minute but
+let's just play with that idea of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play with that idea of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just play with that idea of trying
+to accommodate people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate people's
+preferences so one way to do it is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so one way to do it is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so one way to do it is let's
+just decide we'll we'll favor the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decide we'll we'll favor the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decide we'll we'll favor the boys
+this time let's try a greedy strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time let's try a greedy strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time let's try a greedy strategy
+for the boys let's just look at the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the boys let's just look at the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the boys let's just look at the boy
+preferences and the greedy strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the greedy strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the greedy strategy
+means I'm going to try to give uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to try to give uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm going to try to give uh each
+boy the best possible choice that he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy the best possible choice that he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy the best possible choice that he can
+make so I'm going to start off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so I'm going to start off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so I'm going to start off by
+deciding that let's let boy one have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that let's let boy one have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding that let's let boy one have his
+first choice girl C I'm going to marry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice girl C I'm going to marry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice girl C I'm going to marry
+them off and once I've married them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off and once I've married them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them off and once I've married them off
+I'll just stop considering one and c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just stop considering one and c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just stop considering one and c and
+now I have a reduced problem I've have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a reduced problem I've have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a reduced problem I've have
+four remaining boys and four remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four remaining boys and four remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four remaining boys and four remaining
+girls and proceeding in this way greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and proceeding in this way greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and proceeding in this way greedy
+way for boys I'm going to now give boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for boys I'm going to now give boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for boys I'm going to now give boy
+two his next uh choice that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two his next uh choice that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two his next uh choice that remains
+namely girl a and I'll marry them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely girl a and I'll marry them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely girl a and I'll marry them off
+and again now two and a ni can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again now two and a ni can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again now two and a ni can be
+eliminated from consideration I continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated from consideration I continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated from consideration I continue
+in this way and I wind up with this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way and I wind up with this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way and I wind up with this set
+of five marriages ending with boy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five marriages ending with boy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five marriages ending with boy five
+married to girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to girl
+e okay now if we look at this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay now if we look at this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e okay now if we look at this set of
+marriages there's a problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages there's a problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages there's a problem which
+motivates the whole stable marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates the whole stable marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates the whole stable marriage
+problem that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to be
+examinating examining namely we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examinating examining namely we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examinating examining namely we've
+married off boy one to his first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married off boy one to his first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married off boy one to his first choice
+girl C he should be happy but she may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl C he should be happy but she may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl C he should be happy but she may
+not be and we've also married off boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be and we've also married off boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be and we've also married off boy
+four to girl B now a difficulty here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to girl B now a difficulty here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to girl B now a difficulty here is
+that if you look at the preferences girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the preferences girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the preferences girl
+C actually uh is more desirable to boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C actually uh is more desirable to boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C actually uh is more desirable to boy
+four than than girl B girl c a boy boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four than than girl B girl c a boy boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four than than girl B girl c a boy boy
+four likes somebody else's wife better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four likes somebody else's wife better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four likes somebody else's wife better
+than his own and what makes it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than his own and what makes it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than his own and what makes it really
+bad is that girls see the other person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is that girls see the other person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is that girls see the other person's
+wife likes boy four better than her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife likes boy four better than her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife likes boy four better than her
+husband each of them would be better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband each of them would be better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband each of them would be better off
+if they ran off together they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ran off together they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they ran off together they are
+whether they do or not they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they do or not they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they do or not they certainly
+are under tremendous pressure it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under tremendous pressure it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under tremendous pressure it makes
+the set of marriages unstable so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of marriages unstable so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of marriages unstable so they're
+called a rogue couple when you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a rogue couple when you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a rogue couple when you have in a
+set of marriages a a a a boy and a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of marriages a a a a boy and a girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of marriages a a a a boy and a girl
+who prefer each other over their current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefer each other over their current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefer each other over their current
+spouses that they are said to be a rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses that they are said to be a rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses that they are said to be a rogue
+couple and a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and a source of
+instability so the stable marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability so the stable marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability so the stable marriage
+problem is let's say if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is let's say if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is let's say if we can get
+everybody married off and have no Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody married off and have no Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody married off and have no Rogue
+couples it'll be a stable set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples it'll be a stable set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples it'll be a stable set of
+marriages now people may not be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages now people may not be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages now people may not be happy
+but it doesn't matter because they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter because they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't matter because they'll
+never find anybody else that sat that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find anybody else that sat that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never find anybody else that sat that is
+unhappy in the same way that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy in the same way that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy in the same way that would be
+willing to run off with them and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to run off with them and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to run off with them and make
+them happier so it's stable and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happier so it's stable and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them happier so it's stable and turns
+out that there always is a way to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there always is a way to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there always is a way to find a
+stable set of marriages um couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages um couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages um couple of
+ways uh but why don't we just play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh but why don't we just play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh but why don't we just play with
+the idea here is a display of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is a display of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is a display of those
+preferences again and you can stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences again and you can stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences again and you can stop the
+video and Fiddle with a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and Fiddle with a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and Fiddle with a piece of paper
+and see if you can come up with um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you can come up with um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if you can come up with um a
+stable set of marriages between the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages between the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable set of marriages between the boys
+and the girls we used to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the girls we used to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the girls we used to do this in
+class in real time we would give uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in real time we would give uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in real time we would give uh five
+different boys a chart of preferences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boys a chart of preferences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boys a chart of preferences of
+girls and we'd give the five different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and we'd give the five different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls and we'd give the five different
+girls a chart of preferences of boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls a chart of preferences of boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls a chart of preferences of boys
+they were not supposed to tell each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not supposed to tell each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not supposed to tell each
+other what their preferences were but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what their preferences were but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other what their preferences were but
+the girls were supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls were supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls were supposed to be
+interviewing the boys and the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing the boys and the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing the boys and the boys
+interviewing the girls simultaneously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing the girls simultaneously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing the girls simultaneously in
+parallel and try to agree to get married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and try to agree to get married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and try to agree to get married
+and see whether the set of marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether the set of marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see whether the set of marriages
+that they wound up with were stable most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wound up with were stable most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they wound up with were stable most
+of the time they actually did wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they actually did wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time they actually did wind up
+with a stable set of marriages but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stable set of marriages but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stable set of marriages but not
+always it's just an amusing exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's just an amusing exercise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's just an amusing exercise and
+it does illustrate something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does illustrate something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does illustrate something about the
+fact that um the procedures that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that um the procedures that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that um the procedures that we're
+going to be going through to find stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going through to find stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going through to find stable
+marriages work very nicely if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages work very nicely if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriages work very nicely if you choose
+to do them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them in
+parallel anyway there are it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel anyway there are it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel anyway there are it turns out
+two sets of stable marriages um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of stable marriages um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of stable marriages um that we
+can find in this particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in this particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in this particular set of
+preferences the simplest one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the simplest one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the simplest one to
+understand is all the girls get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is all the girls get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is all the girls get their
+first choice it so happens if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice it so happens if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice it so happens if you look
+at that chart all of the girls have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that chart all of the girls have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that chart all of the girls have
+different First Choice boys if we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different First Choice boys if we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different First Choice boys if we simply
+give them their first choice none no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their first choice none no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them their first choice none no
+girl is going to be tempted to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl is going to be tempted to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl is going to be tempted to be part
+of a rogue couple cuz she's got her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rogue couple cuz she's got her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rogue couple cuz she's got her
+first choice it's absolutely stable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice it's absolutely stable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first choice it's absolutely stable but
+of course that's a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's a very special
+circumstance it would be unusual that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance it would be unusual that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance it would be unusual that
+all the girls first choices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the girls first choices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the girls first choices were
+different or likewise it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or likewise it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or likewise it would be
+unusual if all the boys first choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual if all the boys first choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual if all the boys first choices
+were different but if they were then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different but if they were then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different but if they were then you
+instantly get a stable set of marriages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly get a stable set of marriages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly get a stable set of marriages
+there's another stable set that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another stable set that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another stable set that's not
+quite so obvious um and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so obvious um and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite so obvious um and you can check
+that um that uh all of these pairs uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that uh all of these pairs uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that uh all of these pairs uh uh
+have no instability there's no Rogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no instability there's no Rogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no instability there's no Rogue
+couples in here when I marry 5 to a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples in here when I marry 5 to a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples in here when I marry 5 to a and
+one to e um this is a so-called boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to e um this is a so-called boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to e um this is a so-called boy
+optimal uh set of marriages it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh set of marriages it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh set of marriages it turns out
+that in this set of marriages every boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this set of marriages every boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this set of marriages every boy
+gets the best possible spouse that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the best possible spouse that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the best possible spouse that he
+could possibly get uh in any set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly get uh in any set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly get uh in any set of
+stable marriages there's no set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages there's no set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages there's no set of
+stable marriages in which boy five gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages in which boy five gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable marriages in which boy five gets
+a more desirable girl than a there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more desirable girl than a there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more desirable girl than a there's no
+set of stable marriages in which boy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of stable marriages in which boy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of stable marriages in which boy one
+gets a girl that's more desirable to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a girl that's more desirable to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a girl that's more desirable to him
+than girl e uh the sad news is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than girl e uh the sad news is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than girl e uh the sad news is that it's
+simultaneously pessimal for the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously pessimal for the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously pessimal for the girls
+that is each girl is getting their worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is each girl is getting their worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is each girl is getting their worst
+possible spouse among all sets of stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spouse among all sets of stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible spouse among all sets of stat
+able marriages we'll examine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able marriages we'll examine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able marriages we'll examine that
+further in a minute but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in a minute but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in a minute but let me just
+point out that this is more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is more than a
+puzzle I mean it's fun and it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle I mean it's fun and it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle I mean it's fun and it is it's a
+nice puzzle but it's more than a puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice puzzle but it's more than a puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice puzzle but it's more than a puzzle
+because the original case where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the original case where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the original case where it was
+studied or published first was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied or published first was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied or published first was in a
+paper by gayen shapley in 1962 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by gayen shapley in 1962 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by gayen shapley in 1962 you
+remember maybe remember the name David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember maybe remember the name David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember maybe remember the name David
+Gail from the subset game that we played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gail from the subset game that we played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gail from the subset game that we played
+early in the term when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the term when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the term when we were
+practicing with set relations um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing with set relations um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing with set relations um and
+what they were dealing with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were dealing with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were dealing with with the
+problem of college admissions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of college admissions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of college admissions where
+students have rankings of colleges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have rankings of colleges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have rankings of colleges that
+they've applied to and their preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've applied to and their preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've applied to and their preferences
+and colleges have rankings of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleges have rankings of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleges have rankings of students
+to whom that have applied to them and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom that have applied to them and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whom that have applied to them and uh
+we're trying to get matching up between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get matching up between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get matching up between
+college offers and uh student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college offers and uh student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college offers and uh student
+preferences and in a circumstance where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and in a circumstance where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and in a circumstance where
+um a a college made an offer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a college made an offer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a college made an offer and a
+student sort of accepted but then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student sort of accepted but then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student sort of accepted but then later
+the student got a another offer from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student got a another offer from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student got a another offer from a
+place they preferred more and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they preferred more and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place they preferred more and they were
+changing their mind and withdrawing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their mind and withdrawing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their mind and withdrawing with
+uh uh uh acceptances and so on it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh acceptances and so on it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh acceptances and so on it was
+making everybody great crazy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making everybody great crazy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making everybody great crazy the
+administrators and the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators and the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators and the students
+themselves and the desire was let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the desire was let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the desire was let's get
+some stable set of offers on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable set of offers on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stable set of offers on the table
+and Gail and shapley proposed a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gail and shapley proposed a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gail and shapley proposed a protocol
+to get stable marriages that would apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get stable marriages that would apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get stable marriages that would apply
+to college admissions it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college admissions it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college admissions it turns out
+interestingly enough that although Gail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough that although Gail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough that although Gail
+and shapley are credited with the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shapley are credited with the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shapley are credited with the stable
+marriage uh solution that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage uh solution that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage uh solution that we're going to
+discuss uh they they did that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh they they did that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh they they did that because
+they were the first to publish it but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the first to publish it but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were the first to publish it but in
+fact it had been discovered and put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it had been discovered and put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it had been discovered and put into
+practice at least 20 years earlier by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice at least 20 years earlier by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice at least 20 years earlier by a
+national board whose job was to match uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national board whose job was to match uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national board whose job was to match uh
+interns in hospitals that is graduating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns in hospitals that is graduating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns in hospitals that is graduating
+medical students who were about to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students who were about to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical students who were about to start
+their further clinical training as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their further clinical training as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their further clinical training as
+interns now called residents in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns now called residents in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns now called residents in modern
+uh language um uh had to be matched up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh language um uh had to be matched up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh language um uh had to be matched up
+with hospitals and the residents had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hospitals and the residents had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hospitals and the residents had
+preferred hospitals that they'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred hospitals that they'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred hospitals that they'd like to
+go to and the hospitals had rankings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to and the hospitals had rankings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to and the hospitals had rankings of
+residents that met their criteria um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that met their criteria um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents that met their criteria um and
+again the issue was how do you assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the issue was how do you assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the issue was how do you assign
+residents to hospitals in a stable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to hospitals in a stable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to hospitals in a stable way
+before they had discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they had discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they had discovered this
+stability algorithm it was a mess again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability algorithm it was a mess again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability algorithm it was a mess again
+there's a wonderful story in the book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wonderful story in the book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wonderful story in the book by
+gusfield and Irving that is an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusfield and Irving that is an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gusfield and Irving that is an entire
+book about the stable marriage problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book about the stable marriage problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book about the stable marriage problem
+published by MIT press I think in ' 89
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by MIT press I think in ' 89
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by MIT press I think in ' 89
+and as a matter of fact I was the editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a matter of fact I was the editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a matter of fact I was the editor
+of the series in which it appears um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the series in which it appears um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the series in which it appears um
+this stable marriage problem turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable marriage problem turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable marriage problem turns out
+to have a lot of structure um and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of structure um and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of structure um and they
+describe a wonderful anecdote in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a wonderful anecdote in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a wonderful anecdote in the in
+their preface about the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preface about the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preface about the problems that
+were happening between the hospitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening between the hospitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were happening between the hospitals and
+the residents and the measures that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents and the measures that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residents and the measures that were
+taken to try to achieve stability before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to try to achieve stability before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to try to achieve stability before
+they discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discovered this
+algorithm um another uh genuine computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um another uh genuine computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm um another uh genuine computer
+science application is one that uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science application is one that uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science application is one that uh was
+described by Tom Leighton who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by Tom Leighton who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by Tom Leighton who is a
+co-author of the text and then now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author of the text and then now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author of the text and then now the
+CEO of the uh of aamai a an internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of the uh of aamai a an internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO of the uh of aamai a an internet
+infrastructure plumbing company uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure plumbing company uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure plumbing company uh that
+has uh some large number of servers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh some large number of servers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh some large number of servers I
+think 65,000 servers in 2010 around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 65,000 servers in 2010 around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 65,000 servers in 2010 around the
+world um and it basically is providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um and it basically is providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um and it basically is providing
+cached web pages so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cached web pages so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cached web pages so that they can
+respond more quickly to local calls um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond more quickly to local calls um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond more quickly to local calls um
+they uh have a problem that they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh have a problem that they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh have a problem that they get
+something like 62,000 65,000 servers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 62,000 65,000 servers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 62,000 65,000 servers and
+they get uh I think 200 billion web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uh I think 200 billion web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get uh I think 200 billion web
+requests a day so the web requests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests a day so the web requests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests a day so the web requests are
+kind of acting like um uh the boys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of acting like um uh the boys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of acting like um uh the boys and
+the uh and the servers are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh and the servers are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh and the servers are kind of
+acting like the girls or the hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like the girls or the hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like the girls or the hospitals
+and the residents uh based and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the residents uh based and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the residents uh based and the uh
+the web requests have preferences based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web requests have preferences based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web requests have preferences based
+on proximity and speed of server and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on proximity and speed of server and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on proximity and speed of server and the
+servers have preference based on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers have preference based on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers have preference based on where
+they're located and the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located and the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're located and the magnitude of the
+web request that they're coming to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web request that they're coming to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web request that they're coming to and
+the question is how do you assign web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you assign web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do you assign web
+requests to servers so that things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to servers so that things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to servers so that things get
+done uh uh expeditiously and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh uh expeditiously and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh uh expeditiously and it turns
+out that uh the stable marriage method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh the stable marriage method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh the stable marriage method
+gave a a satisfactory way to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a a satisfactory way to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a a satisfactory way to accomplish
+that kind of matching uh it also and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of matching uh it also and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of matching uh it also and in
+particular because there's such large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because there's such large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because there's such large
+numbers involved that the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers involved that the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers involved that the stable
+marriage ritual which will describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage ritual which will describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage ritual which will describe
+shortly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly um
+is very amable to being run in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very amable to being run in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very amable to being run in parallel
+another application that turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application that turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application that turns out to
+come up was in matching dance Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up was in matching dance Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up was in matching dance Partners
+when I was teaching this course 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was teaching this course 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was teaching this course 10 years
+ago with a with a co-instructor who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago with a with a co-instructor who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago with a with a co-instructor who was
+a member of the Indian dance team she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a member of the Indian dance team she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a member of the Indian dance team she
+said we could use this because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we could use this because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we could use this because it turns
+out that again there uh boy and girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that again there uh boy and girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that again there uh boy and girl
+Partners in the dance and uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in the dance and uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners in the dance and uh it was
+constantly the case that one boy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly the case that one boy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly the case that one boy would
+like another boy's partner better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another boy's partner better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another boy's partner better and
+vice versa and they would start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and they would start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and they would start uh
+pairing up and leaving the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing up and leaving the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing up and leaving the other people
+hanging and there were bad feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging and there were bad feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging and there were bad feelings and
+it was a disruptive source of disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a disruptive source of disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a disruptive source of disruption
+in the uh in the society there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the society there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the society there's a
+picture of that Indian dance group uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that Indian dance group uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that Indian dance group uh my
+co-instructor is not actually there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor is not actually there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-instructor is not actually there but
+uh it gives you uh a some sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you uh a some sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it gives you uh a some sense of the
+reality of the problem here at MIT um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of the problem here at MIT um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of the problem here at MIT um
+and she told me that it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she told me that it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she told me that it was actually
+being used by that group
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RdkB7tbufYI.txt b/RdkB7tbufYI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3af7721412146b6b0b776b633193b392ffadbb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RdkB7tbufYI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1654 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So first
+up, we're going
+
+to go around, do a
+couple of things.
+
+We'll just go in pairs.
+
+We'll try these out, so
+you two can come up first.
+
+We'll start off with one
+of our basic principles
+
+of electromagnetism, which
+is that we can spin metal
+
+in a magnetic field
+and produce current.
+
+So let's hook up our
+little motor to an LED
+
+and see if we can make
+our motor into a dynamo.
+
+OK, so it works.
+
+It's not easy, but it works.
+
+We're using a motor
+in reverse, we're
+
+spinning metal in
+a magnetic field
+
+and producing some current
+to light up our LED.
+
+There we go.
+
+Now, let's plug in this
+to our amplifiers and
+
+try to re-do our
+telharmonium light.
+
+So it's the turn of the century.
+
+It's around 1900.
+
+You're Cahill, and you're like
+I need a way to produce sound.
+
+I need the way to
+create an oscillator.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Who
+would have thought
+
+that this is the
+best way to do this.
+
+STUDENT: That's what
+my dad's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: We need
+definitely some way
+
+to spin this faster
+so we can get a tone.
+
+But you can hear that if it were
+spinning at some constant rate
+
+you could get--
+
+STUDENT: This motor
+has less resistance
+
+so it continues to get a tone.
+
+That motor's tighter,
+but so you just--
+
+STUDENT: It's got
+a better motor now.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Can it work as a
+musical instrument?
+
+STUDENT: Sure, whatever.
+
+PROFESSOR: What
+would we need to do?
+
+If you wanted it to make a--
+
+STUDENT: You need two
+interfaces, for sure.
+
+PROFESSOR: Two parameters.
+
+STUDENT: Maybe if
+I twiddle those--
+
+STUDENT: I got all these
+parameters right here.
+
+STUDENT: Add volume
+with the turntables.
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Oh yeah.
+
+Sounds great.
+
+STUDENT: And you could light
+it up at the same time.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, next up.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So next up.
+
+STUDENT: Which one do you want?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you
+guys gotta work as a team.
+
+Do you want to try the motor
+while they're connected?
+
+Actually, just feel
+the motor so you
+
+can get a little sense of how--
+
+STUDENT: It is really hard.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Try the quick
+flick you get a little bit--
+
+STUDENT: OK, I'm done.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good.
+
+So here is our humbucker.
+
+Two signal coils
+next to each other.
+
+Essentially, just a big wrath
+of wire with some little
+
+poles to focus the
+magnetic energy.
+
+Now, this design, this
+a nice DeMarzio pickup.
+
+I was talking
+earlier, it's in pink.
+
+I got the pink one
+because it was cheaper.
+
+Think about the issues
+involved in that.
+
+The pink pickup is cheaper than
+a black one, same performance.
+
+Anyways, this model
+has four conductors
+
+which allows us to access
+each of the coils separately.
+
+We're going to
+run them in series
+
+and treat them
+just as one pickup.
+
+So we need our--
+this is our ground ,
+
+here and this is our
+hot signal, the red.
+
+STUDENT: Does that mean
+that you're essentially
+
+eliminating any benefits of
+the reverse polarity humbucking
+
+action?
+
+PROFESSOR: The humbucking
+action works into both series
+
+and parallel, according to
+the DeMarzio literature.
+
+STUDENT: It seems
+like if you ran them
+
+in series that
+reversing them again,
+
+you would just knock out
+the sequel altogether.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you got it in?
+
+Now, the first thing to
+try is turning our motor--
+
+before we get to the phone.
+
+Now, what this
+device is going to do
+
+is pick up moving metal that
+perturbs the magnetic field.
+
+So if we spin our motor
+in front of the pickup,
+
+let's see if we can get a sound.
+
+There we go, OK?
+
+STUDENT: It's the same sound.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the same
+sound, that's right.
+
+Which shouldn't be
+surprising, but it is still.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Now, what if we put a vibrating
+metal string on top of this?
+
+Maybe we might pick
+up a sound, right?
+
+Let's try it on piano.
+
+OK, so one of you can play
+the keys here and hold down
+
+the damper.
+
+And the other needs to--
+
+STUDENT: Feedback?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you're
+going to get feedback.
+
+STUDENT: Try to go
+for a lower one.
+
+PROFESSOR: It has a high
+directionality action.
+
+STUDENT: Maybe if we
+do a really quiet note.
+
+PROFESSOR: So it really
+matters is the location.
+
+There we go.
+
+Maybe turn off the distortion.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK.
+
+Try it again.
+
+Now just move it--
+hold on one note.
+
+Press that one note
+repeatedly and move the pickup
+
+to the left and
+right so we can hear
+
+how focused the
+pickup is on that.
+
+This is pretty interesting.
+
+Now, if you actually
+rest it on the keys.
+
+Now we have to prepare the
+electromagnetic feedback.
+
+Now, we could try to do
+some sort of ebo thing
+
+where we direct the
+acoustic energy out
+
+of the pickup on the strings.
+
+STUDENT: Out of the pickup?
+
+PROFESSOR: Out of the
+amp onto the strings.
+
+STUDENT: Oh.
+
+STUDENT: All right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, this
+isn't going to work great,
+
+but the idea here is that
+we're using the amplification
+
+to re-resonate the
+string and creating
+
+a feedback loop in the process.
+
+STUDENT: Want me
+to start it off?
+
+STUDENT: Ah, yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hold down
+the damper, too.
+
+And actually, if you
+rest it on the keys,
+
+you're probably going--
+The damper's way up.
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now,
+change the position
+
+of the speaker a little bit.
+
+See if you can--
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: I wish I had
+an expensive piano.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, great.
+
+Good.
+
+OK, guys.
+
+Good job.
+
+Who do we want.
+
+Next up.
+
+Leave the pickup
+connected and now we
+
+need some sort of
+devices that give off
+
+electromagnetic radiation.
+
+Does anybody have a device
+that gives off some radiation?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's
+try the phone first.
+
+Just hold the phone
+over the device.
+
+STUDENT: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you can
+move it around a little bit.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So we're
+getting some notes here.
+
+Try the iPhone.
+
+It's full.
+
+STUDENT: You getting a text?
+
+PROFESSOR: Just hold it
+slowly and now move it.
+
+STUDENT: Whoa!
+
+STUDENT: Wow.
+
+Now I know why they say
+it gives you cancer.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now move
+it up and down.
+
+Can we make this some sort
+of musical instrument?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If we put
+processes through some delays
+
+and filters, we could get
+some really nice sound.
+
+There we go.
+
+Now, that's when
+it goes to sleep.
+
+I found that last night.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, neat!
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know exactly--
+
+STUDENT: And then chirp
+is it's periodically
+
+reading the accelerometer--
+
+PROFESSOR: Is that what it--
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: But it's asleep.
+
+STUDENT: And then when it
+sees the new measurement,
+
+it wakes up again and throws
+the chip into power mode.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh really?
+
+STUDENT: Because the chips
+can still sample really,
+
+like once every
+second or something
+
+they can take a sample
+off the accelerometer.
+
+PROFESSOR: So who knew
+you had a passive--
+
+STUDENT: That's amazing
+that you can hear that.
+
+STUDENT: That's really cool.
+
+STUDENT: There's some sci
+channel attacks just waiting
+
+to be exploited.
+
+STUDENT: Is that sound
+in the background?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+That's like the ground noise.
+
+STUDENT: No, it
+sounds nice there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, if you have
+some vibrating uses in here.
+
+We have some special, using
+the vibrations of the phone.
+
+Let's try these out.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: Control using this--
+the purple side on the switch.
+
+PROFESSOR: I bet since
+the speakers are magnetic,
+
+they would actually
+just act as a microphone
+
+if you just played
+sound on them.
+
+STUDENT: Whoa.
+
+STUDENT: Wow.
+
+That's nice.
+
+STUDENT: It's
+actually [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: Does it vibrate?
+
+STUDENT: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's giving
+us a good tone right there.
+
+OK, so that works well.
+
+Oh, nice.
+
+STUDENT: Are you
+squeezing it hard?
+
+STUDENT: Nice.
+
+STUDENT: Right in
+the middle though.
+
+STUDENT: I got a happy message.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Now, you mentioned about
+what about a speaker.
+
+So what is a conventional
+acoustic speaker?
+
+How does it work?
+
+STUDENT: Coil, magnet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Coil and a magnet
+moving back and forth.
+
+So these things have
+speakers in them, right?
+
+And if we play some music,
+like a little Afrika Bambaataa.
+
+So this is not
+acoustic transduction.
+
+This is electromagnetic.
+
+And notice how tight
+the directionality is.
+
+STUDENT: It's actually a
+pretty nice conduction there.
+
+When she holds it just right
+it's almost as good as a wire.
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]
+is a queue.
+
+OK, great.
+
+Thanks, guys.
+
+Now, Greg, did I see a
+phonograph project there?
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see if we can
+do some with that.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Does it work?
+
+STUDENT: I don't know.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So anybody want to guess?
+
+Red is maybe hot, obviously.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's try connecting
+red to the positive, which
+
+is yellow for us.
+
+And then let's try
+hooking up the black,
+
+or is that blue, to--
+this might be a stereo.
+
+Do you know if it's a stereo?
+
+STUDENT: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Stereo.
+
+So let's see if you move the
+needle, do you hear anything?
+
+STUDENT: How does
+that come from that?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: It's just noise.
+
+STUDENT: So where is it--
+
+STUDENT: It's right there, yeah.
+
+STUDENT: I don't
+want to break it.
+
+STUDENT: Let's try the white.
+
+STUDENT: The iPhone pickup.
+
+STUDENT: There we go.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Hey.
+
+There we go.
+
+There's something there.
+
+So the basic--
+
+STUDENT: Oh no.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now, see if you can--
+
+STUDENT: Oh!
+
+PROFESSOR: Lords of Canada,
+you don't like them?
+
+STUDENT: That's terrible.
+
+That was a terrible bootleg.
+
+STUDENT: A little
+faster than that.
+
+PROFESSOR: You want to be in the
+groove, so try to line it up.
+
+STUDENT: In the groove.
+
+STUDENT: In the records.
+
+STUDENT: The initial movement.
+
+STUDENT: Was red.
+
+PROFESSOR: There's a
+little something there.
+
+STUDENT: And don't
+forget to push hard.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, that's not--
+
+PROFESSOR: We'll try
+this again later.
+
+The basic principle of
+a phonograph needle,
+
+how does it work?
+
+STUDENT: Coil and magnet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Coil, magnet.
+
+So the arm, that the
+stylus is connected
+
+to a metal that's moving
+in a magnetic field.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+OK, great.
+
+We'll play with that
+a little bit more.
+
+I want you guys to get started
+on building some modulators.
+
+So you guys can go
+back to your seats.
+
+So Collins, in the great
+tradition of hardware hacking
+
+has an approach for us
+to build oscillators
+
+using a digital chip
+that's not intended
+
+to be used as an
+oscillator at all.
+
+You guys will work in pairs.
+
+You can work with your neighbor.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, whoa.
+
+Look at that.
+
+STUDENT: Nice.
+
+STUDENT: Try not
+to lose anything
+
+in the first couple of seconds.
+
+PROFESSOR: So Collins has us use
+the Hex Schmitt Trigger, which
+
+is a very simple device which
+allows us to basically flip
+
+and flop between
+a 0 and 1 output.
+
+Namely, which will
+be a voltage allowing
+
+us to alter between
+two voltages.
+
+Now, what we're going to with
+this chip is we're simply
+
+going to use pins one and two.
+
+We're going to use one
+of these little triggers,
+
+and we're going to feed
+it back into itself
+
+and cause it to oscillate.
+
+So now you all
+have your chips in,
+
+except for those of you
+that don't have chips,
+
+so let me give you some chips.
+
+STUDENT: I can't guarantee
+it won't break up, but I--
+
+PROFESSOR: And you need
+some-- good on ground,
+
+and good on power.
+
+OK, cool.
+
+STUDENT: We are set up somewhat.
+
+We are ready.
+
+And then we need to do what?
+
+We need to feed it back.
+
+STUDENT: We apparently want
+to feedback one and two--
+
+STUDENT: So you want
+sound out somehow.
+
+STUDENT: Which component
+do you think is--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the first thing we need to
+do is provide power to our chip.
+
+That's already done on the
+boards that I gave you.
+
+You want to take vector,
+these here, and orient
+
+the ground on the bottom.
+
+Orient the ground on the bottom.
+
+OK, so you want it
+to look like this.
+
+Orient the ground
+and the bottom,
+
+and connect power
+to the power bus,
+
+and the ground to
+the ground bus.
+
+And you guys need--
+
+STUDENT: You have to
+register to one and two.
+
+Cap from what, one to ground?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: I think.
+
+And then he's got sound.
+
+STUDENT: This single round
+and this one is in two?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+And that's the--
+
+STUDENT: There we go.
+
+We made sound.
+
+STUDENT: Check for heat.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, wait
+for the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK.
+
+OK, ground, good, good.
+
+And then you got the
+resister feeding back
+
+into the second pin.
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
+
+You guys need some components.
+
+We should have our
+basic oscillator set up.
+
+Excellent.
+
+And let's hear what we get.
+
+Let's plug it in and
+see if we get a sound.
+
+There we go.
+
+The beauty of synthesis.
+
+STUDENT: That sounds good
+with everybody's in there.
+
+Is everyone using the
+same value and components?
+
+STUDENT: Oh, nice.
+
+You're screwing the capacitance.
+
+STUDENT: How'd you do that?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] resistance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+OK.
+
+STUDENT: No, it's capacitance.
+
+It goes between your two fingers
+with the parallel capacitor.
+
+STUDENT: No, I am
+bypassing the resistor.
+
+STUDENT: Oh.
+
+Nice.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Good.
+
+And--
+
+STUDENT: This sounds awesome
+with everybody's going at once.
+
+STUDENT: I don't think.
+
+I'm just guessing.
+
+STUDENT: I don't think at all.
+
+Sorry.
+
+STUDENT: Then cover it up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+Yes.
+
+Oh, hey, got it.
+
+STUDENT: In nine holes?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Oh yeah,
+I don't know how--
+
+I don't know if we
+can get reliable--
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+The bands are really--
+
+STUDENT: I don't know
+what those bands mean,
+
+or whether they
+would even like--
+
+STUDENT: Oh, you're going
+to try the white hat?
+
+STUDENT: Not bad at all.
+
+STUDENT: That is awesome.
+
+STUDENT: We did a good thing.
+
+STUDENT: All right.
+
+STUDENT: I like that tone.
+
+STUDENT: I love that tone.
+
+It's really nice.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+STUDENT: Just swap it out,
+hot swap it for the speaker.
+
+Are we going to try this mode?
+
+STUDENT: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You got a sound.
+
+Make sure you got a sound.
+
+STUDENT: Let's maybe slow it
+down and try the resistor gain.
+
+But instead of so
+high, use the--
+
+STUDENT: What if we
+tried the other one?
+
+STUDENT: Wait.
+
+You guys pause for a sec?
+
+STUDENT: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Pause for a sec.
+
+We're going to make
+sure these guys who
+
+are doing ultimate hacks with--
+
+PROFESSOR: What is going on?
+
+STUDENT: Two oscillators.
+
+STUDENT: Do you want
+to jump in on those?
+
+STUDENT: We can
+do one at a time.
+
+PROFESSOR: There you go.
+
+OK.
+
+STUDENT: How big is that cap?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so let's pause.
+
+Let's pause for a second, OK?
+
+Now, the reason Greg
+has the lower tone--
+
+hear your nice tone-- is because
+of different capacitors being
+
+used.
+
+So the capacitor going
+from pin one to the ground.
+
+By varying that
+path capcitor, we
+
+can set a different frequency
+range for the oscillation.
+
+The principle we're using
+here for oscillation
+
+is feedback, right?
+
+We're taking the
+output of pin two,
+
+feeding it back into pin one,
+which through the resistor,
+
+that is causing the 1 to flip
+to 0, the 0 to flip to 1,
+
+and continually producing
+what kind of sound?
+
+Is it essentially?
+
+STUDENT: Sawtooth.
+
+PROFESSOR: Something like
+a sawtoothed squarish.
+
+It's going from 1 to 0
+but it's going to fall,
+
+so it's not going to be
+a straight square wave,
+
+but it's going to be
+something square-like.
+
+Everybody happy with the
+first synthesizer they built?
+
+STUDENT: It's like a nice It's
+looks like a nice helicopter.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, now, we
+can have immediate fun
+
+by replacing our resistor
+with the photoresistor.
+
+The photoresistor allows
+us to bury resistance.
+
+If we bury the resistance
+in the feedback from pin one
+
+to pin two, what will
+we be able to do?
+
+STUDENT: Change the pitch.
+
+PROFESSOR: Change the
+frequency of oscillation.
+
+So some of you have
+already done it.
+
+STUDENT: I'm going to borrow
+the amp from you guys.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So here we go.
+
+STUDENT: You could do
+this all too high before.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's OK.
+
+You should [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: These things
+are not directional?
+
+STUDENT: The big black one is.
+
+STUDENT: The big black one.
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+Where the one lead
+goes to ground.
+
+STUDENT: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, try
+the smart capacitor.
+
+Did it work fine with that?
+
+Is this a 1 or--
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: This should
+give you something.
+
+STUDENT: Try changing the
+pins at the photoresistors.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, this
+motor is not going
+
+to-- We need the little one.
+
+STUDENT: Oh.
+
+Chris did bring a
+whole [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: Oh, that's nice.
+
+STUDENT: We're not even
+getting the basic tone.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so what you got?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: There we go.
+
+STUDENT: You guys want
+to try it out again?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's
+move this around.
+
+If you haven't
+got on the speaker
+
+yet with your recent
+configuration.
+
+STUDENT: I didn't
+expand in this motor.
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+Think more about it.
+
+STUDENT: Maybe we go really
+slow with a really big
+
+and getting the pulses.
+
+STUDENT: We're just
+going to try to blow up.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the whole
+thing collects light
+
+if you cover it all the way.
+
+STUDENT: This is like a--
+
+STUDENT: Oh, that's
+going to change things.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good.
+
+Let me move the speaker around.
+
+STUDENT: Let's pull
+it down a little bit.
+
+STUDENT: We're trying to
+figure out [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And let's do-- OK, let's pause.
+
+Let's pause.
+
+Let's pause.
+
+OK, so we discovered
+with the photoresistor
+
+we can vary the frequency.
+
+By swapping out
+different capacitors,
+
+we can get different
+frequency ranges.
+
+Why don't you swap
+out the-- do you
+
+have that big
+electric capacitor?
+
+Swap that out with
+the other capacitor.
+
+STUDENT: This made
+it really high,
+
+but if we use the big-- yeah.
+
+STUDENT: It's going
+to be a nice flow.
+
+STUDENT: And controllable.
+
+STUDENT: What we really
+want is control board.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pause.
+
+Pause.
+
+Here we have a larger
+capacitor which gives us
+
+some really nice low
+frequency tone, which
+
+I think are pleasing.
+
+Now, to get even a more pleasing
+tone, what we're going to do
+
+is insert a diode
+into the output,
+
+which is a hack
+that Collins uses.
+
+And somebody can explain to
+me why this sounds better,
+
+but it sounds nice when we stick
+the signal through a diode.
+
+So we're going to take
+the output of pin two,
+
+put it through
+the diode and then
+
+pick up that output from there.
+
+And the diode is
+directional, so you
+
+want to make sure [INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: Well, I
+guess maybe it just
+
+depends on the polarity
+of the whole thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I used the black end
+to turn up the output.
+
+STUDENT: It's just
+going to shave off
+
+even the top of the wave
+or the bottom of the wave.
+
+PROFESSOR: And it also
+makes it really loud.
+
+STUDENT: Really.
+
+STUDENT: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we're taking the
+signal from into-- good.
+
+OK, you're ready.
+
+STUDENT: Maybe if
+it's a lot louder
+
+now it's enough to
+drive our motor.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, yes.
+
+STUDENT: The
+ensemble is perfect.
+
+STUDENT: Very the frequency.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're
+not using this cap,
+
+because you're missing the pin.
+
+Try getting that in there.
+
+STUDENT: Oh.
+
+STUDENT: What happened?
+
+STUDENT: Nothing.
+
+PROFESSOR: There we go.
+
+Now let's hear that.
+
+Now that's a nice tone.
+
+And if you cover
+it all around, it's
+
+actually sensitive all over.
+
+STUDENT: Oh wow.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So it's--
+
+STUDENT: It's probably got a
+tiny little sawtooth that's
+
+just not enough to--
+
+STUDENT: It sounds
+better with the diode.
+
+STUDENT: You guys are
+going to get some crazy--
+
+STUDENT: I know.
+
+STUDENT: We have an
+ensemble going here.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You get this diagram?
+
+STUDENT: Oh, that's great.
+
+STUDENT: Turn that
+overdrive way up.
+
+STUDENT: It's a pyramid.
+
+STUDENT: I'm just just an LFO.
+
+PROFESSOR: I thought it
+was a problem that I only
+
+had two amplifiers, but
+it's actually a good thing.
+
+STUDENT: Whoa.
+
+Look at this.
+
+We have three sets
+all together here.
+
+I noticed the--
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, pause.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, the last thing we're going
+to do, which I'm amazed we
+
+have time to try
+it, but we'll try
+
+to do Collins' very
+simple low path filter
+
+circuit, which is a total hack.
+
+But all we have to do is insert
+another resistor-- actually,
+
+a photoresistor and a
+capacitor to the output.
+
+I have the diagram
+for this somewhere.
+
+This will give us, with
+another photoresistor,
+
+our essential two parameters,
+which should help us.
+
+STUDENT: Should we keep
+the diode in there?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I like to keep the
+diode in there.
+
+So take the output of the
+diode and then-- and now
+
+take a photoresistor from this
+bus, put them in the next one,
+
+and then capcitor to ground.
+
+Try the filter.
+
+You need to be-- oh wait.
+
+This should do it.
+
+Turn it up a little bit.
+
+STUDENT: Whoa.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, the first one.
+
+Oh, you're up all the way.
+
+STUDENT: Well past filters.
+
+STUDENT: Maybe if we--
+
+STUDENT: When I touch it--
+
+STUDENT: Yeah, you're
+bridging it turning it on?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+It's time to make some music.
+
+We're going to do duets.
+
+So and you guys will
+be a trio, obviously.
+
+So why don't we
+start with you guys.
+
+You guys and you guys.
+
+We'll go from the sides,
+and then we'll-- oh,
+
+we can do you four
+at the same time.
+
+OK.
+
+That's great.
+
+STUDENT: What do we try to play?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, you're going
+to do an improvisation.
+
+It's going to be a
+minute or two minutes.
+
+And we're going to use a
+very simple improvisation
+
+technique that works
+in almost any context.
+
+STUDENT: Call and response.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+What we're going to do is
+set up a basic ostinati.
+
+So you're going to repeat
+some musical motive.
+
+Find some little thing
+that you can repeat.
+
+It can be a little [SOUND].
+
+Some little gesture
+that's identifiable
+
+and repeat it, and
+keep on repeating it.
+
+It's like a drum
+circle basically.
+
+But we're using our
+photoresistor therabins
+
+to do a drum circle.
+
+So you'll start off, you'll
+create a sort of pattern,
+
+and then hold it.
+
+The next person
+will come in, try
+
+to do something that fits
+in with that pattern.
+
+After it's going, then you can--
+
+STUDENT: And then we'll
+hop flop to Andrew.
+
+PROFESSOR: --change the pattern.
+
+STUDENT: Oh.
+
+PROFESSOR: --a little bit.
+
+And then it'll be done.
+
+[STUDENTS PLAYING PATTERNS]
+
+Guys, you guys were coming down.
+
+There was this good
+ending opportunity there.
+
+When you hear it ending, use it.
+
+It's good to get out
+while you're ahead.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RzSp9nIFnbo.txt b/RzSp9nIFnbo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e72ebaf96a00e76fb3ad722667378ae76d3d48a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RzSp9nIFnbo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9800 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+last time we proved the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if i have a convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies that
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of x sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a natural question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a natural question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a natural question is
+you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+advanced math class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced math class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced math class
+does the converse hold is this a two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the converse hold is this a two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the converse hold is this a two-way
+street or a one-way street so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the individual terms in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the individual terms in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the individual terms in this series
+converges to zero does this imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um and i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'm sure you
+answered this question in some form in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this question in some form in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered this question in some form in a
+previous calculus class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous calculus class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous calculus class
+and the answer to this question is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's the counter example it's the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the counter example it's the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the counter example it's the so
+so-called harmonic series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called harmonic series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called harmonic series
+which corresponds to kind of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to kind of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to kind of our
+favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite
+sequence which converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which converges to zero
+so we'll state this as a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series sum from n equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series sum from n equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series sum from n equals one to
+infinity of one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how
+how are we going to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to prove this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to prove this theorem
+we'll prove this theorem by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this theorem by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this theorem by showing
+a sequence of partial sums a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of partial sums a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of partial sums a subsequence
+of partial sums for this guy does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial sums for this guy does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial sums for this guy does not
+converge okay so if it were to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so if it were to converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge okay so if it were to converge
+then every then the sequence of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every then the sequence of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every then the sequence of partial
+sums converges and therefore every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges and therefore every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges and therefore every
+subsequence of partial sums converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums converge
+okay so what's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the strategy we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there exists a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+snk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snk
+let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this
+mk so remember the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mk so remember the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mk so remember the partial sums
+are simply summing up the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply summing up the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply summing up the first
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the index here is m sub k so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the index here is m sub k so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the index here is m sub k so the
+first m sub k terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first m sub k terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first m sub k terms
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diverges okay so and this is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges okay so and this is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges okay so and this is enough to
+show that the full series doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the full series doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the full series doesn't
+converge again because if it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge again because if it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge again because if it did
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+the partial sums the sequence of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums the sequence of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums the sequence of partial
+sums converges and therefore every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges and therefore every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges and therefore every
+subsequence of partial sums converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums converges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums converges so
+if we're able to show there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're able to show there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're able to show there exists a
+subsequence which diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which diverges
+then we're done in fact what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're done in fact what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're done in fact what we're going
+to do is something a little bit stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is something a little bit stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is something a little bit stronger
+we're going to show that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that there exists a
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+of partial sums which not only diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial sums which not only diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of partial sums which not only diverges
+but is unbounded and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is unbounded and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is unbounded and therefore the
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we're able to show there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're able to show there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're able to show there exists a
+subsequence which is unbounded then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which is unbounded then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which is unbounded then the
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence of partial sums is
+unbounded so it can't converge because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded so it can't converge because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded so it can't converge because
+remember convergent sequences imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at uh
+when m sub k is dyadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m sub k is dyadic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m sub k is dyadic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for some reason i switched indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason i switched indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some reason i switched indices
+from k to l in my notes so instead we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k to l in my notes so instead we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from k to l in my notes so instead we're
+going to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let l be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial sum corresponding to adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum corresponding to adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum corresponding to adding up
+the first two to the l terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two to the l terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two to the l terms
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you may ask why 2 to the l why not 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may ask why 2 to the l why not 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may ask why 2 to the l why not 3
+to the l 4 well 4 to the l will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l 4 well 4 to the l will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l 4 well 4 to the l will be a
+subsequence of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of that but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+2 to the l is is you could do 3 to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l is is you could do 3 to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l is is you could do 3 to the l
+you could do 5 to the l but 2 to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do 5 to the l but 2 to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do 5 to the l but 2 to the l
+seems uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+sufficient for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we're going
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+this partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial sum
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bound it from below by something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it from below by something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it from below by something which
+is quite large so first off all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite large so first off all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite large so first off all of these
+uh partial sums are bounded from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial sums are bounded from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh partial sums are bounded from below
+by zero right there they're a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right there they're a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zero right there they're a sum of
+non-negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s 2 to the l this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 2 to the l this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s 2 to the l this is equal to
+1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus
+a half plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus
+and i'm going to put parentheses around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put parentheses around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to put parentheses around
+that plus a third plus a fourth plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus a third plus a fourth plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus a third plus a fourth plus
+a fifth plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fifth plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fifth plus
+six plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six plus
+a seventh plus an eighth so how i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seventh plus an eighth so how i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seventh plus an eighth so how i'm
+grouping these terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping these terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping these terms is
+i'm grouping them according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm grouping them according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm grouping them according to
+whether the denominator falls between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the denominator falls between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the denominator falls between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know a power of two and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a power of two and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a power of two and the next
+power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 to the l minus 1 plus 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l minus 1 plus 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l minus 1 plus 1 plus
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over
+2 to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i can write this partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can write this partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can write this partial sum
+all right so i've grouped terms this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i've grouped terms this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i've grouped terms this way
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+uh in terms of um precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of um precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of um precise
+symbols this is one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols this is one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols this is one plus
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+lambda equals one to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+sum from n equals two to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals two to the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals two to the lambda
+minus one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one plus one
+two to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+lambdas are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas are now
+parameterizing whether uh what power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing whether uh what power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing whether uh what power of
+two i'm at so when lambda equals one i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i'm at so when lambda equals one i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two i'm at so when lambda equals one i'm
+at this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when lambda equals 2 i'm at this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda equals 2 i'm at this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda equals 2 i'm at this block
+and lambda equals l i'm at this block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda equals l i'm at this block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lambda equals l i'm at this block
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then i'm summing up the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm summing up the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm summing up the terms that
+have denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between that power and the next of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that power and the next of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that power and the next of two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i have this
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+i bound that sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bound that sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bound that sum from
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+because again i'm trying to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again i'm trying to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again i'm trying to show that
+uh this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sequence of
+the subsequence of partial sums is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence of partial sums is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence of partial sums is
+unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded
+so i bound it from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals
+1 to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to l
+sum from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+lambda minus 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 1 plus 1
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+and now for each of these n is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for each of these n is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now for each of these n is between
+2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the
+so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be
+2 to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for n between these two numbers n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for n between these two numbers n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for n between these two numbers n is
+one over n is always bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n is always bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n is always bigger than or
+equal to when i plug in the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to when i plug in the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to when i plug in the biggest
+bound here two to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now so now i just have a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so now i just have a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so now i just have a sum
+so over n but there's no n in this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over n but there's no n in this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over n but there's no n in this term
+so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just
+add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the the number of terms in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the number of terms in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the the number of terms in a given
+block and this is equal to so first i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and this is equal to so first i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block and this is equal to so first i
+have 1 over 2 to the lambda coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over 2 to the lambda coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1 over 2 to the lambda coming from
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+sum from n equals 2 to the lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 2 to the lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 2 to the lambda minus
+1 plus 1 2 to the lambda times 1. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 2 to the lambda times 1. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 2 to the lambda times 1. so
+again i'm kind of going a little slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm kind of going a little slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm kind of going a little slow
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l 1 over
+2 to the lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda times
+the number of terms i have here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of terms i have here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of terms i have here which is
+2 to the lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda minus
+2 to the lambda minus 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda minus 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the lambda minus 1 plus 1
+so this minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this minus this
+plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is equal to one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to one plus
+lambda equals one to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+one over two lambda and then so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two lambda and then so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over two lambda and then so this one
+cancels with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels with this one
+and then i have two to the lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have two to the lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have two to the lambda minus
+one which i can bring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just one
+okay and i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i get
+one plus sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus sum from
+lambda equals one to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda equals one to l
+and this two to the lambda cancels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two to the lambda cancels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this two to the lambda cancels with
+this two to the lambda and i'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two to the lambda and i'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two to the lambda and i'm left with
+just a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this is big and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is big and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is big and this is equal to
+now remember there's no sum here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember there's no sum here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember there's no sum here and
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+so uh this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is just
+one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what did we do we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do we basically
+showed that each of these blocks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that each of these blocks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that each of these blocks is
+bounded from below by a half right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded from below by a half right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded from below by a half right
+that's that's this term that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's this term that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's this term that we get
+right here in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the end
+yeah and we can see this uh if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we can see this uh if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we can see this uh if we just
+kind of go through the first three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go through the first three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go through the first three terms
+which i have written here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have written here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have written here right so
+one half is clearly bounded below by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half is clearly bounded below by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half is clearly bounded below by a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+one third plus a fourth is bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third plus a fourth is bounded below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third plus a fourth is bounded below
+by a fourth plus a fourth because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a fourth plus a fourth because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a fourth plus a fourth because a
+third is bigger than that so a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is bigger than that so a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is bigger than that so a fourth
+plus a fourth is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a fourth is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a fourth is a half
+if i look at this next block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at this next block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at this next block
+that's one over five is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one over five is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one over five is bigger than or
+equal to one over eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one over eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one over eight
+so is one over six so is one over seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is one over six so is one over seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is one over six so is one over seven
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this sum is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum is bigger than or equal to
+one-eighth plus one-eighth plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth plus one-eighth plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth plus one-eighth plus
+one-eighth plus one-eighth which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth plus one-eighth which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-eighth plus one-eighth which equals
+a half plus and then so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus and then so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus and then so on
+so maybe i should have said that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i should have said that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i should have said that before
+i went into the actual computation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went into the actual computation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went into the actual computation but
+in the end we get that this subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we get that this subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end we get that this subsequence
+of partial sums as to the 2l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just summarize
+this is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l plus 2 over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 2 over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 2 over 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and as l goes as l gets very large this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as l goes as l gets very large this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as l goes as l gets very large this
+thing gets very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets very large
+so this implies s to the 2l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies s to the 2l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies s to the 2l
+this subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subsequence
+l equals 1 to infinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unbounded which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsequence or the full sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence or the full sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence or the full sequence of
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unbounded and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbounded and therefore the
+sequence does not the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not the sequence of
+partial sums does not converge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums does not converge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums does not converge and
+therefore that series does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that uh
+the converse does not hold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that question or for that theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question or for that theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question or for that theorem
+i will just make a very passing mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will just make a very passing mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will just make a very passing mention
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+for which um that does hold so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which um that does hold so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which um that does hold so not
+ordered fields because again ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields because again ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields because again ordered
+fields with the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields with the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields with the least upper bound
+property have to be have to be r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property have to be have to be r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property have to be have to be r
+and therefore we've just shown that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we've just shown that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we've just shown that uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the converse of that theorem does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that theorem does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that theorem does not
+hold but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact if you look at the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you look at the so-called
+peatic numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peatic numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peatic numbers
+um they do have this property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do have this property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do have this property that
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+uh sequence of terms converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of terms converges to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sequence of terms converges to zero
+then the series converges but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the series converges but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the series converges but we will
+never see periodic numbers i just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see periodic numbers i just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see periodic numbers i just wanted
+to do a little lip service to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little lip service to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little lip service to that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to that fact that there are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fact that there are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that fact that there are at least
+fields of uh numbers that that do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of uh numbers that that do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of uh numbers that that do have
+this property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had a theorem about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a theorem about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a theorem about uh
+limits of sequences and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sequences and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of sequences and how they
+interact with algebraic operations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with algebraic operations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with algebraic operations this
+naturally implies a theorem about series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally implies a theorem about series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally implies a theorem about series
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let alpha be an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alpha be an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alpha be an r
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some and uh
+let's suppose we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose we have two
+uh convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if i look at the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i look at the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i look at the series
+alpha x n plus y n so the new terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x n plus y n so the new terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x n plus y n so the new terms so
+the terms of my new series are alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of my new series are alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of my new series are alpha
+times x sub n plus y sub n this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x sub n plus y sub n this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x sub n plus y sub n this is a
+convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this series is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you expect
+so the sum of the series alpha x n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the series alpha x n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the series alpha x n plus
+y n is equal to alpha times the sum of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n is equal to alpha times the sum of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n is equal to alpha times the sum of x
+ends plus the sum of y ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends plus the sum of y ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends plus the sum of y ins
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theorem follows essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem follows essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem follows essentially uh
+or kind of immediately from what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of immediately from what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of immediately from what we did
+for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial sums satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums satisfy
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+some stopping at m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stopping at m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stopping at m
+alpha x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x n
+plus y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y n
+now just by the linearity of just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just by the linearity of just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just by the linearity of just adding
+up finitely many terms i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finitely many terms i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finitely many terms i'm not going to
+put something down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something down below
+because i really don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really don't need to
+this is equal to alpha times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to alpha times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to alpha times
+the partial sum of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum of x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum of x sub n
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the partial sum corresponding to y sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum corresponding to y sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sum corresponding to y sub n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're assuming
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+sequence of partial sums converges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums converges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums converges and
+this sequence of partial sums converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of partial sums converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence of partial sums converges
+so therefore this term on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this term on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this term on the right hand
+side converges which implies the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side converges which implies the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side converges which implies the left
+side converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limits namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of the sum is the sum of the
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and multiplication just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplication just by
+fixed real numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed real numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed real numbers um
+commutes with taking limits we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with taking limits we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes with taking limits we get that
+limit as m goes to infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity so
+of the partial sum corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sum corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partial sum corresponding to the
+new series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new series
+equals alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's just alpha times some x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just alpha times some x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just alpha times some x in
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we had certain um sequences which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had certain um sequences which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had certain um sequences which we
+could tell whether they converge kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell whether they converge kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell whether they converge kind of
+a little bit easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier than
+um just an arbitrary sequence one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just an arbitrary sequence one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just an arbitrary sequence one
+a couple examples of at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple examples of at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple examples of at least one
+example of a sequence we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a sequence we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a sequence we could we could
+decide if it uh converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if it uh converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if it uh converges
+kind of easily is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of easily is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of easily is
+a monotone increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monotone increasing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monotone increasing sequence
+okay and we showed that a monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we showed that a monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we showed that a monotone
+increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sequence
+uh converges if and only if it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converges if and only if it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converges if and only if it's bounded
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to use this to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this to be able to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+something about sequence about series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about sequence about series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about sequence about series
+now not sequences but series that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not sequences but series that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not sequences but series that have
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+terms that i'm adding up okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that i'm adding up okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that i'm adding up okay because
+the partial sums corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums corresponding to a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+that has non-negative terms form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has non-negative terms form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has non-negative terms form
+a uh monotone increasing sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh monotone increasing sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh monotone increasing sequence and
+that's not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too hard to
+show so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the following theorem
+so this is about uh now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is about uh now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is about uh now we're going to
+discuss a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a little bit about
+sequences which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which
+or look at sequences which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look at sequences which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look at sequences which have
+non-negative terms so the theorem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms so the theorem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms so the theorem is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we're all in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+xn is bigger than or equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is bigger than or equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is bigger than or equal to zero so
+all these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these terms
+uh are non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are non-negative
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+the sequence of partial sums s sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and again i mean the way we see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i mean the way we see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i mean the way we see this is
+just that when these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that when these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that when these terms are
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the sequence of partial sums is monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's the proof it's it's quite easy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for all n
+natural number make that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number make that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number make that m
+if i look at s of n plus 1 this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at s of n plus 1 this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at s of n plus 1 this is equal
+to so this is the n plus plus 1 partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is the n plus plus 1 partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is the n plus plus 1 partial
+sum sum from n equals 1 to n plus 1 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum sum from n equals 1 to n plus 1 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum sum from n equals 1 to n plus 1 x
+sub n this is equal to sum from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n this is equal to sum from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n this is equal to sum from n equals
+m x n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m x n plus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+n plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1.
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+the x n plus one term is not negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x n plus one term is not negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x n plus one term is not negative
+right we're assuming all the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're assuming all the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're assuming all the terms are
+non-negative so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so this
+right hand side so this is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so this is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so this is certainly
+bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to
+sum from n equals one to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to m
+of x in and that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x in and that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x in and that equals
+s sm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s sm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just summarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just summarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just summarizing
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+natural numbers m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers m
+this m plus 1 is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m plus 1 is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m plus 1 is bigger than or equal to
+s m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s m
+yeah if i just keep adding non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if i just keep adding non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if i just keep adding non-negative
+things the partial sums are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the partial sums are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the partial sums are getting
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+maybe i should have stated this slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i should have stated this slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i should have stated this slightly
+differently just so that you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently just so that you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently just so that you don't think
+this is part of one of the if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of one of the if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of one of the if and only
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+i mean this is the assumption that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is the assumption that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is the assumption that we
+have uh for this whole statement suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh for this whole statement suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh for this whole statement suppose
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the conclusion is that this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion is that this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion is that this converges
+if and only if the sequence of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the sequence of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the sequence of partial
+sums is bounded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums is bounded okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums is bounded okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on the assumption that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the assumption that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the assumption that all the
+terms are non-negative we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are non-negative we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are non-negative we see that the
+sequence of partial sums is monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums is monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums is monotone
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus by what we proved for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus by what we proved for sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus by what we proved for sequences
+every monotone increasing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every monotone increasing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every monotone increasing sequence
+converges if and only if it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now not every
+um series we look at does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um series we look at does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um series we look at does have
+non-negative terms but we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms but we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms but we can always
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+a certain series from those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain series from those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain series from those terms
+uh to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make
+a new non-negative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new non-negative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new non-negative um
+a new series with non-negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new series with non-negative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new series with non-negative terms
+which gives us information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives us information about the
+original series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original series
+um what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what am i
+going on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about
+and look at the convergence properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the convergence properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the convergence properties
+of that new series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the following definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that a series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+we say we have absolute convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the series formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series formed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series formed by
+taking the absolute values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the absolute values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the absolute values of
+these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this series converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what i was trying to get at before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was trying to get at before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was trying to get at before i
+stated this definition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this definition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this definition is that
+absolute convergence implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute convergence implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute convergence implies
+usual convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i had the series converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had the series converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had the series converging
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the original series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original series converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now before i prove this theorem let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before i prove this theorem let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before i prove this theorem let me
+prove a little small theorem i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a little small theorem i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a little small theorem i can't
+remember if i gave it for an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if i gave it for an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if i gave it for an assignment
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's essentially a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's essentially a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's essentially a triangle
+inequality for however many terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for however many terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for however many terms you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+we'll prove this theorem in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this theorem in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove this theorem in just a
+minute but first let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but first let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but first let me
+prove the following theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if m is bigger than or equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x 1
+up to x m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to x m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to x m
+r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and
+r then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+x n take the absolute value of this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n take the absolute value of this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n take the absolute value of this sum
+this is less than or equal to sum from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum from n
+equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+of the absolute value okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the absolute value okay
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+m equals 2 right this is just the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 2 right this is just the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals 2 right this is just the usual
+form of the triangle inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the triangle inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the triangle inequality so
+so when m equals 2 this is just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when m equals 2 this is just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when m equals 2 this is just saying
+x1 plus x2 is always less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 plus x2 is always less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 plus x2 is always less than or equal
+to x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x1
+plex plus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plex plus x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plex plus x2
+which is just a triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just a triangle inequality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+typically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how
+life works um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life works um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life works um
+at least an analysis if you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least an analysis if you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least an analysis if you can do it
+for two things then you can do it for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two things then you can do it for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two things then you can do it for n
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+or m things in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m things in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or m things in this case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by induction and so that's how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction and so that's how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction and so that's how we're
+gonna prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna prove this
+so we'll prove first prove this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll prove first prove this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll prove first prove this triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+in the induction proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the induction proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the induction proofs
+we've done so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far in
+little n is our thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is our thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is our thing that we're
+inducting on in this statement m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on in this statement m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducting on in this statement m is the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction on m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on m
+okay so let's look at the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the base case
+which is m equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is m equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is m equals 2
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+two real numbers that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two real numbers that we've already
+proved before okay x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before okay x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before okay x1
+plus x2 and absolute value is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x2 and absolute value is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x2 and absolute value is always
+less than or equal to sum of x1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to sum of x1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to sum of x1 plus the
+sum of x2 i means sum of absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x2 i means sum of absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x2 i means sum of absolute value
+of x1 plus and x the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 plus and x the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x1 plus and x the absolute value of
+x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the base case is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now we do the inductive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'll assume the statement that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll assume the statement that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll assume the statement that i want
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove
+usually i used m but now i'll go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i used m but now i'll go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually i used m but now i'll go to the
+next letter l i'm going in reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter l i'm going in reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next letter l i'm going in reverse
+alphabetical order um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabetical order um
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x1
+xl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xl
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's actually instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's actually instead of just
+restating all that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call the statement star so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the statement star so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the statement star so suppose
+star holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+and now we want to prove uh that star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to prove uh that star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to prove uh that star
+holds for m equals l plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for m equals l plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for m equals l plus one
+now we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show
+star holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m equals l plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals l plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals l plus 1.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x one up to x l plus one be an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at the sum sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the sum sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the sum sum from
+n equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals one to
+l plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l plus 1
+x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+sum from n equals 1 to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to l
+x n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n plus
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+by the usual triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the usual triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the usual triangle inequality
+for two terms this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two terms this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two terms this is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+sum from n equals one to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to l
+of x in an absolute value plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x in an absolute value plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x in an absolute value plus
+the absolute value of x l plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality
+and now this term since i'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this term since i'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this term since i'm assuming
+m equals l uh holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals l uh holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals l uh holds
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the m equals l case says this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m equals l case says this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m equals l case says this is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+sum from n equals one to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals one to l
+of x n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n plus
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x l plus 1 an absolute value
+so this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just equal to
+sum from n equals 1 to l plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to l plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to l plus 1
+x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+so we've proven the case for now m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proven the case for now m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've proven the case for now m
+equals l plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that concludes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that concludes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that concludes the proof
+of this uh generalized triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh generalized triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh generalized triangle
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with arbitrary number of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's get back to proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get back to proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get back to proving
+this theorem that absolute convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem that absolute convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem that absolute convergence
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+convergence so we'll do that by proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so we'll do that by proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so we'll do that by proving
+that absolute convergence implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolute convergence implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolute convergence implies that
+the series is coshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof and this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theorem just before this theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem just before this theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem just before this theorem we
+proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that
+absolute convergence implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in fact this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is koshy assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming absolute convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from last time we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from last time we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from last time we had
+proved the statement or at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the statement or at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved the statement or at least this
+followed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed from
+the statement for sequences that a koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement for sequences that a koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement for sequences that a koshi
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges that
+a series is koshi if and only if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if and only if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if and only if it
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have to prove that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have to prove that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have to prove that this
+series is coshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a natural number m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m
+such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+l bigger than m bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l bigger than m bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l bigger than m bigger than or equal to
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i look at the sum from n equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the sum from n equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the sum from n equals n
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l
+of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x n
+this is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since we're assuming that the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're assuming that the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're assuming that the series is
+absolutely convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+the series with absolute values here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series with absolute values here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series with absolute values here is
+also koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural number m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m sub zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number m sub zero
+such that for all l bigger than m bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all l bigger than m bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all l bigger than m bigger
+than or equal to m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m sub zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to m sub zero
+if i look at the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolute values from n plus 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values from n plus 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values from n plus 1 to
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+this is less than epsilon now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than epsilon now this
+should have an absolute value on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an absolute value on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an absolute value on the
+outside but this is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but this is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but this is the sum of
+non-negative terms so the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms so the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative terms so the absolute value
+can be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially see where we're going based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially see where we're going based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially see where we're going based
+on what's written on the board you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's written on the board you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what's written on the board you know
+what we want to prove and what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to prove and what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to prove and what we know
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this triangle inequality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle inequality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle inequality right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose m to be m sub 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l is bigger than m is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is bigger than m is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is bigger than m is bigger than or
+equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the absolute value of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of the sum
+from n plus 1 to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n plus 1 to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n plus 1 to l
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+this is less than or equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to the sum
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n plus 1 to l of the absolute values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l of the absolute values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l of the absolute values of
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+by the theorem we proved uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we proved uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we proved uh just a
+minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is less than epsilon by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than epsilon by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than epsilon by our
+choice of m right m is equal to m0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of m right m is equal to m0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of m right m is equal to m0 and
+for m0 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m0 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m0 we have
+this inequality right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality right here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this series is koshi which implies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is koshi which implies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series is koshi which implies it
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically the only test you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the only test you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the only test you know
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining
+when a series is convergent is in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a series is convergent is in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a series is convergent is in one of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+possibilities either a it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities either a it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities either a it has a very
+simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form
+and it's not so all the terms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so all the terms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so all the terms are not
+non-negative but the terms have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but the terms have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative but the terms have a very
+simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple form
+it's the alternating series test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the alternating series test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the alternating series test which
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discuss in a little bit possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in a little bit possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in a little bit possibly the
+next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when a series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when a series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when a series converges
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+we have a lot of tests for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that
+series which converge absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow are not fickle meaning i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are not fickle meaning i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow are not fickle meaning i can
+rearrange the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange the terms
+and the rearranged series will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rearranged series will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rearranged series will still
+converge absolutely and converge to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge absolutely and converge to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge absolutely and converge to the
+same thing that the original series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that the original series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that the original series
+converged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just uh make a brief comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just uh make a brief comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just uh make a brief comment
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+this theorem we proved that absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem we proved that absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem we proved that absolute
+convergence uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence uh
+implies usual convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies usual convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies usual convergence
+and and tie in a little bit to what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and tie in a little bit to what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and tie in a little bit to what i
+just said there so we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+1 to infinity of minus 1 to the n 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to infinity of minus 1 to the n 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to infinity of minus 1 to the n 1 over
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this series does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this series does not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this series does not converge
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because when i take absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because when i take absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because when i take absolute
+values i just get sum of one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values i just get sum of one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values i just get sum of one over n
+which is the harmonic series which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the harmonic series which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the harmonic series which we
+just showed a few minutes ago is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed a few minutes ago is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed a few minutes ago is
+divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we're going to move on to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to move on to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to move on to some
+convergence tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now when it comes to convergence tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what these all follow from is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these all follow from is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these all follow from is basically
+what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know about
+geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series
+and the following comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following comparison test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following comparison test
+although when i do the proofs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when i do the proofs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when i do the proofs of the
+other convergence tests i won't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other convergence tests i won't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other convergence tests i won't actually
+state that i'm using the comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that i'm using the comparison test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that i'm using the comparison test
+but that's kind of what's really getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of what's really getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's kind of what's really getting
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+so the first test we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is comparison test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the statement is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose for all
+in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural number
+we're looking at non-negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at non-negative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at non-negative terms
+with one smaller than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the bigger one converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that the smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the smaller one
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if the smaller one diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the
+bigger one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger one
+diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how we're going to prove this is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to prove this is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to prove this is okay so
+we're dealing with terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with terms that are
+non-negative so we'll use this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so we'll use this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative so we'll use this theorem
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a series of non-negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we use that theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we use that theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we use that theorem we
+proved that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that a
+series of non-negative terms converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of non-negative terms converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of non-negative terms converges
+if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sequence of partial sums is bounded okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that
+the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded
+which implies that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that means
+that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists
+something a non-negative number such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a non-negative number such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a non-negative number such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for all natural numbers m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from n equals 1 to m of y sub n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m of y sub n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m of y sub n is
+less than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to b
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this immediately implies that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this immediately implies that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this immediately implies that since
+all the x ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x ends
+are less than or equal to the y ends we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than or equal to the y ends we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less than or equal to the y ends we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+that the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nth
+partial sum corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum corresponding to
+the x ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to
+the m partial sum for the y ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m partial sum for the y ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m partial sum for the y ends
+is also less than or equal to b for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also less than or equal to b for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also less than or equal to b for all
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of partial sums corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums corresponding
+to the x ends is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the theorem we proved
+which i think i have erased already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think i have erased already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think i have erased already
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+proving two is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving two is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving two is essentially
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of the same thing except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the same thing except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the same thing except the
+inequalities go the other way and the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities go the other way and the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities go the other way and the x
+ends are getting bigger which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are getting bigger which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are getting bigger which implies
+the y ends are also getting or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y ends are also getting or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y ends are also getting or the the
+partial sums corresponding to the x ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the x ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the x ends
+is getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting bigger
+implying that the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implying that the partial sums
+corresponding to the y ends are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the y ends are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the y ends are also
+getting bigger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+if this series diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this series diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this series diverges
+then this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now prove that this implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now prove that this implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now prove that this implies that the
+partial sums corresponding to the y ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the y ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the y ends
+are unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now remember what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember what it means
+for a sequence to be bounded is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence to be bounded is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence to be bounded is that
+there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-negative number b such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number b such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number b such that for all
+m i have that bound so to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i have that bound so to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m i have that bound so to say it's
+unbounded means that for all b there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded means that for all b there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded means that for all b there
+exists a little m bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a little m bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a little m bigger than or equal
+to capital n such that that inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n such that that inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n such that that inequality
+is reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me put here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put here in
+a box what this actually means again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box what this actually means again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box what this actually means again
+this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all b bigger than or equal to zero
+there exists a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a m
+natural numbers so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers so that
+y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y n
+equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+is bigger than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to b
+okay that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's what
+this means okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means okay
+so this is a for all statement so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a for all statement so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a for all statement so i have
+to be able to prove it for every b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to prove it for every b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to prove it for every b
+b b bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b bigger than or equal to zero
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+the partial sums corresponding to the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums corresponding to the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial sums corresponding to the x
+ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+is unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an m natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m natural number
+such that sum from n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that sum from n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that sum from n equals 1 to m
+of x n is bigger than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so let me
+say again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say again just
+to show it's unbounded i should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show it's unbounded i should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show it's unbounded i should really
+have so for a sequence to be unbounded i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so for a sequence to be unbounded i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so for a sequence to be unbounded i
+should have an absolute value here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an absolute value here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have an absolute value here is
+bigger than or equal to b but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to b but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to b but all of
+these terms is not negative or all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms is not negative or all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms is not negative or all of
+these terms are are non-negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are are non-negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms are are non-negative and
+therefore uh i can remove the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh i can remove the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore uh i can remove the absolute
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+and the same thing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing here so
+there exists a natural number m so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number m so that
+i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me put a little m0 there because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put a little m0 there because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put a little m0 there because we
+have to somehow show there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow show there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow show there exists a
+little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose m to be this m0 so now if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m to be this m0 so now if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose m to be this m0 so now if we look
+at the partial sums for the y ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because m equals m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m equals m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because m equals m0
+that's this term which is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term which is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this term which is bigger than or
+equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus this proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial sums corresponding to the y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums corresponding to the y n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+this series diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's use um the comparison theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use um the comparison theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use um the comparison theorem
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+like one over n p series and prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over n p series and prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over n p series and prove that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+proof when they do converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or p a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum n equals 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum n equals 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum n equals 1 to infinity
+1 over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n to the p
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+p is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so for the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so for the proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why does the series converging imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the series converging imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does the series converging imply
+p has to be bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has to be bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has to be bigger than one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll do this by contradiction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this by contradiction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do this by contradiction so
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+one over n to the p equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n to the p equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over n to the p equals one to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll do the proof by contradiction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the proof by contradiction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the proof by contradiction that
+p has to be bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has to be bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p has to be bigger than one
+suppose p is less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then one over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when p is less than or equal to one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when p is less than or equal to one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when p is less than or equal to one this
+is bigger than or equal to one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to one over n
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this implies since one over n since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies since one over n since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this implies since one over n since
+the series corresponding to one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series corresponding to one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series corresponding to one over n
+diverges implies that the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges implies that the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges implies that the series
+corresponding to one over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one over n to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to one over n to the p
+diverges by the comparison tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a direct contradiction to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a direct contradiction to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a direct contradiction to what
+we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that
+the series converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this must be false and p must be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be false and p must be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be false and p must be bigger
+than one so we've shown that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so we've shown that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so we've shown that if this
+series uh converges then p has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh converges then p has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh converges then p has to be
+bigger than one so now let's prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so now let's prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so now let's prove the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's prove the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove the other direction
+and suppose p is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and prove that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that um
+the p series one over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p series one over n to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p series one over n to the p
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how we
+showed that the harmonic series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the harmonic series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the harmonic series is
+divergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do is first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is first we're
+going to show that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that there is a
+subsequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums
+corresponding to this guy that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this guy that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this guy that is
+bounded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so
+remember to prove that this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to prove that this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to prove that this converges
+this converges if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges if and only if the
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+partial sums is bounded okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums is bounded okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums is bounded okay and what
+we're going to first do kind of towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to first do kind of towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to first do kind of towards
+that is prove that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is prove that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is prove that there is a
+subsequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence of partial sums
+which is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the sequence of partial sum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sum so
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+2 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is sum from n equals 1 to 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sum from n equals 1 to 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sum from n equals 1 to 2 to
+the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k
+of 1 over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n to the p
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all k a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k a natural number
+this partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this partial sum
+is bounded by a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by a fixed number
+depending on p 1 plus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on p 1 plus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on p 1 plus 1 minus
+2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus
+p 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p 1 is
+p minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in other words there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's
+this subsequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subsequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subsequence of partial sums
+corresponding to s 2 to the k is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we do this by
+uh grouping these terms according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which power of two the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which power of two the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which power of two the denominator is
+between and then estimate from above now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then estimate from above now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then estimate from above now
+rather than from below like we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than from below like we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than from below like we did for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+harmonic series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have s two to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have s two to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have s two to the k
+equals one so again we're grouping these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one so again we're grouping these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one so again we're grouping these
+terms according to whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they fall
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+just write this out one more time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this out one more time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this out one more time this
+is equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to the p
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+1 over 3 to the p plus 1 over 4 to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 3 to the p plus 1 over 4 to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 3 to the p plus 1 over 4 to the p
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 to the p plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to the p plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to the p plus
+1 over 8 to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 8 to the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 8 to the p
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+and then up until the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then up until the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then up until the the
+last term okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now i can write this as 1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can write this as 1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can write this as 1 plus the
+sum from l equals 1 to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from l equals 1 to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from l equals 1 to k
+so the number of blocks i have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of blocks i have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of blocks i have here
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the terms that come in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the terms that come in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the terms that come in each of these
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over n to the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so now i estimate one over n not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i estimate one over n not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i estimate one over n not from
+below by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below by
+this guy but from above by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy but from above by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy but from above by putting in
+the smallest n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest n uh
+that n is in this block okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is in this block okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is in this block okay so this is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+one plus sum from l equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus sum from l equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus sum from l equals one to
+k sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k sum from
+n equals 2 to the l minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 to the l minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 to the l minus 1
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+2 to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l
+1 over 2 to the l minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the l minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the l minus 1
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+raised to the p power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this plus one is just making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one is just making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one is just making things
+bigger on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger on the bottom
+so if i remove it i've made things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i remove it i've made things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i remove it i've made things
+bigger overall for this fraction so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger overall for this fraction so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger overall for this fraction so this
+is less than or equal to sum from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to sum from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to sum from 1
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+l equals 1 to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+n equals 2 to the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 to the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 2 to the l
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+2 to the l times 1 over 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l times 1 over 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the l times 1 over 2 to the
+p times l minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times l minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p times l minus 1.
+and now this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this thing here
+if we do the same algebra we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the same algebra we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do the same algebra we did a
+minute ago this is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago this is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago this is equal to 1
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+l equals 1 to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+now i have this term uh coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the number of terms i have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the number of terms i have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the number of terms i have here
+just like i did for the harmonic series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i did for the harmonic series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like i did for the harmonic series
+this is equal to 2 to the l minus two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 2 to the l minus two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to 2 to the l minus two to
+the l minus one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l minus one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l minus one plus one
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now this is equal to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 plus sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus sum from
+l equals 1 to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals 1 to k
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this whole thing here is equal to two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing here is equal to two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing here is equal to two to
+the l minus one so i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l minus one so i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l minus one so i get
+two to the minus p minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus p minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the minus p minus one
+l minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i can shift this index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can shift this index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can shift this index
+actually this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i guess i could have made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess i could have made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess i could have made that
+sharper but it doesn't matter i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper but it doesn't matter i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper but it doesn't matter i could
+shift this index l by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift this index l by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift this index l by
+no okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so
+l starts at one and goes to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l starts at one and goes to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l starts at one and goes to k
+and here i have the sum l minus one so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i have the sum l minus one so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i have the sum l minus one so i
+can shift this index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift this index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shift this index
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from
+now l equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now l equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now l equals zero
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+k minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k minus 1
+2 to the minus p minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus p minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus p minus 1
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i mean so i should have this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean so i should have this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean so i should have this is
+like making a change of variables l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making a change of variables l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making a change of variables l
+prime equals l minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals l minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals l minus 1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so let me put l prime instead of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this uh so p is bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this uh so p is bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this uh so p is bigger than one
+okay so this is corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is corresponds to a
+geometric series now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series now
+so let me actually rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over 2 to the p minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the p minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 to the p minus 1
+to the l prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the l prime
+okay when p is bigger than one then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when p is bigger than one then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when p is bigger than one then one
+over two to the p minus one is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the p minus one is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two to the p minus one is less than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this thing is a k minus one partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a k minus one partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is a k minus one partial sum
+for the series geometric series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the series geometric series with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the series geometric series with
+this as r right so this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as r right so this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as r right so this is always
+bounded above by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i add up all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals that thing that i have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals that thing that i have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals that thing that i have up
+there 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 over
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+p minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that proves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know along this uh subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know along this uh subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know along this uh subsequence
+these partial sums are bounded by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial sums are bounded by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these partial sums are bounded by this
+fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number
+and now i claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this proves
+that the whole sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole sequence of partial sums
+is bounded okay in fact by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded okay in fact by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded okay in fact by the same
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all m a natural number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sm is less than or equal to this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm is less than or equal to this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm is less than or equal to this number
+again 1 minus 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 1 minus 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 1 minus 2 to the minus
+p minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let m be a natural number so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number so we're
+trying to prove this bound what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this bound what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this bound what do we do
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+find a dyadic number of number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a dyadic number of number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a dyadic number of number of the
+form 2 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 2 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 2 to the k
+bigger than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since 2 to the m is bigger than m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2 to the m is bigger than m i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2 to the m is bigger than m i
+think that's maybe one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's maybe one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's maybe one of the first
+things we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we did
+by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that
+s to the m or s sub m which is the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the m or s sub m which is the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the m or s sub m which is the nth
+partial sum of uh non-negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum of uh non-negative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum of uh non-negative terms
+this is going to be less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be less than or equal
+to since this is a monotone increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to since this is a monotone increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to since this is a monotone increasing
+guy this is going to be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this is going to be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this is going to be less than or
+equal to s to the 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to s to the 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to s to the 2 m
+which is less than or equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than or equal to 1 plus
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 to the minus
+p minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p minus 1.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+the sequence of partial sums is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series converges
+and that's the end of the proof and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end of the proof and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end of the proof and i
+think we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S5UKjrfJiL8.txt b/S5UKjrfJiL8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d57da569d92c72ecc22a0740e4b407635edb635f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S5UKjrfJiL8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the big challenges of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big challenges of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big challenges of a large
+lecture is uh having the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is uh having the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is uh having the graduate
+student Tas be really an integral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Tas be really an integral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Tas be really an integral part
+of this and I think that if the the grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I think that if the the grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and I think that if the the grad
+student Tas are not that excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Tas are not that excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Tas are not that excited about
+this teaching assignment it really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teaching assignment it really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teaching assignment it really kind
+of uh it's not so good you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh it's not so good you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh it's not so good you want to have
+this sense of enthusiasm and energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of enthusiasm and energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of enthusiasm and energy so
+one of the problems I had when I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems I had when I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems I had when I sort of
+was starting with this is that this ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting with this is that this ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting with this is that this ta
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+um was not the most popular so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was not the most popular so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was not the most popular so when the
+grad students are coming in in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students are coming in in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students are coming in in their
+first year U there are organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year U there are organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year U there are organic chemistry
+grad students and they want to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students and they want to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students and they want to teach
+organic chemistry and there are physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry and there are physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry and there are physical
+chemistry students who want to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry students who want to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry students who want to teach
+Thermo and kinetics biochem students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and kinetics biochem students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thermo and kinetics biochem students
+want to teach biochemistry and inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to teach biochemistry and inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to teach biochemistry and inorganic
+chemistry students want to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry students want to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry students want to teach
+inorganic chemistry so who's there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic chemistry so who's there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic chemistry so who's there for
+General chemistry and so often it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General chemistry and so often it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General chemistry and so often it would
+be kind of the booby prize assignment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of the booby prize assignment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of the booby prize assignment to
+get stuck in that class and there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in that class and there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck in that class and there might
+be a feeling like oh I got stuck because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a feeling like oh I got stuck because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a feeling like oh I got stuck because
+I wasn't the organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't the organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't the organic chemistry
+professor's First Choice so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's First Choice so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's First Choice so I wanted to
+change all that because to me teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all that because to me teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all that because to me teaching
+freshman in freshman chemistry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman in freshman chemistry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman in freshman chemistry is the
+most fun teaching ever so I knew there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun teaching ever so I knew there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun teaching ever so I knew there
+were grad students out there that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were grad students out there that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were grad students out there that could
+engage and agree with me that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage and agree with me that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage and agree with me that this is
+going to be a lot of fun I admit it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of fun I admit it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lot of fun I admit it's
+more work than all of those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work than all of those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work than all of those other
+courses but it's also can be more fun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but it's also can be more fun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses but it's also can be more fun so
+I thought we just need to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we just need to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we just need to get the right
+people in and I need to educate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in and I need to educate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in and I need to educate them
+about what this experience can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this experience can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this experience can be like
+so I um decided to once the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I um decided to once the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I um decided to once the students
+were accepted to come into MIT I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accepted to come into MIT I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were accepted to come into MIT I would
+send them an information packet about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them an information packet about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them an information packet about
+how they could be part of this exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they could be part of this exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they could be part of this exciting
+teaching opportunity and I made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching opportunity and I made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching opportunity and I made it
+glossy and pretty and send it to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossy and pretty and send it to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossy and pretty and send it to them
+and asked them to apply to be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked them to apply to be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked them to apply to be part of
+the class um and so we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class um and so we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class um and so we got some
+wonderful applications I got a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful applications I got a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful applications I got a great
+group of people to be part of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people to be part of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people to be part of this class
+so instead of being like Oh no I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of being like Oh no I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of being like Oh no I have to
+do this they're like yes freshman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this they're like yes freshman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this they're like yes freshman
+chemistry and we brought them in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and we brought them in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and we brought them in early
+and I got to know the group we um had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got to know the group we um had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I got to know the group we um had
+extra kind of ta training in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra kind of ta training in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra kind of ta training in the
+beginning and um t-shirts and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and um t-shirts and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and um t-shirts and by the
+time he started everyone knew each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he started everyone knew each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he started everyone knew each other
+and it was an opportunity also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an opportunity also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an opportunity also for the
+Tas to make friends because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas to make friends because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas to make friends because they're
+first year graduate students and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year graduate students and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year graduate students and so they
+get to know other first year grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know other first year grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know other first year grad
+students and they build a sense of team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they build a sense of team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they build a sense of team
+as well so in the in for many years now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so in the in for many years now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so in the in for many years now
+when we've been really doing this having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've been really doing this having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've been really doing this having
+this extra kind of ta training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra kind of ta training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra kind of ta training and
+applications to be part of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to be part of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to be part of the class
+we've started the semester with a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've started the semester with a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've started the semester with a group
+of people who are just ready to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are just ready to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are just ready to go and
+really excited about being part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about being part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited about being part of that
+and I think that has had such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that has had such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that has had such a
+wonderful impact on the course as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful impact on the course as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful impact on the course as well
+um that they see this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they see this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that they see this this whole
+teaching team that really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching team that really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching team that really want to be
+there and are excited about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are excited about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and are excited about this
+opportunity and care about each and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and care about each and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity and care about each and
+every one of those students and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of those students and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of those students and the
+comments that I've gotten later both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that I've gotten later both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that I've gotten later both
+from the students and and also sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the students and and also sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the students and and also sometimes
+from parents that their their child and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from parents that their their child and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from parents that their their child and
+their freshman year really felt a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their freshman year really felt a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their freshman year really felt a
+connection as part of this class and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection as part of this class and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection as part of this class and had
+this ta you know just checking in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ta you know just checking in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ta you know just checking in on
+them not just about this class but about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not just about this class but about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them not just about this class but about
+how they were doing overall and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they were doing overall and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they were doing overall and it was a
+support system system that went beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system system that went beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support system system that went beyond
+the teaching of chemistry which made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching of chemistry which made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching of chemistry which made me
+really very happy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SD-zfFTUzBs.txt b/SD-zfFTUzBs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cdebd62e1623ee2b29d2744e21017bab2a0e9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SD-zfFTUzBs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today on the podcast Making Science more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on the podcast Making Science more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on the podcast Making Science more
+open and inclusive and so much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and inclusive and so much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and inclusive and so much better
+there are brilliant scientists all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brilliant scientists all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brilliant scientists all over
+the world who don't have access to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who don't have access to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who don't have access to an
+MRI machine and don't have the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI machine and don't have the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI machine and don't have the kind of
+money that it would require to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that it would require to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that it would require to collect
+those data by making them publicly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data by making them publicly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data by making them publicly and
+freely available scientists anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely available scientists anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely available scientists anywhere in
+the world who have a hypothesis can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who have a hypothesis can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who have a hypothesis can use
+our data to test their hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data to test their hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data to test their hypothesis and
+participate in science even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in science even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in science even though they
+can't afford to collect their own data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to collect their own data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to collect their own data
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is the
+instructor for MIT course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for MIT course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for MIT course
+9.41 tools for robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.41 tools for robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.41 tools for robust
+science I'm Rebecca Sachs I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm Rebecca Sachs I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I'm Rebecca Sachs I'm a
+professor in the department of brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the department of brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in the department of brain and
+cognitive sciences and I'm associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive sciences and I'm associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive sciences and I'm associate
+dean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dean of
+science Rebecca is a Pioneer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Rebecca is a Pioneer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Rebecca is a Pioneer in the
+world of science not only in her social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of science not only in her social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of science not only in her social
+and developmental cognitive Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developmental cognitive Neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and developmental cognitive Neuroscience
+research but also for her advocacy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but also for her advocacy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but also for her advocacy in
+Making Science better more inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Making Science better more inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Making Science better more inclusive
+more over open more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more over open more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more over open more
+transparent in this conversation she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent in this conversation she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent in this conversation she
+digs into what it looks like to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digs into what it looks like to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digs into what it looks like to really
+push science to be more replicable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push science to be more replicable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push science to be more replicable and
+usable how scientists can leverage data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable how scientists can leverage data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable how scientists can leverage data
+and contribute to Fields outside their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contribute to Fields outside their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contribute to Fields outside their
+own for the sake of public progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own for the sake of public progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own for the sake of public progress and
+we also talk about the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talk about the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talk about the power of
+wallowing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowing in the
+classroom I learned so much from her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom I learned so much from her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom I learned so much from her
+about the way science has conducted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way science has conducted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way science has conducted and
+how people like Rebecca in her lab are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people like Rebecca in her lab are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people like Rebecca in her lab are
+pushing the field forward I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the field forward I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the field forward I hope you
+enjoy our com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy our com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy our com
+conversation you're the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you're the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you're the principal
+investigator at the saxs lab as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator at the saxs lab as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator at the saxs lab as far as I
+can understand it's it's a lab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand it's it's a lab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand it's it's a lab that
+explores how humans think I'm wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores how humans think I'm wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explores how humans think I'm wondering
+if you could elaborate on that and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could elaborate on that and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could elaborate on that and tell
+us a little bit about what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a little bit about what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a little bit about what happens in
+your lab a that's nice well the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab a that's nice well the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab a that's nice well the research
+questions that interest me are about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that interest me are about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that interest me are about as
+you said just the big picture questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said just the big picture questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said just the big picture questions
+how humans think how we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how humans think how we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how humans think how we understand the
+world I'm especially interested in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm especially interested in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm especially interested in when
+the problems we're solving are abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems we're solving are abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems we're solving are abstract
+so we have to figure things out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to figure things out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to figure things out that we
+can't see or directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see or directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see or directly
+experience and the kind of example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and the kind of example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and the kind of example of
+that is other people right like what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is other people right like what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is other people right like what how
+other people work how they think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people work how they think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people work how they think what
+makes them do their actions how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them do their actions how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them do their actions how we're
+related to them that is super important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to them that is super important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to them that is super important
+to absolutely everything in our life but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absolutely everything in our life but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to absolutely everything in our life but
+not directly visible right so compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not directly visible right so compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not directly visible right so compared
+to lots of cognitive science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of cognitive science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lots of cognitive science that
+studies how do you see or how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies how do you see or how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies how do you see or how do you
+hear which is all about processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear which is all about processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear which is all about processing the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+that's coming in through your eyes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming in through your eyes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming in through your eyes or
+through your ears like processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your ears like processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your ears like processing the
+structure of the visible or sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the visible or sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the visible or sensory
+world I'm interested in processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm interested in processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm interested in processing the
+structure of the world that's invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the world that's invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the world that's invisible
+wow and how did you get interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow and how did you get interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow and how did you get interested in
+how we know or think we know how other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we know or think we know how other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we know or think we know how other
+people are thinking like where did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are thinking like where did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are thinking like where did that
+come from in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from in your
+life I'm like start at the beginning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm like start at the beginning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm like start at the beginning um
+well I I think the instinct to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I think the instinct to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I think the instinct to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+the world we see in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we see in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we see in terms of the
+invisible parts that we don't see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible parts that we don't see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible parts that we don't see I
+think I've always wanted to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've always wanted to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've always wanted to do that
+that's you know when I first found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know when I first found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know when I first found out
+about science that science was a thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science that science was a thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about science that science was a thing I
+thought maybe I wanted to be a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe I wanted to be a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought maybe I wanted to be a chemist
+because the coolest thing I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coolest thing I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the coolest thing I could
+imagine is that the physical objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that the physical objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that the physical objects in
+the world are made of molecules like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are made of molecules like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world are made of molecules like
+that's just such a cool idea yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just such a cool idea yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just such a cool idea yeah and
+then I thought maybe I wanted to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought maybe I wanted to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I thought maybe I wanted to be a
+biologist because our bodies come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist because our bodies come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist because our bodies come from
+DNA and just isn't it amazing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and just isn't it amazing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and just isn't it amazing that this
+tiny things you can't see the DNA make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny things you can't see the DNA make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny things you can't see the DNA make
+the whole thing you can see yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing you can see yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing you can see yeah and
+then I found out about how thought comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I found out about how thought comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I found out about how thought comes
+from neurons and I was like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neurons and I was like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from neurons and I was like that's the
+coolest one the fact that the experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest one the fact that the experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest one the fact that the experience
+of our minds all the thoughts we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our minds all the thoughts we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our minds all the thoughts we ever
+have that comes from the pattern of fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that comes from the pattern of fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that comes from the pattern of fire
+you spatial and temporal firing of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spatial and temporal firing of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spatial and temporal firing of cells
+in our brains just that is the coolest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brains just that is the coolest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our brains just that is the coolest
+thought ever so since then I've wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought ever so since then I've wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought ever so since then I've wanted
+to study that and I went to college to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study that and I went to college to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study that and I went to college to
+study that how the mind works in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that how the mind works in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that how the mind works in terms
+of the brain but that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain but that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain but that's a lot of
+different problems right that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems right that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems right that you could
+study anything you could study attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study anything you could study attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study anything you could study attention
+you could study memory you could study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could study memory you could study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could study memory you could study
+language and all of those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and all of those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and all of those things are
+incredibly interesting but yeah I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly interesting but yeah I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly interesting but yeah I guess
+I got lucky I got interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got lucky I got interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got lucky I got interested in
+specifically social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically social
+reasoning and why partly it feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and why partly it feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and why partly it feels
+incredibly important it's part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important it's part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly important it's part of our
+life all the time partly as I said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life all the time partly as I said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life all the time partly as I said I'm
+most interested in the problems our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interested in the problems our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interested in the problems our
+brain solve without being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain solve without being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain solve without being able to
+directly experience the evidence um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly experience the evidence um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly experience the evidence um so
+partly the reason I do this work is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the reason I do this work is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly the reason I do this work is a
+coincidence or maybe luck so I was a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence or maybe luck so I was a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence or maybe luck so I was a PhD
+student here at MIT I came to MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student here at MIT I came to MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student here at MIT I came to MIT in
+2000 to join the lab of Nancy kisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 to join the lab of Nancy kisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 to join the lab of Nancy kisher
+yeah she is a vision scientist she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she is a vision scientist she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah she is a vision scientist she
+studies how the brains processes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies how the brains processes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies how the brains processes the
+information that we can see but when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we can see but when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we can see but when I
+was her graduate student she gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her graduate student she gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was her graduate student she gave me a
+chance to study whatever I wanted she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to study whatever I wanted she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to study whatever I wanted she's
+an incredible mentor and she thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible mentor and she thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredible mentor and she thought we
+should study how you see people move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study how you see people move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should study how you see people move
+like the visual part of social life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the visual part of social life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the visual part of social life
+right seeing people's actions and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seeing people's actions and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seeing people's actions and we did
+start trying that but I wanted to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying that but I wanted to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying that but I wanted to also
+try studying the invisible part how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try studying the invisible part how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try studying the invisible part how you
+think about the mind and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the mind and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the mind and then what
+happened was we did both kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was we did both kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was we did both kinds of
+experiments we did some experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we did some experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we did some experiments that
+were about seeing social movements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about seeing social movements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were about seeing social movements and
+some experiments that were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments that were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments that were about
+thinking about invisible minds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about invisible minds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about invisible minds and the
+thing is that the ones about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the ones about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the ones about the
+invisible mind work better it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible mind work better it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible mind work better it turns out
+there is just this really strong signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just this really strong signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is just this really strong signal
+in the human brain whenever people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain whenever people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human brain whenever people are
+thinking about other people thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other people thoughts and
+it was so strong and so reliable and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so strong and so reliable and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was so strong and so reliable and we
+could see it in every single person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it in every single person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see it in every single person that
+we tested and so almost against our will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested and so almost against our will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tested and so almost against our will
+all of the papers we published were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the papers we published were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the papers we published were
+about those experiments because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those experiments because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those experiments because those
+were the ones that worked and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the ones that worked and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the ones that worked and so that
+started my whole career so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started my whole career so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started my whole career so how do you
+visualize the invisible what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the invisible what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the invisible what do you see
+that tells you that a person is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that a person is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you that a person is thinking
+about another person in their social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person in their social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another person in their social
+environment you mean how do you we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you mean how do you we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you mean how do you we see
+inside somebody's brain yeah like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside somebody's brain yeah like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside somebody's brain yeah like how do
+you know as a scientist in a study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a scientist in a study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a scientist in a study that
+part of their brain is activated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their brain is activated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their brain is activated and
+thinking about what another person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what another person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what another person is
+thinking about yeah so there's two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yeah so there's two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about yeah so there's two parts
+of that one is how do I know what part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one is how do I know what part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one is how do I know what part
+of your brain is active and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your brain is active and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your brain is active and the other
+part is how do I know why it's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is how do I know why it's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is how do I know why it's active
+right so how do we know that it's active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how do we know that it's active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how do we know that it's active
+the main tool that we used was fmri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main tool that we used was fmri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main tool that we used was fmri
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional magnetic resonance imaging
+that's an incredible tool that lets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredible tool that lets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an incredible tool that lets us
+measure blood oxygenation as it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure blood oxygenation as it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure blood oxygenation as it changes
+over time as you think different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as you think different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time as you think different kinds
+of thoughts and it was again an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thoughts and it was again an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thoughts and it was again an
+incredible stroke of luck for me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stroke of luck for me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stroke of luck for me that
+when I started grad school that tool was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started grad school that tool was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I started grad school that tool was
+new and so many things about the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and so many things about the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and so many things about the human
+brain were unknown right up until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain were unknown right up until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain were unknown right up until the
+late 90s almost all studies of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 90s almost all studies of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 90s almost all studies of the human
+brain that we could do about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we could do about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that we could do about what
+different brain regions did well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain regions did well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain regions did well there
+were a few tools available but but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few tools available but but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a few tools available but but most
+of our knowledge came from brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our knowledge came from brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our knowledge came from brain damage
+right like you would wait for some brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you would wait for some brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like you would wait for some brain
+damage to occur and so our knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to occur and so our knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage to occur and so our knowledge
+depended on tragedy and also fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on tragedy and also fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on tragedy and also fortunately
+brain damage is relatively rare and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage is relatively rare and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage is relatively rare and also
+the selective kind of brain damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selective kind of brain damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selective kind of brain damage
+that's most informative that happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most informative that happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most informative that happens to
+only at one part of the brain at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at one part of the brain at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only at one part of the brain at a time
+and in young people all of that is rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in young people all of that is rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in young people all of that is rare
+especially in very young people so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in very young people so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in very young people so if
+you want to study development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to study development
+fortunately there's not that much focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately there's not that much focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately there's not that much focal
+brain damage in young kids that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage in young kids that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain damage in young kids that means we
+didn't know that much about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that much about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that much about how
+different brain regions acquire their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain regions acquire their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different brain regions acquire their
+functions in humans and so we relied on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in humans and so we relied on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in humans and so we relied on
+studies of animals well FM transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of animals well FM transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of animals well FM transformed
+what was possible Right an eepm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was possible Right an eepm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was possible Right an eepm is a
+safe and pretty easy way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and pretty easy way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and pretty easy way to measure
+brain activity as people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity as people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity as people do
+whatever you want them to do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want them to do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want them to do and the
+early fmri studies again were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early fmri studies again were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early fmri studies again were about
+basic sensory functions looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sensory functions looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sensory functions looking at
+images hearing sounds tapping your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images hearing sounds tapping your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images hearing sounds tapping your
+finger but it immediately became obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger but it immediately became obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger but it immediately became obvious
+you can do almost anything inside an MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do almost anything inside an MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do almost anything inside an MRI
+machine so we could study any aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so we could study any aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so we could study any aspect of
+thought so we use MRI fmri to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so we use MRI fmri to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so we use MRI fmri to study
+brain activation based on blood oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activation based on blood oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activation based on blood oxygen
+and initially in what we called typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially in what we called typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially in what we called typical
+human adults who were MIT undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human adults who were MIT undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human adults who were MIT undergraduates
+and then later in a broader array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later in a broader array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later in a broader array
+including children and now in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including children and now in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including children and now in my lab
+we're studying infants so we're using FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying infants so we're using FM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying infants so we're using FM
+to study the origins of these brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the origins of these brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study the origins of these brain
+regions in in human babies okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in in human babies okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in in human babies okay so
+that's one half is how do we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one half is how do we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one half is how do we measure
+brain activity your second question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity your second question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity your second question was
+how do we know why that brain region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know why that brain region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know why that brain region is
+active right we can see blood oxygen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active right we can see blood oxygen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active right we can see blood oxygen how
+do we know why that brain region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know why that brain region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we know why that brain region is
+active right now and that's experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active right now and that's experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active right now and that's experimental
+design so over many years of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so over many years of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so over many years of experiments
+we had people do different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had people do different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had people do different kinds of
+tasks inside an MRI machine so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks inside an MRI machine so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks inside an MRI machine so sometimes
+that's we would write stories that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we would write stories that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we would write stories that had
+different content and we would track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different content and we would track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different content and we would track
+okay this brain region if you read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this brain region if you read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this brain region if you read a
+continuous story it's only active when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous story it's only active when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous story it's only active when
+we when the story starts to be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when the story starts to be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when the story starts to be about the
+mind of the character if the story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the character if the story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the character if the story is
+about the character's body or physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character's body or physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character's body or physical
+environment or what they're doing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or what they're doing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or what they're doing or
+what they're wearing then that brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're wearing then that brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're wearing then that brain
+region activity stays low but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region activity stays low but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region activity stays low but if we
+start to talk about what they thought or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to talk about what they thought or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to talk about what they thought or
+what they wanted or how they felt now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted or how they felt now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wanted or how they felt now
+that brain region blood oxygen goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brain region blood oxygen goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brain region blood oxygen goes up
+okay so that's one way another way is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way another way is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way another way is we
+would have people watch movies and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have people watch movies and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have people watch movies and we
+could do the same thing we could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing we could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the same thing we could look
+over the course of the movie when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the movie when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the movie when are
+the moments in the movie that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments in the movie that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments in the movie that are really
+about the character's mind and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character's mind and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the character's mind and we could
+watch that the brain regions activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that the brain regions activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that the brain regions activity
+goes up at those moments so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up at those moments so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up at those moments so for example
+we have a big data set that I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big data set that I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a big data set that I'm very
+proud of which is adults and children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of which is adults and children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of which is adults and children
+watching Pixar's movie partly cloudy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching Pixar's movie partly cloudy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching Pixar's movie partly cloudy I
+don't know if you know this one I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you know this one I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you know this one I don't
+I'm going to have to watch it tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to watch it tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to watch it tonight
+with my seven-year-old you definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my seven-year-old you definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my seven-year-old you definitely
+should it's 6 minutes that's long okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it's 6 minutes that's long okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it's 6 minutes that's long okay
+done yeah and wordless um so the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah and wordless um so the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yeah and wordless um so the central
+drama of partly cloudy is about a stork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama of partly cloudy is about a stork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama of partly cloudy is about a stork
+and a cloud you may know clouds make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cloud you may know clouds make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a cloud you may know clouds make
+babies storks deliver them sure um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies storks deliver them sure um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies storks deliver them sure um so
+the the core plot of partly cloudy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core plot of partly cloudy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the core plot of partly cloudy is
+about the relationship between one cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship between one cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship between one cloud
+and one stor um the cloud Gus makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one stor um the cloud Gus makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one stor um the cloud Gus makes
+dangerous babies and so the stor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous babies and so the stor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous babies and so the stor
+alternately has uh physical experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately has uh physical experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternately has uh physical experiences
+of being like rammed by this baby Ram or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being like rammed by this baby Ram or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being like rammed by this baby Ram or
+electrocuted by a baby electric eel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocuted by a baby electric eel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrocuted by a baby electric eel or
+poked by a baby porcupine oh gosh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poked by a baby porcupine oh gosh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poked by a baby porcupine oh gosh so
+very physical experiences but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical experiences but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical experiences but there's
+also a drama about emotions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a drama about emotions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a drama about emotions about
+betrayal and trust and so we could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrayal and trust and so we could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrayal and trust and so we could look
+at how the movie alternates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how the movie alternates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how the movie alternates between
+focus on the body and focus on the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the body and focus on the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the body and focus on the mind
+and see that correspondingly the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that correspondingly the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that correspondingly the brain
+regions that we had identified are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that we had identified are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that we had identified are
+correspondingly going up and down inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly going up and down inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly going up and down inside
+that movie wow that is so fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie wow that is so fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie wow that is so fascinating
+thanks and so what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and so what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks and so what's the difference
+between mind and thought and is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mind and thought and is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mind and thought and is there a
+difference okay well I mean I guess how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay well I mean I guess how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay well I mean I guess how
+do we use those words in English I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use those words in English I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we use those words in English I would
+say the mind that's a noun that refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the mind that's a noun that refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the mind that's a noun that refers
+to the collection of thoughts a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the collection of thoughts a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the collection of thoughts a thought
+I guess is a piece right you'd say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess is a piece right you'd say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess is a piece right you'd say one
+particular thought is you know has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thought is you know has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thought is you know has a
+particular content I'm thinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular content I'm thinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular content I'm thinking this
+conversation is interesting that thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is interesting that thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation is interesting that thought
+is one Element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one Element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one Element
+and one mind is like one person right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one mind is like one person right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one mind is like one person right
+what one mind is me you're another mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one mind is me you're another mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one mind is me you're another mind
+whereas I have many thoughts does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I have many thoughts does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas I have many thoughts does that
+help yeah it is interesting it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah it is interesting it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help yeah it is interesting it seems
+like fundamental right to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fundamental right to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fundamental right to trying to
+understand other people right they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand other people right they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand other people right they're so
+complex yes and so you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex yes and so you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex yes and so you're right that
+part of what we study is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we study is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we study is thinking about
+minds that is thinking about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds that is thinking about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds that is thinking about different
+people and their different minds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their different minds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and their different minds and
+part of what we study is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we study is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what we study is thinking about
+thoughts in the sense of inside you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts in the sense of inside you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts in the sense of inside you are
+many thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many thoughts
+and I might need to work out what each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might need to work out what each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I might need to work out what each
+of those are to figure out what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are to figure out what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are to figure out what you're
+going to do next yeah and that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next yeah and that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next yeah and that process
+in of itself feels like such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of itself feels like such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of itself feels like such a
+scientific playground right to like try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific playground right to like try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific playground right to like try
+to figure out how we know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how we know those
+individual thoughts within another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual thoughts within another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual thoughts within another
+person's mind like wow that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's mind like wow that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's mind like wow that could be a
+life of work yeah yeah I'm curious if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of work yeah yeah I'm curious if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of work yeah yeah I'm curious if
+your lab is interested in uh the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab is interested in uh the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab is interested in uh the effects
+of screen time on children like spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screen time on children like spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screen time on children like spending
+more and more time on screens and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more time on screens and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more time on screens and like
+less time interacting with people people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time interacting with people people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time interacting with people people
+has on brain development um yeah here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on brain development um yeah here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on brain development um yeah here's
+a funny study from my lab or story so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funny study from my lab or story so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funny study from my lab or story so in
+2017 a post out came to my lab and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 a post out came to my lab and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2017 a post out came to my lab and we
+were trying to think what would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to think what would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to think what would be an
+interesting research program for her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research program for her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting research program for her to
+do she had a couple years to be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do she had a couple years to be in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do she had a couple years to be in my
+lab and based on a study we had read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and based on a study we had read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and based on a study we had read in
+mice by a colleague um we thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice by a colleague um we thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice by a colleague um we thought you
+know it would be interesting to study is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be interesting to study is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be interesting to study is
+the brain effects of social isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain effects of social isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain effects of social isolation
+what happens when you're forced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you're forced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you're forced to be
+alone and so we we did the study we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and so we we did the study we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and so we we did the study we had
+all these people come into the lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people come into the lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people come into the lab and
+one day we had them go without food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we had them go without food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we had them go without food and
+one day we had them go without social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we had them go without social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day we had them go without social
+contact and then we measure their brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and then we measure their brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and then we measure their brain
+activities and we look these are mice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and we look these are mice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and we look these are mice or
+these are people we studied people other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people we studied people other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are people we studied people other
+people had studied mice so you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had studied mice so you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had studied mice so you like
+didn't feed them for a day that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feed them for a day that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't feed them for a day that's right
+so we had people who either went IRB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had people who either went IRB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had people who either went IRB
+signed off on this absolutely we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed off on this absolutely we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed off on this absolutely we had
+people who went without food for a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who went without food for a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who went without food for a day
+or they went without social contact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they went without social contact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they went without social contact for
+a day and what we were asking is we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and what we were asking is we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day and what we were asking is we know
+that if you go out that food for a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go out that food for a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go out that food for a day
+at the end of that day you'll be craving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of that day you'll be craving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of that day you'll be craving
+food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food
+yeah but if you go without social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you go without social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but if you go without social
+contact for a day at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact for a day at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact for a day at the end of the day
+will you be craving social contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be craving social contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you be craving social contact and
+is that the same brain region is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the same brain region is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the same brain region is there
+some brain region in your brain which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some brain region in your brain which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some brain region in your brain which is
+like craving a basic need that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like craving a basic need that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like craving a basic need that will
+crave food if you're hungry it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crave food if you're hungry it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crave food if you're hungry it will
+crave people if you've been socially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crave people if you've been socially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crave people if you've been socially
+deprived that was the question thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived that was the question thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprived that was the question thanks
+yeah so this study took years to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this study took years to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this study took years to do
+because we had to have these people come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had to have these people come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had to have these people come
+to the lab we actually had them come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lab we actually had them come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the lab we actually had them come
+three times once with no deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times once with no deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times once with no deprivation
+once's hungry one socially isolated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once's hungry one socially isolated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once's hungry one socially isolated and
+way to scan them and yeah it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to scan them and yeah it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to scan them and yeah it was
+elaborate Paradigm in order to scan them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate Paradigm in order to scan them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate Paradigm in order to scan them
+without social contact and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without social contact and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without social contact and so forth
+anyway it took years we eventually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it took years we eventually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it took years we eventually had
+all the data we analyzed them we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data we analyzed them we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data we analyzed them we found
+out it is actually our hypothesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it is actually our hypothesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it is actually our hypothesis was
+right there is a shared brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a shared brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a shared brain region
+that responds when craving and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that responds when craving and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that responds when craving and it
+responds to food when you're hungry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to food when you're hungry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to food when you're hungry and
+people if you're socially isolated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you're socially isolated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people if you're socially isolated the
+same region same brain region yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region same brain region yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same region same brain region yeah I
+mean there's lots that's different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's lots that's different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's lots that's different but
+there is one underlying brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one underlying brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one underlying brain region
+that's the same W and it's very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same W and it's very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same W and it's very similar
+to in mice so this social need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in mice so this social need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in mice so this social need is
+possibly a conserve feature of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a conserve feature of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly a conserve feature of being a
+social animal anyway the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social animal anyway the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social animal anyway the point of the
+story is we got that result in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is we got that result in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is we got that result in January
+of 2020 and I remember saying to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2020 and I remember saying to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2020 and I remember saying to my
+postdoc this the main problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc this the main problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc this the main problem with this
+paper is I don't know what it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is I don't know what it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is I don't know what it's about
+like why will anybody care what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why will anybody care what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why will anybody care what the
+brain effects are of acute social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain effects are of acute social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain effects are of acute social
+isolation like that's not a thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation like that's not a thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation like that's not a thing right
+like people study loneliness chronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people study loneliness chronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people study loneliness chronic
+isolation but somebody who has had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation but somebody who has had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation but somebody who has had a
+rich social life and suddenly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich social life and suddenly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich social life and suddenly for
+exogenous reasons has to be alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous reasons has to be alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous reasons has to be alone
+against their will that's not a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their will that's not a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their will that's not a thing
+how are we going to tell anybody why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to tell anybody why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we going to tell anybody why
+they should care about our results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should care about our results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should care about our results and
+in March 2020 I was like you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in March 2020 I was like you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in March 2020 I was like you know I
+don't think we have that problem anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have that problem anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we have that problem anymore
+wow that really did happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that really did happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that really did happen
+wow oh my gosh so let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow oh my gosh so let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow oh my gosh so let's talk a little
+bit about your commitment to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about your commitment to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about your commitment to open
+science especially as that plays out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science especially as that plays out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science especially as that plays out in
+your lab um and then in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab um and then in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab um and then in a little bit
+we'll get into the course but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the course but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into the course but you've
+made an explicit commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an explicit commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an explicit commitment to
+supporting open science through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting open science through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting open science through
+promoting transparency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting transparency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting transparency and
+reproducibility can you tell us tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility can you tell us tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility can you tell us tell us
+why that commitment is important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that commitment is important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that commitment is important and
+what it means in practice in your lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in practice in your lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means in practice in your lab
+yeah those are great big questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are great big questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are great big questions yeah
+and they connect to the biggest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they connect to the biggest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they connect to the biggest and
+deepest ideals of science for me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest ideals of science for me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepest ideals of science for me right
+so to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to be a
+scientist I think what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I think what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist I think what we're trying to
+do is build cumulative understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is build cumulative understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is build cumulative understanding
+right where if I do an experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where if I do an experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where if I do an experiment or
+make a discovery I can pass on to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a discovery I can pass on to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a discovery I can pass on to you
+what I did what I observed and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did what I observed and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did what I observed and what I
+inferred from that in a way that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred from that in a way that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferred from that in a way that you can
+take the next step you don't have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the next step you don't have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the next step you don't have to do
+my step again right you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my step again right you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my step again right you can get
+something from what I did and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from what I did and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from what I did and what I
+learned and build on it in many possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and build on it in many possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and build on it in many possible
+ways you might build on it by limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might build on it by limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you might build on it by limiting
+it by saying that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by saying that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by saying that's an interesting
+Discovery but it only happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery but it only happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery but it only happens in this
+context or there's limits on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or there's limits on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context or there's limits on its
+generality or you might build on it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality or you might build on it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality or you might build on it by
+asking a different question using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a different question using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a different question using a
+similar method you studied that this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar method you studied that this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar method you studied that this way
+I'm interested in this other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this other thing
+there's all kinds of ways we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of ways we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of ways we want
+science to be cumulative but most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to be cumulative but most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science to be cumulative but most of
+them require that I can give you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them require that I can give you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them require that I can give you what I
+did and my confidence in some way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and my confidence in some way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and my confidence in some way that
+you can find useful and okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find useful and okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find useful and okay so that's
+you know this big aspiration I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this big aspiration I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this big aspiration I think
+both the way that we make claims about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the way that we make claims about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the way that we make claims about
+truth like what we mean by scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth like what we mean by scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth like what we mean by scientific
+claims Aspire towards truth I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims Aspire towards truth I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims Aspire towards truth I think
+that's related to being open to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to being open to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to being open to certain
+kinds of scrutiny or open to scrutiny in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scrutiny or open to scrutiny in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scrutiny or open to scrutiny in
+in different ways and what we mean so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and what we mean so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways and what we mean so to
+me okay scientists want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay scientists want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay scientists want to make
+discoveries that are true and useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries that are true and useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries that are true and useful in
+some degree right somewhat true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree right somewhat true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree right somewhat true and
+somewhat useful maybe more true or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat useful maybe more true or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat useful maybe more true or more
+useful and truth I think is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and truth I think is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and truth I think is very much
+related to being open to scrutiny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to being open to scrutiny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to being open to scrutiny and
+useful is being a open to reuse so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is being a open to reuse so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is being a open to reuse so for
+me the commitments to transparency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the commitments to transparency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the commitments to transparency and
+openness in science are just related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness in science are just related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness in science are just related to
+the deepest Notions of what it is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest Notions of what it is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest Notions of what it is to be
+a scientist and to do science okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist and to do science okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scientist and to do science okay
+that's the like abstract big picture Pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the like abstract big picture Pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the like abstract big picture Pie
+in the Sky now down to the nitty what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Sky now down to the nitty what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Sky now down to the nitty what
+does it look like exactly so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like exactly so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like exactly so in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+historically the way that scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the way that scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the way that scientists
+communicated about their science was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated about their science was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated about their science was
+mostly through papers right so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through papers right so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly through papers right so I would
+do an experiment and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment and then I would
+describe what I did in words and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what I did in words and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what I did in words and the way
+that you could figure out what I did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could figure out what I did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could figure out what I did is
+from the words I described right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the words I described right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the words I described right so I
+would describe my method and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe my method and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe my method and you would
+read those words I would describe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those words I would describe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those words I would describe my
+observations of the data and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the data and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the data and you would
+read those words and that was how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those words and that was how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those words and that was how I
+passed on to you what I did and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on to you what I did and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on to you what I did and what I
+found and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and
+both because of disadvantages of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because of disadvantages of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both because of disadvantages of that
+the limited amount we could convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited amount we could convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited amount we could convey
+through words and the biases that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through words and the biases that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through words and the biases that were
+introduced by those limits but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by those limits but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by those limits but also
+because new technology afford New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because new technology afford New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because new technology afford New
+Opportunities it's not necessary anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opportunities it's not necessary anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opportunities it's not necessary anymore
+to only communicate that way right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only communicate that way right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only communicate that way right so if
+you want to know about my experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about my experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about my experimental
+Paradigm there's so many more ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm there's so many more ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm there's so many more ways I
+could share it with you than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share it with you than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share it with you than just
+describing it in words in a PDF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it in words in a PDF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it in words in a PDF and
+mailing you that PDF right I could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing you that PDF right I could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing you that PDF right I could make
+a video and put it on YouTube or in Jo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video and put it on YouTube or in Jo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video and put it on YouTube or in Jo
+the Journal of visualized experiments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of visualized experiments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Journal of visualized experiments I
+could make my entire experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make my entire experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make my entire experimental
+Paradigm be code which I put on GitHub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm be code which I put on GitHub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm be code which I put on GitHub
+and then you could rerun it right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could rerun it right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could rerun it right I
+could build my Paradigm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build my Paradigm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build my Paradigm in a
+experimental website like prolifer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental website like prolifer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental website like prolifer or
+qualtrix or look at for kids and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualtrix or look at for kids and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualtrix or look at for kids and then
+instead of describing my experiment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of describing my experiment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of describing my experiment I
+could just give it to you here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just give it to you here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just give it to you here's the
+experiment this is the experience that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the experience that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is the experience that a
+person in my experiment had here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in my experiment had here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in my experiment had here it is
+and that is such a more direct way to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is such a more direct way to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is such a more direct way to be
+open to scrutiny like if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to scrutiny like if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to scrutiny like if there's
+something wrong with my experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with my experiment you
+will really be able to see it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really be able to see it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will really be able to see it you don't
+rely on me having happen to mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on me having happen to mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on me having happen to mention it
+um and also facilitates reuse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also facilitates reuse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also facilitates reuse because
+now here it is you could use it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here it is you could use it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here it is you could use it yourself
+or you could redo it so that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could redo it so that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could redo it so that's for
+experimental paradigms the same is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental paradigms the same is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental paradigms the same is true
+of data right it used to be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right it used to be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right it used to be that we
+would just describe the results of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just describe the results of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just describe the results of our
+experiments but now since those data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but now since those data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but now since those data are
+almost always digital they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always digital they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always digital they could be
+posted in a repository and then instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted in a repository and then instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted in a repository and then instead
+of only whatever tests I thought to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only whatever tests I thought to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only whatever tests I thought to do
+of my data if the full data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my data if the full data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my data if the full data are
+available you could test whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you could test whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available you could test whatever you
+wanted again that means it's open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted again that means it's open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted again that means it's open to
+scrutiny you could check if I'm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny you could check if I'm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny you could check if I'm right
+you could test alternative confounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could test alternative confounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could test alternative confounds in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+analyses you could learn from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses you could learn from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses you could learn from my
+analyses how to analyze your own data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses how to analyze your own data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses how to analyze your own data in
+some way or also maybe there's things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or also maybe there's things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way or also maybe there's things in
+my data I never thought of right May and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data I never thought of right May and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data I never thought of right May and
+so I was telling you for example about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was telling you for example about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was telling you for example about
+this data set of children watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set of children watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set of children watching this
+Pixar short okay so a wonderful amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pixar short okay so a wonderful amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pixar short okay so a wonderful amazing
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant
+PhD student in my lab Hillary Richardson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student in my lab Hillary Richardson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD student in my lab Hillary Richardson
+who now runs her own lab in Edinburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who now runs her own lab in Edinburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who now runs her own lab in Edinburgh
+she for three years in her PhD had kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she for three years in her PhD had kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she for three years in her PhD had kids
+aged 3 to 12 in an MRI machine watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged 3 to 12 in an MRI machine watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aged 3 to 12 in an MRI machine watching
+the same Pixar movie so by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Pixar movie so by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Pixar movie so by the end of
+that she had 122 kids who had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had 122 kids who had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had 122 kids who had all
+watched the same movie but varied in age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the same movie but varied in age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the same movie but varied in age
+at that point this is a number of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point this is a number of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point this is a number of years
+ago now that data set is incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now that data set is incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago now that data set is incredible
+right there's so many things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's so many things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's so many things that you
+could test in a data set of 122 kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test in a data set of 122 kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test in a data set of 122 kids
+watching the same movie while we record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the same movie while we record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the same movie while we record
+activity we record simultaneously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we record simultaneously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we record simultaneously in
+every part of their brain and Hillary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of their brain and Hillary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of their brain and Hillary
+and I had a particular question we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a particular question we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a particular question we were
+interested in about thinking about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in about thinking about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in about thinking about other
+minds but that's not the only thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds but that's not the only thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds but that's not the only thing in
+these data every part of their brain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data every part of their brain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data every part of their brain's
+activity was recorded right and so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity was recorded right and so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity was recorded right and so after
+we had tested our particular question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had tested our particular question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had tested our particular question
+there were so many other questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were so many other questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were so many other questions you
+could ask in those data so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask in those data so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask in those data so here's the
+choice scientists face and Hillary fac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice scientists face and Hillary fac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice scientists face and Hillary fac
+this is here's this data set it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is here's this data set it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is here's this data set it took
+years and many thousands of dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and many thousands of dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and many thousands of dollars to
+acquire here's the choice we could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire here's the choice we could keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire here's the choice we could keep
+those data for ourselves and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data for ourselves and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data for ourselves and when we
+thought of a question analyze it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a question analyze it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a question analyze it and
+write a paper and slowly over many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper and slowly over many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper and slowly over many years
+anything we happened to think of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we happened to think of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we happened to think of we
+could test in our data and publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test in our data and publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test in our data and publish
+papers on it that is in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on it that is in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on it that is in some sense the
+traditional way science worked right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way science worked right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional way science worked right we
+collected the data we own the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the data we own the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected the data we own the data we
+make all the claims from the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the claims from the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all the claims from the data and
+some people argued even at the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people argued even at the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people argued even at the time that
+that would be in Hillary's interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in Hillary's interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in Hillary's interest
+right her professional interest would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right her professional interest would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right her professional interest would be
+in hoarding the data she had collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hoarding the data she had collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hoarding the data she had collected
+in order to get out of it as many papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get out of it as many papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get out of it as many papers
+as she could and she I think very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she could and she I think very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as she could and she I think very
+bravely thought there's more scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravely thought there's more scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bravely thought there's more scientific
+good that could come out of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that could come out of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that could come out of these data
+than I can do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can do by
+myself and some of it is on questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and some of it is on questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and some of it is on questions
+that are not my expertise like vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not my expertise like vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not my expertise like vision
+and you know all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know all these other
+domains and so instead of keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and so instead of keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains and so instead of keeping the
+data private she made the data public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data private she made the data public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data private she made the data public
+and they've been reused dozens of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been reused dozens of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been reused dozens of times
+they've been downloaded thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been downloaded thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been downloaded thousands of
+times they're in textbooks they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they're in textbooks they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they're in textbooks they're in
+training programs for undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs for undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs for undergraduates
+learning how to analyze fmri data use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to analyze fmri data use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning how to analyze fmri data use
+these data literally this morning I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data literally this morning I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data literally this morning I saw
+on social media a new paper published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on social media a new paper published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on social media a new paper published
+with a new method that used those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new method that used those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new method that used those same
+data so exciting it is and I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so exciting it is and I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so exciting it is and I just think
+there's so much potential scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much potential scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much potential scientific
+upside from giving new minds access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside from giving new minds access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside from giving new minds access to
+ask new questions and they you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask new questions and they you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask new questions and they you know it's
+obviously delightful that with their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously delightful that with their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously delightful that with their new
+method they confirmed our claims about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method they confirmed our claims about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method they confirmed our claims about
+how the brain develops that's great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain develops that's great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain develops that's great but
+they also discovered things we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also discovered things we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also discovered things we would
+never have thought to ask and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have thought to ask and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have thought to ask and um the
+other big difference that makes making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big difference that makes making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big difference that makes making
+these data public is as I said those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data public is as I said those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data public is as I said those
+data took years and thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data took years and thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data took years and thousands and
+thousands of dollars to collect there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars to collect there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of dollars to collect there
+are brilliant scientists all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brilliant scientists all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brilliant scientists all over the
+world who don't have access to an MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who don't have access to an MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who don't have access to an MRI
+machine and don't have the kind of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and don't have the kind of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and don't have the kind of money
+that it would require to collect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would require to collect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would require to collect those
+data by making them publicly and freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by making them publicly and freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data by making them publicly and freely
+available scientists anywhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available scientists anywhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available scientists anywhere in the
+world who have a hypothesis can use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who have a hypothesis can use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who have a hypothesis can use our
+data to test their hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to test their hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to test their hypothesis and
+participate in science even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in science even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in science even though they
+can't afford to collect their own data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to collect their own data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford to collect their own data
+I'm curious if you could articulate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious if you could articulate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious if you could articulate for
+us sort of the structures in place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us sort of the structures in place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us sort of the structures in place that
+are making it not so common that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making it not so common that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making it not so common that this
+happens all of the time because the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all of the time because the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all of the time because the way
+you're describing it it sounds like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing it it sounds like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing it it sounds like well
+all data should be open and all science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all data should be open and all science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all data should be open and all science
+uh that's at least funded publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's at least funded publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's at least funded publicly
+should be open that's increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be open that's increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be open that's increasingly
+happening and also required to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and also required to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and also required to happen
+like so as of a year ago the Nelson Memo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so as of a year ago the Nelson Memo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so as of a year ago the Nelson Memo
+from the office of Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the office of Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the office of Science and
+Technology in the white house has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology in the white house has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology in the white house has
+mandated that all publicly funded data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandated that all publicly funded data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandated that all publicly funded data
+do need to be openly shared so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to be openly shared so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do need to be openly shared so I think
+we're in an era where open sharing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an era where open sharing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in an era where open sharing of
+data is both happening much more now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is both happening much more now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is both happening much more now
+more appreciated in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appreciated in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appreciated in terms of its
+scientific value and likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific value and likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific value and likely to
+accelerate the challenge is not will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the challenge is not will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the challenge is not will
+data be posted they probably will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data be posted they probably will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data be posted they probably will now
+that it's required the challenge is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's required the challenge is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's required the challenge is how
+to make them useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them useful
+because a data set takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a data set takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a data set takes a lot of
+interpreting right like from bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting right like from bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting right like from bits to
+meaning is a lot of work and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is a lot of work and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning is a lot of work and the work
+that goes into making a data file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into making a data file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into making a data file
+understandable to somebody else so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable to somebody else so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable to somebody else so that
+someone else could use it is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else could use it is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else could use it is a lot of
+work above and beyond the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work above and beyond the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work above and beyond the work of
+acquiring the data and so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring the data and so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiring the data and so the current
+challenge that scientists are facing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that scientists are facing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that scientists are facing is
+not are we going to make make our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not are we going to make make our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not are we going to make make our data
+public because we are the challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public because we are the challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public because we are the challenge is
+where will the infrastructure and skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will the infrastructure and skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where will the infrastructure and skills
+come from to ensure that when the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from to ensure that when the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from to ensure that when the data
+are shared they are findable and usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared they are findable and usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared they are findable and usable
+I feel like this is a whole new arm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like this is a whole new arm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like this is a whole new arm of
+what we mean by science communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by science communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by science communication
+that we need to teach undergraduate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to teach undergraduate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to teach undergraduate and
+graduate students you know like I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you know like I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students you know like I feel
+like now the emphasis is on how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now the emphasis is on how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like now the emphasis is on how do you
+communicate your findings through paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate your findings through paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate your findings through paper
+through presentations you know through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through presentations you know through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through presentations you know through
+the new ways that you're describing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ways that you're describing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new ways that you're describing but
+I feel like going into the future we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like going into the future we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like going into the future we
+also need to teach people how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to teach people how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to teach people how to use
+metadata how to make the data in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata how to make the data in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metadata how to make the data in their
+raw form understandable by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw form understandable by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw form understandable by other
+scientists it feels like that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists it feels like that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists it feels like that's going to
+be critically important I love that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be critically important I love that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be critically important I love that and
+I could not agree more I'm going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could not agree more I'm going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could not agree more I'm going to read
+something to you that you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to you that you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to you that you wrote
+on it's very good um on your website for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's very good um on your website for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it's very good um on your website for
+the saxs lab um you said serious inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saxs lab um you said serious inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saxs lab um you said serious inquiry
+into human nature is not luxury no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into human nature is not luxury no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into human nature is not luxury no one
+should be excluded from it by their race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be excluded from it by their race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be excluded from it by their race
+gender or other accidents of birth um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender or other accidents of birth um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender or other accidents of birth um I
+found that uh really important and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh really important and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh really important and so
+I'm wondering how open not only applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering how open not only applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering how open not only applies
+to data practices but also to community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to data practices but also to community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to data practices but also to community
+practices in your lab um perhaps ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in your lab um perhaps ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in your lab um perhaps ways
+you invite you know everybody from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invite you know everybody from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invite you know everybody from the
+community to participate in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to participate in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to participate in learning
+about mind or participate in studies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mind or participate in studies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mind or participate in studies or
+in the doing of science yeah I love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the doing of science yeah I love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the doing of science yeah I love that
+you are seeing being a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are seeing being a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are seeing being a connection
+between open data and open science as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between open data and open science as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between open data and open science as a
+practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for
+scientists and inclusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and inclusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and inclusion and
+diversity I think those are deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity I think those are deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity I think those are deeply
+related in the sense that again as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in the sense that again as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in the sense that again as I
+said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I
+think when we claim to be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when we claim to be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when we claim to be making
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+progress part of what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress part of what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress part of what we're saying is
+these discoveries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discoveries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these discoveries and
+ideas they're good in way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas they're good in way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas they're good in way that
+withstands certain kinds of scrutiny or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstands certain kinds of scrutiny or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withstands certain kinds of scrutiny or
+they've been subject to certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been subject to certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been subject to certain kinds of
+scrutiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny
+and diversity and inclusion is Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diversity and inclusion is Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diversity and inclusion is Central
+to being sure that our ideas have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being sure that our ideas have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being sure that our ideas have been
+scrutinized in enough ways right when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinized in enough ways right when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutinized in enough ways right when we
+Are Walled off in tiny homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are Walled off in tiny homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are Walled off in tiny homogeneous
+groups we don't get the scrutiny we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we don't get the scrutiny we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups we don't get the scrutiny we need
+to find out if our ideas are rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out if our ideas are rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out if our ideas are rigorous
+and robust right and it's very easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robust right and it's very easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robust right and it's very easy for
+ideas to be accepted without being good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to be accepted without being good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to be accepted without being good
+ideas when they're never subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas when they're never subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas when they're never subject to
+scrutiny from all possible angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny from all possible angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrutiny from all possible angles
+so I do think there's a deep ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do think there's a deep ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I do think there's a deep ethical
+connection between who we include in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between who we include in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between who we include in our
+scientific communities and what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communities and what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communities and what we mean
+by openness about our scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by openness about our scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by openness about our scientific
+products and so you said how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so you said how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and so you said how does that
+connect to my labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to my labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to my labs
+practices you know I think I hope it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices you know I think I hope it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices you know I think I hope it
+does aspirationally it does of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does aspirationally it does of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does aspirationally it does of course
+not perfectly and maybe not up to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly and maybe not up to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfectly and maybe not up to our
+ideals every day or in every way but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals every day or in every way but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals every day or in every way but we
+do try to think about both separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try to think about both separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do try to think about both separately
+and together who we include in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together who we include in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and together who we include in our
+scientific conversations how we are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific conversations how we are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific conversations how we are open
+to scrutiny about our scientific claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scrutiny about our scientific claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scrutiny about our scientific claims
+and what those two ideas have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what those two ideas have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what those two ideas have to do with
+one another so you teach 9401 robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so you teach 9401 robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another so you teach 9401 robust
+science which directly takes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which directly takes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science which directly takes up the
+topics of open transparent and reducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics of open transparent and reducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics of open transparent and reducible
+science so could you tell us a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so could you tell us a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so could you tell us a little
+bit about who takes this course and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about who takes this course and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about who takes this course and what
+you hope they will learn by taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope they will learn by taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hope they will learn by taking it
+like the big picture learning outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the big picture learning outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the big picture learning outcomes
+absolutely I can tell you multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I can tell you multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I can tell you multiple
+versions of the answers to both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the answers to both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the answers to both of those
+questions because there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because there are many
+versions of the answer to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the answer to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the answer to those
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so the original impetus in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original impetus in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original impetus in this class
+was between five and 10 years ago as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was between five and 10 years ago as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was between five and 10 years ago as I
+was looking at scientific practice as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at scientific practice as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at scientific practice as it
+was then in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then in my
+field I saw a lot that was not ideal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I saw a lot that was not ideal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I saw a lot that was not ideal I
+saw a lot of practices that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a lot of practices that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a lot of practices that were
+standard and were viewed as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and were viewed as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and were viewed as sort of
+necess NE evils right hoarding data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necess NE evils right hoarding data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necess NE evils right hoarding data or
+non-reproducible methods or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reproducible methods or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reproducible methods or you know
+people would say we want better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say we want better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would say we want better
+scientific communication but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication but it's
+there's no incentive to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no incentive to do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no incentive to do better
+scientific communication um or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication um or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication um or you know
+similarly diversity inclusion something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly diversity inclusion something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly diversity inclusion something
+we say we want but um that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we want but um that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we want but um that there was
+very poor progress on and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor progress on and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor progress on and and
+specifically in my own Fields looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in my own Fields looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in my own Fields looking at
+cognitive science and cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science and cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science and cognitive
+Neuroscience so many papers that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience so many papers that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neuroscience so many papers that didn't
+have open data didn't have open methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open data didn't have open methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have open data didn't have open methods
+had not had not been pre-registered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not had not been pre-registered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not had not been pre-registered and
+that I thought the rigor of the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought the rigor of the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought the rigor of the evidence
+really suffered for the lack of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really suffered for the lack of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really suffered for the lack of those
+practices at a certain point it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices at a certain point it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices at a certain point it was
+incredibly depressing to use all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly depressing to use all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly depressing to use all of my
+HED earned expertise to carefully read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HED earned expertise to carefully read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HED earned expertise to carefully read a
+very technical paper and upon careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very technical paper and upon careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very technical paper and upon careful
+reflection decide I had no idea if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection decide I had no idea if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection decide I had no idea if any
+part of it was true W right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was true W right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it was true W right because
+the way that science was communicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that science was communicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that science was communicated
+just didn't let us rigorously evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't let us rigorously evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just didn't let us rigorously evaluate
+it and there was a reproducibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a reproducibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there was a reproducibility
+crisis happening where I knew from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis happening where I knew from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis happening where I knew from my
+own practice I so I should briefly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own practice I so I should briefly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own practice I so I should briefly say
+the class I taught before this um was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class I taught before this um was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class I taught before this um was an
+undergraduate lab class in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate lab class in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate lab class in which we
+tried to reproduce recently published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to reproduce recently published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to reproduce recently published
+findings in the psychological literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings in the psychological literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings in the psychological literature
+so I knew from experience that a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew from experience that a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I knew from experience that a large
+number of recently published findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of recently published findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of recently published findings
+could not be replicated and among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be replicated and among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not be replicated and among other
+things I also knew that many fmri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I also knew that many fmri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I also knew that many fmri
+studies could not be replicated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies could not be replicated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies could not be replicated that the
+ways in which we were in incentivized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we were in incentivized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we were in incentivized to
+publish our claims were not well aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish our claims were not well aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish our claims were not well aligned
+with rigorous scrutiny and he must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rigorous scrutiny and he must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rigorous scrutiny and he must have
+been like what are we even doing here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like what are we even doing here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like what are we even doing here it
+was incredibly depressing to be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incredibly depressing to be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was incredibly depressing to be honest
+yeah because as I said many of us become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because as I said many of us become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because as I said many of us become
+scientists with big ideals about truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists with big ideals about truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists with big ideals about truth
+and cumulative science and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cumulative science and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cumulative science and making
+something useful and to realize that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful and to realize that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful and to realize that we
+were engaged in this activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were engaged in this activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were engaged in this activity that
+produced many papers but not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced many papers but not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced many papers but not a lot of
+reusable findings it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable findings it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable findings it was really
+depressing and it led to a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing and it led to a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressing and it led to a deep
+existential crisis and there was a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential crisis and there was a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential crisis and there was a phase
+when I had students in my lab I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had students in my lab I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had students in my lab I would
+say come to lab meeting with a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say come to lab meeting with a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say come to lab meeting with a paper
+that based on reading it you're sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on reading it you're sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on reading it you're sure
+would replicate like that's what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would replicate like that's what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would replicate like that's what we were
+looking for and we would just read paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and we would just read paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and we would just read paper
+after paper and be like no I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after paper and be like no I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after paper and be like no I don't think
+that would replicate so anyway we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would replicate so anyway we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would replicate so anyway we got
+ourselves very depressed and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves very depressed and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves very depressed and we were
+reading about you know the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about you know the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about you know the fact that
+science is not diverse and inclusive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is not diverse and inclusive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is not diverse and inclusive the
+fact that data are not shared the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that data are not shared the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that data are not shared the fact
+that findings are not pre-registered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that findings are not pre-registered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that findings are not pre-registered and
+therefore you know have all these biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know have all these biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know have all these biases
+in them and I just got more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and I just got more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and I just got more and more
+depressed and nihilist and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and nihilist and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed and nihilist and then I
+thought I can't do this and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I can't do this and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I can't do this and I can't
+teach this way I can't teach my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this way I can't teach my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach this way I can't teach my students
+or my lab when we leave the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my lab when we leave the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my lab when we leave the room
+depressed every time like I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed every time like I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressed every time like I can't do
+that anymore so I resolved to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore so I resolved to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anymore so I resolved to make a
+class whose form would be every week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class whose form would be every week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class whose form would be every week we
+would take a topic we would give serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a topic we would give serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take a topic we would give serious
+due consideration to what was wrong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due consideration to what was wrong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due consideration to what was wrong to
+the ways in which our practice I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which our practice I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways in which our practice I did not
+live up to our aspirations and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live up to our aspirations and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live up to our aspirations and then we
+would switch and look at tools we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would switch and look at tools we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would switch and look at tools we could
+use to make it better and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make it better and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to make it better and we would
+practice using those tools and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice using those tools and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice using those tools and we would
+consider how well they worked and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider how well they worked and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider how well they worked and we
+would consider what was still needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider what was still needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider what was still needed
+from those tools to make them better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those tools to make them better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those tools to make them better so
+that every class would end in a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every class would end in a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every class would end in a positive
+mood so this is like not only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood so this is like not only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood so this is like not only like
+science this is self too like some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science this is self too like some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science this is self too like some point
+recently I thought apparently the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I thought apparently the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently I thought apparently the way I
+treat my existential crises is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat my existential crises is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat my existential crises is through
+teaching graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching graduate
+seminars I feel like that might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars I feel like that might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars I feel like that might be the
+most academic thing ever I think so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most academic thing ever I think so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most academic thing ever I think so I
+yes but it's working in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but it's working in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but it's working in response to
+existential need I teach graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential need I teach graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential need I teach graduate
+classes but you know what it's so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but you know what it's so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but you know what it's so great
+it has totally worked yes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has totally worked yes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has totally worked yes and it's
+helping science it might be helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping science it might be helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping science it might be helping
+science and it's really helping me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it's really helping me yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and it's really helping me yeah
+because every week we take on a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every week we take on a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every week we take on a problem
+and we wallow for the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wallow for the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wallow for the first part of the
+class swallowing yeah we talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class swallowing yeah we talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class swallowing yeah we talk about how
+bad it is and then in the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it is and then in the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad it is and then in the second part of
+the class we talk about all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we talk about all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class we talk about all the things
+people are doing to try to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing to try to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are doing to try to make it
+better and our experience of using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and our experience of using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and our experience of using those
+tools and so we leave every week with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and so we leave every week with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and so we leave every week with
+new tools and new practices and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tools and new practices and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tools and new practices and new
+ideas for how to make our science better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for how to make our science better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for how to make our science better
+that's so great can we talk about one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so great can we talk about one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so great can we talk about one or
+two examples of the what you wallow over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples of the what you wallow over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples of the what you wallow over
+and a strategy that students might leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a strategy that students might leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a strategy that students might leave
+with for example the literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example the literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for example the literature is
+biased yeah I thought you were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased yeah I thought you were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased yeah I thought you were going to
+back yes so that is a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yes so that is a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yes so that is a big one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in many types of Science and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many types of Science and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many types of Science and this is
+definitely true in the kind of science I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true in the kind of science I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true in the kind of science I
+do so we'll talk about fmri again that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we'll talk about fmri again that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we'll talk about fmri again that's
+the main tool that I used for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main tool that I used for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main tool that I used for the first
+15 years of my career so in that tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years of my career so in that tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years of my career so in that tool
+over time like over two hours I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time like over two hours I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time like over two hours I measure
+change in blood flow in every part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in blood flow in every part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in blood flow in every part of
+your brain simultaneously so I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain simultaneously so I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain simultaneously so I end up
+with a huge data set hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a huge data set hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a huge data set hundreds of
+thousands of points in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of points in your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of points in your brain
+measured over 2 hours of time right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured over 2 hours of time right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured over 2 hours of time right it's
+many many many many data points okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many data points okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many many data points okay and
+then I have some idea about where and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have some idea about where and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have some idea about where and
+when change will happen in your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when change will happen in your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when change will happen in your brain
+but there are many ways to analyze those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many ways to analyze those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are many ways to analyze those
+data there's so many choices there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there's so many choices there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data there's so many choices there's
+choices about how I what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about how I what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about how I what's called
+pre-process so for example parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process so for example parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process so for example parts of the
+signal that I measure are actual brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I measure are actual brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that I measure are actual brain
+activity and parts of it are noise noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and parts of it are noise noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and parts of it are noise noise
+because you moved your head noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you moved your head noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you moved your head noise
+because you were breathing noise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were breathing noise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you were breathing noise because
+you clenched your eyelids right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you clenched your eyelids right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you clenched your eyelids right there's
+all kinds of things affecting noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things affecting noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things affecting noise
+because the machine was heating up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the machine was heating up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the machine was heating up for
+example so many things that I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so many things that I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so many things that I measure
+are not related to your brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to your brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not related to your brain activity
+okay so I have a whole bunch of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a whole bunch of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have a whole bunch of choices
+about how I separate the data into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I separate the data into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I separate the data into the
+part I think is real brain and the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I think is real brain and the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I think is real brain and the part
+I think is Noise Okay that's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is Noise Okay that's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is Noise Okay that's a bunch of
+choic many choices then let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choic many choices then let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choic many choices then let's say we
+have the part I think is brain there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the part I think is brain there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the part I think is brain there's
+again many choices about how I model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many choices about how I model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again many choices about how I model
+that activity there's choices about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity there's choices about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that activity there's choices about what
+shape do I think the um blood response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape do I think the um blood response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape do I think the um blood response
+will have over time there's choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have over time there's choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have over time there's choices
+about am I measuring individual brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am I measuring individual brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am I measuring individual brain
+regions or am I measuring their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions or am I measuring their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions or am I measuring their
+interaction and what term am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and what term am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and what term am I going to
+use for their interaction there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for their interaction there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for their interaction there's
+choices about am I measuring the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about am I measuring the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices about am I measuring the amount
+of activity or the pattern of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity or the pattern of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity or the pattern of activity
+and if this gives you a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this gives you a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this gives you a sense that
+there's many choices I'm vastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many choices I'm vastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many choices I'm vastly
+understating it there's thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understating it there's thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understating it there's thousands of
+choices that we make before we give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that we make before we give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that we make before we give an
+answer where we say this brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer where we say this brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer where we say this brain region
+was more likely to be active whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more likely to be active whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more likely to be active whenever
+the story had a person in it for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story had a person in it for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story had a person in it for example
+okay so we making those thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we making those thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we making those thousands of
+choices the problem is say I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices the problem is say I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices the problem is say I have an
+idea of what I think the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what I think the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what I think the brain
+activation should look like and I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation should look like and I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation should look like and I make
+one set of choices for how I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of choices for how I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of choices for how I'm going to
+analyze the data and I look at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the data and I look at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the data and I look at the data
+and I don't find evidence for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't find evidence for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't find evidence for my
+hypothesis I might think well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I might think well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I might think well that's
+probably that I just made a wrong choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that I just made a wrong choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that I just made a wrong choice
+right like maybe I needed to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like maybe I needed to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like maybe I needed to look at the
+interaction between the brain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the brain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the brain regions
+not just one brain region at a time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one brain region at a time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just one brain region at a time or
+maybe so this is a real example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so this is a real example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so this is a real example that
+happened I was trying to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I was trying to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I was trying to find a
+particular brain region and I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brain region and I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular brain region and I used this
+strategy for finding it I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for finding it I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for finding it I think it
+didn't work I think we missed it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work I think we missed it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work I think we missed it that's
+why the data aren't confirming our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the data aren't confirming our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the data aren't confirming our
+hypothesis we didn't actually find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we didn't actually find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we didn't actually find the
+brain region we're looking for let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region we're looking for let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region we're looking for let's go
+back to the step where we defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the step where we defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the step where we defined the
+brain region and switch to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region and switch to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain region and switch to this other
+strategy for defining the brain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for defining the brain region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for defining the brain region
+so this literally just happened in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this literally just happened in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this literally just happened in my
+lab with a project we're currently doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab with a project we're currently doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab with a project we're currently doing
+we went all the way to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went all the way to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went all the way to the end of the
+project we didn't find the evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we didn't find the evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we didn't find the evidence we
+were expecting we thought I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting we thought I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting we thought I think we
+made a wrong choice back when we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a wrong choice back when we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a wrong choice back when we decided
+how to find the part of the brain we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find the part of the brain we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find the part of the brain we
+were interested in went back we swapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in went back we swapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in went back we swapped
+that method now we find it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method now we find it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that method now we find it in a
+different way we go back through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we go back through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we go back through all the
+other steps and now at the end we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other steps and now at the end we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other steps and now at the end we do
+find evidence for hypothesis okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find evidence for hypothesis okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find evidence for hypothesis okay so now
+at every one of those choices that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every one of those choices that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every one of those choices that I
+made all the thousands of choices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the thousands of choices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the thousands of choices that
+lead to the an State any one of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the an State any one of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the an State any one of them I
+could go back to and change my mind if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back to and change my mind if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go back to and change my mind if I
+didn't find the result that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find the result that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't find the result that I was
+looking for but say I do find the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but say I do find the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for but say I do find the result
+that I was looking for I'm not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking for I'm not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was looking for I'm not that
+likely to go back to all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go back to all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go back to all those other
+choices and try the opposite version so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and try the opposite version so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and try the opposite version so
+if the first way we defined the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first way we defined the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the first way we defined the brain
+region had given us evidence for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region had given us evidence for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region had given us evidence for our
+hypothesis we would have stopped there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we would have stopped there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we would have stopped there
+okay so now the scientific evidence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the scientific evidence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the scientific evidence I
+show you at the end in favor of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you at the end in favor of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you at the end in favor of my
+hypothesis we found it by a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we found it by a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we found it by a search
+process that included seeing the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that included seeing the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that included seeing the results
+right we kept changing our choices until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we kept changing our choices until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we kept changing our choices until
+we found evidence for our hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found evidence for our hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found evidence for our hypothesis and
+that I of course we didn't actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I of course we didn't actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I of course we didn't actually do
+that in that case just to be clear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case just to be clear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that case just to be clear right
+you could do that and in fact it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that and in fact it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that and in fact it is
+common practice and many papers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common practice and many papers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common practice and many papers in the
+field have this form that the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have this form that the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have this form that the final
+results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you
+see which seem to find evidence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which seem to find evidence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which seem to find evidence for the
+hypothesis the scientists were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the scientists were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis the scientists were looking
+for have been selected that way and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for have been selected that way and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for have been selected that way and this
+if that seems complicated to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that seems complicated to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that seems complicated to imagine
+I'll just give you the much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you the much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just give you the much simpler
+version which is called the file drawer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is called the file drawer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is called the file drawer
+problem I have a hypothesis okay I test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a hypothesis okay I test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a hypothesis okay I test
+it in one experiment it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one experiment it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in one experiment it doesn't work
+very well I never published that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I never published that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I never published that I think
+of a new experiment to test my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new experiment to test my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new experiment to test my
+hypothesis I run my new experiment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I run my new experiment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I run my new experiment it
+doesn't work very well my hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well my hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work very well my hypothesis
+isn't confirmed I never published that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't confirmed I never published that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't confirmed I never published that I
+think of a new way to test it I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a new way to test it I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a new way to test it I do a
+third experiment nope still don't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third experiment nope still don't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third experiment nope still don't find
+evidence from hypothesis I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from hypothesis I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from hypothesis I never
+published that I think of a new way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that I think of a new way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published that I think of a new way to
+test my hypothesis I run a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test my hypothesis I run a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test my hypothesis I run a fourth
+experiment it comes out exactly the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it comes out exactly the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it comes out exactly the way
+I expected now I publish it look my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected now I publish it look my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected now I publish it look my
+hypothesis was right here are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was right here are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis was right here are my
+evidence this is true but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence this is true but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence this is true but you don't know
+about all those three prior experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all those three prior experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all those three prior experiments
+that I did okay so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did okay so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did okay so that's another
+example of many ways that if we publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of many ways that if we publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of many ways that if we publish
+the specific path that got us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific path that got us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific path that got us to the
+answer we were looking for but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we were looking for but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we were looking for but we can't
+be honest about all the other paths we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about all the other paths we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be honest about all the other paths we
+took that didn't give us the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that didn't give us the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that didn't give us the answer
+we're looking for then what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for then what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for then what it looks
+like and indeed the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and indeed the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and indeed the scientific
+literature often looks like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature often looks like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature often looks like this is
+scientists are always right about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are always right about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are always right about our
+hypothesis we have hypothesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we have hypothesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we have hypothesis the
+evidence always confirms it right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence always confirms it right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence always confirms it right and so
+in what sense is that biased it's biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense is that biased it's biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense is that biased it's biased
+because you're not seeing all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not seeing all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not seeing all the other
+ways we tested the same hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we tested the same hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we tested the same hypothesis that
+weren't true yeah but Devil's Advocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't true yeah but Devil's Advocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't true yeah but Devil's Advocate
+question isn't it just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question isn't it just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question isn't it just more
+efficient to just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to just show
+it depends what you think it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you think it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends what you think it depends
+what I think and what you think in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think and what you think in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think and what you think in each
+given context explains why the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given context explains why the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given context explains why the last one
+worked right so one idea is well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right so one idea is well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked right so one idea is well the
+last one was right all the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one was right all the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one was right all the other ones
+were bad they were wrong they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bad they were wrong they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bad they were wrong they were not
+useful test of the hypothesis they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful test of the hypothesis they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful test of the hypothesis they were
+broken in some way telling you about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken in some way telling you about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken in some way telling you about all
+my mistakes and everything I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mistakes and everything I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mistakes and everything I did that
+was broken like say I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken like say I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken like say I was trying to
+study how your brain response to Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how your brain response to Vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study how your brain response to Vision
+but I forgot to turn the screen on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I forgot to turn the screen on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I forgot to turn the screen on and
+then it didn't work your brain didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it didn't work your brain didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it didn't work your brain didn't
+respond well because you couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond well because you couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond well because you couldn't see
+the stimuli you don't want me to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimuli you don't want me to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stimuli you don't want me to tell
+you about that you want me to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about that you want me to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about that you want me to tell you
+all the stupid things I did I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stupid things I did I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stupid things I did I forgot to
+turn the screen on the headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the screen on the headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the screen on the headphones
+weren't working the scanner didn't run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working the scanner didn't run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't working the scanner didn't run
+that day like no that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day like no that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day like no that's not
+scientifically interesting okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically interesting okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically interesting okay so if
+you're thinking all those failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking all those failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking all those failed
+experiments or all the failed pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or all the failed pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments or all the failed pathways
+through the analysis plan were broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis plan were broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the analysis plan were broken
+then I shouldn't tell you about them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I shouldn't tell you about them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I shouldn't tell you about them but
+if you think here the opposite extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think here the opposite extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think here the opposite extreme
+is those were all equally good tests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those were all equally good tests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is those were all equally good tests of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hypothesis and the hypothesis is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the hypothesis is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the hypothesis is false
+but the data are noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data are noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data are noisy
+and the noise bounces around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noise bounces around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the noise bounces around so
+sometimes the noise goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the noise goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the noise goes in the
+direction of the hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the hypothesis and
+sometimes it goes in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes in the direction
+against the hypothesis if I randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the hypothesis if I randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the hypothesis if I randomly
+sample ways of testing the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample ways of testing the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample ways of testing the hypothesis
+mostly I'll get nothing because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I'll get nothing because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I'll get nothing because that's
+the right answer but if I keep trying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but if I keep trying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer but if I keep trying I
+will finally find the specific way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will finally find the specific way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will finally find the specific way that
+the noise looks like it's in favor of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise looks like it's in favor of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise looks like it's in favor of my
+hypothesis so you think like when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so you think like when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so you think like when people
+report statistics and they say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report statistics and they say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report statistics and they say these
+results would happen one in 20 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results would happen one in 20 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results would happen one in 20 times
+these results would happen 5% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results would happen 5% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results would happen 5% of the
+time if my hypothesis was wrong but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if my hypothesis was wrong but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if my hypothesis was wrong but if I
+tried 30 times until I found the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried 30 times until I found the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried 30 times until I found the way
+then maybe it's not surprising at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it's not surprising at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe it's not surprising at all
+that one of those times I seemed to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of those times I seemed to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of those times I seemed to find
+evidence for my hypothesis okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for my hypothesis okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for my hypothesis okay so the
+extreme end of the spectrum that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme end of the spectrum that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme end of the spectrum that you
+said is the successful one is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the successful one is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is the successful one is the true
+one everything else was broken we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everything else was broken we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everything else was broken we should
+only communicate the true one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only communicate the true one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only communicate the true one the
+opposite extreme end of the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme end of the spectrum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite extreme end of the spectrum is
+there is no truth in your hypothesis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no truth in your hypothesis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no truth in your hypothesis at
+all and you just tried 30 or 40 or 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you just tried 30 or 40 or 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and you just tried 30 or 40 or 50
+Ways until you find the one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ways until you find the one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ways until you find the one where the
+noise looks like it's evidence for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise looks like it's evidence for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise looks like it's evidence for your
+hypothesis okay reality and science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis okay reality and science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis okay reality and science is
+usually in between those two it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in between those two it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in between those two it's some
+combination of the things you tried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the things you tried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the things you tried that
+didn't work were broken and the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work were broken and the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work were broken and the things
+you tried you didn't that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried you didn't that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tried you didn't that didn't work
+were reasonable ways of testing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reasonable ways of testing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were reasonable ways of testing your
+hypothesis and the actual effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the actual effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the actual effect is
+smaller than it looks in the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it looks in the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than it looks in the one you
+selected but bigger than zero that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected but bigger than zero that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected but bigger than zero that's the
+usual reality and so when we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual reality and so when we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual reality and so when we go back and
+replicate prior findings a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate prior findings a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate prior findings a standard
+finding in this literature if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding in this literature if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding in this literature if you go
+back and try to replicate people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and try to replicate people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and try to replicate people's
+previous work is that the true effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work is that the true effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work is that the true effect
+the one you measure without all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you measure without all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you measure without all this
+selection is about a third as big as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is about a third as big as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is about a third as big as the
+effect that was published so that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that was published so that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that was published so that's been
+found in many fields in many papers many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in many fields in many papers many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in many fields in many papers many
+different times so what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times so what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times so what do I mean by
+it's the literature is biased is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the literature is biased is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the literature is biased is the
+selection process that leads to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process that leads to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection process that leads to what we
+publish makes findings look about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish makes findings look about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish makes findings look about three
+times as big as they probably truly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as big as they probably truly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times as big as they probably truly are
+wow that's so interesting and that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's so interesting and that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow that's so interesting and that just
+speaks to the importance of transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the importance of transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the importance of transparency
+because it it's really like shaping our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's really like shaping our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's really like shaping our
+reality and when you think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and when you think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and when you think about those
+scientific findings when they're put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific findings when they're put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific findings when they're put
+into practices like in clinics exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practices like in clinics exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into practices like in clinics exactly
+working with real people like that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with real people like that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with real people like that could
+actually be quite dangerous absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite dangerous absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be quite dangerous absolutely
+and so both the ways in which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so both the ways in which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so both the ways in which we've
+overestimated effect sizes and the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated effect sizes and the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimated effect sizes and the ways
+in which we've overestimated their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we've overestimated their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we've overestimated their
+generality that they would apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality that they would apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality that they would apply to
+everybody or every circumstance both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or every circumstance both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody or every circumstance both of
+those are very dangerous when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very dangerous when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very dangerous when you want
+to apply science to the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply science to the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply science to the real world
+clinically or in policy or and pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically or in policy or and pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically or in policy or and pedagogy
+all the things I mean we do science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things I mean we do science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things I mean we do science
+because we want it to be applied but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want it to be applied but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want it to be applied but if
+we're misrepresenting our confidence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're misrepresenting our confidence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're misrepresenting our confidence or
+the generality of our findings then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generality of our findings then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generality of our findings then it's
+really dangerous and it's dangerous both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and it's dangerous both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dangerous and it's dangerous both
+for the specific application but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific application but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific application but also
+for trust in science right if people try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trust in science right if people try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trust in science right if people try
+applying our ideas and find out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying our ideas and find out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying our ideas and find out they
+don't work they lose trust in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work they lose trust in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't work they lose trust in the whole
+Endeavor and that's devastating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor and that's devastating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Endeavor and that's devastating for
+society right we need shared trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society right we need shared trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society right we need shared trust in
+science and in scientific institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in scientific institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and in scientific institutions
+because scientific process actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because scientific process actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because scientific process actually
+often does yield true and useful results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does yield true and useful results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often does yield true and useful results
+when it's working right and those are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's working right and those are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's working right and those are so
+important right the true things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right the true things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right the true things
+scientists can discover are so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists can discover are so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists can discover are so important
+to health and society and Industry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to health and society and Industry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to health and society and Industry that
+undermining trust through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermining trust through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermining trust through
+misrepresenting the other things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresenting the other things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresenting the other things we're
+doing feels incredibly dangerous okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing feels incredibly dangerous okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing feels incredibly dangerous okay so
+you asked that's the wallowing we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked that's the wallowing we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked that's the wallowing we just
+wallowed and I was right there it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowed and I was right there it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowed and I was right there it's good
+to wallow and I want my students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wallow and I want my students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wallow and I want my students to
+wallow because if they don't wallow they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallow because if they don't wallow they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallow because if they don't wallow they
+could keep doing the current practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep doing the current practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could keep doing the current practices
+that are not okay but then once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not okay but then once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not okay but then once you've
+wallowed you don't want to stop there CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowed you don't want to stop there CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallowed you don't want to stop there CU
+you just leave depressed and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave depressed and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just leave depressed and not
+trusting scientists and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting scientists and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting scientists and that would be
+bad and so then the second half of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and so then the second half of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and so then the second half of every
+class has to be great what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has to be great what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has to be great what do we do
+about it okay let's go and so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay let's go and so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it okay let's go and so in this
+particular case for biased overestimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case for biased overestimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case for biased overestimates
+of our confidence there's a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our confidence there's a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our confidence there's a whole bunch
+of different strategies one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different strategies one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different strategies one of which is
+called pre-registration oh yes I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre-registration oh yes I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre-registration oh yes I was
+curious about this I've never heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about this I've never heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about this I've never heard that
+term and you use it quite a bit in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and you use it quite a bit in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and you use it quite a bit in your
+on your website and your in your course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your website and your in your course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your website and your in your course
+so what is it so pre-registration is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it so pre-registration is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it so pre-registration is an
+effort to be explicit in advance about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to be explicit in advance about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to be explicit in advance about
+the path you're going to take through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path you're going to take through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path you're going to take through
+your data so that you specify for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so that you specify for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data so that you specify for every
+choice you're going to make what choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you're going to make what choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you're going to make what choice
+you will make that way if you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make that way if you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make that way if you get to the
+end you make all those choices the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you make all those choices the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you make all those choices the way
+you planned and you find the result you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you planned and you find the result you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you planned and you find the result you
+hypothesized then great that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized then great that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized then great that was the
+test of your hypothesis but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of your hypothesis but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of your hypothesis but if you had
+to deviate that is if it didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deviate that is if it didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deviate that is if it didn't work
+that way you planned and you had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you planned and you had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you planned and you had to go
+back and make a change you now can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and make a change you now can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and make a change you now can be
+exactly transparent about every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly transparent about every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly transparent about every time you
+did that how many times you did it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that how many times you did it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that how many times you did it and
+with respect to what and so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what and so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what and so that when
+you said can't we just be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said can't we just be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said can't we just be perfectly
+transparent about all those times we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about all those times we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about all those times we
+went back and changed our minds well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and changed our minds well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back and changed our minds well
+part of why we couldn't is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of why we couldn't is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of why we couldn't is that we
+didn't have a practice of being explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a practice of being explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a practice of being explicit
+in advance about what our plans were and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance about what our plans were and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advance about what our plans were and
+it was incredibly hard to know as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was incredibly hard to know as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was incredibly hard to know as we
+were making those changes what changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making those changes what changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making those changes what changes
+we had made in response to what evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had made in response to what evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had made in response to what evidence
+and how many of them were there W so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of them were there W so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many of them were there W so
+pre-registration is like a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration is like a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration is like a new thing
+this has hasn't been standard practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has hasn't been standard practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has hasn't been standard practice
+forever well it's funny on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well it's funny on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well it's funny on the one
+hand being exclusive about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand being exclusive about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand being exclusive about your
+hypothesis before you test them is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis before you test them is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis before you test them is you
+know part of the scientific method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know part of the scientific method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know part of the scientific method you
+get taught in Middle School yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get taught in Middle School yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get taught in Middle School yes I
+remember that yeah I hated middle school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that yeah I hated middle school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that yeah I hated middle school
+but any I know that's like let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any I know that's like let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any I know that's like let's have
+another episode about that great happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another episode about that great happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another episode about that great happy
+to have an episode about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an episode about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an episode about that but
+meanwhile the idea that you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the idea that you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the idea that you could be
+explicit about your hypothesis and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about your hypothesis and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about your hypothesis and your
+analysis plans like for example everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis plans like for example everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis plans like for example everyone
+who's ever written a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever written a grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's ever written a grant
+saying here's the science I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here's the science I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying here's the science I want to do
+they had to do that they had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do that they had to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do that they had to say
+these are the hypothesis I plan to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the hypothesis I plan to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the hypothesis I plan to test
+these are the methods I will use and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the methods I will use and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the methods I will use and the
+oldest version of this um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest version of this um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldest version of this um that's
+described as registration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as registration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as registration or
+pre-registration in American um life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration in American um life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration in American um life
+sciences research is registry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences research is registry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences research is registry for
+clinical trials so that's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials so that's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials so that's been a
+practice for a long time too of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for a long time too of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for a long time too of saying
+if you're going to do a clinical trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do a clinical trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to do a clinical trial
+of a drug you have to say in advance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a drug you have to say in advance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a drug you have to say in advance um
+what's your sampling plan who will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your sampling plan who will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your sampling plan who will you
+test on this drug how many people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on this drug how many people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on this drug how many people will
+you test what outcome are you measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test what outcome are you measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test what outcome are you measuring
+how will you define success what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you define success what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will you define success what's your
+control that makes sense yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that makes sense yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that makes sense yeah yeah
+except that it turns out when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it turns out when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it turns out when you look
+back at the practice that the published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the practice that the published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the practice that the published
+papers deviate from those registrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers deviate from those registrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers deviate from those registrations
+in really consequential ways a lot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really consequential ways a lot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in really consequential ways a lot it's
+so scary like you look back and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scary like you look back and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scary like you look back and you see
+okay this drug company said they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this drug company said they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this drug company said they were
+going to test the efficacy and safety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test the efficacy and safety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test the efficacy and safety of
+this drug with these measures if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug with these measures if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug with these measures if you
+look at their data if they had done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their data if they had done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their data if they had done that
+they would find the drug is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would find the drug is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would find the drug is not
+effective and not safe but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and not safe but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and not safe but then the
+published paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published paper
+has switched measures no we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has switched measures no we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has switched measures no we decided
+instead of looking at efficacy after 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at efficacy after 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at efficacy after 3
+months we would look at it after 1 week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months we would look at it after 1 week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months we would look at it after 1 week
+instead of measuring safety in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of measuring safety in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of measuring safety in this way
+we'll measure it that way instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll measure it that way instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll measure it that way instead of
+looking at all of the participants we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all of the participants we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all of the participants we'll
+only look at the ones aged whatever 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the ones aged whatever 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only look at the ones aged whatever 16
+to 19 or whatever like they've picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 or whatever like they've picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 or whatever like they've picked
+the subset of the data that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of the data that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subset of the data that now the
+paper in the scientific literature looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in the scientific literature looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in the scientific literature looks
+like it found effective treatments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it found effective treatments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it found effective treatments with
+few side effects but if they had stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few side effects but if they had stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few side effects but if they had stuck
+with their original plan you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their original plan you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their original plan you would have
+had a very different answer so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very different answer so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very different answer so at least
+now the fact that clinical trials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that clinical trials have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fact that clinical trials have
+to be registered means we can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be registered means we can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be registered means we can go back
+and look retrospectively and see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look retrospectively and see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look retrospectively and see all of
+these deviations now that way that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deviations now that way that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deviations now that way that I'm
+describing it sounds profoundly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it sounds profoundly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it sounds profoundly
+nefarious and I will say sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious and I will say sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious and I will say sometimes I
+think it is profoundly nefarious like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is profoundly nefarious like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is profoundly nefarious like in
+the clinical context when there's tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical context when there's tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical context when there's tons
+of money at stake it really might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money at stake it really might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money at stake it really might be
+nefarious but in cognitive science in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious but in cognitive science in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious but in cognitive science in my
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+training a lot of it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training a lot of it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training a lot of it was not
+nefarious because it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious because it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nefarious because it's actually
+incredibly hard to tell when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly hard to tell when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly hard to tell when you're
+doing it I find this hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it I find this hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it I find this hard to
+describe but it feels while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe but it feels while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe but it feels while you're
+analyzing data that you're just making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing data that you're just making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing data that you're just making
+reasonable choices reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable choices reasonable
+well-informed rigorous choices that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-informed rigorous choices that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-informed rigorous choices that's
+what it feels like and so until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it feels like and so until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it feels like and so until I
+started trying to write it all down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started trying to write it all down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started trying to write it all down in
+advance even though I'm an expert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance even though I'm an expert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance even though I'm an expert and
+I've been doing this for decades I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing this for decades I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been doing this for decades I had
+no idea how hard it would be to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea how hard it would be to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea how hard it would be to write it
+all in advance and I will say I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in advance and I will say I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in advance and I will say I have
+never yet I've tried many times I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never yet I've tried many times I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never yet I've tried many times I have
+never yet pre-registered an fmri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never yet pre-registered an fmri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never yet pre-registered an fmri
+analysis that I didn't have to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I didn't have to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that I didn't have to deviate
+from literally never even though I'm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from literally never even though I'm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from literally never even though I'm as
+much an expert in fmri experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an expert in fmri experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much an expert in fmri experiments and
+analyses as anybody it's just turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses as anybody it's just turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyses as anybody it's just turns out
+it's incredibly hard to foresee all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly hard to foresee all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly hard to foresee all the
+choices and know in advance what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and know in advance what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices and know in advance what you
+want to do and make all those choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and make all those choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and make all those choices
+reasonably then the only way to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably then the only way to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably then the only way to do it so
+so one strategy is pre-register and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one strategy is pre-register and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one strategy is pre-register and then
+you can be transparent so now I know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be transparent so now I know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be transparent so now I know in
+a way I never knew before how often I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I never knew before how often I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way I never knew before how often I
+deviate from my previous plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from my previous plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from my previous plan
+resp to dat and I can be transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp to dat and I can be transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp to dat and I can be transparent
+about that and that's a huge so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and that's a huge so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and that's a huge so like
+with the pre-registration like I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pre-registration like I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pre-registration like I guess I
+had this concept that in science there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this concept that in science there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this concept that in science there
+were sort of moments of serendipity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of moments of serendipity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sort of moments of serendipity or
+Brilliance or like oh I see what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance or like oh I see what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliance or like oh I see what we need
+to do now like based on years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now like based on years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now like based on years of
+training and so from what I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and so from what I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and so from what I understand
+like that can still happen you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that can still happen you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that can still happen you just have
+to be transparent about how you deviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be transparent about how you deviated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be transparent about how you deviated
+absolutely from your pre-registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely from your pre-registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely from your pre-registration
+that that is what many scientists say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is what many scientists say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is what many scientists say is
+I don't want pre-registration to squash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want pre-registration to squash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want pre-registration to squash
+all the creativity and fat out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the creativity and fat out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the creativity and fat out of
+Science and of course neither do I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and of course neither do I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and of course neither do I but
+yeah so exactly as you said there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so exactly as you said there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so exactly as you said there's many
+ways to handle that one is to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to handle that one is to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to handle that one is to just be
+transparent we had this stroke of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent we had this stroke of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent we had this stroke of
+insight um and the other one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight um and the other one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight um and the other one is to
+replicate it afterwards right halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it afterwards right halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate it afterwards right halfway
+through this we had this Insight we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we had this Insight we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this we had this Insight we
+suddenly saw what to do and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly saw what to do and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly saw what to do and then we did
+the whole thing again and you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing again and you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing again and you know in a
+calmer frame of mind and having known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmer frame of mind and having known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calmer frame of mind and having known in
+advance this time and and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance this time and and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance this time and and then we can
+measure it great I feel a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it great I feel a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it great I feel a little better
+knowing that like the Iration is not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that like the Iration is not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that like the Iration is not and
+the creativity is still still no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity is still still no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creativity is still still no the
+point is to retain the fun of Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to retain the fun of Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to retain the fun of Science
+and the sense that we can believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sense that we can believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sense that we can believe in
+what we're doing yeah the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing yeah the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing yeah the other thing
+you can do is replicate yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is replicate yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is replicate yourself and
+that that always was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that always was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that always was part of the
+practice and still is so realizing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and still is so realizing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and still is so realizing okay
+this data set I've got my hypotheses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set I've got my hypotheses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set I've got my hypotheses I
+now know what I think happens I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know what I think happens I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know what I think happens I'm going
+to just test it in new people and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just test it in new people and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just test it in new people and be
+sure that was part of my practice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that was part of my practice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that was part of my practice all
+along but pre-registration helps me be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but pre-registration helps me be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but pre-registration helps me be
+more aware of when I need to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware of when I need to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware of when I need to do that and
+how much I need to do it and part of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I need to do it and part of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I need to do it and part of why
+that's important is um fmri research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important is um fmri research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important is um fmri research is
+very expensive and in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive and in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive and in a lot of
+scientific Fields people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Fields people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Fields people have been
+resistant to replication that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to replication that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to replication that is to
+doing the same experiment again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same experiment again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same experiment again because
+it seems like a waste of money at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a waste of money at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like a waste of money at the
+time right we've done one study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right we've done one study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right we've done one study it
+already costs tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already costs tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already costs tens of thousands of
+dollars do we really want to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars do we really want to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars do we really want to do that
+same study again like shouldn't we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same study again like shouldn't we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same study again like shouldn't we do
+the next study that argument that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next study that argument that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next study that argument that it's
+too expensive to do the same study again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive to do the same study again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive to do the same study again
+is one reason why many people didn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one reason why many people didn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one reason why many people didn't and
+in every local decision that can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every local decision that can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every local decision that can feel
+right like really we want to spend tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like really we want to spend tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like really we want to spend tens
+of thousands of dollars on just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of dollars on just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of dollars on just doing
+the same thing again but the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again but the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again but the answer to
+that usually should be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually should be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually should be yes
+because if you don't you don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't you don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't you don't know you
+really don't know that the first set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know that the first set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know that the first set of
+results how how big the effect is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results how how big the effect is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results how how big the effect is how
+right you were you don't know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you were you don't know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you were you don't know and the
+result was so many findings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was so many findings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result was so many findings in the
+literature that weren't true and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that weren't true and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature that weren't true and that's
+also really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really expensive
+right publishing and then other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right publishing and then other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right publishing and then other people
+reading and trying to build on claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and trying to build on claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and trying to build on claims
+that aren't true was a huge waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't true was a huge waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't true was a huge waste of
+young scientist lives of public money so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientist lives of public money so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young scientist lives of public money so
+anyway three solutions to the biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway three solutions to the biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway three solutions to the biased
+literature one is replicate experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature one is replicate experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature one is replicate experiments
+one is pre-register your analyses and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is pre-register your analyses and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is pre-register your analyses and be
+transparent about the choices you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about the choices you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent about the choices you made
+and the third one is a new publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is a new publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third one is a new publishing
+model where papers are selected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where papers are selected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where papers are selected for
+publication before the results are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication before the results are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication before the results are known
+this is called registered report format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called registered report format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called registered report format
+it's becoming increasingly popular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming increasingly popular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming increasingly popular the
+idea is I tell you my hypothesis my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I tell you my hypothesis my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is I tell you my hypothesis my
+experimental design and my analysis plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design and my analysis plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design and my analysis plan
+and you if you agree that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you if you agree that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you if you agree that's interesting
+and rigorous you agree to publish it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rigorous you agree to publish it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rigorous you agree to publish it no
+matter what the results are and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the results are and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the results are and that
+removes the incentive for me to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the incentive for me to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the incentive for me to search
+through all possible ways of analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible ways of analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all possible ways of analyzing
+my data to find the most exciting clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data to find the most exciting clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data to find the most exciting clean
+story that will get published the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that will get published the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that will get published the
+thought is by increasing explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is by increasing explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is by increasing explicit
+pre-registration so scientists can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration so scientists can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration so scientists can be
+more transparent incentivizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transparent incentivizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more transparent incentivizing
+replication so we can tell how true our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so we can tell how true our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication so we can tell how true our
+results are and then publishing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are and then publishing results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are and then publishing results
+based on their design and Analysis plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their design and Analysis plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their design and Analysis plan
+rather than their outcomes all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than their outcomes all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than their outcomes all of those
+shift the practice and the incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the practice and the incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the practice and the incentives
+for scientists so that we can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scientists so that we can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scientists so that we can be more
+accurate about the effect sizes and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate about the effect sizes and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate about the effect sizes and our
+confidence when we communicate about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence when we communicate about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence when we communicate about our
+results W and and this just becomes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results W and and this just becomes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results W and and this just becomes even
+more important as we're moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important as we're moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important as we're moving into
+generative AI That's scraping studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative AI That's scraping studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative AI That's scraping studies
+and data like if it's you know machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data like if it's you know machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data like if it's you know machine
+learning is making decisions based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is making decisions based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is making decisions based on
+studies that aren't that's SC yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that aren't that's SC yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that aren't that's SC yeah that
+could be a huge problem going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a huge problem going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a huge problem going forward
+yeah so it makes your class even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it makes your class even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it makes your class even more
+important um and I hope on ocw lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and I hope on ocw lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um and I hope on ocw lots of
+people and lots of Educators make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and lots of Educators make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and lots of Educators make use of
+the resources can I tell you about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources can I tell you about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources can I tell you about my
+favorite week yes please my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite week yes please my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite week yes please my favorite
+week is the week called but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is the week called but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week is the week called but the
+incentives oh yes okay so all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives oh yes okay so all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives oh yes okay so all the way
+through the class in every previous week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the class in every previous week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the class in every previous week
+when we talk about data sharing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about data sharing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about data sharing or
+pre-registration or publication models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration or publication models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-registration or publication models
+or science Communication in every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or science Communication in every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or science Communication in every week
+we would say here's an ideal way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say here's an ideal way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say here's an ideal way to do
+science and somebody would say but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and somebody would say but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and somebody would say but the
+incentives okay right and that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives okay right and that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives okay right and that so what
+did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that
+mean the people in the class was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the people in the class was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the people in the class was in
+those years um senior grad students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those years um senior grad students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those years um senior grad students and
+early stage post dos would be saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage post dos would be saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage post dos would be saying I
+want to do science in a way that reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do science in a way that reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do science in a way that reaches
+to a broad audience and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a broad audience and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a broad audience and that
+communicates transparently and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates transparently and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicates transparently and that
+allows for open scrutiny but I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for open scrutiny but I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for open scrutiny but I also want
+a career in professional academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a career in professional academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a career in professional academic
+science and the incentives for academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the incentives for academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the incentives for academic
+scientists are not aligned right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are not aligned right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are not aligned right they
+would say that what I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that what I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that what I'm going to be
+evaluated on is how many papers in how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on is how many papers in how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on is how many papers in how I
+high impact a journal I can produce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high impact a journal I can produce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high impact a journal I can produce in
+how short a time and so any time I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how short a time and so any time I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how short a time and so any time I spend
+on sharing my data or making my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sharing my data or making my code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sharing my data or making my code
+reusable or doing a pre-analysis plan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable or doing a pre-analysis plan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusable or doing a pre-analysis plan or
+communicating transparently any time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating transparently any time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating transparently any time I
+spend on that is time I'm taking away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on that is time I'm taking away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on that is time I'm taking away
+from winning this incentives game which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from winning this incentives game which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from winning this incentives game which
+is a competition over a super scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competition over a super scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competition over a super scarce
+resource that almost nobody wins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that almost nobody wins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that almost nobody wins and
+that I can only win by playing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can only win by playing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can only win by playing by the
+old game and so many people really cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old game and so many people really cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old game and so many people really cared
+but there was also a narrative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was also a narrative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was also a narrative of
+helplessness right that those of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helplessness right that those of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helplessness right that those of us in
+the room grad students and postto we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room grad students and postto we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room grad students and postto we
+can't do anything about this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything about this the
+academic incentives this exogenous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic incentives this exogenous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic incentives this exogenous thing
+outside us the big bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside us the big bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside us the big bad
+ogres um they control our Behavior by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ogres um they control our Behavior by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ogres um they control our Behavior by
+incentivizing what we do and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivizing what we do and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivizing what we do and what we
+don't do and so I figured I had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do and so I figured I had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do and so I figured I had to have
+a week on the incentives and like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week on the incentives and like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week on the incentives and like every
+week it had to have the same form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it had to have the same form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it had to have the same form that
+is the first half would be wallowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first half would be wallowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first half would be wallowing and
+we would wallow but in the second half I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would wallow but in the second half I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would wallow but in the second half I
+had to say there are things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say there are things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say there are things you can do
+there are tools we can use there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tools we can use there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tools we can use there's
+practices we can engage in we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices we can engage in we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices we can engage in we can change
+this that's the whole premise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the whole premise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's the whole premise of the
+class you have to leave every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you have to leave every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you have to leave every week
+feeling empowered so it was fun to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling empowered so it was fun to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling empowered so it was fun to think
+about what would that be what would I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would that be what would I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would that be what would I'm
+curious how do you Empower a class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how do you Empower a class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how do you Empower a class on
+the topic of the incentives and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of the incentives and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of the incentives and so I
+thought about that like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that like what are the
+tools that constitute the incentives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that constitute the incentives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that constitute the incentives and
+how do I Empower this room full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I Empower this room full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I Empower this room full of
+people in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in that
+context and so we did a bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and so we did a bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context and so we did a bunch of things
+we've done different things in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done different things in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done different things in different
+years but part of it as I said look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but part of it as I said look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but part of it as I said look the
+incentives what is socially valued in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives what is socially valued in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives what is socially valued in
+science that's us that's those of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's us that's those of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that's us that's those of us in
+the room what do we socially value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room what do we socially value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room what do we socially value and
+so we get to decide that and we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get to decide that and we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get to decide that and we get to
+put it into practice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into practice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into practice for
+example one of the incentives is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the incentives is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the incentives is who
+gets hired to prestigious academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hired to prestigious academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hired to prestigious academic
+departments my department is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments my department is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments my department is a
+prestigious academic department so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious academic department so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prestigious academic department so the
+first year I assigned my class to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year I assigned my class to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first year I assigned my class to read
+the job ad that was put out for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job ad that was put out for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job ad that was put out for my
+department that year and propose how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department that year and propose how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department that year and propose how
+they would like to change the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to change the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to change the language
+of the job ad so that open science would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the job ad so that open science would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the job ad so that open science would
+be welcomed by applicants to that ad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be welcomed by applicants to that ad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be welcomed by applicants to that ad and
+they made a bunch of proposals and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a bunch of proposals and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a bunch of proposals and I
+took those to my department leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those to my department leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those to my department leadership
+and the next year some of that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next year some of that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next year some of that language
+was in the job ad a it's fantastic right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the job ad a it's fantastic right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the job ad a it's fantastic right
+yeah this is stuff we can do yeah I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is stuff we can do yeah I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is stuff we can do yeah I love
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+thanks I mean I feel better great I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks I mean I feel better great I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks I mean I feel better great I feel
+like I've been through the wallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've been through the wallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I've been through the wallow
+empowerment cycle now like I can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment cycle now like I can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowerment cycle now like I can see how
+this course really works after week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course really works after week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course really works after week
+after week yeah it's must be a roller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after week yeah it's must be a roller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after week yeah it's must be a roller
+coaster for you but it is yeah um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaster for you but it is yeah um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaster for you but it is yeah um well
+let's tie it all back to to the sax lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's tie it all back to to the sax lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's tie it all back to to the sax lab
+like what would you like to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would you like to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what would you like to do to
+increase the transparency or robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the transparency or robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the transparency or robustness
+of science I know like you're doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science I know like you're doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science I know like you're doing all
+you can but aspirationally like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can but aspirationally like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can but aspirationally like what is
+the next step for your lab to reach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step for your lab to reach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next step for your lab to reach this
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open
+level it's interesting because I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's interesting because I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's interesting because I mean
+obviously there are many practices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there are many practices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there are many practices that
+my lab can continuously get better about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab can continuously get better about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab can continuously get better about
+and we do we are trying it's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do we are trying it's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do we are trying it's always a
+tradeoff but the main efforts in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but the main efforts in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff but the main efforts in my life
+on open science are not in my lab I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on open science are not in my lab I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on open science are not in my lab I mean
+as in I encourage the people in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in I encourage the people in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in I encourage the people in my lab
+to think about data management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about data management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about data management and
+resource sharing and Broad communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource sharing and Broad communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource sharing and Broad communication
+and you know openness to scrutiny we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know openness to scrutiny we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know openness to scrutiny we try
+to think about that but where I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that but where I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that but where I see the
+biggest potential for change or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest potential for change or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest potential for change or the
+biggest need for change is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest need for change is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest need for change is at the
+institutional levels higher than my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional levels higher than my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional levels higher than my lab
+so in my department and in the School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my department and in the School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my department and in the School of
+Science and at MIT more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and at MIT more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and at MIT more
+so for example and again this partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example and again this partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example and again this partly
+came out of the class right as I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the class right as I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the class right as I said in
+the incentives weeks I was thinking we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives weeks I was thinking we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incentives weeks I was thinking we
+get to decide what MIT values how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to decide what MIT values how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to decide what MIT values how would
+we do that and so partly as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that and so partly as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that and so partly as a result of
+that class um with Chris Bourg the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class um with Chris Bourg the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class um with Chris Bourg the
+director of the libraries we founded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the libraries we founded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of the libraries we founded the
+MIT prize for open data and so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT prize for open data and so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT prize for open data and so that is a
+financially remunerative but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially remunerative but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially remunerative but also
+reasonably high-profile prize for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high-profile prize for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high-profile prize for people
+at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+who are doing the work of making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing the work of making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are doing the work of making their
+science open and uh it's at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science open and uh it's at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science open and uh it's at the whole
+Institute level it's an incredible event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute level it's an incredible event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute level it's an incredible event
+by the way people come from across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way people come from across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way people come from across the
+whole Institute and it creates community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Institute and it creates community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Institute and it creates community
+and makes people see that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes people see that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes people see that they are
+recognized and valued for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and valued for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and valued for this thing
+they were doing because of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing because of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing because of their
+personal values right most of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal values right most of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal values right most of the people
+who worked really hard to make a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked really hard to make a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked really hard to make a data
+set open or to use an open data set in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set open or to use an open data set in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set open or to use an open data set in a
+creative way they were doing it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative way they were doing it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative way they were doing it because
+it aligned with their aspirations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it aligned with their aspirations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it aligned with their aspirations for
+Science and maybe they feared they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and maybe they feared they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science and maybe they feared they
+wouldn't get recognized for that or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get recognized for that or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get recognized for that or that
+there weren't other people who valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't other people who valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there weren't other people who valued
+them for that so to make a big Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for that so to make a big Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for that so to make a big Institute
+prize and have Institute leaders there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and have Institute leaders there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and have Institute leaders there
+and to give them big checks feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to give them big checks feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to give them big checks feels
+amazing that we can say we do value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing that we can say we do value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing that we can say we do value this
+we see you we appreciate you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see you we appreciate you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see you we appreciate you and and
+also help connect you to a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help connect you to a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help connect you to a network of
+other people who feel the same way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who feel the same way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who feel the same way yeah
+so I think that the the things I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the the things I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the the things I'm doing
+now are focused on with respect to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are focused on with respect to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are focused on with respect to my
+aspirations for open science are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations for open science are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirations for open science are mostly
+at the level of the school and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of the school and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of the school and The
+Institute rather than my lab yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute rather than my lab yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute rather than my lab yeah that's
+so interesting I'm curious if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting I'm curious if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting I'm curious if there are
+ways that everyday people uh like me can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that everyday people uh like me can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that everyday people uh like me can
+support robust science without being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support robust science without being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support robust science without being in
+a lab or you know without being part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab or you know without being part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab or you know without being part of
+an academic Department how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic Department how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic Department how can we
+support open science through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support open science through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support open science through our
+consumerism or reading or that's fun how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerism or reading or that's fun how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumerism or reading or that's fun how
+we engage with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we engage with our
+communities I love that question it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities I love that question it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities I love that question it
+immediately makes me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately makes me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately makes me think
+of a kind of broader value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of broader value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of broader value of
+intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual
+humility and kind of caution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humility and kind of caution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humility and kind of caution with
+oversimplified or over Grand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplified or over Grand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplified or over Grand or
+overconfident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overconfident
+claims that approach to science that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that approach to science that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims that approach to science that I
+really value in scientific training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value in scientific training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really value in scientific training and
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+communication feels connected to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication feels connected to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication feels connected to an
+approach to anything right I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to anything right I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to anything right I mean the
+public funds all of science right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public funds all of science right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public funds all of science right so in
+so far as you feel ownership of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far as you feel ownership of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far as you feel ownership of the
+government funding science in your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funding science in your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government funding science in your name
+I think endorsing and supporting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think endorsing and supporting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think endorsing and supporting the
+requirements for openness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for openness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for openness and
+transparency that feels important I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that feels important I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that feels important I mean
+you are not only a person you're also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not only a person you're also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not only a person you're also a
+member of MIT MIT has as an institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of MIT MIT has as an institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of MIT MIT has as an institution
+made a bunch of Brave choices around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a bunch of Brave choices around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a bunch of Brave choices around
+openness um including founding some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness um including founding some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openness um including founding some of
+the first open Registries and going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first open Registries and going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first open Registries and going out
+of contract with severe there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contract with severe there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of contract with severe there's a bunch
+of institutional choices that MIT made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of institutional choices that MIT made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of institutional choices that MIT made
+and having people who feel affiliated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having people who feel affiliated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having people who feel affiliated
+with MIT support and value that stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT support and value that stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with MIT support and value that stand up
+for it I think helps a lot helps make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I think helps a lot helps make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it I think helps a lot helps make
+the people who made that choice feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who made that choice feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who made that choice feel
+empowered to keep doing it well I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to keep doing it well I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowered to keep doing it well I'll
+tell you what I think we need oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I think we need oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what I think we need oh yeah
+thanks great I think like as a citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks great I think like as a citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks great I think like as a citizen
+like it would be super helpful to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would be super helpful to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would be super helpful to have
+like a handy list of questions to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a handy list of questions to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a handy list of questions to let's
+say ask my doctor when she refers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ask my doctor when she refers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ask my doctor when she refers a
+study to me I could ask you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to me I could ask you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to me I could ask you know well
+how transparent that's study and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how transparent that's study and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how transparent that's study and you
+know is the is it replicable and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the is it replicable and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is the is it replicable and how do
+you know that or if I'm at my community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that or if I'm at my community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that or if I'm at my community
+meeting and there's a water study I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and there's a water study I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and there's a water study I
+could ask well you know I love that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask well you know I love that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask well you know I love that but
+like I I don't necessarily have that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I don't necessarily have that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I I don't necessarily have that in
+my back pocket but scientists could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back pocket but scientists could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my back pocket but scientists could
+conceivably kind of make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably kind of make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivably kind of make a list of
+questions that as a citizen I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that as a citizen I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that as a citizen I could
+leverage to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage to sort of
+be one voice saying open and transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one voice saying open and transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one voice saying open and transparent
+science is important and if I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is important and if I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is important and if I'm asking
+and other people are asking and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people are asking and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people are asking and all of
+the sudden all the consumers are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudden all the consumers are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sudden all the consumers are kind of
+demanding that kind of science then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that kind of science then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding that kind of science then you
+know we can see change love that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can see change love that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can see change love that that's
+fabulous yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous yes
+please let's put it on Open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let's put it on Open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let's put it on Open course
+whereare soon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare soon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereare soon for
+everybody that was Rebecca Sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that was Rebecca Sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that was Rebecca Sachs
+instructor for course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor for course
+9.41 tools for robust science which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.41 tools for robust science which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.41 tools for robust science which you
+can find on MIT open courseware as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on MIT open courseware as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on MIT open courseware as
+always her coursework is openly licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always her coursework is openly licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always her coursework is openly licensed
+so you can reuse and remix her materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can reuse and remix her materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can reuse and remix her materials
+in your own teaching and learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own teaching and learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own teaching and learning you
+can help others find the materials too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help others find the materials too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help others find the materials too
+by subscribing to the podcast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subscribing to the podcast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subscribing to the podcast and
+leaving us a rating and review thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us a rating and review thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving us a rating and review thank you
+so much for listening until next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much for listening until next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much for listening until next time
+signing off from Cambridge Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from Cambridge Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing off from Cambridge Massachusetts
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+include myself red bchi and Dave LAN Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself red bchi and Dave LAN Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself red bchi and Dave LAN Yi
+the show notes for this episode were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+written by Peter Chipman Jason player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman Jason player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman Jason player
+made our YouTube cassette and sheba neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our YouTube cassette and sheba neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made our YouTube cassette and sheba neat
+Naser built the course on our website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naser built the course on our website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naser built the course on our website
+we're funded by MIT open learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by MIT open learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're funded by MIT open learning and
+supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters like you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/THR1YOKVdtk.txt b/THR1YOKVdtk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e41dec26730db7b60b388010262d44ab6d5ac1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/THR1YOKVdtk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu last time I told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time I told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu last time I told you about
+Ana jeans anco genes um we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana jeans anco genes um we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ana jeans anco genes um we discussed the
+fact that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that these
+were gain of function mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gain of function mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gain of function mutations that
+occur in cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in cancer
+cells they occur in normal cells as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they occur in normal cells as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they occur in normal cells as they
+develop into cancer cells and then occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop into cancer cells and then occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop into cancer cells and then occur
+in cancer cells and we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer cells and we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer cells and we discussed the
+fact that these are dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations and this was exemplified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and this was exemplified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and this was exemplified by
+the winberg experiment in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winberg experiment in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winberg experiment in which he
+transferred a dominant enene into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred a dominant enene into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred a dominant enene into a
+quote unquote normal cell and caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote normal cell and caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote normal cell and caused
+that cell to become transformed despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell to become transformed despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell to become transformed despite
+the fact that it had normal copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it had normal copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it had normal copies of
+the same gene in its genome definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene in its genome definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same gene in its genome definition
+of a dominant mutation we also talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dominant mutation we also talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a dominant mutation we also talked
+about tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes and tumor suppressor genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and tumor suppressor genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and tumor suppressor genes
+importantly carry within them loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly carry within them loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly carry within them loss of
+function mutations in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mutations in the context of
+cancer loss of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer loss of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer loss of function
+mutations as such these mutations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recessive recessive mutations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive recessive mutations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive recessive mutations at the
+cellular level it's necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level it's necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular level it's necessary to
+inactivate both copies of a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate both copies of a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate both copies of a tumor
+suppressor Gene in order to give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene in order to give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene in order to give rise to
+a cell that's lacking that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell that's lacking that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell that's lacking that function
+altogether and that's a cell that is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and that's a cell that is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and that's a cell that is on
+its way to becoming a cancer cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way to becoming a cancer cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its way to becoming a cancer cell and
+these La these loss of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these La these loss of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these La these loss of function
+mutations can be various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might find nonsense mutations in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find nonsense mutations in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might find nonsense mutations in a
+tumor suppressor Gene blocks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor Gene blocks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor Gene blocks the
+production of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein you might find a deletion takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you might find a deletion takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein you might find a deletion takes
+out the entire gene or a big portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the entire gene or a big portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the entire gene or a big portion of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gene you might find a frame shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene you might find a frame shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene you might find a frame shift
+mutation again blocks the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation again blocks the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation again blocks the ability to
+make any protein or much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein and I also told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and I also told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and I also told you about
+chromosome loss events the loss of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome loss events the loss of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome loss events the loss of the
+chromosome that carries the normal copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that carries the normal copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that carries the normal copy
+of the tumor suppressor Gene as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tumor suppressor Gene as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tumor suppressor Gene as a
+frequent second event to lose the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent second event to lose the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent second event to lose the wild
+type the remaining wild type copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the remaining wild type copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type the remaining wild type copy of the
+gene okay so this is just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay so this is just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene okay so this is just a little bit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+review now I framed the discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review now I framed the discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review now I framed the discussion about
+enogen and tumor suppressor genes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enogen and tumor suppressor genes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enogen and tumor suppressor genes from
+the point of view of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of cell division
+control and the production of more cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the production of more cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the production of more cells
+through the action of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations and indeed cancer is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and indeed cancer is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and indeed cancer is a product
+of inappropriate cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+division and the two genes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and the two genes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and the two genes that we
+discussed in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some
+detail regulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process the RAS Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the RAS Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the RAS Gene
+and the product enog gen stimulate cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product enog gen stimulate cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product enog gen stimulate cell
+division the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+inhibits cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+division when we consider the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division when we consider the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division when we consider the kinds of
+mutations that we have in these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that we have in these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that we have in these genes
+that regulate the cell division process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate the cell division process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate the cell division process
+in the case of the RAS Gene we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the RAS Gene we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the RAS Gene we find
+activating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating
+mutations and in the case of the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and in the case of the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and in the case of the tumor
+suppressor Gene RB we find inactivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations Ras is an enog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations Ras is an enog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations Ras is an enog
+gen RB is a tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen RB is a tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen RB is a tumor suppressor Gene
+activating mutations in the enag gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating mutations in the enag gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating mutations in the enag gene
+inactivating mutations in the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivating mutations in the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivating mutations in the tumor
+suppressor Gene but cancer isn't only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene but cancer isn't only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene but cancer isn't only
+about cell division it's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cell division it's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cell division it's really about
+cell number inappropriate cell number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell number inappropriate cell number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell number inappropriate cell number
+and there's another important process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another important process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another important process to
+remember in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apoptosis programmed cell death which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis programmed cell death which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis programmed cell death which
+I've referred to many times in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've referred to many times in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've referred to many times in many
+different contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apoptosis which results in dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis which results in dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis which results in dead
+cells and failure to undergo apoptosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and failure to undergo apoptosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and failure to undergo apoptosis
+properly will likewise result in too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly will likewise result in too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly will likewise result in too
+many cells which again can be cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causing we have genes that regulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing we have genes that regulate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing we have genes that regulate this
+process for example the p 53 Gene which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for example the p 53 Gene which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for example the p 53 Gene which
+we'll discuss in some more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss in some more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss in some more detail
+positively regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively regulates
+apoptosis and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis and another
+Gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene called
+bcl2 which negatively regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apoptosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis is
+p-53 an enene or a tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 an enene or a tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 an enene or a tumor suppressor
+Gene enene tumor suppressor Gene good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene enene tumor suppressor Gene good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene enene tumor suppressor Gene good
+p-53 is a very important tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 is a very important tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 is a very important tumor
+suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene
+it is inactivated in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is inactivated in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is inactivated in the context of
+cancer because you want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer because you want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer because you want to get rid of
+apoptosis as you're developing cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis as you're developing cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis as you're developing cancer
+cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is
+bcl2 an enkco gene or a tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcl2 an enkco gene or a tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcl2 an enkco gene or a tumor suppressor
+Gene it's an enco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene it's an enco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene it's an enco
+Gene we find gain of function mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene we find gain of function mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene we find gain of function mutations
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+bcl2 producing more of this inhibitor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcl2 producing more of this inhibitor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcl2 producing more of this inhibitor of
+apoptosis in the context of cancer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis in the context of cancer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis in the context of cancer to
+block apoptosis leading to an increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block apoptosis leading to an increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block apoptosis leading to an increased
+number of developing cancer cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of developing cancer cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of developing cancer cells okay
+so enogen and tumor suppressor genes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enogen and tumor suppressor genes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so enogen and tumor suppressor genes can
+regulate these two processes differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate these two processes differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate these two processes differently
+as you can see Inhibitors in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see Inhibitors in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see Inhibitors in this case
+stimulators in this case in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulators in this case in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulators in this case in the context
+of tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tumor suppressor
+genes all right a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes all right a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes all right a little bit more about
+p-53 which is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 which is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 which is probably the most
+important cancer Gene of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important cancer Gene of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important cancer Gene of all it's
+mutated in at least 50% of all human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated in at least 50% of all human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated in at least 50% of all human
+tumors and p-53 is known to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors and p-53 is known to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors and p-53 is known to function
+as a molecular policeman of sorts it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a molecular policeman of sorts it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a molecular policeman of sorts it's
+sensitive to various perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to various perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to various perturbations
+within the cell for example DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damage DNA damage will feed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage DNA damage will feed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage DNA damage will feed into the
+p-53 regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathway as will a fascinating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway as will a fascinating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway as will a fascinating process
+which is still incompletely understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still incompletely understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still incompletely understood
+where the cell can recognize that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell can recognize that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell can recognize that it's
+dividing inappropriately abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing inappropriately abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing inappropriately abnormal
+proliferation cell is dividing when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation cell is dividing when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation cell is dividing when it
+shouldn't this gets detected and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't this gets detected and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't this gets detected and this
+too can feed into the p-53 pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too can feed into the p-53 pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too can feed into the p-53 pathway and
+this leads to an increase in the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to an increase in the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to an increase in the levels
+of the p-53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein p53 is a transcription Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein p53 is a transcription Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein p53 is a transcription Factor it
+regulates the expression of other genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates the expression of other genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates the expression of other genes
+and the genes that it regulates fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the genes that it regulates fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the genes that it regulates fall
+into two broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+categories some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories some of
+which cause the cell to undergo cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cause the cell to undergo cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cause the cell to undergo cell
+cycle arrest when the p53 pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle arrest when the p53 pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle arrest when the p53 pathway is
+activated under certain circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated under certain circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated under certain circumstances
+the cells are instructed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arrest during which time whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest during which time whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest during which time whatever the
+damage is can be fixed before the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is can be fixed before the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage is can be fixed before the cell
+continues to cycle if there's DNA damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to cycle if there's DNA damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to cycle if there's DNA damage
+the cell might arrest fix the damage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell might arrest fix the damage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell might arrest fix the damage and
+then continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then continue
+on in addition p-53 regulates apoptosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in addition p-53 regulates apoptosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in addition p-53 regulates apoptosis
+as I mentioned a few moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned a few moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned a few moments
+ago causing the cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago causing the cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago causing the cells to
+die causing the damaged cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die and that's good because dead cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and that's good because dead cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and that's good because dead cells
+make no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make no
+tumors this is a Sacrifice by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors this is a Sacrifice by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors this is a Sacrifice by the
+individual cell who has been damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell who has been damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual cell who has been damaged
+basically saying I'm in trouble killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying I'm in trouble killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying I'm in trouble killing
+itself and allowing the organism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and allowing the organism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and allowing the organism to
+survive okay and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive okay and this is a very
+important process in cancer prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important process in cancer prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important process in cancer prevention
+we now know and I'll tell you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know and I'll tell you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know and I'll tell you some
+examples how we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples how we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples how we know that
+momentarily okay so I've introduced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily okay so I've introduced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentarily okay so I've introduced you
+to a couple of different enogen a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of different enogen a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a couple of different enogen a couple
+of different tumor suppressor genes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different tumor suppressor genes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different tumor suppressor genes I
+want to focus a little bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus a little bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus a little bit more on the
+tumor suppressor genes in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect we touched on this last time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect we touched on this last time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect we touched on this last time but
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly tumor suppressor genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tumor suppressor genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly tumor suppressor genes in
+sporadically occurring Cancers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadically occurring Cancers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadically occurring Cancers and
+sporadic means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they have the individual has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the individual has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the individual has no
+family history of that particular cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family history of that particular cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family history of that particular cancer
+type sort of a chance event and tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type sort of a chance event and tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type sort of a chance event and tumor
+suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor
+genes in sporadic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in sporadic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in sporadic
+cancers require two mutational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers require two mutational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers require two mutational
+events and I describe these as hits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and I describe these as hits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and I describe these as hits and
+we typically do describe them as hits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do describe them as hits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do describe them as hits in
+the context of tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of tumor suppressor Gene
+inactivation sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivation sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivation sometimes it's
+mutations sometimes it's mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations sometimes it's mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations sometimes it's mutations
+coupled with chromosome loss as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with chromosome loss as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled with chromosome loss as the
+second hit but regardless the mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hit but regardless the mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second hit but regardless the mutations
+two mutations are necessary to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutations are necessary to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutations are necessary to get rid
+of both copies of the tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both copies of the tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both copies of the tumor suppressor
+Gene and I also briefly introduce you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and I also briefly introduce you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and I also briefly introduce you to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact that tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes are often not always but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are often not always but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are often not always but for the
+most part familial cancer syndromes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part familial cancer syndromes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part familial cancer syndromes
+where the individuals have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the individuals have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the individuals have a
+predisposition to developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to developing a
+particular type of cancer are caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of cancer are caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of cancer are caused by
+inherited mutations in tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes so one of the hits one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes so one of the hits one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes so one of the hits one of the
+mutations is inherited from one parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations is inherited from one parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations is inherited from one parent
+meaning that every cell in that person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that every cell in that person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that every cell in that person's
+body carries one of the mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body carries one of the mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body carries one of the mutations
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that only one hit one mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that only one hit one mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that only one hit one mutation
+is required somatically that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required somatically that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required somatically that is in the
+in the individual's own cells in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the individual's own cells in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the individual's own cells in their
+body and this is why these individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and this is why these individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and this is why these individuals
+are cancer prone because they're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cancer prone because they're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cancer prone because they're one
+step away from lacking the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away from lacking the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step away from lacking the tumor
+suppressor Gene altogether whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene altogether whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene altogether whereas in
+most people two mutational events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people two mutational events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people two mutational events are
+necessary and it's rare not not never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it's rare not not never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and it's rare not not never
+but rare to get those two mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rare to get those two mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rare to get those two mutations
+and I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly this pedigree which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly this pedigree which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly this pedigree which is a
+pedigree of familial retinoblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree of familial retinoblastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree of familial retinoblastoma
+where the individuals inherit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the individuals inherit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the individuals inherit a
+defective copy of the RB Gene and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective copy of the RB Gene and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective copy of the RB Gene and as
+such are predisposed to the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such are predisposed to the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such are predisposed to the development
+of this tumor of the eye and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tumor of the eye and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this tumor of the eye and in fact
+they will develop the tumor typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will develop the tumor typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will develop the tumor typically in
+both eyes and typically multiple fosi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both eyes and typically multiple fosi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both eyes and typically multiple fosi of
+tumor so they inherit a defective copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor so they inherit a defective copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor so they inherit a defective copy
+of the gene from one parent and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene from one parent and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene from one parent and they go
+on to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to develop the
+disease uh at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease uh at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease uh at high
+frequency when you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when you look at this
+pedigree remembering back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree remembering back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigree remembering back to your
+lessons in cancer in uh disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genetics this looks like an autosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics this looks like an autosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics this looks like an autosomal
+dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disease if you inherit the disease alal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you inherit the disease alal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you inherit the disease alal
+you have a very high likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high likelihood of
+developing the disease regardless of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the disease regardless of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the disease regardless of who
+your other parent was it looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other parent was it looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your other parent was it looks like an
+autosomal dominant disease with actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autosomal dominant disease with actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autosomal dominant disease with actually
+incomplete penetrance as we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete penetrance as we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete penetrance as we can see here
+and we'll talk more about this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk more about this in a
+second an autosomal dominant disease but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an autosomal dominant disease but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an autosomal dominant disease but
+interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've been talking about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about the fact that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations are actually recessive so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are actually recessive so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are actually recessive so this
+seems confusing so who can explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems confusing so who can explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems confusing so who can explain it
+how do we have a recessive mutation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have a recessive mutation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we have a recessive mutation at
+the cellular level causing what appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellular level causing what appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cellular level causing what appears
+to be an autosomal dominant disease who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an autosomal dominant disease who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an autosomal dominant disease who
+can answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer that
+question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly exactly you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly you are
+predisposed and there's a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed and there's a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed and there's a very high
+likelihood that in some or in fact many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that in some or in fact many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that in some or in fact many
+of your cells this second event will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your cells this second event will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your cells this second event will
+occur it's almost guaranteed and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur it's almost guaranteed and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur it's almost guaranteed and since
+it's almost guaranteed if you inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost guaranteed if you inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost guaranteed if you inherit
+just one mutation you will develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one mutation you will develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one mutation you will develop the
+disease and therefore it appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and therefore it appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and therefore it appears to be
+at the organismal level autosomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the organismal level autosomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the organismal level autosomal
+dominant because your predisposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant because your predisposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant because your predisposition
+nearly always guarantees that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly always guarantees that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly always guarantees that you will
+develop the disease even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the disease even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the disease even though the
+mutations at the cellular level are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations at the cellular level are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations at the cellular level are
+recessive and so with that in mind as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive and so with that in mind as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive and so with that in mind as we
+consider this pedigree similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this pedigree similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this pedigree similar to the
+one I just showed you where one parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just showed you where one parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just showed you where one parent
+is heterozygous for the mutation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heterozygous for the mutation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heterozygous for the mutation the
+loss of function mutation passes that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function mutation passes that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of function mutation passes that on
+to uh the Next Generation and Beyond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the Next Generation and Beyond in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the Next Generation and Beyond in
+this individual as well as the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual as well as the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this individual as well as the other
+ones shown with the dark uh symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones shown with the dark uh symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones shown with the dark uh symbols
+where a tumor did develop what is a NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a tumor did develop what is a NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a tumor did develop what is a NE
+Neary second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neary second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neary second
+event the loss of the wild type oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the loss of the wild type oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the loss of the wild type oil
+either by a second mutation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by a second mutation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by a second mutation or a
+chromosome loss event and that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome loss event and that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome loss event and that happens
+at very high frequency in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high frequency in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very high frequency in the case of
+retinol blastoma it typically happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinol blastoma it typically happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinol blastoma it typically happens in
+a dozen cells in the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen cells in the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dozen cells in the developing
+retina leading to an average of a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina leading to an average of a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina leading to an average of a dozen
+independent tumors in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tumors in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tumors in those
+kids okay but now let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids okay but now let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids okay but now let's think about this
+individual here who did inherit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here who did inherit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual here who did inherit the
+defect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect of
+alil because he actually passed it on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil because he actually passed it on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil because he actually passed it on to
+his three sons but he himself did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his three sons but he himself did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his three sons but he himself did not
+develop retinoblastoma how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop retinoblastoma how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop retinoblastoma how can we
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+that why was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spared well there are two general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared well there are two general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spared well there are two general
+explanations first he was incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations first he was incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations first he was incredibly
+lucky although it's highly likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky although it's highly likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky although it's highly likely that
+some cell or cells and the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cell or cells and the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cell or cells and the developing
+retina will mutate the normal copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina will mutate the normal copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina will mutate the normal copy of
+the gene in him it just did didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene in him it just did didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene in him it just did didn't
+happen he got lucky none of his cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen he got lucky none of his cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen he got lucky none of his cells
+mutated the normal copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated the normal copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated the normal copy of the
+gene his eyes developed normally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene his eyes developed normally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene his eyes developed normally and
+after that point actually the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point actually the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that point actually the cells are
+much less sensitive to mutation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less sensitive to mutation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less sensitive to mutation and
+therefore after about three or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore after about three or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore after about three or five
+years of old years of age you typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of old years of age you typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of old years of age you typically
+wouldn't develop the tumor so he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't develop the tumor so he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't develop the tumor so he might
+be incredibly lucky or it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be incredibly lucky or it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be incredibly lucky or it might be that
+in him because of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in him because of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in him because of some other
+inherited Al of some other Gene even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited Al of some other Gene even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited Al of some other Gene even if
+he were to lose the wild type Al of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he were to lose the wild type Al of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he were to lose the wild type Al of the
+RB Gene it wouldn't matter because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB Gene it wouldn't matter because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB Gene it wouldn't matter because he's
+got some other Gene that's functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some other Gene that's functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some other Gene that's functioning
+maybe in the place of the RB Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the place of the RB Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in the place of the RB Gene
+leading to him to be protected and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to him to be protected and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to him to be protected and these
+two possibilities exist and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities exist and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities exist and we have
+examples of how both can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how both can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how both can be
+important okay final question on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay final question on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay final question on this
+slide what would happen if an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide what would happen if an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide what would happen if an individual
+inherited a mutation from both parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited a mutation from both parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited a mutation from both parents
+and was there for homozygous for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was there for homozygous for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was there for homozygous for a
+mutation in a tumor suppressor Gene what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in a tumor suppressor Gene what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation in a tumor suppressor Gene what
+do you think would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think would happen
+yeah the answer was they would be still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the answer was they would be still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the answer was they would be still
+born or they wouldn't make it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born or they wouldn't make it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born or they wouldn't make it out of
+embryogenesis and that's usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis and that's usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis and that's usually the
+case and we know that not so much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we know that not so much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we know that not so much from
+the study of people who are homozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of people who are homozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of people who are homozygous
+for these mutations because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these mutations because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these mutations because it's
+actually quite rare to find people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite rare to find people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite rare to find people who
+are heterozygous who have children so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heterozygous who have children so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are heterozygous who have children so
+the number of such examples is few but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such examples is few but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of such examples is few but
+we know it from knockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mice all of these tumors suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all of these tumors suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all of these tumors suppressor
+genes exist within uh the mouse genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes exist within uh the mouse genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes exist within uh the mouse genome
+as well and my group and and others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and my group and and others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and my group and and others have
+made mice with mutations in these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mice with mutations in these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made mice with mutations in these genes
+and actually we know that in fact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we know that in fact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually we know that in fact for
+many of the tumor suppressor genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the tumor suppressor genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the tumor suppressor genes that
+we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care
+about like the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the RB tumor suppressor Gene
+if one creates a homozygous mutant mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one creates a homozygous mutant mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one creates a homozygous mutant mouse
+or the APC tumor suppressor Gene which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the APC tumor suppressor Gene which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the APC tumor suppressor Gene which
+is important in colon cancer prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in colon cancer prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important in colon cancer prevention
+or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+brca1 tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brca1 tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brca1 tumor suppressor
+Gene which is important in breast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene which is important in breast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene which is important in breast and
+ovarian cancer prevention in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovarian cancer prevention in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovarian cancer prevention in all of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases the embryos don't survive and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the embryos don't survive and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the embryos don't survive and they
+die at different points along the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die at different points along the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die at different points along the way of
+embryogenesis and it's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis and it's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis and it's actually not
+because they develop lots of cancer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they develop lots of cancer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they develop lots of cancer as
+embryos although you might have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryos although you might have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryos although you might have thought
+that was true they die because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true they die because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was true they die because these
+genes are actually important in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are actually important in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are actually important in normal
+development they're not there just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they're not there just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they're not there just to
+protect against cancer they're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against cancer they're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against cancer they're there
+because they play a role in regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they play a role in regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they play a role in regulating
+normal cell division processes normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division processes normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division processes normal
+cell death processes normal physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death processes normal physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell death processes normal physiology
+such that when they're missing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when they're missing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when they're missing the
+embryo can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo can't
+survive there's actually one exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive there's actually one exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive there's actually one exception
+to this well I shouldn't say it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this well I shouldn't say it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this well I shouldn't say it that way
+there are a few exceptions to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few exceptions to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few exceptions to this but
+one notable exception to this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one notable exception to this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one notable exception to this and that
+happens to be the p-53 tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the p-53 tumor suppressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the p-53 tumor suppressor
+gen that I've introduced you to my group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen that I've introduced you to my group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen that I've introduced you to my group
+and others have made animals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others have made animals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others have made animals that are
+mutant for p53 either heterozygous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant for p53 either heterozygous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant for p53 either heterozygous for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutation what would you expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation what would you expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation what would you expect the
+phenotype of these mice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype of these mice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype of these mice to
+be are they going to be totally normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are they going to be totally normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are they going to be totally normal
+mice do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are in fact cancer prone they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in fact cancer prone they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in fact cancer prone they look
+like those people with inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those people with inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those people with inherited
+predisposition to cancer they carry one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to cancer they carry one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to cancer they carry one
+mutant copy of a tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant copy of a tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant copy of a tumor suppressor Gene
+and they're one mutational event away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're one mutational event away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're one mutational event away
+from lacking the tumor suppressor Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lacking the tumor suppressor Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lacking the tumor suppressor Gene
+altogether and that happens at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and that happens at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and that happens at some
+frequency in their cells and the mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in their cells and the mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in their cells and the mice
+will go on to develop cancer and die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go on to develop cancer and die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go on to develop cancer and die
+early for that reason we cross these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early for that reason we cross these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early for that reason we cross these
+mice together with an expectation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice together with an expectation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice together with an expectation that
+again they would not survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+embryogenesis but in fact to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis but in fact to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis but in fact to our
+surprise you can make a fully p-53 null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you can make a fully p-53 null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you can make a fully p-53 null
+Mouse and what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse and what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse and what do you think the
+phenotype of that Mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's very cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prone because this is a mouse that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone because this is a mouse that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone because this is a mouse that in
+all of its cells this very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its cells this very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its cells this very important
+tumor suppressor Gene is lacking normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor Gene is lacking normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor suppressor Gene is lacking normal
+mice will live about 2 and a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice will live about 2 and a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice will live about 2 and a half to
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+years these mice will live about one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years these mice will live about one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years these mice will live about one and
+a half years and die from cancer as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half years and die from cancer as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half years and die from cancer as a
+consequence these mice will live about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence these mice will live about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence these mice will live about
+four to six months and die from cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six months and die from cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six months and die from cancer
+so p-53 is actually not important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p-53 is actually not important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so p-53 is actually not important in
+normal development it is a true tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal development it is a true tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal development it is a true tumor
+suppressor Gene it probably evolved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene it probably evolved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor Gene it probably evolved to
+protect cells against the kind of damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect cells against the kind of damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect cells against the kind of damage
+that is inflicted on cells in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is inflicted on cells in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is inflicted on cells in an
+individual's Lifetime and if that damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's Lifetime and if that damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's Lifetime and if that damage
+is sufficiently great the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently great the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently great the cells are
+eliminated or rest permanently so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated or rest permanently so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated or rest permanently so they
+will not develop into cancer cells it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not develop into cancer cells it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not develop into cancer cells it's
+a true tumor suppressor Gene in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true tumor suppressor Gene in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a true tumor suppressor Gene in that
+case Okay so I've told you about Ena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so I've told you about Ena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so I've told you about Ena
+genes and tumor suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes we are now entering an era over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we are now entering an era over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes we are now entering an era over
+the last couple of years really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many many
+more cancer genes are being discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancer genes are being discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancer genes are being discovered
+through the application of genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the application of genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the application of genomic
+sequencing in the context of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing in the context of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing in the context of cancer
+cancer genomics is all the rage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genomics is all the rage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genomics is all the rage
+including here at MIT for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including here at MIT for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including here at MIT for example in the
+broad Institute and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad Institute and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad Institute and there are many
+papers appearing in the literature like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers appearing in the literature like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers appearing in the literature like
+these looking at the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these looking at the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these looking at the complexity of the
+Genome of individual cancers like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome of individual cancers like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome of individual cancers like this
+study out of the broad on prostate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study out of the broad on prostate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study out of the broad on prostate
+cancer and this study out of the Sanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and this study out of the Sanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and this study out of the Sanger
+Institute in England on small cell lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in England on small cell lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in England on small cell lung
+cancer all the genes or the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer all the genes or the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer all the genes or the entire
+genomes of lots of different cancers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes of lots of different cancers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes of lots of different cancers are
+being sequenced and compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sequenced and compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sequenced and compared to the
+normal DNA of the same individual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal DNA of the same individual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal DNA of the same individual to
+catalog all of the mutations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog all of the mutations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog all of the mutations that are
+present within an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tumor and although there are differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and although there are differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and although there are differences
+depending on the cancer type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the average cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genome actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome actually has
+hundreds and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations small cell lung cancer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations small cell lung cancer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations small cell lung cancer for
+example has tens of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has tens of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example has tens of thousands of
+mutations compared to normal cells of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations compared to normal cells of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations compared to normal cells of
+the lung why because they arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lung why because they arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lung why because they arise
+following years of exposure to cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following years of exposure to cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following years of exposure to cigarette
+smoke which carries mutagens that bathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke which carries mutagens that bathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke which carries mutagens that bathe
+the DNA in mutation causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA in mutation causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA in mutation causing
+chemicals leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals leading to
+mutations now not all of the mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations now not all of the mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations now not all of the mutations
+that you find in a cancer cell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in a cancer cell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find in a cancer cell are
+relevant to the cancer phenotype in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the cancer phenotype in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the cancer phenotype in fact
+we think that there's only amongst all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that there's only amongst all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that there's only amongst all
+those mutations that are found is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mutations that are found is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mutations that are found is only
+about five to 20 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations in enogen or tumor supressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in enogen or tumor supressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in enogen or tumor supressor
+genes and we call these mutations driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations driver mutations meaning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations driver mutations meaning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations driver mutations meaning they
+actually are participating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are participating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are participating in the
+development of the tumor causing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the tumor causing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of the tumor causing some
+aspect of the cancer phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the remainder we call passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations silent mutations mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations silent mutations mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations silent mutations mutations
+actually don't do anything to the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't do anything to the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't do anything to the cancer
+cell but they just happened to occur at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but they just happened to occur at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell but they just happened to occur at
+the same time or in the lifetime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time or in the lifetime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time or in the lifetime of the
+cancer cell when another important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell when another important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell when another important
+mutation took place so that clone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation took place so that clone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation took place so that clone of
+cells that develops carries those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that develops carries those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that develops carries those
+mutations too but they're not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations too but they're not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations too but they're not actually
+contributing to the cancer phenotype so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the cancer phenotype so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing to the cancer phenotype so
+among the hundreds and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the hundreds and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the hundreds and thousands of
+mutations some of them really matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations some of them really matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations some of them really matter and
+some of them are just going along for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are just going along for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are just going along for
+the ride okay it makes the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ride okay it makes the analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ride okay it makes the analysis of
+the cancer genome much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer genome much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer genome much more complicated
+actually because it's hard to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because it's hard to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because it's hard to tell
+what's a passenger and what's a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a passenger and what's a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a passenger and what's a driver
+um but increasingly we're recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but increasingly we're recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but increasingly we're recognizing
+what are the important ones and focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the important ones and focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the important ones and focusing
+our attention on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attention on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our attention on
+them okay that's all I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's all I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's all I'm going to tell
+you about cancer genetics and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about cancer genetics and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about cancer genetics and I want to
+now turn turn my attention for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn turn my attention for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now turn turn my attention for the last
+25 minutes and I may run over a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 minutes and I may run over a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 minutes and I may run over a little
+bit so I ask for your patience if I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I ask for your patience if I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I ask for your patience if I run
+over a little bit because I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit because I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit because I do want to
+finish this to talk about cancer therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this to talk about cancer therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this to talk about cancer therapy
+before I make the switch to cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I make the switch to cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I make the switch to cancer
+therapy I want to first introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I want to first introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I want to first introduce the
+concept of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prevention a lot of us work on cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention a lot of us work on cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention a lot of us work on cancer
+genes and cancer genetics to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and cancer genetics to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and cancer genetics to understand
+how to treat cancer better but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to treat cancer better but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to treat cancer better but in the
+future hopefully we'll have many fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future hopefully we'll have many fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future hopefully we'll have many fewer
+cancers to treat because we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers to treat because we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers to treat because we'll be able
+to prevent them if people would stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent them if people would stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent them if people would stop
+smoking we'd have 80% fewer lung cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking we'd have 80% fewer lung cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking we'd have 80% fewer lung cancers
+to treat if you use sunblock and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat if you use sunblock and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat if you use sunblock and stay
+out of the sun we'll have fewer skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sun we'll have fewer skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sun we'll have fewer skin
+cancers to treat and so forth better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers to treat and so forth better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers to treat and so forth better
+diet and ex exercise will prevent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet and ex exercise will prevent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet and ex exercise will prevent a lot
+of other types of cancers so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other types of cancers so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other types of cancers so there are
+lifestyle things that can lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle things that can lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifestyle things that can lower the
+number of cancers in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cancers in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cancers in the context of
+cancer prevention there's also ways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer prevention there's also ways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer prevention there's also ways is
+to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent
+Agents from producing cancer in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agents from producing cancer in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agents from producing cancer in your
+body and the best example of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the best example of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the best example of that is
+gardisil gardisil is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardisil gardisil is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gardisil gardisil is an example of
+cancer prevention involving a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+virus human papiloma virus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus human papiloma virus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus human papiloma virus and
+specifically human papiloma viruses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically human papiloma viruses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically human papiloma viruses
+which are described as the high risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type human papiloma viruses or HPV of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type human papiloma viruses or HPV of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type human papiloma viruses or HPV of
+the high risk type can cause cervical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high risk type can cause cervical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high risk type can cause cervical
+cancer they are the main reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer they are the main reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer they are the main reason that
+women develop cervical cancer and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women develop cervical cancer and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women develop cervical cancer and their
+responsible for other types of cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for other types of cancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for other types of cancers
+as well including in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+men and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know that a normal cell of the cervix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a normal cell of the cervix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that a normal cell of the cervix
+when infected by the human papiloma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when infected by the human papiloma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when infected by the human papiloma
+virus will at some frequency and after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus will at some frequency and after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus will at some frequency and after a
+period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time develop into cervical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer this suggests that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer this suggests that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer this suggests that the
+virus some genes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus some genes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus some genes of the
+virus are changing the cell's Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus are changing the cell's Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus are changing the cell's Behavior
+in such a way that it develops into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that it develops into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that it develops into
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so something in the virus is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so something in the virus is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so something in the virus is causing
+the cells to divide abnormally into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to divide abnormally into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to divide abnormally into a
+tumor and this has been studied at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and this has been studied at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor and this has been studied at
+length and we now know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and we now know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and we now know that there are
+two genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two genes
+which are responsible for causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are responsible for causing
+cervical cells to become cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cells to become cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cells to become cancer cells
+two genes of the virus called E6 and E7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two genes of the virus called E6 and E7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two genes of the virus called E6 and E7
+and it's been learned that these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been learned that these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been learned that these genes
+in fact encode proteins that inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact encode proteins that inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact encode proteins that inhibit
+cellular proteins that we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular proteins that we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular proteins that we're actually
+quite familiar with and we now believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite familiar with and we now believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite familiar with and we now believe
+we understand why the virus causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand why the virus causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand why the virus causes
+cancer E6 inhibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer E6 inhibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer E6 inhibits
+p53 and E7 inhibits RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p53 and E7 inhibits RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p53 and E7 inhibits RB
+so the virus for its own reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the virus for its own reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the virus for its own reasons of
+viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viral
+replication takes out these two tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication takes out these two tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication takes out these two tumor
+suppressor genes and as such the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes and as such the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes and as such the cells
+are lacking these two critical tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking these two critical tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking these two critical tumor
+suppressor genes and they're well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes and they're well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes and they're well on
+their way to becoming uncontrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to becoming uncontrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to becoming uncontrolled
+cancer cells okay so that's how HPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells okay so that's how HPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells okay so that's how HPV
+high-risk types cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk types cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-risk types cause
+cancer and what was developed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and what was developed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and what was developed in the
+context of gardisil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an HPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vaccine so that individuals cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine so that individuals cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine so that individuals cannot be
+infected productively with this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+viruses specifically it's a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses specifically it's a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses specifically it's a component
+vaccine made of recant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine made of recant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine made of recant
+proteins that are present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are present in the
+highrisk types of HPV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrisk types of HPV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrisk types of HPV
+as a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a component
+vaccine these virus uh these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine these virus uh these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine these virus uh these this
+vaccine does not produce a replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine does not produce a replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine does not produce a replicating
+virus it's just pieces of the virus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus it's just pieces of the virus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus it's just pieces of the virus so
+there's no risk of a viral infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but an imp a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but an imp a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but an imp a
+potent antibody response can be elicited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent antibody response can be elicited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potent antibody response can be elicited
+including neutralizing antibodies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including neutralizing antibodies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including neutralizing antibodies that
+will prevent an individual from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevent an individual from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prevent an individual from being
+infected by the real thing at a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected by the real thing at a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected by the real thing at a future
+time okay so that's an example of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's an example of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's an example of cancer
+prevention eliminating an ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention eliminating an ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevention eliminating an ideological
+agent that is responsible there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that is responsible there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent that is responsible there aren't
+many examples of virus in virus caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of virus in virus caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples of virus in virus caused
+cancers in humans so this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers in humans so this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers in humans so this is kind of a
+special case um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um but
+hbv Hepatitis B virus induced liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbv Hepatitis B virus induced liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hbv Hepatitis B virus induced liver
+cancer will be another one uh before too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will be another one uh before too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will be another one uh before too
+long okay so now let's talk about cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay so now let's talk about cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay so now let's talk about cancer
+therapy I'm going to talk to you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I'm going to talk to you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy I'm going to talk to you in a
+few minutes about some new cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes about some new cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes about some new cancer
+therapies that are based on our improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies that are based on our improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies that are based on our improved
+knowledge of the genes in cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the genes in cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the genes in cancer cells
+I'm going to tell you more about anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you more about anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you more about anti-
+herto antibodies I'm going to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herto antibodies I'm going to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herto antibodies I'm going to talk to
+you more about a small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about a small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about a small molecule
+inhibitor of this kise there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of this kise there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor of this kise there are
+actually many therapies that are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many therapies that are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually many therapies that are based
+on mutations that we know occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mutations that we know occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mutations that we know occur in
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+cells uh there are processes that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh there are processes that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells uh there are processes that I've
+mentioned to you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you like
+angiogenesis the recruitment of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angiogenesis the recruitment of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angiogenesis the recruitment of new
+blood vessels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels
+these two have led to new therapies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two have led to new therapies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two have led to new therapies for
+cancer to block that process and inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to block that process and inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to block that process and inhibit
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+development in the case of tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the case of tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in the case of tumor
+suppressor genes individuals are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes individuals are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes individuals are trying
+to develop gene therapy to put the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop gene therapy to put the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop gene therapy to put the genes
+back if the gene is lost in a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if the gene is lost in a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if the gene is lost in a cancer
+cell perhaps you can restore its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell perhaps you can restore its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell perhaps you can restore its
+function by gene therapy and normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by gene therapy and normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by gene therapy and normalize
+the growth of the cancer cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of the cancer cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of the cancer cells and
+although I won't talk about it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I won't talk about it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I won't talk about it there's a
+lot of promise for imuno theapy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of promise for imuno theapy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of promise for imuno theapy for
+cancer cancer cells acquire a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cancer cells acquire a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cancer cells acquire a lot of
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+as such they produce a lot of antigens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as such they produce a lot of antigens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as such they produce a lot of antigens
+in theory your immune system should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory your immune system should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory your immune system should
+recognize those as foreign and eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those as foreign and eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those as foreign and eliminate
+the cancer but in general the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer but in general the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer but in general the cancer
+wins the immune system fails and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the immune system fails and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the immune system fails and we
+think that there's ways the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's ways the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's ways the cancer
+actually inhibits the immune system from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inhibits the immune system from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually inhibits the immune system from
+functioning properly but that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning properly but that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning properly but that's being
+figured out now so it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out now so it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out now so it's possible that
+we'll be able to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to develop
+new cancer Therapeutics based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cancer Therapeutics based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cancer Therapeutics based on the
+immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune
+system all right but before I get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right but before I get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all right but before I get into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cool new stuff let me tell you just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new stuff let me tell you just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new stuff let me tell you just a
+little bit about cancer therapy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally what we would consider to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we would consider to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we would consider to be
+conventional cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therapy the most effective form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy the most effective form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy the most effective form of
+cancer therapy is surgery if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer therapy is surgery if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer therapy is surgery if you can get
+to the tumor early before it's spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tumor early before it's spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tumor early before it's spread
+you cut it out the person is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut it out the person is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut it out the person is generally
+cured another very effective form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured another very effective form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured another very effective form of
+cancer therapy is radiation therapy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer therapy is radiation therapy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer therapy is radiation therapy and
+this is good because you can focus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good because you can focus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good because you can focus the
+radiation beam directly on the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation beam directly on the cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation beam directly on the cancer
+cells and eliminate them by causing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and eliminate them by causing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and eliminate them by causing a
+lot of damage to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells and the third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and the third is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and the third is
+chemotherapy and chemotherapy is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and chemotherapy is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy and chemotherapy is used
+when you think that the cancer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think that the cancer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think that the cancer has
+spread so radiation can't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread so radiation can't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread so radiation can't work because
+the cancer cells are somewhere else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cells are somewhere else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cells are somewhere else and
+you need a drug that can diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a drug that can diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a drug that can diffuse
+throughout the body and hopefully kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the body and hopefully kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the body and hopefully kill
+the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and many chemotherapies act in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and many chemotherapies act in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and many chemotherapies act in
+the same general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way adriam which you will have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way adriam which you will have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way adriam which you will have heard of
+CIS platin which you will have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS platin which you will have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS platin which you will have heard of
+these are well used C cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are well used C cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are well used C cancer
+Therapeutics and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapeutics and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapeutics and many
+more function by inducing in the cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell DNA
+damage and the damage can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and the damage can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and the damage can be
+sufficiently severe that the cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently severe that the cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently severe that the cell will
+die and these therapies can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and these therapies can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and these therapies can be
+effective there's another class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective there's another class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective there's another class of
+cancer drugs for which taxol is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer drugs for which taxol is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer drugs for which taxol is the best
+known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which are described as mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described as mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described as mitosis
+Inhibitors these drugs actually bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors these drugs actually bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inhibitors these drugs actually bind to
+microtubules block the formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules block the formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules block the formation of the
+microtubular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubular
+spindle and that way prevent cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and that way prevent cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and that way prevent cells from
+dividing and since cancer cells divide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and since cancer cells divide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing and since cancer cells divide a
+lot and you want to inhibit their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and you want to inhibit their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and you want to inhibit their
+division these drugs are used and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effective in fact they're used because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in fact they're used because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in fact they're used because
+they were tested and shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were tested and shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were tested and shown to be
+effective first in cell-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective first in cell-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective first in cell-based
+studies where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies where
+one looks at the growth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks at the growth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks at the growth or
+survival of cells in a Petri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of cells in a Petri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival of cells in a Petri
+dish scoring the number of cells or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish scoring the number of cells or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish scoring the number of cells or the
+percentage of cells that are alive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of cells that are alive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of cells that are alive at
+any given time or in any given Dr dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time or in any given Dr dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time or in any given Dr dose
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug the concentration of drug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug the concentration of drug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug the concentration of drug is
+increasing in this experiment experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in this experiment experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in this experiment experiment
+what we find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that
+for certain certain normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells they will survive to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they will survive to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they will survive to a certain
+concentration of drug and then start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of drug and then start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of drug and then start to
+die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+off and for certain cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells the concentration required to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the concentration required to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the concentration required to kill
+them is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this difference is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this difference is called the
+therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+window in theory this looks good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window in theory this looks good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window in theory this looks good because
+it suggests that the cancer cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suggests that the cancer cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suggests that the cancer cells are
+more sensitive to the drug than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to the drug than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive to the drug than our
+normal cells and that's why some cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells and that's why some cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cells and that's why some cancer
+Therapeutics work for some cancers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapeutics work for some cancers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therapeutics work for some cancers but
+there are problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some normal cells in your body unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some normal cells in your body unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some normal cells in your body unlike
+these normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells are very sensitive to the drug at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are very sensitive to the drug at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are very sensitive to the drug at
+low concentrations the DNA damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations the DNA damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low concentrations the DNA damaging
+agents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents for
+example this results in side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and I suspect you are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and I suspect you are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and I suspect you are all
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+with the side effects of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the side effects of cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the side effects of cancer
+chemotherapy your hair falls out you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy your hair falls out you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemotherapy your hair falls out you get
+nauseous you get anemic this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseous you get anemic this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nauseous you get anemic this is because
+cells in your hair follicles or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your hair follicles or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your hair follicles or your
+intestines or your blood system are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestines or your blood system are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intestines or your blood system are
+dying at low concentrations of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying at low concentrations of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying at low concentrations of the drug
+they're actually Dying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually Dying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually Dying by
+apoptosis they're actually Dying by p-53
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis they're actually Dying by p-53
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis they're actually Dying by p-53
+dependent apoptosis so that's why Cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent apoptosis so that's why Cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent apoptosis so that's why Cancer
+drugs cause many bad side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs cause many bad side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs cause many bad side effects
+because some cells in your body are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some cells in your body are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some cells in your body are very
+sensitive and will kill themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and will kill themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive and will kill themselves in
+response to low concentrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug a second problem is that some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug a second problem is that some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug a second problem is that some in
+fact not a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percentage are very resistant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage are very resistant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage are very resistant to the
+concentrations of the drug even high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the drug even high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the drug even high
+concentrations of the drug and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the drug and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the drug and one
+reason for that is that many cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that many cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is that many cancer
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are lacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lacking
+p-53 I told you that p-53 is mutated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 I told you that p-53 is mutated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-53 I told you that p-53 is mutated in
+about 50% or more of human cancers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% or more of human cancers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50% or more of human cancers I
+also told you that p53 was required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also told you that p53 was required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also told you that p53 was required for
+cells to respond to DNA damage and die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to respond to DNA damage and die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to respond to DNA damage and die
+and these cells lack that protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cells lack that protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these cells lack that protein and
+therefore are very resistant to dying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore are very resistant to dying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore are very resistant to dying so
+many Therapeutics don't work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Therapeutics don't work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Therapeutics don't work because
+this important Machinery is lacking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important Machinery is lacking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this important Machinery is lacking so
+we have problems with standard therapies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have problems with standard therapies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have problems with standard therapies
+based on both kinds of issues so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on both kinds of issues so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on both kinds of issues so the
+goal then is to find drugs that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then is to find drugs that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then is to find drugs that don't
+cause these kinds of side effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause these kinds of side effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause these kinds of side effects and
+can work even in a p-53 deficient cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work even in a p-53 deficient cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work even in a p-53 deficient cell
+which leads us to developing new types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us to developing new types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which leads us to developing new types
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+therapy okay so I want to introduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy okay so I want to introduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy okay so I want to introduce you
+specifically to two and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to two and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to two and they are
+probably the best known uh and highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best known uh and highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the best known uh and highly
+effective actually great examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective actually great examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective actually great examples of
+ularly targeted anti-cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ularly targeted anti-cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ularly targeted anti-cancer
+agents the first is in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents the first is in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents the first is in the context of
+breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast
+cancer and the gene in question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and the gene in question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and the gene in question here is
+a gene called her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two in a normal breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a normal breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a normal breast
+cell there are two copies of this her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell there are two copies of this her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell there are two copies of this her
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+Gene as there are in virtually all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene as there are in virtually all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene as there are in virtually all of
+your cells and those produce amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells and those produce amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells and those produce amounts of
+RNA that produce amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA that produce amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA that produce amounts of
+protein that lead to the decoration on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that lead to the decoration on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that lead to the decoration on
+the surface of these cells with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of these cells with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of these cells with a
+certain number of receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules called her two which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules called her two which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules called her two which are
+growth factor receptors they bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptors they bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptors they bind to
+specific growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors and when they are engaged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and when they are engaged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and when they are engaged with
+their growth factors they send a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their growth factors they send a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their growth factors they send a signal
+into the cell and the product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and the product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell and the product of that
+signal is for the cell to proliferate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is necessary in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is necessary in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is necessary in normal
+development and in other times so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and in other times so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and in other times so this
+is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normal
+regulation normal signaling in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation normal signaling in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation normal signaling in response
+to a growth factor and the normal levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a growth factor and the normal levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a growth factor and the normal levels
+of a growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receptor 30% of breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor 30% of breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor 30% of breast
+cancers carry a mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that results in amplification of the her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in amplification of the her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in amplification of the her
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+Gene so we don't have two copies anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so we don't have two copies anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so we don't have two copies anymore
+we've got 10 or 20 or 50 or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 10 or 20 or 50 or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 10 or 20 or 50 or 100
+amplification this is a mechanism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification this is a mechanism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification this is a mechanism by
+which enogen get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enogen get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enogen get
+activated too many genes too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated too many genes too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated too many genes too many
+proteins this cell now has way too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins this cell now has way too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins this cell now has way too much
+of that growth factor receptor on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that growth factor receptor on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that growth factor receptor on its
+surface and in the presence of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in the presence of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in the presence of the same
+concentration of the growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the growth factor
+itself we get a much stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal much higher levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal much higher levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal much higher levels of
+proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this also affects the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also affects the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also affects the ability of the
+cells to survive keeps them alive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to survive keeps them alive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to survive keeps them alive at
+times when it should when they shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when it should when they shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times when it should when they shouldn't
+be too much proliferation too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too much proliferation too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too much proliferation too much
+survival given this situation A logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival given this situation A logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival given this situation A logical
+therapeutic would be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic would be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic would be something that
+blocks the function of this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the function of this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks the function of this growth
+factor receptor and what a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor receptor and what a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor receptor and what a company
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+Genentech discovered was that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genentech discovered was that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genentech discovered was that they could
+make an antibody an anti- her2 antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug called
+herceptin which binds to the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herceptin which binds to the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herceptin which binds to the growth
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+receptor and prevents it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and prevents it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and prevents it from
+functioning and in women who have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning and in women who have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning and in women who have this
+alteration and only in them the drug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and only in them the drug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and only in them the drug is
+actually highly effective in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually highly effective in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually highly effective in the
+metastatic setting it will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic setting it will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic setting it will lead to
+multiple additional years of life but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple additional years of life but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple additional years of life but it
+is actually not Curative in that setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not Curative in that setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not Curative in that setting
+recently L individuals are being typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently L individuals are being typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently L individuals are being typed
+for this mutation at a much earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mutation at a much earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this mutation at a much earlier
+stage in their disease course and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in their disease course and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in their disease course and when
+women are given the drug then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are given the drug then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are given the drug then it's
+leading to some cures so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to some cures so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to some cures so this is a
+targeted agent which is highly effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted agent which is highly effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted agent which is highly effective
+in the context of a specific mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of a specific mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of a specific mutation
+and actually only then other breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually only then other breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually only then other breast
+cancer patients given the same drug have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer patients given the same drug have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer patients given the same drug have
+no benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatsoever so this is what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so this is what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so this is what it looks like
+this is actually the drug package and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the drug package and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the drug package and
+this is what I just described describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I just described describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I just described describe
+to you normal cells cancer cells percept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you normal cells cancer cells percept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you normal cells cancer cells percept
+and antibody binding to and blocking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antibody binding to and blocking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antibody binding to and blocking the
+function of this uh abnormal number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this uh abnormal number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this uh abnormal number of
+growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor
+receptors okay let me now turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors okay let me now turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors okay let me now turn to the
+second classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second classic
+example and this comes in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this comes in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this comes in the context of
+chronic myogenous leukemia which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myogenous leukemia which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic myogenous leukemia which is a
+leukemia a blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia a blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leukemia a blood cell
+tumor it's a particular type of blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor it's a particular type of blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor it's a particular type of blood
+cell the myoid lineage type of white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the myoid lineage type of white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell the myoid lineage type of white
+blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+cell you can diagnose this disease by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can diagnose this disease by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you can diagnose this disease by
+looking at blood smears and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blood smears and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at blood smears and you can see
+that this is the normal blood smear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the normal blood smear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the normal blood smear with
+a single of these myoid cells and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single of these myoid cells and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single of these myoid cells and here's
+a cancer situation where we've got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cancer situation where we've got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cancer situation where we've got too
+many of these white blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these white blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these white blood cells
+circulating this is a disease that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating this is a disease that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating this is a disease that's
+been studied for a very long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied for a very long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied for a very long time and
+it's been discovered that in the vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been discovered that in the vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been discovered that in the vast
+majority of this type of cancer there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of this type of cancer there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of this type of cancer there is
+a specific chromosomal event a spefic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific chromosomal event a spefic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific chromosomal event a spefic
+specific mutation caused by a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mutation caused by a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mutation caused by a particular
+translocation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translocation was actually identified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation was actually identified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation was actually identified a
+long time ago in the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Philadelphia and as such it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and as such it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia and as such it's called the
+Philadelphia chromosome it's the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia chromosome it's the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia chromosome it's the product
+of a specific translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+9 which has a gene on it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 which has a gene on it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 which has a gene on it called
+Abel which encodes A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abel which encodes A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abel which encodes A
+protein that is a kise involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is a kise involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that is a kise involved in
+phosphor other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor other
+proteins and chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+22 which has another Gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BCR chromosome break events occur here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCR chromosome break events occur here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCR chromosome break events occur here
+chromosome break events occur here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome break events occur here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome break events occur here and a
+translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results which produces a new chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which produces a new chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results which produces a new chromosome
+the Philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromosome which has the BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gene and the able Gene inappropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and the able Gene inappropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and the able Gene inappropriately
+fused to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this produces a fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gene which encodes a fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein and that fusion protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and that fusion protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and that fusion protein is
+referred to as BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+able and it was discovered that the BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able and it was discovered that the BCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able and it was discovered that the BCR
+able form had increased kinas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activity and this resulted in increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and this resulted in increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and this resulted in increased
+proliferation within the cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation within the cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation within the cells that
+carried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translocation and so the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and so the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and so the question was
+could one develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inhibitor an inhibitor that blocked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor an inhibitor that blocked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor an inhibitor that blocked the
+kise and this resulted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kise and this resulted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kise and this resulted in the
+development of a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a drug
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+glec glec which is highly highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effective this is the idea here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective this is the idea here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective this is the idea here's the
+BCR able fusion protein it binds to ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCR able fusion protein it binds to ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCR able fusion protein it binds to ATP
+which it needs to transfer the phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it needs to transfer the phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it needs to transfer the phosphate
+group onto a substrate protein in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group onto a substrate protein in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group onto a substrate protein in this
+signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling
+Cascade the idea is that one could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade the idea is that one could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascade the idea is that one could make
+a small molecule drug that could fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small molecule drug that could fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small molecule drug that could fit
+into the at binding site very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the at binding site very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the at binding site very
+specifically and block access of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and block access of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and block access of ATP
+therefore shutting off the kise and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore shutting off the kise and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore shutting off the kise and if
+that were possible then the cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were possible then the cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were possible then the cancer cells
+would be deprived of this signal and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be deprived of this signal and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be deprived of this signal and may
+stop proliferating or even die that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop proliferating or even die that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop proliferating or even die that was
+the idea in fact they were successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in fact they were successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea in fact they were successful in
+making a small molecule drug and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a small molecule drug and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a small molecule drug and that
+may surprise you because you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may surprise you because you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may surprise you because you might think
+there are a lot of kinases in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of kinases in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of kinases in the cell
+they all bind to ATP how could you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all bind to ATP how could you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all bind to ATP how could you ever
+find one that was specific to this kise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one that was specific to this kise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one that was specific to this kise
+but in fact it was possible you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it was possible you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it was possible you can make
+KY Inhibitors because not all the ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY Inhibitors because not all the ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY Inhibitors because not all the ATP
+binding Pockets look the same and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Pockets look the same and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding Pockets look the same and you
+can therefore get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specificity and when this drug was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and when this drug was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and when this drug was used
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+patients it showed remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+activity if we looked at white blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity if we looked at white blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity if we looked at white blood
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+number normal IND indviduals would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number normal IND indviduals would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number normal IND indviduals would have
+a certain low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level and in case of CML the level would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and in case of CML the level would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and in case of CML the level would
+be high and actually it goes higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high and actually it goes higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be high and actually it goes higher
+still as the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+progresses through a phase called Blast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses through a phase called Blast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses through a phase called Blast
+crisis where additional alterations take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis where additional alterations take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis where additional alterations take
+place and the cells begin to divide even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and the cells begin to divide even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and the cells begin to divide even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+abnormally in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally in this context
+however if you give the drug glec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you give the drug glec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you give the drug glec
+in the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vast majority of
+patients the numbers drop precipitously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the numbers drop precipitously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients the numbers drop precipitously
+and the drug is extremely well tolerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the drug is extremely well tolerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the drug is extremely well tolerated
+has almost no side effects the patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has almost no side effects the patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has almost no side effects the patients
+take pill with their orange juice in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pill with their orange juice in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pill with their orange juice in the
+morning every day keeping their cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning every day keeping their cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning every day keeping their cancer
+cells at Bay leading to what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at Bay leading to what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells at Bay leading to what is called
+clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remission clinical remission the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remission clinical remission the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remission clinical remission the disease
+is has gone into remission and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has gone into remission and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has gone into remission and it can
+stay in remission for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in remission for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in remission for a very long time
+and it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sometimes
+Curative but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curative but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curative but
+sometimes the disease cells come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back and this is a phase we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and this is a phase we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and this is a phase we call
+relapse and even though the drug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relapse and even though the drug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relapse and even though the drug is
+present throughout this disease course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present throughout this disease course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present throughout this disease course
+the tumor cells are dividing again can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor cells are dividing again can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor cells are dividing again can
+anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me
+why mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cancer cells have acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cells have acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cancer cells have acquired
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+mutations specifically within BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+able if we imagine BCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+able it can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glec and be shut off at some frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glec and be shut off at some frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glec and be shut off at some frequency
+however mutations can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however mutations can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however mutations can occur
+which changed the active site in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed the active site in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed the active site in such a
+way that glec can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that glec can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that glec can no longer
+bind and this is still an active kise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and this is still an active kise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and this is still an active kise so
+now the cells begin to divide again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells begin to divide again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells begin to divide again so
+the question now is what can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is what can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is what can you do
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it and the answer is you can make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drug and this is actually been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and this is actually been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and this is actually been done
+successfully a new drug that combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully a new drug that combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully a new drug that combines
+specifically to the mutant form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the mutant form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the mutant form
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abelinas and there's a drug called spry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelinas and there's a drug called spry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelinas and there's a drug called spry
+cell which is now also FDA approved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is now also FDA approved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell which is now also FDA approved for
+the treatment of drug resistant forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of drug resistant forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment of drug resistant forms of
+CML so before you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away this is what I've just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is what I've just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is what I've just told you
+here's able kyes this is where the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's able kyes this is where the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's able kyes this is where the drug
+binds this is the structure of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but at some frequency mutations occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some frequency mutations occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some frequency mutations occur
+within that ATP binding site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that ATP binding site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that ATP binding site and
+different mutations will do this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mutations will do this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mutations will do this as
+shown down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown down
+here and that M those mutations will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that M those mutations will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that M those mutations will
+block the access of the drug and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the access of the drug and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the access of the drug and the
+good news is that one can make new drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that one can make new drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that one can make new drugs
+that will overcome that form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will overcome that form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will overcome that form of
+resistance so this is a good news bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so this is a good news bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so this is a good news bad
+news good news story we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TSYNHb6YBEE.txt b/TSYNHb6YBEE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8df033a3f22db9fa9ac5f09a6f14fa17255d5aa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TSYNHb6YBEE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right why don't we get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right why don't we get started
+um today we're going to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today we're going to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today we're going to continue our
+discussion of producer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of producer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of producer theory
+once again to remember to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again to remember to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again to remember to put this in
+context we the first few lectures were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we the first few lectures were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we the first few lectures were
+working on consumer theory to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on consumer theory to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on consumer theory to help us
+derive a demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve
+now working on producer theory to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working on producer theory to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now working on producer theory to help
+us come up with supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us come up with supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us come up with supply curve
+we started last time by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started last time by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started last time by talking about
+how producers profit maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how producers profit maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how producers profit maximize
+and the profit maximization implies cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the profit maximization implies cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the profit maximization implies cost
+minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization
+uh that if you want to maximize profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you want to maximize profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you want to maximize profits
+you're going to want to produce as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to produce as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to produce as
+efficiently as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as possible
+and basically to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically to do that
+we need to understand how your costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand how your costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand how your costs
+vary with your output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with your output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary with your output
+if you're going to produce at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to produce at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to produce at an
+efficient level you need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient level you need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient level you need to understand
+how what your costs are going to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what your costs are going to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what your costs are going to vary
+with your level of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your level of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your level of production
+so essentially our goal of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially our goal of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially our goal of this lecture
+is to develop a cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop a cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop a cost curve
+develop a curve which tells you how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a curve which tells you how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a curve which tells you how the
+cost of your production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of your production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of your production
+varies with how much you produce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with how much you produce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with how much you produce and
+that's what we're after in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're after in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're after in this lecture
+okay so we're going to start in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to start in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to start in the
+short way the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short way the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short way the short run
+and then turn to the long run so start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn to the long run so start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn to the long run so start
+with developing a short run cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with developing a short run cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with developing a short run cost curve
+and then turn to long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn to long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then turn to long run
+okay and to make this lecture sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to make this lecture sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to make this lecture sort of
+mathematically coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically coherent
+throughout the whole lecture we'll work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole lecture we'll work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole lecture we'll work
+with our favorite functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our favorite functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our favorite functional form
+a production form of the function q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production form of the function q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a production form of the function q
+equals the square root of l times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the square root of l times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the square root of l times k
+remember firms produce goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember firms produce goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember firms produce goods
+little q using two inputs labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q using two inputs labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q using two inputs labor and
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+labor is a variable input that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is a variable input that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is a variable input that means you
+can change it in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change it in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change it in the short run
+and the long run capital is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the long run capital is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the long run capital is a fixed
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+which means that you can only change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can only change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can only change in
+the long run okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run okay
+so in the short run we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the short run we're going to have
+two kinds of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of costs
+we're going to have fixed costs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have fixed costs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have fixed costs which
+are going to come from a fixed level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from a fixed level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to come from a fixed level of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+and we're going to have variable costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have variable costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have variable costs
+we're going to come from our labor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come from our labor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come from our labor so
+we're going to have two kinds of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two kinds of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two kinds of costs
+fixed costs they're fixed because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs they're fixed because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs they're fixed because in the
+short run you can't change the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you can't change the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run you can't change the level of
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+and variable costs which are the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable costs which are the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variable costs which are the costs
+of our labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our labor
+of labor and then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and then we're going to have
+total costs are simply going to be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total costs are simply going to be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total costs are simply going to be fixed
+costs plus variable costs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs plus variable costs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs plus variable costs okay
+so that's how we think about costs think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we think about costs think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we think about costs think
+about any the cost of a firm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any the cost of a firm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any the cost of a firm's
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+in the short run is the sum of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run is the sum of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run is the sum of their
+fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs
+i.e their capital costs and the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e their capital costs and the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e their capital costs and the variable
+costs i either labor costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs i either labor costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs i either labor costs
+now we're going to show you how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to show you how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to show you how you can
+turn a production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a production function
+into a cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a cost function
+and to do so you simply need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so you simply need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so you simply need
+to recognize that costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that costs
+the costs of firms production are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of firms production are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of firms production are simply
+the amount of capital it uses k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital it uses k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital it uses k bar
+times the price of that capital which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the price of that capital which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the price of that capital which
+we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call
+r plus the amount of labor it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus the amount of labor it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r plus the amount of labor it uses
+times the price of that laboratory we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the price of that laboratory we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the price of that laboratory we'll
+call w the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call w the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call w the wage
+okay this is the easy part think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the easy part think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the easy part think of the
+amount of hours of work you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of hours of work you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of hours of work you use
+times the wage per hour or the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wage per hour or the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wage per hour or the amount of
+workers times the salary per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers times the salary per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers times the salary per year
+in any case this is easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case this is easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any case this is easy to understand
+every additional unit of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every additional unit of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every additional unit of labor
+comes with the cost that is the wage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the cost that is the wage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with the cost that is the wage of
+that unit of labor so think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit of labor so think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit of labor so think about an
+hourly model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly model
+every hour you work at your convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour you work at your convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour you work at your convenience
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+they have to pay you the minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to pay you the minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to pay you the minimum wage
+for that hour okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that hour okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that hour okay that's the
+cost of that hour of labor capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that hour of labor capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of that hour of labor capital is
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+we call r the rental rate and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call r the rental rate and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call r the rental rate and the reason
+is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+we don't think of don't think of buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think of don't think of buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think of don't think of buying
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+don't think of buying a machine think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of buying a machine think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of buying a machine think of
+renting a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting a machine
+the reason we do that is to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we do that is to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we do that is to make the
+periodicity work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity work okay
+you don't buy a worker thank god you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't buy a worker thank god you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't buy a worker thank god you
+rent that worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent that worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent that worker
+and you rent that worker at a pr at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rent that worker at a pr at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you rent that worker at a pr at a
+price w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price w
+so when the firm uses your time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the firm uses your time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the firm uses your time they're
+renting your time an hour at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting your time an hour at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting your time an hour at a time
+at a price w when we get machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price w when we get machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a price w when we get machines
+think of a firm as renting machines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a firm as renting machines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a firm as renting machines for
+a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price
+r per machine per time period okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r per machine per time period okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r per machine per time period okay
+so i understand firms usually don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i understand firms usually don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i understand firms usually don't do
+this they usually buy machines and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they usually buy machines and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they usually buy machines and we'll
+come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back
+to even if you buy a machine how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even if you buy a machine how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even if you buy a machine how it
+effectively is like renting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is like renting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively is like renting it
+but for ease of thinking about this want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for ease of thinking about this want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for ease of thinking about this want
+to think about flows not stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about flows not stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about flows not stocks
+so about the firm's decision as renting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the firm's decision as renting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the firm's decision as renting
+a worker at the price wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worker at the price wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worker at the price wage
+at the price w or renting machine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the price w or renting machine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the price w or renting machine the
+price are yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all that would be in there and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that would be in there and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that would be in there and we'll
+come back to that that's right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that that's right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that that's right this is a
+this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the
+per period cost of using a machine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per period cost of using a machine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per period cost of using a machine this
+is the per period cost of using a worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the per period cost of using a worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the per period cost of using a worker
+is the wage this is the per period cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wage this is the per period cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wage this is the per period cost
+of using machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using machine
+which will include all the costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will include all the costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will include all the costs of
+running the machine as well as the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the machine as well as the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the machine as well as the cost
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+renting the machine itself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting the machine itself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renting the machine itself okay
+so later we'll talk about how you own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later we'll talk about how you own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later we'll talk about how you own
+the machine and we'll we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and we'll we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine and we'll we'll come back to
+the fact that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you can actually
+our representation is not bad but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representation is not bad but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our representation is not bad but for
+now just think of renting machine or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just think of renting machine or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just think of renting machine or if
+it's a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a building
+think of this as the year as the rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as the year as the rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as the year as the rent
+you pay on that building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay on that building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay on that building
+okay not the cost of building them build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not the cost of building them build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not the cost of building them build
+the building now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building now
+armed with our production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with our production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with our production function
+okay and let's also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's also say
+to make life easy uh i did this wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy uh i did this wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make life easy uh i did this wrong in
+my notes so i hope my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes so i hope my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes so i hope my
+the other teachers figure it out uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other teachers figure it out uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other teachers figure it out uh to
+make life easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life easy
+let's say let's say that the rental rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's say that the rental rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's say that the rental rate
+r we're gonna say is ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r we're gonna say is ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r we're gonna say is ten dollars
+and the wage rate w is going to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wage rate w is going to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wage rate w is going to be five
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+armed with a production function if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with a production function if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with a production function if you
+simply have the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have the production function
+and these two prices you can derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two prices you can derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two prices you can derive the
+short run cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run cost function
+how do you do that well just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well just look at the
+math we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math we know
+that q equals square root of l times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that q equals square root of l times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that q equals square root of l times k
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+okay in the short run l times k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the short run l times k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the short run l times k bar
+okay so inverting that simply means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so inverting that simply means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so inverting that simply means that
+l equals q squared over k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals q squared over k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals q squared over k bar
+l equals q q squared over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals q q squared over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals q q squared over k
+bar okay and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay and that means
+that costs can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that costs can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that costs can be written
+costs can be written as 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can be written as 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs can be written as 10
+k bar the price the rental rate is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bar the price the rental rate is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bar the price the rental rate is 10
+we have k bar amount of capital plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have k bar amount of capital plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have k bar amount of capital plus
+5 q squared over k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 q squared over k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 q squared over k bar
+okay that's our cost function okay i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our cost function okay i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's our cost function okay i
+just plugged in for l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugged in for l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plugged in for l
+and then i multiply plug that for l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i multiply plug that for l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i multiply plug that for l and
+multiply by the wage rate w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the wage rate w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the wage rate w
+which is five okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is five okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is five okay
+so for example for a fixed level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for a fixed level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for a fixed level of
+capital this is cost so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital this is cost so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital this is cost so for example
+let's imagine our short run level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine our short run level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine our short run level of
+capital is one let's imagine we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is one let's imagine we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is one let's imagine we have one
+unit of capital in the short run just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of capital in the short run just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of capital in the short run just to
+make the math easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the math easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the math easy
+then that simply says that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that simply says that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that simply says that cost
+equals 10 plus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus 5
+q squared and that's our cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared and that's our cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared and that's our cost function
+10 plus 5q squared we've just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 5q squared we've just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 5q squared we've just derived
+the short run cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 is the fixed cost component that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is the fixed cost component that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is the fixed cost component that
+doesn't vary with the amount you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary with the amount you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary with the amount you produce
+so there's no q part of this 5q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no q part of this 5q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no q part of this 5q squared
+is the variable component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable component
+that varies with how much you produce so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies with how much you produce so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that varies with how much you produce so
+the cost function is a fixed part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function is a fixed part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function is a fixed part
+which comes the fact of one fixed unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes the fact of one fixed unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes the fact of one fixed unit
+of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital
+and a variable part which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a variable part which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a variable part which comes from the
+fact that the amount of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the amount of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the amount of q
+that the amount of q drives the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of q drives the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of q drives the amount
+of labor we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor we need
+okay question about that math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now armed with this cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now armed with this cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now armed with this cost
+function let's write that down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's write that down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's write that down again
+here so c equals 10 plus five q c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so c equals 10 plus five q c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so c equals 10 plus five q c
+equals 10 plus five q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus five q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 plus five q squared
+that's gonna be our short run cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be our short run cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be our short run cost
+function we're gonna work with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're gonna work with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're gonna work with and
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that short run cost function came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short run cost function came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short run cost function came
+directly from that production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from that production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from that production function
+to derive this equation all i needed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this equation all i needed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this equation all i needed was
+that production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that production function
+and those two prices and i derived this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two prices and i derived this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two prices and i derived this
+okay armed with that okay we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay armed with that okay we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay armed with that okay we can define
+some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the key
+concepts that will drive our entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that will drive our entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that will drive our entire
+analysis of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of firms
+and the single most important concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single most important concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single most important concept is
+marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+which is what it sounds like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what it sounds like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what it sounds like the
+derivative of cost with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cost with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cost with respect to
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+okay so in this it's the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this it's the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this it's the marginal cost
+is delta c delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's marginal cost
+okay we'll also care about average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll also care about average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll also care about average cost
+which is just c over q okay it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just c over q okay it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just c over q okay it's very
+important in this class to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this class to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in this class to keep our
+modules different from our averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules different from our averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules different from our averages
+the average is simply over the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is simply over the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is simply over the entire
+range of production what is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production what is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of production what is the average
+cost of producing each unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing each unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of producing each unit
+the marginal is what's the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal is what's the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal is what's the cost of
+producing the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the next unit
+and since production functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since production functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since production functions are
+non-linear those will not be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear those will not be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear those will not be the same
+generally okay average will not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally okay average will not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally okay average will not equal
+marginal in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal in general
+because of nonlinear function delta c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nonlinear function delta c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of nonlinear function delta c
+delta q is not the same as c over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q is not the same as c over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q is not the same as c over q
+okay so we can actually graph these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually graph these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can actually graph these in
+figure six one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six one
+figure six one shows the cost curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six one shows the cost curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six one shows the cost curves
+for this cost function i just wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this cost function i just wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this cost function i just wrote down
+which comes from that production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from that production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from that production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay so you can see that the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that the marginal
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+as i said is delta c delta q well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said is delta c delta q well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said is delta c delta q well that's
+10q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10q
+so the marginal cost the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal cost the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the marginal cost the cost of
+producing the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the next unit
+rises with the number of units which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises with the number of units which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises with the number of units which
+makes sense the cost is a q squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense the cost is a q squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense the cost is a q squared term
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+so obviously the marginal cost can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the marginal cost can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously the marginal cost can have
+a q term in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q term in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q term in it
+so basically the more you produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the more you produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the more you produce the
+higher your marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher your marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher your marginal cost
+the more units you produce the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more units you produce the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more units you produce the more
+little q the higher marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q the higher marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little q the higher marginal cost
+average cost is this sort of funky shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is this sort of funky shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost is this sort of funky shape
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+where it's which is 10 over q plus 5q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's which is 10 over q plus 5q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's which is 10 over q plus 5q
+i just divided this by two okay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just divided this by two okay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just divided this by two okay where
+it's first declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first declining
+and then increasing why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then increasing why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then increasing why is that
+why is average cost first declining and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is average cost first declining and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is average cost first declining and
+then increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then increasing
+we'll see what just intuitively why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what just intuitively why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see what just intuitively why is
+that why in general in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why in general in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why in general in the short run
+would we expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we expect that
+average costs first to fall and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs first to fall and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average costs first to fall and that
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase
+you have ideas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well no but it's falling first so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no but it's falling first so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no but it's falling first so why is
+it why is it falling first you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why is it falling first you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why is it falling first you're
+it's about that yeah really high average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about that yeah really high average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about that yeah really high average
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+first fixed cost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the first units are paying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first units are paying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the first units are paying off
+your fixed costs if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fixed costs if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fixed costs if you think about it
+well the first units you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first units you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first units you sell
+basically you start with this huge fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you start with this huge fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you start with this huge fixed
+cost so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so actually
+by selling two units yes you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selling two units yes you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selling two units yes you get the
+variable cost second unit but you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost second unit but you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable cost second unit but you get to
+pay off the fixed costs the first unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the fixed costs the first unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay off the fixed costs the first unit
+so look at here on this graph we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at here on this graph we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at here on this graph we show
+average fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average fixed
+costs and average variable costs average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and average variable costs average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and average variable costs average
+fixed costs are 10 over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs are 10 over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed costs are 10 over q
+if you only produce one unit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only produce one unit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only produce one unit your
+average your average fixed cost is 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average your average fixed cost is 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average your average fixed cost is 10.
+you produce units it's five with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce units it's five with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce units it's five with every
+unit you produce your average fixed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you produce your average fixed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit you produce your average fixed cost
+is falling you're paying off that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling you're paying off that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is falling you're paying off that fixed
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+average variable cost rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable cost rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average variable cost rises
+every unit you produce you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every unit you produce you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every unit you produce you're getting
+more and more variable cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more variable cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more variable cost
+you put those together and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those together and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put those together and you get a
+function that first declines and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that first declines and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that first declines and then
+rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+you first pay off your fixed costs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first pay off your fixed costs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first pay off your fixed costs so
+your average costs are falling then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average costs are falling then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average costs are falling then your
+marginal cost then you start to rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost then you start to rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost then you start to rise
+because you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got
+marginal cost that increases quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost that increases quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost that increases quantity
+produced and critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and critically
+the marginal cost intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost intersects
+the average cost curve at the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost curve at the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average cost curve at the minimum of
+average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost
+and that's just mathematical okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just mathematical okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just mathematical okay if you
+have any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any function
+and you take the average then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the average then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take the average then the
+minimum is going to be at the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is going to be at the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is going to be at the derivative
+okay that basically before you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically before you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically before you get to
+here 1.5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1.5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1.5 units
+before 1.5 units average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1.5 units average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 1.5 units average cost
+is above marginal cost because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above marginal cost because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above marginal cost because you're
+paying off your fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying off your fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying off your fixed costs
+once you get beyond 1.5 units average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get beyond 1.5 units average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get beyond 1.5 units average
+cost is below marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is below marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is below marginal cost
+so average cost hits marginal cost at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average cost hits marginal cost at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so average cost hits marginal cost at
+the minimum average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum average
+like cost yeah large company he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost yeah large company he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cost yeah large company he
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+doesn't really have to worry about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really have to worry about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really have to worry about their
+fixed cost because like if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost because like if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost because like if they're
+having a lot more workers their entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot more workers their entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot more workers their entire
+cost is going to be considered basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is going to be considered basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is going to be considered basically
+in the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run
+it depends on this function you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on this function you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on this function you said
+large but large can be defined in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but large can be defined in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but large can be defined in two
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+but absolutely true certainly if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but absolutely true certainly if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but absolutely true certainly if we take
+this very function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very function
+for large enough q's average fixed cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large enough q's average fixed cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large enough q's average fixed cost
+asymptotes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotes to zero
+right 10 over infinity zero so for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 over infinity zero so for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 10 over infinity zero so for large
+enough q's the average fixed cost goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough q's the average fixed cost goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough q's the average fixed cost goes
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+okay in the short run remember we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the short run remember we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the short run remember we're in
+the short of these fixed costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of these fixed costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short of these fixed costs
+okay now so other questions good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so other questions good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so other questions good
+question other questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question other questions about that
+so that's our basic intuition the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our basic intuition the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our basic intuition the short
+run is that at first your costs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is that at first your costs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run is that at first your costs are
+super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super high
+because you got to pay because you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to pay because you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to pay because you had
+to build the plant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the plant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build the plant okay
+but then over time that plant cost falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then over time that plant cost falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then over time that plant cost falls
+and then your only cost is based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your only cost is based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your only cost is based on that
+you got to hire more workers if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to hire more workers if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to hire more workers if you want
+to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce
+more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay
+now what we want to notice is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to notice is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we want to notice is that in
+the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short run
+there is a really close relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a really close relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a really close relationship
+one was the key relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the key relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the key relationship between
+marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost
+and the marginal product of labor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the marginal product of labor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the marginal product of labor which
+we defined last time and the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined last time and the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined last time and the marginal
+product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+was dqdl how much remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dqdl how much remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dqdl how much remember
+digging a hole and diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging a hole and diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging a hole and diminishing marginal
+product that each additional worker for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that each additional worker for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that each additional worker for
+a fixed level of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed level of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed level of capital
+is less and less productive right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less and less productive right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less and less productive right we
+talked about that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time
+well the marginal cost of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the marginal cost of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the marginal cost of production
+is as i said equal to delta c over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as i said equal to delta c over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as i said equal to delta c over delta
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well we know from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we know from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we know from last time
+that delta q over delta l we defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta q over delta l we defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta q over delta l we defined as
+the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right plugging those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plugging those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plugging those um
+and uh so we know marginal cost of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we know marginal cost of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we know marginal cost of delta
+c delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c delta q
+okay and we can write this if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can write this if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can write this if you take
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+of the cost function so our general cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost function so our general cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost function so our general cost
+function up there see the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up there see the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up there see the cost function
+at the top there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top there
+take the derivative of that with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of that with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of that with respect
+to the amount of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amount of labor
+well the first term drops out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first term drops out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first term drops out because
+it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed
+so you can rewrite delta c delta q as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can rewrite delta c delta q as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can rewrite delta c delta q as
+w times delta l delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w times delta l delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w times delta l delta q
+ah w times delta l delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah w times delta l delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah w times delta l delta q
+right i just rewrote delta q delta w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just rewrote delta q delta w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i just rewrote delta q delta w
+got it's brutal sorry guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's brutal sorry guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it's brutal sorry guys
+w times delta l over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w times delta l over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w times delta l over delta
+q okay a little bit better okay i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q okay a little bit better okay i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q okay a little bit better okay i read
+that because i just took the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because i just took the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because i just took the derivative
+of the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cost function
+okay first term drops out we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first term drops out we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first term drops out we take the
+derivative second term i just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative second term i just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative second term i just took the
+derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative here
+or the discrete derivative and i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the discrete derivative and i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the discrete derivative and i just
+said delta c delta q is w times delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said delta c delta q is w times delta l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said delta c delta q is w times delta l
+delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q
+well we know the marginal product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know the marginal product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know the marginal product is
+delta q delta over delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q delta over delta l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q delta over delta l
+so we can rewrite marginal cost as w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can rewrite marginal cost as w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can rewrite marginal cost as w
+over the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of labor
+the marginal cost is equal to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost is equal to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost is equal to w
+over the marginal product of labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of labor and
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+the marginal cost of the next unit will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost of the next unit will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal cost of the next unit will
+be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher
+the higher the wage and lower the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the wage and lower the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the wage and lower the more
+productive the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive the worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive the worker
+making another unit with a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another unit with a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making another unit with a super
+productive worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive worker
+is cheap okay make another unit with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheap okay make another unit with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cheap okay make another unit with a
+very unproductive workers expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unproductive workers expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unproductive workers expensive
+so essentially the more you pay them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the more you pay them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the more you pay them for
+each hour of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hour of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each hour of work
+the higher your marginal cost but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher your marginal cost but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher your marginal cost but the
+less they get done each hour of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less they get done each hour of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less they get done each hour of work
+the higher your marginal cost so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher your marginal cost so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher your marginal cost so that's
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+roughly speaking firms might want to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking firms might want to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking firms might want to pay
+a lot to people who are high skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to people who are high skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to people who are high skilled
+okay so you might say gee why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might say gee why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might say gee why are they
+paying my friend twice what i'm paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying my friend twice what i'm paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying my friend twice what i'm paying
+well maybe your friend's twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe your friend's twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe your friend's twice as
+productive as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as you
+okay that would make or two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would make or two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that would make or two and a half
+times productive as you and that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times productive as you and that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times productive as you and that makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+so we can't just say that it's a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't just say that it's a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't just say that it's a mistake
+to pay someone higher wages we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay someone higher wages we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay someone higher wages we have to
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+their wages relative to how productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages relative to how productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wages relative to how productive
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+okay and that's a key relationship uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a key relationship uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a key relationship uh we
+will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um
+we'll come back to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to okay
+question about that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that all right
+that's the short run now let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the short run now let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the short run now let's go to the
+long run it gets a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run it gets a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run it gets a little more
+interesting actually i was riding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually i was riding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually i was riding that
+side i'll switch to this side today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side i'll switch to this side today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side i'll switch to this side today
+switch things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess i do decide i'd block you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i do decide i'd block you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i do decide i'd block you less
+probably so i should do this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so i should do this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so i should do this side
+okay long run cost curse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay long run cost now here what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay long run cost now here what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay long run cost now here what gets
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+is now k is no longer fixed now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now k is no longer fixed now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now k is no longer fixed now we get
+to choose our input mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose our input mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose our input mix
+okay and now our goal is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now our goal is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now our goal is going to be
+how do we choose our input mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we choose our input mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we choose our input mix
+to minimize costs that's our goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize costs that's our goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize costs that's our goal here
+how we're going to choose the mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to choose the mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to choose the mix of
+workers and machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and machines
+to produce a given quantity most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a given quantity most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a given quantity most
+efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently
+now that optimal mix may change with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that optimal mix may change with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that optimal mix may change with the
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+so we're going to start we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to start we're going to
+say two steps first we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two steps first we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say two steps first we're going to say
+for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given
+quantity picked out of a hat what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity picked out of a hat what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity picked out of a hat what's the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+mix of labor and capital that minimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of labor and capital that minimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of labor and capital that minimizes
+the cost of producing that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of producing that quantity
+given our production function then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our production function then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our production function then we're
+going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say
+as the quantity varies how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantity varies how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantity varies how does that
+change the optimal mix of l and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the optimal mix of l and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the optimal mix of l and k
+and does it okay so two steps first say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does it okay so two steps first say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does it okay so two steps first say
+for a given quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given quantity
+what's the right l and k to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right l and k to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right l and k to minimize
+cost producing that quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost producing that quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost producing that quantity
+then ask well as we vary the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask well as we vary the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask well as we vary the quantity
+how does l and k vary optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does l and k vary optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does l and k vary optimally
+okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically
+we want to find the economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find the economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find the economically
+efficient combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient combination
+of l and k which is a combination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and k which is a combination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and k which is a combination that
+produces goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces goods
+at minimum cost okay and to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minimum cost okay and to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minimum cost okay and to do this
+we are going to write down to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to write down to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to write down to derive
+this we're going to write down what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to write down what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to write down what we
+call iso cost curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call iso cost curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call iso cost curves
+iso cost curves remember last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves remember last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves remember last time we
+did isoquants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did isoquants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did isoquants
+which felt a lot like a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which felt a lot like a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which felt a lot like a difference
+curves costs they feel a lot like budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves costs they feel a lot like budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves costs they feel a lot like budget
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+okay iso cost curves are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay iso cost curves are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay iso cost curves are essentially the
+firm's budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm's budget constraint
+okay they're essentially mappings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're essentially mappings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're essentially mappings of the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+c equals wl plus rk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals wl plus rk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals wl plus rk
+essentially mappings for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially mappings for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially mappings for different
+amounts of k and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of k and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of k and l
+of the function c equals rk plus wl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function c equals rk plus wl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function c equals rk plus wl
+so if you look at figure six two here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at figure six two here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at figure six two here we
+see our iso cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our iso cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our iso cos
+lines okay so let's talk about this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so let's talk about this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so let's talk about this for
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+so for example take the middle one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example take the middle one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example take the middle one the
+hundred dollar iso cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar iso cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar iso cost
+this is saying what combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying what combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying what combinations
+of labor and capital cost you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and capital cost you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor and capital cost you one
+hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars
+well with a rental rate of ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with a rental rate of ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with a rental rate of ten dollars
+and a wage of five dollars that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a wage of five dollars that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a wage of five dollars that means
+you could have 10 machines and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have 10 machines and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have 10 machines and no
+workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+or 20 workers and no machines or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 workers and no machines or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 20 workers and no machines or some
+combination in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in between
+okay this is just a budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just a budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is just a budget constraint
+it's just saying given the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just saying given the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just saying given the amount of
+money you want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you want to spend
+given your cost okay how many machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given your cost okay how many machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given your cost okay how many machines
+and workers can you have the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and workers can you have the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and workers can you have the difference
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+we don't start i didn't start this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't start i didn't start this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't start i didn't start this
+example by saying your parents give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by saying your parents give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example by saying your parents give you
+x dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dollars
+that's why firm theory is harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why firm theory is harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why firm theory is harder than
+consumer theory i pinned down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory i pinned down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory i pinned down the
+consumer theory problem much more easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory problem much more easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory problem much more easily
+by saying your parents give you x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying your parents give you x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying your parents give you x
+dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars
+which told you which line to draft graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which told you which line to draft graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which told you which line to draft graph
+i don't have that here i haven't told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have that here i haven't told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have that here i haven't told
+you that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that here
+so you have to graph the series of iso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to graph the series of iso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to graph the series of iso
+cost curves because you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves because you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost curves because you don't know
+what the optimal cost is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the optimal cost is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the optimal cost is going to be
+that's going to be pinned down later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pinned down later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pinned down later
+that's what makes supply theory harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes supply theory harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes supply theory harder
+okay you have to draw the series so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to draw the series so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to draw the series so you
+draw these series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these series of
+iso cost curves different combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves different combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost curves different combinations
+that represent different amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent different amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represent different amounts
+different totals of cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different totals of cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different totals of cost
+and of course the slope of that iso cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the slope of that iso cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the slope of that iso cost
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+is delta k delta l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta k delta l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta k delta l
+or minus w over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus w over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus w over r
+okay that's the slope or in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the slope or in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the slope or in this case
+minus 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.5
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now those you're thinking ahead i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those you're thinking ahead i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now those you're thinking ahead i know
+you guys are very insightful as a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are very insightful as a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are very insightful as a class
+i'm sure some many of you think in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure some many of you think in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure some many of you think in your
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+might think gee that slope might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think gee that slope might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think gee that slope might not
+that slope might change as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slope might change as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that slope might change as the number of
+workers and machines changes could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and machines changes could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and machines changes could you
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+the relative price of capital labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative price of capital labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative price of capital labor
+changes in different costs and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in different costs and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in different costs and it might
+and we'll put that aside for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put that aside for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll put that aside for now
+for now assuming for every relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now assuming for every relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now assuming for every relevant
+quantity these prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity these prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity these prices
+five and ten dollars are fixed let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and ten dollars are fixed let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and ten dollars are fixed let's
+ignore them where those prices come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them where those prices come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore them where those prices come from
+they're just given now we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just given now we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just given now we'll come
+back to that later okay like i said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that later okay like i said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that later okay like i said this
+course is sort of like peeling an onion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is sort of like peeling an onion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is sort of like peeling an onion
+we raise things then we come back and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise things then we come back and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise things then we come back and go
+to the next layer of where'd that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next layer of where'd that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next layer of where'd that come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+right now we're we'll tell you where w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're we'll tell you where w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're we'll tell you where w
+and r come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r come from
+right now we're going to take them fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to take them fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to take them fixed
+and we'll assume they're always five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll assume they're always five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll assume they're always five and
+ten dollars regardless the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars regardless the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars regardless the amount
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+okay now here's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's the question
+you're a firm that wants to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a firm that wants to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a firm that wants to produce a
+certain amount of units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount of units
+you have a production function and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a production function and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a production function and a
+cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+how do you graphically figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you graphically figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you graphically figure out
+the right combination of capital labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right combination of capital labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right combination of capital labor
+to use to produce a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to produce a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to produce a certain amount of
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the
+the the tangent between the isoquant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangent between the isoquant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the tangent between the isoquant and
+the isocosta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isocosta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isocosta
+that's exactly right just as i asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right just as i asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly right just as i asked you
+what is the right combination of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right combination of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the right combination of pizza
+and cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cookies
+and you told me that it was the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told me that it was the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you told me that it was the tangency
+of the indifference curve and the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indifference curve and the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the indifference curve and the budget
+constraint it's the exact same logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's the exact same logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's the exact same logic
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the optimal mix of capital and labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal mix of capital and labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal mix of capital and labor
+comes from the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the tangency
+of the iso quant with the iso cost as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iso quant with the iso cost as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the iso quant with the iso cost as we
+see in figure six three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in figure six three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in figure six three
+and ignore the like somehow that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore the like somehow that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ignore the like somehow that curve
+is sort of connected at the top it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of connected at the top it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of connected at the top it's
+sort of a glitch a power point just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a glitch a power point just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a glitch a power point just
+ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that
+it's not actually like a square or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually like a square or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually like a square or a
+trapezoid it's just a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid it's just a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid it's just a curve
+what would you call that the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you call that the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you call that the curve and
+the two sides that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides that uh
+that's not trapezoid that's not that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not trapezoid that's not that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not trapezoid that's not that's a
+it's not a polygon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a polygon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a polygon okay
+it's just a line all right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a line all right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a line all right um so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh is there a name for that a curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there a name for that a curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there a name for that a curve in
+two lines i don't think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines i don't think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines i don't think so
+it's just a polygon right okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a polygon right okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a polygon right okay so it's
+not a polygon it's just a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a polygon it's just a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a polygon it's just a curve
+okay so the curve is the isoquant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the curve is the isoquant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the curve is the isoquant for
+the square root of 12.5 what do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 12.5 what do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of 12.5 what do i mean
+by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+i mean that is the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that is the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that is the combination of
+capital labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor
+that delivers square root of 12.5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delivers square root of 12.5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delivers square root of 12.5 units
+of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production
+okay so what that curve is all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that curve is all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that curve is all possible
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations
+of capital and labor that deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and labor that deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital and labor that deliver
+square to 12.5 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to 12.5 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to 12.5 units
+okay just like the indifference curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like the indifference curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just like the indifference curve is
+all possible combination of pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combination of pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible combination of pizza and
+cookie that leaves you equally happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie that leaves you equally happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie that leaves you equally happy
+this is all possible combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all possible combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all possible combination of
+capital labor that leads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor that leads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital labor that leads with
+that leads you to a given production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads you to a given production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads you to a given production
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as we said the further out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said the further out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we said the further out the
+isoquant the more you can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant the more you can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant the more you can produce
+so you want to produce as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to produce as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to produce as much as you
+can given the prices you face in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given the prices you face in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given the prices you face in the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+well those price you face in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those price you face in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those price you face in the market
+are delivered by the iso cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delivered by the iso cost curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delivered by the iso cost curve
+so the tangency is the best is the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangency is the best is the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangency is the best is the cost
+minimizing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing point
+that's when you're producing the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you're producing the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you're producing the most
+you can given the cost you face in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can given the cost you face in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can given the cost you face in the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+the most you can given the cost you face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you can given the cost you face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you can given the cost you face
+in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market
+okay and that tangency condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that tangency condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that tangency condition
+once again continue our parallels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again continue our parallels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again continue our parallels to
+consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer theory
+that tangency condition is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangency condition is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangency condition is going to
+deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver
+that the marginal product um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal product um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal product um
+is going to deliver that the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to deliver that the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to deliver that the marginal
+product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of labor
+over the marginal product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the marginal product of capital
+which we remember called last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we remember called last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we remember called last
+time the marginal rate of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the marginal rate of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the marginal rate of technical
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+okay is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is going to be equal
+to w over r actually the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w over r actually the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w over r actually the negative of
+these is going to be equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is going to be equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is going to be equal to each other
+but we'll just cross out the negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just cross out the negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just cross out the negatives
+so the negative of mpl over mpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negative of mpl over mpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the negative of mpl over mpk
+which we call the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the marginal rate of
+technical substitution is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical substitution is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical substitution is equal to the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+of w over r the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w over r the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w over r the slope
+the optimal point is where the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal point is where the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal point is where the marginal
+rate of technical substitution equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of technical substitution equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of technical substitution equals
+the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope
+which is the wage uh which is the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wage uh which is the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wage uh which is the wage
+to rental rate ratio alternatively i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rental rate ratio alternatively i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rental rate ratio alternatively i
+don't know if anyone besides me likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anyone besides me likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anyone besides me likes
+this intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition
+we can rewrite this as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this as um
+mpl over w equals mpk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpl over w equals mpk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpl over w equals mpk
+over r my bang for the buck formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r my bang for the buck formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r my bang for the buck formulation
+that i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i like
+that the next dollar of wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next dollar of wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next dollar of wages
+if you ask should i spend the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask should i spend the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask should i spend the next
+dollar on wages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on wages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar on wages or
+machines you should do it until the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you should do it until the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you should do it until the next
+dollar of wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of wages
+delivers you the same return as the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers you the same return as the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers you the same return as the next
+dollar of machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of machines
+okay this is what you get for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what you get for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is what you get for the next
+dollar of wages mpl over w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of wages mpl over w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar of wages mpl over w
+this will get the next dollar machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will get the next dollar machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will get the next dollar machines
+mpk over r you want to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpk over r you want to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mpk over r you want to continue to
+trade off machines and workers until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off machines and workers until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off machines and workers until
+that condition is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that condition is true
+okay so let's actually now solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually now solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's actually now solve for
+this okay for our for our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay for our for our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay for our for our example
+let's actually solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually solve for that
+okay if we solve for this we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we solve for this we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we solve for this we know that
+the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of labor
+which is dq dl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dq dl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dq dl
+okay is 0.5 times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is 0.5 times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is 0.5 times k
+over square root of k times l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of k times l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root of k times l
+and the marginal product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the marginal product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the marginal product of capital
+which is dq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dq
+dk equals 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk equals 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dk equals 0.5
+times l over the square root 0.5 times l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times l over the square root 0.5 times l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times l over the square root 0.5 times l
+of the square root of k times l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square root of k times l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square root of k times l
+okay just just taking the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just just taking the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just just taking the derivative of
+the all i did was take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all i did was take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all i did was take the derivative of
+the production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function
+okay so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore
+putting these together we're going to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these together we're going to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting these together we're going to we
+know that marginal rate of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that marginal rate of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that marginal rate of technical
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+in this example is equal to minus k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is equal to minus k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is equal to minus k over
+l that's not a general formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l that's not a general formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l that's not a general formula
+okay that's just this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's just this example the
+marginalized substitution is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginalized substitution is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginalized substitution is equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+negative of the ratio of capital labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the ratio of capital labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the ratio of capital labor
+we also know that the wage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the wage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that the wage rate
+we also know we want to set this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know we want to set this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know we want to set this equal
+to the negative of the wage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative of the wage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative of the wage rate
+i'm sorry the wage the wage rental rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry the wage the wage rental rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry the wage the wage rental rate
+ratio okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay
+and we know that's negative a half then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that's negative a half then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that's negative a half then
+we know that's a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's a half
+so because that's five and that's 10. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because that's five and that's 10. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because that's five and that's 10. so
+we want to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set
+the margin technical solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin technical solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin technical solution to the
+wage rate rental rate ratio which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage rate rental rate ratio which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage rate rental rate ratio which means
+we set minus k over hell equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set minus k over hell equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set minus k over hell equal to minus
+a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half
+or at the optimum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the optimum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at the optimum okay
+that means that um your labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that um your labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that um your labor
+your capital at the optimum that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital at the optimum that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your capital at the optimum that means
+the amount of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital
+should be half as much as the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be half as much as the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be half as much as the amount of
+labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor
+in this example we just solved for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example we just solved for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example we just solved for the
+efficient combination of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient combination of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient combination of inputs
+the efficient combination is the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient combination is the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficient combination is the issues
+kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate
+you should use capital to labor in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should use capital to labor in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should use capital to labor in a
+ratio of a half you're just half as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of a half you're just half as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of a half you're just half as much
+capital as used labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as used labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as used labor
+okay so let me pause there and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me pause there and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me pause there and let's
+let's talk about where this is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about where this is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about where this is coming
+from yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yeah
+does that mean that at any given place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that at any given place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that at any given place
+of cost per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the graphic intuition let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the graphic intuition let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the graphic intuition let's come
+to economics intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economics intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economics intuition
+the economics intuition is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics intuition is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics intuition is the following
+the production function delivers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function delivers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function delivers this
+relationship that the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that the marginal rate of
+substitution goes minus k over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution goes minus k over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution goes minus k over l
+in other words when you're producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when you're producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when you're producing
+goods given this production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods given this production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods given this production function
+you're indifferent between the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent between the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent between the next
+machine the next worker that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the next worker that's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the next worker that's just the
+way his production function worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his production function worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his production function worked out
+that one more machine delivers you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one more machine delivers you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one more machine delivers you the
+same amount as one more worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount as one more worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount as one more worker
+okay now i've just told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i've just told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i've just told you that
+one machine costs half of one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine costs half of one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine costs half of one more
+worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker
+so which do you want more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no one machine delivers the same return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one machine delivers the same return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one machine delivers the same return
+as one worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one worker
+you want more workers workers cost hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more workers workers cost hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more workers workers cost hash
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+they're equally productive so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally productive so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally productive so you want
+more workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more workers
+so the optimal amount of machines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the optimal amount of machines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the optimal amount of machines is
+going to be half as many as the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be half as many as the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be half as many as the number
+of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of workers
+you want more workers because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more workers because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more workers because you're
+indifferent look at that production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent look at that production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent look at that production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+you're indifferent okay you don't give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent okay you don't give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're indifferent okay you don't give a
+ about l versus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ about l versus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ about l versus k
+they're the same to you okay you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same to you okay you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same to you okay you're a
+hard capitalist man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard capitalist man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard capitalist man
+machine or worker you don't care but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or worker you don't care but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine or worker you don't care but the
+market's telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market's telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market's telling you
+you can get a worker for half the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a worker for half the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a worker for half the price
+of machine so you as a good cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine so you as a good cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine so you as a good cost
+minimizing capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing capitalist
+get take twice as many workers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get take twice as many workers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get take twice as many workers as
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+okay and that's the outcome that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the outcome that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's the outcome that you get
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+okay so that's basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's basically um
+what we do to to derive this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do to to derive this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do to to derive this now
+what i want is take this and then derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our ultimate goal which is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ultimate goal which is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ultimate goal which is what is the
+long-run cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run cost function
+that's sort of what we why we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we why we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we why we started
+this lecture what is the long-run cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture what is the long-run cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture what is the long-run cost
+function let's do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's do the math
+we'll do the math in five steps step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the math in five steps step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the math in five steps step one
+q equals square root of k times l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay step two
+we know from up there that k over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from up there that k over l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from up there that k over l
+equals w over r we derive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w over r we derive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals w over r we derive that
+right leading us to the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right leading us to the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right leading us to the conclusion that
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+leaves conclusion to k equals one half l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves conclusion to k equals one half l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves conclusion to k equals one half l
+okay we just derived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore we can rewrite q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can rewrite q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can rewrite q
+we can rewrite q as the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite q as the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite q as the square root
+of one half times l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one half times l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one half times l squared
+just substituting in because k equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substituting in because k equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substituting in because k equals
+one half l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore we can solve for l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can solve for l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can solve for l
+is going to be square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be square root of 2
+over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be square root of 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be square root of 2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be square root of 2 over 2
+over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay l the square root of 2 over q k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay l the square root of 2 over q k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay l the square root of 2 over q k
+is square root of 2 over 2 over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square root of 2 over 2 over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square root of 2 over 2 over q
+i'm sorry i'm sorry no not not over q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i'm sorry no not not over q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry i'm sorry no not not over q
+i'm sorry that's my bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that's my bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry that's my bad
+error error go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error error go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error error go back
+should always look at my notes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always look at my notes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always look at my notes it's
+square root of 2 times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 times q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 times q
+my bad l is square to two times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and k
+is square root of two over two times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore
+armed with this l and k we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with this l and k we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armed with this l and k we can rewrite
+our cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cost function
+so step five is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step five is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so step five is that
+the cost function given this stuff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function given this stuff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function given this stuff the
+cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+equals r times square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r times square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r times square root of 2
+times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry r times square root of 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry r times square root of 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry r times square root of 2 over
+2 times q plus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times q plus w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times q plus w
+times square root of 2 times q i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of 2 times q i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of 2 times q i just
+plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in
+the optimal l and k into my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal l and k into my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal l and k into my cost
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay now i can plug in the 10 and the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i can plug in the 10 and the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i can plug in the 10 and the 5
+to get c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get c
+equals 10 times square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 times square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 10 times square root of 2
+times q and i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q and i'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q and i'm done
+i've just derived the cost function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just derived the cost function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just derived the cost function this
+is what we came here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we came here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we came here for
+this is what you got up this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you got up this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you got up this morning
+wanting to see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to see okay
+you got this one you said i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this one you said i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this one you said i want to know
+how does the cost of a firm vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the cost of a firm vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the cost of a firm vary with
+the quantity it produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity it produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity it produces
+and i've just told you this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just told you this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've just told you this tells you
+how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the
+the costs that you pay vary the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs that you pay vary the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs that you pay vary the quantity
+you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+and i did that by by deriving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did that by by deriving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did that by by deriving the
+optimal mix of l and k you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal mix of l and k you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal mix of l and k you want to use
+and then simply imposing the prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then simply imposing the prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then simply imposing the prices of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+and i get a cost function yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get a cost function yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get a cost function yeah
+i'm sorry would you be adding the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry would you be adding the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry would you be adding the two
+terms which two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which two terms
+oh yeah plus i'm sorry you're right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah plus i'm sorry you're right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah plus i'm sorry you're right my
+bad that's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad that's a plus
+thanks this is the most math i'll do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks this is the most math i'll do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks this is the most math i'll do in
+a lecture all year you can be pleased to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture all year you can be pleased to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture all year you can be pleased to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that's why it's my least favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's my least favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's my least favorite
+lecture yeah generally true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yeah generally true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yeah generally true
+uh do you mean this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you mean this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you mean this particular
+functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form
+no this is all dependent on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is all dependent on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is all dependent on that
+production function i wrote down what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function i wrote down what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function i wrote down what's
+generally true is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is this
+okay or actually k wouldn't be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or actually k wouldn't be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or actually k wouldn't be what's
+generally true is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is just
+c equals in the long run what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals in the long run what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equals in the long run what's
+generally true is c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true is c
+equals wl plus rk okay that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals wl plus rk okay that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals wl plus rk okay that's what's
+generally true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true
+i just make but what i've showed you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just make but what i've showed you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just make but what i've showed you is
+given three things a production all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three things a production all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given three things a production all i
+gave you was a production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you was a production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you was a production function
+a wage rate and a rental rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wage rate and a rental rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wage rate and a rental rate
+given those three things you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those three things you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those three things you can then
+derive the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function
+okay given those three things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given those three things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given those three things you can
+derive the cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function
+in fact given two things you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact given two things you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact given two things you can derive
+the cost function you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost function you could actually
+derive the cost function given one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function given one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the cost function given one thing
+given just a production function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given just a production function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given just a production function to
+drive the cost function as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cost function as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the cost function as a function of
+these input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these input prices
+okay so that is a lot of uh that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is a lot of uh that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is a lot of uh that's a lot
+of results from one function from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of results from one function from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of results from one function from one
+production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function
+okay now other questions about this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now other questions about this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now other questions about this of
+the math i got wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math i got wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math i got wrong
+sorry about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that yeah
+did you just repeat the three inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you just repeat the three inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you just repeat the three inputs
+that you're using all i use somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using all i use somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're using all i use somebody
+somebody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what
+what do you need to get the magical cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to get the magical cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to get the magical cost
+function what three things do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what three things do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what three things do you need
+yeah w and r and then q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah w and r and then q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah w and r and then q
+no w-r-n what about q you need q but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no w-r-n what about q you need q but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no w-r-n what about q you need q but
+what about what do you need w-r-n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about what do you need w-r-n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about what do you need w-r-n
+the production function starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function starting with
+the production function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production function that
+mathematical equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical equation
+this mathematical equation w and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical equation w and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical equation w and r
+i'm done everything i've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done everything i've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done everything i've done this
+lecture comes from those three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture comes from those three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture comes from those three things
+the math is hard and annoying we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is hard and annoying we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is hard and annoying we will
+have you practice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you practice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you practice it
+you will not like it okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not like it okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not like it okay it's just
+it's just kind of what you got to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of what you got to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of what you got to do all
+right i don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i don't like it
+you're not going to like it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to like it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to like it it's just
+what we got to do to get to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got to do to get to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got to do to get to the more
+interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's fixed in the short run the bar on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in the short run the bar on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed in the short run the bar on
+the it shouldn't see a bar in a k over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it shouldn't see a bar in a k over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it shouldn't see a bar in a k over
+here that's all over here when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's all over here when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's all over here when it's
+doing the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the short run
+yeah r w in order to get to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah r w in order to get to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah r w in order to get to the fifth
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+like yeah i needed r and w well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah i needed r and w well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah i needed r and w well to
+simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+k is one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is one that's
+oh you're right that's a good point i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're right that's a good point i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're right that's a good point i
+needed r w back here you're right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed r w back here you're right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed r w back here you're right it's a
+good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point
+it's a good point but i still could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good point but i still could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good point but i still could have
+done this whole thing as a function of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this whole thing as a function of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this whole thing as a function of r
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+if i wanted to if i wanted to really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to if i wanted to really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to if i wanted to really you
+know screw up my math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know screw up my math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know screw up my math
+all right okay so now armed with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so now armed with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay so now armed with this
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+talk about what happens when input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens when input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens when input
+prices change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices change
+we talked about with consumer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about with consumer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about with consumer theory
+what happens when the price of pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the price of pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the price of pizza and
+cookies change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies change
+what happens when the price of labor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the price of labor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the price of labor and
+capital changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital changes
+what does that do so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do so let's talk about
+changes in input prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in input prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in input prices
+okay let's go to figure six four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's look at with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at with the same
+production function square to l times k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function square to l times k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function square to l times k
+we're not changing our production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not changing our production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not changing our production
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+we're gonna change the wage rental ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna change the wage rental ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna change the wage rental ratio
+so line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so line the
+the the um we have our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um we have our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um we have our initial
+uh we have our initial line our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have our initial line our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have our initial line our initial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+wage rental ratio which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage rental ratio which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage rental ratio which is
+that basically um you have a wage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically um you have a wage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically um you have a wage rate
+of this um but that but but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um but that but but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this um but that but but but the
+budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint
+essentially that's flatter is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's flatter is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's flatter is our
+original budget constraint the flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original budget constraint the flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original budget constraint the flatter
+budget constraint is original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint is original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint is original
+strength that's a budget screen with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength that's a budget screen with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength that's a budget screen with a
+price of capital of 10 and a wage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of capital of 10 and a wage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of capital of 10 and a wage of
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+and that intersects our isoquant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that intersects our isoquant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that intersects our isoquant at
+point x so we chose five units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x so we chose five units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x so we chose five units
+um uh we chose five units of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we chose five units of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we chose five units of labor
+now we have a new we chose five units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a new we chose five units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a new we chose five units of
+labor and two and a half machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and two and a half machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor and two and a half machines
+okay that was our original this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was our original this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was our original this is sort
+of a messed up graph but our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a messed up graph but our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a messed up graph but our original
+intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection
+was at point x the cost minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at point x the cost minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at point x the cost minimizing
+combination that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that got
+square root of 12.5 production was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 12.5 production was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 12.5 production was to
+have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five
+workers and two and a half machines now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and two and a half machines now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and two and a half machines now
+let's say the price of workers rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the price of workers rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the price of workers rises
+to ten the wage rate rises to ten bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten the wage rate rises to ten bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ten the wage rate rises to ten bucks
+an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour
+so now workers and machines cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now workers and machines cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now workers and machines cost the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+what is now the optimal mix of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now the optimal mix of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now the optimal mix of workers
+and machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well graphically we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well graphically we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well graphically we know
+we still want to produce the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still want to produce the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still want to produce the square root
+of 12.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 12.5
+so we want to stay tangent to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to stay tangent to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to stay tangent to the same
+isoquant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoquant
+okay so basically what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically what we're saying is
+this is as if we said to consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as if we said to consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is as if we said to consumers
+keeping utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping utility
+changed changed the price what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed changed the price what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed changed the price what do we
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+remember we call that keeping utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we call that keeping utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we call that keeping utility
+constant changing the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant changing the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant changing the price
+anyone remember we call that this who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember we call that this who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember we call that this who
+said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that
+all right raise your hand next time be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right raise your hand next time be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right raise your hand next time be
+proud substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud substitution effect
+that's the substitution effect it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the substitution effect it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the substitution effect it's the
+same idea here we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea here we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea here we want to know
+for a given level of production what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given level of production what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given level of production what
+happens is the price of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the price of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the price of the inputs
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and so we shift along the isoquant from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we shift along the isoquant from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we shift along the isoquant from
+point x to point y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x to point y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x to point y
+and you'll see we choose a mix where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see we choose a mix where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see we choose a mix where we
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+fewer workers and more machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer workers and more machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer workers and more machines
+and just as the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as the substitution effect
+is always non-positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always non-positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always non-positive
+this shift as these as the wage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shift as these as the wage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shift as these as the wage rate
+rises the price to go to the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises the price to go to the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises the price to go to the x-axis
+rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+you will unambiguously use no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will unambiguously use no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will unambiguously use no more
+and almost certainly less workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost certainly less workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost certainly less workers
+okay and you can see that graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that graphically
+think about graphically you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about graphically you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about graphically you're looking
+for the tangency between this curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tangency between this curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tangency between this curve and
+the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+the slope of the line just got steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the line just got steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the line just got steeper
+therefore you must move to the left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you must move to the left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you must move to the left on
+the curve it's the same proof as we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve it's the same proof as we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve it's the same proof as we use
+the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect
+why the substitution effect was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the substitution effect was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the substitution effect was always
+non-positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-positive
+okay it's the same intuition here we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the same intuition here we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the same intuition here we use
+for y a rise in the wage rate will lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y a rise in the wage rate will lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y a rise in the wage rate will lead
+you to higher fewer workers and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to higher fewer workers and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to higher fewer workers and more
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+guess what you just entered the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what you just entered the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what you just entered the debate
+on the minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the minimum wage
+and you follow the minimum wage what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you follow the minimum wage what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you follow the minimum wage what do
+people say well if you raise the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well if you raise the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say well if you raise the wage
+you have to pay workers they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay workers they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay workers they'll be
+replaced by machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by machines
+that's this this is the math this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this this is the math this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this this is the math this is the
+mathematical and graphical intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and graphical intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and graphical intuition
+behind the debate on which which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the debate on which which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the debate on which which we'll
+get into later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into later in the semester
+but the basic idea of that debate is gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea of that debate is gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea of that debate is gee
+if you force firms to pay more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you force firms to pay more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you force firms to pay more to
+workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers
+they're going to substitute towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to substitute towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to substitute towards
+machines that's exactly right in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that's exactly right in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that's exactly right in theory
+in practice there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice there's a lot of
+complications but this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications but this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications but this gives you the
+theory of why people make that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why people make that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of why people make that argument
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so in this example only the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example only the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this example only the like
+only the wage for workers in this house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the wage for workers in this house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the wage for workers in this house
+not the machine why would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the machine why would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the machine why would the
+iso cost like not have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost like not have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iso cost like not have the same
+uh y intercept ah great point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y intercept ah great point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y intercept ah great point because
+here i'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm drawing
+a new iso i am drawing the iso cost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new iso i am drawing the iso cost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new iso i am drawing the iso cost that
+i would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would use
+while still producing square to 12.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still producing square to 12.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still producing square to 12.5
+so that's just the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just the substitution effect
+i'm just i i'm not drawing the full set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just i i'm not drawing the full set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just i i'm not drawing the full set
+of iso costs at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iso costs at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iso costs at the new
+price i'm just saying to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price i'm just saying to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price i'm just saying to produce the
+same amount what's my new if i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount what's my new if i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount what's my new if i want to
+produce the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same amount
+what combination i now have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination i now have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination i now have to use
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the total cost of production let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total cost of production let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total cost of production let's see
+it use yeah it has to be uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it use yeah it has to be uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it use yeah it has to be uh no
+uh let's see no total cost doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see no total cost doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see no total cost doesn't have
+to be the same the total cost used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same the total cost used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same the total cost used to be
+five workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five workers
+at five bucks an hour that's 25. it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five bucks an hour that's 25. it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five bucks an hour that's 25. it used
+to be 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 50.
+now what is it it's now it's 70.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is it it's now it's 70.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is it it's now it's 70.
+the total cost has gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly it's not like the budget income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's not like the budget income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's not like the budget income
+is fixed that's what's hard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed that's what's hard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed that's what's hard about
+producer theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer theory
+because basically the budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically the budget constraint
+was sort of asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of asking
+you know keeping your budget fixed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know keeping your budget fixed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know keeping your budget fixed this
+is like asking keeping your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like asking keeping your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like asking keeping your total
+production fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production fixed
+and so now you have to pay more to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have to pay more to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have to pay more to get
+to get that level of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that level of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that level of production
+okay it's good questions okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's good questions okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's good questions okay now
+hopefully what does this lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what does this lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully what does this lead to
+this so so that gives us our change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so that gives us our change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so that gives us our change in
+input prices okay other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices okay other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input prices okay other questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now remember it's at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember it's at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember it's at the beginning of
+the lecture we're first going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we're first going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we're first going to solve
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+what is the cost minimizing combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cost minimizing combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cost minimizing combination
+of inputs for a given quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs for a given quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs for a given quantity
+we derive that up there it's half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derive that up there it's half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we derive that up there it's half as
+much going back to our old prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much going back to our old prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much going back to our old prices
+it's half as much capital as labor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half as much capital as labor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half as much capital as labor now
+we want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask
+how does your cost change as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does your cost change as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does your cost change as the
+quantity changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes
+and we call that the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call that the long run
+expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the long run expansion path which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run expansion path which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run expansion path which is how
+do your costs expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your costs expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your costs expand
+as you produce more and we see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you produce more and we see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you produce more and we see that in
+figure six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure six
+five in figure six five we show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in figure six five we show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five in figure six five we show the
+particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case
+of a linear long run expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear long run expansion path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear long run expansion path
+that's what you get in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get in this example
+it's a particular case what this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a particular case what this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a particular case what this case
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+is at any given level of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any given level of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at any given level of production
+the optimal mix of labor and capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal mix of labor and capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal mix of labor and capital is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+in other words you always want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you always want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you always want to have
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+essentially given the price of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially given the price of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially given the price of labor
+is half the price of capital you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half the price of capital you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half the price of capital you always
+want to have twice as many workers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have twice as many workers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have twice as many workers as
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+so if you want to produce square to 12.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to produce square to 12.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to produce square to 12.5
+you want five workers and two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want five workers and two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want five workers and two and a half
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines
+if you want to produce square to 50 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to produce square to 50 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to produce square to 50 you
+want 10 workers and five machines if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 10 workers and five machines if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 10 workers and five machines if you
+want to produce square to 112.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce square to 112.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce square to 112.5
+you want 15 workers and seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 15 workers and seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want 15 workers and seven and a half
+machines so the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the long run
+given this production function the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this production function the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this production function the long
+run expansion path is linear you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run expansion path is linear you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run expansion path is linear you always
+want the same ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the same ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the same ratio
+of workers to machines yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason why we don't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we don't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we don't necessarily have
+a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict
+budget per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can yeah a loan out this is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can yeah a loan out this is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can yeah a loan out this is what i
+tried to say it's sort of i always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to say it's sort of i always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to say it's sort of i always say
+every year but it's hard we have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year but it's hard we have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year but it's hard we have to come
+back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it
+the reason producer theory is harder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason producer theory is harder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason producer theory is harder is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we're not given a fixed constant we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not given a fixed constant we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not given a fixed constant we are
+with consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with consumers
+consumers we're saying look you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we're saying look you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers we're saying look you've got
+an amount you've got a resource you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount you've got a resource you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount you've got a resource you've
+got a constrained maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a constrained maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a constrained maximization
+we haven't constrained their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't constrained their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't constrained their
+maximization yet there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization yet there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization yet there's another
+constraint we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we need
+they have an extra degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an extra degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an extra degree of freedom
+relative to consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to consumers
+now in fact consumers have degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact consumers have degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact consumers have degree of
+freedom too when you grow up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom too when you grow up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom too when you grow up your
+parents don't give you money you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents don't give you money you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents don't give you money you decide
+how much to make so in reality consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to make so in reality consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to make so in reality consumers
+you could do this will have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this will have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do this will have the same
+degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+but we started with the easy consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we started with the easy consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we started with the easy consumer
+theory case where you constrict we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory case where you constrict we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory case where you constrict we
+we we took away a degree of freedom now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we took away a degree of freedom now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we took away a degree of freedom now
+we're adding it back which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding it back which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding it back which you can
+choose how much to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much to produce
+like you being able to choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you being able to choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you being able to choose your
+income as a consumer okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income as a consumer okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income as a consumer okay and that
+leaves the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the wrong
+long run expansion path let me go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run expansion path let me go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run expansion path let me go on
+because i want to make sure i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to make sure i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to make sure i get
+through this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this stuff
+okay now the long run expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the long run expansion path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the long run expansion path
+does not have to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to be linear
+so think about look at figures 6 6 five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about look at figures 6 6 five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about look at figures 6 6 five
+b and six five c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and six five c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and six five c
+so six five b is a long run expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six five b is a long run expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so six five b is a long run expansion
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+for a production function such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a production function such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a production function such that
+capital becomes less productive the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital becomes less productive the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital becomes less productive the more
+you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+i don't have the example the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have the example the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have the example the production
+function but you write down production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you write down production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but you write down production
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+which have the feature that the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the feature that the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have the feature that the more you
+produce the less productive capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the less productive capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the less productive capital
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+the less each edition you have capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less each edition you have capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less each edition you have capital
+helps we'll teach this unit of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps we'll teach this unit of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps we'll teach this unit of workers
+okay so you know we could think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know we could think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know we could think of this
+roughly as sort of like a fast food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as sort of like a fast food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly as sort of like a fast food
+restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant
+that kind of you know each addition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you know each addition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you know each addition that
+basically there's so much stuff to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's so much stuff to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's so much stuff to do
+where workers can efficiently share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where workers can efficiently share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where workers can efficiently share
+tasks and things these distal worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and things these distal worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and things these distal worker
+that the marginal product of labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal product of labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginal product of labor
+essentially diminishes less quickly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially diminishes less quickly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially diminishes less quickly than
+the marginal product of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal product of capital
+okay on the other hand in figure 65c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand in figure 65c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand in figure 65c
+we can have a long run expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a long run expansion path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have a long run expansion path
+where where labor becomes less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where labor becomes less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where labor becomes less
+productive relative to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive relative to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive relative to capital
+i think it's like heavy machinery where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's like heavy machinery where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's like heavy machinery where
+like basically all workers can do is run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically all workers can do is run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically all workers can do is run
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+so that second worker workers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that second worker workers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that second worker workers don't
+really do much but sit there and flip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much but sit there and flip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much but sit there and flip a
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+you need the worker to flip the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the worker to flip the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the worker to flip the switch
+that's all they do so the second worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they do so the second worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all they do so the second worker
+that you're already flipping the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're already flipping the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're already flipping the switch
+so really adding more machines is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really adding more machines is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really adding more machines is a more
+productive way to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive way to expand
+expand output none of these is right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand output none of these is right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand output none of these is right or
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+we're just saying that this shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying that this shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying that this shape of
+this expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expansion path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expansion path
+can basically vary with how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically vary with how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically vary with how much
+uh with different production functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with different production functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with different production functions
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but they're all the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all the same idea
+now so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so basically
+that tells you um and the bot but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you um and the bot but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you um and the bot but here's
+the bottom line that we want to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line that we want to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line that we want to come to
+that long run expansion path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long run expansion path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long run expansion path
+is our long run cost curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so ultimately if you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately if you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately if you want to ask
+how do my costs vary with how much i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do my costs vary with how much i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do my costs vary with how much i
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+this curve tells you because what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve tells you because what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve tells you because what it
+does it says for every level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it says for every level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it says for every level of
+production i'll tell you the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production i'll tell you the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production i'll tell you the optimal
+combination of l and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of l and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of l and k
+given the price of l k that will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the price of l k that will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the price of l k that will tell
+you the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cost
+and so you trace out the cost with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you trace out the cost with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you trace out the cost with every
+level of production this is your cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of production this is your cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of production this is your cost
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+this long run expansion path tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long run expansion path tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long run expansion path tells you
+what the costs are for every level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the costs are for every level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the costs are for every level of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+and it tells you that because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you that because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells you that because you've
+made you're doing the efficient level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you're doing the efficient level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you're doing the efficient level of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+okay that's what the long expansion pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the long expansion pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what the long expansion pass
+telling you okay this is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you okay this is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you okay this is hard
+i'm about to make it harder which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to make it harder which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to make it harder which is
+we're now going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to talk about the
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+between short run costs and long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between short run costs and long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between short run costs and long run
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+okay and the key insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key insight
+is that long run costs are everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that long run costs are everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that long run costs are everywhere
+lower than short run costs without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than short run costs without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than short run costs without
+looking to figure because the figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to figure because the figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to figure because the figure
+doesn't help with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help with this
+why does that make sense why are long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that make sense why are long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that make sense why are long
+run costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run costs
+why if you can optimize over the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you can optimize over the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why if you can optimize over the long
+run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run
+will you always have costs that are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you always have costs that are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you always have costs that are no
+higher and in general lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and in general lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and in general lower
+than optimizing the short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you've already had the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've already had the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you've already had the right
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+because you have an extra degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an extra degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have an extra degree of
+freedom i think this le chatelier's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom i think this le chatelier's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom i think this le chatelier's
+principle is that right for the chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is that right for the chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is that right for the chemist
+among us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among us
+that basically like essentially an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically like essentially an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically like essentially an extra
+degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom
+means the more you can optimize over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the more you can optimize over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the more you can optimize over the
+better you can do in optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can do in optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can do in optimizing
+in the short run you could strain by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run you could strain by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the short run you could strain by the
+size of the building in the long run you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the building in the long run you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the building in the long run you
+can choose so let's to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose so let's to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose so let's to see that
+let's go to figure six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a confusing figure so bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a confusing figure so bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a confusing figure so bear with
+me as i walk you through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as i walk you through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as i walk you through it
+okay consider a firm with three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay consider a firm with three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay consider a firm with three possible
+sizes of plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of plants
+they're going to build a plant so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to build a plant so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to build a plant so the
+capital here is the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital here is the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital here is the building
+and there's three possible sizes small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's three possible sizes small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's three possible sizes small
+medium and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and large
+okay the small plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the small plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the small plant
+has the curve srac1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the curve srac1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the curve srac1
+what does that curve mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that curve mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that curve mean that means
+that the small plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the small plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the small plant
+i'm sorry small plant is srec1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry small plant is srec1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry small plant is srec1 the
+median planet is srac2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median planet is srac2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median planet is srac2
+and the large planet has srac3 compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the large planet has srac3 compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the large planet has srac3 compare
+srac1 to srac3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 to srac3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 to srac3
+what this is saying is for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is for small
+quantities of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of production
+srac1 lies below srac3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 lies below srac3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 lies below srac3
+right for small quantities of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for small quantities of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for small quantities of production
+if you extend srac3 out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you extend srac3 out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you extend srac3 out
+you see it levels of production like q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it levels of production like q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it levels of production like q1
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+even q2 srac3 is way above srac1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even q2 srac3 is way above srac1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even q2 srac3 is way above srac1
+when you go to level of production like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to level of production like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to level of production like
+q3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3
+srac1 if you extend that dash line out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 if you extend that dash line out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac1 if you extend that dash line out
+it's going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be much
+much higher than srac3 so the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than srac3 so the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than srac3 so the right
+an srac2 is in between so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an srac2 is in between so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an srac2 is in between so essentially
+for different levels of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different levels of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different levels of production
+these give the different optimal short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these give the different optimal short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these give the different optimal short
+run cost curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run cost curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run cost curves
+in the long run you get to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run you get to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run you get to choose
+so the long run average cost curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the long run average cost curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the long run average cost curve is
+the lower envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower envelope
+of the short run average cost curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the short run average cost curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the short run average cost curves
+because in the long run you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the long run you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the long run you say
+well here's my production level i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's my production level i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's my production level i know
+in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the long run
+so if i know i'm going to build a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know i'm going to build a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know i'm going to build a lot of
+things i choose srac3 i choose i choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i choose srac3 i choose i choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i choose srac3 i choose i choose
+the biggest plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest plant
+if my own production is going to be low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my own production is going to be low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my own production is going to be low
+i choose the smallest plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i choose the smallest plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i choose the smallest plant
+but i can optimize in the long run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can optimize in the long run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can optimize in the long run by
+choosing the right size plant for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the right size plant for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the right size plant for my
+production level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production level
+this is hard and i'm almost out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard and i'm almost out of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard and i'm almost out of time
+so let me end with an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me end with an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me end with an example that
+perfectly illustrates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly illustrates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly illustrates this
+tesla elon musk everybody's favorite guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla elon musk everybody's favorite guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tesla elon musk everybody's favorite guy
+these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days
+okay tesla when they came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tesla when they came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay tesla when they came out
+had to decide how big a plant to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to decide how big a plant to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to decide how big a plant to build
+how many batteries to make batteries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many batteries to make batteries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many batteries to make batteries are
+the key and put it teslas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key and put it teslas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key and put it teslas
+okay and they expected to make to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they expected to make to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they expected to make to have
+demand for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for 20
+000 cars by the year 2017.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars by the year 2017.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars by the year 2017.
+so they built a plant like srac1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they built a plant like srac1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they built a plant like srac1
+they built a plant that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a plant that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a plant that was the
+efficient plant to produce 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient plant to produce 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient plant to produce 20
+000 cars the problem is the man was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars the problem is the man was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars the problem is the man was for
+200 000 cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 000 cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 000 cars
+as a result there's a three year waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result there's a three year waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result there's a three year waiting
+list to get teslas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to get teslas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list to get teslas
+it turned out that was not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that was not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that was not the right
+size to produce they lost money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size to produce they lost money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size to produce they lost money
+relative to the author they made money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the author they made money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the author they made money
+musk is incredibly rich but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musk is incredibly rich but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musk is incredibly rich but they didn't
+do what was most efficient given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what was most efficient given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what was most efficient given the
+underlying demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying demand
+but now musk can reoptimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now musk can reoptimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now musk can reoptimize
+now he's saying wait a second people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's saying wait a second people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's saying wait a second people
+want way more cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want way more cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want way more cars
+well producing them at the tiny plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well producing them at the tiny plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well producing them at the tiny plane
+was exorbitantly expensive i had to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exorbitantly expensive i had to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exorbitantly expensive i had to run
+it over and over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over time
+pay workers overtime to produce 200k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay workers overtime to produce 200k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay workers overtime to produce 200k
+cars that tiny plant just was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that tiny plant just was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars that tiny plant just was
+exorbitantly expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exorbitantly expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exorbitantly expensive
+that's if you take that dashed line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you take that dashed line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you take that dashed line and
+said it way the hell up the srac1 line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it way the hell up the srac1 line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it way the hell up the srac1 line
+extended way to hell up but incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended way to hell up but incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended way to hell up but incredibly
+expensive so what is musk doing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so what is musk doing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so what is musk doing now
+building the largest battery plant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the largest battery plant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the largest battery plant in
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+in nevada he is building a battery plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nevada he is building a battery plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nevada he is building a battery plant
+that can produce batteries for 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can produce batteries for 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can produce batteries for 500
+000 cars so we shifted from srac1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars so we shifted from srac1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 cars so we shifted from srac1 to
+srac3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+srac3
+he's now saying in the long run i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now saying in the long run i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now saying in the long run i can
+more if i'm going to produce 200 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if i'm going to produce 200 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more if i'm going to produce 200 000
+cars i can do that more efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars i can do that more efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars i can do that more efficiently
+with a giant battery plant and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a giant battery plant and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a giant battery plant and that's
+what he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's doing
+so he's reoptimizing now what if musk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's reoptimizing now what if musk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's reoptimizing now what if musk is
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+what if it turns out teslas suck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it turns out teslas suck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it turns out teslas suck and
+people like i don't want them anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like i don't want them anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like i don't want them anymore
+someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+or you know chevy finally figures it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know chevy finally figures it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know chevy finally figures it out
+makes a good electric car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good electric car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good electric car
+okay then what's gonna happen is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what's gonna happen is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what's gonna happen is he's
+gonna have a mistake in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a mistake in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a mistake in the long run
+then the third period he'll go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third period he'll go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the third period he'll go back to a
+smaller plant again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller plant again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller plant again
+but he always can do what's efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he always can do what's efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he always can do what's efficient in
+the long run given the underlying demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run given the underlying demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run given the underlying demand
+so tesla is an example of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tesla is an example of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tesla is an example of this sort of
+long-run short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-run short run
+dichotomy anyway it's a lot of stuff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy anyway it's a lot of stuff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy anyway it's a lot of stuff for
+one lecture we'll come back next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture we'll come back next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture we'll come back next time
+talk more about costs and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about costs and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about costs and then we'll
+start getting into competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting into competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting into competition
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TUbfCY_8Dzs.txt b/TUbfCY_8Dzs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6564e918e71d61b9111a9d2ab371e4113ed0fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TUbfCY_8Dzs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh so welcome back to 6890
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so welcome back to 6890
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh so welcome back to 6890
+today we have the first of two guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have the first of two guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have the first of two guest
+lectures by costus daskalakis about ppad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by costus daskalakis about ppad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures by costus daskalakis about ppad
+completeness take it away costus okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness take it away costus okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness take it away costus okay uh
+thanks for the invitation to to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for the invitation to to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for the invitation to to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ppad uh this is sort of an unusual class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppad uh this is sort of an unusual class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppad uh this is sort of an unusual class
+you haven't seen it before so part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen it before so part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen it before so part of
+the lecture is to describe the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture is to describe the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture is to describe the class and
+the motivation behind this definition if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation behind this definition if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivation behind this definition if
+I start with the definition itself uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with the definition itself uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start with the definition itself uh uh
+it may seem weird so instead I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem weird so instead I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem weird so instead I want to
+provide some motivation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some motivation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some motivation about the
+definition and then sort of like towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then sort of like towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then sort of like towards
+the end of the lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture we're going to
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+definition uh we're also going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we're also going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we're also going to see
+our first PPD complete problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first PPD complete problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first PPD complete problem in the
+end of this lecture and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture and in the next
+lecture I'm going to describe uh uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to describe uh uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to describe uh uh more
+natural if you want problems that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural if you want problems that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural if you want problems that are
+pbd complete okay so the motivation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pbd complete okay so the motivation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pbd complete okay so the motivation for
+me looking at uh this class uh is uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking at uh this class uh is uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking at uh this class uh is uh um
+some beautiful theorems in uh Game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful theorems in uh Game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beautiful theorems in uh Game
+Theory economics and topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory economics and topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory economics and topology
+uh namely Nash's theorem brow theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh namely Nash's theorem brow theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh namely Nash's theorem brow theorem
+and sperner Theorem uh and uh I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sperner Theorem uh and uh I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sperner Theorem uh and uh I want to
+describe those theorems before I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those theorems before I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe those theorems before I get
+into the computational complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computational complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computational complexity of
+this the resulting problems so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the resulting problems so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the resulting problems so let me
+start with Nash's theorem so this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Nash's theorem so this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Nash's theorem so this table
+represents a game between two players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a game between two players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a game between two players
+the rows correspond to the strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows correspond to the strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows correspond to the strategies
+available to the blue player and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the blue player and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the blue player and the
+columns correspond to the strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns correspond to the strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns correspond to the strategies
+available to the column player and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the column player and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the column player and then
+every box in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every box in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every box in this table
+uh uh writes down the payoffs that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh writes down the payoffs that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh writes down the payoffs that the
+two players get uh if they chose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players get uh if they chose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two players get uh if they chose the
+corresponding strategies in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding strategies in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding strategies in particular
+so this is a penalty shot game if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a penalty shot game if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a penalty shot game if the if
+the goalie Dives left and the kicker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie Dives left and the kicker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie Dives left and the kicker uh
+shoots right then the goalie loses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoots right then the goalie loses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoots right then the goalie loses a
+point the uh kicker gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the uh kicker gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the uh kicker gets a
+point um more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um more generally
+uh in a game you have to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a game you have to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a game you have to specify the
+players n the number of players n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players n the number of players n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players n the number of players n the
+set of players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of players
+n then uh for every player P you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then uh for every player P you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then uh for every player P you have to
+specify the set of strategies available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the set of strategies available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the set of strategies available
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+player and also for every player P you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and also for every player P you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and also for every player P you
+have to uh describe a pay of function up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh describe a pay of function up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh describe a pay of function up
+that Maps the strategies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to the
+reals okay so uh in particular so u p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um collection of strategies for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um collection of strategies for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um collection of strategies for all the
+players corresponds to the pay of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players corresponds to the pay of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players corresponds to the pay of that
+player pigs if the player choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player pigs if the player choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player pigs if the player choose these
+strategies from the corresponding sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies from the corresponding sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies from the corresponding sets
+all right that's the general definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the general definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's the general definition
+of a game but in that picture I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game but in that picture I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game but in that picture I have a
+two player game with two strategies per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player game with two strategies per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player game with two strategies per
+player for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player for
+Simplicity now um what game theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity now um what game theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity now um what game theorists
+study uh and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh and try to
+predict uh is um what happens when two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict uh is um what happens when two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict uh is um what happens when two
+players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players
+interact uh in the way described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh in the way described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact uh in the way described by the
+by pay of table and have develop various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pay of table and have develop various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pay of table and have develop various
+Notions of equilibrium that may arise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of equilibrium that may arise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of equilibrium that may arise as
+a result of this interaction uh the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of this interaction uh the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of this interaction uh the one
+that is of particular interest to us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of particular interest to us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of particular interest to us in
+this lecture is what is called the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is what is called the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is what is called the Nash
+equilibrium which is a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is a pair of
+randomized strategies for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized strategies for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized strategies for the two
+players of the game such that none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players of the game such that none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players of the game such that none of
+them has incentive to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has incentive to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has incentive to change their
+strategy given the strategy of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy given the strategy of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy given the strategy of the other
+player okay in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player okay in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player okay in this particular example
+the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash
+equilibrium uh which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh which is actually the
+unique one and Nash which is the unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique one and Nash which is the unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique one and Nash which is the unique
+one of this game is for both players to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this game is for both players to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this game is for both players to
+uniformly randomly uh Play Each of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly randomly uh Play Each of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly randomly uh Play Each of their
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+strategies and uh it's quite easy to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and uh it's quite easy to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and uh it's quite easy to uh
+check that this is a nation equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this is a nation equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this is a nation equilibrium
+because given so for the from the kicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given so for the from the kicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given so for the from the kicker
+perspective given that the goalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective given that the goalie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective given that the goalie
+uniformly randomly Dives left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly randomly Dives left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly randomly Dives left or
+right uh the expected payoff from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the expected payoff from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh the expected payoff from
+shooting left or right is exactly zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting left or right is exactly zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting left or right is exactly zero
+so in particular any convex combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular any convex combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular any convex combination
+of these two strategies have has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two strategies have has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two strategies have has
+expected pay of zero and he cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected pay of zero and he cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected pay of zero and he cannot
+improve it by changing the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it by changing the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve it by changing the mixing
+weights in any way okay so given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in any way okay so given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights in any way okay so given what
+the goalie is doing it's in the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie is doing it's in the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie is doing it's in the best
+interest of the kicker to play half half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of the kicker to play half half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of the kicker to play half half
+and vice versa you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa you can do the same
+calculation from The gales perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation from The gales perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation from The gales perspective
+and given what the uh kicker is doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given what the uh kicker is doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and given what the uh kicker is doing uh
+the goalie cannot improve his expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie cannot improve his expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goalie cannot improve his expected
+payoff okay so more generally in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff okay so more generally in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff okay so more generally in the
+general case um every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+player uh chooses a randomized strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player uh chooses a randomized strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player uh chooses a randomized strategy
+a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a randomized
+strategy is a distribution over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is a distribution over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is a distribution over the
+strategy set of the player so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy set of the player so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy set of the player so it's going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be this with this symbol I represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this with this symbol I represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this with this symbol I represent a
+collection of distributions over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set um and I can extend this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and I can extend this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set um and I can extend this function
+from uh to uh distributions so I can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh to uh distributions so I can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh to uh distributions so I can so
+let's call this the the extension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the the extension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the the extension of
+that function to distributions is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function to distributions is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function to distributions is when I
+get as input a collection of mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as input a collection of mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as input a collection of mix
+strategies what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to look at the expectation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the expectation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the expectation where
+every you know according to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know according to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every you know according to these
+strategies you know S1 drawn from X1 S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you know S1 drawn from X1 S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies you know S1 drawn from X1 S2
+drawn from X2 and so on so forth SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from X2 and so on so forth SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from X2 and so on so forth SN
+drawn from xn I'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from xn I'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from xn I'm going to look at the
+expected utility and strategies actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility and strategies actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility and strategies actions
+that are chosen according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chosen according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are chosen according to this
+randomization okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization okay so that's the
+expected utility of player P if players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility of player P if players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected utility of player P if players
+choose these mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose these mix
+strategies and now a Nash equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and now a Nash equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and now a Nash equilibrium in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition uh a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X1 X2 Etc of mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 X2 Etc of mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 X2 Etc of mix
+strategies is a Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium if and only if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if and only if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if and only if for every
+player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player
+P the expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the expected utility
+that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+gets by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets by
+declaring by playing this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring by playing this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring by playing this strategy
+is at least as good as the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least as good as the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least as good as the expected
+utility he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility he would
+get if he switched to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else or any other mixed strategy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or any other mixed strategy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else or any other mixed strategy he
+could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play okay so given if none of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so given if none of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so given if none of the other
+players change their strategies there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players change their strategies there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players change their strategies there's
+no alternative mix strategy for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no alternative mix strategy for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no alternative mix strategy for this
+player that may improve his payoff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that may improve his payoff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player that may improve his payoff okay
+so if that's simultaneously true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's simultaneously true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's simultaneously true for all
+players then that collection is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players then that collection is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players then that collection is called
+the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash
+equilibrium okay and that example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay and that example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay and that example is
+just a special case of this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a special case of this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a special case of this definition
+any questions about what a n equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what a n equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what a n equilibrium
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay now there are games in games right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are games in games right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there are games in games right
+and this game is a particularly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this game is a particularly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this game is a particularly simple
+one first of all it has two players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first of all it has two players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first of all it has two players and
+two strategies but also it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies but also it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two strategies but also it's very
+symmetric in some sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in some sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in some sense uh
+um the if I look at every square of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the if I look at every square of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the if I look at every square of this
+table the sum of payoffs in each square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the sum of payoffs in each square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the sum of payoffs in each square
+is zero these types of games are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero these types of games are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero these types of games are called
+two player zero Su games and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player zero Su games and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player zero Su games and the
+existence of equilibrium in these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of equilibrium in these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of equilibrium in these games
+was shown by F noyman so F noyman showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown by F noyman so F noyman showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown by F noyman so F noyman showed
+that any two player zero s game has such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any two player zero s game has such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any two player zero s game has such
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+equilibrium I mean a priori it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I mean a priori it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium I mean a priori it's not
+clear if in a given game there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if in a given game there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear if in a given game there is a
+collection of strategies that are in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of strategies that are in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of strategies that are in our
+equilibrium uh the first one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the first one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the first one to
+establish such a result was F nman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish such a result was F nman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish such a result was F nman in
+the 20s who showed that if a if a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s who showed that if a if a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20s who showed that if a if a game
+has two players and it's a zero s game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two players and it's a zero s game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two players and it's a zero s game
+then there is always an equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is always an equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is always an equilibrium in
+that game by the way the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game by the way the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game by the way the equilibrium
+wasn't called Nash equilibrium at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't called Nash equilibrium at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't called Nash equilibrium at the
+time because Nash wasn't around it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because Nash wasn't around it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because Nash wasn't around it was
+uh it uh it is known as the minmax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it uh it is known as the minmax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it uh it is known as the minmax
+equilibrium okay and in fact later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay and in fact later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay and in fact later on
+when danik was developing uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when danik was developing uh linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when danik was developing uh linear
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+Duality uh together with f noyman they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh together with f noyman they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality uh together with f noyman they
+realized that this theorem is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that this theorem is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that this theorem is actually
+implied by the strong LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by the strong LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by the strong LP
+Duality they also noticed that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality they also noticed that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality they also noticed that using
+linear programming you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming you can compute
+equilibria in these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in these types of
+games in fact now but that took uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in fact now but that took uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in fact now but that took uh many
+years more we know that this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years more we know that this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years more we know that this statement
+and strong L pity are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strong L pity are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strong L pity are actually
+equivalent mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent mathematical
+statements okay so existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements okay so existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements okay so existence of
+equilibrium two play some games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium two play some games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium two play some games is
+equivalent to linear programming Duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to linear programming Duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to linear programming Duality
+all right but how about General games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but how about General games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but how about General games
+what happens if I go to this table and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I go to this table and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I go to this table and I
+change it or I consider a game with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it or I consider a game with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it or I consider a game with uh
+more than two players so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two players so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two players so what happens
+for example if I change this game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I change this game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I change this game in
+this way now gave a bit advantage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now gave a bit advantage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now gave a bit advantage to the
+goalie uh in the left left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goalie uh in the left left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goalie uh in the left left
+uh uh um choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh um choice of
+strategies now you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies now you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies now you know at
+be you know before Nash was around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know before Nash was around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know before Nash was around it
+was unclear if you know a game a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unclear if you know a game a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unclear if you know a game a general
+game has a Nash equilibrium this is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has a Nash equilibrium this is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game has a Nash equilibrium this is was
+n Nash established in his celebrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Nash established in his celebrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Nash established in his celebrated
+paper Nash showed that any game any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Nash showed that any game any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper Nash showed that any game any
+finite game has a mixed Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite game has a mixed Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite game has a mixed Nash equilibrium
+so Nash equilibrium and equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Nash equilibrium and equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Nash equilibrium and equilibrium in
+randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+strategies unfortunately what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies unfortunately what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies unfortunately what is not
+known uh in this particular example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh in this particular example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh in this particular example this
+is the national equilibrium uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the national equilibrium uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the national equilibrium uh you can
+you can verify that this is actually n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can verify that this is actually n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can verify that this is actually n
+equilibrium what I'm showing there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what I'm showing there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium what I'm showing there but
+the point the point of the slide is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point of the slide is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point of the slide is that
+um there is a qualitative difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a qualitative difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a qualitative difference
+when you go from two player Zero Sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from two player Zero Sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from two player Zero Sum
+games to General games uh in 60 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to General games uh in 60 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to General games uh in 60 or so
+years of work after Nash's theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of work after Nash's theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of work after Nash's theorem we
+have no proof using LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no proof using LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no proof using LP
+Duality and we have no polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality and we have no polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duality and we have no polinomial time
+algorithms for finding equilibria in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for finding equilibria in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for finding equilibria in
+general games so part of this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general games so part of this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general games so part of this lecture is
+to try to understand the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand the computational
+complexity of this problem given a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this problem given a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this problem given a game
+how hard is it to find a Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard is it to find a Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard is it to find a Nash
+equilibrium okay so that that's problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so that that's problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay so that that's problem
+number one that I want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that I want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one that I want to consider
+question so the thing that Nash proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the thing that Nash proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the thing that Nash proved
+uh every game refers to um any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every game refers to um any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every game refers to um any number of
+players any uh right any any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players any uh right any any finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players any uh right any any finite
+number of players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of players
+any strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any strategy
+Set uh any utility functions no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh any utility functions no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh any utility functions no matter
+how it looks looks like there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks looks like there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it looks looks like there's always a
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+okay other questions this is the let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions this is the let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other questions this is the let's
+say the actor number one in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the actor number one in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the actor number one in this lecture
+okay so the second actor is a browers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second actor is a browers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the second actor is a browers
+theorem which I want to illustrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which I want to illustrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which I want to illustrate in
+the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few
+slides the statement of the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides the statement of the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides the statement of the theorem is
+very simple it says that given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple it says that given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple it says that given a
+function that Maps a convex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that Maps a convex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that Maps a convex and
+compact subset of the ukian space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subset of the ukian space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact subset of the ukian space to
+itself so uh I don't know this setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so uh I don't know this setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so uh I don't know this setting
+compact means basically closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact means basically closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact means basically closed and
+bonded so if you have a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded so if you have a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded so if you have a function that
+Maps a convex closed and bonded subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a convex closed and bonded subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a convex closed and bonded subset
+of ukian space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ukian space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ukian space to
+itself must have a point that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must have a point that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must have a point that doesn't
+move under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move under the
+function okay uh and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay uh and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay uh and I want to
+illustrate this with a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this with a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this with a couple of
+examples and for my examples I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and for my examples I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and for my examples I'm going
+to choose for D the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the the unit
+disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk
+um I'm going to not I'm going to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to not I'm going to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to not I'm going to note
+that all conditions are needed actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all conditions are needed actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all conditions are needed actually
+for the theorem to be true if you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the theorem to be true if you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the theorem to be true if you remove
+any of these things closeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity
+uh or bondedness the the the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or bondedness the the the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or bondedness the the the theorem
+fails okay so I'm going to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails okay so I'm going to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails okay so I'm going to do a bunch of
+examples and you can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and you can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and you can think about what
+may happen if you remove one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen if you remove one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may happen if you remove one of these
+conditions so my first example is to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so my first example is to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so my first example is to map
+the disc to Itself by just rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc to Itself by just rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc to Itself by just rotating the
+dis okay now there's a simple there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis okay now there's a simple there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis okay now there's a simple there's an
+obvious fix point in this map which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fix point in this map which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious fix point in this map which is
+the center right as you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right as you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center right as you may
+imagine there's actually no other fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's actually no other fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's actually no other fix
+Point uh what if I take this disc and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh what if I take this disc and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh what if I take this disc and I
+shrink it and then I shift it somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink it and then I shift it somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink it and then I shift it somewhere
+inside it then I don't know maybe takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it then I don't know maybe takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it then I don't know maybe takes
+a little thinking but you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little thinking but you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little thinking but you know you you
+should believe me that there must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe me that there must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe me that there must be a
+fix point Point somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point Point somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point Point somewhere
+there right or you know fix Point still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right or you know fix Point still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right or you know fix Point still
+exists uh if if I kind of like uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh if if I kind of like uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh if if I kind of like uh uh you
+know kind of like crumble the disc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of like crumble the disc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of like crumble the disc and
+move it right as long as I don't tear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it right as long as I don't tear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it right as long as I don't tear it
+apart uh that's a continuous map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart uh that's a continuous map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart uh that's a continuous map and
+there's still a fix point right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a fix point right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a fix point right and you
+probably colloquially have heard that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably colloquially have heard that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably colloquially have heard that if
+I take uh a map of Cambridge and I throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take uh a map of Cambridge and I throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take uh a map of Cambridge and I throw
+it on the ground then there is a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the ground then there is a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the ground then there is a point
+on the map that sits on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map that sits on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the map that sits on top of the
+corresponding point that it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point that it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding point that it represents
+this is a special version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a special version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a special version of this
+theorem because effectively when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because effectively when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because effectively when I'm
+throwing Cambridge cambrid map to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing Cambridge cambrid map to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing Cambridge cambrid map to the
+ground I Define a mapping from real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground I Define a mapping from real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground I Define a mapping from real
+points to points in the map and by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to points in the map and by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to points in the map and by this
+theorem uh there is a point that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh there is a point that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem uh there is a point that doesn't
+move okay so that's what prior is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so that's what prior is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so that's what prior is saying
+prior theorem is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior theorem is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior theorem is saying
+and the proof of Nash actually uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof of Nash actually uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof of Nash actually uses this
+theorem to to show that the Nash equilib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to to show that the Nash equilib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to to show that the Nash equilib
+exists what Nash did is he used brow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists what Nash did is he used brow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists what Nash did is he used brow
+theorem and in the next slide I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and in the next slide I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and in the next slide I want to
+illustrate the way Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the way Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the way Nash
+gets uh to prove a Nash equilibrium ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh to prove a Nash equilibrium ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets uh to prove a Nash equilibrium ex
+the Nash equilibrium existence by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium existence by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium existence by using
+brow theorem and I'm going to restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brow theorem and I'm going to restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brow theorem and I'm going to restrict
+myself to the simple game we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to the simple game we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to the simple game we saw in the
+beginning the penalty shot game and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the penalty shot game and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning the penalty shot game and as I
+said for this specific game you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for this specific game you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said for this specific game you don't
+need brow theorem to prove existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need brow theorem to prove existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need brow theorem to prove existence of
+equilibrium because this is a two player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because this is a two player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because this is a two player
+Zer sum game and you can even do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer sum game and you can even do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer sum game and you can even do it with
+linear programming Duality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming Duality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear programming Duality but
+it's a simple enough example that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple enough example that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a simple enough example that uh
+will help illustrate the proof of Nash's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help illustrate the proof of Nash's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help illustrate the proof of Nash's
+theorem so what here's what Nash does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so what here's what Nash does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so what here's what Nash does he
+starts with the game and then he defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with the game and then he defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with the game and then he defines
+a continuous function in this case from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function in this case from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function in this case from
+uh the square to itself to from the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the square to itself to from the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the square to itself to from the unit
+Square to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square to
+itself in a way that the fix points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a way that the fix points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a way that the fix points of
+that function are actually exactly Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function are actually exactly Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function are actually exactly Nash
+equilibria the way the function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria the way the function looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria the way the function looks
+where basically what is the the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically what is the the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically what is the the square
+the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+represents the probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the probability the
+horizontal line is the probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line is the probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line is the probability by
+which the uh kicker suits right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh kicker suits right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the uh kicker suits right the
+vertical axis is the probability by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is the probability by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is the probability by
+which the goalie Dives right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the goalie Dives right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the goalie Dives right and then
+the function is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is basically
+tracking which of the two players has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking which of the two players has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking which of the two players has
+incentive to change his strategy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to change his strategy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to change his strategy at
+every point in this Square so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in this Square so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in this Square so in
+particular let's consider this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's consider this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's consider this Square
+over here this in this Square both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this in this Square both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this in this Square both
+players play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players play
+left and actually and the and the kicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and actually and the and the kicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and actually and the and the kicker
+is actually unhappy if both players play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually unhappy if both players play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually unhappy if both players play
+left the kicker wants to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the kicker wants to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the kicker wants to increase the
+probability by which he's shooting right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability by which he's shooting right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability by which he's shooting right
+so this is what this Arrow represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what this Arrow represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what this Arrow represents
+okay so you want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you want to increase the
+probability over here you know similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over here you know similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability over here you know similarly
+I don't know if you're here uh they play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you're here uh they play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you're here uh they play
+opposite actions hence the golly wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite actions hence the golly wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite actions hence the golly wants
+to change and so on so forth so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change and so on so forth so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change and so on so forth so this
+what what Nash is I'm not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Nash is I'm not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what Nash is I'm not going to write
+down Nash's function but intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Nash's function but intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Nash's function but intuitively
+this is what it tracks it tracks our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it tracks it tracks our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it tracks it tracks our
+every combination of mixed strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every combination of mixed strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every combination of mixed strategies
+which players have incentive to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which players have incentive to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which players have incentive to change
+their actions their mix their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their actions their mix their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their actions their mix their
+randomizations and in which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizations and in which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizations and in which direction
+this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what
+nasis uh function does and in fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasis uh function does and in fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasis uh function does and in fact to
+help you a little bit uh I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you a little bit uh I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you a little bit uh I'm going to
+even color this uh uh the unit Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even color this uh uh the unit Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even color this uh uh the unit Square
+depending on the direction of the Devi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction of the Devi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the direction of the Devi
+so this is the kind of picture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of picture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the kind of picture that I
+get it's very easy to locate the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's very easy to locate the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it's very easy to locate the fix
+Point as the point where all colors meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point as the point where all colors meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point as the point where all colors meet
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+exactly half half which is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half half which is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly half half which is exactly the
+natural equilibrium of the game okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural equilibrium of the game okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural equilibrium of the game okay
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+schematic uh you know proof by picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic uh you know proof by picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic uh you know proof by picture
+right so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is an
+illustration of uh nasis proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of uh nasis proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of uh nasis proof
+you any questions about bar theem or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro
+okay the last actor so the last actor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last actor so the last actor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the last actor so the last actor is
+spner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spner
+LMA uh it's a LMA in combinatorics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA uh it's a LMA in combinatorics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA uh it's a LMA in combinatorics but
+it's very related to topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+so the Lemma considers a there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Lemma considers a there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Lemma considers a there are
+multiple versions of the LMA and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of the LMA and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of the LMA and uh I'm
+going to show it in two dimensions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show it in two dimensions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show it in two dimensions on
+the Square there are multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Square there are multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Square there are multi-dimensional
+versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the
+LMA but I'm going to restick myself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA but I'm going to restick myself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA but I'm going to restick myself to
+the plane and the LMA is going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and the LMA is going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and the LMA is going to start
+with a triangulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a triangulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a triangulation of the
+grid and I'm going to color this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and I'm going to color this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and I'm going to color this
+triangulation with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation with three
+colors uh more generally if I'm in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh more generally if I'm in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh more generally if I'm in N
+Dimensions I'm going to be coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I'm going to be coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions I'm going to be coloring
+things with n plus1 colors here I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with n plus1 colors here I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with n plus1 colors here I'm in
+two Dimensions I'm coloring with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions I'm coloring with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions I'm coloring with three
+colors uh so the way I'm going to color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh so the way I'm going to color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors uh so the way I'm going to color
+this square is uh the in first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square is uh the in first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square is uh the in first I'm
+obliged to use this coloring on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to use this coloring on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliged to use this coloring on the
+boundary notice that this boundary has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary notice that this boundary has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary notice that this boundary has
+the property that there is no red color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that there is no red color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that there is no red color
+here there is no blue color here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no blue color here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no blue color here there
+is no uh yellow color here on that edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh yellow color here on that edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh yellow color here on that edge
+of the grid but otherwise I'm allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grid but otherwise I'm allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the grid but otherwise I'm allowing
+you to color the internal vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to color the internal vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to color the internal vertices in
+whatever fashion you want okay all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fashion you want okay all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever fashion you want okay all I
+want you to respect the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to respect the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to respect the boundary
+coloring so sperner lemon says that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so sperner lemon says that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring so sperner lemon says that no
+matter how you color the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you color the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you color the inside of the
+square there is always a tri chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there is always a tri chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square there is always a tri chromatic
+triangle in fact it says something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in fact it says something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle in fact it says something more
+it says that there is always a nod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there is always a nod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there is always a nod
+number of TR chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of TR chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of TR chromatic
+triangles can you see one in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles can you see one in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles can you see one in this uh
+picture hope so you would hope so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture hope so you would hope so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture hope so you would hope so right
+so there are there are five in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are there are five in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are there are five in this case
+okay here there right uh uh and later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here there right uh uh and later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here there right uh uh and later in
+I mean I'm actually going to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm actually going to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm actually going to show the
+proof of sp's LMA because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of sp's LMA because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of sp's LMA because it's
+instructive for my purposes later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive for my purposes later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive for my purposes later in
+this lecture it's really remarkable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it's really remarkable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it's really remarkable I
+mean a priori I mean maybe you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a priori I mean maybe you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a priori I mean maybe you believe
+there is a TR chromatic one but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a TR chromatic one but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a TR chromatic one but it's not
+at all obvious there should be a nod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all obvious there should be a nod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all obvious there should be a nod
+number uh and the proof is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and the proof is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh and the proof is actually
+going to easily give also the odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to easily give also the odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to easily give also the odd number
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well okay so that's the Lemma that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that's the Lemma that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that's the Lemma that's
+sp's LMA any questions can you be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp's LMA any questions can you be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp's LMA any questions can you be a
+legal Cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal Cod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal Cod
+yeah so the legal coloring says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the legal coloring says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the legal coloring says that
+uh uh either fix the coloring to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh either fix the coloring to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh either fix the coloring to be like
+this or more generally as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or more generally as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or more generally as long as you
+don't use red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use red
+here don't use yellow here and not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here don't use yellow here and not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here don't use yellow here and not use
+blue here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good the general definition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the general definition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the general definition is that
+uh okay so you have this uh Square there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you have this uh Square there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so you have this uh Square there
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+uh so okay so no yellow in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices there should be no blue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices there should be no blue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices there should be no blue on
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be I no red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I no red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I no red
+here that's a general statement okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a general statement okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's a general statement okay as
+long as you respect that then no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you respect that then no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you respect that then no matter
+what you do inside there is a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do inside there is a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do inside there is a three
+chromatic triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic triangle
+or you can just fix the coloring to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just fix the coloring to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just fix the coloring to be
+that it doesn't really matter in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't really matter in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't really matter in fact if
+you have such a coloring respecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such a coloring respecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have such a coloring respecting
+these three properties you can enlarge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties you can enlarge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three properties you can enlarge
+the square by adding an extra layer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square by adding an extra layer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square by adding an extra layer that
+has exactly the coloring I'm showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly the coloring I'm showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly the coloring I'm showing
+here and you have you can notice that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have you can notice that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have you can notice that if
+your original coloring respects these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original coloring respects these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your original coloring respects these
+properties if I add this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if I add this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties if I add this specific
+coloring in this extra layer I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring in this extra layer I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring in this extra layer I'm not
+going to creating any triangles in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to creating any triangles in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to creating any triangles in these
+layers so in fact the two in I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so in fact the two in I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so in fact the two in I can
+reduce one instance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other all right so this is the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right so this is the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other all right so this is the statement
+of sperner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sperner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sperner's
+LMA there is a multi-dimensional version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA there is a multi-dimensional version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA there is a multi-dimensional version
+in N Dimensions I'm using n plus1 colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N Dimensions I'm using n plus1 colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N Dimensions I'm using n plus1 colors
+but I'm not going to State it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to State it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to State it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay now again I'm going to hand wve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now again I'm going to hand wve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now again I'm going to hand wve to
+actually show you how theow theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you how theow theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you how theow theorem is
+actually implied by sperner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LMA right so in fact one proof of brow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA right so in fact one proof of brow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA right so in fact one proof of brow
+is actually going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going through
+sperner here's the high level proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner here's the high level proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner here's the high level proof of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument given a function so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument given a function so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument given a function so I'm going
+to do it on the square of on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on the square of on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it on the square of on the unit
+Square in two Dimensions so suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in two Dimensions so suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in two Dimensions so suppose I'm
+given a continuous function from uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a continuous function from uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a continuous function from uh the
+square to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to
+itself what I'm going to do is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what I'm going to do is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself what I'm going to do is I'm going
+to prove for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove for all
+epsilons for all epsilons I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons for all epsilons I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilons for all epsilons I'm going to
+show that there exists an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there exists an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there exists an approximate
+fix point with approximation Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point with approximation Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point with approximation Epsilon and
+then using sperner LMA that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using sperner LMA that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using sperner LMA that's what I'm
+going to do with sperner LMA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with sperner LMA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with sperner LMA and then
+I'm going to use a compactness argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a compactness argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a compactness argument
+to get this down to zero okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this down to zero okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this down to zero okay so I'm
+going to create in fact a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create in fact a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create in fact a sequence of
+approximate fix points with smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate fix points with smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate fix points with smaller and
+smaller epsilons and I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller epsilons and I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller epsilons and I'm going to use
+compactness this is remember this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness this is remember this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness this is remember this is a
+compact Set uh to argue that there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact Set uh to argue that there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact Set uh to argue that there is an
+exact fix Point okay so spers LMA can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact fix Point okay so spers LMA can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact fix Point okay so spers LMA can be
+used for this first part of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for this first part of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for this first part of the proof
+and roughly speaking the way it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly speaking the way it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly speaking the way it's used
+is the following what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following what you do is you
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+triangulate the square and the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulate the square and the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulate the square and the uh the
+diameter of your triangles which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of your triangles which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of your triangles which is very
+rough in this picture that the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough in this picture that the diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough in this picture that the diameter
+of this will depend on uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this will depend on uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this will depend on uh you know the
+know the constant of absolute continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the constant of absolute continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the constant of absolute continuity
+of your function okay so if it's lip if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your function okay so if it's lip if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your function okay so if it's lip if
+the function is lipes you'll just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is lipes you'll just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is lipes you'll just it's
+just going to depend on Epsilon and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to depend on Epsilon and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to depend on Epsilon and the
+lipes constant okay okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipes constant okay okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipes constant okay okay so you know
+depending on the lipsis of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lipsis of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the lipsis of the function
+there's going to be a finer finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a finer finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a finer finer
+triangulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulation
+now uh having uh triangulated the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh having uh triangulated the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh having uh triangulated the square
+and adding this extra layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding this extra layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding this extra layer
+outside you're going to color the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you're going to color the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside you're going to color the
+vertices that are inside depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are inside depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are inside depending on
+the direction of the displacement f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the displacement f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the displacement f of
+xus x using exactly the same coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus x using exactly the same coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus x using exactly the same coloring
+scheme I showed you earlier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme I showed you earlier for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme I showed you earlier for the
+illustration of how Nash showed uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how Nash showed uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of how Nash showed uh the
+exist uh the existence of equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh the existence of equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh the existence of equilibria
+using Brower so I'm going to color those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Brower so I'm going to color those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Brower so I'm going to color those
+internal vertices using this coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal vertices using this coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal vertices using this coloring
+scheme depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme depending on the
+directions and then for the the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and then for the the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and then for the the extra
+layer that I out it on the outside I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that I out it on the outside I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that I out it on the outside I
+will just use my standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just use my standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just use my standard
+coloring and what's cool with the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring and what's cool with the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring and what's cool with the way I
+chose my colors here I mean this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose my colors here I mean this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose my colors here I mean this is my
+standard coloring ex I have permuted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard coloring ex I have permuted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard coloring ex I have permuted the
+names of colors sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of colors sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of colors sorry about that
+I think uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think uh you
+know red took the the the role of blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know red took the the the role of blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know red took the the the role of blue
+and stuff like that but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that but it doesn't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+matter uh what is cool about the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh what is cool about the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh what is cool about the way I
+chose my colors is that if a point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose my colors is that if a point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose my colors is that if a point is
+here I know that it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know that it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I know that it's not going to be
+using uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh you know
+uh yeah you know essentially if it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you know essentially if it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you know essentially if it's it
+can only be sort of like in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be sort of like in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be sort of like in the boundary
+between red and yellow but it can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between red and yellow but it can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between red and yellow but it can have
+if you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're here
+and the displacement is yellow you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displacement is yellow you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displacement is yellow you're
+going to be going outside that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going outside that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be going outside that's a bad
+thing okay so the way I chose my colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so the way I chose my colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so the way I chose my colors
+I know that some property like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that some property like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that some property like this is
+going to happen that so you know some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen that so you know some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen that so you know some of
+the edges of this Cube are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of this Cube are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges of this Cube are going to
+missing some of the colors for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing some of the colors for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing some of the colors for example
+here there is no red because if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no red because if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is no red because if there
+were red then I would be have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were red then I would be have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were red then I would be have to be
+going down outside my square and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down outside my square and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down outside my square and my
+function is mapping the square to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is mapping the square to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is mapping the square to itself
+so that can happen similarly over here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can happen similarly over here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that can happen similarly over here I
+cannot have a I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a I guess
+a uh you know I cannot have a yellow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you know I cannot have a yellow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you know I cannot have a yellow and
+so on so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so forth
+so um that's going to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's going to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um that's going to be a valid
+instance of sperner's LMA and by sperner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of sperner's LMA and by sperner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of sperner's LMA and by sperner
+there is a three chromatic triangle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a three chromatic triangle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a three chromatic triangle and
+this scenario here it is uh you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario here it is uh you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scenario here it is uh you know you
+can see the fix point at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the fix point at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the fix point at the
+back uh that's a coincidence actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh that's a coincidence actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back uh that's a coincidence actually
+because I'm going to do a compactness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to do a compactness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to do a compactness
+after but uh I'm going to you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after but uh I'm going to you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after but uh I'm going to you know I'm
+going to do spers LMA now Tre chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do spers LMA now Tre chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do spers LMA now Tre chromatic
+triangle is actually going to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is actually going to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is actually going to one of the
+corners of the Tre chromatic triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the Tre chromatic triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of the Tre chromatic triangle
+will have this property if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this property if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this property if you choose
+the diameter of your triangles to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of your triangles to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of your triangles to be
+correct if it's correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if it's correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if it's correctly
+chosen so that's roughly speaking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so that's roughly speaking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so that's roughly speaking how
+the proof works yeah the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof works yeah the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof works yeah the fact that
+sperner's L shows that there's an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner's L shows that there's an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner's L shows that there's an odd
+number of such triangle means there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such triangle means there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of such triangle means there's an
+odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number
+of car over this car is over accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car over this car is over accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car over this car is over accepting
+the except in uh degenerate games where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the except in uh degenerate games where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the except in uh degenerate games where
+it doesn't hold but in a non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't hold but in a non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't hold but in a non degenerate
+case it will hold ex not not uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it will hold ex not not uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it will hold ex not not uh by
+direct use of spers because sperner is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct use of spers because sperner is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct use of spers because sperner is
+always going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to go through
+approximations so there is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so there is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so there is another way
+to prove the existence of Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the existence of Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the existence of Nash
+equilibria in two player games using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in two player games using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria in two player games using
+what is called the LM houson algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the LM houson algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the LM houson algorithm
+and this L hous algorith has a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this L hous algorith has a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this L hous algorith has a similar
+flavor as spner and it also has a notd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor as spner and it also has a notd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor as spner and it also has a notd
+number of solutions and this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions and this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions and this is still
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+okay so for two player games it is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for two player games it is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for two player games it is still
+true that there is a notd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there is a notd number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that there is a notd number of
+solution if the game is not degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if the game is not degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if the game is not degenerate
+I'm not sure what's the status of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what's the status of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what's the status of uh
+multiplayer games cuz CU then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer games cuz CU then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer games cuz CU then there are
+irrational Solutions and uh sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational Solutions and uh sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational Solutions and uh sort of like
+combinatorics don't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics don't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics don't give you
+approximations but not uh exact fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations but not uh exact fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations but not uh exact fix
+points so yeah yeah so yeah so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so yeah yeah so yeah so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so yeah yeah so yeah so the fact
+that there is a not number solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a not number solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a not number solution is
+uh holds for this combinatorial problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holds for this combinatorial problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh holds for this combinatorial problem
+sperner but one you after you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner but one you after you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner but one you after you do
+compactness then uh I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness then uh I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactness then uh I don't know what
+happens right so all bets are off but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so all bets are off but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so all bets are off but
+for the specific case of two player Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific case of two player Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific case of two player Z
+two player games there's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player games there's an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two player games there's an alternative
+proof that uh car is over okay cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that uh car is over okay cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that uh car is over okay cool okay
+so these are the three problems that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three problems that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the three problems that I'm
+interested in and now it's uh the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and now it's uh the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and now it's uh the time
+where I'm going to uh get into a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to uh get into a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to uh get into a bit of
+complexity uh Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uh Theory
+discussion uh and in fact this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh and in fact this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh and in fact this complex
+Theory discussion will lead to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory discussion will lead to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory discussion will lead to the fact
+that NP this you know the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NP this you know the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NP this you know the standard
+concept that we use for uh understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we use for uh understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we use for uh understanding
+complexity is not sufficient to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is not sufficient to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity is not sufficient to address
+these problems and that will motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and that will motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems and that will motivate
+pped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pped
+uh uh but first of all let me sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but first of all let me sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh but first of all let me sort of
+like give intuition about why spner is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give intuition about why spner is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like give intuition about why spner is a
+hard right uh and here's the situation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard right uh and here's the situation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard right uh and here's the situation I
+want to be looking at so I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be looking at so I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be looking at so I want to be
+looking at the grid of size 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the grid of size 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the grid of size 2 to the
+N so in particular I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so in particular I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so in particular I'm not going to be
+drawing the grid explicitly for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the grid explicitly for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the grid explicitly for you and
+I'm not going to be listing the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be listing the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be listing the colors
+of the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the internal
+vertices as a list okay so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as a list okay so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices as a list okay so what I want
+to do is I want to create a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I want to create a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I want to create a succinct
+description of uh uh a coloring of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of uh uh a coloring of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of uh uh a coloring of an
+exponentially large instance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large instance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large instance in the
+following way so I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so I'm going to be
+Imagining the existence of this grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagining the existence of this grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagining the existence of this grid
+with its boundary colored in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its boundary colored in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its boundary colored in this
+specific way and what I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way and what I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way and what I'm going to give
+you is I'm going to give you a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is I'm going to give you a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is I'm going to give you a circuit
+okay the takes us input the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the takes us input the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the takes us input the coordinates
+of points inside this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points inside this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points inside this uh
+square and outputs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color right now right so this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right now right so this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color right now right so this circuit
+only decides the colors of the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only decides the colors of the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only decides the colors of the vertices
+inside and I fix the colors of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I fix the colors of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and I fix the colors of those
+vertices to be what is shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to be what is shown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices to be what is shown in the
+picture thus that's a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture thus that's a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture thus that's a succinct
+description of a coloring of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a coloring of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a coloring of uh you know
+two to the 2 end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 2 end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 2 end
+vertices okay and this coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay and this coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay and this coloring
+satisfies the conditions of sperner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LMA in particular there is a tromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA in particular there is a tromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA in particular there is a tromatic
+triangle and what the problem is asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and what the problem is asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and what the problem is asking
+you to do is to find such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle uh describing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh describing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle uh describing this
+triangle can be done with polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle can be done with polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle can be done with polinomial
+complexity because all you need need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because all you need need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because all you need need to
+do is to Output the coordinates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to Output the coordinates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to Output the coordinates of the
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+points participating in the Triangle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points participating in the Triangle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points participating in the Triangle so
+the output description I'm not asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output description I'm not asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output description I'm not asking
+you to do something crazy right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do something crazy right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do something crazy right so the
+output is uh can be described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is uh can be described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is uh can be described in
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the
+input uh the and and and what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the and and and what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh the and and and what what's
+problematic with this problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic with this problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic with this problem is that
+the size of the graph we're working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the graph we're working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the graph we're working with
+is exponential in the input size okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential in the input size okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential in the input size okay so
+this circuit has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit has
+and input bits so the uh this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input bits so the uh this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and input bits so the uh this graph is
+in principle exponentially large in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle exponentially large in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle exponentially large in the
+description of the problem so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem so in
+particular I cannot just go and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I cannot just go and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I cannot just go and check
+every uh triangle about whether it is TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh triangle about whether it is TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh triangle about whether it is TR
+chromatic or not I have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic or not I have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic or not I have to do something
+smarter to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter to solve this
+problem and in fact we have no other you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact we have no other you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact we have no other you
+know essentially no smart Solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially no smart Solutions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know essentially no smart Solutions okay
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+problem okay so that's sperner's level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's sperner's level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's sperner's level
+that's a way to define SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to define SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to define SP
+the the the computational version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the computational version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the computational version of
+sperner LMA um similarly you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner LMA um similarly you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner LMA um similarly you can Define
+Nash and Brower I'm only going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash and Brower I'm only going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash and Brower I'm only going to Define
+Nash Brower is a bit more complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash Brower is a bit more complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash Brower is a bit more complicated so
+in the Nash problem I'm giving a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Nash problem I'm giving a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Nash problem I'm giving a game
+which is described by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is described by the number of
+players the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players the strategy
+sets which I enumerate and the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets which I enumerate and the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets which I enumerate and the utility
+functions of all players this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of all players this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of all players this is the
+product of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all these
+sets uh and I'm also giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh and I'm also giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh and I'm also giving you an
+approximation requirement Epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation requirement Epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation requirement Epsilon and
+I'm going to comment on that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to comment on that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to comment on that in a second
+what I want you to do is to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is to find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want you to do is to find an
+Epsilon Nash equilibrium of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Nash equilibrium of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Nash equilibrium of this
+game now what's an Epsilon Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game now what's an Epsilon Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game now what's an Epsilon Nash
+equilibrium of the game an Epsilon n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the game an Epsilon n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of the game an Epsilon n
+equilibrium is a collection of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a collection of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a collection of mixed
+strategies such that no player has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies such that no player has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies such that no player has a
+more than an Epsilon incentive to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than an Epsilon incentive to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than an Epsilon incentive to change
+his strategy so in this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his strategy so in this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his strategy so in this definition
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you know I would add a minus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I would add a minus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I would add a minus Epsilon
+here right to make it Epsilon Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium right so I have not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so I have not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so I have not more
+than an Epsilon incentive to change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an Epsilon incentive to change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an Epsilon incentive to change my
+mix strategy that's what an Epsilon n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix strategy that's what an Epsilon n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix strategy that's what an Epsilon n
+equilibrium is now why did I did I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is now why did I did I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is now why did I did I have
+to define the problem in this way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the problem in this way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the problem in this way there
+is specific complex theoretic reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specific complex theoretic reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is specific complex theoretic reason why
+I'm defining my problem as an Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining my problem as an Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining my problem as an Epsilon
+Nas instead of an exact Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas instead of an exact Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas instead of an exact Nash
+equilibrium what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so Nas's proof is via brow theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Nas's proof is via brow theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so Nas's proof is via brow theorem
+which is a topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a topological
+statement and uh there's no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh there's no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and uh there's no guarantee
+that uh the output if I if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the output if I if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the output if I if I were to
+Omit this Epsilon from this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omit this Epsilon from this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omit this Epsilon from this definition
+there's not a guarantee that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a guarantee that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a guarantee that the output
+has polinomial size complexity maybe a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has polinomial size complexity maybe a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has polinomial size complexity maybe a n
+equilibrium is compris of irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is compris of irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is compris of irrational
+numbers uh which I cannot specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh which I cannot specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh which I cannot specify
+maybe it's not even algebraic who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not even algebraic who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not even algebraic who knows
+right so but it is algebraic but uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but it is algebraic but uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but it is algebraic but uh um
+so approximation so in fact Nash in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so approximation so in fact Nash in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so approximation so in fact Nash in his
+uh paper in 51 not the original one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper in 51 not the original one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh paper in 51 not the original one but
+the one that appeared a year later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that appeared a year later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that appeared a year later he
+actually provides an example of a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides an example of a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provides an example of a three
+player game that only has irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game that only has irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game that only has irrational
+equilibria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria okay
+so uh I'm working with epsilons to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm working with epsilons to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm working with epsilons to avoid
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+issue uh coming back to two player game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can actually show that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can actually show that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can actually show that any
+two-player game has a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game has a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game has a rational
+equilibrium whose uh probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whose uh probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whose uh probabilities are
+of polinomial complexity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polinomial complexity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polinomial complexity in the
+description of the game so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the game so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the game so in this
+specific case of two player games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case of two player games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case of two player games you
+can actually omit the Epsilon if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually omit the Epsilon if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually omit the Epsilon if you
+want from the description of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from the description of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want from the description of this
+problem but for General games you add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but for General games you add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but for General games you add it
+there to make this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to make this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to make this question
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+meaningful yeah is it always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah is it always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah is it always the case
+that there's an equilibrium that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an equilibrium that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an equilibrium that's a
+root of a polom of bed complexity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a polom of bed complexity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a polom of bed complexity in the
+description of the problem I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the problem I believe
+this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true
+yeah so could you do the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so could you do the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so could you do the same thing you
+could yeah you could in principle do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could yeah you could in principle do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could yeah you could in principle do
+that uh I'm not going to Define BR but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I'm not going to Define BR but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I'm not going to Define BR but
+you can imagine in Brower similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine in Brower similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine in Brower similar things
+you have to take care of similar things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take care of similar things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take care of similar things
+and uh Define Epsilon approximate fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Define Epsilon approximate fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh Define Epsilon approximate fix
+points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in
+general now let's look at NP uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general now let's look at NP uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general now let's look at NP uh the the
+variant of NP that I'm interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of NP that I'm interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of NP that I'm interested in is
+that of search problems in NP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of search problems in NP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of search problems in NP so
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+NP um I don't want to bore you but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um I don't want to bore you but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP um I don't want to bore you but I'm
+going to go through the definitions so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the definitions so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through the definitions so a
+search problem is defined by a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem is defined by a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem is defined by a relation
+of inputs and solutions right such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs and solutions right such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs and solutions right such that
+a pair X and Y is in this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair X and Y is in this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair X and Y is in this language
+defined by this problem if Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this problem if Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by this problem if Y is a
+solution to X so I expect you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to X so I expect you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to X so I expect you know all
+these and I'm going to go fast through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and I'm going to go fast through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and I'm going to go fast through
+these definitions but uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions but uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions but uh what's
+important here is this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important here is this definition
+when do we say that the problem is total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do we say that the problem is total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do we say that the problem is total
+we say the problem is total if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the problem is total if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the problem is total if for every
+input there is a y that is a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there is a y that is a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input there is a y that is a solution to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh for example
+sperner's problem is total because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner's problem is total because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner's problem is total because for
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+instance uh of sperner's problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh of sperner's problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh of sperner's problem there
+is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um for any input of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for any input of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for any input of this form
+you know by spus LMA that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by spus LMA that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by spus LMA that there is a
+solution okay so that problem is a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so that problem is a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so that problem is a total
+problem similarly uh for every input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem similarly uh for every input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem similarly uh for every input to
+Nash there is a solution okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash there is a solution okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash there is a solution okay so these
+problems are total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are total
+problems uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a problem a search problems in F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a problem a search problems in F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a problem a search problems in F and
+P functional NP if there is a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P functional NP if there is a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P functional NP if there is a polinomial
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+algorithm and a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and a polom
+function so that uh two conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that uh two conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that uh two conditions are
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+first if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if the
+algorithm on input X and Y says one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on input X and Y says one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on input X and Y says one then
+and only then Y is a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then Y is a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only then Y is a solution to
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+also for every input to the problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for every input to the problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for every input to the problem if
+there is a solution to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a solution to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a solution to that
+instance then there is one whose size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then there is one whose size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then there is one whose size is
+polom in the input of the problem so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom in the input of the problem so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom in the input of the problem so you
+have uh solutions that are Pol nomally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large and uh so this is FNP and tnp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and uh so this is FNP and tnp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and uh so this is FNP and tnp is
+the class of problems that contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of problems that contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of problems that contains all
+problems in NP that are total and based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in NP that are total and based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in NP that are total and based
+on the previous discussion all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous discussion all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous discussion all the
+problems we're interested in spner Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're interested in spner Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we're interested in spner Nash
+and brow are in uh tfmp sorry tfmp both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brow are in uh tfmp sorry tfmp both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and brow are in uh tfmp sorry tfmp both
+both in FMP but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in FMP but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in FMP but also in
+tfmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfmp
+okay and uh guess let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh guess let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh guess let me remind you
+about NP F and P completeness a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about NP F and P completeness a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about NP F and P completeness a problem
+in F and P associated with an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F and P associated with an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F and P associated with an algorithm
+and a polinomial bound polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polinomial bound polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polinomial bound polinomial
+function is poly time reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is poly time reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is poly time reducible to
+another one associated with uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one associated with uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one associated with uh an
+algorithm and different bound if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and different bound if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and different bound if if
+there exist two functions f and g one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist two functions f and g one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exist two functions f and g one of
+them is mapping inputs to L to inputs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is mapping inputs to L to inputs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is mapping inputs to L to inputs to
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+Prime and also you have two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and also you have two properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and also you have two properties
+and it's important to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's important to look at these
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+carefully uh because they're related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully uh because they're related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully uh because they're related to
+a point that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that I want to
+make um so for the reduction to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um so for the reduction to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um so for the reduction to be valid
+you also need this property that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need this property that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also need this property that for
+every X and Y if the algorithm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X and Y if the algorithm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X and Y if the algorithm of
+problem L Prime on the transformed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem L Prime on the transformed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem L Prime on the transformed input
+and Y says one then you can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y says one then you can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y says one then you can take that
+solution and transform it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and transform it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and transform it into a
+solution to the instance to L this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the instance to L this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the instance to L this is
+what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it
+says while this one says that if uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says while this one says that if uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says while this one says that if uh the
+transformed distance has no solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed distance has no solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed distance has no solution
+then it uh the original instance also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uh the original instance also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it uh the original instance also
+shouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any
+solution and a SE problem is FNP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a SE problem is FNP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a SE problem is FNP
+complete if it's both in FNP and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if it's both in FNP and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if it's both in FNP and it's uh
+every uh uh problem in FNP is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh uh problem in FNP is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh uh problem in FNP is polinomial
+time reducible to it and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to it and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to it and of course
+finding a satisfying assignment is FNP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a satisfying assignment is FNP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a satisfying assignment is FNP
+complete but now we reach the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete but now we reach the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete but now we reach the point that
+I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+make what I want to claim is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make what I want to claim is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make what I want to claim is that there
+I cannot possibly reduce sat to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot possibly reduce sat to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot possibly reduce sat to any of
+the problems that I'm interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that I'm interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that I'm interested in in
+particular I cannot show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I cannot show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I cannot show
+that there is no car reduction from sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no car reduction from sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no car reduction from sat
+to any of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of these problems
+and the reason is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is this
+property recall this property was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property recall this property was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property recall this property was saying
+that for every input to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every input to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every input to problem
+L uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L uh
+if uh the transformed in if Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the transformed in if Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the transformed in if Y is a
+solution to the transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the transformed
+instance then I can convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then I can convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then I can convert that
+solution to a solution to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a solution to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to a solution to the original
+instance but now if L is set and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but now if L is set and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but now if L is set and this is
+spner then no matter how you transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spner then no matter how you transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spner then no matter how you transform
+the SAT instance to a sperner instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT instance to a sperner instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SAT instance to a sperner instance
+there is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a
+triangle that is St chromatic setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that is St chromatic setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that is St chromatic setting
+this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to
+one so I would I should be able to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I would I should be able to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I would I should be able to then
+convert this triangle to a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this triangle to a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this triangle to a satisfying
+assignment but what if this instance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but what if this instance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but what if this instance is
+unsatisfiable so that possibly cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable so that possibly cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable so that possibly cannot
+hold if your two problems are sat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold if your two problems are sat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold if your two problems are sat and
+sperner so there's no reduction there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner so there's no reduction there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner so there's no reduction there's
+no carp reduction from s to sperner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no carp reduction from s to sperner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no carp reduction from s to sperner so
+you can't show in any of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't show in any of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't show in any of these problems
+for that matter so you cannot possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter so you cannot possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter so you cannot possibly
+argue that these problems are FNP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that these problems are FNP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that these problems are FNP
+complete another thing you may try is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete another thing you may try is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete another thing you may try is to
+get Turing reductions from sat to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Turing reductions from sat to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Turing reductions from sat to these
+problems but that has other issues it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but that has other issues it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but that has other issues it
+basically would imply that NP equals Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would imply that NP equals Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically would imply that NP equals Co
+P so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so there's
+no way basically this these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way basically this these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way basically this these types of
+problems don't if you want type check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems don't if you want type check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems don't if you want type check
+they don't type check these are problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't type check these are problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't type check these are problems
+that are total and these are problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are total and these are problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are total and these are problems
+that whose complexity really uh resides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose complexity really uh resides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whose complexity really uh resides
+with the fact that it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that it's hard to
+distinguish satisfiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish satisfiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish satisfiable and
+unsatisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+instances okay so NP completeness is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances okay so NP completeness is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances okay so NP completeness is not
+the right language if you want it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right language if you want it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right language if you want it's not
+the right uh framework to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh framework to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh framework to understand the
+complex of these problems and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of these problems and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex of these problems and the
+exercise through which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise through which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise through which we're going to
+today and I think it's instructive is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I think it's instructive is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I think it's instructive is to
+how to go about characterizing problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go about characterizing problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go about characterizing problems
+that don't fit into traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't fit into traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't fit into traditional
+complexity theoretic M Frameworks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theoretic M Frameworks okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theoretic M Frameworks okay
+so in particular what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what I want to
+understand is how to go about defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is how to go about defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is how to go about defining a
+complexity theory of total search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory of total search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory of total search
+problems inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems inside
+FNP okay clearly these problems actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNP okay clearly these problems actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNP okay clearly these problems actually
+are inside FNP these are FNP problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside FNP these are FNP problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are inside FNP these are FNP problems
+they are tfmp problems right so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are tfmp problems right so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are tfmp problems right so how do
+you go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go about
+coming up with the theory of uh total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the theory of uh total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the theory of uh total
+complexity theory of total search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory of total search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity theory of total search
+problems and the way you go about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the way you go about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and the way you go about it is
+to look at the uh proof of existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the uh proof of existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the uh proof of existence of
+Solutions in these problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in these problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions in these problems and
+understand the combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the combinatorial
+underpinnings of the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of the existence
+argument so if you want the uh 100 ft uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so if you want the uh 100 ft uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so if you want the uh 100 ft uh
+overview of the methodology that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the methodology that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of the methodology that I'm
+going to follow is this that first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow is this that first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to follow is this that first I
+want to identify the combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify the combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to identify the combinatorial
+argument of existence responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of existence responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of existence responsible for
+making all these problems total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these problems total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these problems total
+problems and then I want to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then I want to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and then I want to define a
+complexity class inspired by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class inspired by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class inspired by this
+argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of
+existence and uh the litmos test of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and uh the litmos test of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and uh the litmos test of my
+Approach is if the resulting complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Approach is if the resulting complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Approach is if the resulting complexity
+class actually tightly characterizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually tightly characterizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually tightly characterizes the
+complexity of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of these
+problems so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to show you the proof of sperner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the proof of sperner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the proof of sperner
+Lemma and that's going to inspire the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma and that's going to inspire the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma and that's going to inspire the
+definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of
+pped okay so this is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pped okay so this is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pped okay so this is what I'm going to
+do in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the next few
+slides so here's the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so here's the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so here's the statement of the
+Lemma if your boundary is legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma if your boundary is legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma if your boundary is legally
+colored then there is always a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored then there is always a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colored then there is always a node
+number of Tri chromatic triangles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Tri chromatic triangles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Tri chromatic triangles in
+particular at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at least
+one let me try to prove it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the first thing I'm going to do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first thing I'm going to do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first thing I'm going to do okay
+says I'm going to introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to introduce an
+artificial vertex at the bottom left of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial vertex at the bottom left of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial vertex at the bottom left of
+the square okay here it is and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square okay here it is and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square okay here it is and I'm going
+to color it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to color it
+blue now no matter how you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue now no matter how you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue now no matter how you call the
+internal vertices of this uh Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal vertices of this uh Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal vertices of this uh Square
+because I have fixed my coloring on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have fixed my coloring on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have fixed my coloring on the
+boundary to be the one you see here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary to be the one you see here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary to be the one you see here in
+this picture I know that by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture I know that by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture I know that by adding
+a blue vertex over here I'm creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blue vertex over here I'm creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blue vertex over here I'm creating an
+artificial TR chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial TR chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial TR chromatic
+triangle I'm going to call the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle I'm going to call the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle I'm going to call the triangle
+the beginning of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of my
+walk and now I'm going to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and now I'm going to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and now I'm going to basically
+Define a walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a walk in
+this uh grid okay consider this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh grid okay consider this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh grid okay consider this is a big
+Factory the factory is uh partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory the factory is uh partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory the factory is uh partitioning
+triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular
+rooms and I'm starting my walk in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and I'm starting my walk in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and I'm starting my walk in this
+Factory from this vertex here from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory from this vertex here from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory from this vertex here from this
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+here now my walk is going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now my walk is going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now my walk is going to be doing
+the following thing it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following thing it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following thing it's going to be
+going from triangle to neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from triangle to neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from triangle to neighboring
+triangle and the transition rule is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the transition rule is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the transition rule is the
+following I'm going to look in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to look in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to look in the room
+I'm in and I'm going to try to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in and I'm going to try to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in and I'm going to try to find a
+red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red yellow
+door if I find such a door I want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door if I find such a door I want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door if I find such a door I want to try
+to cross it having red on my left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross it having red on my left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross it having red on my left hand
+that's the rule of my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rule of my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rule of my work
+okay red yellow doors I want to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay red yellow doors I want to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay red yellow doors I want to cross
+them with red on my left and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with red on my left and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with red on my left and that's
+important I meant to say yellow on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I meant to say yellow on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I meant to say yellow on your
+left sorry about that so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sorry about that so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left sorry about that so let's go back
+to this picture I created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this picture I created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this picture I created this
+artificial triangle over here I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial triangle over here I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial triangle over here I knew
+it's going to be chromatic cuz the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be chromatic cuz the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be chromatic cuz the you
+know it only considers vertices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it only considers vertices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it only considers vertices on the
+boundary and I have fixed the coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and I have fixed the coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and I have fixed the coloring
+of the boundary to this B this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary to this B this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boundary to this B this specific
+one I know it's going to have a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know it's going to have a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know it's going to have a red
+yellow door which I can cross having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door which I can cross having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door which I can cross having
+yellow on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow on my
+left okay so let me cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay so let me cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay so let me cross that
+door now I'm entering into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door now I'm entering into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door now I'm entering into a new
+room in this particular case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room in this particular case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room in this particular case there's
+nothing interesting about this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting about this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing interesting about this room
+because this still touches the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this still touches the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this still touches the boundary
+so no matter how you color the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter how you color the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no matter how you color the internal
+vertices you couldn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you couldn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you couldn't affect the
+coloring of this boundary so it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of this boundary so it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring of this boundary so it's still
+it's also going to have a red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to have a red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also going to have a red yellow
+door which I can cross having yellow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door which I can cross having yellow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door which I can cross having yellow on
+my left and the interesting business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left and the interesting business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left and the interesting business
+starts now okay I entered into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts now okay I entered into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts now okay I entered into a new
+room and depending on your coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and depending on your coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and depending on your coloring
+maybe it's already three chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's already three chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's already three chromatic
+so if had you colored this into blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if had you colored this into blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if had you colored this into blue
+this would already be a three chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would already be a three chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would already be a three chromatic
+triangle why because you entered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle why because you entered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle why because you entered that
+room through a red yellow door and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room through a red yellow door and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room through a red yellow door and you
+encountered a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered a blue
+color what is cool about it though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what is cool about it though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what is cool about it though is
+that if it's not blue then there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's not blue then there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it's not blue then there's going
+to be for sure another door which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for sure another door which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for sure another door which you
+can cross having yellow on your left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross having yellow on your left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross having yellow on your left in
+this particular scenario this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular scenario this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular scenario this was a
+yellow it wasn't a blue so it was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow it wasn't a blue so it was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow it wasn't a blue so it was this
+was not a tri chromatic triangle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a tri chromatic triangle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a tri chromatic triangle but
+because this was a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a yellow
+I enter a room through a red yellow door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enter a room through a red yellow door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I enter a room through a red yellow door
+and I find a yellow there is for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find a yellow there is for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find a yellow there is for sure
+another red yellow door I can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another red yellow door I can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another red yellow door I can cross
+having yellow on my left so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yellow on my left so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yellow on my left so this is what
+I'm going to do and I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do and I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do and I'm going to keep
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+this until what what can go wrong right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until what what can go wrong right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this until what what can go wrong right
+so the the claim that I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the claim that I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the claim that I want to make is
+that if I keep doing this procedure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I keep doing this procedure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I keep doing this procedure I
+cannot exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot exit the
+factory for me to Exit the factory there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory for me to Exit the factory there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory for me to Exit the factory there
+has to be a door on the boundary which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a door on the boundary which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a door on the boundary which I
+can cross having yellow on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross having yellow on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross having yellow on my
+left now because and that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now because and that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left now because and that's where you
+know the coloring of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the coloring of the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the coloring of the boundary
+becomes important because I have fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important because I have fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes important because I have fixed
+the coloring of the boundary to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coloring of the boundary to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coloring of the boundary to be the
+one you see in this picture you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see in this picture you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you see in this picture you can
+verify that there's no red yellow door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that there's no red yellow door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that there's no red yellow door
+you can cross to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross to go
+outside the only red yellow door that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the only red yellow door that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the only red yellow door that
+exists is this one but if you're inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is this one but if you're inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists is this one but if you're inside
+you cannot cross it going to the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot cross it going to the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot cross it going to the outside
+having yell on your left and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yell on your left and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yell on your left and that's
+where having left on your left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where having left on your left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where having left on your left hand side
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+important right this is the only red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this is the only red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right this is the only red
+yellow door but you cannot cross it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door but you cannot cross it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door but you cannot cross it
+going outside you can only cross it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going outside you can only cross it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going outside you can only cross it
+going inside so you cannot exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going inside so you cannot exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going inside so you cannot exit the
+factory okay so your walk is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory okay so your walk is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory okay so your walk is going to
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+going all right and there is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all right and there is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all right and there is there are
+two possibilities now right so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities now right so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities now right so one is
+that you know it's going to keep keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's going to keep keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's going to keep keep
+going and then it's going to enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then it's going to enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then it's going to enter into
+a new room through a red yellow door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new room through a red yellow door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new room through a red yellow door and
+it's going to find a blue in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to find a blue in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to find a blue in that case
+my LMA is proven at least not the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my LMA is proven at least not the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my LMA is proven at least not the odd
+number but at least you know I've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but at least you know I've proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but at least you know I've proven
+to you there is at least one triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you there is at least one triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you there is at least one triangle
+cuz I entered into a room I found a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I entered into a room I found a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz I entered into a room I found a blue
+I entered through a red yellow door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I entered through a red yellow door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I entered through a red yellow door
+that's a proof of existence but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proof of existence but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proof of existence but there is
+one thing that can go wrong though right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that can go wrong though right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that can go wrong though right
+B is that I can loop around right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is that I can loop around right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is that I can loop around right so
+what I can do is I can sort of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is I can sort of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can do is I can sort of like this
+is my my factory you know I started over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my my factory you know I started over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my my factory you know I started over
+here I start wandering around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I start wandering around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I start wandering around this
+Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory
+right and then I sort of like got into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I sort of like got into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I sort of like got into a
+room that had already visited before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that had already visited before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that had already visited before and
+then I get into a loop and might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get into a loop and might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get into a loop and might go
+forever right that's a problem that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever right that's a problem that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever right that's a problem that may
+happen I claim over there that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I claim over there that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I claim over there that this
+cannot happen why can it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen why can it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot happen why can it not
+happen yeah let's try to color it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah let's try to color it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah let's try to color it right
+so let's let's F let's zoom into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's F let's zoom into here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's F let's zoom into here
+right so this is a a room that i g go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a a room that i g go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a a room that i g go
+into the beginning through a red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the beginning through a red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the beginning through a red yellow
+door having yellow on my left right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door having yellow on my left right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door having yellow on my left right so
+originally I got into this room like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I got into this room like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally I got into this room like
+this having yellow on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this having yellow on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this having yellow on my
+left then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left then
+I exited this room through a red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exited this room through a red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exited this room through a red yellow
+door having yellow on my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door having yellow on my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door having yellow on my left
+so this door so you know potentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this door so you know potentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this door so you know potentially you
+know it was a red here so I exited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was a red here so I exited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it was a red here so I exited this
+way but then I cannot possibly enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then I cannot possibly enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but then I cannot possibly enter
+through this door cuz that's a red red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this door cuz that's a red red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this door cuz that's a red red
+door or this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door or this could be a
+yellow in which case I exited from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow in which case I exited from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow in which case I exited from here
+but still now cannot get back from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still now cannot get back from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still now cannot get back from that
+door cuz that's a yellow yellow door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door cuz that's a yellow yellow door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door cuz that's a yellow yellow door
+right so this cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this cannot
+happen so my Loop my my walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so my Loop my my walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so my Loop my my walk
+cannot get back into a already visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get back into a already visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get back into a already visited
+room and it cannot exit the factory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it cannot exit the factory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and it cannot exit the factory so
+the only thing it can do is it it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it can do is it it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it can do is it it should
+stop because there's a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because there's a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because there's a finite number of
+rooms in this Factory but the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in this Factory but the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms in this Factory but the only way
+it can stop is if it finds a blue when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can stop is if it finds a blue when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can stop is if it finds a blue when
+it enters a new room so that's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters a new room so that's the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters a new room so that's the proof
+of existence if you follow my work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existence if you follow my work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existence if you follow my work and
+did you're going to get into a tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're going to get into a tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're going to get into a tri
+chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic
+triangle and this way I finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and this way I finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and this way I finished the
+first part part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part part of the
+claim any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim any questions about
+that yeah the same argument give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah the same argument give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah the same argument give you the
+odd number though it does yeah what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number though it does yeah what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number though it does yeah what is
+it if you find another one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you find another one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you find another one it
+has right let's try to do that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has right let's try to do that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has right let's try to do that right so
+let's start from a different triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from a different triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from a different triangle
+let's start from here but if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from here but if I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start from here but if I start
+from here there's no red yellow door I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there's no red yellow door I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there's no red yellow door I
+can do I can follow so that doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do I can follow so that doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do I can follow so that doesn't give
+me anything but let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything but let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything but let's start with
+somewhere where there are the yellow do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where there are the yellow do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where there are the yellow do
+so let's start with here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with here right
+now I can follow the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can follow the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can follow the same kind of
+business so I can uh get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so I can uh get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so I can uh get into
+doors I can cross red yellow doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors I can cross red yellow doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors I can cross red yellow doors
+having yellow on my left in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yellow on my left in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having yellow on my left in this case
+that got me into a tri chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got me into a tri chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that got me into a tri chromatic
+triangle now let me go back here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now let me go back here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now let me go back here and
+actually do the walk backwards right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the walk backwards right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do the walk backwards right so
+going backwards okay having yellow on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards okay having yellow on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards okay having yellow on my
+left so this is what happens so I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so this is what happens so I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so this is what happens so I found
+a tri chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tri chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tri chromatic
+triangle and this actually came in pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and this actually came in pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and this actually came in pairs
+right the fact that this gave me a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that this gave me a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that this gave me a three
+chromatic triangle m mean that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic triangle m mean that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic triangle m mean that this has
+to give you another one CU by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you another one CU by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you another one CU by the same
+token I cannot sort of like get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I cannot sort of like get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I cannot sort of like get into a
+loop while going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop while going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop while going
+back on the other hand there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the other hand there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on the other hand there are some
+triangles where where that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles where where that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles where where that would give
+you you know so you get another pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so you get another pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so you get another pair
+over here this don't give you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this don't give you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here this don't give you anything
+CU if you start here you don't do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU if you start here you don't do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CU if you start here you don't do you
+don't move but here you can get loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move but here you can get loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move but here you can get loops
+right if you start from the inside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you start from the inside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you start from the inside you
+can't get into a loop the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into a loop the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get into a loop the point is that
+all triangles come in pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except for this walk we started with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for this walk we started with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for this walk we started with an
+artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial
+one right so all three chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so all three chromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so all three chromatic
+triangles come in pairs except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles come in pairs except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles come in pairs except for the
+three chromatic triangle that I found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chromatic triangle that I found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chromatic triangle that I found in
+my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original
+walk thereby there is a notd number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those so it's kind of uh it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so it's kind of uh it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so it's kind of uh it's pretty
+cool right uh let me actually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right uh let me actually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool right uh let me actually try to
+abstract this proof a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract this proof a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract this proof a little
+bit uh and sort of like focus more onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and sort of like focus more onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and sort of like focus more onto
+the core you know argument why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core you know argument why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core you know argument why this
+happens so here's what I did really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here's what I did really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so here's what I did really
+right so this is my space of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my space of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my space of triangles
+okay this is my set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is my set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is my set of
+triangles I want to define a graph where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles I want to define a graph where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles I want to define a graph where
+the vertices are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are the
+triangles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and
+uh the uh adjacency of triangles so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh adjacency of triangles so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh adjacency of triangles so you
+know two triangles are connected if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two triangles are connected if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two triangles are connected if they
+share a door and you can go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a door and you can go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a door and you can go from one
+room into one triangle into the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room into one triangle into the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room into one triangle into the other
+one through this door having yellow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through this door having yellow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one through this door having yellow on
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+left so for this reason all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so for this reason all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so for this reason all
+vertices have out degree need degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have out degree need degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have out degree need degree
+atmost one because every triangle has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmost one because every triangle has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmost one because every triangle has at
+most no matter how it's colored has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most no matter how it's colored has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most no matter how it's colored has at
+most one red yellow door which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one red yellow door which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one red yellow door which you can
+cross having yellow on your left to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross having yellow on your left to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross having yellow on your left to go
+out and it has at most one door which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it has at most one door which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it has at most one door which
+you can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross
+uh having yellow your on your left going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having yellow your on your left going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having yellow your on your left going
+in so just the mere definition of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so just the mere definition of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so just the mere definition of my
+transition rule which was cross a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule which was cross a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule which was cross a red
+yellow door having yellow on your left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door having yellow on your left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow door having yellow on your left
+defined a graph on the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a graph on the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a graph on the set of
+triangles that has ingree and not degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that has ingree and not degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles that has ingree and not degree
+at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most
+one now a graph with ingree and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now a graph with ingree and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now a graph with ingree and not
+degree at most one is a very simple type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree at most one is a very simple type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree at most one is a very simple type
+of graph it looks like this it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph it looks like this it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph it looks like this it's a
+bounce of VIs ated vertices a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce of VIs ated vertices a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce of VIs ated vertices a bunch of
+directed cycles and a bunch of directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed cycles and a bunch of directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed cycles and a bunch of directed
+paths right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths right
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+fact the way I Define my transition rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the way I Define my transition rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the way I Define my transition rule
+you can check that all degree one nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that all degree one nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that all degree one nodes
+must be Tri chromatic if you're Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be Tri chromatic if you're Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be Tri chromatic if you're Tri
+chromatic there is either one door you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic there is either one door you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic there is either one door you
+can exit one red yellow door you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exit one red yellow door you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exit one red yellow door you can
+exit having Yow your left or depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit having Yow your left or depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit having Yow your left or depending
+on how the coloring is one door you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how the coloring is one door you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how the coloring is one door you can
+use to enter the triangle having your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to enter the triangle having your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to enter the triangle having your
+left so only Tri chromatic triangles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so only Tri chromatic triangles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so only Tri chromatic triangles can
+have uh total degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one um isolated vertices are those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um isolated vertices are those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um isolated vertices are those who
+don't have red yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have red yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have red yellow
+doors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors and
+um degree two vertices are those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um degree two vertices are those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um degree two vertices are those who
+have two doors one with which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two doors one with which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two doors one with which you can
+exit having your left and one with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit having your left and one with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit having your left and one with which
+you can enter having your left so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enter having your left so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can enter having your left so uh the
+mere what want I want to summarize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere what want I want to summarize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere what want I want to summarize that
+the mere definition of my transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mere definition of my transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mere definition of my transition
+rule Define this graph in a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Define this graph in a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule Define this graph in a way that the
+all these unbalanced vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these unbalanced vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these unbalanced vertices are
+solutions to the sperner problem all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the sperner problem all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the sperner problem all the
+vertices were solutions to the sperner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices were solutions to the sperner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices were solutions to the sperner
+problem and in fact one solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact one solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in fact one solution was
+artificial because it was that triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial because it was that triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial because it was that triangle
+that I created by adding the extra node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created by adding the extra node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created by adding the extra node
+outside so all degree 1 vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so all degree 1 vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so all degree 1 vertices are
+real solutions except one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real solutions except one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real solutions except one of
+them and by the structure of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and by the structure of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and by the structure of the graph
+then there has to be a not number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there has to be a not number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there has to be a not number of
+solutions this should be implies okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this should be implies okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions this should be implies okay so
+to summarize the mere description of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize the mere description of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize the mere description of my
+transition rule Define this graph in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule Define this graph in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule Define this graph in a
+way that all unbalanced vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that all unbalanced vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that all unbalanced vertices are
+solutions and because this have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and because this have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and because this have to come
+in pairs by parity there is an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs by parity there is an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pairs by parity there is an even
+number of solutions except one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions except one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions except one was
+artificial so hence there is a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial so hence there is a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial so hence there is a not
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions so in particular what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so in particular what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so in particular what I want
+to argue is that all these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue is that all these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue is that all these very
+beautiful very interesting theorems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful very interesting theorems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful very interesting theorems that
+are showed in the beginning Nas BR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sperner the real argument of existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner the real argument of existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner the real argument of existence
+besides sort of like mathematical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides sort of like mathematical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides sort of like mathematical work
+mathematical ofation if you want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical ofation if you want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical ofation if you want right
+is this trivial statement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this trivial statement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this trivial statement in
+combinatorics that if you have a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics that if you have a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics that if you have a direct
+Ed graph with some unbalanced vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed graph with some unbalanced vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed graph with some unbalanced vertex
+then there must be another unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex you obviously know this the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you obviously know this the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex you obviously know this the it's
+pretty the proof of this theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty the proof of this theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty the proof of this theorem is
+pretty clear if you have a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear if you have a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear if you have a directed
+graph where some node has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where some node has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where some node has a different
+number of in outgoing and ingoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of in outgoing and ingoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of in outgoing and ingoing
+edges then uh there has to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then uh there has to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then uh there has to be another
+such node and effectively what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such node and effectively what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such node and effectively what I did
+over here is I described a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is I described a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is I described a directed
+graph and and I identified this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and and I identified this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and and I identified this
+artificial vertex which was unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial vertex which was unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial vertex which was unbalanced
+it only had an outgoing Edge but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only had an outgoing Edge but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only had an outgoing Edge but no
+incoming Edge and by parity I knew there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming Edge and by parity I knew there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming Edge and by parity I knew there
+must exist another one so in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist another one so in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exist another one so in fact I
+didn't even have to you know use my walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even have to you know use my walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even have to you know use my walk
+argument and stuff all I had to claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and stuff all I had to claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and stuff all I had to claim is
+that the mere definition of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mere definition of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mere definition of my
+transition rule defined this directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule defined this directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rule defined this directed
+graph and this directed graph had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this directed graph had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this directed graph had some
+unbalanced vertex and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced vertex and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced vertex and I know that
+somewhere in this graph there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this graph there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this graph there has to be
+another unbalanced vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unbalanced vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unbalanced vertex
+but what I'm saying is that the code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm saying is that the code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm saying is that the code of
+it is this trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LMA and now your next question will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and now your next question will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and now your next question will be
+but what the heck this LMA is Trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the heck this LMA is Trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the heck this LMA is Trivial
+right so you know we took so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know we took so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you know we took so many
+algorithms you know carers class and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you know carers class and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you know carers class and so
+and so forth we work with graphs we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth we work with graphs we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth we work with graphs we know
+how to identify these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to identify these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to identify these things
+right given a directed graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given a directed graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right given a directed graph it's
+trivial to find a nonbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vertex uh but the point is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex uh but the point is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex uh but the point is that you can
+uh sometimes Define exponentially large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes Define exponentially large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes Define exponentially large
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+succinctly and you can ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and you can ask people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly and you can ask people to
+find you unbalanced vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you unbalanced vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you unbalanced vertices in
+exponentially large in exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large in exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large in exponentially
+large graphs so that was what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large graphs so that was what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large graphs so that was what that's
+what PPD is about in fact if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PPD is about in fact if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what PPD is about in fact if I give you
+a sperner instance by providing you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sperner instance by providing you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sperner instance by providing you a
+circuit we're already working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we're already working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit we're already working with
+exponentially many triangles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many triangles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many triangles in the
+description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the
+circuit so that's why the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that's why the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that's why the problem is
+difficult the problem is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the problem is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult the problem is difficult
+because the graph we're working with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graph we're working with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graph we're working with is
+exponentially large in the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large in the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large in the description
+of the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem of the
+instance so the PPD glass class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so the PPD glass class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance so the PPD glass class is
+trying to capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to capture this
+structure and we write right about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and we write right about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and we write right about the
+point where I'm going to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I'm going to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I'm going to define the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+formally okay so you ready for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally okay so you ready for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally okay so you ready for this so
+the uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh oops
+okay the pped class defined by Papa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the pped class defined by Papa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the pped class defined by Papa
+Dimitri in the '90s actually this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri in the '90s actually this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimitri in the '90s actually this is the
+journal version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal version of the
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+um the PPD glass is um giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PPD glass is um giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the PPD glass is um giving you an
+exponentially large graph the vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph the vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph the vertex set
+of the graph is 0 01 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph is 0 01 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph is 0 01 to the
+N the graph is specified in a weird way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the graph is specified in a weird way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N the graph is specified in a weird way
+I'm going to give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you two
+circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+uh that get an N input bit an N bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that get an N input bit an N bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that get an N input bit an N bit
+input and uh have an N bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output and using these two circuits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and using these two circuits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and using these two circuits I
+Define an edge between a string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an edge between a string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an edge between a string and
+another string if a weird condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another string if a weird condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another string if a weird condition is
+satisfied so another directed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so another directed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied so another directed that's
+from V1 to V2 if this condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V1 to V2 if this condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from V1 to V2 if this condition is
+satisfied okay let me try to pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay let me try to pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied okay let me try to pass this
+desri this uh symbols there but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desri this uh symbols there but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desri this uh symbols there but before
+that let me call this circuit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me call this circuit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me call this circuit the
+possible previous circuit and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible previous circuit and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible previous circuit and let me
+call this circuit the possible next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this circuit the possible next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this circuit the possible next
+circuit okay now this circuit takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay now this circuit takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit okay now this circuit takes us
+input a string and it outputs a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a string and it outputs a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a string and it outputs a possible
+a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate
+next a candidate neighbor of that string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a candidate neighbor of that string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a candidate neighbor of that string
+and similarly this uh uh sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this uh uh sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly this uh uh sorry a
+candidate uh father of the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate uh father of the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate uh father of the string and
+this text has input a string and Al was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this text has input a string and Al was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this text has input a string and Al was
+a possible child of the string and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible child of the string and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible child of the string and I
+only established an edge a directed Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only established an edge a directed Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only established an edge a directed Edge
+from string V1 to string V2 if string V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string V1 to string V2 if string V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string V1 to string V2 if string V2
+believes that his father is V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that his father is V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that his father is V1
+and V1 believes that its child is V2 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V1 believes that its child is V2 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V1 believes that its child is V2 if
+they agree on their uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on their uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on their uh sort of
+Parenthood relationship I add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parenthood relationship I add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parenthood relationship I add this
+Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge
+okay now you may ask me what the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you may ask me what the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you may ask me what the heck
+why didn't you just you know Define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you just you know Define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why didn't you just you know Define this
+graph in a different way why do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in a different way why do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in a different way why do you have
+to have this possible child and possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this possible child and possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this possible child and possible
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+relationships and describe the graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and describe the graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and describe the graph in
+this way and the answer to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the answer to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the answer to this question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that no matter so the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter so the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter so the answer to this
+question is no matter what circuits you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is no matter what circuits you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is no matter what circuits you
+give me that always defines your graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that always defines your graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me that always defines your graph
+with a very specific property that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific property that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific property that we're
+going to see in the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the next slide
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um back to the definition so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to the definition so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um back to the definition so I'm going
+to explain the intuition behind this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain the intuition behind this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain the intuition behind this but
+back to the definition I'm describe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the definition I'm describe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the definition I'm describe an
+exponentially large graph by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph by giving
+these two circuits and I establish edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two circuits and I establish edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two circuits and I establish edges
+between nodes only if this condition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nodes only if this condition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nodes only if this condition is
+true and what I ask you to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and what I ask you to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and what I ask you to do is the
+following given these two circuits if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following given these two circuits if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following given these two circuits if
+the all zero string is unbalanced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all zero string is unbalanced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all zero string is unbalanced in
+this exponentially large graph that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponentially large graph that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponentially large graph that I
+defined then I ask you to find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined then I ask you to find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined then I ask you to find another
+unbalanced node which by parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists okay if the zero string has is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay if the zero string has is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists okay if the zero string has is
+unbalanced in this exponentially large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced in this exponentially large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced in this exponentially large
+graph then by parity argument there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph then by parity argument there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph then by parity argument there must
+be another unbalanced node I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another unbalanced node I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another unbalanced node I'm asking
+you to find it that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find it that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find it that's the definition of
+this end of the line problem and ppad is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end of the line problem and ppad is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end of the line problem and ppad is
+the class of all problems that are in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of all problems that are in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of all problems that are in F
+and P that are poly time reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P that are poly time reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P that are poly time reducible to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem now this sounds weird so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now this sounds weird so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now this sounds weird so let me
+show you how the the graph defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how the the graph defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how the the graph defined by
+these two circuits looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and this will be awfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+familiar so you know I'm copying here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so you know I'm copying here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar so you know I'm copying here
+the condition for putting an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition for putting an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition for putting an edge
+between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two
+strings the set of strings I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings the set of strings I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings the set of strings I'm looking
+at is 0 1 to the N this is the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is 0 1 to the N this is the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is 0 1 to the N this is the condition
+from for when I put an edge from string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for when I put an edge from string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for when I put an edge from string
+V1 to string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 to string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 to string
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+now notice that by definition every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that by definition every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that by definition every
+string has at most one possible child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string has at most one possible child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string has at most one possible child
+and every string has at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every string has at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every string has at most one
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father
+so the integre and out degrees of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integre and out degrees of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integre and out degrees of this
+graph are at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so I'm implicitly describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm implicitly describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so I'm implicitly describing a
+graph that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that looks like
+this and what I ask you to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what I ask you to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what I ask you to do is to
+check the following I ask you to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the following I ask you to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the following I ask you to check
+if zero the zero string is unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if zero the zero string is unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if zero the zero string is unbalanced
+meaning it either has a father but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it either has a father but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it either has a father but not a
+child or he has a child but not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or he has a child but not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child or he has a child but not a
+father if it's if it's balanced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father if it's if it's balanced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father if it's if it's balanced you
+don't need to do any work but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do any work but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to do any work but if it's
+unbalanced which is easy to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced which is easy to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced which is easy to check
+locally you just you know query the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally you just you know query the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally you just you know query the
+candidate next child and check if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate next child and check if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate next child and check if that
+child believes that zero is his father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child believes that zero is his father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child believes that zero is his father
+or you know vice versa okay if 0 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know vice versa okay if 0 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know vice versa okay if 0 to the
+nend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nend is
+unbalanced then by parity because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced then by parity because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced then by parity because the
+graph looks like this there must be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like this there must be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph looks like this there must be some
+other unbalanced vertex at least one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unbalanced vertex at least one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unbalanced vertex at least one and
+asking you to find me any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to find me any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to find me any of these
+unbalanced vertices so in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced vertices so in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced vertices so in particular you
+don't need to find the unbalanced vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to find the unbalanced vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to find the unbalanced vertex
+that's in the other end of the path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the other end of the path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the other end of the path that
+starts at 0 to the nend or finishes at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 0 to the nend or finishes at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 0 to the nend or finishes at 0
+to the nend you can give me any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nend you can give me any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nend you can give me any of the
+other unbalanced vertices if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unbalanced vertices if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unbalanced vertices if there are
+any but by parity I know that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any but by parity I know that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any but by parity I know that there is
+at least one unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one unbalanced
+vertex so pped is this problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so pped is this problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex so pped is this problem I
+describe an exponentially large graph by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an exponentially large graph by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an exponentially large graph by
+giving you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two
+circuits now no matter what circuits I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits now no matter what circuits I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits now no matter what circuits I
+gave you I know the graph looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now in this graph if 0 to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now in this graph if 0 to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now in this graph if 0 to the N is
+unbalanced if the zero string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced if the zero string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced if the zero string is
+unbalanced you know that there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced you know that there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced you know that there must be
+another unbalanced vertex any of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unbalanced vertex any of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unbalanced vertex any of them is
+good as a solution to the problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a solution to the problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a solution to the problem yeah
+so how do we know that like Zer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know that like Zer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know that like Zer to the
+end doesn't point to like the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end doesn't point to like the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end doesn't point to like the previous
+other string that points Zer to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other string that points Zer to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other string that points Zer to the end
+like how do we know that zero theend so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we know that zero theend so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we know that zero theend so
+in that no it can be it can happen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that no it can be it can happen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that no it can be it can happen it
+could be that uh this is 0 to the N it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh this is 0 to the N it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh this is 0 to the N it
+has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+child that believes that this is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child that believes that this is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child that believes that this is its
+father and also V believes that Zer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and also V believes that Zer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and also V believes that Zer to
+the end is his child and 0 to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is his child and 0 to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is his child and 0 to the end
+believes that this is the father this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that this is the father this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that this is the father this
+creates a 0 to the end which is balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a 0 to the end which is balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a 0 to the end which is balanced
+in that case you don't need to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you don't need to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you don't need to do any
+work I right so the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I right so the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I right so the statement of the
+problem is asking you to do work only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do work only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is asking you to do work only if
+0 to the N is unbalanced bed right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the N is unbalanced bed right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the N is unbalanced bed right so
+end of the line tells you if 0 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line tells you if 0 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the line tells you if 0 to the N
+is unbalanced which you can trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbalanced which you can trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unbalanced which you can trivially
+check locally you don't need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check locally you don't need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check locally you don't need to look at
+the whole graph to to decide whether 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph to to decide whether 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole graph to to decide whether 0
+to the end is uh balanced or not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end is uh balanced or not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end is uh balanced or not right
+so to decide whether 0 to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to decide whether 0 to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to decide whether 0 to the N is
+balanced you need four queries can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you need four queries can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you need four queries can you
+have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expon yeah but the point is that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expon yeah but the point is that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expon yeah but the point is that that's
+that's the whole point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point right
+so if I query if if you know like if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I query if if you know like if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I query if if you know like if if
+V see is the possible parent of 0er to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V see is the possible parent of 0er to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V see is the possible parent of 0er to
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+and uh you know U is a possible child uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know U is a possible child uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know U is a possible child uh
+possible child of 0 to the N then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible child of 0 to the N then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible child of 0 to the N then the
+state of the world could could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this could be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be this
+now if also this guy believes that 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if also this guy believes that 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if also this guy believes that 0 to
+the N is is farther I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N is is farther I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N is is farther I'm going to make
+this Edge solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge solid
+that's the the fourth query I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the fourth query I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the fourth query I'm going to
+make to my circuits if this child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to my circuits if this child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to my circuits if this child
+believe if this guy believes that U 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if this guy believes that U 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe if this guy believes that U 0 to
+the end is his father I'm going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is his father I'm going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is his father I'm going to also
+make this Edge solid if both are solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Edge solid if both are solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Edge solid if both are solid
+then 0er to the end is balanced I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0er to the end is balanced I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0er to the end is balanced I don't
+need to do any work if this is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do any work if this is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do any work if this is missing
+then 0 to the end is unbalanced I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 to the end is unbalanced I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 0 to the end is unbalanced I need
+to do work and so on so forth okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work and so on so forth okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work and so on so forth okay but
+with four queries to my circuits so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four queries to my circuits so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four queries to my circuits so in
+polinomial time in particular in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time in particular in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time in particular in the
+description of my input I can decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of my input I can decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of my input I can decide
+whether 0 to the N is balanc or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether 0 to the N is balanc or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether 0 to the N is balanc or not and
+if it's unbalanced then I need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's unbalanced then I need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's unbalanced then I need to do a
+lot of work and in fact we have no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work and in fact we have no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work and in fact we have no uh
+better than exponential Bound for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than exponential Bound for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than exponential Bound for how
+long it will take me to find the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it will take me to find the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it will take me to find the other
+unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced
+node um can you make all such graphs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node um can you make all such graphs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node um can you make all such graphs of
+this type with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type with small
+circuit mm I mean uh no I mean you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit mm I mean uh no I mean you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit mm I mean uh no I mean you're
+asking if I pick an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if I pick an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if I pick an arbitrary
+exponential graph if it's always always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential graph if it's always always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential graph if it's always always
+compressible into polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressible into polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressible into polinomial
+size uh I mean it depends on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh I mean it depends on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh I mean it depends on how you
+phrase the question right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the question right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the question right so if you
+allow me to get you know a huge pce I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to get you know a huge pce I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow me to get you know a huge pce I
+mean p is part of the input right p is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean p is part of the input right p is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean p is part of the input right p is a
+part of the input so now if p is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input so now if p is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the input so now if p is a
+lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+table that's a trivial instance actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's a trivial instance actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's a trivial instance actually
+right so the instances that are uh hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the instances that are uh hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the instances that are uh hard
+are those where p is a comp it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those where p is a comp it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those where p is a comp it's a
+succinct thing it's polinomial in N size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct thing it's polinomial in N size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct thing it's polinomial in N size
+but still defines an exponentially large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still defines an exponentially large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still defines an exponentially large
+graph if p is a huge thing is a lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph if p is a huge thing is a lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph if p is a huge thing is a lookup
+table that keeps track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that keeps track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that keeps track of all
+connectivities of all vertices with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivities of all vertices with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivities of all vertices with each
+other that's we're getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's we're getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's we're getting into
+algorithms territory where I give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms territory where I give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms territory where I give you an
+adjacency list of you know for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list of you know for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list of you know for every
+node so this is a purely you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this is a purely you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so this is a purely you know
+algorithmic problem that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic problem that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic problem that we can
+trivially solve right so if if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially solve right so if if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially solve right so if if I get
+into the regime where my P my circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the regime where my P my circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the regime where my P my circuit
+description is a polinomial in the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is a polinomial in the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is a polinomial in the size
+of the graph that's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph that's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph that's an easy
+instance right but uh if you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right but uh if you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance right but uh if you're asking
+the question can I always compress an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question can I always compress an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question can I always compress an
+exponentially large graph into uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph into uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large graph into uh two
+circuits p and n that are polom size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits p and n that are polom size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits p and n that are polom size
+then that's not the case Okay so PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's not the case Okay so PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's not the case Okay so PPD
+noticed that this end of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this end of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that this end of the line
+problem is in FNP because I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in FNP because I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in FNP because I can just
+guess the unbalanced vertex different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the unbalanced vertex different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the unbalanced vertex different
+than the zero string and I can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the zero string and I can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the zero string and I can check
+easily if it's uh also unbalanced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if it's uh also unbalanced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily if it's uh also unbalanced with
+four queries so it is in FMP and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four queries so it is in FMP and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four queries so it is in FMP and you
+know I hope you believe me that sperner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope you believe me that sperner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I hope you believe me that sperner
+is in ppad because just the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in ppad because just the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in ppad because just the proof of
+sperner was exact the same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner was exact the same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner was exact the same kind of thing
+right so I succinctly described this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I succinctly described this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I succinctly described this
+graph that had exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that had exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that had exactly the same
+structure so really what inspired the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so really what inspired the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so really what inspired the
+definition of this class is sperner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this class is sperner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this class is sperner's
+the proof of sperner's LMA um now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of sperner's LMA um now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of sperner's LMA um now you
+know sort of argue that you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of argue that you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of argue that you can prove
+Brower via sperner I gave this hand wavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brower via sperner I gave this hand wavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brower via sperner I gave this hand wavy
+high level uh picture showing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level uh picture showing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level uh picture showing that so
+and also Nas through Brower so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also Nas through Brower so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also Nas through Brower so in fact
+PPD definitely contains the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD definitely contains the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD definitely contains the problems
+that I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm interested
+in but what is the litmos test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but what is the litmos test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but what is the litmos test the
+litmus test is I went through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test is I went through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litmus test is I went through this
+exercise to Define this class PPD based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to Define this class PPD based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to Define this class PPD based
+on the existence proof of sperner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the existence proof of sperner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the existence proof of sperner's
+Lemma and I successfully got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma and I successfully got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemma and I successfully got all this
+interesting problems inside PPD but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems inside PPD but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems inside PPD but the
+lmos test is for you know the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lmos test is for you know the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lmos test is for you know the success of
+my uh of my exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh of my exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh of my exercise is
+whether uh I get also tight reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh I get also tight reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh I get also tight reduction so
+if I also get that these problems are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I also get that these problems are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I also get that these problems are as
+hard as any other problem in ppad now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as any other problem in ppad now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as any other problem in ppad now I
+can call my thing successful okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call my thing successful okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call my thing successful okay so
+particular as an example so the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as an example so the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular as an example so the success
+of the definition of NP is that sat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition of NP is that sat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition of NP is that sat is
+NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP
+complete okay so NP was defined uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete okay so NP was defined uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete okay so NP was defined uh with
+sat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in
+mind now uh but it also captured exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind now uh but it also captured exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind now uh but it also captured exactly
+the complexity of sat so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of sat so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of sat so that was a
+successful definition of a complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful definition of a complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful definition of a complexity
+class so the limos test for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so the limos test for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so the limos test for this
+exercise that you know I went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you know I went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that you know I went through
+with you is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you is whether
+actually those problems that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those problems that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually those problems that I'm
+interested in are also PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are also PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are also PPD
+complete so uh what we showed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so uh what we showed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so uh what we showed with
+Goldberg papadu you know a bunch of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg papadu you know a bunch of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg papadu you know a bunch of you
+know I guess 10 years ago almost uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I guess 10 years ago almost uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I guess 10 years ago almost uh is
+that actually the opposite reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the opposite reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the opposite reductions
+are also true that uh all these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also true that uh all these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also true that uh all these problems
+are computationally equivalent in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computationally equivalent in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are computationally equivalent in fact I
+didn't show that these are equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show that these are equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show that these are equivalent to
+PPD these were already known these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD these were already known these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD these were already known these
+results were already known since Papa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were already known since Papa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were already known since Papa
+Demitri's original paper that PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demitri's original paper that PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demitri's original paper that PPD
+exactly is equivalent to sperner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is equivalent to sperner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is equivalent to sperner and
+Brower what we show together is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brower what we show together is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brower what we show together is that
+Nash also is equivalent is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash also is equivalent is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash also is equivalent is the same
+league of problems basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league of problems basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league of problems basically
+establishing that all these columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that all these columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that all these columns are
+computationally equivalent finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally equivalent finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally equivalent finding an
+asum is computational equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asum is computational equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asum is computational equivalent to
+spers LMA computationally equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spers LMA computationally equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spers LMA computationally equivalent to
+any problem pped and so on so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem pped and so on so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem pped and so on so forth okay
+and the high level uh of the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high level uh of the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high level uh of the reduction
+I'm going to handwave about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to handwave about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to handwave about it is that
+we start with this generic PPD instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with this generic PPD instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with this generic PPD instance
+and what we do is we envision embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we envision embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we envision embedding
+this instance into some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geometry uh because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh because this is a
+combinatorial problem our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problem our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial problem our goal
+eventually is to reduce it to Brower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is to reduce it to Brower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually is to reduce it to Brower and
+to Nash which are you know uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nash which are you know uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nash which are you know uh you know
+continuous problems so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous problems so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous problems so the first thing
+we do is we embed this graph into a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we embed this graph into a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we embed this graph into a cube
+in a way that sort of like every path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that sort of like every path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that sort of like every path or
+cycle corresponds to uh sort of like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle corresponds to uh sort of like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle corresponds to uh sort of like uh
+you know you know a path that moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know a path that moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know a path that moves
+around this cube without intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this cube without intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this cube without intersecting
+itself so this is the first thing we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this is the first thing we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this is the first thing we do
+then we find a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we find a way
+to uh solve the resulting PP embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh solve the resulting PP embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh solve the resulting PP embedded
+PPD instance reduce it to sperner to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD instance reduce it to sperner to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD instance reduce it to sperner to a
+sperner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperner
+instance and then in fact the the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and then in fact the the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and then in fact the the core
+of the proof and I'm going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof and I'm going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof and I'm going to actually
+talk about this more is to reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this more is to reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this more is to reduce this
+problem into a um uh a problem that asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a um uh a problem that asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a um uh a problem that asks
+you to evaluate an arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to evaluate an arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to evaluate an arithmetic
+circuit now after you get that PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit now after you get that PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit now after you get that PPD
+reduces to this evaluation problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to this evaluation problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to this evaluation problem it's
+a it's really a I call it approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's really a I call it approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's really a I call it approximate
+arithmetic circuit set okay so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuit set okay so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuit set okay so I'm going
+to get into what this means but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into what this means but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into what this means but it's
+really a satisfiability problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a satisfiability problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a satisfiability problem for
+arithmetic circuits but after you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuits but after you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuits but after you get
+PPD to reduce to this problem it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD to reduce to this problem it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPD to reduce to this problem it's easy
+to get to Nash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to Nash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to Nash and
+all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+implications all the other known and PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications all the other known and PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications all the other known and PPD
+completeness reductions that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness reductions that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness reductions that people have
+established so what what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so what what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established so what what I want to
+describe is what this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about it's the equivalent of circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's the equivalent of circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's the equivalent of circuit
+Set uh which is MP complete this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh which is MP complete this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh which is MP complete this is
+called arithmetic circuit set and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called arithmetic circuit set and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called arithmetic circuit set and I'm
+going to show you what it means question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what it means question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what it means question
+so uh do we in the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh do we in the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh do we in the course of this
+reduction do we get a free player game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction do we get a free player game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction do we get a free player game
+for Nash like this three carry through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Nash like this three carry through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Nash like this three carry through
+to the yes so you get actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the yes so you get actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the yes so you get actually two
+players you can get two player Nash yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players you can get two player Nash yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players you can get two player Nash yeah
+so it establishes that all games are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it establishes that all games are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it establishes that all games are if
+they're not two player Zer s they arepb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not two player Zer s they arepb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not two player Zer s they arepb
+complete so the input to the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so the input to the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete so the input to the problem is
+a circuit okay uh the circuit comprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit okay uh the circuit comprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circuit okay uh the circuit comprises
+two kinds of nodes variable nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of nodes variable nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of nodes variable nodes and
+Gates okay so gates are represented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates okay so gates are represented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates okay so gates are represented with
+solid circles variable nodes are with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid circles variable nodes are with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid circles variable nodes are with uh
+uh I don't know empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't know empty
+circles uh okay so the variable no are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh okay so the variable no are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles uh okay so the variable no are
+X1 through xn the gates nodes are G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 through xn the gates nodes are G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 through xn the gates nodes are G1
+through GM now the gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through GM now the gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through GM now the gates
+can I can choose gates from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can choose gates from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can choose gates from the
+following set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following set of possible
+Gates uh I'm going to explain what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates uh I'm going to explain what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates uh I'm going to explain what these
+gates are meant to do but this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates are meant to do but this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates are meant to do but this is an
+assignment gate this is a plus addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment gate this is a plus addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment gate this is a plus addition
+gate this is a subtraction gate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate this is a subtraction gate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate this is a subtraction gate this is
+set equal to a constant gate this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set equal to a constant gate this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set equal to a constant gate this is
+times a constant gate and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a constant gate and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a constant gate and this is a
+comparison gate the subtraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate the subtraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate the subtraction and
+comparison gates are non symmetric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gates are non symmetric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gates are non symmetric in
+their input so they have a special input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input so they have a special input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input so they have a special input
+one and special input two similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and special input two similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and special input two similarly for
+the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison
+gate and I also have directed edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and I also have directed edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate and I also have directed edges that
+connect variables to Gates and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect variables to Gates and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect variables to Gates and vice
+versa but there are no edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but there are no edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa but there are no edges between
+variables and there are no edges between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and there are no edges between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and there are no edges between
+Gates and also the loops are allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates and also the loops are allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates and also the loops are allowed
+that's important okay so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important okay so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important okay so you can have
+loops for example in this picture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops for example in this picture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops for example in this picture you
+have a loop between vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loop between vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a loop between vertices and
+actually there are no inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are no inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there are no inputs to the
+Circuit okay in circuit said you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit okay in circuit said you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit okay in circuit said you have a
+bunch of you want to set the input so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you want to set the input so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you want to set the input so
+that the output is one and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output is one and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output is one and you don't
+have loops you have a dag and your gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loops you have a dag and your gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loops you have a dag and your gates
+are just binary Gates here we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just binary Gates here we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just binary Gates here we're in a
+different situation we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situation we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situation we don't have
+inputs our gates can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs our gates can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs our gates can have
+loops and they're not binary they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and they're not binary they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and they're not binary they're
+arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+Gates the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates the goal is to
+assign 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign 01
+values to the vertice the variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to the vertice the variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values to the vertice the variables so
+that the gate constraints are satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gate constraints are satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gate constraints are satisfied
+so now what are the gate constraints so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what are the gate constraints so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what are the gate constraints so
+the output of an assignment gate should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of an assignment gate should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of an assignment gate should
+equal the input to the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the input to the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the input to the assignment
+gate uh if you have an addition gate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uh if you have an addition gate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uh if you have an addition gate the
+output of the addition gate should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the addition gate should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the addition gate should be
+the sum of the inputs except um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the inputs except um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the inputs except um
+everything should lie in 01 so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should lie in 01 so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should lie in 01 so it's the
+minimum between the sum of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum between the sum of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum between the sum of the inputs
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the subtraction gate is similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the subtraction gate is similar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the subtraction gate is similar so
+the output to the subtraction gate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to the subtraction gate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to the subtraction gate is
+the difference of the inputs but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the inputs but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of the inputs but you
+can't go below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go below
+zero uh the set equal gate is uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the set equal gate is uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh the set equal gate is uh set
+equal to a constant gate is sets y to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant gate is sets y to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant gate is sets y to be
+a but it doesn't allow it to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but it doesn't allow it to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but it doesn't allow it to leave
+01 uh and the multiply by constant gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh and the multiply by constant gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 uh and the multiply by constant gate
+multiplies the input with Alpha with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the input with Alpha with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the input with Alpha with a
+but also you know doesn't allow it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know doesn't allow it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know doesn't allow it to go
+below Z above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below Z above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below Z above
+one and uh okay these are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh okay these are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and uh okay these are pretty
+straightforward what is slightly weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward what is slightly weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward what is slightly weird
+is the comparison gate which has a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comparison gate which has a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comparison gate which has a weird
+behavior and actually must have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and actually must have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and actually must have this
+behavior for the problem to be PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for the problem to be PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for the problem to be PPD
+complete you can show that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete you can show that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete you can show that uh the
+comparison gate has to be one the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate has to be one the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate has to be one the output
+has to be one if the first input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one if the first input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one if the first input is
+bigger than the second input it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the second input it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the second input it has to
+be a zero if the first is smaller but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a zero if the first is smaller but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a zero if the first is smaller but if
+they're equal it can be anything it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal it can be anything it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal it can be anything it's
+allowed to be anything it's actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be anything it's actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be anything it's actually if
+you think about it's a continuous gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it's a continuous gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it's a continuous gate
+you canot just just jump from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you canot just just jump from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you canot just just jump from zero to
+one without being able to take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without being able to take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without being able to take all the
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate
+values okay can be anything any values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay can be anything any values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay can be anything any values
+allowed if the inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed if the inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed if the inputs are
+equal okay so that's the version that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so that's the version that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so that's the version that's
+the that's the that's the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the that's the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the that's the arithmetic
+circuit set problem that is PPD complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit set problem that is PPD complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit set problem that is PPD complete
+first of all this problem is total okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this problem is total okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this problem is total okay
+no matter what C you write down I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what C you write down I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what C you write down I can
+prove to you that there is always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to you that there is always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove to you that there is always an
+evaluation that that works that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation that that works that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation that that works that's not a
+priori obvious it's not a prior obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori obvious it's not a prior obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori obvious it's not a prior obvious
+that no matter what circuit I describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what circuit I describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what circuit I describe
+you using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using these
+Gates has a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates has a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gates has a satisfying
+assignment but I claim this is true I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but I claim this is true I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but I claim this is true I'm
+not going to show it to you it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to show it to you it is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to show it to you it is true
+though and it must be true because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and it must be true because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and it must be true because this
+problem belongs in this family of PPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem belongs in this family of PPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem belongs in this family of PPD
+complete problems so it has to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems so it has to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems so it has to also
+inherit all the properties that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit all the properties that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherit all the properties that this
+class of problems shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of problems shares
+now let's try to work out the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to work out the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to work out the details of
+what the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computation
+is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay
+so uh I want to argue that in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I want to argue that in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I want to argue that in this in
+this uh I want to claim that uh the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I want to claim that uh the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I want to claim that uh the only
+satisfying assignment is that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment is that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment is that everything
+is equal to2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to2
+actually and let's try to verify it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and let's try to verify it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and let's try to verify it so
+suppose that a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a was
+not actually not I I take that back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually not I I take that back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually not I I take that back okay
+so a must be 1/2 and B can be uh No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a must be 1/2 and B can be uh No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a must be 1/2 and B can be uh No
+actually they're all 1/2 sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're all 1/2 sorry sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're all 1/2 sorry sorry
+they're all 1/2 don't take it back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all 1/2 don't take it back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all 1/2 don't take it back okay
+so let me try to argue that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to argue that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to argue that okay so
+suppose that a was bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a was bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that a was bigger
+than2 bigger than so C must be one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 bigger than so C must be one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than2 bigger than so C must be one2
+right that's by the condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's by the condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's by the condition of the
+gate this is set equal to 1/2 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate this is set equal to 1/2 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate this is set equal to 1/2 so this
+must be 1/2 okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 1/2 okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be 1/2 okay that's what
+this now I claim that a cannot be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now I claim that a cannot be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now I claim that a cannot be bigger
+than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+12 if a bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 if a bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 if a bigger than
+12 then this is bigger than this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 then this is bigger than this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 then this is bigger than this input
+of the comparison gate so the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comparison gate so the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the comparison gate so the comparison
+gate would output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate would output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate would output is
+zero but this set equal operation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this set equal operation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but this set equal operation would
+have to set this guy to be zero so zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to set this guy to be zero so zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to set this guy to be zero so zero
+can't be bigger than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be bigger than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be bigger than 1
+12 okay let's do the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay let's do the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay let's do the other direction
+suppose a was smaller than2 if a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a was smaller than2 if a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a was smaller than2 if a was
+smaller than 1 12 then the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 12 then the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 12 then the comparison
+get would up with one this was set it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get would up with one this was set it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get would up with one this was set it to
+one so how can one be smaller than 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how can one be smaller than 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so how can one be smaller than 1/2
+so the only possibility is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possibility is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only possibility is that it's
+actually 1/2 and if it's 1/2 and 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1/2 and if it's 1/2 and 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1/2 and if it's 1/2 and 1/2
+then this is a setting one2 you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a setting one2 you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a setting one2 you can set
+because the inputs are equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inputs are equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the inputs are equal to the
+comparison gate you can set this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate you can set this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison gate you can set this to be
+anything so everything being one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so everything being one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so everything being one2
+satisfies all the conditions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all the conditions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies all the conditions of the
+gates so that's the problem we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates so that's the problem we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates so that's the problem we're trying
+to solve okay the the claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve okay the the claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve okay the the claim is that this
+problem is ppad complete and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is ppad complete and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is ppad complete and this
+problem is going to be the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to be the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is going to be the starting
+point for all our reduction next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for all our reduction next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for all our reduction next time
+okay in particular showing that Nash's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular showing that Nash's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular showing that Nash's
+theorem is uh uh PPD complete uh I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is uh uh PPD complete uh I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is uh uh PPD complete uh I want
+to at the last Point uh after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the last Point uh after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the last Point uh after we
+published our paper Chen D and Tang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published our paper Chen D and Tang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published our paper Chen D and Tang
+actually improved this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improved this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually improved this result
+to uh fzy Gates so the uh actually we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh fzy Gates so the uh actually we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh fzy Gates so the uh actually we we
+we still we allowed in our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still we allowed in our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still we allowed in our original
+paper exponential noise in the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper exponential noise in the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper exponential noise in the outputs
+of the gate so uh this is an easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gate so uh this is an easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gate so uh this is an easier
+problem problem now so I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problem now so I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem problem now so I give you a
+circuit and I want you to find me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and I want you to find me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and I want you to find me an
+assignment that satisfies all Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that satisfies all Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that satisfies all Gates
+approximately so in our original paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately so in our original paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately so in our original paper
+we could accommodate exponential noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could accommodate exponential noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could accommodate exponential noise
+in the size of the input in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of the input in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the size of the input in the
+fuzziness of the gates this guys showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzziness of the gates this guys showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzziness of the gates this guys showed
+that you can even accommodate any polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can even accommodate any polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can even accommodate any polom
+noise inverse polinomial noise that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise inverse polinomial noise that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise inverse polinomial noise that you
+want and it's still PPD complete that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it's still PPD complete that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it's still PPD complete that's
+an easier problem than the exact problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier problem than the exact problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easier problem than the exact problem
+obviously but in fact they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but in fact they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but in fact they're a
+computationally equivalent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally equivalent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally equivalent because
+they're both PPD comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both PPD comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both PPD comp
+so now next time what I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now next time what I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now next time what I'm going to show
+is I'm going to use this problem to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to use this problem to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to use this problem to show
+that Nash and market equilibrium are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nash and market equilibrium are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nash and market equilibrium are P
+complete I'm going to show that uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I'm going to show that uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I'm going to show that uh some
+problems in combinatorics such as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in combinatorics such as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in combinatorics such as uh
+fractional hypergraph matching and Scar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional hypergraph matching and Scar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractional hypergraph matching and Scar
+LMA are PPD complete and then if time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA are PPD complete and then if time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA are PPD complete and then if time if
+I have time I'm going to show you other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have time I'm going to show you other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have time I'm going to show you other
+existence arguments that give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence arguments that give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence arguments that give rise to
+different uh interesting complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh interesting complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh interesting complexity
+uh classes Nam after yeah many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classes Nam after yeah many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classes Nam after yeah many people
+ask that so it me polinomial parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that so it me polinomial parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask that so it me polinomial parity
+argument on directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument on directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument on directed
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+graphs that's a good question yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that's a good question yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that's a good question yeah I
+should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said
+that thanks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thanks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thanks a lot
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TXNXT3oBROw.txt b/TXNXT3oBROw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44ba327106a636d4798902a93366c530d35d8c27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TXNXT3oBROw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+recursive data play a key role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive data play a key role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive data play a key role in
+programming so let's take a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so let's take a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming so let's take a mathematical
+look at what goes on so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what goes on so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what goes on so the basic idea
+of recursive data is roughly that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursive data is roughly that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursive data is roughly that you're
+going to define a class of objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a class of objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a class of objects in
+terms of the simpler versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the simpler versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the simpler versions of the
+same object a little bit more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object a little bit more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object a little bit more precise
+with a little more precision what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little more precision what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little more precision what we can
+the idea is that you can build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you can build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you can build up a
+recursive data type by starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive data type by starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive data type by starting with
+some stuff that you understand it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff that you understand it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stuff that you understand it's not
+recursive and you give me some base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive and you give me some base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive and you give me some base
+objects that I can begin with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that I can begin with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that I can begin with and
+declare that they belong to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that they belong to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that they belong to this
+recursive datum and then you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive datum and then you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive datum and then you give me
+some rules called constructor rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules called constructor rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules called constructor rules
+which enable me to build new objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enable me to build new objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which enable me to build new objects of
+the recursive type by applying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive type by applying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive type by applying these
+constructors to objects that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructors to objects that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructors to objects that I've
+already built up there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built up there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built up there's nothing
+circular about it because I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular about it because I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular about it because I'm always
+building up new stuff from stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up new stuff from stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up new stuff from stuff I
+already have let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have let's look at an example
+I'm going to define a set E that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define a set E that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to define a set E that's a
+subset of the integers and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the integers and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the integers and I'm going to
+give you a recursive definition of E the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a recursive definition of E the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a recursive definition of E the
+base case is that I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case is that I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case is that I'm going to tell you
+the zeroes in E and I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroes in E and I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroes in E and I'm going to give
+you two constructors the first one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two constructors the first one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you two constructors the first one says
+that if you have an end that's in E you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an end that's in E you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an end that's in E you
+can add two to it and get a new element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add two to it and get a new element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add two to it and get a new element
+in E providing that n is non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E providing that n is non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in E providing that n is non-negative
+the second constructor is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second constructor is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second constructor is that if you
+have an N that's an E you can negate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N that's an E you can negate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an N that's an E you can negate it
+you can take - n providing that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take - n providing that n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take - n providing that n is
+positive and those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and those are the two
+constructor rules well let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor rules well let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor rules well let's look at
+what goes on here what is this telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here what is this telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes on here what is this telling
+us well let's just use the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well let's just use the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well let's just use the first
+constructor rule and use it repeatedly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor rule and use it repeatedly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor rule and use it repeatedly I
+can start off with zero that's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start off with zero that's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start off with zero that's the base
+case and then I can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then I can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then I can apply the
+constructor to add 2 to it then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor to add 2 to it then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor to add 2 to it then I can
+apply the constructor again to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the constructor again to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the constructor again to add to
+add 2 to 0 plus 2 and then I can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 2 to 0 plus 2 and then I can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 2 to 0 plus 2 and then I can apply
+the third time to get add 2 to 0 plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third time to get add 2 to 0 plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third time to get add 2 to 0 plus 2
+plus 2 and it's clear what I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 and it's clear what I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 and it's clear what I'm getting
+is 0 2 4 6 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 2 4 6 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 2 4 6 and so on
+and I'm gonna get all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna get all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna get all of the
+non-negative even numbers in that way ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative even numbers in that way ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative even numbers in that way ok
+now I can apply to these the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can apply to these the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can apply to these the positive
+numbers I can apply the negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can apply the negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I can apply the negation
+constructor so I can get minus 2 minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor so I can get minus 2 minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor so I can get minus 2 minus 4
+minus 6 and it becomes apparent then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 and it becomes apparent then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 and it becomes apparent then
+that I can get all of the even numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get all of the even numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get all of the even numbers
+okay so we just figured out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just figured out that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just figured out that it
+contains the even numbers is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the even numbers is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the even numbers is there
+anything else in E and the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else in E and the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else in E and the answer is no
+and the reason is that a part of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that a part of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that a part of an
+implicit part of the understanding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit part of the understanding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit part of the understanding of a
+definition like this is that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition like this is that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition like this is that the only
+way that things can get into E is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that things can get into E is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that things can get into E is by
+being a base case or by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a base case or by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a base case or by being
+constructed from previously constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from previously constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed from previously constructive
+ament's by applying to construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ament's by applying to construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ament's by applying to construct the
+rules in other words there's an implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in other words there's an implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules in other words there's an implicit
+clause here that says that's all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause here that says that's all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause here that says that's all that
+implicit clause is called the extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit clause is called the extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit clause is called the extremal
+clause and it's taken for granted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and it's taken for granted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and it's taken for granted and
+rarely mentioned explicitly as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely mentioned explicitly as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely mentioned explicitly as part of a
+recursive definition but it's always to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive definition but it's always to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive definition but it's always to
+be understood okay let's look at a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood okay let's look at a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood okay let's look at a so
+what we can conclude from this is that E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can conclude from this is that E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can conclude from this is that E
+is exactly the even integers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the even integers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the even integers because
+there's nothing else there except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else there except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing else there except that
+the one that those ones that were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that those ones that were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that those ones that were built
+up in the way indicated so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the way indicated so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the way indicated so let's look at
+a slightly more interesting example now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly more interesting example now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly more interesting example now
+I wanted to find the set of strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to find the set of strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to find the set of strings that
+consists solely of left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists solely of left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists solely of left and right
+parenthesis as such that the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis as such that the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis as such that the left and
+right parenthesis match up well writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right parenthesis match up well writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right parenthesis match up well writing
+parenthesis on this light turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis on this light turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis on this light turns out to
+be confusing with parentheses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confusing with parentheses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be confusing with parentheses that are
+actually used to delimit things so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to delimit things so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to delimit things so I'm
+gonna replace parentheses by brackets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna replace parentheses by brackets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna replace parentheses by brackets in
+below right bracket and a left bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below right bracket and a left bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below right bracket and a left bracket
+this notation here by the way stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here by the way stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation here by the way stands for
+the set of finite strings of right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of finite strings of right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of finite strings of right and
+left brackets it's a general notation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brackets it's a general notation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brackets it's a general notation if
+you have some collection of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some collection of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some collection of objects
+which you think of as letters and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you think of as letters and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you think of as letters and you
+write an asterisk as a superscript that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an asterisk as a superscript that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an asterisk as a superscript that
+means the finite strings of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the finite strings of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the finite strings of those
+letters so these are the finite strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so these are the finite strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters so these are the finite strings
+of right and left brackets and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right and left brackets and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right and left brackets and I want to
+give a recursive definition of a set M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a recursive definition of a set M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a recursive definition of a set M
+which I plan will be precisely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I plan will be precisely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I plan will be precisely those
+strings where the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings where the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings where the left and right
+brackets match up appropriately the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets match up appropriately the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets match up appropriately the way
+to think about matching up is take a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about matching up is take a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about matching up is take a say
+a standard arithmetic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard arithmetic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard arithmetic expression
+involving plus some times and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving plus some times and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving plus some times and so on and
+make sure that it's fully parenthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's fully parenthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's fully parenthesized
+so whenever you add two things there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you add two things there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you add two things there's
+parentheses around that I mean you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around that I mean you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around that I mean you have
+to multiply two things there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply two things there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply two things there's
+parentheses around that meaning brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around that meaning brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around that meaning brackets
+then if you erase everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you erase everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you erase everything
+but the brackets what you'd be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the brackets what you'd be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the brackets what you'd be left with
+would be a set of matched brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a set of matched brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a set of matched brackets
+actually it would be a set of match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it would be a set of match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it would be a set of match
+brackets or you could have several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or you could have several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets or you could have several of
+them next to each other they those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them next to each other they those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them next to each other they those would
+still could be considered matched so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still could be considered matched so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still could be considered matched so
+that's the way our definition is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way our definition is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way our definition is going
+to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to behave
+let's give it okay so the base case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give it okay so the base case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's give it okay so the base case is
+the but the simplest could be I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the simplest could be I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but the simplest could be I'm going
+to start with the empty string the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the empty string the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the empty string the empty
+string is this thing that acts like a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is this thing that acts like a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is this thing that acts like a 0
+under putting strings next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under putting strings next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under putting strings next to each other
+or the concatenation operation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the concatenation operation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the concatenation operation if you
+concatenate the empty string with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate the empty string with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate the empty string with any
+string it doesn't change the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it doesn't change the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it doesn't change the string and
+by definition then the empty string is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition then the empty string is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition then the empty string is a
+string with no characters has length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with no characters has length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with no characters has length of
+0 and it acts as an identity under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it acts as an identity under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it acts as an identity under
+putting the strings next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the strings next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the strings next to each other
+ok there's going to be one constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's going to be one constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's going to be one constructor
+in M that's slightly ingenious there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M that's slightly ingenious there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M that's slightly ingenious there's
+other maybe simpler or more natural ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other maybe simpler or more natural ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other maybe simpler or more natural ways
+to make up constructors that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up constructors that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make up constructors that would
+define m but this one is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define m but this one is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define m but this one is particularly
+nice because I can get away with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because I can get away with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because I can get away with just
+one and it has some nice properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it has some nice properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it has some nice properties that
+we'll explore later so here's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore later so here's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore later so here's the rule
+if I've built up two strings s and T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've built up two strings s and T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've built up two strings s and T of
+matched brackets that are in M then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched brackets that are in M then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched brackets that are in M then I
+can build a new one by putting matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a new one by putting matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build a new one by putting matched
+brackets around s and concatenated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets around s and concatenated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets around s and concatenated it
+with T that is if s entire strings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with T that is if s entire strings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with T that is if s entire strings of
+brackets in M then if I start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in M then if I start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in M then if I start with a
+left bracket followed by the brackets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left bracket followed by the brackets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left bracket followed by the brackets in
+s followed by a right bracket followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s followed by a right bracket followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s followed by a right bracket followed
+by the brackets in T that new string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the brackets in T that new string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the brackets in T that new string is
+yet another element that I've built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another element that I've built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another element that I've built up
+in M let's practice this to see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M let's practice this to see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M let's practice this to see how it
+works so there's the constructor again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so there's the constructor again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so there's the constructor again
+well how do I get started to start well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I get started to start well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do I get started to start well
+I have as the base case SNT have to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have as the base case SNT have to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have as the base case SNT have to both
+be the empty string because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the empty string because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the empty string because that's the
+only thing I can applaud the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can applaud the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can applaud the only thing
+available to apply the constructor to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to apply the constructor to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to apply the constructor to so
+if I do that basically the s and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that basically the s and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that basically the s and the T
+disappear in this constructor expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear in this constructor expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear in this constructor expression
+and all I'm left with is a matching left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all I'm left with is a matching left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all I'm left with is a matching left
+and right bracket all right but now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right bracket all right but now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right bracket all right but now I've
+got a matching left and right bracket so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a matching left and right bracket so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a matching left and right bracket so
+I can use that to apply the constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use that to apply the constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use that to apply the constructor
+to so I could let s be the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I could let s be the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I could let s be the matching
+brackets and T still be the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and T still be the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and T still be the empty string
+now when I plug in to the constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I plug in to the constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I plug in to the constructor
+the T that still disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T that still disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T that still disappears
+but I find brackets within brackets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I find brackets within brackets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I find brackets within brackets and
+that's another string that I've built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another string that I've built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another string that I've built up
+in M now I could also be being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M now I could also be being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M now I could also be being
+methodical I could let s be empty and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical I could let s be empty and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodical I could let s be empty and T
+be the brackets and if I do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the brackets and if I do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the brackets and if I do that then
+the S goes away and the T becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S goes away and the T becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S goes away and the T becomes the
+matched pair of brackets and I wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched pair of brackets and I wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched pair of brackets and I wind up
+with a matched pair next to a matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matched pair next to a matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matched pair next to a matched
+pair then of course I could let both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair then of course I could let both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair then of course I could let both of
+them be that matched brackets and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be that matched brackets and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them be that matched brackets and then I
+get a matched a nested pair next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a matched a nested pair next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a matched a nested pair next to a
+matched pair and now that I've got also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched pair and now that I've got also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched pair and now that I've got also
+going back to the very beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the very beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the very beginning the
+next most complicated string that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next most complicated string that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next most complicated string that I had
+was the nested pair of brackets I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nested pair of brackets I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nested pair of brackets I could
+let s be that and T be empty and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be that and T be empty and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be that and T be empty and then I
+would get brackets nested to depth three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get brackets nested to depth three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get brackets nested to depth three
+and so on that's the idea all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that's the idea all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that's the idea all right
+now it may or may not be clear that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may or may not be clear that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may or may not be clear that you
+get exactly the strings of matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the strings of matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the strings of matched
+brackets in this way that's taken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in this way that's taken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in this way that's taken up
+further in the notes and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in the notes and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in the notes and in some
+problems but we're just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but we're just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but we're just trying to
+understand how this definition works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how this definition works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how this definition works and
+take it for granted that in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for granted that in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it for granted that in fact it's
+right let's use the definition to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's use the definition to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's use the definition to prove
+some things about em but I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about em but I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about em but I want to prove
+the things based on the definition of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things based on the definition of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things based on the definition of M
+not assuming that it works as intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming that it works as intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming that it works as intended
+so I'm gonna claim based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna claim based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna claim based on the
+definition that it's impossible to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that it's impossible to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that it's impossible to find
+a string in M that starts with a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string in M that starts with a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string in M that starts with a right
+bracket now of course since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket now of course since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket now of course since we're
+assuming M is the right definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming M is the right definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming M is the right definition of
+matched brackets it's clear that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched brackets it's clear that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched brackets it's clear that a
+string that starts with a right bracket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that starts with a right bracket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string that starts with a right bracket
+already has nothing to match it though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has nothing to match it though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has nothing to match it though
+no left bracket matching it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no left bracket matching it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no left bracket matching it so it
+shouldn't be in there but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in there but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be in there but let's just
+make sure that the definition behaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the definition behaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the definition behaves in
+the way that we intend or it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we intend or it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we intend or it might be
+wrong so how do I prove that no string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so how do I prove that no string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so how do I prove that no string
+in M starts with a right bracket well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M starts with a right bracket well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M starts with a right bracket well
+let's look at the definition the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the definition the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the definition the base
+case doesn't have any brackets at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case doesn't have any brackets at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case doesn't have any brackets at all so
+it certainly doesn't start with a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly doesn't start with a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly doesn't start with a right
+bracket and looking at the constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and looking at the constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket and looking at the constructor
+rule all the strings that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule all the strings that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule all the strings that you can
+construct start with a left bracket and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct start with a left bracket and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct start with a left bracket and
+so we're really appealing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really appealing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really appealing to the
+implicit that's all clause the extremal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that's all clause the extremal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit that's all clause the extremal
+clause that says that since the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that says that since the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause that says that since the only way
+to get things in m is by applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things in m is by applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things in m is by applying the
+constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor
+you're not going to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be able to get
+anything that starts with a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that starts with a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that starts with a right
+bracket alright one more example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket alright one more example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket alright one more example of a
+recursively defined data type that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data type that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data type that's
+interesting and we'll be doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we'll be doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we'll be doing some
+lovely class problems with is the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely class problems with is the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely class problems with is the class
+of that I call f-18 functions these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I call f-18 functions these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I call f-18 functions these are
+the functions from a first term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions from a first term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions from a first term of
+calculus like as you study in 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like as you study in 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like as you study in 1801
+functions of a real variable real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a real variable real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a real variable real
+variable and here's a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and here's a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and here's a recursive
+definition that I think covers all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that I think covers all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that I think covers all of
+the functions that are considered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions that are considered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions that are considered in
+1801 I'm going to start off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 I'm going to start off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 I'm going to start off with the
+identity function and any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function and any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function and any constant
+function and the function sine of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the function sine of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the function sine of X and
+declare that those are the base cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that those are the base cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that those are the base cases
+those are the functions in F 18 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the functions in F 18 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the functions in F 18 all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+then here are the constructor rules if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here are the constructor rules if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here are the constructor rules if I
+have two functions that are in F 18 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two functions that are in F 18 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two functions that are in F 18 I
+can Adam multiply them or take two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Adam multiply them or take two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Adam multiply them or take two to
+the F where F is in there and those will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F where F is in there and those will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F where F is in there and those will
+all also be functions in F 18 so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all also be functions in F 18 so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all also be functions in F 18 so I can
+start building up a bunch of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building up a bunch of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start building up a bunch of interesting
+stuff like polynomials and Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like polynomials and Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like polynomials and Exponential's
+in addition if I have a function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition if I have a function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition if I have a function that's
+an F 18 I can take its inverse at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F 18 I can take its inverse at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an F 18 I can take its inverse at least
+insofar as the inverse is defined in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insofar as the inverse is defined in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insofar as the inverse is defined in a
+function and I can also compose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I can also compose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I can also compose two
+functions that are an f-18 to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are an f-18 to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are an f-18 to get
+another one let's look at how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one let's look at how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one let's look at how this
+definition works I claim that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition works I claim that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition works I claim that in fact
+the function minus X is an f-18 how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function minus X is an f-18 how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function minus X is an f-18 how do I
+build up minus X from the rules well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up minus X from the rules well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up minus X from the rules well
+minus 1 is a constant function so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is a constant function so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is a constant function so I have
+that and X is just the identity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and X is just the identity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and X is just the identity function
+and I can multiply two functions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can multiply two functions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can multiply two functions that I
+have so if I multiply minus 1 times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if I multiply minus 1 times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if I multiply minus 1 times X
+guess what I got minus X so I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I got minus X so I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I got minus X so I've just
+figured out that that function is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that that function is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that that function is an
+f-18 what about the square root of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-18 what about the square root of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-18 what about the square root of x
+well if I multiply the identity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I multiply the identity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I multiply the identity by
+itself I get the function x squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I get the function x squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I get the function x squared and
+then if I take its inverse that's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take its inverse that's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I take its inverse that's square
+root of x ok well I gave you sine X but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x ok well I gave you sine X but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x ok well I gave you sine X but
+not cosine X or any other trig functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cosine X or any other trig functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cosine X or any other trig functions
+why not well I mean I want them all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not well I mean I want them all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not well I mean I want them all but
+I can get them by the rules already so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get them by the rules already so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can get them by the rules already so
+how do you get cosine X well saw cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get cosine X well saw cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get cosine X well saw cosine
+X is just sine of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is just sine of X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is just sine of X plus
+hi well how does why is that in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi well how does why is that in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi well how does why is that in their
+pies a constant X is the identity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies a constant X is the identity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pies a constant X is the identity so the
+sum is a function that's an f-18 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is a function that's an f-18 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is a function that's an f-18 and
+then if I compose that function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I compose that function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I compose that function with
+sine I get sine of X plus pi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine I get sine of X plus pi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine I get sine of X plus pi which is
+cosine X so cosine X is there now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X so cosine X is there now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X so cosine X is there now I
+didn't this was actually pointed out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't this was actually pointed out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't this was actually pointed out to
+me by students this simple way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me by students this simple way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me by students this simple way of
+getting cosine X the original way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cosine X the original way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting cosine X the original way that I
+thought and I was using that square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and I was using that square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and I was using that square root
+operation where I was going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where I was going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation where I was going to use the
+identity that cosine squared plus sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that cosine squared plus sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that cosine squared plus sine
+squared is equal to 1 so if I take 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 1 so if I take 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 1 so if I take 1
+minus sine squared and then take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared and then take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine squared and then take the
+square root that's another way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root that's another way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root that's another way to get
+cosine X the point being that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X the point being that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X the point being that there's a
+lot of ways to derive the same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways to derive the same function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways to derive the same function
+as being an f-18 built up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being an f-18 built up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being an f-18 built up from the
+operations applied to other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations applied to other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations applied to other functions
+what about log of X let's just close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about log of X let's just close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about log of X let's just close
+with that how do I get log of X well log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that how do I get log of X well log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that how do I get log of X well log
+of X is the inverse of e to the X how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the inverse of e to the X how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is the inverse of e to the X how do
+I get e to the X well e to the X is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get e to the X well e to the X is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get e to the X well e to the X is what
+you get by taking 2 to the log to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by taking 2 to the log to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get by taking 2 to the log to the
+base 2 of e which is e and then raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of e which is e and then raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base 2 of e which is e and then raising
+that to the power X so if I take log E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the power X so if I take log E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the power X so if I take log E
+which is a constant log to the base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a constant log to the base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a constant log to the base 2 of
+a which is a constant I multiplied by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is a constant I multiplied by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a which is a constant I multiplied by X
+the identity function and I take 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity function and I take 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity function and I take 2 to
+that power I'm composing in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power I'm composing in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power I'm composing in other words
+X log X with the function 2 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X log X with the function 2 with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X log X with the function 2 with the
+constructor 2 to the F then I wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor 2 to the F then I wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructor 2 to the F then I wind up
+with the function e to the X and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the function e to the X and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the function e to the X and when I
+take its inverse I get log of X as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its inverse I get log of X as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its inverse I get log of X as
+claimed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U1EcnfTKXJ0.txt b/U1EcnfTKXJ0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae7f60b0009f151db659736a53d9bac00a81eec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U1EcnfTKXJ0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7400 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay let me
+just tell you first about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you first about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you first about you know the
+list of topics so basically the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of topics so basically the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of topics so basically the list of
+topics is simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics is simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics is simple it's
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so I mean everything we've seen in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean everything we've seen in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean everything we've seen in class
+so far is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far is on the
+exam um but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um but let me
+just remind you of the main topics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you of the main topics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind you of the main topics that
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+seen so first of all we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so first of all we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so first of all we learned
+about vectors how to use them and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors how to use them and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about vectors how to use them and do
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at this point you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you should probably
+know that the dot product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the dot product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the dot product of two
+vectors is obtained by summing products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is obtained by summing products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is obtained by summing products
+of components and geometrically it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components and geometrically it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of components and geometrically it's the
+length of a Time the length of B time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a Time the length of B time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a Time the length of B time
+the cosine of the angle between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular we can use do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we can use do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we can use do
+product to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angles by solving for cosine Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles by solving for cosine Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles by solving for cosine Theta in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equality and most importantly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and most importantly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and most importantly to
+detect whether two vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect whether two vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect whether two vectors are
+perpendicular to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to each
+other okay two vectors are perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay two vectors are perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay two vectors are perpendicular
+when their dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when their dot product is
+zero okay and any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+no okay is everyone reasonably happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay is everyone reasonably happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay is everyone reasonably happy
+with that product by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that product by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that product by
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+yeah I see a stand silence nobody happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see a stand silence nobody happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see a stand silence nobody happy
+with that product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that product so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay um so if you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so if you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay um so if you want to look at
+you know on practice 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on practice 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on practice 1
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+good example of a typical problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a typical problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of a typical problem with
+product would be problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product would be problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product would be problem one
+and let's see we are going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see we are going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see we are going to go over
+the practice exam when I'm done writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice exam when I'm done writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice exam when I'm done writing
+this list of topics I think probably we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of topics I think probably we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of topics I think probably we
+actually will skip this problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will skip this problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will skip this problem because
+I think most of you know how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think most of you know how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think most of you know how to do it
+and if not then you should run for help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not then you should run for help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not then you should run for help
+from me or from your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me or from your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me or from your recitation
+instructor to figure out you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor to figure out you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor to figure out you know how to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the second topic that we saw was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second topic that we saw was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second topic that we saw was
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product so when you have two vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space you can just form a cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can just form a cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can just form a cross product
+by Computing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Computing this
+determinant so implicitly we should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so implicitly we should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so implicitly we should also
+know about determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um by that I mean 2 by two and 3x3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by that I mean 2 by two and 3x3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by that I mean 2 by two and 3x3 okay
+don't bothering on larger ones even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bothering on larger ones even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bothering on larger ones even if
+you're interested they won't be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested they won't be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested they won't be on the
+test and applications of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product so for example finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so for example finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so for example finding the
+area of a triangle or a parallelogram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of a triangle or a parallelogram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of a triangle or a parallelogram in
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so if you have a triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a triangle in
+space with sides A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with sides A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with sides A and
+B then its area is 1 half of the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then its area is 1 half of the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B then its area is 1 half of the length
+of A cross B because the length of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A cross B because the length of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A cross B because the length of A
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+B well is length a length B sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well is length a length B sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well is length a length B sin Theta
+which is the same as the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as the area of a
+parallelogram formed by these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other
+application of cross product is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of cross product is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of cross product is to find
+a vector that's perpendicular to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's perpendicular to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector that's perpendicular to two
+given vectors so in particular to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vectors so in particular to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given vectors so in particular to find
+the vector that's normal to a plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that's normal to a plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that's normal to a plane and
+then find the equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane okay so another application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so another application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay so another application is
+finding the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and using that
+finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane so basically remember to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so basically remember to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so basically remember to find the
+equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a
+plane ax plus b y + C zal D what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ax plus b y + C zal D what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane ax plus b y + C zal D what you
+need is the normal Vector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and the components of a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and the components of a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and the components of a normal
+Vector are exactly the coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector are exactly the coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector are exactly the coefficients that
+go into this and we've seen an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this and we've seen an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this and we've seen an argument
+for why that happens to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why that happens to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why that happens to be the
+case so to find a normal Vector to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so to find a normal Vector to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so to find a normal Vector to a
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+typically what we'll do is we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we'll do is we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what we'll do is we'll take
+two vectors that lie in the plane and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors that lie in the plane and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors that lie in the plane and we
+take their cross product and their cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their cross product and their cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take their cross product and their cross
+product will automatically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will automatically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will automatically be
+perpendicular to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to both of
+them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay
+so we are going to see an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to see an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are going to see an example of
+that when we look at problem five on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look at problem five on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look at problem five on
+practice 1 a I think we'll try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice 1 a I think we'll try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice 1 a I think we'll try to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um
+so another application well or let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another application well or let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another application well or let me
+just mention it as a topic that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention it as a topic that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention it as a topic that goes
+along with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this one
+so we've seen also about equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines and how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where a line intersects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane so just to refresh your memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so just to refresh your memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so just to refresh your memories
+the equation of a line well we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a line well we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of a line well we'll be
+looking at parametric equations to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at parametric equations to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at parametric equations to know
+the parametric equation of a line we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parametric equation of a line we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parametric equation of a line we
+need to know a point on the line and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a point on the line and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a point on the line and we
+need to know a vector that's parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a vector that's parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a vector that's parallel to
+the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+okay and if we know a point on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we know a point on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we know a point on the line
+and a vector along the line then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector along the line then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a vector along the line then we can
+express the parametric equations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the parametric equations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the parametric equations for the
+motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of a
+point that's moving on the line moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's moving on the line moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's moving on the line moving
+actually starting at this point at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting at this point at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting at this point at time
+zero and moving with velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to put things in symbolic form you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to put things in symbolic form you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to put things in symbolic form you'll
+get the position of that point by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the position of that point by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the position of that point by
+starting with a position at time zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a position at time zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with a position at time zero
+and adding T times the vector v okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding T times the vector v okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding T times the vector v okay so
+that gives you X Y and Z in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and that's how we represent lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that's how we represent lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and that's how we represent lines
+okay so we'll look at problem five in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll look at problem five in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll look at problem five in a
+bit but um any general questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but um any general questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but um any general questions about
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topics no I oh do you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics no I oh do you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics no I oh do you have a question
+yes do we have to know Taylor series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do we have to know Taylor series uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do we have to know Taylor series uh
+that's a good question no not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question no not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question no not on the
+exam okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so Taylor series are something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Taylor series are something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Taylor series are something you
+should be aware of generally speaking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware of generally speaking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware of generally speaking it
+will be useful for you in real life at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for you in real life at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for you in real life at
+least if you do you know probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if you do you know probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least if you do you know probably not
+when you know not when you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know not when you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you know not when you go to the
+supermarket but if you solve engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket but if you solve engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supermarket but if you solve engineering
+problems you will need tailor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you will need tailor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you will need tailor series
+okay so it would be good not to forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it would be good not to forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it would be good not to forget
+them entirely but uh on 1802
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entirely but uh on 1802
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entirely but uh on 1802
+exams they probably won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams they probably won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams they probably won't be
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let me continue with more topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me continue with more topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me continue with more topics and
+then we can see if you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see if you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can see if you can think of
+other topics that should or should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topics that should or should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other topics that should or should not
+be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the
+exam so third topic would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems inverting matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I know that most of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that most of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know that most of you have
+calculators that can invert matrices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators that can invert matrices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators that can invert matrices but
+still you're expected at this point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're expected at this point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're expected at this point to
+know how to do it by hand uh if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it by hand uh if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do it by hand uh if you've
+looked at the practice test both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the practice test both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the practice test both of them
+have a problem that asks you to invert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that asks you to invert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that asks you to invert a
+matrix or at least do part of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or at least do part of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix or at least do part of that and
+uh so it's very likely that tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's very likely that tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's very likely that tomorrow
+there will be a problem like that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a problem like that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a problem like that as
+well okay in general when a when a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay in general when a when a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay in general when a when a kind
+of problem is on both practice tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem is on both practice tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem is on both practice tests
+it's a good indication that it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good indication that it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good indication that it might be
+there also on the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also on the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also on the actual
+exam um unfortunately not with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um unfortunately not with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam um unfortunately not with the same
+Matrix so you can't learn the answer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you can't learn the answer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so you can't learn the answer by
+heart okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um another thing that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another thing that we've
+learned about well matrices so I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about well matrices so I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about well matrices so I should
+say this is going to be problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is going to be problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is going to be problem
+three on the test and we're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on the test and we're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three on the test and we're on the
+practice test on the ACT test too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice test on the ACT test too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice test on the ACT test too I
+think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually
+but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and
+um anyway so we'll we'll come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so we'll we'll come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so we'll we'll come back to it
+later but so a couple of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but so a couple of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but so a couple of things that you
+should remember so if you have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember so if you have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember so if you have a system
+of the form ax equals B then there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form ax equals B then there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form ax equals B then there's two
+cases if the determinant of a is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if the determinant of a is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases if the determinant of a is not
+zero then that means you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that means you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that means you can compute the
+inverse Matrix and you can just solve by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix and you can just solve by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix and you can just solve by
+taking a inverse *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a inverse *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a inverse *
+B and the other case is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the other case is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the other case is when the
+determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of
+a is zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is zero and then
+there's either no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's either no
+solution or there's infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions and if so in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and if so in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and if so in particular if you
+know that there's a solution for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a solution for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's a solution for example
+if B is zero there's always an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is zero there's always an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if B is zero there's always an obvious
+solution x equal Z then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution x equal Z then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution x equal Z then you will
+actually have infinitely remaining in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have infinitely remaining in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have infinitely remaining in we
+don't really know how to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know how to tell whether
+it's no solution or infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes will we have to know how to rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes will we have to know how to rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes will we have to know how to rotate
+rotate vectors and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate vectors and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate vectors and so on
+um not in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not in general
+but you might still want to remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might still want to remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might still want to remember how
+to rotate a vector in the plane by 90 de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate a vector in the plane by 90 de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate a vector in the plane by 90 de
+because that's been useful you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's been useful you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's been useful you know when
+we've done problems about parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done problems about parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done problems about parametric
+equations which is what I'm coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is what I'm coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is what I'm coming to
+next um but so what we've seen about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um but so what we've seen about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next um but so what we've seen about
+rotation matrices that was an homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices that was an homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation matrices that was an homework
+Part B problem uh you're not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B problem uh you're not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B problem uh you're not supposed to
+Remember by heart everything that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember by heart everything that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember by heart everything that was in
+Part B of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B of the
+homework okay um it's a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework okay um it's a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework okay um it's a good idea to
+have some vague knowledge because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some vague knowledge because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some vague knowledge because it's
+useful culture I would say useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful culture I would say useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful culture I would say useful
+background for later in your lives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for later in your lives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for later in your lives but
+no uh I want ask you by heart to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh I want ask you by heart to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh I want ask you by heart to know
+what is the formula for a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix okay and then we come to last but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and then we come to last but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and then we come to last but
+not least the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not least the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not least the problem of
+finding parametric equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular possibly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular possibly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular possibly by
+decomposing the position Vector into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the position Vector into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the position Vector into a
+sum of simpler vectors so you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of simpler vectors so you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of simpler vectors so you've seen
+quite an evil example of that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an evil example of that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an evil example of that on the
+last problem set with you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem set with you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem set with you know this
+picture that maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that maybe by
+now you've had some nightmares about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've had some nightmares about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've had some nightmares about
+um okay so anyway the one on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway the one on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so anyway the one on the exam
+will certainly be easier than that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be easier than that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly be easier than that okay
+but as you've SE seen oops well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever I mean you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I mean you should know
+basically how to analyze a motion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how to analyze a motion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how to analyze a motion that's
+being described to you and express it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being described to you and express it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being described to you and express it in
+terms of vectors and then figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vectors and then figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of vectors and then figure out
+what the parametric equation will be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parametric equation will be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parametric equation will be now
+again it won't be as complicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it won't be as complicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it won't be as complicated on the
+exam as the one on the problem set um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam as the one on the problem set um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam as the one on the problem set um
+but there's a couple of those on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a couple of those on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a couple of those on the
+practice exams and that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exams and that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exams and that gives you an
+idea of what real ically expected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and now once we have parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now once we have parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now once we have parametric
+equations for motion so that means when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for motion so that means when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for motion so that means when
+we know how to find the position Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the position Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to find the position Vector
+as a function of a parameter maybe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of a parameter maybe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of a parameter maybe of
+time then we've seen also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we've seen also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then we've seen also
+about velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration which are the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which are the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration which are the vectors
+obtained by taking the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by taking the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by taking the first and second
+derivatives of the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the position
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and so one topic that I will add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one topic that I will add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one topic that I will add in
+there as well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well is
+somehow how to prove things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow how to prove things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow how to prove things about
+motions by differentiating vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identities so one example of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so one example of that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so one example of that for
+example is when we try to look at K plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is when we try to look at K plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is when we try to look at K plus
+law in class last time uh we looked at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in class last time uh we looked at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in class last time uh we looked at K
+plus second law of planetary motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus second law of planetary motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus second law of planetary motion and
+we reduced it to a calculation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced it to a calculation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduced it to a calculation about the
+derivative of the cross product R cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cross product R cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the cross product R cross
+V so now on the exam you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so now on the exam you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so now on the exam you don't need to
+know the details of kep law but you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of kep law but you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the details of kep law but you need
+to be able to manipulate Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to manipulate Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to manipulate Vector
+quantities a bit in the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did and so on practice exam 1 a um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and so on practice exam 1 a um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and so on practice exam 1 a um you
+have actually an orgy of problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually an orgy of problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually an orgy of problems on
+this topic because you have problems two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic because you have problems two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic because you have problems two
+four and six are all about parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motions uh probably tomorrow there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions uh probably tomorrow there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions uh probably tomorrow there will
+not be three distinct problems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be three distinct problems about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be three distinct problems about
+parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric
+motions but maybe a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so I think that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I think that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I think that's basically
+the list of topics um anybody spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of topics um anybody spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of topics um anybody spot
+something that I forgotten to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I forgotten to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I forgotten to put on the
+exam or questions about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam or questions about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam or questions about something that
+should or should not be there uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or should not be there uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should or should not be there uh okay
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how about parameterizing weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how about parameterizing weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how about parameterizing weird
+trigonometric functions I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions I'm not sure
+what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well so parametric curves um will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well so parametric curves um will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well so parametric curves um will
+be you know you need to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know you need to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know you need to know how to
+parameterize motions and that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize motions and that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize motions and that involves a
+little bit of trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of trigonometric
+you know when we've seen these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we've seen these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we've seen these problems
+about rotating Wheels say the cylo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotating Wheels say the cylo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rotating Wheels say the cylo for
+example and so on there's a bit ofine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so on there's a bit ofine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so on there's a bit ofine
+and and so on um I think not much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on um I think not much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on um I think not much more
+than that you won't need obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you won't need obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you won't need obscure
+trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric
+identities um okay you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next any proofs on the exam are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next any proofs on the exam are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next any proofs on the exam are just
+like problems well a problem can ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like problems well a problem can ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like problems well a problem can ask you
+to show things uh it's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show things uh it's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show things uh it's not going to be a
+complicated proof okay there's proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated proof okay there's proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated proof okay there's proofs
+they going to be fairly easy if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be fairly easy if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to be fairly easy if you look
+at practice 1 a the last problem does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at practice 1 a the last problem does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at practice 1 a the last problem does
+have a little bit of proof you know 6B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of proof you know 6B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little bit of proof you know 6B
+says show that blah blah blah but as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says show that blah blah blah but as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says show that blah blah blah but as you
+will see it's you know it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's you know it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's you know it's not a
+difficult kind of proof okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult kind of proof okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult kind of proof okay
+so about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes are there equations of 3D shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes are there equations of 3D shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes are there equations of 3D shapes
+that we should know at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should know at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should know at this point
+so well we should know definitely a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well we should know definitely a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well we should know definitely a lot
+about equations of planes and lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equations of planes and lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equations of planes and lines and
+you should probably know that a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably know that a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably know that a sphere
+centered at the origin is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin is the set of
+points where you know distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where you know distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points where you know distance to the
+center is equal to the to the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is equal to the to the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center is equal to the to the radius of
+the sphere we don't need more at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere we don't need more at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere we don't need more at this
+point okay as the semester goes on we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay as the semester goes on we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay as the semester goes on we'll
+start seeing cones and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing cones and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing cones and things like that
+but at this point um planes lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point um planes lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at this point um planes lines and
+you know maybe you need to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you need to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you need to know about
+circles and spheres but nothing beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and spheres but nothing beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and spheres but nothing beyond
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more
+questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so if there's a formula that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if there's a formula that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so if there's a formula that you
+have proved on the homework then yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proved on the homework then yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proved on the homework then yes you
+can assume it on the test uh maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume it on the test uh maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume it on the test uh maybe you
+want to write on your test that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write on your test that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write on your test that you know
+this is a Formula you've seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Formula you've seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Formula you've seen in
+homework just so that we know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework just so that we know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework just so that we know that you
+remember it from homework and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it from homework and not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it from homework and not from
+you know looking over your neighbor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking over your neighbor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know looking over your neighbor's
+shoulder or whatever uh but yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder or whatever uh but yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder or whatever uh but yes it's
+okay to use things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to use things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to use things that you know
+generally speaking that being said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking that being said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking that being said you
+know for example there's a probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example there's a probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example there's a probably
+there will be a linear system to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a linear system to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a linear system to solve
+it will say on the exam you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will say on the exam you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will say on the exam you're supposed
+to solve that using matrices not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that using matrices not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that using matrices not by
+elimination okay so there's things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination okay so there's things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination okay so there's things like
+that you know if the ex if a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if the ex if a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if the ex if a problem
+says you know solve by using Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know solve by using Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know solve by using Vector
+methods or things like that then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or things like that then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or things like that then try to
+use you know at least a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know at least a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know at least a vector
+somewhere but in general you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but in general you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but in general you're allowed
+to use things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um will we need to go from parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will we need to go from parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will we need to go from parametric
+equations to XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to XY
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's say only if it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say only if it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say only if it's very easy
+okay if I give you a parametric curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I give you a parametric curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I give you a parametric curve
+sin T comma sin T then you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin T comma sin T then you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin T comma sin T then you should be
+able to observe that it's on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to observe that it's on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to observe that it's on the line
+yals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yals
+X um not beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um not beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um not beyond
+that okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes do we have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do we have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes do we have to use
+S uh yes um I don't know if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh yes um I don't know if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S uh yes um I don't know if you will
+have to use it but certainly you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it but certainly you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use it but certainly you should
+know about a little bit about the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a little bit about the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a little bit about the unit
+tension Vector so just remember the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension Vector so just remember the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension Vector so just remember the main
+thing to know is that the unit tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to know is that the unit tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to know is that the unit tension
+Vector is velocity divided by length by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is velocity divided by length by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is velocity divided by length by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speed I mean there's not much more to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed I mean there's not much more to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed I mean there's not much more to it
+when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes ah keas law um well you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah keas law um well you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah keas law um well you're allowed
+to use it if it helps you if you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it if it helps you if you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it if it helps you if you find a
+way to squeeze it in uh you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to squeeze it in uh you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to squeeze it in uh you don't have
+to know Kepler law in detail you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know Kepler law in detail you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know Kepler law in detail you just
+have to know how to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know how to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to know how to reproduce the
+general steps so if I tell you R cross V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general steps so if I tell you R cross V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general steps so if I tell you R cross V
+is constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant you
+might you know expected to know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you know expected to know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you know expected to know what to
+do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with
+that um I would say you don't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I would say you don't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um I would say you don't so
+basically you don't need to know CL law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you don't need to know CL law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you don't need to know CL law
+you need to know the kind of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the kind of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the kind of stuff that
+we saw when we derived it such as how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw when we derived it such as how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw when we derived it such as how to
+take the derivative of a DOT product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of a DOT product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of a DOT product or
+a cross product that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer okay I don't see any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay I don't see any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay I don't see any questions
+anymore so oh you're raising your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so oh you're raising your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so oh you're raising your hand
+yes have to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how to calculate the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how to calculate the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how to calculate the distance between
+two lines and distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines and distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines and distance between two
+planes well you've seen probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes well you've seen probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes well you've seen probably
+recently that it's quite painful to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently that it's quite painful to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently that it's quite painful to do
+in general and no I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and no I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general and no I don't think that
+will be on the exam by itself okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on the exam by itself okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be on the exam by itself okay you
+need to know how to compute the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to compute the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know how to compute the distance
+between two points that certainly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points that certainly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points that certainly you
+need to know and also maybe you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know and also maybe you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know and also maybe you know how
+to find the component of a vector in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the component of a vector in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the component of a vector in a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+direction okay and that's about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and that's about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and that's about it I
+would say I mean you know the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I mean you know the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say I mean you know the more you
+know about things the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you know things that come up Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know things that come up Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know things that come up Part B
+of the problem sets are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem sets are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem sets are interesting
+things but they're usually not needed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're usually not needed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're usually not needed on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams
+okay if you have more questions when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have more questions when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you have more questions when
+you're not raising your hand high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not raising your hand high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not raising your hand high enough
+for me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see
+it okay so let's try to go a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so let's try to go a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so let's try to go a bit of
+practice exam 1 a uh hopefully everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam 1 a uh hopefully everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam 1 a uh hopefully everybody
+has it if you don't have it hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it if you don't have it hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it if you don't have it hopefully
+your neighbor has it if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor has it if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your neighbor has it if you don't have
+it and your neighbor doesn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and your neighbor doesn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and your neighbor doesn't have it
+then please raise your hand I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then please raise your hand I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then please raise your hand I have a
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh see more people need it over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh see more people need it over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh see more people need it over there
+well okay I mean if your neighbor has it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I mean if your neighbor has it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I mean if your neighbor has it
+then just follow on them for now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just follow on them for now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just follow on them for now but
+okay I think there's a few people behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think there's a few people behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think there's a few people behind
+you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you over
+there okay I'll stop handing them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'll stop handing them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay I'll stop handing them out
+now if you really need one it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you really need one it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you really need one it's on the
+website or it will be here at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or it will be here at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website or it will be here at the end of
+class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well so I think we are going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think we are going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I think we are going to just
+skip problems one and two because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip problems one and two because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip problems one and two because they
+are pretty straight for forward and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty straight for forward and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty straight for forward and I
+hope that you know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you know how to do
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't
+know okay let's see how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay let's see how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay let's see how many of you have
+no problem with problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem with problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem with problem
+one okay oh how many of you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay oh how many of you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay oh how many of you have trouble
+with problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problem
+one okay how many of you haven't raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how many of you haven't raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay how many of you haven't raised
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hands okay how many of you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay how many of you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands okay how many of you have trouble
+with problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problem
+two okay so I think well if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so I think well if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so I think well if you have
+questions about those maybe you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about those maybe you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about those maybe you should
+just come see me at the end because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come see me at the end because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just come see me at the end because
+that's probably more efficient that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably more efficient that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably more efficient that way
+so I'm going to start right away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to start right away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to start right away with
+problem three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually okay so problem three says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay so problem three says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay so problem three says we
+have a matrix given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us 1 3 2 2 0 -1 1 1 0 and it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 1 3 2 2 0 -1 1 1 0 and it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us 1 3 2 2 0 -1 1 1 0 and it tells us
+determinant of a is 2 and a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a is 2 and a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a is 2 and a inverse
+equals something but we're missing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something but we're missing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something but we're missing two
+values A and B and we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values A and B and we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values A and B and we're supposed to
+find them okay so that means we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them okay so that means we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them okay so that means we need to
+do the steps of the algorithm to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steps of the algorithm to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the steps of the algorithm to find
+the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we are told actually the a inverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are told actually the a inverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are told actually the a inverse is
+12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6 and here there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6 and here there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6 and here there's two
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+values so remember to invert a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so remember to invert a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so remember to invert a matrix
+first we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we compute the
+minus then we flip some signs to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then we flip some signs to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus then we flip some signs to get the
+co-actors then we transpose and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors then we transpose and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors then we transpose and finally
+we divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide by the
+determinant okay so let's try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay so let's try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant okay so let's try to be
+smart about this do we need to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about this do we need to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart about this do we need to compute
+all nine minus no we need to compute two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine minus no we need to compute two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine minus no we need to compute two
+of them right so which miners do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right so which miners do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right so which miners do we need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+compute here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute here and
+here or here and here yeah that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here and here yeah that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here and here yeah that looks
+better because remember we're we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because remember we're we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because remember we're we going
+to transpose things so these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose things so these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transpose things so these two guys
+will end up here okay so I claim we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up here okay so I claim we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up here okay so I claim we
+should compute these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should compute these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should compute these two
+Miners and we'll see if that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miners and we'll see if that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miners and we'll see if that's good
+enough you know if you start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you know if you start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you know if you start doing
+others and you find that they don't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you find that they don't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and you find that they don't end
+up in the right place then just do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the right place then just do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the right place then just do more
+but you don't need to spend your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need to spend your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't need to spend your time
+all nine of them you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine of them you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nine of them you know if you're
+worried about not doing it right then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about not doing it right then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about not doing it right then of
+course you can maybe compute one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can maybe compute one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can maybe compute one or two
+more to just double check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to just double check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to just double check your
+answers but let's just do those that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but let's just do those that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but let's just do those that we
+think are needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are needed
+so in The Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in The Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in The Matrix of
+minus so the one that goes in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so the one that goes in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so the one that goes in the middle
+position is obtained by deleting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is obtained by deleting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is obtained by deleting this
+row and that column and we are left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and that column and we are left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and that column and we are left with
+a determinant 3 2 1 0 3 * 0 - 1 * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinant 3 2 1 0 3 * 0 - 1 * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a determinant 3 2 1 0 3 * 0 - 1 * 2
+should be-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 then the one for the lower left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then the one for the lower left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 then the one for the lower left corner
+we delete the last row and the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we delete the last row and the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we delete the last row and the First
+Column we're left with 3 2 0 - 1 3 * -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column we're left with 3 2 0 - 1 3 * -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column we're left with 3 2 0 - 1 3 * -1
+is -3- 0 we're still left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with3 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with3 okay
+uh is that step clear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that step clear for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that step clear for
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone
+good then we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we need to go
+to co-actors that means we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co-actors that means we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to co-actors that means we need to
+change signs okay so the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is we change signs in basically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we change signs in basically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we change signs in basically these
+four places so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four places so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four places so that
+means we'll be left with POS 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and3 then we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose that means well these two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that means well these two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that means well these two so
+the First Column will copy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column will copy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column will copy into the
+first row so this guy we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row so this guy we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row so this guy we still don't
+know but here we'll have two and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but here we'll have two and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but here we'll have two and here
+we'll have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have minus
+three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and
+finally we have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the determinant of
+a and here well we are actually told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here well we are actually told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and here well we are actually told
+that determinant of a is two so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant of a is two so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant of a is two so we'll
+divide by two but there's already one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two but there's already one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by two but there's already one
+have here so actually it's done for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so actually it's done for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here so actually it's done for us
+okay so the values that we'll put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the values that we'll put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the values that we'll put up
+there are going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and-3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's see how we use that to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how we use that to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how we use that to solve a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so if we have to solve a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have to solve a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have to solve a linear system
+axal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so
+then well the Matrix is invertible its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well the Matrix is invertible its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well the Matrix is invertible its
+determinant is not zero so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not zero so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not zero so we can
+certainly write xal a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write xal a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write xal a inverse
+B so we have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we have to multiply
+oh does that 12 1 2 -3 - 1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh does that 12 1 2 -3 - 1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh does that 12 1 2 -3 - 1 - 2 5 2 2 - 6
+time B is 1 -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B is 1 -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time B is 1 -2
+1 well so remember to do a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 well so remember to do a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 well so remember to do a matrix
+multiplication you take the rows in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you take the rows in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication you take the rows in here
+the columns in here and you do dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns in here and you do dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns in here and you do dot
+products okay so the first entry will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay so the first entry will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay so the first entry will be
+1 * 1 + 2 * - 2+ - 3 * 1 that's 1 - 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1 + 2 * - 2+ - 3 * 1 that's 1 - 4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1 + 2 * - 2+ - 3 * 1 that's 1 - 4 -
+3 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-6 except I still have of course a 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 except I still have of course a 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 except I still have of course a 1/2
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front then -1 + 4 + 5 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front then -1 + 4 + 5 should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front then -1 + 4 + 5 should be
+8 2 - 4 - 6 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 2 - 4 - 6 should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 2 - 4 - 6 should
+be8 so that will simplify to- 3 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be8 so that will simplify to- 3 4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be8 so that will simplify to- 3 4 -
+4 okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so now we come to part C which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we come to part C which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we come to part C which
+is the harder part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harder part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the harder part of this
+problem so it says let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it says let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so it says let's take this
+Matrix a and let's replace the two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and let's replace the two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and let's replace the two in
+the upper right corner by some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right corner by some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper right corner by some other
+number c so that means we'll look at 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c so that means we'll look at 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number c so that means we'll look at 1 3
+c 2 0 - 1 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and well let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well let's call that
+M and it first asks you to find a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it first asks you to find a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and it first asks you to find a value
+of C for which this Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C for which this Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C for which this Matrix is not
+invertible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay
+so m is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invertible exactly when the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible exactly when the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible exactly when the determinant
+of M is zero so let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is zero so let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M is zero so let's compute the
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we should do one * that smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should do one * that smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we should do one * that smaller
+determinant which is 0 minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 *
+1us 3 * that determinant which is 0 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us 3 * that determinant which is 0 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us 3 * that determinant which is 0 + 1
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1 and then we have plus C * the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then we have plus C * the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then we have plus C * the lower
+left determinant which is 2 * 1 - 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determinant which is 2 * 1 - 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determinant which is 2 * 1 - 0 is
+2 okay so that gives us 1 - 2 + 2 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that gives us 1 - 2 + 2 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so that gives us 1 - 2 + 2 c
+soorry 1 - 3 is -2 + 2 C that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soorry 1 - 3 is -2 + 2 C that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soorry 1 - 3 is -2 + 2 C that's
+0 when c equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 when c equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 when c equal
+1 okay so for Cals 1 this Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so for Cals 1 this Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay so for Cals 1 this Matrix is not
+invertible for other values it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invertible okay so it goes on to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay so it goes on to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible okay so it goes on to say
+well let's look at this value of C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at this value of C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at this value of C and
+let's look at the system MX equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the system MX equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the system MX equal
+Z okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay
+so I'm going to put that value one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+so now if we look at MX equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z well this has either no solution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well this has either no solution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well this has either no solution or
+infinitely many solutions but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many solutions but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many solutions but here
+there's an obvious solution namely xal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious solution namely xal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious solution namely xal 0
+is a solution okay maybe let me rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution okay maybe let me rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solution okay maybe let me rewrite
+it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more
+geometrically that's x + 3 y + z = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically that's x + 3 y + z = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically that's x + 3 y + z = 0
+2x - Z = 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x - Z = 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x - Z = 0
+and x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x +
+y equals z okay so you see we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals z okay so you see we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y equals z okay so you see we have an
+obvious solution 00 0 but we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious solution 00 0 but we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious solution 00 0 but we have more
+solutions how do we find more solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions how do we find more solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions how do we find more solutions
+well XYZ is a solution if it's in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well XYZ is a solution if it's in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well XYZ is a solution if it's in all
+three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these
+planes that's a way to think about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that's a way to think about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that's a way to think about it so
+probably we're actually in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation where in fact we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planes that are all passing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that are all passing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that are all passing through the
+origin and all parallel to the same line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and all parallel to the same line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and all parallel to the same line
+and so that will be the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will be the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that will be the line of
+solutions so to find it actually we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so to find it actually we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so to find it actually we can
+think of this as follows so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as follows so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as follows so the first
+observation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that
+actually in this situation we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this situation we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this situation we don't need
+all three equations okay the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three equations okay the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three equations okay the fact that
+the system has infinitely many solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has infinitely many solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has infinitely many solutions
+means that actually one of the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that actually one of the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that actually one of the equations
+is redundant so if you look about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is redundant so if you look about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is redundant so if you look about you
+know if you look at it for long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at it for long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at it for long enough
+you see for example if you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see for example if you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see for example if you multiply
+three times this equation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times this equation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times this equation and you
+subtract that one then you will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that one then you will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract that one then you will get the
+first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation
+right 3 * x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3 * x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 3 * x +
+Yus 2x - Z will be x + 3 y + z now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus 2x - Z will be x + 3 y + z now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yus 2x - Z will be x + 3 y + z now we
+don't actually need to see that to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to see that to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need to see that to solve
+the problem I'm just showing you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'm just showing you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'm just showing you that's
+what happens when you have a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have a matrix with
+determinant zero one of the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero one of the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant zero one of the equations
+somehow is you know a duplicate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is you know a duplicate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow is you know a duplicate of the
+others uh we don't actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh we don't actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others uh we don't actually need to
+figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how
+exactly but so what that means is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but so what that means is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but so what that means is really
+we want to solve let's say start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve let's say start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve let's say start with
+two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of these
+equations so to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution we can observe that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we can observe that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we can observe that the first
+equation says actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says actually that
+XYZ product with 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ product with 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ product with 1
+31 equals z and the second equation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 equals z and the second equation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 equals z and the second equation says
+XYZ dot product with 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ dot product with 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ dot product with 2
+01 is z and the third equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we really want to keep it says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really want to keep it says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really want to keep it says we
+should be also having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be also having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be also having
+this now these equations now written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now these equations now written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now these equations now written
+like this they're just saying we want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they're just saying we want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this they're just saying we want an
+XYZ that perpendicular to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ that perpendicular to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ that perpendicular to these
+vectors so let's forget this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so let's forget this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so let's forget this one and
+let's just look at these two they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at these two they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at these two they're
+saying we want a vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we want a vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we want a vector that's
+perpendicular to these two given vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these two given vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to these two given vectors
+how do we find that we do the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find that we do the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we find that we do the cross
+product okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to find
+XYZ perpendicular to 13 1 and two 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ perpendicular to 13 1 and two 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ perpendicular to 13 1 and two 1 2
+01 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 we
+take the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product and that will give us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that will give us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and that will give us something
+well let me just give give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just give give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me just give give you the
+answer I'm sure you know how to do cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm sure you know how to do cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I'm sure you know how to do cross
+products by now H I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by now H I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products by now H I don't have the
+answer here so I guess I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay 1 3 1 2 0 1 that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be3 - 1 - 2 probably positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be3 - 1 - 2 probably positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be3 - 1 - 2 probably positive
+3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+-6 okay so that's a solution and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 okay so that's a solution and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 okay so that's a solution and any
+multiple of that is a solution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of that is a solution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of that is a solution so if you
+like you know neatly simplified answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know neatly simplified answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know neatly simplified answers
+you could sayga 1 1 -2 if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sayga 1 1 -2 if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could sayga 1 1 -2 if you like
+larger numbers you could multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers you could multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger numbers you could multiply that
+by a million that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a million that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a million that's also a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sol that's correct if you pick you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol that's correct if you pick you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sol that's correct if you pick you know
+if you pick these two guys instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick these two guys instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick these two guys instead you
+will get the same solution well up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the same solution well up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get the same solution well up to a
+multiple could be that if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple could be that if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple could be that if you do the
+cross product of these two guys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of these two guys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of these two guys you
+actually get something that's you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get something that's you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get something that's you know a
+multipolar actually I think if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipolar actually I think if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipolar actually I think if you do
+the cross product of the first and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product of the first and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product of the first and third
+one you will get actually minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you will get actually minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you will get actually minus one one
+minus two you know the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two you know the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two you know the smaller
+one but it doesn't matter I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it doesn't matter I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it doesn't matter I mean it's
+really in the same direction this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the same direction this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the same direction this is all
+because a plane has actually normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a plane has actually normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a plane has actually normal
+vectors of all sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I don't think so because see okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't think so because see okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't think so because see okay so
+an important thing to remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing to remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important thing to remember about
+cross product is we compute the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product is we compute the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product is we compute the minus
+but then we put a minus sign on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we put a minus sign on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we put a minus sign on the
+second component okay so the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component okay so the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component okay so the coefficient
+of J in here the second component you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J in here the second component you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J in here the second component you do
+1 * minus oneus 2 * 1 that's ne3 indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * minus oneus 2 * 1 that's ne3 indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * minus oneus 2 * 1 that's ne3 indeed
+but then you actually change that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you actually change that to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you actually change that to a
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+three uh yes admin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to well we don't have parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we don't have parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well we don't have parametric
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh by so solving by elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh by so solving by elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh by so solving by elimination
+well if it says that you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it says that you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it says that you have to use
+Vector methods then you should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector methods then you should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector methods then you should use
+vector methods okay if it says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector methods okay if it says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector methods okay if it says you
+should use vectors and matrices then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use vectors and matrices then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use vectors and matrices then
+you're expected to do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so it depends what the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it depends what the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so it depends what the problem is
+asking okay question is is it enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking okay question is is it enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking okay question is is it enough to
+find the components of a vector or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the components of a vector or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the components of a vector or do we
+have to find the equation of a line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the equation of a line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find the equation of a line here
+it says find one solution using Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says find one solution using Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says find one solution using Vector
+operations so we have found one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so we have found one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so we have found one
+solution if you wanted to find the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if you wanted to find the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if you wanted to find the line
+then it would be all the all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be all the all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be all the all the things
+that are proportional to this so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are proportional to this so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are proportional to this so it
+would be maybe minus 3 T 3 tus 6 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe minus 3 T 3 tus 6 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe minus 3 T 3 tus 6 right
+all the multiples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector uh we do because z00 Z is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh we do because z00 Z is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector uh we do because z00 Z is an
+obvious solution here okay yes so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious solution here okay yes so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious solution here okay yes so maybe
+I should okay I I'll write that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should okay I I'll write that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should okay I I'll write that on the
+board uh you had another question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh you had another question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board uh you had another question so the
+reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um not quite okay so let me re explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite okay so let me re explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite okay so let me re explain
+first how we get all the solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how we get all the solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how we get all the solutions and
+how why I did that cross product I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why I did that cross product I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why I did that cross product I see
+that's uh topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first of all why did I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all why did I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all why did I take that
+cross product again so I took that cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product again so I took that cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product again so I took that cross
+product because I looked at my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because I looked at my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product because I looked at my three
+equations and I observed that my three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I observed that my three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I observed that my three
+equations can be reformulated in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can be reformulated in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations can be reformulated in terms
+of these dot products okay saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dot products okay saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dot products okay saying that
+XYZ is actually perpendicular to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ is actually perpendicular to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ is actually perpendicular to these
+guys and these guys have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and these guys have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys and these guys have a normal
+vectors to the planes remember to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to the planes remember to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to the planes remember to be in
+all three planes it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three planes it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three planes it needs to be
+perpendicular to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the normal
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+so that's how we got here and now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we got here and now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we got here and now if we
+want something that's perpendicular to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's perpendicular to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that's perpendicular to a
+bunch of given vectors well to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of given vectors well to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of given vectors well to be
+perpendicular to two vectors an easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to two vectors an easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to two vectors an easy way
+to find one is to take the cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one is to take the cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find one is to take the cross product
+and if you take any two of them you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take any two of them you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take any two of them you will
+get something that's the same up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's the same up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's the same up to
+scaling so now what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so now what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so now what it means
+geometrically is that while we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically is that while we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically is that while we have our
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planes and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and they're
+all par they all actually contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all par they all actually contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all par they all actually contain the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+line and we know that's actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we know that's actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and we know that's actually really
+the case because they all pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because they all pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because they all pass through
+the origin okay they pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay they pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay they pass through the
+origin because the constant terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because the constant terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because the constant terms are
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so what happens is that the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is that the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is that the normal
+vectors to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors to these
+planes are in fact all perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes are in fact all perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes are in fact all perpendicular to
+that line okay the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors are actually all say this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are actually all say this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are actually all say this line
+is vertical the normal vectors are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertical the normal vectors are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vertical the normal vectors are all
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontal well it's kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal well it's kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal well it's kind of hard to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+but and so by taking the cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and so by taking the cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and so by taking the cross product
+between two of the normal vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two of the normal vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two of the normal vectors we
+found this direction so now to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this direction so now to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this direction so now to find
+actually all the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we know so far is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we know so far is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we know so far is that we have
+this direction minus 3 3 - 6 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction minus 3 3 - 6 that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction minus 3 3 - 6 that is
+going to be parallel to the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be parallel to the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be parallel to the line of
+intersection let me draw it here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection let me draw it here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection let me draw it here for
+example 3 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 3 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 3 3 -
+6 and so now we have one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and so now we have one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 and so now we have one particular
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 0 0 actually we have found another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 actually we have found another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 0 actually we have found another one
+too which is - 3 3 - 6 but anyway so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too which is - 3 3 - 6 but anyway so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too which is - 3 3 - 6 but anyway so now
+the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions has parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions has parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions has parametric
+equation xal - 3 t y = 3 t z =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation xal - 3 t y = 3 t z =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation xal - 3 t y = 3 t z =
+-6 or you know any anything proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 or you know any anything proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-6 or you know any anything proportional
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that okay so that's how we would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's how we would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's how we would find
+all the solutions if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right uh it's almost time so I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's almost time so I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it's almost time so I think I
+need to jump ahead to other problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to jump ahead to other problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to jump ahead to other problems so
+let's see problem four I think problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see problem four I think problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see problem four I think problem
+four you can probably find for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you can probably find for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you can probably find for
+yourselves it's a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves it's a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves it's a reasonably
+straightforward parametric equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward parametric equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward parametric equations
+problem you just have to find you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you just have to find you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you just have to find you know
+the coordinates of that point p and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of that point p and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of that point p and for
+that it's very simple trig problem five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very simple trig problem five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's very simple trig problem five
+find the area of a space triangle sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the area of a space triangle sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the area of a space triangle sounds
+like a cross product find the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cross product find the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cross product find the equation
+of a plane also sounds like a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plane also sounds like a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plane also sounds like a cross
+product okay and find the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay and find the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay and find the intersection
+of this plane with a line uh means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane with a line uh means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plane with a line uh means we
+find first the paric equation of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find first the paric equation of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find first the paric equation of a line
+and then we plug that into the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug that into the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we plug that into the equation
+of plane to get where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane to get where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane to get where they
+intersect okay does that sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect okay does that sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect okay does that sound
+reasonable okay who desparate about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable okay who desparate about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable okay who desparate about
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+five okay let me repeat problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+so first part we have to find the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first part we have to find the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first part we have to find the area
+of a triangle and the way to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a triangle and the way to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a triangle and the way to do that is
+to just do 1 half of the length of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do 1 half of the length of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just do 1 half of the length of a
+cross product between no so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product between no so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product between no so if we have
+three points p 0 P1 P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points p 0 P1 P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points p 0 P1 P2
+then maybe we can form vectors p 0 P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we can form vectors p 0 P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we can form vectors p 0 P1
+and p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 and if we take the cross product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and if we take the cross product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and if we take the cross product and
+take the length of that and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the length of that and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the length of that and divide by
+two that will give us the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that will give us the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that will give us the area of the
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here turns out that this guy is 112 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here turns out that this guy is 112 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here turns out that this guy is 112 if I
+look at the solutions so you will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solutions so you will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solutions so you will end up
+with square root of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with square root of 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with square root of 6
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+the second one is asking you for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is asking you for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is asking you for the
+equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane well containing these three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well containing these three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well containing these three points
+well first of all we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we know that the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+Vector to the plane is going to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the plane is going to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to the plane is going to be given
+by this cross product again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that the equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the equation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that the equation of a
+plane will be of the form x + y + 2 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane will be of the form x + y + 2 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane will be of the form x + y + 2 Z
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+something okay just the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay just the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay just the coefficients
+here come from the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come from the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here come from the normal
+vector and to find what goes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and to find what goes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and to find what goes on the
+right hand side we just plug in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we just plug in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we just plug in any of
+the points so if we plug in p 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points so if we plug in p 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points so if we plug in p 0 which
+is so p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so p 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so p 0
+is 2 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 1
+0 then 2 + 1 seems like it's three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then 2 + 1 seems like it's three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then 2 + 1 seems like it's three and
+if you want to double check your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to double check your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to double check your answer
+you can take P1 and P2 and check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take P1 and P2 and check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take P1 and P2 and check that
+you also get free it's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get free it's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get free it's a good way to
+check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+okay and then the third part so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the third part so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the third part so we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+line parallel to the vector v = 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line parallel to the vector v = 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line parallel to the vector v = 111
+through the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s which is - 1 0 0 that means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is - 1 0 0 that means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is - 1 0 0 that means you can
+find its parametric equation okay so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its parametric equation okay so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its parametric equation okay so X
+will be starts at minus one increases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be starts at minus one increases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be starts at minus one increases at
+rate one y starts at zero increases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one y starts at zero increases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one y starts at zero increases at
+rate one Z starts at zero increases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one Z starts at zero increases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one Z starts at zero increases at
+rate one you plug these into the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one you plug these into the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate one you plug these into the plane
+equation and that will tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that will tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that will tell you where
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+intersect is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect is that clear
+okay okay and now in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and now in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay and now in the last
+one minute oh on that side I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute oh on that side I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minute oh on that side I have one
+minute let me just say very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let me just say very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let me just say very
+quickly uh oh well do you want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh oh well do you want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh oh well do you want to hear
+about problem six anyway very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about problem six anyway very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about problem six anyway very quickly
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so problem
+six you know it's one of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six you know it's one of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six you know it's one of these like
+vector calculations so it says we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculations so it says we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector calculations so it says we have a
+position Vector R and it asks you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector R and it asks you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Vector R and it asks you how do
+we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+the derivative of r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of r.
+R well remember we have the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well remember we have the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well remember we have the product rule
+for taking the derivative okay UV Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking the derivative okay UV Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking the derivative okay UV Prime
+is U Prime V plus u v Prime also applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U Prime V plus u v Prime also applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U Prime V plus u v Prime also applies
+for DOT product so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DOT product so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DOT product so that's
+drdt r+ R do drdt and these are both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt r+ R do drdt and these are both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt r+ R do drdt and these are both the
+same thing so you get two R do drdt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you get two R do drdt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so you get two R do drdt but
+drdt is V that's a velocity vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt is V that's a velocity vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drdt is V that's a velocity vector
+okay hopefully you've seen things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hopefully you've seen things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hopefully you've seen things like
+that now it says show that if R has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it says show that if R has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it says show that if R has
+constant length then r and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length then r and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length then r and v are
+perpendicular so all you need to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so all you need to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular so all you need to write
+basically is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is we
+assume uh length R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant that's what it says R has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's what it says R has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that's what it says R has
+constant length well how do we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length well how do we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length well how do we get to
+say something we probably want to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something we probably want to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something we probably want to reduce
+to that well if R is constant in length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that well if R is constant in length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that well if R is constant in length
+then r. R is also constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that means d by DT of r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means d by DT of r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means d by DT of r.
+R is zero that's what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is zero that's what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is zero that's what it means to be
+constant and so that means r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so that means r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so that means r.
+V is zero that means R is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is zero that means R is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is zero that means R is perpendicular
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+okay that's a proof it's not very see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a proof it's not very see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a proof it's not very see
+it's not a scary proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a scary proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a scary proof
+and then the last question of the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says let's continue to assume that R has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's continue to assume that R has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's continue to assume that R has
+constant length and let's try to find r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length and let's try to find r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length and let's try to find r.
+a so if there's acceleration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if there's acceleration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if there's acceleration then
+probably we should bring it in somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should bring it in somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably we should bring it in somewhere
+maybe by taking a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by taking a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by taking a derivative of
+something okay so if we know that r. V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so if we know that r. V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so if we know that r. V
+equals zero let's take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero let's take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero let's take the derivative of
+that that's still zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now using the product rule well drdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now using the product rule well drdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now using the product rule well drdt
+is V do V plus r do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V do V plus r do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V do V plus r do
+dvdt is going to be zero so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt is going to be zero so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvdt is going to be zero so that means
+that you're asked about r. a well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asked about r. a well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're asked about r. a well that's
+equal to minus v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus v.
+V okay and that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UEthcrwFZks.txt b/UEthcrwFZks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65a382aae7aa192dc44a63b828fabcaca38595bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UEthcrwFZks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i like to solve problems uh and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to solve problems uh and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to solve problems uh and i think
+i have a fascination with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a fascination with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a fascination with the natural
+world and those merge well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and those merge well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and those merge well in the
+context of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of science
+not all bacteria are harmful and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all bacteria are harmful and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all bacteria are harmful and in fact
+if you consider a person on a cell per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider a person on a cell per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider a person on a cell per
+cell basis there's more bacterial cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell basis there's more bacterial cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell basis there's more bacterial cells
+in us or on us than there are eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us or on us than there are eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us or on us than there are eukaryotic
+or human cells many bacteria help us out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or human cells many bacteria help us out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or human cells many bacteria help us out
+maybe with the digestion of food but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with the digestion of food but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe with the digestion of food but
+other types of bacteria have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of bacteria have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of bacteria have the
+propensity to invade tissues or produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to invade tissues or produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to invade tissues or produce
+toxins and so if their populations get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins and so if their populations get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxins and so if their populations get
+out of check they make us sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of check they make us sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of check they make us sick
+just like humans or any animal bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like humans or any animal bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like humans or any animal bacteria
+need food in my lab we're particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need food in my lab we're particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need food in my lab we're particularly
+interested in metal ions and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in metal ions and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in metal ions and you might
+not think of metal ions as being food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of metal ions as being food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think of metal ions as being food
+but they are essential nutrients for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are essential nutrients for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are essential nutrients for all
+organisms bacteria seeking to colonize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms bacteria seeking to colonize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms bacteria seeking to colonize
+or survive within the host environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or survive within the host environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or survive within the host environment
+need methods to acquire certain metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need methods to acquire certain metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need methods to acquire certain metals
+we respond first by using our immune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we respond first by using our immune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we respond first by using our immune
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+so it's kind of gross you can see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of gross you can see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of gross you can see some
+protein and then you have fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then you have fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and then you have fat
+on top where it's shiny i work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top where it's shiny i work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top where it's shiny i work with a
+human protein called calprotectin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human protein called calprotectin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human protein called calprotectin and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+secreted in response to bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted in response to bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted in response to bacterial
+infection and when it encounters these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and when it encounters these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and when it encounters these
+bacteria it chelates so it grabs onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it chelates so it grabs onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria it chelates so it grabs onto
+zinc and manganese in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and manganese in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and manganese in the environment
+and starves the bacteria so zinc is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starves the bacteria so zinc is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and starves the bacteria so zinc is an
+essential nutrient and the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient and the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential nutrient and the general idea
+is that calprotectin is somehow acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that calprotectin is somehow acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that calprotectin is somehow acting
+as a sponge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sponge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sponge
+in my lab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab we
+overexpress and purify calprotectin or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpress and purify calprotectin or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexpress and purify calprotectin or
+mutants where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants where
+we have systematically changed an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have systematically changed an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have systematically changed an amino
+acid we think is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we think is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we think is important for
+calprotectin's mechanism and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calprotectin's mechanism and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calprotectin's mechanism and then
+utilize this purified protein in a suite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize this purified protein in a suite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize this purified protein in a suite
+of studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies
+we can come to conclusions about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to conclusions about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to conclusions about where
+the metal binds and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal binds and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal binds and how
+we can also do experiments called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also do experiments called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also do experiments called
+titrations that allow us to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations that allow us to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrations that allow us to determine
+how tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly
+the metal binds to a particular site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal binds to a particular site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal binds to a particular site and
+also what the selectivity is so does cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what the selectivity is so does cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what the selectivity is so does cow
+protection have a preference does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection have a preference does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection have a preference does it
+prefer to bind zinc over manganese over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to bind zinc over manganese over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to bind zinc over manganese over
+some other metal ion or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other metal ion or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other metal ion or not
+in high school i didn't like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school i didn't like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school i didn't like my
+chemistry class very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry class very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry class very much
+and that motivated me to take chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that motivated me to take chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that motivated me to take chemistry
+first thing in college and i loved it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in college and i loved it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing in college and i loved it um
+i liked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i liked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i liked that
+it was quantitative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was quantitative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was quantitative and
+i felt it overlapped well with courses i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i felt it overlapped well with courses i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i felt it overlapped well with courses i
+took in biology and geology and when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took in biology and geology and when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took in biology and geology and when i
+ultimately decided on a major i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately decided on a major i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately decided on a major i found
+chemistry the most appealing because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the most appealing because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the most appealing because of
+its broad applicability and ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its broad applicability and ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its broad applicability and ability to
+bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+a molecular level understanding to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecular level understanding to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecular level understanding to very
+complex questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UKU1477cXVY.txt b/UKU1477cXVY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4af1c49b068f7780b8fe986483306803d162308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UKU1477cXVY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1719 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is Dr Matlab lecture three if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr Matlab lecture three if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Dr Matlab lecture three if
+you're using matlb on the command line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using matlb on the command line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using matlb on the command line
+for enough time you realize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enough time you realize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enough time you realize that you
+really want to save a bunch of commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to save a bunch of commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to save a bunch of commands
+in a file and then execute all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a file and then execute all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a file and then execute all those
+commands in one go this helps you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in one go this helps you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands in one go this helps you so
+that if you have typos you can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have typos you can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have typos you can correct
+the typos without introducing new ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typos without introducing new ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typos without introducing new ones
+it also allows you to create large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also allows you to create large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also allows you to create large
+pieces of code that call each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code that call each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of code that call each other
+and really have complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really have complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really have complicated
+projects to see how this works we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to see how this works we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to see how this works we need
+an example what we'll do is generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example what we'll do is generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example what we'll do is generate the
+Fibonacci sequence so in the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence so in the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence so in the Fibonacci
+sequence the first two terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then each term is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then each term is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then each term is the sum of the
+previous two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that notice that this will create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that notice that this will create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that notice that this will create a
+new term in F that will be the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term in F that will be the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new term in F that will be the sum of
+the very last one plus the second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last one plus the second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very last one plus the second to
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one here it created two the sum of 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here it created two the sum of 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here it created two the sum of 1+
+one if we run that command again it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we run that command again it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we run that command again it will
+generate three and then five and then 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate three and then five and then 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate three and then five and then 8
+and then 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 13
+Etc okay so now I want to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so now I want to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so now I want to take these
+three important lines this one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three important lines this one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three important lines this one this one
+and this one and create a file that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and create a file that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and create a file that
+would do all of this and put this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do all of this and put this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do all of this and put this line
+inside a loop so that it does that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop so that it does that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a loop so that it does that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to do that I open the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+browser I want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser I want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser I want it to be
+docked now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docked now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docked now it's
+docked and here I find my commands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docked and here I find my commands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docked and here I find my commands that
+I issued here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I issued here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I issued here
+I'm going to select all of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to select all of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to select all of them the
+three commands right click and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three commands right click and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three commands right click and
+copy so now I've copy these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so now I've copy these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy so now I've copy these three
+commands over here I can open a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+script first thing I want to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script first thing I want to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script first thing I want to do is get
+rid of this bar because it uses up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this bar because it uses up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this bar because it uses up a lot
+of important space so there now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important space so there now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important space so there now I have a
+bit more space and I can close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more space and I can close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more space and I can close this
+command history because I've copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command history because I've copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command history because I've copied
+those commands Okay and now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commands Okay and now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those commands Okay and now I'm going to
+paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste
+after I've pasted this of course I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've pasted this of course I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've pasted this of course I need
+to clean up a bit so I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up a bit so I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up a bit so I'm going to add
+semicolons at the end of these commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolons at the end of these commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolons at the end of these commands
+because I don't need to see the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't need to see the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't need to see the output
+and I'm going to add for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to add for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to add for
+Loop that will calculate the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that will calculate the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that will calculate the first
+20 the next 20 terms so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 the next 20 terms so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 the next 20 terms so I'm going to
+have 22 in total two from here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 22 in total two from here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 22 in total two from here and then
+another 20 from here at the end add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 20 from here at the end add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 20 from here at the end add a
+tab character just for alignment to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab character just for alignment to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab character just for alignment to make
+it easy to read and now at the end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to read and now at the end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easy to read and now at the end I
+will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just
+um display F like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um display F like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um display F like that because
+everything else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is
+suppressed I need to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed I need to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed I need to save
+this I need to select a place to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I need to select a place to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I need to select a place to save it
+the default is in documents Matlab I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default is in documents Matlab I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default is in documents Matlab I
+want to save it in a different place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save it in a different place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save it in a different place to
+demonstrate what the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate what the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate what the path
+is so to do this I open a new folder I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so to do this I open a new folder I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so to do this I open a new folder I
+will call it scripts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call it scripts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call it scripts for
+example now the scripts is under Matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now the scripts is under Matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now the scripts is under Matlab
+and then in scripts I will call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in scripts I will call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in scripts I will call this
+file feeo it already is an M file which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file feeo it already is an M file which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file feeo it already is an M file which
+is the extension that you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extension that you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the extension that you need to have
+fibo stands for Fibonacci and I save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo stands for Fibonacci and I save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo stands for Fibonacci and I save it
+and now I go to my command line and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I go to my command line and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I go to my command line and I
+try to run it and it doesn't run and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run it and it doesn't run and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run it and it doesn't run and the
+reason it doesn't run is that fibo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it doesn't run is that fibo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it doesn't run is that fibo is
+sitting inside a subdirectory of mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside a subdirectory of mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting inside a subdirectory of mat lab
+and my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my current
+directory found by typing CD is Matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory found by typing CD is Matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory found by typing CD is Matlab
+so you see I'm sitting in mat lab feibo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see I'm sitting in mat lab feibo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see I'm sitting in mat lab feibo
+is sitting in scripts which is inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting in scripts which is inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting in scripts which is inside
+mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat
+lab we can see this by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we can see this by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab we can see this by looking
+at the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folder so here's the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder so here's the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder so here's the current
+folder under scripts there's fibo but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder under scripts there's fibo but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder under scripts there's fibo but we
+are not there we're up here in mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there we're up here in mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there we're up here in mat lab
+so there's two ways we could solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two ways we could solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two ways we could solve this
+we could either change directory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could either change directory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could either change directory to
+scripts for example by double clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts for example by double clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts for example by double clicking
+here now our current folder is Scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now our current folder is Scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now our current folder is Scripts
+now if we go here and call fibo it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we go here and call fibo it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we go here and call fibo it works
+and it calculates the 22 terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it calculates the 22 terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it calculates the 22 terms of the
+Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence we could have also done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we could have also done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we could have also done this
+from the command line here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the command line here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the command line here I'm going to
+go back to mat lab and I can say change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to mat lab and I can say change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to mat lab and I can say change
+directory scripts tab completion and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory scripts tab completion and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory scripts tab completion and now
+I'm in scripts and I can call feo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again another thing I could do going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another thing I could do going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another thing I could do going
+back to mat lab is to add scripts to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mat lab is to add scripts to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to mat lab is to add scripts to The
+Path what is the path let's see so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Path what is the path let's see so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Path what is the path let's see so if I
+type path I get a list of directories a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type path I get a list of directories a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type path I get a list of directories a
+long list of directories that mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of directories that mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long list of directories that mat lab
+uses in order to look for the commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in order to look for the commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in order to look for the commands
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+issue all the commands that you issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue all the commands that you issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue all the commands that you issue
+will have to be in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to be in one of these
+directories for mat lab to look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories for mat lab to look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories for mat lab to look at them
+or in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the current
+directory so you see that the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so you see that the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory so you see that the mat lab
+directory the documents mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory the documents mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory the documents mat lab
+directory is always in the path that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory is always in the path that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory is always in the path that's a
+default but you can add to the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default but you can add to the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default but you can add to the path
+whatever you want so for example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add add
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+scripts now that I've done that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts now that I've done that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts now that I've done that let's
+look at the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the path
+again script is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again script is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again script is in
+there and if I try to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if I try to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and if I try to run
+fibo that it works even though I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo that it works even though I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo that it works even though I'm here
+the way I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've written
+it it will look in scripts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will look in scripts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will look in scripts as
+a relative directory and not as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative directory and not as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative directory and not as a
+absolute directory if I wanted an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute directory if I wanted an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute directory if I wanted an
+absolute directory I would have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute directory I would have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute directory I would have had to
+say add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say add
+path slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+users slash Dr Matlab slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users slash Dr Matlab slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users slash Dr Matlab slash
+documents slm laab SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scripts this is a different path because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts this is a different path because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts this is a different path because
+this is the exact one let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exact one let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the exact one let's look at the
+path now here we have the absolute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now here we have the absolute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path now here we have the absolute and
+the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative
+scripts at any case if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts at any case if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts at any case if you want to see
+where the matlb can see a file you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the matlb can see a file you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the matlb can see a file you can
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fibo and then matlb tells you if it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo and then matlb tells you if it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo and then matlb tells you if it sees
+it which file it actually is going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which file it actually is going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which file it actually is going to so
+if you have the same file name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the same file name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the same file name in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+directories both of which are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories both of which are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories both of which are in your
+path the first one the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the first one the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the first one the mat lab
+encounters will be the one the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calls all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's do one more thing so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do one more thing so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do one more thing so let's
+see what happens when we actually hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we actually hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we actually hide
+something this can be potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this can be potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this can be potentially
+dangerous let's open a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous let's open a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous let's open a new
+file and we'll say it doesn't do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and we'll say it doesn't do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and we'll say it doesn't do much
+let's say it says xal 1 one and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says xal 1 one and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it says xal 1 one and now
+we're going to save this file but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to save this file but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to save this file but we're
+going to be a bit Insidious about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bit Insidious about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bit Insidious about it
+we're going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign okay so we're and we're saving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so we're and we're saving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so we're and we're saving it
+in the mat lab directory so we're saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mat lab directory so we're saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mat lab directory so we're saving
+a file called sign in the mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file called sign in the mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a file called sign in the mat lab
+directory and now if I do s of three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and now if I do s of three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory and now if I do s of three I
+get a very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error it notice that it's a that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it notice that it's a that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it notice that it's a that it's a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+but if I would have called sign I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I would have called sign I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I would have called sign I would
+have gotten one because that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten one because that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten one because that would have
+been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the
+script so you have to be careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script so you have to be careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script so you have to be careful with
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+this and I would recommend not having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would recommend not having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I would recommend not having
+such a file in your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folder delete okay you can also execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder delete okay you can also execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder delete okay you can also execute
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+file from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file from
+the graphical user interface by clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical user interface by clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphical user interface by clicking
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+button if that file is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button if that file is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button if that file is not in the
+path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and
+not in the current folder matlb will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the current folder matlb will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the current folder matlb will ask
+you whether you want to change folders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you want to change folders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether you want to change folders
+or add it to the path and you can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add it to the path and you can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or add it to the path and you can answer
+whatever makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever makes sense to
+you for a function you need to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for a function you need to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for a function you need to add the
+the keyword function in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keyword function in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keyword function in the beginning of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+file function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to
+C F to C so let's write a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C F to C so let's write a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C F to C so let's write a function that
+accepts Fahrenheit and converts it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts Fahrenheit and converts it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts Fahrenheit and converts it to
+Celsius so return value name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so return value name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so return value name of the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input and now we want to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and now we want to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and now we want to say something
+like V equal n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+32 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9ths now V becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths now V becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9ths now V becomes this
+number and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that
+is the conversion between Fahrenheit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the conversion between Fahrenheit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the conversion between Fahrenheit and
+Celsius so this value V will be returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so this value V will be returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius so this value V will be returned
+to whoever calls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whoever calls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whoever calls this
+function we need to save it matb will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we need to save it matb will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we need to save it matb will
+already suggest F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggest F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suggest F to
+C and we can put it inside scripts next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and we can put it inside scripts next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and we can put it inside scripts next
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fibo now we can run it as a function F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo now we can run it as a function F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibo now we can run it as a function F
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+C we need to give it an input if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we need to give it an input if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we need to give it an input if we
+don't give it an input we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give it an input we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give it an input we get an
+error so if we type 32 we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so if we type 32 we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so if we type 32 we get
+zero if we type 101 we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if we type 101 we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if we type 101 we get
+hot this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function you can either end your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can either end your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can either end your
+function in the in the file or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the in the file or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the in the file or
+not this mostly affects whether what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this mostly affects whether what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this mostly affects whether what the
+behavior when you have subfunctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior when you have subfunctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior when you have subfunctions and
+we will talk about this in a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about this in a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about this in a future
+lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VXeTfT8JL0Q.txt b/VXeTfT8JL0Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e4a4520918050127306645e9c247297452ef605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VXeTfT8JL0Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started using these uh clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started using these uh clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started using these uh clicker
+devices in 5111 and uh clickers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in 5111 and uh clickers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in 5111 and uh clickers are
+they're these small sort of uh credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these small sort of uh credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're these small sort of uh credit
+card sized devices where I can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card sized devices where I can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card sized devices where I can put a
+question up on my computer that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up on my computer that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question up on my computer that the
+students will see and it'll have uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will see and it'll have uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students will see and it'll have uh you
+know three four five choices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three four five choices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three four five choices and the
+students can look at the question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can look at the question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can look at the question and
+click in what they think the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click in what they think the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click in what they think the answer is
+and this was sort of a a big Trend I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was sort of a a big Trend I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was sort of a a big Trend I
+think in education for big classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in education for big classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in education for big classrooms
+because it allows the students to engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows the students to engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows the students to engage
+more the teacher who's standing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the teacher who's standing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the teacher who's standing in the
+front of the room with 300 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the room with 300 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the room with 300 people
+they're not necessarily going to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily going to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily going to raise
+their hand and go I'm confused um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and go I'm confused um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and go I'm confused um
+because it's a big class but if I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a big class but if I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a big class but if I ask
+them a question to see if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a question to see if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a question to see if they're
+confused they'll click in they go oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused they'll click in they go oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused they'll click in they go oh
+yeah that did not go the way I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that did not go the way I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that did not go the way I wanted
+clearly people are confused let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly people are confused let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly people are confused let's talk
+about this more or 95% get it right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more or 95% get it right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this more or 95% get it right and
+it's like okay I can move on and go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like okay I can move on and go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like okay I can move on and go on
+to the next thing so it's a great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next thing so it's a great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next thing so it's a great I
+think teaching tool all right everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think teaching tool all right everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think teaching tool all right everyone
+should be clicking into the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be clicking into the clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be clicking into the clicker
+question so does someone want to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so does someone want to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so does someone want to explain
+uh why this is the correct answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why this is the correct answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why this is the correct answer but
+when we first kind of brought them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first kind of brought them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first kind of brought them in
+the students were not so excited by them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students were not so excited by them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students were not so excited by them
+um and they were there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they were there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and they were there were other
+classes at MIT that were using them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes at MIT that were using them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes at MIT that were using them but
+it it was sort of like okay we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was sort of like okay we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was sort of like okay we'll do
+this but I didn't get that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I didn't get that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I didn't get that there was a
+lot of enthusiasm for them so I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enthusiasm for them so I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of enthusiasm for them so I tried to
+think about ways that we could make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about ways that we could make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about ways that we could make it
+more fun and so one thing that I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun and so one thing that I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun and so one thing that I thought
+is that we could have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we could have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we could have some
+competition and in uh 5111 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and in uh 5111 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and in uh 5111 there
+multiple recitations that are run by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple recitations that are run by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple recitations that are run by a
+graduate student ta so everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student ta so everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student ta so everyone in the
+class would have their recitation group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class would have their recitation group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class would have their recitation group
+of 20 people and so I thought well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 people and so I thought well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 people and so I thought well on
+Friday in class we'll have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday in class we'll have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday in class we'll have a little
+competition and we'll see which re ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and we'll see which re ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and we'll see which re ation
+gets the most clicker questions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the most clicker questions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the most clicker questions right
+and they will get a reward um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will get a reward um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will get a reward um which is
+you know maybe some donuts at recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe some donuts at recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe some donuts at recitation
+next week something small some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week something small some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week something small some kind of
+food um and it you know largely it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um and it you know largely it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food um and it you know largely it was
+bragging rights like our recitation got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging rights like our recitation got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bragging rights like our recitation got
+the most questions right uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most questions right uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most questions right uh so we
+started doing this and then I surveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing this and then I surveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing this and then I surveyed
+the students about um both before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students about um both before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students about um both before we had
+done the competitions and after to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the competitions and after to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the competitions and after to kind
+of look at whether the students liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at whether the students liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at whether the students liked
+the competitions and felt like they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitions and felt like they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the competitions and felt like they were
+learning and I found a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I found a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and I found a really big
+difference so students had always said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so students had always said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so students had always said
+yes I try to answer the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I try to answer the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I try to answer the questions
+correctly but then when we asked some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but then when we asked some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but then when we asked some
+questions about how how like hard they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how how like hard they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how how like hard they
+wanted to work to understand chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work to understand chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work to understand chemistry
+and their real desire to learn and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their real desire to learn and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their real desire to learn and the
+impact of the course that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the course that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the course that with the
+competitions all of these things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions all of these things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions all of these things were
+much higher and so it just seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and so it just seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher and so it just seemed like
+they were more engaged it was more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were more engaged it was more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were more engaged it was more of a
+buyin um and I would talk to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyin um and I would talk to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyin um and I would talk to some of
+these student they're like oh yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these student they're like oh yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these student they're like oh yeah you
+know I'm in Jay's recitation and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm in Jay's recitation and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm in Jay's recitation and it just
+they felt a part of something they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt a part of something they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt a part of something they had
+ownership and a lot of the groups in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and a lot of the groups in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and a lot of the groups in the
+recitation they would start studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation they would start studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation they would start studying
+together even though they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together even though they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together even though they didn't know
+each other before and this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other before and this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other before and this is often
+freshman year so these may be some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman year so these may be some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman year so these may be some of
+the first kind of people they're meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind of people they're meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind of people they're meeting
+in their classes um they got very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their classes um they got very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their classes um they got very
+serious about the competition some years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about the competition some years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about the competition some years
+so they would meet the night before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would meet the night before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would meet the night before
+class to kind of review some things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to kind of review some things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to kind of review some things so
+they were ready for the competition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ready for the competition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ready for the competition and
+I've seen students we've been doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen students we've been doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen students we've been doing this
+for a number of years um in their junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years um in their junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of years um in their junior
+year and they're like oh yeah I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and they're like oh yeah I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and they're like oh yeah I get
+together with my friends from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with my friends from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with my friends from the
+clicker competition you know every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition you know every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition you know every month
+or so we go have dinner or do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so we go have dinner or do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so we go have dinner or do something
+fun so they're making friends for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so they're making friends for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so they're making friends for life
+and so I think that this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that this is you know
+just a in a big 300 person class feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a in a big 300 person class feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a in a big 300 person class feeling
+like you belong you're sort of an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you belong you're sort of an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you belong you're sort of an active
+participant rather than a passive one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant rather than a passive one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant rather than a passive one
+that these clicker competitions built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these clicker competitions built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these clicker competitions built a
+sense of teen
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WTesORG5H-A.txt b/WTesORG5H-A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42f6be312cc6050ddc4f0e2aaf26162063a3f00d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WTesORG5H-A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and why don't we why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and why don't we why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and why don't we why don't
+we go ahead and get going and today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and get going and today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ahead and get going and today what
+we want to do is talk about uh Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is talk about uh Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is talk about uh Predator
+prey interactions and in particular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey interactions and in particular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey interactions and in particular how
+uh predator and its Associated prey can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predator and its Associated prey can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh predator and its Associated prey can
+imprint some will oscillate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprint some will oscillate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprint some will oscillate over time
+right now in this in this area there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this in this area there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this in this area there's
+this very important uh model theal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very important uh model theal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very important uh model theal
+voltera model that uh has been used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera model that uh has been used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera model that uh has been used as
+kind of the the standard model to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the standard model to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the standard model to give
+us some intuition for how this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some intuition for how this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some intuition for how this might
+happen but mathematical biologists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but mathematical biologists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but mathematical biologists uh
+really don't like this model very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like this model very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like this model very much
+because uh the oscillations that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the oscillations that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the oscillations that they
+give are um they they're neutral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give are um they they're neutral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give are um they they're neutral or
+neutrally stable Cycles or orbits what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable Cycles or orbits what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable Cycles or orbits what
+that means that it's it's not a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's it's not a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that it's it's not a limit
+cycle it doesn't have a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it doesn't have a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle it doesn't have a characteristic
+amplitude nor period okay now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude nor period okay now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude nor period okay now the
+question and and associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and associated with that
+and it's not a coincidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a coincidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a coincidence that
+associated with it what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it what it means is that
+if you make sort of very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make sort of very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make sort of very small
+modifications to the model then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the model then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the model then you can
+get uh kind of qualitatively different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh kind of qualitatively different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh kind of qualitatively different
+outcomes in particular you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in particular you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes in particular you can either
+abolish the Cycles I.E you can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolish the Cycles I.E you can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolish the Cycles I.E you can turn
+these neutrally stable orbits into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrally stable orbits into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrally stable orbits into a
+stable limit or I'm sorry into a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable limit or I'm sorry into a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable limit or I'm sorry into a stable
+spiral right so it may it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral right so it may it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral right so it may it may have
+damped oscillations right so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped oscillations right so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped oscillations right so it could be
+that the oscillations kind of go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oscillations kind of go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oscillations kind of go away
+over time or it could be that you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or it could be that you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or it could be that you turn
+them into uh true limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into uh true limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into uh true limit cycle
+oscillations right and this could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations right and this could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations right and this could just
+be from very small changes in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from very small changes in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from very small changes in the model
+right and that that's associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that that's associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that that's associated with
+this fact that the logical volter model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that the logical volter model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact that the logical volter model
+was neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neutrally
+stable uh then we'll kind of switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh then we'll kind of switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh then we'll kind of switch
+gears a little bit and talk about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears a little bit and talk about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears a little bit and talk about uh the
+these experiments the Yoshida paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments the Yoshida paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these experiments the Yoshida paper that
+you guys read where they they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys read where they they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys read where they they looked at
+this question of what happens in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of what happens in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of what happens in kind of
+a laboratory experiment where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory experiment where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laboratory experiment where you have a
+predator and prey and in particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey and in particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey and in particular what
+they what they found is that if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they found is that if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what they found is that if there is
+uh is evolution in the prey population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is evolution in the prey population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is evolution in the prey population
+then you can get quality atively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get quality atively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can get quality atively
+different uh oscillations in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh oscillations in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh oscillations in particular
+instead of having a 90° phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a 90° phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a 90° phase shift
+between the predator and prey you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predator and prey you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predator and prey you can uh
+end up with 180 degre phase shift so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 180 degre phase shift so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with 180 degre phase shift so uh
+kind of anti- uh correlated oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti- uh correlated oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anti- uh correlated oscillations
+but also that the oscillations could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that the oscillations could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also that the oscillations could be
+much longer than what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer than what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer than what you would
+expect okay uh and then finally we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect okay uh and then finally we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect okay uh and then finally we'll
+say something about these noise induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about these noise induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about these noise induced
+oscillations which I believe that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which I believe that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations which I believe that you
+guys have been playing with a bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have been playing with a bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have been playing with a bit in the
+context of um of your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um of your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um of your homework
+right yeah or is it is it is it the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah or is it is it is it the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah or is it is it is it the next
+one oh I get okay well you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh I get okay well you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oh I get okay well you will get a
+chance to play with a great deal so pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play with a great deal so pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play with a great deal so pay
+attention then all right uh any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention then all right uh any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention then all right uh any any
+questions before we get going problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we get going problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we get going problem
+sets due tomorrow so that you can enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets due tomorrow so that you can enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets due tomorrow so that you can enjoy
+Thanksgiving with your family or friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving with your family or friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving with your family or friends
+and then uh and then we'll have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then we'll have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then we'll have one more
+problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set
+right okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so this lotka voltera model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's uh there's kind of a fun uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh there's kind of a fun uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh there's kind of a fun uh a
+fun history of this which I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun history of this which I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun history of this which I'll tell you
+about but U I just want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but U I just want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but U I just want to highlight
+that uh there there are two important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there there are two important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there there are two important
+things that you should be remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you should be remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you should be remembering
+and this I'm getting uh these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I'm getting uh these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I'm getting uh these two points
+from Mark cot and his book elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mark cot and his book elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Mark cot and his book elements of
+theoretical ecology where he says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical ecology where he says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical ecology where he says uh
+there are two things that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things that you need to
+know about this model one is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this model one is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about this model one is that it's a
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+model okay and you can of course you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and you can of course you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and you can of course you can
+argue about what you mean by bad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about what you mean by bad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about what you mean by bad you
+know I think it's maybe overstating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think it's maybe overstating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think it's maybe overstating it
+all right but will try to be explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but will try to be explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but will try to be explicit
+about why why he might say that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why why he might say that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why why he might say that but then
+it's sort of uh profoundly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh profoundly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of uh profoundly important
+okay he kind of says from a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he kind of says from a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he kind of says from a historical
+perspective but um I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but um I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but um I would say that
+maybe both of these statements are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both of these statements are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe both of these statements are sort
+of true it's a bad model mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true it's a bad model mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true it's a bad model mathematically
+in some ways because it's somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways because it's somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways because it's somehow
+structurally unstable but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally unstable but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally unstable but also
+profoundly important so uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly important so uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly important so uh you know the
+mark of intelligence is being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of intelligence is being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of intelligence is being able to
+keep what two incompatible ideas in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep what two incompatible ideas in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep what two incompatible ideas in your
+mind at the same time somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind at the same time somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind at the same time somebody said
+something like that more than two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that more than two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that more than two okay
+all right well all right so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well all right so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well all right so we'll we'll
+try to figure out what we mean by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what we mean by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what we mean by this
+all right so uh yeah so some of the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh yeah so some of the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh yeah so some of the so
+cot kind of it's it's a nice it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cot kind of it's it's a nice it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cot kind of it's it's a nice it's a nice
+book on uh on kind of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on uh on kind of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book on uh on kind of mathematical
+ecology if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology if you're
+curious all right so the history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious all right so the history of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious all right so the history of this
+is that in it was in the mid uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in it was in the mid uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in it was in the mid uh in the
+1920s and there was a marine biologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s and there was a marine biologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s and there was a marine biologist
+named Umberto de anona does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Umberto de anona does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Umberto de anona does anybody
+speak Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak Italian
+okay all right well he was a marine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well he was a marine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right well he was a marine
+biologist and he had been studying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist and he had been studying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist and he had been studying uh
+the uh prevalence of different uh fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh prevalence of different uh fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh prevalence of different uh fish
+species in fish markets in uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in fish markets in uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species in fish markets in uh kind of
+throughout Italy okay all right so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Italy okay all right so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout Italy okay all right so he he
+studied he looked he went to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied he looked he went to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied he looked he went to kind of
+fish markets over the course of uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish markets over the course of uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish markets over the course of uh about
+r k um you know kind of for about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r k um you know kind of for about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r k um you know kind of for about 10
+years right so kind of roughly from 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right so kind of roughly from 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right so kind of roughly from 19
+say 12 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 12 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 12 to
+192 three something like that uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+192 three something like that uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+192 three something like that uh and and
+he basically asked all right well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically asked all right well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he basically asked all right well you
+know what is the kind of the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the kind of the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the kind of the composition
+of fish being sold at all these fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish being sold at all these fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fish being sold at all these fish
+markets across Italy okay and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets across Italy okay and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets across Italy okay and uh he
+noticed something that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed something that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed something that was very
+interesting which is that there was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that there was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that there was a a
+marked change in the composition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked change in the composition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked change in the composition between
+kind of more predatorial fish as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more predatorial fish as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more predatorial fish as
+compared to more prey-like fish right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to more prey-like fish right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to more prey-like fish right
+and this was associated with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was associated with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was associated with something
+that was happening in Europe around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time World War I okay right so World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time World War I okay right so World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time World War I okay right so World War
+I in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in the middle
+okay and uh what he found was that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh what he found was that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh what he found was that um in
+the middle of this period there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this period there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of this period there was an
+increase and then later a decrease of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then later a decrease of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then later a decrease of uh
+what they what he called uh salti which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what he called uh salti which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what he called uh salti which
+I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+apparently a word for sharks and shark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently a word for sharks and shark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently a word for sharks and shark
+like fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fish
+okay all right but for our purposes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but for our purposes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but for our purposes um
+we'll just say they're they're typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say they're they're typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say they're they're typically
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+predators okay so what he saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators okay so what he saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators okay so what he saw is
+that this number of cations a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number of cations a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this number of cations a function
+of time kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time kind of
+went like this all right where this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like this all right where this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like this all right where this was
+kind of roughly World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of roughly World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of roughly World War
+I okay and he wanted to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and he wanted to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and he wanted to try to
+understand why did this happen you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why did this happen you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why did this happen you know
+why is it that war favors predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right probably not just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right probably not just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right probably not just having
+to do with the general Zeitgeist of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the general Zeitgeist of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the general Zeitgeist of the
+times there's probably a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's probably a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times there's probably a more
+mechanistic explanation right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic explanation right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic explanation right and uh
+luckily uh Umberto was engaged to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily uh Umberto was engaged to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily uh Umberto was engaged to the
+beautiful Louisa voltera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oops
+engaged uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged uh
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Louisa voltera all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisa voltera all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisa voltera all right
+so one day mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one day mid
+1920s our hero umberta was visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s our hero umberta was visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s our hero umberta was visiting
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+um his girlfriend and he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his girlfriend and he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um his girlfriend and he started
+chatting with his future father-in-law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting with his future father-in-law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatting with his future father-in-law
+right who's was veto voltera right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who's was veto voltera right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who's was veto voltera right and
+asked him this question right luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him this question right luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him this question right luckily
+veto voltera was a famous mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veto voltera was a famous mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veto voltera was a famous mathematician
+right so he could write down a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he could write down a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so he could write down a fancy
+model model and try to get some insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model and try to get some insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model and try to get some insight
+into this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this question
+okay um right so this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um right so this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um right so this is a this is a
+case of you know random personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of you know random personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of you know random personal
+interaction leading to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction leading to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction leading to something
+interesting so that's that's the volara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so that's that's the volara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so that's that's the volara
+uh lka had actually studied these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lka had actually studied these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lka had actually studied these
+equations uh on almost 15 years earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh on almost 15 years earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh on almost 15 years earlier
+uh first in the context of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first in the context of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first in the context of kind of
+autocatalytic kind of chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocatalytic kind of chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocatalytic kind of chemical reactions
+and so forth but then later indeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but then later indeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth but then later indeed in
+the context of population Dynamics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of population Dynamics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of population Dynamics right
+so lka roll wrote a book in the 19 mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lka roll wrote a book in the 19 mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lka roll wrote a book in the 19 mid
+1920s voltera wrote an article uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s voltera wrote an article uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s voltera wrote an article uh
+analyzing this with analyzing danon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this with analyzing danon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this with analyzing danon's
+data and then now it's called the lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then now it's called the lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then now it's called the lot
+voltera model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltera model
+okay and we'll we'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll we'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll we'll come back to this
+thing about why is it that war favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about why is it that war favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about why is it that war favors
+Predators after we get a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators after we get a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators after we get a sense of the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what uh
+what Vol wrote down was the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right first of all uh we should all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all uh we should all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all uh we should all make
+sure we can figure out which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we can figure out which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we can figure out which one is the
+predator and which one is the prey all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and which one is the prey all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and which one is the prey all
+right so let's think about this for 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about this for 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about this for 15
+seconds and then we're going to yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then we're going to yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then we're going to yell it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+verbally all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right is why the predator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right is why the predator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right is why the predator or
+the prey ready three 2 one Predator all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey ready three 2 one Predator all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey ready three 2 one Predator all
+right so we have a predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we have the prey here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are the number of um is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are the number of um is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are the number of um is the total
+size of the population constant I.E is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the population constant I.E is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the population constant I.E is x
++ y equal to a constant ready uh yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y equal to a constant ready uh yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y equal to a constant ready uh yes or
+no verbally three two one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbally three two one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no verbally three two one no
+right uh it would be a constant perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it would be a constant perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh it would be a constant perhaps
+if these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two
+terms um if if B were equal to D or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um if if B were equal to D or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms um if if B were equal to D or so
+no that's not even true never mind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not even true never mind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not even true never mind all
+right yeah so okay I guess really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so okay I guess really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so okay I guess really what
+I'm thinking about is when AE this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about is when AE this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking about is when AE this tells
+us about how many preditors can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how many preditors can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about how many preditors can be
+created from a pre but then there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created from a pre but then there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created from a pre but then there's also
+the growth in death so yeah so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth in death so yeah so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth in death so yeah so all right
+but even even in even this act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even even in even this act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even even in even this act of
+converting a prey into a predator it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a prey into a predator it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting a prey into a predator it's
+even on that level it's not conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on that level it's not conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on that level it's not conserved
+right and you know of course vegetarians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know of course vegetarians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you know of course vegetarians
+like to point out that you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to point out that you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to point out that you know you can
+create many you can I don't know corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create many you can I don't know corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create many you can I don't know corn
+burgers for the price of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers for the price of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers for the price of making a
+hamburger something like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburger something like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamburger something like that okay
+except the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the of
+salmon except in the case of salmon this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salmon except in the case of salmon this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salmon except in the case of salmon this
+is not true it's okay all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true it's okay all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true it's okay all right okay
+well um right we can uh we can analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um right we can uh we can analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um right we can uh we can analyze
+the ratio of D over B for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of D over B for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of D over B for a variety of
+different meat sandwiches after class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meat sandwiches after class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meat sandwiches after class
+perhaps okay um okay right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps okay um okay right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps okay um okay right so this is
+pretty much the simplest model that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the simplest model that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the simplest model that you
+can kind of possibly write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of possibly write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of possibly write down that
+captures this basic idea that when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this basic idea that when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures this basic idea that when these
+two species interact right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species interact right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two species interact right we're
+assuming that there's this mass action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's this mass action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that there's this mass action
+kind of rate right that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rate right that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rate right that is just
+proportional to the number the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number the density
+of X and Y right now I think that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y right now I think that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and Y right now I think that in the
+context of chemical reactions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of chemical reactions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of chemical reactions this is
+going to be true over a huge range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true over a huge range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be true over a huge range of
+densities and kind of and perhaps almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and kind of and perhaps almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities and kind of and perhaps almost
+even rigorously true if they just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rigorously true if they just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even rigorously true if they just kind
+of are just single um you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are just single um you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are just single um you know there
+there's just just some X and Y have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just just some X and Y have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just just some X and Y have to
+bounce into each other and some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce into each other and some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce into each other and some rate
+they do something right whereas I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something right whereas I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something right whereas I think
+that in the context of predator and prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of predator and prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the context of predator and prey
+this is on much less firm you know kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on much less firm you know kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on much less firm you know kind
+of footing that's that's okay it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of footing that's that's okay it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of footing that's that's okay it's at
+least the simplest thing we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the simplest thing we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the simplest thing we can write
+down and of course then we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and of course then we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and of course then we'll have to
+ask how is it that the conclusions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how is it that the conclusions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how is it that the conclusions of
+the model might vary depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model might vary depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model might vary depending on the
+assumptions that go in here right uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that go in here right uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that go in here right uh one
+uh one thing that we've spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing that we've spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing that we've spent a lot of
+time in this class doing is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this class doing is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in this class doing is trying to
+look at a set of equations and in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a set of equations and in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a set of equations and in words
+be able to extract what the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract what the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract what the assumptions
+um were that kind of went into writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were that kind of went into writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um were that kind of went into writing
+the equation right uh and associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation right uh and associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation right uh and associated
+with that you can think about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you can think about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you can think about all these
+things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the
+non-dimensionalized versions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized versions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized versions of these
+equations you'll often see the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you'll often see the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you'll often see the Predator
+prey models written in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey models written in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey models written in some
+non-dimensionalized version where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized version where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized version where for
+example you um you get rid of the A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you um you get rid of the A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you um you get rid of the A and
+maybe the C uh I think that in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the C uh I think that in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the C uh I think that in many
+cases I prefer to just leave these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I prefer to just leave these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I prefer to just leave these terms
+in here because that way we uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because that way we uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because that way we uh we can
+kind of immediately see what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately see what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately see what happens if
+we go hun or if we do this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go hun or if we do this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go hun or if we do this or that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um okay can can can we uh try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay can can can we uh try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay can can can we uh try to figure
+out what there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what there are
+four assumptions at least that have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four assumptions at least that have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four assumptions at least that have gone
+into this that are relevant and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this that are relevant and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this that are relevant and are
+worth saying all right can can you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth saying all right can can you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth saying all right can can you guys
+help me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay right okay so it's well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay right okay so it's well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay right okay so it's well mixed
+all right so and there's two aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and there's two aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and there's two aspects
+that we might uh all right so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might uh all right so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might uh all right so one thing
+that it is certainly worth saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is certainly worth saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is certainly worth saying that
+it is well mixed and and but associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well mixed and and but associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is well mixed and and but associated
+with that you're you're you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you're you're you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you're you're you're going to
+say that it's because of x times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's because of x times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's because of x times y
+right yeah I mean I guess that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean I guess that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I mean I guess that's that's
+that's how what I feel you were about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how what I feel you were about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how what I feel you were about to
+say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I
+guess yeah right I guess but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah right I guess but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah right I guess but I think
+that we have to keep these things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to keep these things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to keep these things a
+little bit separated in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit separated in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit separated in the sense that
+uh in in the context of a of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the context of a of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the context of a of chemistry
+those are maybe the same statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are maybe the same statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are maybe the same statements
+right um you know of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you know of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um you know of course we're
+writing these things these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing these things these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing these things these are just
+quantities that are just functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are just functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are just functions of
+time we have not included space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have not included space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we have not included space
+explicitly so in that sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so in that sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so in that sense it's
+definitely a well mixed model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a well mixed model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a well mixed model
+but this just because it is just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just because it is just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this just because it is just because
+we're assuming that it's well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that it's well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that it's well mixed
+we're not keeping track of the uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not keeping track of the uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not keeping track of the uh let
+say the density is a function position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the density is a function position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the density is a function position
+does not mean that that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that that they have to
+interact via This this term right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact via This this term right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact via This this term right and
+for for two you know for two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for two you know for two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for two you know for two molecules
+that are bouncing against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bouncing against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are bouncing against each other
+then then I think that that is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I think that that is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then I think that that is the case
+but I but we have to keep these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I but we have to keep these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I but we have to keep these these
+assumptions separate you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions separate you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions separate you could imagine
+like a colony of bacteria for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a colony of bacteria for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a colony of bacteria for example
+where like like they're all you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like like they're all you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like like they're all you could
+only pre on the outside right yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pre on the outside right yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pre on the outside right yeah I I
+necessary I I guess what I would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I I guess what I would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary I I guess what I would say is
+that if it were not if it were not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it were not if it were not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if it were not if it were not well
+mixed it could still be that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed it could still be that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed it could still be that they
+interact like this and you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact like this and you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact like this and you just keep
+track of the Predator prey density as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the Predator prey density as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the Predator prey density as a
+function of position and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position and they could
+still interact in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interact in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still interact in this way
+possibly right uh and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly right uh and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly right uh and in particular the
+way that we would normally think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we would normally think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we would normally think in the
+context of U of Turing patterns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of U of Turing patterns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of U of Turing patterns right
+what we did is we allowed these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we allowed these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did is we allowed these these
+things to vary as a function of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to vary as a function of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to vary as a function of position
+but then we would have still typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we would have still typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we would have still typically
+written the interaction term is X x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the interaction term is X x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the interaction term is X x y
+okay so I guess I I think that we um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess I I think that we um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess I I think that we um I
+it is true that we're modeling this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that we're modeling this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is true that we're modeling this as a
+well- mixed population but it's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- mixed population but it's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- mixed population but it's I think
+that's independent of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's independent of of this
+statement right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right
+you agree or disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree or disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree or disagree
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's yeah okay so what I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah okay so what I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah okay so what I would say
+is well certainly in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well certainly in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well certainly in the context of
+predators and prey it could be that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and prey it could be that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators and prey it could be that if
+the prey is full then it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey is full then it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey is full then it then
+it it's not going to be so simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not going to be so simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not going to be so simple and
+the sense is that it could be I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense is that it could be I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense is that it could be I guess it
+could be more complicated than that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more complicated than that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more complicated than that is
+all uh but uh my my statement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh but uh my my statement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh but uh my my statement the
+interaction term would not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term would not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term would not necessarily
+be just a function of X Y that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just a function of X Y that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just a function of X Y that's right
+it could I guess the the it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could I guess the the it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could I guess the the it could be
+more complicated than that and and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than that and and again
+the other thing is that even if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that even if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is that even if it were
+not well you know in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well you know in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well you know in the context of
+these of reaction diffusion models right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of reaction diffusion models right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these of reaction diffusion models right
+we would typically say that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would typically say that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would typically say that the rate
+these two things hit each other is X x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things hit each other is X x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things hit each other is X x y
+but they're each a function of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're each a function of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're each a function of position
+right so it's not that there's it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not that there's it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not that there's it can
+either be well mixed or not and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be well mixed or not and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be well mixed or not and it can
+either be this or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be this or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be this or not I
+guess but it's not quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but it's not quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but it's not quite the same
+variable because in that case it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because in that case it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because in that case it would
+be the density I I agree I although here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the density I I agree I although here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the density I I agree I although here
+it's not obvious whether we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious whether we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious whether we're talking
+about number or density frankly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number or density frankly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about number or density frankly right
+and you know we we often talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we we often talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we we often talk about this
+as if it's the number of Predator number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's the number of Predator number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if it's the number of Predator number
+of prey but then that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prey but then that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prey but then that's a little bit
+inconsistent with this and that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with this and that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with this and that if you
+were because this should really be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were because this should really be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were because this should really be if
+you're thinking about these terms being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about these terms being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about these terms being
+the product then it's uh it really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product then it's uh it really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product then it's uh it really be
+the density right and if if if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density right and if if if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density right and if if if you're if
+you're looking at the population size in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the population size in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the population size in
+some fixed area or volume then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed area or volume then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed area or volume then it
+doesn't matter be but but even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter be but but even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter be but but even in the
+context of Predator pre I'd say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Predator pre I'd say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of Predator pre I'd say that
+it's it the way in which this would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it the way in which this would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it the way in which this would make
+sense is is via densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does does this discussion make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does does this discussion make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does does this discussion make
+sense maybe and okay okay right we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe and okay okay right we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense maybe and okay okay right we are
+assuming it's well mixed because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's well mixed because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's well mixed because we have
+not we're not thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not thinking about these
+things as a function of position okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a function of position okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a function of position okay
+but I would say that that we cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say that that we cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say that that we cannot get
+that from this from just the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from this from just the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from this from just the this
+interaction term okay we are assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term okay we are assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term okay we are assuming
+it's well mix though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well mix though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well mix though
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh other things that we've assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here something along the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something along the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something along the lines of
+doesn't need the Predator to exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need the Predator to exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need the Predator to exist right
+the prey does not need the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey does not need the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey does not need the Predator
+right um and in particular what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and in particular what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and in particular what happens
+to the prey in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the prey in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the prey in the absence of
+Predator yeah so the prey grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentially um okay without Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um okay without Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially um okay without Predator
+um the other thing that is perhaps worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing that is perhaps worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing that is perhaps worth
+mentioning in all this though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in all this though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning in all this though is that
+this is uh this is a a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is a a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is a a deterministic
+description of the world right so a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the world right so a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the world right so a here
+is telling us about the the normal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us about the the normal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us about the the normal way
+that we would interpret a is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would interpret a is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would interpret a is it's the
+it's the rate of say division of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rate of say division of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the rate of say division of the
+cells or the rate of uh new deer being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or the rate of uh new deer being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells or the rate of uh new deer being
+born or whatnot right uh but of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born or whatnot right uh but of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born or whatnot right uh but of course a
+could actually be the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be the difference between
+this growth rate and a death rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate and a death rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate and a death rate right
+so just because we don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because we don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because we don't have an
+explicit death rate doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit death rate doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit death rate doesn't mean that
+there's no no death right so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no no death right so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no no death right so I think you
+you can't um you can't actually say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't um you can't actually say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't um you can't actually say that
+the the prey a does not die in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prey a does not die in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prey a does not die in the
+absence of the Predator what you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the Predator what you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the Predator what you can say
+is that is that the prey population will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that the prey population will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is that the prey population will
+we're assuming that a is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that a is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that a is greater than
+zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+so right so what you can say is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so what you can say is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so what you can say is that the
+prey population grows exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population grows exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population grows exponentially
+without the Predator at rate a but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the Predator at rate a but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the Predator at rate a but this
+is really in principle the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really in principle the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really in principle the difference
+between the kind of growth rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kind of growth rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kind of growth rate and the
+death rate of the prey in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of the prey in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of the prey in the absence of
+the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator
+right and in the in the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the in the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in the in the context of a
+differential equation this doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation this doesn't make
+any difference but if we were to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference but if we were to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference but if we were to go and
+do like a master equation type formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a master equation type formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like a master equation type formalism
+would this make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this make a
+difference yeah right so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah right so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference yeah right so this is this is
+the whole thing about uh the F the fuer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing about uh the F the fuer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing about uh the F the fuer
+plon approach and you can get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plon approach and you can get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plon approach and you can get different
+uh you can get different variances at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get different variances at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can get different variances at
+equilibrium depending on whether you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium depending on whether you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium depending on whether you the
+rate of Ford back reactions and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of Ford back reactions and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of Ford back reactions and so forth
+does that sound familiar to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound familiar to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that sound familiar to you
+guys yeah okay all right what else does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys yeah okay all right what else does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys yeah okay all right what else does
+this model tell us or what what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model tell us or what what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model tell us or what what else
+have we assumed in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Predator dies exp right so the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator dies exp right so the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator dies exp right so the Predator
+dies exponentially when right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies exponentially when right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies exponentially when right so the
+Predator dies exponentially with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator dies exponentially with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator dies exponentially with uh
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prey okay right so it's a nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey okay right so it's a nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey okay right so it's a nice simple
+assumption other things that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption other things that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption other things that you might
+like to point out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay right so there is a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay right so there is a sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay right so there is a sense that
+it's just it's just x x y so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just x x y so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just x x y so the most
+simple way to think about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about this is that
+it somehow is a single Predator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow is a single Predator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow is a single Predator is
+eating a single prey there's maybe no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a single prey there's maybe no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a single prey there's maybe no
+group hunting type Behavior right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group hunting type Behavior right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group hunting type Behavior right so if
+we wanted to try to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to try to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to try to understand how
+wolves bring down uh how a pack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves bring down uh how a pack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves bring down uh how a pack of
+wolves can bring down a buffalo or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves can bring down a buffalo or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves can bring down a buffalo or so
+then you might not want to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might not want to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might not want to use this
+equation right uh and yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right uh and yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right uh and yeah so this is
+that the the rate of um the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rate of um the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the rate of um the rate of
+predation is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predation is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predation is proportional
+um so we'll say go goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll say go goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll say go goes
+as um x * y right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um x * y right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um x * y right and
+that that go that that that embodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that go that that that embodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that go that that that embodies
+many different kinds of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different kinds of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different kinds of assumptions
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are four Fine Things any all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are four Fine Things any all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are four Fine Things any all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay right so now this this is since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so now this this is since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so now this this is since
+it's such a simple model we can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a simple model we can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a simple model we can go ahead
+and we can just solve it right uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just solve it right uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just solve it right uh we
+there how many uh how many fixed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many uh how many fixed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how many uh how many fixed points
+are there going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay all right it's always good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay all right it's always good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay all right it's always good to
+remember these things all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these things all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these things all right so what
+we can think about this is X this is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this is X this is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this is X this is y
+all right there's indeed going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's indeed going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's indeed going to be a
+fixed Point somewhere in here but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Point somewhere in here but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Point somewhere in here but then
+the other one is going to be at 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is going to be at 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is going to be at 0 0
+right because there's the top equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's the top equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's the top equation
+has X's everywhere bottom equation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has X's everywhere bottom equation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has X's everywhere bottom equation has
+y's everywhere so indeed there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's everywhere so indeed there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's everywhere so indeed there's going
+to be one fixed point at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so-called the the trivial fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so-called the the trivial fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so-called the the trivial fix
+Point uh is this going to be a is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh is this going to be a is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point uh is this going to be a is this a
+stable or is this an unstable fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or is this an unstable fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or is this an unstable fixed
+Point all right let's think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right let's think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right let's think about this
+for a moment and then we'll vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and then we'll vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment and then we'll vote
+verbally all right stable or unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally all right stable or unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally all right stable or unstable
+okay ready three two one unable all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready three two one unable all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready three two one unable all
+right so I think there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I think there were some
+disagreements there probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreements there probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreements there probably is
+that it was a little hard to tell from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a little hard to tell from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a little hard to tell from
+from the verbal right and one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verbal right and one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the verbal right and one way that
+we can think about this is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this is that we can
+ask well the predator in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well the predator in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask well the predator in the absence of
+the prey what happens to it right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey what happens to it right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey what happens to it right so it
+kind of comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comes down
+here so this is looking along this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is looking along this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is looking along this axis
+it's stable okay however in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable okay however in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stable okay however in the absence
+of Predator if you think about the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Predator if you think about the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Predator if you think about the prey
+that that that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grow okay so this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay so this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow okay so this is actually an
+unstable fix Point okay it's stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable fix Point okay it's stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable fix Point okay it's stable
+along one axis and unstable along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along one axis and unstable along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along one axis and unstable along the
+other okay incidentally what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay incidentally what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay incidentally what does this
+tell us about the uh the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about the uh the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about the uh the igen
+vectors around this fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point that's right the igen vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point that's right the igen vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point that's right the igen vectors are
+really just 0 one one zero right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just 0 one one zero right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just 0 one one zero right because
+you can see that if you start along one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you start along one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you start along one
+of these you come straight down start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you come straight down start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you come straight down start
+along the other one you come straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the other one you come straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the other one you come straight
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right and yeah and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and yeah and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right and yeah and the other
+one we can just see by uh well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can just see by uh well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can just see by uh well we can
+solve it directly and just we can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it directly and just we can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it directly and just we can pull
+out an X it's when a minus b y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an X it's when a minus b y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an X it's when a minus b y is equal
+to Zer and also when minus C + DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zer and also when minus C + DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zer and also when minus C + DX is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Z right okay so the other the other fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right okay so the other the other fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z right okay so the other the other fix
+point this x star y star and the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this x star y star and the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this x star y star and the this is
+maybe the important one it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just C over
+d and a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay super simple model right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay super simple model right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay super simple model right you can
+calculate where the fix points are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where the fix points are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where the fix points are kind
+of immediately uh but it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately uh but it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately uh but it's actually a
+model that has many kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has many kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has many kind of weird
+properties uh some of which you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh some of which you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh some of which you might
+think of as uh as featur some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as uh as featur some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as uh as featur some of which
+you might think of as bugs but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as bugs but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as bugs but uh in
+particular the location of this fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the location of this fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the location of this fixed
+point I think is uh is really is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think is uh is really is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think is uh is really is really
+sort of surprising okay and in that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surprising okay and in that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of surprising okay and in that its
+dependence on these this ABCD and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on these this ABCD and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on these this ABCD and this
+is part of why I really think that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of why I really think that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of why I really think that when
+analyzing this model I very much prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this model I very much prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing this model I very much prefer
+to keep the A's b c's D's rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the A's b c's D's rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the A's b c's D's rather than
+using the non-dimensionalized version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the non-dimensionalized version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the non-dimensionalized version of
+it because when you do that you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when you do that you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because when you do that you lose
+track of um of what's going on right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of um of what's going on right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of um of what's going on right so
+this uh this model for example makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this model for example makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this model for example makes
+very clear predictions of what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear predictions of what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear predictions of what should
+happen if you uh if you hunt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you uh if you hunt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you uh if you hunt the
+Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so there are various contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there are various contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so there are various contexts
+in which uh Wildlife managers have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh Wildlife managers have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which uh Wildlife managers have have
+been interested in trying to uh help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in trying to uh help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in trying to uh help a
+prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey
+population okay so if a prey population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so if a prey population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so if a prey population
+is suffering in some way then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suffering in some way then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suffering in some way then you can
+reasonably think all right what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably think all right what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably think all right what what you
+would want what you should want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want what you should want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want what you should want to do is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is is killed the Predator okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is killed the Predator okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is killed the Predator okay this is
+all these debates where you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these debates where you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these debates where you have the
+wildlife managers where they they buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife managers where they they buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildlife managers where they they buy
+you know kind of automatic rifles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of automatic rifles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of automatic rifles in
+order to shoot wolves from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to shoot wolves from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to shoot wolves from from
+helicopters right we have we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters right we have we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters right we have we have a a
+Canadian in the room right I mean wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian in the room right I mean wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian in the room right I mean wasn't
+this a Canadian uh proposal American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a Canadian uh proposal American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a Canadian uh proposal American
+okay right well we we'll have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right well we we'll have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right well we we'll have to do some
+more research to figure out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research to figure out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research to figure out uh
+exactly um okay right um so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um okay right um so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um okay right um so the question
+is well what happens in this at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what happens in this at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what happens in this at least in
+this model and and people apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and and people apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model and and people apparently
+have seen this sort of thing occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this sort of thing occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this sort of thing occurring
+in natural populations as well right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural populations as well right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural populations as well right if
+you if you hunt the Predator by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you hunt the Predator by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you hunt the Predator by you know
+going out and shooting them right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out and shooting them right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out and shooting them right what
+does this do to the predator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do to the predator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this do to the predator and the
+prey populations okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular we can think about X star y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we can think about X star y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we can think about X star y
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh maybe this am I bad am I confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about oh maybe I am maybe this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh maybe I am maybe this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about oh maybe I am maybe this is the
+example that I'm confused by all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'm confused by all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I'm confused by all right
+well we'll we'll figure we have to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll we'll figure we have to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll we'll figure we have to we
+have to complete it now that I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to complete it now that I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to complete it now that I started
+it but I now that now I might have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I now that now I might have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I now that now I might have gone
+backwards all right well we'll um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards all right well we'll um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards all right well we'll um we'll
+see what happens and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens and then and then
+discuss all right ready three oh wait no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss all right ready three oh wait no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss all right ready three oh wait no
+but I okay I I don't have enough options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I okay I I don't have enough options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I okay I I don't have enough options
+though okay sorry we should we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay sorry we should we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay sorry we should we should do
+one than the other uh what because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than the other uh what because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than the other uh what because
+sometimes things don't change right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things don't change right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes things don't change right so
+how do we how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay sorry okay we should just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay sorry okay we should just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay sorry okay we should just do
+one than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one than the other
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all
+right right no change this is down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay there's going to be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay there's going to be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay there's going to be a problem
+Rel to my just discuss okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to my just discuss okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel to my just discuss okay but
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um all right let let's just first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let let's just first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let let's just first let's
+first do the let's first do Yar because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first do the let's first do Yar because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first do the let's first do Yar because
+there that's the the most direct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the the most direct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's the the most direct one
+okay sorry I think that my story I I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry I think that my story I I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry I think that my story I I got
+backwards though but we we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards though but we we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards though but we we'll figure
+this out okay ready uh okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out okay ready uh okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out okay ready uh okay so the
+question is there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there's a there's a
+population that you want to um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that you want to um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that you want to um all right
+now I'm going to redo my story to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to redo my story to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to redo my story to make
+it all right but all right so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but all right so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right but all right so there's a
+population you want to uh you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you want to uh you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you want to uh you want to
+keep in check somehow right so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in check somehow right so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in check somehow right so you might
+reasonably go out and shoot it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably go out and shoot it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably go out and shoot it right
+right so the question is if you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is if you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is if you go out
+and you do this on the Predator you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this on the Predator you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this on the Predator you know
+at least in this model you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this model you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this model you know what
+happens okay right ready three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay right ready three two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay right ready three two one
+right okay so at least we although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so at least we although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so at least we although we
+actually have a fair number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a fair number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a fair number of
+disagreements on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um okay yeah so we're we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay yeah so we're we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um okay yeah so we're we're actually
+kind of 50-50 at this stage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of 50-50 at this stage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of 50-50 at this stage okay
+uh what is it that if you if you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it that if you if you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it that if you if you go out
+and you from you know the helicopter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you from you know the helicopter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you from you know the helicopter we
+start shooting this animal all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start shooting this animal all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start shooting this animal all right
+what does that do from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that do from the standpoint of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+model right so we're we're shooting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so we're we're shooting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so we're we're shooting the
+Predator right so which what a b c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator right so which what a b c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator right so which what a b c d
+what do you think that what what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that what what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think that what what should
+it change C and does c go up or go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change C and does c go up or go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it change C and does c go up or go down
+C goes up okay well and we can look how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C goes up okay well and we can look how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C goes up okay well and we can look how
+how does that affect y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right you know I mean I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you know I mean I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right you know I mean I'm thinking
+you know daily helicopter rides where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know daily helicopter rides where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know daily helicopter rides where
+and you know you you you shoot wolves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you you you shoot wolves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you you you shoot wolves as
+you see them this is Canada this Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them this is Canada this Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them this is Canada this Canada
+this is Canada yeah those Canadians you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Canada yeah those Canadians you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Canada yeah those Canadians you
+know so effectively you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so effectively you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so effectively you're changing the
+death rate of that's what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of that's what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate of that's what you're saying
+well okay so that's my claim of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that's my claim of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so that's my claim of course
+all of these things can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things can be more
+complicated than yeah but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than yeah but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than yeah but it it
+certainly is change in the death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is change in the death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is change in the death rate
+when you go and shoot them right uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and shoot them right uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go and shoot them right uh so I
+guess I would say in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would say in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would say in the context of this
+model that's the simplest way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the simplest way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's the simplest way to think
+about it uh and yeah right so all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh and yeah right so all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh and yeah right so all right
+so the statement is that if you if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement is that if you if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement is that if you if if
+you hunt this Predator right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hunt this Predator right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hunt this Predator right so you're
+increasing the death rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the death rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the death rate for the
+Predator you're increasing C hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator you're increasing C hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator you're increasing C hunting
+Predator this this causes C to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator this this causes C to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator this this causes C to go up
+right and the Striking thing is that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the Striking thing is that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the Striking thing is that y
+star does not change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I I believe you I think it's funny you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I believe you I think it's funny you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I believe you I think it's funny you
+believe me okay I'm glad okay one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me okay I'm glad okay one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me okay I'm glad okay one thing
+is believing me in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is believing me in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is believing me in the context of this
+model another thing is asking whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model another thing is asking whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model another thing is asking whether
+this is happening in real life but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening in real life but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is happening in real life but I
+think people have seen such weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have seen such weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people have seen such weird
+phenomena in the context when they but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in the context when they but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in the context when they but
+then of course it's a matter of is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it's a matter of is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it's a matter of is this
+a is this a dominant source of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is this a dominant source of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is this a dominant source of what's
+going you know I mean like like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know I mean like like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know I mean like like many
+many things right um but certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things right um but certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things right um but certainly in
+this model there's this weird phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model there's this weird phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model there's this weird phenomenon
+where the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the death
+rate of the Predator does not alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the Predator does not alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the Predator does not alter
+the this Yar okay we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Yar okay we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this Yar okay we have to figure out
+what the Yar means here in a moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Yar means here in a moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Yar means here in a moment but
+um yeah right whereas what you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right whereas what you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right whereas what you know what
+is the effect on the uh on this fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect on the uh on this fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the effect on the uh on this fixed
+Point number concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number concentration of the
+prey it it goes up okay so right so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey it it goes up okay so right so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey it it goes up okay so right so my
+my original story I think I was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original story I think I was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original story I think I was getting
+confused right so so in at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused right so so in at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused right so so in at least in this
+model there's a sense that if you hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a sense that if you hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a sense that if you hunt
+the Predator right it's true that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator right it's true that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Predator right it's true that you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+bring down the steady state or the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the steady state or the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down the steady state or the time
+averaged we'll see time averaged number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged we'll see time averaged number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged we'll see time averaged number
+of the Predator population um but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Predator population um but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Predator population um but you do
+increase the uh the prey population okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the uh the prey population okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the uh the prey population okay
+so in this case you can help the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can help the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case you can help the prey
+but you don't bring down the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't bring down the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't bring down the Predator
+right all right now I want I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right now I want I want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right now I want I want to uh
+say something more about justifying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something more about justifying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something more about justifying this
+thing about why we might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about why we might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about why we might care about
+xstar and Y star so much okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and Y star so much okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar and Y star so much okay so this
+thing is xstar y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star well maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes this is very temporary Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when that's right uh when you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's right uh when you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's right uh when you stop
+shooting C goes back back to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting C goes back back to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting C goes back back to its
+original model or original value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model or original value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model or original value and
+then the the prey population will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the prey population will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the prey population will come
+back down right so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down right so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down right so this is something
+that you have to continue to do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to continue to do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to continue to do right
+um all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right um
+okay yes uh what do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say if you uh if you go ahead and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you uh if you go ahead and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you uh if you go ahead and you
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+the the if we linearize around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if we linearize around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the if we linearize around this
+fixed point xstar Y Star right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point xstar Y Star right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point xstar Y Star right that's
+our standard thing that we did early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard thing that we did early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard thing that we did early on
+in the semester what what you find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester what what you find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester what what you find is
+that uh this Jacobian um this Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this Jacobian um this Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this Jacobian um this Matrix a
+The linearized Matrix you get is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The linearized Matrix you get is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The linearized Matrix you get is all
+right well we come here we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we come here we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we come here we take the
+derivative with respect to X so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to X so we get a
+minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b
+y all right derivative of this guy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right derivative of this guy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right derivative of this guy up
+top with respect to Y and we get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BX and derivative of the this G function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX and derivative of the this G function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX and derivative of the this G function
+respect to X we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X we get
+Dy now respect to Y we have a minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy now respect to Y we have a minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy now respect to Y we have a minus C
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+DX okay now we want to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay now we want to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay now we want to evaluate this
+around round that fixed point at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around round that fixed point at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around round that fixed point at X
+star y star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star y star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star y star
+okay which is given here right we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is given here right we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is given here right we plug
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+in okay so evaluate y star It's A over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so evaluate y star It's A over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so evaluate y star It's A over
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero evaluate
+xstar this is just minus BC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D now y are this is a d over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and here we again get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here we again get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and here we again get
+zero all right so this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so this is telling us
+about uh the linearized Dynamics around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the linearized Dynamics around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the linearized Dynamics around
+the fixed point xar Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point xar Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point xar Y
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+okay right now for this sort of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now for this sort of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now for this sort of Matrix
+what are the uh what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values is yeah well the igen the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is yeah well the igen the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is yeah well the igen the it's
+not that the I values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the I values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the I values are
+zero it's a slightly different statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what what are the what are the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what are the what are the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what are the what are the a
+values for a matrix like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for a matrix like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for a matrix like
+this what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what's
+that right they're purely purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they're purely purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right they're purely purely
+imaginary right so the real part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary right so the real part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary right so the real part is
+equal to zero right so indeed we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so indeed we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right so indeed we can
+figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+this because remember to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because remember to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because remember to figure out what
+the I values are you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values are you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I values are you take the
+determinant of this Vector a minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this Vector a minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this Vector a minus this
+Lambda times the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda times the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda times the identity
+Matrix all right so we end up with we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all right so we end up with we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all right so we end up with we
+want to take the determinant of we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the determinant of we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the determinant of we have
+say a minus Lambda a minus Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a minus Lambda a minus Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a minus Lambda a minus Lambda and
+then minus BC over D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus BC over D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus BC over D minus
+BC a d over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay
+this is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar and then this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and then this is a
+plus we have b c over d a d over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B right all right so we end up that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right all right so we end up that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right all right so we end up that the
+igen values are equal to this plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are equal to this plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are equal to this plusus
+Square < TK of a * c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of a * c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of a * c
+i okay so they're purely imaginary I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values right and what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again what can you say when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what can you say when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what can you say when you when you
+do this sort of analysis and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this sort of analysis and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this sort of analysis and you get
+purely imaginary ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values right so the the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right so the the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right so the the statement is
+that okay and we have to be careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and we have to be careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and we have to be careful in
+all of this business so what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this business so what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this business so what we've done
+is we've taken a set of nonlinear a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've taken a set of nonlinear a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've taken a set of nonlinear a pair
+of nonlinear differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear differential equations
+we've done the linear stability analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the linear stability analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the linear stability analysis
+and we get purely imaginary okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get purely imaginary okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get purely imaginary okay so one
+thing that you can say is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can say is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can say is that if you
+started with a linear system and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a linear system and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a linear system and you got
+you got purely imaginary igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got purely imaginary igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got purely imaginary igen values
+that would tell you that indeed you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell you that indeed you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell you that indeed you have
+these neutrally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neutrally stable
+orbits that they go around that can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits that they go around that can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits that they go around that can you
+know have a variety of different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a variety of different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have a variety of different shapes
+okay um but it given that the order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but it given that the order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but it given that the order that
+we did things in is that we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did things in is that we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did things in is that we took a
+nonlinear system and we linearized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system and we linearized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear system and we linearized and
+then got this um what does that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got this um what does that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got this um what does that allow
+you to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that prove that you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that prove that you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that prove that you actually have
+these linear these these these neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linear these these these neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these linear these these these neutrally
+stable yeah so it actually um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable yeah so it actually um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable yeah so it actually um because
+this is one of those border cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those border cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those border cases it
+unfortunately does not actually allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately does not actually allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately does not actually allow
+you to say that you have neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to say that you have neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to say that you have neutrally
+stable orbits because it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbits because it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbits because it turns out that
+the the slight nonlinearities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slight nonlinearities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the slight nonlinearities in the
+equations could cause problems and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations could cause problems and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations could cause problems and and
+cause it to go either to a stable limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it to go either to a stable limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it to go either to a stable limit
+cycle or to a stable spiral okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or to a stable spiral okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle or to a stable spiral okay the
+confusing thing is that in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing is that in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing is that in this case it
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+orbits okay but that did not have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits okay but that did not have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits okay but that did not have to be
+true and and um you guys will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and and um you guys will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and and um you guys will get the
+chance to to do this proof and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to do this proof and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to do this proof and so forth
+uh because there there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there there are there are
+some conserved quantities and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conserved quantities and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conserved quantities and that you
+know so of course people have analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so of course people have analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so of course people have analyzed
+this thing in more depth and so and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in more depth and so and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in more depth and so and it
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you have neutrally stable
+orbits but what's very hard to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits but what's very hard to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits but what's very hard to remember
+is that that didn't have to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that didn't have to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that didn't have to be the case
+just based on what what we've said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on what what we've said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on what what we've said so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well coincidence I you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well coincidence I you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well coincidence I you know I I
+guess what I'm saying is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I'm saying is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what I'm saying is that you can
+prove that this thing does have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this thing does have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this thing does have these
+neutrally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrally stable
+orbits right but but we have not yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits right but but we have not yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits right but but we have not yet we
+have not proven that and we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not proven that and we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not proven that and we're not going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay all right do these orbits do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right do these orbits do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right do these orbits do they
+go around clockwise or counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around clockwise or counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around clockwise or counterclockwise
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one counterclockwise right and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one counterclockwise right and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one counterclockwise right and and you
+can get at that from you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get at that from you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get at that from you know thinking
+about what predator PR should do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what predator PR should do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what predator PR should do but
+also I've already drawn some arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I've already drawn some arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I've already drawn some arrows here
+on and that that kind of helps provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that that kind of helps provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that that kind of helps provide
+some guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guidance
+okay okay so they they kind of come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so they they kind of come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so they they kind of come
+around like this now is this the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this now is this the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this now is this the only
+orbit that I should be drawing here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit that I should be drawing here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit that I should be drawing here no
+right because it turns out that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it turns out that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it turns out that in this
+case there are an infinitely large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there are an infinitely large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there are an infinitely large
+number of orbits that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of orbits that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of orbits that could
+possibly come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah okay well I mean in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay well I mean in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay well I mean in the context
+of our simulations so you could just Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our simulations so you could just Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our simulations so you could just Sim
+the simplest thing that you guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing that you guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest thing that you guys would
+probably do is you would simulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do is you would simulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do is you would simulate and
+see that it comes around uh but yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it comes around uh but yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it comes around uh but yeah you
+can um there I think even in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um there I think even in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um there I think even in the reading
+did did they prove it and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did they prove it and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did they prove it and different
+authors in different books either prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors in different books either prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors in different books either prove
+it or don't and there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or don't and there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or don't and there are a number of
+different uh yeah so you'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh yeah so you'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh yeah so you'll see in the
+problem there you can find that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there you can find that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there you can find that there is
+um there is a a quantity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a a quantity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a a quantity that is
+conserved along the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved along the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved along the equations of
+motion right and that and that's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and that and that's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and that and that's telling
+you that uh and but it's the quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that uh and but it's the quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that uh and but it's the quantity is
+different for each of these orbits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each of these orbits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for each of these orbits right
+so it's really saying that as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really saying that as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really saying that as you go
+there's some quantity that's conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some quantity that's conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some quantity that's conserved
+and then it's still is the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's still is the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's still is the same value
+when you get you know when you go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get you know when you go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get you know when you go around
+and so that means you had to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means you had to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means you had to kind of
+come back to where you were right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to where you were right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to where you were right so
+there so there is some there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there is some there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there is some there is a
+conserved quanti but you have to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved quanti but you have to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved quanti but you have to yeah
+you you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'll see
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right now the these neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now the these neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now the these neutrally
+stable orbits are a little are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbits are a little are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable orbits are a little are kind of
+funny in several ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay well first of all the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay well first of all the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay well first of all the value the
+uh this igen value tells you about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this igen value tells you about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this igen value tells you about kind
+of the period of the orbits when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period of the orbits when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the period of the orbits when you're
+close to the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the fixed
+Point okay and you can see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and you can see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and you can see that it
+doesn't depend on everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on everything in the
+model it depends on a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it depends on a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it depends on a and
+C okay does that kind of make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe yeah sort of right because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah sort of right because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah sort of right because a is
+telling us about how rapidly we grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about how rapidly we grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us about how rapidly we grow up
+here C is talking about how rapidly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C is talking about how rapidly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here C is talking about how rapidly we
+die over here so you know it's it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die over here so you know it's it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die over here so you know it's it has
+something that at least has units of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at least has units of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that at least has units of you
+know one over time or right uh but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one over time or right uh but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one over time or right uh but at
+the same time I mean it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I mean it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I mean it makes sense that
+A and C should appear here but I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C should appear here but I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C should appear here but I I would
+say or I would submit that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or I would submit that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or I would submit that it's not
+totally obvious that B and D should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious that B and D should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious that B and D should not
+appear at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so the so neutrally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the so neutrally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the so neutrally stable
+orbits right there there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits right there there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits right there there's no
+characteristic uh amplitude to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh amplitude to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh amplitude to the
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um nor nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period And this is at least true far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And this is at least true far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And this is at least true far
+from far from the fix point because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from far from the fix point because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from far from the fix point because this
+tells you about maybe these orbits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about maybe these orbits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about maybe these orbits but
+then it doesn't tell you about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't tell you about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't tell you about what
+happens far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens far away
+right okay and this this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and this this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and this this means that
+these are not the kind of oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the kind of oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the kind of oscillations
+that from a mathematical standpoint we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a mathematical standpoint we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from a mathematical standpoint we
+like the most which are limits CES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most which are limits CES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most which are limits CES
+remember and remember a limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and remember a limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and remember a limit cycle
+would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like
+this yeah if it were a limit cycle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah if it were a limit cycle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah if it were a limit cycle it
+would be that there's some orbit that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some orbit that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that there's some orbit that is
+stable in the sense that if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable in the sense that if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable in the sense that if you start
+inside of it then you would approach it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it then you would approach it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it then you would approach it
+over time if you started outside of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time if you started outside of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time if you started outside of it
+then again you would approach it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time right and this this orbit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and this this orbit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and this this orbit then
+would have a characteristic amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a characteristic amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a characteristic amplitude
+and a characteristic period because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a characteristic period because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a characteristic period because it's
+one one orbit right whereas here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one orbit right whereas here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one orbit right whereas here this
+has kind of an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of an infinite number of
+different orbits what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbits what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbits what this means is that
+just any sort of noise demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any sort of noise demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any sort of noise demographic
+fluctuations and so forth would cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and so forth would cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and so forth would cause
+the system to drift over time in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to drift over time in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system to drift over time in terms
+of this amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this amplitude and
+period okay so it's true that if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay so it's true that if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period okay so it's true that if you got
+it started in the absence of any noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started in the absence of any noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started in the absence of any noise
+it would keep on doing that oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would keep on doing that oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would keep on doing that oscillation
+forever with that amplitude but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever with that amplitude but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever with that amplitude but any
+random noise will cause the thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise will cause the thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise will cause the thing to to
+drift okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the other thing that is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing that is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing that is worth
+stressing in this is that if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing in this is that if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressing in this is that if you do a
+Time average of the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time average of the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time average of the Predator
+concentration or the pre concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or the pre concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration or the pre concentration
+so if you um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you um do
+the well whatever I'll just say the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well whatever I'll just say the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well whatever I'll just say the the
+average or the mean um X as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average or the mean um X as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average or the mean um X as a function
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+or Y is a function time is indeed xar y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star but that's also something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but that's also something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star but that's also something that
+you'd have to you have to show if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to you have to show if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to you have to show if you
+not at all obvious from this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all obvious from this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all obvious from this you know
+it's not a surprise that for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a surprise that for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a surprise that for these
+orbits that are around here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits that are around here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits that are around here that the
+time average is indeed xar Yar but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time average is indeed xar Yar but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time average is indeed xar Yar but for
+the for these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for these big
+orbits a priority didn't have to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits a priority didn't have to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits a priority didn't have to be okay
+so this is telling us that the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us that the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us that the analysis
+that we were talking about of oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about of oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about of oh well
+what happens if you do one thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do one thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you do one thing or
+another thing right that's actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing right that's actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing right that's actually uh
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+a reasonable quantity to be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable quantity to be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable quantity to be trying to
+calculate because that is the average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate because that is the average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate because that is the average or
+the mean number of Predator prey in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes it's a very important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's a very important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's a very important question
+in the event of a zombie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the event of a zombie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the event of a zombie
+apocalypse uh what do we have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocalypse uh what do we have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apocalypse uh what do we have to do in
+order to thin thin out the zombie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to thin thin out the zombie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to thin thin out the zombie
+population all right well this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population all right well this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population all right well this may not
+be at equal you know the zombie movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at equal you know the zombie movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at equal you know the zombie movies
+typically are not yet at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are not yet at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically are not yet at equilibrium
+right so the um so right but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the um so right but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the um so right but certainly
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+equilibrium if you want to limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if you want to limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if you want to limit the
+what do you want to do right I'm not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do right I'm not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want to do right I'm not I'm
+not making any this is not a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making any this is not a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making any this is not a formal
+recommendation by the way but uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation by the way but uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation by the way but uh right
+um but if in this model if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if in this model if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if in this model if you want to
+decrease the number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the number of the
+Predator what is it we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well okay so in this model all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay so in this model all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well okay so in this model all
+right if you want to decrease the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want to decrease the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you want to decrease the number
+of the zombies at equilibrium you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zombies at equilibrium you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the zombies at equilibrium you want
+to decrease a is which corresponds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease a is which corresponds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decrease a is which corresponds right
+to to that's right which corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that's right which corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to that's right which corresponds to
+now so a is equal to zero so the birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so a is equal to zero so the birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so a is equal to zero so the birth
+rate isal to the then there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate isal to the then there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate isal to the then there are no
+zombies um yeah there are probably also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies um yeah there are probably also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies um yeah there are probably also
+no people uh the bir is equ so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people uh the bir is equ so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no people uh the bir is equ so you have
+a stable population right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable population right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stable population right so in the
+limit as a goes to zero it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as a goes to zero it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as a goes to zero it's true that
+the number of zombies goes to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zombies goes to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of zombies goes to zero and
+um do you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you just have to
+the um yes well we you know we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um yes well we you know we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um yes well we you know we'll have
+to we'll have to you know this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we'll have to you know this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we'll have to you know this is a a
+good a good situation where it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good situation where it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good situation where it's it's
+important to ask about whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to ask about whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to ask about whether your
+assumptions in the model are good before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in the model are good before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in the model are good before
+you know making public policy based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making public policy based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making public policy based on
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed all right but can we can we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed all right but can we can we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed all right but can we can we go
+back just for a moment before we switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just for a moment before we switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just for a moment before we switch
+gears to ask about this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears to ask about this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears to ask about this question of
+uh why why it was that war might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why why it was that war might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why why it was that war might have
+favored uh the um the these Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored uh the um the these Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored uh the um the these Predator
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+fish right and by favored he what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish right and by favored he what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish right and by favored he what he
+really measured when he measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really measured when he measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really measured when he measured the
+number really the frequency of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really the frequency of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really the frequency of these
+kind of Predator fish fish at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Predator fish fish at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Predator fish fish at at the
+markets right so it's it's somehow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right so it's it's somehow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right so it's it's somehow is
+maybe the the ratio of those two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the ratio of those two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the ratio of those two or
+so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right that's right so it it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right that's right so it it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right that's right so it it could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um yes it could be that the Predators or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes it could be that the Predators or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes it could be that the Predators or
+that the fishermen just uh yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fishermen just uh yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fishermen just uh yeah we
+didn't go you know and right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go you know and right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go you know and right so they
+could have fished in a different region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have fished in a different region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have fished in a different region
+and and that yeah so the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that yeah so the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that yeah so the explanation
+could be something it's not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something it's not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something it's not very well
+controlled it's not a controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled it's not a controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled it's not a controlled
+experiment that's why you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's why you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's why you need to have
+many different Wars in order to average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different Wars in order to average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different Wars in order to average
+over right I mean importance of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right I mean importance of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right I mean importance of large
+data uh okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh okay uh
+that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be a
+great right you know and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right you know and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great right you know and then of course
+yeah and in all this business you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in all this business you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and in all this business you have
+to ask well you know which thing are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask well you know which thing are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask well you know which thing are you
+varying more or less etc etc right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying more or less etc etc right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying more or less etc etc right but
+if let's say that to first order the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say that to first order the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say that to first order the the
+fishermen are going out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen are going out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen are going out there and
+they're just catching all the fish in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just catching all the fish in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just catching all the fish in an
+unbiased fashion but the war is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased fashion but the war is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased fashion but the war is making
+it more difficult to fish so not as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more difficult to fish so not as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more difficult to fish so not as many
+fishermen go out right so then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen go out right so then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishermen go out right so then what do
+that what does that do to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters right so might in increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right so might in increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right so might in increase a
+because the prey are not getting caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prey are not getting caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prey are not getting caught
+as much and it might do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much and it might do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much and it might do something
+actually also to the Predator what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what because the Predator fish are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because the Predator fish are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what because the Predator fish are also
+being caught because they're showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caught because they're showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caught because they're showing up
+at the market right so what so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the market right so what so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the market right so what so what
+should it do to the in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it do to the in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it do to the in terms of this
+model what does it do which other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what does it do which other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what does it do which other
+parameter does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so what's that
+right so okay so let's be clear okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so let's be clear okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so let's be clear okay so
+War makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War makes a
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what what happen what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what what happen what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what what happen what what
+other parameter might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change oh oh I'm sorry I'm sorry right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh oh I'm sorry I'm sorry right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change oh oh I'm sorry I'm sorry right
+so yeah no you're right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah no you're right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah no you're right you're
+right I was I was starting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was I was starting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was I was starting to think
+about the next one um okay so right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next one um okay so right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next one um okay so right so a
+goes up and what what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and what what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and what what else
+happens and C goes down and that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and C goes down and that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and C goes down and that's and
+this is just because a is a growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because a is a growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because a is a growth rate
+C is a death rate so then it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is a death rate so then it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is a death rate so then it's not that
+the the fishermen are preferentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fishermen are preferentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fishermen are preferentially
+changing what they're doing between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what they're doing between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing what they're doing between the
+prey fish and the Predator fish but U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey fish and the Predator fish but U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey fish and the Predator fish but U
+it's just that these are defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that these are defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that these are defined in
+different ways right and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways right and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways right and in particular
+what this means is that in the in times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is that in the in times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means is that in the in times
+of War right vola's argument to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of War right vola's argument to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of War right vola's argument to his
+future son-in-law was that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future son-in-law was that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future son-in-law was that what you
+expect is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the
+Predator population should go up and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator population should go up and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator population should go up and the
+prey population should go down so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population should go down so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey population should go down so the
+ratio of them should certainly shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of them should certainly shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of them should certainly shift in
+favor of the Predator right or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of the Predator right or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor of the Predator right or maybe
+it's just that the fishermen didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the fishermen didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that the fishermen didn't go
+into the re the Deep regions of water or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the re the Deep regions of water or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the re the Deep regions of water or
+something where Predator fish like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Predator fish like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Predator fish like to
+hang out but at Le it's striking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out but at Le it's striking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out but at Le it's striking at
+least that a simple model like this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that a simple model like this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that a simple model like this can
+can actually provide some insight okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any questions about where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right any questions about where we
+are before we modify the model in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way now the the pro the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the the pro the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now the the pro the problem with
+this model is that it's making lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is that it's making lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is that it's making lots of
+assumptions that we very much think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we very much think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we very much think are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+true and I think do we have yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I think do we have yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I think do we have yeah so we
+have a few of the assumptions up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few of the assumptions up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few of the assumptions up there
+uh there there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there there there
+are which ones are you guys least happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which ones are you guys least happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are which ones are you guys least happy
+about among those models or among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumptions yeah the second one the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions yeah the second one the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions yeah the second one the prey
+grows exponentially I.E without bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially I.E without bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows exponentially I.E without bound
+right this is that's not physical right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is that's not physical right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is that's not physical right
+we we should fix that okay so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should fix that okay so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we should fix that okay so let's go
+ahead and do that all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that all right so
+real real prey populations and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real prey populations and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real prey populations and all
+populations populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations populations
+uh saturate right don't don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saturate right don't don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh saturate right don't don't go to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right so we can uh but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so we can uh but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so we can uh but we we
+can just make a quick little fix to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just make a quick little fix to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just make a quick little fix to our
+to our model to capture this right x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our model to capture this right x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our model to capture this right x dot
+so now it's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's going to be this
+ax but what we can do is we can have add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax but what we can do is we can have add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax but what we can do is we can have add
+a a logistic term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a logistic term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a logistic term here
+right and we can leave everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can leave everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can leave everything else
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we just add this logistic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just add this logistic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just add this logistic growth
+turn so now in the absence of a predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn so now in the absence of a predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn so now in the absence of a predator
+what will happen is that the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is that the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is that the prey
+population saturates at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population saturates at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population saturates at some
+point at some value K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at some value K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at some value K
+right and K could be rather large if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and K could be rather large if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and K could be rather large if
+you'd like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like you know
+but right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right
+and I think this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is the kind of
+situation where you say oh well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you say oh well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you say oh well that's
+that could be just a really modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be just a really modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be just a really modest
+change because it's primarily telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because it's primarily telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because it's primarily telling us
+about what happens kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens kind of in the
+absence of the Predator but really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the Predator but really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the Predator but really the
+Predator uh you know the Dynamics around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator uh you know the Dynamics around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator uh you know the Dynamics around
+here could be unchanged right but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be unchanged right but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be unchanged right but what's
+striking is that because of this neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is that because of this neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is that because of this neutral
+stability of the model any little change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the model any little change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the model any little change
+can lead to a qualitative change in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to a qualitative change in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to a qualitative change in in
+the outcome at equilibrium and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome at equilibrium and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome at equilibrium and in
+particular adding a carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular adding a carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular adding a carrying capacity
+causes this the oscillations or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this the oscillations or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes this the oscillations or the the
+the the sustained oscillations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sustained oscillations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sustained oscillations to
+disappear right instead you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear right instead you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear right instead you you get
+damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped
+oscillations all right so in this case X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations all right so in this case X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations all right so in this case X
+Y you still have this fixed point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y you still have this fixed point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y you still have this fixed point but
+what happens is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you
+get the orbits that look kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the orbits that look kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the orbits that look kind
+of kind of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah well okay so that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah well okay so that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah well okay so that depends
+upon par and indeed as as K goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon par and indeed as as K goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon par and indeed as as K goes to
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+you you get the the the the time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get the the the the time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you get the the the the time scale
+of this Decay goes to Infinity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh clean
+scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+um I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean I
+nothing yeah I nothing intelligent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing yeah I nothing intelligent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing yeah I nothing intelligent to
+say i' say but it it what what I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i' say but it it what what I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i' say but it it what what I can say
+is that if you put in a k that is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you put in a k that is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you put in a k that is at
+values that are close to this fix point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are close to this fix point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are close to this fix point
+then it the oscillations really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it the oscillations really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it the oscillations really
+disappear you know it's it's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear you know it's it's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear you know it's it's really only
+as K goes way way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay now I I maybe won't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay now I I maybe won't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay now I I maybe won't do this
+calculation but you can you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but you can you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but you can you can do it
+quickly it's kind of thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's kind of thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly it's kind of thing you can do
+five minutes on an exam or so right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes on an exam or so right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes on an exam or so right um
+but uh then okay then but then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh then okay then but then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh then okay then but then the
+question that you might ask well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you might ask well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that you might ask well what
+can you do in order to get these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do in order to get these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do in order to get these these
+oscillations that we really like these s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that we really like these s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that we really like these s
+these sustained limit cycle oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sustained limit cycle oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sustained limit cycle oscillations
+and um there there there are two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there there there are two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um there there there are two ways
+you can think about this one is by kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this one is by kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about this one is by kind
+of taking this sort of model and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking this sort of model and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking this sort of model and adding
+features and play with it and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and play with it and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and play with it and so forth
+um or you can ask a mathematician who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you can ask a mathematician who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you can ask a mathematician who
+kind of deres everything in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deres everything in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deres everything in you know
+kind of totality and then and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of totality and then and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of totality and then and then you
+can see it um I'll say that one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it um I'll say that one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it um I'll say that one thing
+that you can do in a concrete on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do in a concrete on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do in a concrete on a
+concrete basis to change uh the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete basis to change uh the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete basis to change uh the outcome
+of this is you can add uh something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is you can add uh something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is you can add uh something that
+is kind of like a um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like a um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like a um some
+uh some saturation effect at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some saturation effect at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some saturation effect at the level
+of the interaction between predator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interaction between predator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interaction between predator and
+prey okay so if if there's some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey okay so if if there's some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey okay so if if there's some sense
+that this instead of scaling purely as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this instead of scaling purely as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this instead of scaling purely as x
+x y If instead there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y If instead there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y If instead there's some sort of
+michis mtin type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michis mtin type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michis mtin type
+Behavior right as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior right as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior right as a function of the
+Predator I'm sorry as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator I'm sorry as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator I'm sorry as a function of the
+prey then you can actually then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey then you can actually then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey then you can actually then this
+model is actually converted to one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is actually converted to one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is actually converted to one that
+has U has a stable limit cycle okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has U has a stable limit cycle okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has U has a stable limit cycle okay and
+and in this case can you guys remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case can you guys remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case can you guys remember
+how you would how you show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would how you show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would how you show that
+something has a stable limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's right you can use uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right you can use uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right you can use uh yeah
+there's this PO Bend Dixon theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this PO Bend Dixon theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this PO Bend Dixon theorem which
+tells us that if we can draw some box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if we can draw some box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if we can draw some box
+out here where the trajectories are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here where the trajectories are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here where the trajectories are all
+kind of coming in indeed here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coming in indeed here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coming in indeed here the
+trajectories are kind of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are kind of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories are kind of coming
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+right now in this case and and it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this case and and it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in this case and and it has to
+the trajectories have to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories have to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories have to come in
+everywhere right but this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right but this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere right but this is this is
+typically true in any of these re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically true in any of these re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically true in any of these re
+reasonable systems right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable systems right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable systems right
+because they should if there's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should if there's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they should if there's just not
+that much food they should kind of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much food they should kind of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much food they should kind of be
+coming in right now in this case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in right now in this case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in right now in this case there's
+a single fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single fixed
+point right so then the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so then the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so then the question of
+whether there's a limit cycle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a limit cycle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a limit cycle is
+equivalent to question of the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to question of the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to question of the stability
+of this interior fixed point if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this interior fixed point if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this interior fixed point if it's a
+stable fixed point then all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fixed point then all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fixed point then all of these
+trajectories will spiral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in okay however if it's an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay however if it's an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay however if it's an unstable
+fixed point then you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point then you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point then you have to have a
+limit cycle oscillation somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle oscillation somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle oscillation somewhere in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh right so the question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh right so the question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh right so the question is whether
+there can be a a stable limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a a stable limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a a stable limit cycle
+and uh and two limit Cycles I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and two limit Cycles I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and two limit Cycles I think that
+uh you that requires more fixed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you that requires more fixed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you that requires more fixed points
+all right because if if you have uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because if if you have uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because if if you have uh if
+you had a let's say you had a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a let's say you had a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a let's say you had a limit
+cycle here that this is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle here that this is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle here that this is saying that the
+trajectories come in but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories come in but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories come in but it's also
+saying that the trajectories are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the trajectories are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the trajectories are coming
+out and I think that you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think that you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think that you have to have a
+fixed Point inside here in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Point inside here in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed Point inside here in order to
+have uh in order to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh in order to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh in order to have these
+trajectories going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and way outside all the trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way outside all the trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and way outside all the trajectories
+come in but between the two circles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in but between the two circles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in but between the two circles the
+trajectories go from the Outer Circle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories go from the Outer Circle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories go from the Outer Circle to
+the Inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Circle are are the are the circles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle are are the are the circles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle are are the are the circles in
+circling each other or are they okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling each other or are they okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling each other or are they okay
+okay so here's one Circle here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's one Circle here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's one Circle here's another
+Circle and the trajectories are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and the trajectories are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and the trajectories are coming
+into this one and and what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this one and and what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this one and and what are they
+doing each of Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing each of Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing each of Li
+sem yeah all right all right so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sem yeah all right all right so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sem yeah all right all right so okay so
+you're talking about these limit Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about these limit Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about these limit Cycles
+where the the trajectories come in come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the trajectories come in come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the trajectories come in come
+to it from one side but then leave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it from one side but then leave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it from one side but then leave from
+the other so right uh yeah so uh What uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so right uh yeah so uh What uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so right uh yeah so uh What uh
+I'd have to think about this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to think about this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to think about this more
+everything that I'm talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I'm talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I'm talking about are
+are the the limit cycles that are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the limit cycles that are stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the limit cycles that are stable
+from both sides though um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides though um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both sides though um and I think
+that in the presence of any amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the presence of any amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the presence of any amount of
+noise those are the only ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise those are the only ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise those are the only ones that we
+care about right because the if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about right because the if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about right because the if if the
+Lim you know because you can write these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lim you know because you can write these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lim you know because you can write these
+models where where you have orbits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where where you have orbits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models where where you have orbits that
+are stable from one side but not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stable from one side but not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stable from one side but not from
+the other but then uh they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but then uh they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other but then uh they don't
+matter from any in any real system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter from any in any real system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter from any in any real system that
+is subject to noise because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to noise because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to noise because it's not
+it's not a stable orbit in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a stable orbit in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a stable orbit in that case
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then oh okay now this is all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh okay now this is all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh okay now this is all right so
+okay so I've I've okay so it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've I've okay so it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've I've okay so it could go
+like this okay so you're saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so you're saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so you're saying this
+outer orbit is now stable from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer orbit is now stable from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer orbit is now stable from both
+sides and then this one is unstable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and then this one is unstable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and then this one is unstable from
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and um oh okay now you're saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um oh okay now you're saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um oh okay now you're saying this is
+this thing is unstable from so now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable uh yes okay so I I can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh yes okay so I I can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh yes okay so I I can certainly
+draw the trajectories as you've pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the trajectories as you've pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the trajectories as you've pointed
+out and it works I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it works I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it works I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um yeah I don't know if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't know if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't know if this is a
+loophole in in the wording of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loophole in in the wording of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loophole in in the wording of the
+theorem or if this is just not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or if this is just not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or if this is just not possible
+so the the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the only
+says um so there's like one way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um so there's like one way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um so there's like one way in which
+it applies and then the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies and then the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it applies and then the other the other
+way you kind of usually think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you kind of usually think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you kind of usually think that it
+applies but then you're wrong because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies but then you're wrong because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies but then you're wrong because
+there's these counter I see all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these counter I see all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these counter I see all right
+well um how about this I will um I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um how about this I will um I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um how about this I will um I will
+look it up and then I will tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up and then I will tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up and then I will tell you what
+I think the answer is on Tuesday yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the answer is on Tuesday yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the answer is on Tuesday yeah I
+I I'm certainly not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm certainly not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm certainly not going to be able to
+derive it on the spot so then yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it on the spot so then yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it on the spot so then yeah but
+yeah I mean you're right though that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you're right though that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean you're right though that we
+can I mean I can draw the orbits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I mean I can draw the orbits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I mean I can draw the orbits and
+they do it right so but that yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it right so but that yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do it right so but that yeah I
+don't know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think there on this large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think there on this large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think there on this large
+circle on the outside everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle on the outside everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle on the outside everything is
+coming in is unstable then you must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in is unstable then you must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in is unstable then you must have
+at least one stable you must have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one stable you must have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one stable you must have at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+one okay but the you're you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but the you're you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay but the you're you're saying
+that it it it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it it you
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isable I see yeah I know that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isable I see yeah I know that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isable I see yeah I know that may be
+right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I
+um okay yeah I I can't remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah I I can't remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah I I can't remember which
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um okay yeah I I'll look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah I I'll look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay yeah I I'll look it up
+uh okay but if you are curious about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay but if you are curious about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay but if you are curious about the
+situations in which these Predator prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which these Predator prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which these Predator prey
+functions will have limit Cycles you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will have limit Cycles you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will have limit Cycles you can
+look up col mv's uh conditions so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up col mv's uh conditions so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up col mv's uh conditions so he
+basically has these these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has these these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically has these these four
+conditions in which you will uh in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which you will uh in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which you will uh in which
+you can you will get a stable limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you will get a stable limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you will get a stable limit
+cycle in the Predator prey populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the Predator prey populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in the Predator prey populations
+um and maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe I
+will um and they're they're surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um and they're they're surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will um and they're they're surprisingly
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay actually no I I think they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually no I I think they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually no I I think they were in
+they're in they were in the reading so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they were in the reading so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in they were in the reading so
+you can you can look at them but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can look at them but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can look at them but they're
+basically just these questions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just these questions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just these questions of the
+derivatives of it's the and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of it's the and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of it's the and they're
+derivatives of the per capita growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the per capita growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the per capita growth
+rates right so you take those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right so you take those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates right so you take those functions
+you divide by X right so it's x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by X right so it's x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide by X right so it's x dot
+overx and then it's some f y dot over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx and then it's some f y dot over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx and then it's some f y dot over y
+some G and it's just that those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some G and it's just that those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some G and it's just that those things
+have to be the um the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the um the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the um the derivatives of
+those functions respect to X and Y have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions respect to X and Y have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions respect to X and Y have
+to be something at least for in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something at least for in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something at least for in some
+limits and then and then you get liit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and then and then you get liit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and then and then you get liit
+Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles
+okay um but I I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but I I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but I I want to talk about the
+the experiments because I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments because I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments because I think that
+they were uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty all right so this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty all right so this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty all right so this is uh this is
+the paper by uh Yoshida at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all this is nature 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and yeah the title was rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and yeah the title was rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and yeah the title was rapid
+Evolution drives ecological Dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution drives ecological Dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution drives ecological Dynamics in
+a predator prey system right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predator prey system right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a predator prey system right can
+somebody kind of say what they think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody kind of say what they think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody kind of say what they think is
+the the big point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe do you guys like the paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do you guys like the paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe do you guys like the paper or
+dislike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislike the
+paper too long long the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pages although it's really only I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages although it's really only I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages although it's really only I mean
+one of the pages is figures and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pages is figures and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pages is figures and one of
+the pages is essentially methods right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pages is essentially methods right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pages is essentially methods right
+so it's it's really basically a onepage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's really basically a onepage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's really basically a onepage
+paper right so it's not such heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right so it's not such heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right so it's not such heavy
+lifting maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right maybe I'll be concrete what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right maybe I'll be concrete what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right maybe I'll be concrete what
+feat what what features of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat what what features of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat what what features of their
+Predator prey oscillations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey oscillations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey oscillations were
+different from from a normal Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from from a normal Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from from a normal Predator
+pre oscillation what were the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre oscillation what were the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre oscillation what were the features
+they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain right um and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain right um and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain right um and this is an
+interesting history actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting history actually that
+um these are authors where they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are authors where they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are authors where they they
+took what I think are basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took what I think are basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took what I think are basically like
+samples from the great lakes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from the great lakes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from the great lakes or
+something like that right so they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right so they took a
+predator and prey so it's a it's a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey so it's a it's a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator and prey so it's a it's a um
+it's a roer alil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a roer alil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a roer alil
+system so the rifer will'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the rifer will'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the rifer will'll just say
+eats uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eats uh
+Al okay uh they had previously done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al okay uh they had previously done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al okay uh they had previously done uh
+published a paper just a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper just a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a paper just a few years
+before where they was called something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where they was called something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where they was called something
+like crossing the Hop bifurcation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crossing the Hop bifurcation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crossing the Hop bifurcation in a
+predator prey system right so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator prey system right so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator prey system right so what they
+did is they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is they had a
+chemostat where there was some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemostat where there was some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemostat where there was some constant
+rate of dilution in their chemostat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of dilution in their chemostat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of dilution in their chemostat and
+then they measured the the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they measured the the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they measured the the Dynamics
+between the predator and the prey and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predator and the prey and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the predator and the prey and
+they showed that depending upon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that depending upon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that depending upon for
+example the nutrients or in or the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the nutrients or in or the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the nutrients or in or the this
+dilution rate in their chemat they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution rate in their chemat they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution rate in their chemat they could
+go from a situation where you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a situation where you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a situation where you have um
+kind of stable coexistence so a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stable coexistence so a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stable coexistence so a stable
+fixed point between the Predator prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point between the Predator prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point between the Predator prey
+but at increasing dilution rate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at increasing dilution rate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at increasing dilution rate they
+started getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started getting these
+oscillations okay right so they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay right so they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay right so they went
+from stable to oscillations and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stable to oscillations and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stable to oscillations and then at
+higher delusion rates they they they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher delusion rates they they they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher delusion rates they they they got
+collapse of this Predator price system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of this Predator price system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse of this Predator price system
+right so this is crossing the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is crossing the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is crossing the so-called
+to bifurcation where you go from stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bifurcation where you go from stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bifurcation where you go from stable
+to the unstable okay so they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unstable okay so they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unstable okay so they could
+actually see that and then they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that and then they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see that and then they that
+that they could use a simple model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could use a simple model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they could use a simple model to
+try to get some insight into why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get some insight into why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get some insight into why it is
+that a predator price system might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a predator price system might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a predator price system might
+oscillate or might not oscillate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate or might not oscillate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate or might not oscillate okay
+and um and so that that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so that that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so that that was that was
+great but there were some features in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there were some features in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but there were some features in
+their data that they didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data that they didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their data that they didn't understand
+okay so the features were that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the features were that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the features were that um that
+the the oscillations had a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the oscillations had a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the oscillations had a really long
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+okay long period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillations and you know in all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and you know in all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and you know in all this
+data it's a little bit hard to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a little bit hard to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data it's a little bit hard to to get
+the exact phase lag but u in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact phase lag but u in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact phase lag but u in many of the
+cases they saw that the um the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they saw that the um the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases they saw that the um the Predator
+prey were not at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey were not at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey were not at this
+90° out of phase lag that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° out of phase lag that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° out of phase lag that you would
+expect in particular for the Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in particular for the Predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in particular for the Predator
+prey given that you have X and Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey given that you have X and Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey given that you have X and Y right
+and it's going around some Circle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going around some Circle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going around some Circle the
+idea is that first the prey population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that first the prey population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that first the prey population
+Peaks and then kind of know 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and then kind of know 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks and then kind of know 90 degrees
+later phase you get a peak of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later phase you get a peak of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later phase you get a peak of the of the
+Predator right and you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator right and you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator right and you can imagine that
+in any predator prey model that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any predator prey model that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any predator prey model that you
+write down not just the lot of voltera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down not just the lot of voltera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down not just the lot of voltera
+but if you write down a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you write down a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you write down a differential
+equation with some X and some y you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with some X and some y you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with some X and some y you know
+it's hard to get something where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get something where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get something where it
+looks much different Ian of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much different Ian of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much different Ian of course you
+can imagine Maybe funny orbits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine Maybe funny orbits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine Maybe funny orbits or
+something like that right but um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right but um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that right but um in in
+if it you know generically you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it you know generically you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it you know generically you really
+expect this 90 degree phase lag of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this 90 degree phase lag of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this 90 degree phase lag of the
+Predator relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator relative to the
+prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey
+okay whereas in the experiments they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas in the experiments they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas in the experiments they
+often saw U 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often saw U 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often saw U 180
+degree uh um sort of lag uh lag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree uh um sort of lag uh lag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree uh um sort of lag uh lag of
+Predator relative to the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah would
+thisis right um yeah okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisis right um yeah okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thisis right um yeah okay so this is
+really in the context of I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the context of I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the context of I mean they
+wrote down a model where they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a model where they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a model where they did
+basically have something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have something like this where
+they said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some that's right they can right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's right they can right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's right they can right in
+particular they um the Predator I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they um the Predator I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular they um the Predator I think
+was not really dying on its own except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not really dying on its own except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not really dying on its own except
+for the dilution right so that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dilution right so that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dilution right so that so it's
+really the the dilution rate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the dilution rate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the dilution rate from the
+chemat gave them C and they could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemat gave them C and they could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemat gave them C and they could see
+that yeah and DED the rifer wasn't dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and DED the rifer wasn't dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah and DED the rifer wasn't dying
+much and then a is telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and then a is telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and then a is telling you about
+what happens that you just you don't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens that you just you don't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens that you just you don't add
+the the rifer you don't add the predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rifer you don't add the predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rifer you don't add the predator
+and then at that dilution rate you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that dilution rate you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that dilution rate you ask
+what the division rate is Right U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the division rate is Right U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the division rate is Right U and
+and that's essentially the the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially the the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially the the growth
+rate of that prey population minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of that prey population minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of that prey population minus the
+dilution rate of the chemat so i' say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution rate of the chemat so i' say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilution rate of the chemat so i' say
+they had these parameters pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these parameters pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had these parameters pretty pretty
+well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes and and and what they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes and and and what they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes and and and what they saw
+experimentally was that it um it took uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally was that it um it took uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally was that it um it took uh
+much longer I mean the the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer I mean the the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer I mean the the oscillation
+the period was like five times 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period was like five times 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period was like five times 10 times
+longer than what they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than what they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than what they would have
+expected based on um based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected based on um based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected based on um based on the
+measured parameters for the predator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured parameters for the predator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured parameters for the predator and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and uh in that of course that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh in that of course that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh in that of course that was
+annoying for them because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for them because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying for them because they're
+actually doing the experiments right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing the experiments right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing the experiments right so
+they had to do these chemostat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do these chemostat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do these chemostat
+experiments that lasted like six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that lasted like six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that lasted like six months
+or something like that in order to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that in order to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that in order to see a
+couple oscillations right so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple oscillations right so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple oscillations right so this this
+longer period wasn't just a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period wasn't just a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer period wasn't just a mathematical
+I this is I'm sure that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is I'm sure that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is I'm sure that they were
+disappointed to see these really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed to see these really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed to see these really long
+time scale oscillations because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale oscillations because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale oscillations because it was
+something that made it very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that made it very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that made it very difficult
+for them to do the measurements right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do the measurements right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to do the measurements right um
+now they uh right but this is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they uh right but this is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they uh right but this is what they
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+experimentally and and they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and and they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and and they didn't know
+they didn't know what was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know what was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know what was what was
+causing it okay but uh they lat later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing it okay but uh they lat later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing it okay but uh they lat later
+then did um more modeling where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did um more modeling where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did um more modeling where they
+they asked okay well which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked okay well which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked okay well which of the
+assumptions in our original model might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in our original model might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in our original model might
+U might not be true right and there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U might not be true right and there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U might not be true right and there the
+nature of these things though is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of these things though is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of these things though is there
+there are an infinite number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of things
+that are true that are not Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are true that are not Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are true that are not Incorporated
+in a model right uh and this this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a model right uh and this this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a model right uh and this this makes
+it quite challenging to isolate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quite challenging to isolate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quite challenging to isolate what the
+effects might be but at the very least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects might be but at the very least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects might be but at the very least
+what they can do is they can go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do is they can go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they can do is they can go in and
+and you know they have some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they have some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they have some sense of
+their system and they can make guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system and they can make guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system and they can make guesses
+of what might have been the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what might have been the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what might have been the primary
+things missing and then they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things missing and then they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things missing and then they kind of
+went through the models and they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the models and they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the models and they asked
+well if we kind of change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we kind of change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we kind of change this
+assumption or that assumption what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption or that assumption what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption or that assumption what does
+it do in terms of the oscillations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do in terms of the oscillations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do in terms of the oscillations and
+then what they what they found in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they what they found in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they what they found in a
+modeling paper so this is this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling paper so this is this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling paper so this is this is their
+previous experimental paper before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous experimental paper before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous experimental paper before this
+then they what they found in in a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they what they found in in a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they what they found in in a model
+in their models were was that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their models were was that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their models were was that um that
+prey Evolution was kind of the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey Evolution was kind of the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey Evolution was kind of the one thing
+that if they allowed prey Evolution I.E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they allowed prey Evolution I.E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if they allowed prey Evolution I.E
+if they allowed different types of prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they allowed different types of prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they allowed different types of prey
+in their prey population that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their prey population that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their prey population that might be
+oscillating independently uh then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating independently uh then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating independently uh then they
+could get both of these effects so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get both of these effects so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get both of these effects so from
+the models They concluded that pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models They concluded that pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models They concluded that pre
+Evolution could could give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution could could give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution could could give this
+um could maybe explain those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these are the two
+experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two tyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+yes exactly right okay this is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly right okay this is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly right okay this is a major
+yes you can argue about what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can argue about what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can argue about what you want to
+call Evolution and not Evolution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Evolution and not Evolution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Evolution and not Evolution right
+uh over these time scales the what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over these time scales the what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over these time scales the what they
+are not looking at is the denovo kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not looking at is the denovo kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not looking at is the denovo kind of
+emergence of New Mutants spreading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of New Mutants spreading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence of New Mutants spreading in
+the popul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popul
+what they're looking at is um variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking at is um variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking at is um variations
+in say different types of of prey so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say different types of of prey so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in say different types of of prey so but
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+like what we would call Evolution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we would call Evolution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we would call Evolution well
+okay right this this is a major question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right this this is a major question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right this this is a major question
+I think different people call Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think different people call Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think different people call Evolution
+different things uh and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh and in particular
+there's a distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distinction between the
+ecologists and the kind of I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists and the kind of I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologists and the kind of I don't know
+like evolutionary biologist or M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evolutionary biologist or M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like evolutionary biologist or M
+evolutionary microbiologist or whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary microbiologist or whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary microbiologist or whatnot
+and uh this is something something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is something something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is something something that
+I certainly encounter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly encounter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly encounter and
+that for for the experimental microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for for the experimental microbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for for the experimental microbial
+Evolution guys I would say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution guys I would say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution guys I would say that they
+they for them if you use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they for them if you use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they for them if you use the word
+Evolution what they really want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution what they really want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution what they really want to see
+or what they're expecting to see is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they're expecting to see is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what they're expecting to see is uh
+is kind of New Mutants arising in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of New Mutants arising in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of New Mutants arising in the
+population you know spreading fixing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you know spreading fixing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you know spreading fixing and
+that changes the character of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the character of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes the character of the
+population whereas from the standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population whereas from the standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population whereas from the standpoint
+of ecologists uh and indeed if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecologists uh and indeed if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ecologists uh and indeed if you look
+up if you if you look up the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you if you look up the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you if you look up the definition
+of evolution it's you know some change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution it's you know some change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution it's you know some change
+in O frequency over time and this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in O frequency over time and this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in O frequency over time and this could
+certainly be a o frequency over time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be a o frequency over time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly be a o frequency over time in
+the sense that you could imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you could imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you could imagine this
+arising just from for example one um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising just from for example one um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising just from for example one um you
+know there could be a point mutation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be a point mutation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there could be a point mutation in
+some Gene that leads it to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Gene that leads it to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Gene that leads it to do something
+or another and in this paper they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and in this paper they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and in this paper they didn't
+identify exactly what was going on I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify exactly what was going on I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify exactly what was going on I'll
+tell you a little bit about a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about a later
+paper where they get a better sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where they get a better sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper where they get a better sense of
+it right but at least you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but at least you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but at least you could imagine
+it being the case that there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being the case that there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being the case that there's just a
+point mutation some Gene that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation some Gene that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation some Gene that has some
+Fitness defect in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness defect in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness defect in the absence of the
+Predator but then allows the algae to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator but then allows the algae to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator but then allows the algae to
+avoid the predator in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right that's right as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right as far as the
+model goes right it could be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model goes right it could be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model goes right it could be that the
+prey are really one species with just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey are really one species with just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey are really one species with just a
+point mutation then you say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation then you say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point mutation then you say oh yeah
+that's kind of evolution or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of evolution or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of evolution or it could be
+that they are toe you know it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are toe you know it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are toe you know it could be
+you know two two different prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two two different prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two two different prey
+populations and so forth right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and so forth right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and so forth right and uh
+depending upon what information you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon what information you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon what information you have
+access to you would either be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to you would either be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to you would either be aware of
+these things or not um in this case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things or not um in this case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things or not um in this case they
+they just look under the microscope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just look under the microscope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just look under the microscope and
+they say oh yeah this looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh yeah this looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say oh yeah this looks like an
+algae or whatnot right um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae or whatnot right um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae or whatnot right um and you know
+maybe they know that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they know that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they know that it's the same
+species but they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species but they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species but they could be
+different in lots of different ways um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in lots of different ways um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in lots of different ways um
+and I think but this this discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think but this this discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think but this this discussion is
+highlighting that um a lot of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that um a lot of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting that um a lot of the same
+effects that you see in ecology also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that you see in ecology also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that you see in ecology also you
+see in evolution and vice versa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in evolution and vice versa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in evolution and vice versa and
+depending upon your focus you can um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon your focus you can um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon your focus you can um you
+might say that you know that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that you know that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that you know that you might
+want to put it more in the bin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it more in the bin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put it more in the bin of
+evolution or in terms of population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution or in terms of population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution or in terms of population
+Dynamics and that I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and that I think that's a
+matter of taste at some point actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of taste at some point actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of taste at some point actually
+um yeah because they say rap Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because they say rap Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah because they say rap Evolution
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you
+know yeah right so I yeah I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah right so I yeah I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah right so I yeah I think that
+it's um different people will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um different people will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um different people will have
+different takes on this I think once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different takes on this I think once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different takes on this I think once
+again this is really very much from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is really very much from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is really very much from the
+standpoint of ecologist this is rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of ecologist this is rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of ecologist this is rapid
+Evolution because every cycle the compos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution because every cycle the compos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution because every cycle the compos
+the Gen you know Al frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gen you know Al frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gen you know Al frequency is
+changing right and that's what's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right and that's what's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing right and that's what's maybe
+leading to this but it's but the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to this but it's but the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to this but it's but the thing
+is it's very easy for you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very easy for you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's very easy for you to read
+certainly the title and come away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the title and come away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the title and come away
+thinking it's something different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's something different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking it's something different from
+what it was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was right
+uh yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agree okay but I think that the I one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay but I think that the I one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay but I think that the I one of
+the things I like about this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I like about this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I like about this this whole
+line of research that took place over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of research that took place over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of research that took place over
+the course of say 15 years was that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of say 15 years was that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of say 15 years was that they
+um they did these nice measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they did these nice measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they did these nice measurements
+they're Guided by you know models they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Guided by you know models they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're Guided by you know models they
+saw some things that they were expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some things that they were expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw some things that they were expecting
+some things they couldn't explain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things they couldn't explain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things they couldn't explain and
+then they went and did more modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went and did more modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they went and did more modeling and
+then they could kind of explain it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could kind of explain it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they could kind of explain it and
+that guided this experiment right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guided this experiment right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guided this experiment right where
+cuz before what they did is they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz before what they did is they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz before what they did is they just
+took kind of the sludge or whatever from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took kind of the sludge or whatever from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took kind of the sludge or whatever from
+the lake and then and so there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake and then and so there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lake and then and so there were many
+different types of the algae and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of the algae and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of the algae and of the
+roadifer for that matter um and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadifer for that matter um and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadifer for that matter um and then and
+then they looked at the Predator pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at the Predator pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they looked at the Predator pre
+oscillations between those and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between those and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between those and then in
+this paper what they did is they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper what they did is they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper what they did is they took
+individual pre populations that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pre populations that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pre populations that came
+from a single prey so they were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single prey so they were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single prey so they were kind of
+isogenic right of course eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isogenic right of course eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isogenic right of course eventually they
+would evolve and blah blah blah but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would evolve and blah blah blah but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would evolve and blah blah blah but in
+this case they they took individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they they took individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they they took individual
+isolates from the prey and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolates from the prey and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolates from the prey and then what
+they saw is that then they got then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw is that then they got then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw is that then they got then
+these two features went away right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two features went away right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two features went away right the
+oscillation period was more what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation period was more what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation period was more what they
+were expecting and they got the 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting and they got the 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting and they got the 90°
+phase lag right so this so it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag right so this so it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag right so this so it was really
+the case that these models led to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that these models led to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that these models led to uh
+where the experiments where they did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiments where they did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the experiments where they did um
+where they took kind of clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they took kind of clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they took kind of clonal
+prey and then they recovered their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey and then they recovered their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey and then they recovered their
+classical predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and indeed they they've they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed they they've they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and indeed they they've they've
+recently done um some some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently done um some some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently done um some some other
+measurements that I think are are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that I think are are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that I think are are quite
+nice they had an ecology letters paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they had an ecology letters paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice they had an ecology letters paper
+just a couple years ago where they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple years ago where they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a couple years ago where they uh
+where they what they did is they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they what they did is they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they what they did is they took
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+algae uh that um had different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae uh that um had different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algae uh that um had different types
+that embodying these trade-offs that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embodying these trade-offs that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that embodying these trade-offs that we
+were talking about in particular one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about in particular one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about in particular one of
+theology uh can divide uh rapidly but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology uh can divide uh rapidly but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology uh can divide uh rapidly but it
+kind of exists as single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exists as single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of exists as single
+another algae kind of is kind of clumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another algae kind of is kind of clumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another algae kind of is kind of clumpy
+okay so this Al type was able to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this Al type was able to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this Al type was able to divide
+more rapidly than this Al type but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly than this Al type but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly than this Al type but this
+type was harder to eat just because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type was harder to eat just because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type was harder to eat just because it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+clumpy okay you know it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpy okay you know it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpy okay you know it's one of those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+that once you hear it say it's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you hear it say it's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you hear it say it's like oh
+yeah sure right but then it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure right but then it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure right but then it's in the
+abstract when you know when you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract when you know when you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract when you know when you read
+when you read the the you know this 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the the you know this 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the the you know this 2003
+paper you think oh you think oh I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you think oh you think oh I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you think oh you think oh I can't
+imagine what kind of behavior could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what kind of behavior could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what kind of behavior could
+possibly help theology avoid these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly help theology avoid these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly help theology avoid these
+rotifers you know but then yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotifers you know but then yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotifers you know but then yeah and then
+in this ecology letters paper what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ecology letters paper what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this ecology letters paper what they
+what they did is they actually tracked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they actually tracked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they actually tracked
+the population densities of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population densities of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population densities of this type
+this type and of and of the roer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and of and of the roer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type and of and of the roer over
+time so then they could see all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then they could see all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then they could see all three
+subpopulations oscillating right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulations oscillating right so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpopulations oscillating right so then
+you can really kind of see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really kind of see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really kind of see how this
+Evolution if you want or you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution if you want or you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution if you want or you could just
+say it's ecology because those they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's ecology because those they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's ecology because those they
+could be different species for All We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different species for All We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be different species for All We
+Care right um how um but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care right um how um but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care right um how um but in any case
+it's it's it's certainly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's certainly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's certainly it's
+progenity any you know any way you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progenity any you know any way you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progenity any you know any way you look
+at it whether it's Evolution or ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it whether it's Evolution or ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it whether it's Evolution or ecology
+it's it's um it's heterogen in the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's um it's heterogen in the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's um it's heterogen in the prey
+population that leads to these uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that leads to these uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that leads to these uh very
+kind of different um qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different um qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of different um qualitatively
+different population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different population
+oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any other questions on that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions on that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other questions on that before
+we um okay so for just for the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um okay so for just for the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um okay so for just for the last few
+minutes I'll say something about uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'll say something about uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I'll say something about uh this
+question of um noise induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of um noise induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of um noise induced
+oscillations this is this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations this is this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations this is this is going to be
+something that you're going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you're going to be uh
+you're going to be playing with over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be playing with over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be playing with over the
+next uh over the next week right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh over the next week right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh over the next week right so
+you'll um you'll be experts eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll um you'll be experts eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll um you'll be experts eventually
+um and the the discussion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the discussion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the the discussion in the
+homework is really Guided by this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is really Guided by this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is really Guided by this paper
+by McCain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Newman all right so McCain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman all right so McCain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman all right so McCain
+Newman McCain is a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman McCain is a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman McCain is a professor at
+Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester
+and uh what what they showed is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what what they showed is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what what they showed is that if
+you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model here did this model have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here did this model have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here did this model have have
+limit cycle oscillations sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle oscillations sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit cycle oscillations sustained
+oscillations no right so this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations no right so this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations no right so this model
+where we include the carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we include the carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we include the carrying capacity
+of the prey this does not have sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prey this does not have sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the prey this does not have sustained
+oscillations right so you take a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations right so you take a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations right so you take a model
+like this that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that just
+has uh a stable spiral okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a stable spiral okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a stable spiral okay now this is
+a model on the context of it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model on the context of it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model on the context of it's a
+differential equation model right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation model right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation model right now
+the question is uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is uh how do you
+incorporate incorporate noise just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate incorporate noise just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate incorporate noise just the
+fact that individuals give birth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that individuals give birth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that individuals give birth they
+die at random times okay the way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die at random times okay the way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die at random times okay the way that we
+normally the first order way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the first order way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the first order way that we
+often think to do this is we just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think to do this is we just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often think to do this is we just add
+some noise onto the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise onto the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some noise onto the differential
+equations right so what we do is we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so what we do is we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right so what we do is we you
+might say oh well you can just add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh well you can just add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh well you can just add some
+some Ada X and some Ada y all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Ada X and some Ada y all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Ada X and some Ada y all right
+maybe this noise should be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this noise should be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this noise should be proportional
+to X or something you know so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X or something you know so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X or something you know so you can
+think about the strength of this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the strength of this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the strength of this might
+be you some preactor and so forth so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you some preactor and so forth so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you some preactor and so forth so you
+could just you could just take kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just you could just take kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just you could just take kind of a
+Levant type approach where you add noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levant type approach where you add noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levant type approach where you add noise
+onto the differential equations okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the differential equations okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the differential equations okay and
+then what you get is a noisy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is a noisy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is a noisy kind of
+path to that fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to that fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to that fixed Point
+okay the perhaps surprising thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the perhaps surprising thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the perhaps surprising thing is
+that if instead of taking this instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if instead of taking this instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if instead of taking this instead
+of adding noise to a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding noise to a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of adding noise to a differential
+equation If instead you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation If instead you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation If instead you start with the
+individual based approach you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual based approach you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual based approach you you you
+take kind of a master equation approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take kind of a master equation approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take kind of a master equation approach
+where you say they're individuals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say they're individuals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say they're individuals and
+they're doing something right individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing something right individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing something right individual
+Predators or eating individual prey Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators or eating individual prey Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators or eating individual prey Etc
+right so if you do a master equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you do a master equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you do a master equation
+approach uh so yeah so if you if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh so yeah so if you if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh so yeah so if you if instead
+you take kind of a master equation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of a master equation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of a master equation just
+like what we did for the the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did for the the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did for the the chemical
+equations modeling of the cells and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations modeling of the cells and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations modeling of the cells and so
+forth that uh that we talked about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that uh that we talked about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth that uh that we talked about at
+the beginning of the class right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class right if you
+if you formulate this predator pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you formulate this predator pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you formulate this predator pre
+system as an underlying set of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as an underlying set of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as an underlying set of kind of
+individual based interactions then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual based interactions then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual based interactions then what
+you actually find is that you get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually find is that you get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually find is that you get uh
+surprisingly large sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large sustained
+oscillations okay so you really end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay so you really end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay so you really end up
+with a situation where this thing comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a situation where this thing comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a situation where this thing comes
+and then it kind of you know it's noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it kind of you know it's noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it kind of you know it's noisy
+of course but it kind of comes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but it kind of comes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but it kind of comes around
+here in some way that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in some way that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in some way that looks like this
+okay if you you'll see this you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you you'll see this you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you you'll see this you know in
+your simulations next week where um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your simulations next week where um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your simulations next week where um and
+I don't know if you can see this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see this at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you can see this at all
+okay but this is some plots of predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is some plots of predator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is some plots of predator
+and prey at reasonably large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prey at reasonably large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prey at reasonably large numbers
+right where you can actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where you can actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where you can actually have a
+thousand Predator prey somehow you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Predator prey somehow you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Predator prey somehow you get
+some sort of resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of resonant
+enhancement of these oscillations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of these oscillations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of these oscillations and
+kind of what's going on is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what's going on is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what's going on is that the
+demographic fluctuations or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fluctuations or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic fluctuations or the
+demographic noise kind of excites the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic noise kind of excites the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic noise kind of excites the
+system at all frequencies right but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at all frequencies right but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at all frequencies right but then
+there is a characteristic frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a characteristic frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a characteristic frequency
+given basically by the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given basically by the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given basically by the um
+this frequency of of the inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency of of the inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency of of the inherent
+oscillation there that is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there that is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation there that is somehow
+Amplified okay so you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified okay so you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified okay so you end up with a
+situation where you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you get these
+oscillations all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations all
+right and they're noisy whatnot okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're noisy whatnot okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they're noisy whatnot okay but
+it's really that because it's it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that because it's it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really that because it's it's this
+particular frequency that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequency that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular frequency that was that was
+uh Amplified and just because it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amplified and just because it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Amplified and just because it takes a
+long time for those um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time for those um those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time for those um those
+oscillations to go away right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations to go away right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations to go away right so you can
+imagine that the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the amplitude of the
+oscillation ends up scaling as or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation ends up scaling as or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation ends up scaling as or it
+falls off as as kind of a rot end type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off as as kind of a rot end type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls off as as kind of a rot end type
+scaling because it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling because it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling because it's kind of a
+demographic type type noise right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic type type noise right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic type type noise right so it
+is true that the the relative amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that the the relative amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that the the relative amplitude
+of these oscillations it gets larger as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these oscillations it gets larger as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these oscillations it gets larger as
+you go to small smaller population sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to small smaller population sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to small smaller population sizes
+but it still ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still ends up being a
+surprisingly large effect okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large effect okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly large effect okay and
+you'll you'll see how this plays out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll see how this plays out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll see how this plays out uh
+in in this model that's basically Guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this model that's basically Guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this model that's basically Guided
+by this paper and this was a PRL in 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this paper and this was a PRL in 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this paper and this was a PRL in 2005
+and incidentally other people have since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally other people have since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally other people have since
+studied how these sorts of ideas can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how these sorts of ideas can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied how these sorts of ideas can
+result in uh noise induced pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in uh noise induced pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in uh noise induced pattern
+formation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation as
+well all right with that I will let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right with that I will let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right with that I will let you
+guys go have a good Thanksgiving I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys go have a good Thanksgiving I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys go have a good Thanksgiving I'll
+see you guys on Tuesday okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wf4_tmPw1As.txt b/Wf4_tmPw1As.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86a010eddfbd4ea4fb96589e6516c6563387dc6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wf4_tmPw1As.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay we need to
+talk no no don't be sorry I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk no no don't be sorry I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk no no don't be sorry I'm sorry I
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talk we've been going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we've been going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we've been going for
+20 I think this is a 2 First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I think this is a 2 First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 I think this is a 2 First
+Class A 26 Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A 26 Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Class A 26 Al
+together I'm going to combine two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm going to combine two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm going to combine two
+classes today simply because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes today simply because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes today simply because I want to
+leave some more time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some more time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave some more time at the
+end we run out of time at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we run out of time at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end we run out of time at the end and
+I'm going to try to do this heroic task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do this heroic task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do this heroic task
+of combining two classes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining two classes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combining two classes into
+one okay have you got this handout it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay have you got this handout it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay have you got this handout it
+deals with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with two
+topics uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all let me put let me set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me put let me set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let me put let me set the
+framework um I argued that modernism was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um I argued that modernism was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework um I argued that modernism was
+an existence ential preoccupation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existence ential preoccupation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existence ential preoccupation with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+present given that the present was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present given that the present was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present given that the present was
+sufficiently rich and exploratory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently rich and exploratory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently rich and exploratory and
+creative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely devoid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely devoid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely devoid of the
+past he didn't speculate much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past he didn't speculate much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past he didn't speculate much about the
+future arguing that the the you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future arguing that the the you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future arguing that the the you take
+care of your existence at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of your existence at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of your existence at the moment
+particularly if you're on the verge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're on the verge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if you're on the verge of a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world prediction was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world prediction was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world prediction was not
+necessary curious enough the past was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary curious enough the past was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary curious enough the past was
+not necessary intellect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary intellect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary intellect
+either um this was not because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um this was not because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um this was not because of the
+absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of
+culture this is largely European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture this is largely European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture this is largely European
+movement in which people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in which people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in which people have
+been thinking and philosophizing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking and philosophizing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been thinking and philosophizing about
+architecture and urbanism for thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and urbanism for thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and urbanism for thousands
+of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the htic phenomenon of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modernism led me to explore in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism led me to explore in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism led me to explore in last
+week's last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's last
+lecture in the postmodern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the postmodern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in the postmodern
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+of trying to predict trying to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to predict trying to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to predict trying to use
+devices such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices such as
+geometry to enhance the future change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to enhance the future change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to enhance the future change
+accepting the the the that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the the the that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the the the that the
+future implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future implies
+change if difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change if difficult
+to precisely be clear about to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to precisely be clear about to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to precisely be clear about to the
+extent that stasic methods enable one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that stasic methods enable one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that stasic methods enable one to
+know something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+uh together with that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together with that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh together with that was a
+preoccupation with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with an
+immense the larger notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense the larger notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense the larger notion of the
+present much more interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present much more interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present much more interested in the
+complexity of the understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the understanding the
+present than modernism thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present than modernism thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present than modernism thought
+of for kiz for Kizia the relegation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for kiz for Kizia the relegation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for kiz for Kizia the relegation of
+the plane of the buildings in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the buildings in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane of the buildings in the city
+to Green Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Green Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Green Space
+didn't ask a question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask a question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask a question about the
+institutional framework for creating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional framework for creating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional framework for creating or
+maintaining such a system there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining such a system there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining such a system there were no
+questions about what what security would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what what security would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what what security would
+be like in a green plane of a city with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like in a green plane of a city with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like in a green plane of a city with
+no local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monitoring these modernism was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring these modernism was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring these modernism was
+pre-crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-crime
+pre the meability of social institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre the meability of social institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre the meability of social institutions
+to allow people to take part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow people to take part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow people to take part in
+decisions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the
+Democracy it was a political C could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democracy it was a political C could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democracy it was a political C could
+shift his correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift his correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift his correct
+plan from corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capitalism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalism to
+Colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colonial
+alers to syndicalist mosow making plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers to syndicalist mosow making plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alers to syndicalist mosow making plans
+for each of these given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these given that the
+geometric formations would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric formations would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric formations would be
+absolute what I want to try to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute what I want to try to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute what I want to try to do today
+is to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast if we're now blessed with access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if we're now blessed with access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if we're now blessed with access
+both forward and backwards we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forward and backwards we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both forward and backwards we have a
+much richer and even more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much richer and even more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much richer and even more difficult
+to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal
+with Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Urban
+existence I'm going to try to make us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence I'm going to try to make us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence I'm going to try to make us to
+make the world of the past more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the world of the past more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the world of the past more
+complex it divides itself into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it divides itself into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it divides itself into two
+systems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of
+knowledge history and memory I'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge history and memory I'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge history and memory I'll spend
+a bit of time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of time with
+each and try to give you some accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and try to give you some accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each and try to give you some accounting
+of the difference between history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the difference between history and
+memory and spend a lot more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and spend a lot more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and spend a lot more time on
+memory than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+History the first page of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History the first page of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History the first page of the
+handart deals with the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of 10 different attitudes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practice regarding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past you can add number 11 which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past you can add number 11 which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past you can add number 11 which I
+haven't which I've since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't which I've since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't which I've since
+added uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added uh which
+deals remembering at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance this phenomen of remembering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this phenomen of remembering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance this phenomen of remembering at
+a distance has become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance has become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance has become much
+more available to us it was available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more available to us it was available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more available to us it was available to
+the Jews in 70 AD when they left their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jews in 70 AD when they left their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jews in 70 AD when they left their
+last Temple and G and went into diaspora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Temple and G and went into diaspora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Temple and G and went into diaspora
+but remembered Jerusalem in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remembered Jerusalem in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remembered Jerusalem in their
+prayers every Passover even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayers every Passover even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prayers every Passover even
+today returning to Jerusalem being part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today returning to Jerusalem being part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today returning to Jerusalem being part
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mantra remembering at a distance is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantra remembering at a distance is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantra remembering at a distance is also
+possible in the interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in the interpretation of
+Christianity which I gave when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity which I gave when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christianity which I gave when
+Jesus in the for court of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus in the for court of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus in the for court of the second
+Jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish
+temple says the temple will be destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple says the temple will be destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple says the temple will be destroyed
+in in the number of years he says to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the number of years he says to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the number of years he says to his
+disciples remember that my my body will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciples remember that my my body will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciples remember that my my body will
+be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your
+temple referring in some ways lit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple referring in some ways lit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple referring in some ways lit to the
+canonical version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical version
+of Christianity which interprets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Christianity which interprets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Christianity which interprets
+Christ's body in the mass Through Blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ's body in the mass Through Blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ's body in the mass Through Blood
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+bread still today that's remembering at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread still today that's remembering at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread still today that's remembering at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance so give given that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so give given that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so give given that we
+have an increase in the diasporas of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in the diasporas of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in the diasporas of the
+world through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through
+migration we have just had an incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration we have just had an incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration we have just had an incident
+this month in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this month in
+Boston which deals with the phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston which deals with the phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston which deals with the phenomenal
+phenomenologically difficult notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically difficult notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically difficult notion of
+interpreting Allegiance through after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+migration this is a contemporary problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration this is a contemporary problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration this is a contemporary problem
+and it makes urbanism very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes urbanism very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes urbanism very
+much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult given conventional Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult given conventional Notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult given conventional Notions of
+allegiance to to City to state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to to City to state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to to City to state to
+Nation I did had a thesis two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation I did had a thesis two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation I did had a thesis two years ago
+done by woman Korean woman from Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by woman Korean woman from Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by woman Korean woman from Los
+Angeles who analyzed the do you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles who analyzed the do you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles who analyzed the do you know the
+thesis you told me about it oh did I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis you told me about it oh did I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis you told me about it oh did I I'm
+sorry we analyzed the the status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we analyzed the the status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we analyzed the the status of
+immigrant groups in Los Angeles where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant groups in Los Angeles where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant groups in Los Angeles where I
+think onethird of the population are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think onethird of the population are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think onethird of the population are
+non-american or in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-american or in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-american or in the process of
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+American for them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American for them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American for them for
+them there was no City Center to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there was no City Center to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there was no City Center to give
+allegiance to as in the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to as in the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance to as in the traditional
+spatial form of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial form of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial form of the city
+so she took upon herself to utilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she took upon herself to utilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she took upon herself to utilize the
+emerging underground public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging underground public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging underground public
+transportation system as a dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system as a dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system as a dispersed
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+identity for migrated migrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for migrated migrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for migrated migrated
+population who are generally poor anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who are generally poor anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population who are generally poor anyway
+I don't want to get on to that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to get on to that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to get on to that let me
+just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go
+briefly let me tell you the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly let me tell you the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly let me tell you the sequence of
+what we're going to do I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do I'm going to go
+briefly through this list give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly through this list give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly through this list give you some
+indications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indications of
+examples I'm then going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+six no number eight and nine to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six no number eight and nine to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six no number eight and nine to analyze
+briefly the ideas of Two Urban theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the ideas of Two Urban theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the ideas of Two Urban theorists
+of recent time Alder Orosi The Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recent time Alder Orosi The Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recent time Alder Orosi The Italian
+who won the pritsker prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stupidly not he wasn't stupid but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidly not he wasn't stupid but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupidly not he wasn't stupid but the
+pritsker committee was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pritsker committee was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pritsker committee was
+stupid he's a man who wrote a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid he's a man who wrote a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid he's a man who wrote a very good
+book called architecture in the city as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called architecture in the city as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called architecture in the city as
+a theorist who taught it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorist who taught it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorist who taught it in
+Switzerland but had but these buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland but had but these buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland but had but these buildings
+are sacrilegiously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sacrilegiously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sacrilegiously
+bad and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad and very
+few and seeing the priter prizes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and seeing the priter prizes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few and seeing the priter prizes to
+reward people not for Theory but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward people not for Theory but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward people not for Theory but for
+practice it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's a
+shame just show how misguided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame just show how misguided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shame just show how misguided
+architectural criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh and the other is Leon Creer whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and the other is Leon Creer whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and the other is Leon Creer whom
+I've chosen as an art example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen as an art example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've chosen as an art example of
+classicism as a method of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism as a method of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism as a method of dealing with
+the present through the lenses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past for the rest I would chose examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past for the rest I would chose examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past for the rest I would chose examples
+and slides which indicate examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slides which indicate examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slides which indicate examples from
+all of this list let me just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this list let me just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this list let me just go through
+the list very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly you can reshape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly you can reshape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly you can reshape as
+before the ghetto in warsa was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the ghetto in warsa was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the ghetto in warsa was built
+much like the version of the GTO which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the version of the GTO which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the version of the GTO which
+the Jews revolted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jews revolted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Jews revolted
+in at the end of the 3945 War so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the end of the 3945 War so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the end of the 3945 War so for
+bolognia parts of bolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolognia parts of bolog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolognia parts of bolog
+you can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build a
+new one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one of the
+most best examples is the rebuilding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most best examples is the rebuilding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most best examples is the rebuilding of
+the sent and I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sent and I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sent and I think there's
+illustration of that illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of that illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of that illustration of
+both in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in in the
+text number three make an open system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text number three make an open system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text number three make an open system to
+allow memory to be achieved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow memory to be achieved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow memory to be achieved over
+time this is the example of the Free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the example of the Free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the example of the Free
+University in Berlin we don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Berlin we don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in Berlin we don't do
+anything to Mark the past we leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to Mark the past we leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to Mark the past we leave it
+open to the community who lives there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the community who lives there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the community who lives there to
+create their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their
+own monuments their own memories their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own monuments their own memories their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own monuments their own memories their
+own museums their own pattern their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own museums their own pattern their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own museums their own pattern their own
+geometries of the if of the past good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries of the if of the past good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries of the if of the past good
+enough if of if not of the past but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if of if not of the past but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if of if not of the past but
+existentially only of the present good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentially only of the present good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentially only of the present good
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an El there's an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an El there's an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an El there's an early
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+website Brent Ryan was in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website Brent Ryan was in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website Brent Ryan was in my
+class in an advanced version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in an advanced version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in an advanced version of this
+class when he was a student here doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when he was a student here doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when he was a student here doing
+his Doctorate he Unearthed an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Doctorate he Unearthed an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Doctorate he Unearthed an electronic
+program which people could join there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which people could join there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which people could join there
+was a site somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a site somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a site somewhere
+nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere
+electronically and people could occupy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically and people could occupy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically and people could occupy
+space systematically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space systematically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space systematically in
+this El virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this El virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this El virtual
+space after a Time the Historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space after a Time the Historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space after a Time the Historical
+Society grew up in this virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society grew up in this virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society grew up in this virtual
+space I imagine the need to program your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I imagine the need to program your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I imagine the need to program your
+life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence Freud some said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence Freud some said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence Freud some said
+something well I'll quote frud in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well I'll quote frud in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something well I'll quote frud in a
+minute let's rather stick to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's rather stick to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's rather stick to my
+program so easy to jump from one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another number four leave all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number four leave all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number four leave all your
+fragments but add new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program this plays on The Duality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this plays on The Duality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this plays on The Duality of
+meaning between a remnant of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning between a remnant of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning between a remnant of the past
+and the the the present church court is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the present church court is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the present church court is
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+example church court has dual meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example church court has dual meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example church court has dual meanings
+at least pretends to have dual meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least pretends to have dual meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least pretends to have dual meanings
+you know what church court is just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what church court is just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what church court is just just
+the building just across the bridge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building just across the bridge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building just across the bridge on
+Beacon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Street the church fragments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street the church fragments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street the church fragments of the
+church are maintained and the new build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church are maintained and the new build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church are maintained and the new build
+apartment building is added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment building is added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment building is added to
+it Freud says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extraordinary I can't find a quotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary I can't find a quotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary I can't find a quotation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but Freud says that it is impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Freud says that it is impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Freud says that it is impossible to
+represent the same content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the same content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the same content
+pictorially in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially in the same
+image if you want to show how Rome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image if you want to show how Rome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image if you want to show how Rome is
+grown over time you have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown over time you have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown over time you have to just
+oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situations you cannot spacially have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you cannot spacially have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you cannot spacially have a
+unique meaning which has both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique meaning which has both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique meaning which has both
+ingredients in it according to Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in it according to Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients in it according to Freud
+therefore says to represent mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore says to represent mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore says to represent mental
+processes through pictorial image is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes through pictorial image is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes through pictorial image is a
+waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of
+time Freud is implying that in our me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Freud is implying that in our me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Freud is implying that in our me
+mental mechanism we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental mechanism we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental mechanism we are able to
+simultaneously think of our mother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously think of our mother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously think of our mother and
+our girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our girlfriend
+simultaneously but we cannot depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously but we cannot depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously but we cannot depict
+spatial context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial context
+simultaneously now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously now
+josing the Two element formal elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josing the Two element formal elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+josing the Two element formal elements
+of church court is a method a Freudian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of church court is a method a Freudian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of church court is a method a Freudian
+not Freudian it's a pretty pedantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Freudian it's a pretty pedantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Freudian it's a pretty pedantic
+method of getting meaning from the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of getting meaning from the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of getting meaning from the past
+and associating it with meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associating it with meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associating it with meaning of the
+present there was a church here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present there was a church here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present there was a church here that is
+a memory function there is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory function there is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory function there is now a
+building now this is modern there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now this is modern there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building now this is modern there's no
+memory yet attach to it so you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory yet attach to it so you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory yet attach to it so you're doing
+in the space time continuum you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space time continuum you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space time continuum you're
+representing meanings at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing meanings at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing meanings at different
+different times you're also marking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times you're also marking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times you're also marking the
+urbanistic the fact that on that corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanistic the fact that on that corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanistic the fact that on that corner
+there was a church and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a church and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a church and there was a
+community of people who worshiped in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of people who worshiped in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community of people who worshiped in the
+Back Bay prior to them IM immigrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Back Bay prior to them IM immigrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Back Bay prior to them IM immigrating
+and leaving the need for the Back Bay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaving the need for the Back Bay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaving the need for the Back Bay to
+produce only fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce only fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce only fewer
+churches you can play around with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches you can play around with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches you can play around with this
+game as long as you want to I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game as long as you want to I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game as long as you want to I'll give
+you a number of examples of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number of examples of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number of examples of the
+obscurity of this game and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscurity of this game and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscurity of this game and our
+Architects at times like Peter Eisenman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects at times like Peter Eisenman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects at times like Peter Eisenman
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+uh have played around in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have played around in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have played around in fact the
+Freudian quote comes from Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian quote comes from Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freudian quote comes from Peter
+eisenman's introduction to rossy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book number five you can connect to past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book number five you can connect to past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book number five you can connect to past
+Urban traces mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban traces mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urban traces mostly
+invisible I will show you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible I will show you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible I will show you a couple of
+examples one of the of an isan Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one of the of an isan Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one of the of an isan Peter
+Eisenman Studio at Harvard using memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenman Studio at Harvard using memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenman Studio at Harvard using memory
+obscure memory traces from the mid from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure memory traces from the mid from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure memory traces from the mid from
+mid mid Midwestern town and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid mid Midwestern town and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid mid Midwestern town and also
+from the boka perelli competition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boka perelli competition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boka perelli competition in
+Milan number of years ago which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan number of years ago which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milan number of years ago which all the
+world's Architects took part in I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's Architects took part in I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's Architects took part in I will
+show you the second prize entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the second prize entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the second prize entry
+by firm from Torino called gabetti and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by firm from Torino called gabetti and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by firm from Torino called gabetti and
+Isola who tried to use traces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isola who tried to use traces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isola who tried to use traces of
+agrarian Roman fields in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrarian Roman fields in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrarian Roman fields in their
+ecologically Advanced pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologically Advanced pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecologically Advanced pro
+project the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obscure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with obscure
+traces as is that they're not present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces as is that they're not present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces as is that they're not present
+who in the hell can recount a past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in the hell can recount a past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who in the hell can recount a past
+history without reference to it we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history without reference to it we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history without reference to it we did a
+studio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taipe looking at the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taipe looking at the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taipe looking at the city
+center the city center was in based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the city center was in based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the city center was in based on
+an old Chinese plan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old Chinese plan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old Chinese plan the
+Japanese came along and changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese came along and changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese came along and changed the
+orientation of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the original
+plan some of our students try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan some of our students try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan some of our students try to show
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+fact but how do you show two geometries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but how do you show two geometries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact but how do you show two geometries
+at the same time you can overlay one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you can overlay one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time you can overlay one on
+another but it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but it's difficult to
+explain but it's not a common but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a real option number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a real option number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a real option number
+six create new tectonics based on memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six create new tectonics based on memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six create new tectonics based on memory
+forms explicit example of that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms explicit example of that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms explicit example of that is the
+Holocaust museum in Washington any been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holocaust museum in Washington any been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holocaust museum in Washington any been
+to the anybody been to the Holocaust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the anybody been to the Holocaust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the anybody been to the Holocaust
+Museum four people I'll quote James Ingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum four people I'll quote James Ingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum four people I'll quote James Ingo
+freed the architect who designed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed the architect who designed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed the architect who designed it and
+his references to using forms borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his references to using forms borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his references to using forms borrowed
+from ashz AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ashz AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ashz AR
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M
+uh and uh we we can judge the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we we can judge the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we we can judge the quality of
+the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present
+experience whose aim is to teach us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience whose aim is to teach us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience whose aim is to teach us to
+remember events of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember events of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember events of the
+past we have a whole panoply of items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past we have a whole panoply of items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past we have a whole panoply of items
+which we use espcially to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use espcially to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use espcially to remember the
+past museums memorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past museums memorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past museums memorials
+monuments amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments amongst
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+I haven't got time in this class to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got time in this class to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got time in this class to go
+into the theory of monuments but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the theory of monuments but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the theory of monuments but we'll
+talk a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them number seven build monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them number seven build monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them number seven build monuments
+memorials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials and
+museums here we have a conflict Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums here we have a conflict Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums here we have a conflict Robert
+muel the French philosopher said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muel the French philosopher said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muel the French philosopher said there's
+nothing as invisible as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing as invisible as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing as invisible as a
+monument which means that the monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument which means that the monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monument which means that the monument
+becomes made is made psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes made is made psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes made is made psychologically
+current or non-existent by time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time which kid who goes to Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which kid who goes to Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which kid who goes to Washington
+and he's not told that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's not told that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's not told that that's the
+Washington Monument knows that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Monument knows that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Monument knows that it's the
+Washington Monument or even knows who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Monument or even knows who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington Monument or even knows who
+Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was Washington's a famous enough person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Washington's a famous enough person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Washington's a famous enough person
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+remembered but there's a town in Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered but there's a town in Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered but there's a town in Russia
+a small town named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small town named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small town named after
+Engles and one named after Marx and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles and one named after Marx and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engles and one named after Marx and the
+they just they are undistinguished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just they are undistinguished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just they are undistinguished and
+not even on anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even on anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even on anybody's
+map it's not that Marx is not remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's not that Marx is not remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it's not that Marx is not remembered
+but the physical manifestation of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the physical manifestation of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the physical manifestation of him
+the monument to him is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neglected I'll look very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected I'll look very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected I'll look very briefly
+although I haven't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I haven't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I haven't got
+the slides to show you because of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides to show you because of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides to show you because of time
+of a new device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new device
+to take care of the lack of presentness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of the lack of presentness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of the lack of presentness
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments
+I advise the United States Air Force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I advise the United States Air Force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I advise the United States Air Force on
+the selection of a site in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection of a site in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection of a site in
+Washington the United States Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington the United States Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington the United States Air Force
+which to follow the Navy the Navy have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to follow the Navy the Navy have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to follow the Navy the Navy have a
+uh do you know the Navy site it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you know the Navy site it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you know the Navy site it's
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+the it's a developer project in downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a developer project in downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a developer project in downtown
+which has a semicircular plane Piaza on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a semicircular plane Piaza on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a semicircular plane Piaza on
+which stands a Navy Soldier and the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands a Navy Soldier and the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stands a Navy Soldier and the map
+of the world but in order to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world but in order to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world but in order to go into the
+museum you have to go into a developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you have to go into a developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you have to go into a developer
+building and there's a computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and there's a computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and there's a computer program
+which you can show your grandchild a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can show your grandchild a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can show your grandchild a
+picture of yourself in the Navy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of yourself in the Navy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of yourself in the Navy in
+1927 whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 whatever it is
+our clients the United States Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clients the United States Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clients the United States Air Force
+wish to follow the same tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to follow the same tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to follow the same tradition of
+having two items in a museum one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two items in a museum one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two items in a museum one the
+symbolic fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic fixed
+item secondly an updatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item secondly an updatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item secondly an updatable
+present the first design by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the first design by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the first design by our
+architect who happened to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect who happened to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect who happened to be the same
+architect as the holocost museum Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect as the holocost museum Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect as the holocost museum Jim
+freed had a plane with a basement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed had a plane with a basement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed had a plane with a basement
+underneath and the basement had all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and the basement had all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and the basement had all of
+the update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the update
+mechanisms so you could go but above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so you could go but above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms so you could go but above it
+was a huge symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge symbolic
+item in fact the building was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in fact the building was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in fact the building was never
+Museum the memorial was never built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum the memorial was never built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum the memorial was never built on
+that side cu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side cu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side cu the
+Marine argued that we were too close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marine argued that we were too close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marine argued that we were too close to
+the I gima Memorial which is a literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I gima Memorial which is a literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I gima Memorial which is a literal
+evocation of soldiers fighting on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocation of soldiers fighting on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocation of soldiers fighting on an
+island in the orient anyway I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island in the orient anyway I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island in the orient anyway I'm getting
+car carried away let's stick to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program number eight and number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program number eight and number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program number eight and number nine
+number eight is what I would refer to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight is what I would refer to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight is what I would refer to in
+the work of Leon Creer that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of Leon Creer that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of Leon Creer that is
+the establishment of classism European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the establishment of classism European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the establishment of classism European
+classism as a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classism as a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classism as a universal
+past in independent of time economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past in independent of time economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past in independent of time economy and
+culture culture and therefore the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture culture and therefore the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture culture and therefore the most
+the DNA of the past and therefore when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA of the past and therefore when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA of the past and therefore when
+you work with the DNA of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with the DNA of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with the DNA of the past
+whether it be in New Delhi or en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be in New Delhi or en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be in New Delhi or en
+richment Terrace in London on the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richment Terrace in London on the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richment Terrace in London on the river
+you're doing greater things and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing greater things and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing greater things and we'll
+examine poundbury through the the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine poundbury through the the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine poundbury through the the town
+that Leon kir advised Prince Charles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leon kir advised Prince Charles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leon kir advised Prince Charles on
+Prince Charles is very much involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince Charles is very much involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prince Charles is very much involved in
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+classicism versus modernism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism versus modernism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism versus modernism
+argument arguing that London's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument arguing that London's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument arguing that London's been
+defaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defaced by
+modernism and uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism and uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism and uh here
+we although I won't go into it in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we although I won't go into it in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we although I won't go into it in detail
+we can add the phenomenon of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add the phenomenon of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add the phenomenon of new
+urbanism to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+category to use classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category to use classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category to use classical
+form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+choice it's a stupid choice but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice you can't blame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't blame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice you can't blame
+people for disliking modernism when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for disliking modernism when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for disliking modernism when it
+appeared and for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+still include them in your client group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as active participants in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design to use
+Nostalgia as a lost as a reminiscence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia as a lost as a reminiscence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia as a lost as a reminiscence of
+a lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lost
+past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is
+silly the new urbanism doesn't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly the new urbanism doesn't deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly the new urbanism doesn't deal with
+contemporary issues social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary issues social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary issues social
+Equity over use of Transport automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity over use of Transport automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity over use of Transport automobile
+Transportation Etc Etc diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation Etc Etc diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation Etc Etc diversity of
+population the metropolitan area a spre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the metropolitan area a spre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the metropolitan area a spre
+as a diverse n phenomenon Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a diverse n phenomenon Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a diverse n phenomenon Urban
+phenomenon it recreates nostalgic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it recreates nostalgic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it recreates nostalgic
+pasts which satisfies one much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasts which satisfies one much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasts which satisfies one much like
+candy satisfies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy satisfies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy satisfies a
+child before he grows up and nourishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child before he grows up and nourishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child before he grows up and nourishes
+himself to believe that candy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to believe that candy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to believe that candy is not
+good for your body you need to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for your body you need to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for your body you need to eat
+decent food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+nine we can use Aldo Rossi's argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine we can use Aldo Rossi's argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine we can use Aldo Rossi's argument
+that the city is has autonomous basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the city is has autonomous basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the city is has autonomous basic
+forms and places which perpetuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and places which perpetuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and places which perpetuate
+themselves idea of the locus which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves idea of the locus which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves idea of the locus which I
+will discuss in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will discuss in a
+minute number 10 let context make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute number 10 let context make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute number 10 let context make the
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associations this is a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations this is a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations this is a a very
+appropriate form used taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form used taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate form used taught in
+architecture schools Rossi argues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture schools Rossi argues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture schools Rossi argues
+absolutely against it he says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely against it he says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely against it he says that
+buildings make places and places don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings make places and places don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings make places and places don't
+make buildings and he foolish for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make buildings and he foolish for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make buildings and he foolish for a
+building to be made up of adaptations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to be made up of adaptations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building to be made up of adaptations of
+what people have done there in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done there in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done there in the past
+it's a strange kind of notion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strange kind of notion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a strange kind of notion but
+there's a politics associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a politics associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a politics associated with the
+soci with with with context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instance the expanding Spaniards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the expanding Spaniards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the expanding Spaniards
+destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed
+kusco to a plane and rebuilt it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kusco to a plane and rebuilt it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kusco to a plane and rebuilt it from
+scratch they didn't destroy the lamra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch they didn't destroy the lamra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch they didn't destroy the lamra in
+Spain when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain when
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+post Islam in post Islam Spain how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post Islam in post Islam Spain how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post Islam in post Islam Spain how is it
+that the Crusaders didn't destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Crusaders didn't destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Crusaders didn't destroy the
+D of the rock or the simply put a flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of the rock or the simply put a flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D of the rock or the simply put a flag
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+now historians have argued that it's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now historians have argued that it's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now historians have argued that it's be
+out of respect for the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of respect for the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of respect for the quality of the
+architecture now this assumes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture now this assumes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture now this assumes the
+Conquering program having a DNA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conquering program having a DNA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conquering program having a DNA which
+includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respect also it also assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect also it also assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect also it also assumes
+that different vales of pertaining to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different vales of pertaining to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different vales of pertaining to
+different cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it regards Colonial cultures as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it regards Colonial cultures as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it regards Colonial cultures as the
+British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British
+colon Lin regarded Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Lin regarded Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon Lin regarded Indian
+architecture as pathetic as childish as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture as pathetic as childish as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture as pathetic as childish as
+thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be
+achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved
+uh it's a little remarkable given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little remarkable given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a little remarkable given the
+history of Islam and European the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Islam and European the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Islam and European the
+European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European
+Center that they would regard Islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center that they would regard Islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center that they would regard Islam
+architecture quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture quite as
+automatically as uh as they did maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically as uh as they did maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically as uh as they did maybe
+they were worn out in the post they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were worn out in the post they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were worn out in the post they took
+a hell of a long time to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hell of a long time to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hell of a long time to get rid of
+Islam it's spent all generations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resources and then remembering it the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and then remembering it the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and then remembering it the at
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance the other example of number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the other example of number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the other example of number six
+to other than the Holocaust m Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other than the Holocaust m Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other than the Holocaust m Museum
+which comes to mind is a building you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes to mind is a building you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes to mind is a building you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+know in Verona it's Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in Verona it's Carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in Verona it's Carlos
+Scarpas uh Museum castal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scarpas uh Museum castal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scarpas uh Museum castal
+Veo one of the finest if not the finest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veo one of the finest if not the finest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veo one of the finest if not the finest
+example of preservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of preservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of preservation
+architecture I think in modern times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I think in modern times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I think in modern times or
+in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent
+times castal vaco which I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times castal vaco which I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times castal vaco which I won't
+illustrate because I had to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate because I had to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate because I had to choose the
+number of slides I try not to show more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of slides I try not to show more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of slides I try not to show more
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+slid 60 slides per class and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid 60 slides per class and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid 60 slides per class and it's very
+difficult at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Casto was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casto was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Casto was
+uh the home of a royal family the scori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the home of a royal family the scori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the home of a royal family the scori
+I think they were uh in 1925 it was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they were uh in 1925 it was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they were uh in 1925 it was made
+into Museum in 1956 caros Scara was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Museum in 1956 caros Scara was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Museum in 1956 caros Scara was
+asked to integrate the two and he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to integrate the two and he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to integrate the two and he took
+the forms of the past and introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms of the past and introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forms of the past and introduced
+them into the new building in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the new building in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the new building in a
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+which I think Jim free did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think Jim free did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think Jim free did in the
+Holocaust Museum but this is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holocaust Museum but this is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holocaust Museum but this is difficult
+work and there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and there are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and there are not
+many I'm sure you can think of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I'm sure you can think of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I'm sure you can think of examples
+as well but these are the two that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but these are the two that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but these are the two that come
+to mind when I think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind when I think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mind when I think of this
+category let let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Alder Rossi briefly and then to Leon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alder Rossi briefly and then to Leon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alder Rossi briefly and then to Leon
+Creed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+briefly Rossi uses the past as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly Rossi uses the past as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly Rossi uses the past as a tool
+for understanding the present form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the present form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the present form of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+city for rosi the past is a Continuum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for rosi the past is a Continuum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for rosi the past is a Continuum of
+which we are still Pro we are still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are still Pro we are still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are still Pro we are still a
+part the past is perpetuated almost F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the past is perpetuated almost F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the past is perpetuated almost F
+fossilized in theity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossilized in theity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossilized in theity
+form even as that form and its use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form even as that form and its use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form even as that form and its use are
+constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly
+changing primary elements of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing primary elements of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing primary elements of the city
+form are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form are
+perpetuated Through Time creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuated Through Time creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuated Through Time creating an
+autonomous system of basic absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous system of basic absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous system of basic absolute
+forms around which the city has been and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms around which the city has been and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms around which the city has been and
+continues to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be
+built that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abstraction let's look at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction let's look at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction let's look at a couple of
+things that he argues he argues that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he argues he argues that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that he argues he argues that the
+a dialectic between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialectic between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialectic between the
+city as stones and mortar the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as stones and mortar the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city as stones and mortar the actual
+physical artifact and the City of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical artifact and the City of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical artifact and the City of our
+minds an ideal city that embodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds an ideal city that embodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds an ideal city that embodies
+experiences meaning and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences meaning and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences meaning and understanding
+that is autonomous of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is autonomous of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is autonomous of time and
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rossi doesn't discuss memory very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rossi doesn't discuss memory very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rossi doesn't discuss memory very much
+but what he's talking about are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he's talking about are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he's talking about are much
+more the attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the attributes of
+memory than the attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory than the attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory than the attributes of
+History he refers in his book to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History he refers in his book to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History he refers in his book to the
+work of Maurice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Maurice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Maurice
+alox the French sociologist who wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alox the French sociologist who wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alox the French sociologist who wrote a
+book called the collective memory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called the collective memory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called the collective memory which
+I think is one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is one of the great
+books of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of our
+time and I will refer to it ex EXT a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I will refer to it ex EXT a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I will refer to it ex EXT a bit
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rossi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rossi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rossi
+secondly divides the city TimeWise into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly divides the city TimeWise into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly divides the city TimeWise into
+primary elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary elements and
+dwellings for him dwellings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings for him dwellings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings for him dwellings are
+expressions of Ever Changing individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of Ever Changing individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions of Ever Changing individual
+will they constitute a vernacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they constitute a vernacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they constitute a vernacular
+architecture that is subject in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is subject in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture that is subject in use
+subject to changes in use form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to changes in use form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to changes in use form and
+meaning been contrast primary elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning been contrast primary elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning been contrast primary elements
+are expressions of collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressions of collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressions of collective
+will especially the subgroup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will especially the subgroup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will especially the subgroup of
+monuments so housing is temporary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments so housing is temporary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments so housing is temporary a
+neighborhood may be permanent as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood may be permanent as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood may be permanent as a as
+a as a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as a primary
+element I quote from him a Monument's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element I quote from him a Monument's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element I quote from him a Monument's
+persistence or permanence is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence or permanence is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistence or permanence is the result
+of its capacity to constitute the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its capacity to constitute the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its capacity to constitute the city
+its history and art it's being and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its history and art it's being and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its history and art it's being and
+memory I've given you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I've given you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I've given you uh
+a copy of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of his
+project in padaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in padaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in padaa
+the pazo de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pazo de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pazo de
+Raj which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raj which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raj which
+was you argue it's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monument these Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he
+he goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on
+to use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the term
+Locust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specify a particular space or place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a particular space or place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a particular space or place in
+the city which forms a part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city which forms a part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city which forms a part of its
+permanent history and his argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent history and his argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent history and his argument is
+the city needs to be built on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city needs to be built on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city needs to be built on these
+permanences or new permanences should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanences or new permanences should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanences or new permanences should be
+created at the same time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maintaining fluidity in the dispense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining fluidity in the dispense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining fluidity in the dispense
+dispensing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+housing he makes the Bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing he makes the Bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing he makes the Bold
+C statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C statement
+that permanence in form precedes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that permanence in form precedes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that permanence in form precedes for
+permanence in institutions I quote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence in institutions I quote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence in institutions I quote the
+permanence of a form or its value as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence of a form or its value as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence of a form or its value as a
+reference is entirely independent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is entirely independent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is entirely independent on
+both the specific functions for which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the specific functions for which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the specific functions for which it
+was designed and its coent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed and its coent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed and its coent with a
+continuity of urban institutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of urban institutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of urban institutions for
+this reason I'm deliberately emphasizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason I'm deliberately emphasizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason I'm deliberately emphasizing
+the form and the architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form and the architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form and the architecture of the
+city rather than its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city rather than its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city rather than its
+institutions I mean primitively he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions I mean primitively he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions I mean primitively he's
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+that an old building can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an old building can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an old building can take a
+different use without changing its form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use without changing its form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different use without changing its form
+significantly in fact in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly in fact in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly in fact in the history
+memory distinction he controverts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory distinction he controverts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory distinction he controverts the
+normal history memory relationship over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal history memory relationship over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal history memory relationship over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+normally somebody like David lenthal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally somebody like David lenthal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally somebody like David lenthal in
+the book the past is a foreign country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book the past is a foreign country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book the past is a foreign country
+one of the best books on architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best books on architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best books on architecture
+preservation by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation by the way
+um says that typically memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says that typically memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says that typically memory is
+shortlived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortlived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortlived
+and it's replaced by the permanence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's replaced by the permanence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's replaced by the permanence of
+History Rossi reverts the two he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History Rossi reverts the two he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History Rossi reverts the two he says
+history occurs as long as a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history occurs as long as a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history occurs as long as a building
+maintains its present use memory occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its present use memory occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains its present use memory occurs
+is instituted once the use changes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instituted once the use changes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instituted once the use changes now
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ideas I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I don't know how
+much empirical the evidence is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much empirical the evidence is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much empirical the evidence is for this
+or how much Ros he has measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much Ros he has measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much Ros he has measured the
+permanence of Institutions as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence of Institutions as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanence of Institutions as opposed to
+the permanence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanence of
+monuments he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments he doesn't
+matter Rossi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valuable
+because he attracts attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he attracts attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he attracts attention to the
+distinction in value of certain forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction in value of certain forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction in value of certain forms of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+uh I had an argument with Kevin Lynch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had an argument with Kevin Lynch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had an argument with Kevin Lynch
+about Alder rosi in saying this and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alder rosi in saying this and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Alder rosi in saying this and I'll
+just quote Lynch from his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote Lynch from his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quote Lynch from his own
+writing about his antagonism to Rossi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about his antagonism to Rossi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about his antagonism to Rossi
+you can make up your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind for rosi architectures autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind for rosi architectures autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind for rosi architectures autonomous
+discipline Eternal outside of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline Eternal outside of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline Eternal outside of time
+creating form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating form
+typologies which have an ex independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typologies which have an ex independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typologies which have an ex independent
+existence like platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence like platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence like platonic
+cities the city is a permanent structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the city is a permanent structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities the city is a permanent structure
+through which it it remembers its past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which it it remembers its past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which it it remembers its past
+it realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it realizes
+itself these attitudes are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself these attitudes are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself these attitudes are these
+attitudes unfold into montrous exot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes unfold into montrous exot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes unfold into montrous exot
+montrous seductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montrous seductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montrous seductive
+flowers they are rooted in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers they are rooted in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers they are rooted in the same
+false idea that man and his habitat are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false idea that man and his habitat are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false idea that man and his habitat are
+completely separate entities linked only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate entities linked only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely separate entities linked only
+if at all by some mechanical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at all by some mechanical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if at all by some mechanical one
+directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional
+causation it's true that Rossi says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation it's true that Rossi says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causation it's true that Rossi says in
+in his writing that form has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his writing that form has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his writing that form has
+meaning form creates certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form I'm using L's word remembers its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm using L's word remembers its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form I'm using L's word remembers its
+past I think I have to give Rossy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I think I have to give Rossy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I think I have to give Rossy the
+benefit of not being so dumb as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of not being so dumb as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of not being so dumb as to
+believe that bricks have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that bricks have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that bricks have a
+brain or stone remembers anything he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain or stone remembers anything he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain or stone remembers anything he's
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+a syllogistic jump I think syllogistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a syllogistic jump I think syllogistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a syllogistic jump I think syllogistic
+is the right word he's assuming that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right word he's assuming that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right word he's assuming that you
+assume that it's the interp it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's the interp it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it's the interp it's the
+mental interpretation of what the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental interpretation of what the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental interpretation of what the when
+Lou KH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says And he as he often used to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says And he as he often used to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says And he as he often used to say
+something makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself he's not referring to the mechan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself he's not referring to the mechan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself he's not referring to the mechan
+mechanical system which produces light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system which produces light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical system which produces light
+he's referring to the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's referring to the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's referring to the human
+understanding of the mechanical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the mechanical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the mechanical system
+which produces light he's compressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces light he's compressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which produces light he's compressing
+the idea so I think Kevin is wrong and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so I think Kevin is wrong and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so I think Kevin is wrong and I
+told him so but he didn't agree with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him so but he didn't agree with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told him so but he didn't agree with me
+poor man is not alive any longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fight I think you have to read rosi now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight I think you have to read rosi now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight I think you have to read rosi now
+and make an independent assertion of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make an independent assertion of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make an independent assertion of how
+much that book means I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that book means I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that book means I don't think you
+need to look at these other books autobi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at these other books autobi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at these other books autobi
+autobiography of an idea certainly don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography of an idea certainly don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autobiography of an idea certainly don't
+look at any of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any of his
+projects or go to one of them in Italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or go to one of them in Italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects or go to one of them in Italy
+and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be
+appalled by the stupidity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalled by the stupidity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appalled by the stupidity of the
+thinking Leon ker is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Leon ker is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking Leon ker is a much more
+indomitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indomitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indomitable
+character he automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character he automatically
+classifies he makes absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifies he makes absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifies he makes absolute
+judgments for him classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments for him classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments for him classical
+architecture is the only architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is the only architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is the only architecture
+that one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one should
+contemplate independent of economy time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate independent of economy time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate independent of economy time
+culture Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology he also assumes that equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology he also assumes that equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology he also assumes that equally
+Stark judgments can be made between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark judgments can be made between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stark judgments can be made between
+public buildings and private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public buildings and private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public buildings and private
+buildings for me the genius of much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings for me the genius of much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings for me the genius of much of
+the complexity of humanism is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of humanism is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of humanism is the
+overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping
+between public and private entities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private entities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private entities and
+space if I drove down Memorial Drive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I drove down Memorial Drive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space if I drove down Memorial Drive and
+got to the Mount Orban hospital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the Mount Orban hospital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the Mount Orban hospital and
+looked at the school across the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the school across the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the school across the way
+which my children went to I had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which my children went to I had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which my children went to I had to pay
+enormous amount of money to the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of money to the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount of money to the that
+school so therefore it must be a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so therefore it must be a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so therefore it must be a private
+school but it looks like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but it looks like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school but it looks like any
+school down the if I go down Mount Orban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school down the if I go down Mount Orban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school down the if I go down Mount Orban
+Street and come through Water Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and come through Water Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street and come through Water Town
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+a classical facade facing me which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical facade facing me which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical facade facing me which
+happens to be a public school in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a public school in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be a public school in England
+a public is a private school in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public is a private school in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public is a private school in the
+American a public school is a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American a public school is a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American a public school is a public
+school um what classifications I will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um what classifications I will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school um what classifications I will in
+deal with the dichotomy or the dialectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the dichotomy or the dialectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the dichotomy or the dialectic
+between public and private in City form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private in City form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between public and private in City form
+in next on Thursday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class career can be criticized on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels first of all the universality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels first of all the universality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels first of all the universality of
+classicism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism
+is a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political
+assumption I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption I don't know if
+Indians under Gandhi assume classicism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians under Gandhi assume classicism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians under Gandhi assume classicism
+to be a universal form certainly I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a universal form certainly I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a universal form certainly I never
+grew up in South Africa regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in South Africa regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in South Africa regarding
+classicism as the appropriate form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism as the appropriate form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism as the appropriate form to
+satisfy black Ambitions in South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy black Ambitions in South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy black Ambitions in South
+Africa classism was always the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa classism was always the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa classism was always the form of
+superior buildings when I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior buildings when I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior buildings when I went to the
+Law Courts it had a classical pediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law Courts it had a classical pediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law Courts it had a classical pediment
+when I went to visit a friend of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went to visit a friend of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went to visit a friend of mine
+political friend in of mine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political friend in of mine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political friend in of mine in
+johannesburg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johannesburg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johannesburg's
+prison uh I entered a under classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison uh I entered a under classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison uh I entered a under classical
+inure classicism for me growing up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inure classicism for me growing up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inure classicism for me growing up was
+associated with values which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with values which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with values which were
+Eternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Beyond My Reality as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond My Reality as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond My Reality as a young
+person um I'm not sure I've over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um I'm not sure I've over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um I'm not sure I've over
+outgrown those versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classicism we have conflicts about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism we have conflicts about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classicism we have conflicts about this
+version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the
+past the Boston simp I've said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the Boston simp I've said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the Boston simp I've said this
+before but the Boston Symphony oresta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the Boston Symphony oresta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the Boston Symphony oresta
+dares to play I mean there's a concert I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dares to play I mean there's a concert I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dares to play I mean there's a concert I
+want to go to in New York in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to in New York in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to in New York in
+which Gustavo dudamel the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Gustavo dudamel the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Gustavo dudamel the young
+conductor of the Los Angeles philonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of the Los Angeles philonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of the Los Angeles philonic
+Austra is conducting brookner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austra is conducting brookner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austra is conducting brookner's
+brookner's number eight if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brookner's number eight if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brookner's number eight if there's a
+classical Symphony which is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Symphony which is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical Symphony which is all of the
+overtures of classism it's Brookner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtures of classism it's Brookner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtures of classism it's Brookner
+number eight but he's playing his prary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight but he's playing his prary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number eight but he's playing his prary
+to it a piece by composer called corano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it a piece by composer called corano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it a piece by composer called corano
+a new a contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new a contemporary
+composer the weight of the piece is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer the weight of the piece is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer the weight of the piece is in
+Brookner so there is a part of us which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookner so there is a part of us which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brookner so there is a part of us which
+establishes in our culture certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes in our culture certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes in our culture certain
+values about the past as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values about the past as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values about the past as
+absolute and certain values about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute and certain values about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute and certain values about the
+present as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we are constantly in my view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are constantly in my view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are constantly in my view of the
+world balancing these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world balancing these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world balancing these two
+problematics coming to satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematics coming to satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematics coming to satisfying
+conclusions even arguing that Mozart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions even arguing that Mozart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions even arguing that Mozart's
+piano contos when to Vienna started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano contos when to Vienna started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piano contos when to Vienna started
+accounting for the popular impulse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the popular impulse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the popular impulse in
+music and number 26 is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and number 26 is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and number 26 is a wonderful
+popular popular version of his earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular popular version of his earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular popular version of his earlier
+piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coner I don't know how to leave you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coner I don't know how to leave you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coner I don't know how to leave you with
+you this Leon Creer position I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this Leon Creer position I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this Leon Creer position I'll show
+you some slides look at poundbury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the image I've given you is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image I've given you is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image I've given you is from the
+1976 laet competition in which he won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 laet competition in which he won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 laet competition in which he won
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+prize uh I won't show that you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize uh I won't show that you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize uh I won't show that you in the
+slides it's the last pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of he
+deals in many respects if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals in many respects if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals in many respects if you look at
+this project in detail particularly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project in detail particularly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project in detail particularly the
+drawings he draws and his wife draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings he draws and his wife draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings he draws and his wife draws
+beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully
+um in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order
+to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create
+enough identity in a 15,000 person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough identity in a 15,000 person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough identity in a 15,000 person
+place even at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place even at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place even at this
+density he has to introduce a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density he has to introduce a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density he has to introduce a linear
+system down the middle full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large buildings hotels convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large buildings hotels convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large buildings hotels convention
+centers no 15,000 part of a city can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers no 15,000 part of a city can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers no 15,000 part of a city can
+support economically this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support economically this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support economically this kind of
+program one of the problems that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program one of the problems that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program one of the problems that the new
+urbanists have is that at American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists have is that at American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists have is that at American
+densities if you were not willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities if you were not willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities if you were not willing to
+walk more than 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk more than 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk more than 7
+minutes you can drive to a 711 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you can drive to a 711 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you can drive to a 711 and a
+video store let alone to the diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video store let alone to the diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video store let alone to the diversity
+of opportun shopping or commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportun shopping or commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportun shopping or commercial
+opportunities that you have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that you have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that you have if you
+increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the
+density Suburbia is fraught with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density Suburbia is fraught with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density Suburbia is fraught with the
+problems of having too many too few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of having too many too few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of having too many too few
+people you can inflate it as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can inflate it as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you can inflate it as much as you
+can the second problem with this create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the second problem with this create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the second problem with this create
+preoccupation with classism is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with classism is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with classism is that
+doesn't allow for diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the piece I quoted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece I quoted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece I quoted from
+myself in discussion with Leon ker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in discussion with Leon ker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself in discussion with Leon ker at
+one meeting argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument let's go
+on because I'm don't want to run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because I'm don't want to run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because I'm don't want to run out of
+time to discussion of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know a lot more about memory than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a lot more about memory than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a lot more about memory than we
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Across the r across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Across the r across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Across the r across
+the vast Street there a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast Street there a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast Street there a bunch of
+people one of the institutes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of the institutes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of the institutes is
+Institute for memory The pcka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Institute what we know about memory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute what we know about memory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute what we know about memory is
+that it operates through the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it operates through the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it operates through the existence
+of 10 to the power of 12 neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to the power of 12 neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to the power of 12 neurons and
+what is 10 the^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 10 the^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 10 the^
+12 that's the number of neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 that's the number of neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 that's the number of neurons in the
+human brain each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neuron is connected to plusus five other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is connected to plusus five other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron is connected to plusus five other
+5,000 other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 other
+cells so you have a network of immense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so you have a network of immense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so you have a network of immense
+immense power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense power
+50% of memory is created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not memory I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not memory I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not memory I'm
+sorry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry on
+perception Vision commands almost one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception Vision commands almost one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception Vision commands almost one
+half of our brain's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of our brain's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of our brain's
+cortex to make sense of a picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex to make sense of a picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex to make sense of a picture that
+you see through your eyes takes half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see through your eyes takes half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see through your eyes takes half the
+power this requires more computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this requires more computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this requires more computational
+power than MIT Engineers can fathom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power than MIT Engineers can fathom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power than MIT Engineers can fathom
+let alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone
+produce Nancy caner Professor cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Nancy caner Professor cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Nancy caner Professor cross the
+street writes the following I'm quoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street writes the following I'm quoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street writes the following I'm quoting
+her because I don't want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistakes object recognition is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes object recognition is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes object recognition is no
+trivial task because a visual image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial task because a visual image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial task because a visual image
+doesn't enter our brains as a developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't enter our brains as a developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't enter our brains as a developed
+photograph imagine that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph imagine that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph imagine that most of
+architectural expression that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural expression that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural expression that I'm
+talking about is processed by the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is processed by the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is processed by the visual
+Court by the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court by the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court by the visual
+brain rate is like a grid of pixels on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain rate is like a grid of pixels on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain rate is like a grid of pixels on a
+digital camera an array of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera an array of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital camera an array of millions of
+numbers indicating light and color on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers indicating light and color on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers indicating light and color on
+our eyes 10 million or so photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+receptors as you walk down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors as you walk down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors as you walk down the street
+billions of bits billions of bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of bits billions of bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of bits billions of bits of
+visual information strike your field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information strike your field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual information strike your field of
+view that view refreshes itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that view refreshes itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that view refreshes itself
+continuously as objects move lighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously as objects move lighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously as objects move lighting
+changes or you shift your eyes or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you shift your eyes or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you shift your eyes or your
+body still the briefest glance is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body still the briefest glance is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body still the briefest glance is often
+enough to recognize even the never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to recognize even the never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to recognize even the never
+before seen object in a fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before seen object in a fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before seen object in a fraction of a
+second its visual input runs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second its visual input runs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second its visual input runs from the
+retina through increasingly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina through increasingly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina through increasingly higher
+levels of the visual stream until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the visual stream until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the visual stream until it
+reaches the cognitive regions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the cognitive regions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the cognitive regions of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm amazed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this processing of visual information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this processing of visual information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this processing of visual information is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+automatic it is selective what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic it is selective what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic it is selective what you
+decide to send to the higher parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to send to the higher parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to send to the higher parts of
+your brain is based on the selection you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain is based on the selection you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain is based on the selection you
+make of the in the image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the in the image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the in the image you
+see memory is very very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see memory is very very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see memory is very very difficult to
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with we know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we know it
+exists because we have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because we have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because we have access to
+ourselves as individuals but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as individuals but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as individuals but what is
+collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory I'm going to go through a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I'm going to go through a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I'm going to go through a bunch
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thesis let's see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis let's see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis let's see if I
+can go through this list of distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I've given you a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've given you a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I've given you a list of
+five writers who've tried to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five writers who've tried to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five writers who've tried to distinguish
+history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one when history ends memory begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alderi history precedes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alderi history precedes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alderi history precedes
+memory his argument is that when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory his argument is that when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory his argument is that when a
+building changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building changes its
+function it invokes memory and ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it invokes memory and ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it invokes memory and ends
+history which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonsense mace halak says general history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense mace halak says general history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense mace halak says general history
+only starts when tradition ends and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only starts when tradition ends and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only starts when tradition ends and the
+social memor is folding or breaking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social memor is folding or breaking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social memor is folding or breaking up
+this is the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the conventional
+interpretation memory if it is as alas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation memory if it is as alas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation memory if it is as alas
+argues that result of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that result of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues that result of social
+interaction Aros is very outspoken he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction Aros is very outspoken he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction Aros is very outspoken he
+writes a chapter on musical memory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a chapter on musical memory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes a chapter on musical memory which
+is extraordinary he argues you that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extraordinary he argues you that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is extraordinary he argues you that it
+is impossible to maintain musical memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is impossible to maintain musical memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is impossible to maintain musical memory
+without being part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being part of a
+group I have often amazed at a Pianist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I have often amazed at a Pianist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I have often amazed at a Pianist
+like morito polini will walk onto his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like morito polini will walk onto his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like morito polini will walk onto his
+stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and
+play for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for 3
+hours without looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours without looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours without looking at a
+note he'll play from B he play from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note he'll play from B he play from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note he'll play from B he play from
+shopan he play from he won't play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopan he play from he won't play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopan he play from he won't play
+from well whoever he plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from we still don't know War because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we still don't know War because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we still don't know War because we
+can't penetrate the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't penetrate the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't penetrate the brain
+medically you can do it only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically you can do it only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medically you can do it only if you
+operate on tumors but you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on tumors but you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate on tumors but you cannot
+most of disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of disease is
+understood through symptoms or Through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood through symptoms or Through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood through symptoms or Through
+Blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blood
+measurements you can get neither very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you can get neither very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you can get neither very
+directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the
+brain so the brain is the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so the brain is the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so the brain is the last part of
+the human body that is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human body that is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human body that is subject
+to research in medicine and the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to research in medicine and the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to research in medicine and the distance
+it does to go particularly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does to go particularly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does to go particularly for the
+neurogenerative diseases Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenerative diseases Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenerative diseases Alzheimer's
+Parkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parkinson
+autism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism
+schizophrenia uh is a long long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia uh is a long long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenia uh is a long long
+away uh although they doing good work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh although they doing good work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh although they doing good work
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+street so these assumptions about memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximations the only person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations the only person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations the only person
+who has a very strong view on this is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a very strong view on this is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has a very strong view on this is p
+or rather French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather French
+philosopher who says memory is life born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who says memory is life born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who says memory is life born
+by living societies founded in its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by living societies founded in its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by living societies founded in its name
+history on the other hand is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history on the other hand is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history on the other hand is the
+Reconstruction always problematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction always problematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reconstruction always problematic and
+incomplete of what is no longer history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete of what is no longer history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete of what is no longer history
+is perpetually suspicious in memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpetually suspicious in memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpetually suspicious in memory and
+it's true mission is to suppress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true mission is to suppress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true mission is to suppress and
+destroy it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy it this is a
+very antagonistic view of History's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very antagonistic view of History's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very antagonistic view of History's
+claim to coincide with memory time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to coincide with memory time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to coincide with memory time
+separating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the
+two he argues that me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two he argues that me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two he argues that me
+colonization is based on destroying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization is based on destroying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonization is based on destroying the
+memory component of L native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory component of L native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory component of L native
+civilizations he also says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations he also says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilizations he also says that
+postmodernism with false history fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernism with false history fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodernism with false history fake
+history Sound by its virtual history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Sound by its virtual history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history Sound by its virtual history
+comp compounds the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compounds the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp compounds the problem
+let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look
+at some of this material a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of this material a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of this material a little more
+carefully history has a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully history has a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully history has a long
+Association at least architect sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association at least architect sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association at least architect sorry
+architect has a long association with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory the pneumonic a device for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remembering his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering his
+absolutely present in the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely present in the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely present in the earliest
+histories memory is quoted in by ciso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories memory is quoted in by ciso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories memory is quoted in by ciso
+and others as occurring when the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others as occurring when the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others as occurring when the Greek
+simones he's at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simones he's at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simones he's at a
+meeting and leaves the meeting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and leaves the meeting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and leaves the meeting because
+he's called outside while he's outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's called outside while he's outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's called outside while he's outside
+the building's roof collapses and kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building's roof collapses and kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building's roof collapses and kills
+everybody in the room he has a capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room he has a capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the room he has a capacity
+of memory which reconstructs every body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory which reconstructs every body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory which reconstructs every body
+although the bodies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the bodies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the bodies are
+disfigured the notion that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disfigured the notion that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disfigured the notion that if that
+active memory was an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active memory was an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active memory was an important
+phenomenon old so classical societies he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon old so classical societies he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon old so classical societies he
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+evident by the role that neonics played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident by the role that neonics played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident by the role that neonics played
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+uh Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Greek
+education young men would walk not women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education young men would walk not women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education young men would walk not women
+young men would walk around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men would walk around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men would walk around the
+pyramid concentrating on the establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid concentrating on the establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramid concentrating on the establish
+the architectural elements of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architectural elements of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architectural elements of the system
+they walk around and round and round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walk around and round and round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they walk around and round and round
+until it imprinted them minds they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it imprinted them minds they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it imprinted them minds they were
+open to question about the constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to question about the constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to question about the constructions
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders
+um young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um young
+men were taught to debate using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men were taught to debate using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men were taught to debate using this
+architectures neonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you make an argument you enter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make an argument you enter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make an argument you enter in the
+into the foyer of the building you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the foyer of the building you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the foyer of the building you you
+make your argument you turn right into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your argument you turn right into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your argument you turn right into a
+room that's your sub argument you return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that's your sub argument you return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that's your sub argument you return
+to the main argument you go to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main argument you go to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the main argument you go to the left
+you make another second sub argument you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make another second sub argument you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make another second sub argument you
+return to the center you go up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the center you go up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to the center you go up a
+staircase you go to the third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase you go to the third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staircase you go to the third of the
+left you return to the main argument you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you return to the main argument you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you return to the main argument you
+go to the for and so on this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the for and so on this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the for and so on this is a very
+classical form of learning but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical form of learning but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical form of learning but
+in where memory was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where memory was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in where memory was not
+available through television or through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available through television or through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available through television or through
+radio or through telephone and so on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or through telephone and so on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or through telephone and so on it
+was a very precious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very precious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very precious
+commodity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and
+architecture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is a
+space is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is an important
+harmonic architecture serves as a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic architecture serves as a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic architecture serves as a memory
+system for ideas about human Origins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for ideas about human Origins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for ideas about human Origins a
+means for recording understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for recording understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for recording understanding of
+order and relationship in the world an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and relationship in the world an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and relationship in the world an
+attempt to grasp the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to grasp the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to grasp the concept of the
+internal Cosmos which has no fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Cosmos which has no fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal Cosmos which has no fixed
+Dimensions with neither beginning nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end the endless references to the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the endless references to the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the endless references to the use of
+mm monics Francis Yates book on memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm monics Francis Yates book on memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm monics Francis Yates book on memory
+and culture refers to mediev evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and culture refers to mediev evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and culture refers to mediev evil
+systems of theater writing to Pro as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of theater writing to Pro as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of theater writing to Pro as
+neonics as devices for learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonics as devices for learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonics as devices for learning about
+memory John rusin the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory John rusin the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory John rusin the 19th century
+British art historian and philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British art historian and philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British art historian and philosopher
+writes we may remember without her that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes we may remember without her that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes we may remember without her that
+is were memory we may we may live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is were memory we may we may live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is were memory we may we may live
+without memory and worship without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without memory and worship without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without memory and worship without
+memory but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+sorry rusen wrote a book called seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry rusen wrote a book called seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry rusen wrote a book called seven
+lamps of architecture which none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps of architecture which none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps of architecture which none of you
+know about I'm sure it's a book uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about I'm sure it's a book uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about I'm sure it's a book uh good
+how do you know about I I took a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know about I I took a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know about I I took a class
+on the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation seven lamps of architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation seven lamps of architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation seven lamps of architecture
+sacrifice truth power Beauty life memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice truth power Beauty life memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice truth power Beauty life memory
+obedience why would a 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedience why would a 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obedience why would a 19th century
+British art historian include memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British art historian include memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British art historian include memory
+as one of the lamps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+architecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+live we cannot remember without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her these are obsessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arguments that the the apparatus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that the the apparatus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that the the apparatus of the
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+world is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pneumonic it's a way of of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonic it's a way of of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pneumonic it's a way of of us
+maintaining our daily life this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining our daily life this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining our daily life this is
+halak's big point I'll come to it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halak's big point I'll come to it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halak's big point I'll come to it in one
+minute I'm trying to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm trying to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I'm trying to go through the
+others as quickly as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as quickly as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as quickly as I
+can the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about in ja aul's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in ja aul's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in ja aul's
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Y Professor Kiren is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y Professor Kiren is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y Professor Kiren is
+writing about the the phenomenon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about the the phenomenon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing about the the phenomenon of
+paradise Paradise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradise Paradise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradise Paradise
+Lost is explicit in its m mission to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost is explicit in its m mission to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost is explicit in its m mission to us
+that we have been trying to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been trying to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have been trying to create
+recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate
+Paradise Joseph rickford's book Adams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Joseph rickford's book Adams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Joseph rickford's book Adams
+hat in Adam's hat in hat in Paradise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in Adam's hat in hat in Paradise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat in Adam's hat in hat in Paradise
+refers to that the many philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to that the many philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to that the many philosophers
+have written about the loss of parad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written about the loss of parad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written about the loss of parad
+Paradise Paradise Lost who wrote par who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Paradise Lost who wrote par who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradise Paradise Lost who wrote par who
+wrote the epic poem Paradise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the epic poem Paradise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the epic poem Paradise
+Lost Milton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Milton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lost Milton
+yeah it's confusing with somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's confusing with somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's confusing with somebody
+else Harris also argues that we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Harris also argues that we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else Harris also argues that we are the
+only human the only animal species that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only human the only animal species that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only human the only animal species that
+knows that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that we're going to
+die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+uh capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capacity to
+be beholden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beholden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beholden
+to to time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to time is
+greater this phenomenon of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater this phenomenon of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater this phenomenon of the of the
+building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of
+ruins the signal appearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the signal appearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the signal appearance of
+artificial R how do you explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial R how do you explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial R how do you explain the
+building of artificial ruins in the 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of artificial ruins in the 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of artificial ruins in the 18th
+century given my argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century given my argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century given my argument about
+memory what is a sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory what is a sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory what is a sophisticated
+Society what is the wealthy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what is the wealthy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society what is the wealthy and the
+sophistic at Society in Castle Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic at Society in Castle Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistic at Society in Castle Howard
+building ruins on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property we go to Louie Khan whom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we go to Louie Khan whom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we go to Louie Khan whom I
+quote in my writing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory in the KVA synagogue which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the KVA synagogue which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory in the KVA synagogue which was
+number three which is Khan's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three which is Khan's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three which is Khan's probably
+Lou Khan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lou Khan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lou Khan's
+amongst these half a dozen based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these half a dozen based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst these half a dozen based
+Creations although it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations although it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations although it wasn't
+built he was asked to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built he was asked to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built he was asked to replace the
+traditional Jewish synagogue in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Jewish synagogue in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional Jewish synagogue in the old
+city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of
+Jerusalem he refused to he refused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem he refused to he refused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem he refused to he refused the
+rabis implication and said I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabis implication and said I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabis implication and said I'm going to
+build it on the site next to it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it on the site next to it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it on the site next to it I'm
+going to maintain the ruins why did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maintain the ruins why did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to maintain the ruins why did he
+argue for maintaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for maintaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for maintaining the
+ruins first of all con his ruins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins first of all con his ruins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins first of all con his ruins
+maintain memory what is not built is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain memory what is not built is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain memory what is not built is not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+lost second a ruin free of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost second a ruin free of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost second a ruin free of the
+obligation to perform active functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation to perform active functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation to perform active functions
+any longer is able to fully express its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer is able to fully express its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any longer is able to fully express its
+Spirit or form Essence often more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit or form Essence often more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit or form Essence often more so
+than whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than whole
+buildings a third aspect of K's thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings a third aspect of K's thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings a third aspect of K's thought
+is his linking of ruins or the iidea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his linking of ruins or the iidea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is his linking of ruins or the iidea of
+Silence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the fourth his concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fourth his concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fourth his concept of
+the the fact that contemporary built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that contemporary built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fact that contemporary built
+forms could be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms could be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms could be given
+metaphoric implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ruins the creation of a perfect Paradise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the creation of a perfect Paradise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruins the creation of a perfect Paradise
+lies at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+architecture Paradise on Earth is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Paradise on Earth is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Paradise on Earth is a kind
+of waiting room an anticipatory sub of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waiting room an anticipatory sub of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waiting room an anticipatory sub of
+Kingdom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingdom
+Come Maurice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alas remarks that mental equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alas remarks that mental equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alas remarks that mental equilibrium is
+first and foremost due to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost due to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost due to the fact that
+physical objects of our daily contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical objects of our daily contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical objects of our daily contact
+change little or not at all providing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change little or not at all providing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change little or not at all providing us
+with an image of permanence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability if I had
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+my mirror to shave in in the morning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mirror to shave in in the morning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mirror to shave in in the morning in
+a different place every day I'd go mad I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different place every day I'd go mad I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different place every day I'd go mad I
+wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't
+shave if memoral Drive changed its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shave if memoral Drive changed its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shave if memoral Drive changed its
+function overnight and I had to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function overnight and I had to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function overnight and I had to find a
+new road to come to MIT every morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new road to come to MIT every morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new road to come to MIT every morning
+I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd go
+mad G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad G
+Dean tells a horrible story of a mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean tells a horrible story of a mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dean tells a horrible story of a mother
+and a daughter who come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a daughter who come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a daughter who come to
+Paris during the plague epidemic they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris during the plague epidemic they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris during the plague epidemic they
+don't the mother doesn't know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the mother doesn't know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the mother doesn't know that the
+daughter has plagu he hasn't they check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter has plagu he hasn't they check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter has plagu he hasn't they check
+into a hotel where they reserved a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hotel where they reserved a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a hotel where they reserved a room
+the manager of the hotel recognizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager of the hotel recognizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager of the hotel recognizes the
+plague in the daughter the mother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague in the daughter the mother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague in the daughter the mother and
+daughter check in go out to see doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter check in go out to see doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter check in go out to see doctors
+for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the
+day the manager of the hotel has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the manager of the hotel has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the manager of the hotel has the
+room changed while they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room changed while they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room changed while they
+gone redecorated the B belongings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone redecorated the B belongings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone redecorated the B belongings are
+dispatched they returned that night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched they returned that night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched they returned that night and
+the manager tells them they they made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager tells them they they made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager tells them they they made a
+mistake they didn't Shake into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel
+Kim writes this story to Intrigue us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kim writes this story to Intrigue us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kim writes this story to Intrigue us
+about the need for permanence of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the need for permanence of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the need for permanence of about
+the everyday fact of checking into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday fact of checking into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everyday fact of checking into a
+hotel providing us with reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel providing us with reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel providing us with reasonable
+expectations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations or
+nourishment alox is very full of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll just quote him in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place thus every Collective me memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place thus every Collective me memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place thus every Collective me memory
+unfolds within a spatial framework space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds within a spatial framework space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds within a spatial framework space
+is a reality that endures since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reality that endures since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reality that endures since our
+Impressions Rush by one after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions Rush by one after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impressions Rush by one after another
+and leave nothing behind in the mind we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave nothing behind in the mind we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave nothing behind in the mind we
+can understand how we recapture the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how we recapture the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how we recapture the past
+but only by understanding how it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only by understanding how it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only by understanding how it is in
+effect preserved by our physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect preserved by our physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect preserved by our physical
+surroundings it is to space the space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings it is to space the space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings it is to space the space we
+occupi Traverse have continual access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupi Traverse have continual access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupi Traverse have continual access to
+or can at any time reconstruct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can at any time reconstruct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can at any time reconstruct and
+thought imagination that we must turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought imagination that we must turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought imagination that we must turn
+our Attention our thought must focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Attention our thought must focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Attention our thought must focus on
+it if this or that category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if this or that category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if this or that category of
+remembrances is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reappear
+okay running out of time as always Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Christ cond do two Dees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one let's make
+a I just have a few important things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I just have a few important things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I just have a few important things to
+say not important things to say but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not important things to say but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say not important things to say but a
+few things things say and it's quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things things say and it's quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things things say and it's quarter
+to two there 30 slides in each tray so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two there 30 slides in each tray so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two there 30 slides in each tray so
+we're not going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to make
+it what I suggest is that I I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what I suggest is that I I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what I suggest is that I I've given
+I'll give you enough stuff to ponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you enough stuff to ponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you enough stuff to ponder
+about and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and read
+about uh we look we'll take a break look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we look we'll take a break look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we look we'll take a break look
+at the slides in the first half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slides in the first half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slides in the first half of
+Thursday's class and I'll just shorten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's class and I'll just shorten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's class and I'll just shorten
+Thursday's class a bit this always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's class a bit this always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's class a bit this always
+happens at the end of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now look at one of the categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at one of the categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now look at one of the categories of
+the transference of tectonic forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transference of tectonic forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transference of tectonic forms
+literally to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to a new
+building James Ingo freed writes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building James Ingo freed writes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building James Ingo freed writes about
+the Holocaust Museum I prefer memory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holocaust Museum I prefer memory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holocaust Museum I prefer memory to
+history because I prefer the authentic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history because I prefer the authentic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history because I prefer the authentic
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+reconstructed history is reconstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed history is reconstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed history is reconstructed
+the critics of History always assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critics of History always assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critics of History always assuming
+that it's reconstructed that it's based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's reconstructed that it's based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's reconstructed that it's based
+upon somebody else's measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon somebody else's measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon somebody else's measurements and
+thought not the intuitive Impressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought not the intuitive Impressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought not the intuitive Impressions
+that you create in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you create in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you create in your own
+brain although as ala sport points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain although as ala sport points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain although as ala sport points out
+relying on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on
+society history erases detail at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society history erases detail at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society history erases detail at a
+painful cost it gains consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful cost it gains consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful cost it gains consistency
+through abstraction and yields a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through abstraction and yields a loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through abstraction and yields a loss of
+the richness of Life as a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness of Life as a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richness of Life as a physical
+artifact of a given time place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of a given time place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact of a given time place and
+culture architecture is an undistorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture architecture is an undistorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture architecture is an undistorted
+unchanged thread of memory Wen into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged thread of memory Wen into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged thread of memory Wen into the
+tapestry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+History what he says he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History what he says he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History what he says he's trying to
+do and we will see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+images I discovered that the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I discovered that the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I discovered that the only way
+for me into the Holocaust was through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me into the Holocaust was through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me into the Holocaust was through
+both the tectonic of the Holocaust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the tectonic of the Holocaust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the tectonic of the Holocaust and
+in invented tectonics of my own there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in invented tectonics of my own there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in invented tectonics of my own there
+was an architecture of the Holocaust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an architecture of the Holocaust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an architecture of the Holocaust
+with its own tectonics that surround the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface what he's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the source of what he wishes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the source of what he wishes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the source of what he wishes to
+memorialize has his form has a tectonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialize has his form has a tectonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialize has his form has a tectonic
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+he can abstract it some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can abstract it some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can abstract it some of those
+tectonics and reproduce them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonics and reproduce them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectonics and reproduce them in the
+current version of the building what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current version of the building what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current version of the building what are
+those forms steel bricks the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms steel bricks the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms steel bricks the use
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+space the clustering of the sequence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the clustering of the sequence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the clustering of the sequence in
+which you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you go through the
+museum you know that you go up before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you know that you go up before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum you know that you go up before
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+down certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down certain
+artifacts such as the little town which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts such as the little town which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts such as the little town which
+was destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was destroyed
+and the all the images plastered on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the all the images plastered on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the all the images plastered on the
+ceiling little devices which the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling little devices which the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling little devices which the pass
+the elevated passageways which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevated passageways which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevated passageways which have
+diagonal structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structural
+reinforcement all of these are tectonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement all of these are tectonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement all of these are tectonic
+items which are meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items which are meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items which are meant
+to meld the present and the past meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meld the present and the past meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meld the present and the past meant
+to inflict themselves on your memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inflict themselves on your memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inflict themselves on your memory in
+a way that you remember you are in tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that you remember you are in tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that you remember you are in tone
+with what you're seeing as an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it's very difficult
+to to know about when this is crap or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know about when this is crap or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to know about when this is crap or
+whether this is fundamentally powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is fundamentally powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is fundamentally powerful
+stuff we in an age where distortions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we in an age where distortions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we in an age where distortions are
+so absolute and borrowing is so absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so absolute and borrowing is so absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so absolute and borrowing is so absolute
+through virtual media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtual media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtual media
+that godland is a genuine article is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that godland is a genuine article is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that godland is a genuine article is uh
+a genuine borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genuine borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genuine borrowing
+is uh difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh difficult to
+evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I've experienced the museum a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've experienced the museum a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've experienced the museum a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+times party as an architect party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times party as an architect party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times party as an architect party
+is uh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh just a
+citizen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen um
+the remarkable thing is that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remarkable thing is that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remarkable thing is that you go
+through a disposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a disposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a disposition of
+evidence very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence very
+clinically almost historically accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically almost historically accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically almost historically accurate
+evidence the dates of every single item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the dates of every single item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence the dates of every single item
+are included the the mechanical railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are included the the mechanical railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are included the the mechanical railroad
+car that took jees to ashwoods is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that took jees to ashwoods is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that took jees to ashwoods is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there what when America turned on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what when America turned on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what when America turned on the
+boat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat of
+immigrants that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants that's
+there then you go down and you leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then you go down and you leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then you go down and you leave the
+building through a room and the room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building through a room and the room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building through a room and the room is
+just based on the voices of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on the voices of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on the voices of people who
+were in ashfords talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in ashfords talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in ashfords talking
+about things like my mother said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like my mother said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like my mother said to
+me don't worry about the food you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me don't worry about the food you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me don't worry about the food you eat
+the food I have had enough already I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food I have had enough already I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food I have had enough already I
+knew my mother had nothing to eat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew my mother had nothing to eat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew my mother had nothing to eat but
+she was wanting me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was wanting me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was wanting me to
+survive the poignancy of that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the poignancy of that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive the poignancy of that material
+touches your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches your
+memory it evokes your own experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it evokes your own experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it evokes your own experience
+with your mother in froan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mother in froan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your mother in froan
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+so in the piece of writing I've given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the piece of writing I've given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the piece of writing I've given to
+you Stan Anderson writes a piece at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Stan Anderson writes a piece at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Stan Anderson writes a piece at a
+conference which I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference which I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference which I in
+1994 about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1994 about
+memory and freed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the French philosopher I quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the French philosopher I quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the French philosopher I quoted
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+memory seem to indicate that we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory seem to indicate that we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory seem to indicate that we are we
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+bifocal impression knowledge of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifocal impression knowledge of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifocal impression knowledge of the past
+history which is categorical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history which is categorical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history which is categorical and
+empirical and selected by other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an objective
+s an apparently objective rendition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s an apparently objective rendition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s an apparently objective rendition of
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+past and my own rendition of my past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and my own rendition of my past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and my own rendition of my past
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+Lively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lively
+irregular full of obstacles full of jti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular full of obstacles full of jti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular full of obstacles full of jti
+positions like fraud says I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions like fraud says I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions like fraud says I can't
+remember I can't I can't externalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I can't I can't externalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I can't I can't externalize
+what I remember visually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I remember visually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I remember visually very
+well I could draw my mother next to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could draw my mother next to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could draw my mother next to my
+daughter and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter and my
+grandmother and the woman I see in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother and the woman I see in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother and the woman I see in my
+dreams but I can't put them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams but I can't put them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams but I can't put them all together
+as I can in my psychic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience there a politics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the Jews maintaining memory through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Jews maintaining memory through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Jews maintaining memory through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+book through the remembrance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book through the remembrance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book through the remembrance of
+Jerusalem on an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem on an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerusalem on an annual
+ritual and so on and so on I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual and so on and so on I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ritual and so on and so on I gave you
+this piece from the Boston Globe which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece from the Boston Globe which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece from the Boston Globe which
+is interesting because it's a selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it's a selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it's a selective
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation oh yeah sorry I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation oh yeah sorry I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation oh yeah sorry I'll give you
+the reference xeroxing often Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference xeroxing often Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference xeroxing often Mass
+xeroxing often cuts out the tops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xeroxing often cuts out the tops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xeroxing often cuts out the tops
+it's it's a critique of rossy's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a critique of rossy's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a critique of rossy's book
+written by I think Francesco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dco and I'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dco and I'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dco and I'll give you the
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um at this time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at this time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at this time of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these texti Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in in lurel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of us here thought how wonderful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us here thought how wonderful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us here thought how wonderful it
+would be if we could put the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if we could put the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be if we could put the new
+University of Massachusetts branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Massachusetts branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Massachusetts branch
+where's L L's in Massachusetts isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's L L's in Massachusetts isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's L L's in Massachusetts isn't
+it into these old buildings and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into these old buildings and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into these old buildings and we were
+all doing sketches and Studios showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all doing sketches and Studios showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all doing sketches and Studios showing
+how wonderful it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how wonderful it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how wonderful it would be
+to to do this here's a man who says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this here's a man who says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this here's a man who says
+those memories were awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you
+memorizing things of the past that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing things of the past that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorizing things of the past that we
+find awful so memory again selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find awful so memory again selectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find awful so memory again selectively
+experienced how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced how you
+con as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con as a
+professional condition your own memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional condition your own memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional condition your own memory
+with the memory of the people presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the memory of the people presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the memory of the people presumably
+such a lively function that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a lively function that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a lively function that the only
+thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can
+do is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a
+in this memory world there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this memory world there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this memory world there's some
+strange things there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange things there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange things there's a
+thesis done in mCP thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis done in mCP thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis done in mCP thesis
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+which the student was uh for trained for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the student was uh for trained for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the student was uh for trained for
+philosopher an ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher an ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher an ex
+phenomenologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologist and
+uh he wrote about his parents' apartment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wrote about his parents' apartment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he wrote about his parents' apartment
+in New York and growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his reactions when they changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his reactions when they changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his reactions when they changed the
+room when he left to go to college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room when he left to go to college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room when he left to go to college and
+rented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rented the
+room his whole his whole thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room his whole his whole thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room his whole his whole thesis was
+based upon his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon his
+dreams fact is it was a lie he never had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams fact is it was a lie he never had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams fact is it was a lie he never had
+those dreams he reinvented the dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dreams he reinvented the dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dreams he reinvented the dreams
+for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his
+thesis so it was a complex mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis so it was a complex mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis so it was a complex mixture of
+data he should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data he should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data he should have been
+failed but nobody but no but nobody he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed but nobody but no but nobody he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed but nobody but no but nobody he
+knew the reality until he told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the reality until he told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the reality until he told us
+afterwards but it was such a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but it was such a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards but it was such a brilliant
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+evocations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evocations of
+being two foot tall and seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being two foot tall and seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being two foot tall and seeing the
+refrigerator and what it meant seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and what it meant seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and what it meant seeing
+the large bed that his mother and father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large bed that his mother and father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large bed that his mother and father
+slept in and wondering why they needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept in and wondering why they needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept in and wondering why they needed
+such a large bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large bed
+and dreaming of interpretations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreaming of interpretations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreaming of interpretations of that
+as as as remembered by an adult and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as as remembered by an adult and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as as remembered by an adult and what
+that would mean for architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean for architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would mean for architectural
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway I won't be able to deal with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I won't be able to deal with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I won't be able to deal with some
+of the examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the examples from
+Washington um as well as I would Shar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington um as well as I would Shar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington um as well as I would Shar
+the history of monuments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of monuments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of monuments in
+Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington
+uh the amazing thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amazing thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the amazing thing is
+that none of the classical features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of the classical features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of the classical features of
+monuments were maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments were maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments were maintained
+in in since the Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in since the Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in since the Vietnam
+memorial a couple of things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial a couple of things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial a couple of things have
+happened number one the World War II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened number one the World War II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened number one the World War II
+Memorial is a neoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial is a neoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial is a neoc
+classical Construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a leon Creo construction with absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leon Creo construction with absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leon Creo construction with absolutely
+no merit at all other than in the Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no merit at all other than in the Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no merit at all other than in the Merit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nostalgia Marin's Vietnam memorial is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia Marin's Vietnam memorial is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nostalgia Marin's Vietnam memorial is an
+extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+Adventure he takes the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventure he takes the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adventure he takes the idea of
+connecting a monument to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting a monument to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting a monument to individual
+experience by putting the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience by putting the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience by putting the names of the
+people your grandson will be able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people your grandson will be able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people your grandson will be able to go
+to that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that name
+in 25 years time or 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 25 years time or 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 25 years time or 100 years
+time Ross paro's objection and the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Ross paro's objection and the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Ross paro's objection and the need
+to add a soldier figure at the entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a soldier figure at the entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add a soldier figure at the entrance
+isn't it is a stupid attempt to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is a stupid attempt to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it is a stupid attempt to add
+Nostalgia to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nostalgia to the
+abstraction the power of monuments often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction the power of monuments often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction the power of monuments often
+lies in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in its
+abstraction and it's being cleansed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and it's being cleansed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and it's being cleansed of
+irrelevance the Obelisk of the washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance the Obelisk of the washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevance the Obelisk of the washing
+I would show you a slide that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would show you a slide that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would show you a slide that in the
+19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+century people in Washington certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century people in Washington certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century people in Washington certain
+people wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted
+to garnish the obisk memorial with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to garnish the obisk memorial with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to garnish the obisk memorial with
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+of decoration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what has happened in recent times is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what has happened in recent times is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what has happened in recent times is
+that we've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity it seems in architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity it seems in architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity it seems in architecture
+to memorialize through objects through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorialize through objects through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to memorialize through objects through
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms
+themselves is it that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're I don't know I wish I could answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the version of the earth ofelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the version of the earth ofelt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the version of the earth ofelt
+Memorial which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial which was a
+garden which is a garden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden which is a garden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden which is a garden
+dispenses with the need of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+architecture the three versions of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the three versions of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture the three versions of the r
+Memorial which I would have shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial which I would have shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial which I would have shown you
+are large slabs of Stone from Stone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large slabs of Stone from Stone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are large slabs of Stone from Stone to
+Garden is one of the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden is one of the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden is one of the ways in which
+American culture dispenses with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture dispenses with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture dispenses with things
+it can't deal with hasn't adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't deal with hasn't adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't deal with hasn't adequate
+solutions for Nature's always there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for Nature's always there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for Nature's always there to
+accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate
+if you can't if if you lose in man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't if if you lose in man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't if if you lose in man-made
+construction nature is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there that's why I have my dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's why I have my dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's why I have my dots
+about the constant evocation of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the constant evocation of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the constant evocation of nature
+Nature's too friendly a partner when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature's too friendly a partner when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature's too friendly a partner when
+examined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examined
+superficially we'll show we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially we'll show we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially we'll show we'll look at
+some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these
+images on Thursday and see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on Thursday and see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images on Thursday and see if we can
+remember the arguments we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the left diagram is from rosi's book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left diagram is from rosi's book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left diagram is from rosi's book in
+fact both diagrams of Rosy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book you'll recall Rossi argues a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll recall Rossi argues a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you'll recall Rossi argues a number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+themes one about the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes one about the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes one about the relationship
+between the city of the Mind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the city of the Mind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the city of the Mind in the
+built City number two between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built City number two between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built City number two between
+permanences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanences and
+temporary uh parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary uh parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary uh parts of
+cities um thirdly be the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um thirdly be the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um thirdly be the relationship
+between institutions and forms and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between institutions and forms and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between institutions and forms and so on
+and so on essentially his argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on essentially his argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on essentially his argument is
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ideas and examples fossilized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and examples fossilized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and examples fossilized in the
+city which are worth Excavating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city which are worth Excavating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city which are worth Excavating and
+using as templates for future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as templates for future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as templates for future
+growth the palat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth the palat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth the palat
+Del on the left destroyed by Hur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del on the left destroyed by Hur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del on the left destroyed by Hur
+hurricane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricane in
+1956 and rebuilt with different uses but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 and rebuilt with different uses but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 and rebuilt with different uses but
+maintaining its place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining its place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining its place in the
+city the example on the right is Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the example on the right is Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city the example on the right is Carlo
+Fontana's attempt to make the colum into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fontana's attempt to make the colum into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fontana's attempt to make the colum into
+a church the argument again that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a church the argument again that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a church the argument again that the
+framework of the form is sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of the form is sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of the form is sign
+significant in realizing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in realizing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in realizing an
+Institutional change from the killing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutional change from the killing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutional change from the killing of
+Christians to the celebrating of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians to the celebrating of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christians to the celebrating of the
+life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of
+Jesus it doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus it doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus it doesn't seem to
+matter NE next okay this is in s Le in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter NE next okay this is in s Le in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter NE next okay this is in s Le in
+France the influence of the permanence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France the influence of the permanence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France the influence of the permanence
+of the surrounding wall in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surrounding wall in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the surrounding wall in
+Luca the Roman Forum as an antecedent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luca the Roman Forum as an antecedent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luca the Roman Forum as an antecedent to
+the most important public place in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important public place in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important public place in the
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+spalato in yugos in the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalato in yugos in the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalato in yugos in the former
+Yugoslavia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh an example of the slow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of the slow this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of the slow this is
+Adrian's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrian's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrian's
+Palace which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in slowly and over time taken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slowly and over time taken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slowly and over time taken up by
+other people and invaded and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and invaded and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and invaded and The
+Invasion and the subsequent disjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invasion and the subsequent disjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Invasion and the subsequent disjunction
+between what is there in the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what is there in the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what is there in the past and
+what is now built is of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now built is of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now built is of interest to
+rosi this slide on the right is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosi this slide on the right is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosi this slide on the right is from the
+arura Rion exhibition in Rome I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arura Rion exhibition in Rome I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arura Rion exhibition in Rome I don't
+know the date it's important image it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the date it's important image it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the date it's important image it's
+called it's public housing or social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's public housing or social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's public housing or social
+housing on kak in at that time East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing on kak in at that time East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing on kak in at that time East
+berin the argument is that Locust is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berin the argument is that Locust is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berin the argument is that Locust is
+significant even if the architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant even if the architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant even if the architectural
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+isn't as the argument would go this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as the argument would go this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as the argument would go this is
+the equivalent of putting social housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of putting social housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of putting social housing
+on Fifth Avenue in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Fifth Avenue in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Fifth Avenue in New
+York by by by manifesting Locust or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York by by by manifesting Locust or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York by by by manifesting Locust or the
+importance of location you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of location you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of location you send
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+messenges not only about the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenges not only about the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenges not only about the form of the
+city but the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but the meaning
+of its retention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the project in G G housing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the project in G G housing project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the project in G G housing project
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Milano designed by amono and Aldo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano designed by amono and Aldo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano designed by amono and Aldo
+rosi uh has this extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+empty set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set of
+spaces underneath the housing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces underneath the housing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces underneath the housing on the
+right the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the idea is
+that people who migrating to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who migrating to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who migrating to live in
+this housing in the north used to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this housing in the north used to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this housing in the north used to live
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+shops this is a theme which if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops this is a theme which if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops this is a theme which if you ever
+interested you should look at Team 10 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you should look at Team 10 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you should look at Team 10 in
+U and look at Johan Carlo Ricardo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and look at Johan Carlo Ricardo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and look at Johan Carlo Ricardo's
+project in Mata which I showed you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in Mata which I showed you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in Mata which I showed you very
+briefly where he makes a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly where he makes a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly where he makes a point of
+maintaining the shopping underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the shopping underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the shopping underneath the
+housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+here Rossi does an abstraction of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Rossi does an abstraction of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Rossi does an abstraction of it
+there is no need for shopping in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no need for shopping in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no need for shopping in this
+project so he relies on people's memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so he relies on people's memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so he relies on people's memory
+and gives them enough Clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives them enough Clues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives them enough Clues
+apparently to situate virt ual shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently to situate virt ual shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently to situate virt ual shopping
+under in the space which is left it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in the space which is left it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under in the space which is left it's a
+crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy
+idea but uh he does crazy things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but uh he does crazy things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but uh he does crazy things it's
+also in line with his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in line with his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in line with his own
+architecture which has a kind of reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which has a kind of reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which has a kind of reduced
+alphabet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms as the basis for making new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as the basis for making new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as the basis for making new things
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I was sh going to show you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I was sh going to show you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I was sh going to show you two
+projects in San Francisco which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in San Francisco which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects in San Francisco which have
+relied on the idea of locus in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied on the idea of locus in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relied on the idea of locus in r
+redeveloping on the left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redeveloping on the left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redeveloping on the left is
+the plan of the Berkeley Coop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan of the Berkeley Coop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan of the Berkeley Coop
+Cooperative society which owns the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative society which owns the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative society which owns the land
+on the right of the coop building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right of the coop building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right of the coop building and
+the IT wishes to engage in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT wishes to engage in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT wishes to engage in building
+building public housing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building public housing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building public housing on the
+property The Architects du Marvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property The Architects du Marvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property The Architects du Marvin
+Buchanan and Don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan and Don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buchanan and Don
+Lyon um argue that replacing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyon um argue that replacing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyon um argue that replacing all the
+buildings would delete important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings would delete important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings would delete important
+elements of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the existing
+context the second thing is that unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the second thing is that unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context the second thing is that unlike
+public housing where people are moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing where people are moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public housing where people are moved
+from where they are to somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they are to somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where they are to somewhere else
+this sit m maintains the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sit m maintains the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sit m maintains the possibility of
+maintaining the place of where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the place of where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the place of where these
+people are in relation to the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in relation to the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in relation to the campus
+down Berkeley campus just down the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next by choosing to build public housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next by choosing to build public housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next by choosing to build public housing
+in such a contorted site it it demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a contorted site it it demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a contorted site it it demands
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of
+more diverse forms of build housing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diverse forms of build housing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more diverse forms of build housing than
+normal this slide on the left shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal this slide on the left shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal this slide on the left shows the
+attempt to maintain a tree and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to maintain a tree and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to maintain a tree and build
+around it on the right is the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it on the right is the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it on the right is the community
+celebration for the opening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration for the opening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration for the opening of the
+housing the point here is that the locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the point here is that the locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing the point here is that the locus
+is the relationship in space between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relationship in space between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the relationship in space between a
+place and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and its
+surroundings building on that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings building on that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings building on that or
+creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a
+new version of that idea is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version of that idea is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new version of that idea is essentially
+what this place has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this place has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this place has
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is a project in on the Edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is a project in on the Edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is a project in on the Edge of
+Chinatown in San Francisco in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinatown in San Francisco in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinatown in San Francisco in fact it's
+at the corner of Stockton and Sacramento
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner of Stockton and Sacramento
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner of Stockton and Sacramento
+Street it's a very steeply sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street it's a very steeply sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street it's a very steeply sloping
+site which went through three versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which went through three versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which went through three versions
+the first version had tall two tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first version had tall two tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first version had tall two tall
+towers and uh the basement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and uh the basement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers and uh the basement and the
+elevation on Stockton Street which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation on Stockton Street which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation on Stockton Street which is
+the main street through Chinatown was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main street through Chinatown was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main street through Chinatown was
+given over to parking and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given over to parking and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given over to parking and to
+shops Richard Nixon this was during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops Richard Nixon this was during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops Richard Nixon this was during
+Richard Nixon's time Richard Nixon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Nixon's time Richard Nixon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Nixon's time Richard Nixon
+wanted the needed votes in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the needed votes in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the needed votes in California
+rather in San Francisco rather badly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in San Francisco rather badly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in San Francisco rather badly and
+the federal government allowed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government allowed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government allowed this
+project to go through two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to go through two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to go through two
+stages so helped by the local community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so helped by the local community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages so helped by the local community
+churches the project ultimately resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches the project ultimately resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churches the project ultimately resulted
+in two lower Towers both for the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two lower Towers both for the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two lower Towers both for the Chinese
+social housing and the ground floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social housing and the ground floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social housing and the ground floor
+turned over to a community center and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned over to a community center and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned over to a community center and a
+daycare center and the parking limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daycare center and the parking limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daycare center and the parking limited
+to the Chinese group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Chinese group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Chinese group so
+just further up the hill is Knob Hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just further up the hill is Knob Hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just further up the hill is Knob Hill
+which is some of the most expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some of the most expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some of the most expensive
+housing in in San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Francisco this is the opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco this is the opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco this is the opening of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+housing halfway up the hill the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing halfway up the hill the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing halfway up the hill the project
+has a plane which is the only horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a plane which is the only horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a plane which is the only horizontal
+plane available and that is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane available and that is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane available and that is made
+publicly made into a public space at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly made into a public space at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly made into a public space at the
+center of the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next you can see the slope looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can see the slope looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next you can see the slope looking
+downwards and the diagram on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards and the diagram on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards and the diagram on the
+right this is this is all published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is all published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is all published in
+space and Society for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and Society for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and Society for those of you
+interested in researching this any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in researching this any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in researching this any
+further next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+contemporary version of the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary version of the issue of
+locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locus
+is through the highly publicized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through the highly publicized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through the highly publicized
+invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of the
+marketplace Michael saen who's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace Michael saen who's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace Michael saen who's rather
+nasty about most things cause it a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty about most things cause it a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty about most things cause it a happy
+Festival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Festival
+Place implying that you have to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place implying that you have to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Place implying that you have to be happy
+to to enjoy the world of this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to enjoy the world of this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to enjoy the world of this space
+created um in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created um in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created um in both
+projects uh which maintain the site the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh which maintain the site the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh which maintain the site the
+notion of the program is maintained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the program is maintained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the program is maintained as
+well uh food becomes the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh food becomes the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh food becomes the basis of the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+site and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although the food is highly selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the food is highly selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the food is highly selective
+and priced to a market of a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priced to a market of a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and priced to a market of a singular
+kind uh there's not much diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh there's not much diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind uh there's not much diversity of
+population or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population or
+places in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in this
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is s Street Seaport done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is s Street Seaport done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is s Street Seaport done by
+the same Architects as Fel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Architects as Fel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same Architects as Fel or
+Marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace
+yeah again it's building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again it's building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah again it's building on
+the locus if you want of the seek of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus if you want of the seek of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus if you want of the seek of the
+existing Fish Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next a third version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a third version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a third version of this
+comparatively is Pike Place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Seattle Pike Place in Seattle has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle Pike Place in Seattle has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle Pike Place in Seattle has been
+memorialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized
+by the painter Mark Toby on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the painter Mark Toby on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the painter Mark Toby on the right
+and the existing Market on the left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the existing Market on the left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the existing Market on the left this
+was a market where Farmers would bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a market where Farmers would bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a market where Farmers would bring
+produce into the town and people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce into the town and people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce into the town and people would
+buy directly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy directly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy directly from the
+marketeers there would be no middle men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketeers there would be no middle men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketeers there would be no middle men
+no second order clientele in fenel O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second order clientele in fenel O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no second order clientele in fenel O
+Marketplace we have British tea being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace we have British tea being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace we have British tea being
+sold which is a commodity so removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold which is a commodity so removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold which is a commodity so removed
+from any direct relationship ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any direct relationship ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any direct relationship ship
+between consumer and producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between consumer and producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between consumer and producer
+here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the
+tradition is established in these door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition is established in these door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition is established in these door
+in these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next threatened by urban renewal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next threatened by urban renewal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next threatened by urban renewal a
+project on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the
+left determines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left determines to
+remove the vestages of the market all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the vestages of the market all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the vestages of the market all
+together and public opposition are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and public opposition are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and public opposition are
+organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+by some of the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some of the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some of the University
+faculty uh maintain the idea of keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh maintain the idea of keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh maintain the idea of keeping
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+quality of a public market as a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next we go through a number of diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we go through a number of diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we go through a number of diverse
+examples here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples here is
+the apparatus for achieving dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus for achieving dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apparatus for achieving dual
+meaning on the the left is church court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning on the the left is church court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning on the the left is church court
+at the intersection of Mass Avenue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intersection of Mass Avenue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the intersection of Mass Avenue and
+Beacon Street where you can in one image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Street where you can in one image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Street where you can in one image
+next to each other see the Contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other see the Contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to each other see the Contemporary
+housing and the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and the old
+church remember my quotation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church remember my quotation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church remember my quotation from
+Freud that it's in spatial terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud that it's in spatial terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud that it's in spatial terms you
+have to have you have to separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have you have to separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have you have to separate out
+images you cannot have the same content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you cannot have the same content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images you cannot have the same content
+in one image here they are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one image here they are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one image here they are separated
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+uh the example on the right is also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example on the right is also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example on the right is also from
+Boston it's in Newton where a restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston it's in Newton where a restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston it's in Newton where a restaurant
+has taken over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken over a
+church churches seem to be benign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church churches seem to be benign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church churches seem to be benign
+institutions for accommodating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions for accommodating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions for accommodating new
+communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal
+uses where a student here tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses where a student here tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses where a student here tried to do
+thesis in Toronto on taking a a meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis in Toronto on taking a a meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis in Toronto on taking a a meat
+avire building and turning it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avire building and turning it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avire building and turning it into
+housing and trying to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and trying to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and trying to deal with the
+stigma of making housing out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigma of making housing out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigma of making housing out of a
+use which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered
+unattractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next an example of a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next an example of a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next an example of a significant
+environment the Rouge Plant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the Rouge Plant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the Rouge Plant in
+Detroit memorialized in a number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit memorialized in a number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit memorialized in a number of ways
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the by Sheila's photographs on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Next by being the home of the Model T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next by being the home of the Model T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next by being the home of the Model T
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+automobile also the first workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile also the first workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile also the first workers
+strike and the formation of the Trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike and the formation of the Trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike and the formation of the Trade
+union and an amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and an amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and an amplitude of
+Notions which should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions which should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions which should be
+memorialized but the absence of any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized but the absence of any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized but the absence of any the
+rou plant is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rou plant is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rou plant is so
+large that there's nothing to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that there's nothing to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large that there's nothing to be done
+there's no use for the Rouge Plant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no use for the Rouge Plant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no use for the Rouge Plant in
+contemporary Detroit so here this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Detroit so here this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary Detroit so here this is an
+example where what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where what should be
+memorialized is lost in the absence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized is lost in the absence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorialized is lost in the absence of a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a competition the boka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a competition the boka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a competition the boka
+competition in Milano on the site of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in Milano on the site of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition in Milano on the site of the
+large pelli Tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pelli Tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large pelli Tire
+Factory which has moved out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory which has moved out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory which has moved out
+leaving a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a lot of
+infrastructure and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and a
+programmer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer which
+is subject to competition where almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to competition where almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is subject to competition where almost
+all the leading architects in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the leading architects in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the leading architects in the world
+were invited to submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entries I'm going to select two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries I'm going to select two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries I'm going to select two entries
+to compare them on the right is joh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare them on the right is joh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare them on the right is joh
+Carlo De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo De
+Carlo on the left is the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo on the left is the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo on the left is the site
+plan on the right is John Carlo Carlo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on the right is John Carlo Carlo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on the right is John Carlo Carlo's
+version using a large number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version using a large number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version using a large number of the
+existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing
+buildings the whole idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the whole idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the whole idea is that
+programmatically this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatically this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatically this would
+become in Italian a tech new techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become in Italian a tech new techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become in Italian a tech new techn
+logical pole p e it's only something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical pole p e it's only something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical pole p e it's only something
+Italians can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italians can
+understand uh how what what it's meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how what what it's meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how what what it's meant
+to be some kind of new electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some kind of new electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some kind of new electronic
+product management enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product management enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product management enter
+Enterprise John Carlo uses a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise John Carlo uses a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise John Carlo uses a large
+number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the
+existing streets buildings and re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing streets buildings and re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing streets buildings and re
+introduces new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces new
+elements we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next gabetti and the ISA firm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next gabetti and the ISA firm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next gabetti and the ISA firm of
+Architects from Torino came second in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects from Torino came second in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects from Torino came second in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+competition do something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition do something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition do something which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+interesting they go back to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they go back to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they go back to find that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Romans plowed the land organized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans plowed the land organized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans plowed the land organized the
+land in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in a
+diagonally in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonally in a
+diagonal set of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal set of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal set of form
+forms and they start working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and they start working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and they start working on this
+hidden geometry and develop a plan based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden geometry and develop a plan based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden geometry and develop a plan based
+upon the hidden geometry of the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the hidden geometry of the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the hidden geometry of the Roman
+land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next if they then transfer their design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if they then transfer their design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next if they then transfer their design
+into the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of
+ecology it's a green set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology it's a green set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology it's a green set of
+buildings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um
+all of the Notions of other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the Notions of other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the Notions of other the
+buildings should be environmentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings should be environmentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings should be environmentally
+controlled and rationed and so on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and rationed and so on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled and rationed and so on is
+part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their
+design the issue that is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the issue that is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the issue that is interesting
+here is how do you connect hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how do you connect hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is how do you connect hidden
+references to existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions Who would know the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions Who would know the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions Who would know the connection
+between the Roman fields and the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Roman fields and the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Roman fields and the new
+buildings how would you know that how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings how would you know that how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings how would you know that how is
+an architect can you make you can put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect can you make you can put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architect can you make you can put up
+a poster or bronze plaque saying telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster or bronze plaque saying telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a poster or bronze plaque saying telling
+the story but you can't have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story but you can't have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story but you can't have the two
+contents simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+available we are encumbered unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we are encumbered unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available we are encumbered unlike
+Freud According to Freud we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud According to Freud we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freud According to Freud we as
+architects who are Specialists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects who are Specialists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects who are Specialists are
+encumbered by not being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encumbered by not being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encumbered by not being able to
+simultaneous ly produce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experience as presumably you can in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as presumably you can in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as presumably you can in the
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+next a similar stupid proposition not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a similar stupid proposition not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next a similar stupid proposition not
+stupid proposition but more stupid than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid proposition but more stupid than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid proposition but more stupid than
+gabetti and dla's work they actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabetti and dla's work they actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabetti and dla's work they actually a
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+architect and I think in the big haa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect and I think in the big haa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect and I think in the big haa
+competition this was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this was the most
+interesting Pro uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Pro uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Pro uh
+projection this is from a studio at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection this is from a studio at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection this is from a studio at the
+G har gstd the site is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G har gstd the site is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G har gstd the site is
+Columbus where is Columbus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus where is Columbus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbus where is Columbus
+Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes this is where Eisenman is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is where Eisenman is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is where Eisenman is going to
+build a museum an art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+museum he digs deep down under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum he digs deep down under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum he digs deep down under the
+ground to find that this was an Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to find that this was an Indian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground to find that this was an Indian
+burial ground originally on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial ground originally on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burial ground originally on which the
+Americans built Camp Sherman an army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans built Camp Sherman an army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans built Camp Sherman an army
+camp on which the town of chilot was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp on which the town of chilot was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp on which the town of chilot was
+built and now it's become Columbus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and now it's become Columbus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and now it's become Columbus so
+there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers of geometry one above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of geometry one above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of geometry one above the
+other so by the use of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaling you he devises a method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling you he devises a method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling you he devises a method of
+slowly retrieving the traces from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly retrieving the traces from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly retrieving the traces from from
+underneath upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next through a series of geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next through a series of geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next through a series of geometrical
+moves to ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to ultimately
+in induce a solution for his for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in induce a solution for his for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in induce a solution for his for the
+museum the problem again is the same one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum the problem again is the same one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum the problem again is the same one
+as the pcoa competition problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pcoa competition problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pcoa competition problem
+what is the record of your invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the record of your invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the record of your invention
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+public how available is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public how available is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public how available is the relationship
+between your final product and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your final product and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your final product and your
+work who in Heaven's name would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work who in Heaven's name would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work who in Heaven's name would
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+relationship as an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship as an outside
+experience in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in any
+case what is the point of digging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what is the point of digging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what is the point of digging for
+inspiration under the ground when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration under the ground when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration under the ground when you
+have an whole atrophy of conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an whole atrophy of conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an whole atrophy of conventional
+geometries to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries to use for
+architecture what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture what is the
+advantage it's a problematic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage it's a problematic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage it's a problematic question
+nobody the GD asked the question this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody the GD asked the question this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody the GD asked the question this
+became a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a wonderful
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there is no Virgin Territory in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is no Virgin Territory in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is no Virgin Territory in this
+sense everything has an underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everything has an underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense everything has an underneath
+evocation of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use it's landscape urbanism penetrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's landscape urbanism penetrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's landscape urbanism penetrating
+beneath the skin of the landscape into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the skin of the landscape into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath the skin of the landscape into
+some territory which is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some territory which is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some territory which is enough to
+gestate new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this Mario gondal son's work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this Mario gondal son's work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this Mario gondal son's work on the
+grid of Chicago producing this through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of Chicago producing this through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid of Chicago producing this through a
+series of exercises of scaling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of exercises of scaling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of exercises of scaling and
+transmission is equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stupid next not stupid intellectually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid next not stupid intellectually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid next not stupid intellectually
+interesting but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this is not this is not a painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class do you need to know when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do you need to know when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do you need to know when you look
+at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh
+painting of Van go painted when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting of Van go painted when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting of Van go painted when he was
+in asylum in south south of France and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asylum in south south of France and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asylum in south south of France and
+he was he painted it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he painted it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was he painted it through a
+particular window looking across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular window looking across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular window looking across the
+landscape you don't know this background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape you don't know this background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape you don't know this background
+you just look at the painting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the painting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just look at the painting the
+painting has to have enough in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting has to have enough in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting has to have enough in
+itself that the history is redundant who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that the history is redundant who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that the history is redundant who
+goes to an art exhibition and demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to an art exhibition and demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to an art exhibition and demands
+that they that they understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that they understand the
+history of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of each
+painting how much of the history is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting how much of the history is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting how much of the history is part
+of the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experience of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+art I'm asking you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question I'll give you I'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll give you I'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll give you I'll give you an
+example you cannot really uh you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you cannot really uh you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you cannot really uh you cannot
+really appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really appreciate that
+Japanese sword Katana by masam without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese sword Katana by masam without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese sword Katana by masam without
+knowing you know the context in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know the context in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing you know the context in which it
+no no understand that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no understand that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no understand that's what we have
+museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museums
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+uh an art production sorry an art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an art production sorry an art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an art production sorry an art
+production should be able to stand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production should be able to stand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production should be able to stand on
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+own independent of the knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own independent of the knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own independent of the knowledge of the
+culture and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I that's my my own sense of the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's my my own sense of the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's my my own sense of the capacity
+that we all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+abstract from form ideas can you exess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from form ideas can you exess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract from form ideas can you exess
+different layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers of
+meaning depending on where you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning depending on where you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning depending on where you come from
+you might now as I said before you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might now as I said before you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might now as I said before you in
+looking at F go painting you may well go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at F go painting you may well go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at F go painting you may well go
+want to go back to his drawings you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to his drawings you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to his drawings you want
+to read his letters to his brother you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read his letters to his brother you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read his letters to his brother you
+want to understand his epilepsy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand his epilepsy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand his epilepsy and so
+on and so on but essentially given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on but essentially given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on but essentially given the
+canvas in front of you it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas in front of you it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas in front of you it should have
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+content you can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content you can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content you can increase the
+content but it's but it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but it's but it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but it's but it cannot be
+totally dependent on your it cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on your it cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on your it cannot be
+totally dependent on your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally dependent on your ability to
+connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect
+backwards these examples we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards these examples we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards these examples we've just
+looked at here from Eisenman and gabetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at here from Eisenman and gabetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at here from Eisenman and gabetti
+IND Isa depend on your ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND Isa depend on your ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IND Isa depend on your ability to
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+evidence well the new building may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence well the new building may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence well the new building may be a
+consumate work of art in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumate work of art in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumate work of art in which case
+reference backward is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference backward is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference backward is
+immaterial but as a device for creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial but as a device for creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immaterial but as a device for creating
+urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to it's a difficult argument I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a difficult argument I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a difficult argument I I'll
+concede the difficulty of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concede the difficulty of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concede the difficulty of the argument
+when heyen uses the date of his wife's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when heyen uses the date of his wife's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when heyen uses the date of his wife's
+birthday as the beginning of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday as the beginning of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthday as the beginning of some
+music does the music quality depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music does the music quality depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music does the music quality depend on
+the a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a you
+knowing that it was a trivial assertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that it was a trivial assertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that it was a trivial assertion
+which caused him to write the music a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caused him to write the music a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which caused him to write the music a
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+beginning I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I'm
+a I tend to argue in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I tend to argue in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I tend to argue in favor
+of what you see being able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you see being able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you see being able to be
+explained by what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see jul we had in po teic of Milano an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see jul we had in po teic of Milano an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see jul we had in po teic of Milano an
+entire class for one year that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire class for one year that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire class for one year that was about
+retracing the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the and then doing a project we did like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then doing a project we did like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and then doing a project we did like
+but I would say all my education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say all my education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say all my education in
+Italy was like Urban Design education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy was like Urban Design education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy was like Urban Design education
+was strong based on retracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was strong based on retracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was strong based on retracing
+former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+former traces or ruins of like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former traces or ruins of like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former traces or ruins of like whatever
+was previously and then integrating them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was previously and then integrating them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was previously and then integrating them
+into the it was it was like the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the it was it was like the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the it was it was like the world
+poal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poal
+was oriented toward so that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oriented toward so that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was oriented toward so that means you
+can't build in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build in
+America I it means that I I felt really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I it means that I I felt really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I it means that I I felt really
+lost when I came and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost when I came and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost when I came and then there
+will well I'm just showing you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will well I'm just showing you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will well I'm just showing you that
+Eisenman find four layers in in Columbus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenman find four layers in in Columbus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenman find four layers in in Columbus
+or iio yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or iio yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or iio yeah
+um but it's I can yes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's I can yes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's I can yes like
+that there are no doubt instances where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no doubt instances where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are no doubt instances where
+retrieving ideas from the past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieving ideas from the past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieving ideas from the past is
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+in connecting you to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connecting you to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connecting you to something
+interesting about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about the future
+um this comes up very often shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this comes up very often shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this comes up very often shouldn't be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+restriction you just need to Anchor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction you just need to Anchor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction you just need to Anchor it
+to the past that means that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the past that means that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the past that means that there is no
+room for a fully original idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for a fully original idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for a fully original idea from
+scratch so it need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so it need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch so it need
+be to be exclusive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be exclusive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be exclusive in
+nature well I wonder how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature well I wonder how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature well I wonder how many people
+have original ideas from scratch anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have original ideas from scratch anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have original ideas from scratch anyway
+we all Beed by knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all Beed by knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all Beed by knowledge
+some is exploited some is not okay um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some is exploited some is not okay um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some is exploited some is not okay um I
+don't know exactly why I draw my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly why I draw my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly why I draw my hand
+and draw in a particular way neither is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw in a particular way neither is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw in a particular way neither is
+Picasso I mean he drew in so many, ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picasso I mean he drew in so many, ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picasso I mean he drew in so many, ways
+sometimes it's clear from by his AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's clear from by his AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's clear from by his AR
+historians to show what he was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians to show what he was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians to show what he was trying to
+do sometimes he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sometimes he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sometimes he just
+draws with a hidden vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws with a hidden vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws with a hidden vocabulary of
+knowledge um it's a contentious issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge um it's a contentious issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge um it's a contentious issue
+all I'm trying to argue is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm trying to argue is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm trying to argue is that these
+examples all try to connect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all try to connect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples all try to connect you to
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge because of the preservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge because of the preservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge because of the preservation
+that they want like it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want like it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want like it's all about
+preservation your view and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation your view and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preservation your view and your
+perspective on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on that
+again and I don't think during our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I don't think during our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I don't think during our
+education in us we don't have so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in us we don't have so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in us we don't have so much
+focus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on that
+no understandably if you grow up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no understandably if you grow up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no understandably if you grow up in in
+Italy it's a little difficult to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy it's a little difficult to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy it's a little difficult to to
+bypass the extraordinary things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass the extraordinary things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass the extraordinary things that
+have been done if you grew up in Greece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done if you grew up in Greece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done if you grew up in Greece
+of course uh georgeus is not here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh georgeus is not here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh georgeus is not here uh
+today um you grew up in Greece I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um you grew up in Greece I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um you grew up in Greece I wonder
+what you would make of reconstructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would make of reconstructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would make of reconstructing
+the agara as an as an item worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agara as an as an item worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agara as an as an item worth
+generating a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a new
+vocabulary do you have you been to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary do you have you been to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary do you have you been to the
+AG and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me yeah no I'm thinking of Agra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah no I'm thinking of Agra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yeah no I'm thinking of Agra
+particularly because it's such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because it's such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because it's such an
+extraordinary difficult phenomenon 37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary difficult phenomenon 37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary difficult phenomenon 37
+acres of land uh to invoke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres of land uh to invoke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres of land uh to invoke the
+Romans the card deumus was a much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans the card deumus was a much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans the card deumus was a much easier
+literal formulation to seek adaptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal formulation to seek adaptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literal formulation to seek adaptations
+from the Greeks didn't believe in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Greeks didn't believe in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Greeks didn't believe in these
+Cardinal there's no cardinality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cardinal there's no cardinality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cardinal there's no cardinality in the
+Agra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agra in
+Athens there's no organization based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athens there's no organization based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Athens there's no organization based
+upon a simple precept such as you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a simple precept such as you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a simple precept such as you need a
+horizontal line and a vertical line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross this is complex territory and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this is complex territory and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross this is complex territory and I'm
+not enough of a na historian to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough of a na historian to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough of a na historian to take
+this further let's move to Leon Ker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+all there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a
+stupid distinction between race prev and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid distinction between race prev and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid distinction between race prev and
+race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+publica in the next class which we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publica in the next class which we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publica in the next class which we'll do
+in this start in the second half after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this start in the second half after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this start in the second half after
+these pictures I'll try to show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures I'll try to show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures I'll try to show you how
+con how un appropriate this distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con how un appropriate this distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con how un appropriate this distinction
+is for him a good city is one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for him a good city is one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for him a good city is one in which
+the public domain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain is
+evidence through a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence through a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence through a series of
+architectural forms which deviate ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural forms which deviate ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural forms which deviate ready
+from classical form or deviate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from classical form or deviate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from classical form or deviate which
+they determined by the allegiance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they determined by the allegiance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they determined by the allegiance to
+classical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the world of the private are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the world of the private are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the world of the private are really
+rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular
+boxes a good city is one which combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes a good city is one which combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes a good city is one which combines
+the two in which the public is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two in which the public is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two in which the public is
+signally differentiated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+private what happens if if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private what happens if if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private what happens if if you are
+wealthy and you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a classical arch in the front of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a classical arch in the front of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a classical arch in the front of your
+house I don't know but let's leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I don't know but let's leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house I don't know but let's leave that
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next use of classism in this project of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next use of classism in this project of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next use of classism in this project of
+isas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isas
+for an Island Resort of of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an Island Resort of of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an Island Resort of of of of the
+coast of AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast of AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast of AF
+Africa attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa attempts to
+recreate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate a
+context borrowed from a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context borrowed from a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context borrowed from a significant
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+um it may be exotic enough to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be exotic enough to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may be exotic enough to attract
+people looking for another experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking for another experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looking for another experience in
+life uh even if it's quatic and venir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh even if it's quatic and venir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh even if it's quatic and venir
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh lacking in originality but then who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lacking in originality but then who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lacking in originality but then who
+cares what the original consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares what the original consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares what the original consequence of
+classical architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical architecture
+was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next when it's taken seriously such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next when it's taken seriously such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next when it's taken seriously such as
+by Prince Charles and his confr in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Prince Charles and his confr in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Prince Charles and his confr in
+England you see an our political ARG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England you see an our political ARG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England you see an our political ARG
+ument made in favor of canaletto's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ument made in favor of canaletto's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ument made in favor of canaletto's
+version of London and what London has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of London and what London has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of London and what London has
+become according to Prince Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become according to Prince Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become according to Prince Charles
+London has been brutalized by modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London has been brutalized by modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London has been brutalized by modern
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next so Richmond Terrace on the left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so Richmond Terrace on the left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so Richmond Terrace on the left on
+the temps is a office complex designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temps is a office complex designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temps is a office complex designed
+by Quinn and Terry who works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Quinn and Terry who works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Quinn and Terry who works with
+classical architecture as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical architecture as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical architecture as opposed to
+these ugly buildings which the which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ugly buildings which the which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ugly buildings which the which the
+prince assigns to modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince assigns to modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prince assigns to modern
+architecture so here is the pre the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so here is the pre the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture so here is the pre the
+attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to
+use an architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an architectural
+form derived from classism quite freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form derived from classism quite freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form derived from classism quite freely
+to maintain a certain civility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a certain civility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a certain civility of
+form uh and a certain expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh and a certain expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh and a certain expression which
+is universally admired and understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is universally admired and understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is universally admired and understood
+instead of the orbitary selections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the orbitary selections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the orbitary selections of
+form under modernism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next in the Holocaust Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in the Holocaust Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next in the Holocaust Museum
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+Washington the architect says that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington the architect says that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington the architect says that he
+wishes to excavate memory instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes to excavate memory instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes to excavate memory instead of
+History so he takes he makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History so he takes he makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+History so he takes he makes the
+intellectual leap or the artistic leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual leap or the artistic leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual leap or the artistic leap
+by taking forms which emanate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking forms which emanate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking forms which emanate from
+aritz uh and introducing them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aritz uh and introducing them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aritz uh and introducing them into the
+vocabulary of forms that he uses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of forms that he uses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary of forms that he uses in the
+Holocaust bricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steel triangular metal sections next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in keeping with Washingtonian urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with Washingtonian urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping with Washingtonian urbanism
+the interior of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interior of the building
+is exotic the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exotic the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exotic the performance of the
+building as it faces the public is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building as it faces the public is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building as it faces the public is
+quiet U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next similarly on the left is a plan by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next similarly on the left is a plan by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next similarly on the left is a plan by
+a Dutch landscape architect of of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dutch landscape architect of of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Dutch landscape architect of of at
+above our field patterns below is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above our field patterns below is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above our field patterns below is a
+housing project based on the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing project based on the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing project based on the field
+patterns of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the previous
+Agriculture and on the right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and on the right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture and on the right is a
+house in Switzerland by Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in Switzerland by Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house in Switzerland by Mario
+B who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B who
+says I'm I'm obliged to build a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm I'm obliged to build a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm I'm obliged to build a building
+in Suburbia and isolated the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Suburbia and isolated the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Suburbia and isolated the building
+which I don't like I'm going to to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't like I'm going to to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't like I'm going to to do it
+but at the same time I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time I'm going to
+deviate its form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate its form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate its form so
+significantly that it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly that it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly that it's a different
+product alog together so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product alog together so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product alog together so here is
+a argument on the left that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a argument on the left that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a argument on the left that there's
+enough Trace again for you to impose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh an argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an argument of
+consonants on the right is an acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants on the right is an acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants on the right is an acceptance
+of a certain spatial vocabulary but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain spatial vocabulary but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain spatial vocabulary but then
+in particular denying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular denying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular denying their
+vocabulary by making it round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next yes is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yes is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next yes is a simple
+example in gring and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in gring and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in gring and in
+Holland a library is extended by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland a library is extended by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holland a library is extended by
+building it is exactly building two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it is exactly building two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it is exactly building two new
+arms of it parallel to the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms of it parallel to the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms of it parallel to the existing
+building there's no question but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building there's no question but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building there's no question but that
+they should look alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next and lastly a few just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and lastly a few just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and lastly a few just a
+few ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few ideas from
+Washington Washington's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh made selecting sites for monuments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made selecting sites for monuments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh made selecting sites for monuments
+and the maintenance maintenance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maintenance maintenance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maintenance maintenance of
+memory through monuments quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory through monuments quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory through monuments quite
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next let's jump to the Contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's jump to the Contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's jump to the Contemporary
+problem these are two on the left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem these are two on the left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem these are two on the left is the
+first attempt to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first attempt to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first attempt to design the
+the FDR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FDR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FDR
+Memorial these panels of stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial these panels of stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial these panels of stone
+are taller than the Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taller than the Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taller than the Washington
+Monument the family objects the AR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monument the family objects the AR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monument the family objects the AR
+another architect is brought in and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another architect is brought in and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another architect is brought in and they
+reduce the height of the panels down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the height of the panels down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the height of the panels down to
+a smaller level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next the last outcome was the attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the last outcome was the attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the last outcome was the attempt to
+leave architecture alone and to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave architecture alone and to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave architecture alone and to use a
+garden as the appropriate Memorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden as the appropriate Memorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden as the appropriate Memorial
+now this is Easy E either because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is Easy E either because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is Easy E either because
+contemporary architecture has no way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary architecture has no way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary architecture has no way of
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memorials do you know Frank G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials do you know Frank G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorials do you know Frank G's
+proposition for the Eisen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition for the Eisen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition for the Eisen now
+Memorial has anybody seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial has anybody seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial has anybody seen
+it it's under grave discussion at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's under grave discussion at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's under grave discussion at the
+moment that to whether it's acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that to whether it's acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that to whether it's acceptable
+or not it it has none of gir's formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it it has none of gir's formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it it has none of gir's formal
+language of architecture as embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of architecture as embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of architecture as embedded in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project this is a case where nature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project this is a case where nature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project this is a case where nature is
+seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as
+invisibly invariably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+benign if you can't do a man-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign if you can't do a man-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign if you can't do a man-made
+manifestation of something you rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of something you rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation of something you rely on
+nature to do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to do it for
+you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a late 19th century attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a late 19th century attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a late 19th century attempt to
+cover the Obelisk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the Obelisk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the Obelisk of
+the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the of the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the existing
+Obelisk with the with an Armature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obelisk with the with an Armature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obelisk with the with an Armature which
+renders it more publicly acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders it more publicly acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders it more publicly acceptable
+it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably
+the finiteness of a monument the Obelisk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finiteness of a monument the Obelisk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finiteness of a monument the Obelisk
+is after all a very Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all a very Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all a very Elementary
+geometry which needs to be denied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which needs to be denied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry which needs to be denied by
+those who need to give it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who need to give it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who need to give it more
+appropriate meaning the same thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate meaning the same thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate meaning the same thing on
+the right this is Ros paro's addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right this is Ros paro's addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right this is Ros paro's addition to
+the Vietnam memorial mayor Lynn's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vietnam memorial mayor Lynn's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vietnam memorial mayor Lynn's
+Memorial is absolutely abstract it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial is absolutely abstract it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial is absolutely abstract it has
+only vertical planes with names on it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only vertical planes with names on it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only vertical planes with names on it in
+order to render it more acceptable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to render it more acceptable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to render it more acceptable we
+get the addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the addition of
+this example of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of human
+soldiers no women of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers no women of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldiers no women of
+course the abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the abstraction
+allows almost almost everybody to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows almost almost everybody to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows almost almost everybody to take
+part in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas once
+you express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you express
+particularities you have the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularities you have the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularities you have the problem of
+what particularities to choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particularities to choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what particularities to choose an
+obelisk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obelisk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obelisk is
+universal a decorated Obelisk means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal a decorated Obelisk means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal a decorated Obelisk means that
+somebody has made it had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has made it had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has made it had to make
+decisions about what is the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what is the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about what is the appropriate
+decoration next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two last examples of a contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two last examples of a contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two last examples of a contemporary
+monuments are expressions of the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments are expressions of the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments are expressions of the need to
+retain memory about something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain memory about something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain memory about something on the
+left is the Navy's Memorial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the Navy's Memorial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is the Navy's Memorial in
+Washington it's a developer project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington it's a developer project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington it's a developer project
+which has left a space in front a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has left a space in front a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has left a space in front a
+circular space with a single figure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular space with a single figure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular space with a single figure of a
+soldier at e the Navy sailor it's a male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier at e the Navy sailor it's a male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soldier at e the Navy sailor it's a male
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+male uh on top of the world but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male uh on top of the world but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male uh on top of the world but at the
+same time you enter a door to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you enter a door to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you enter a door to the right
+and you go inside this interior space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go inside this interior space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go inside this interior space
+where you can see a movie about The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see a movie about The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see a movie about The
+Wonder of the United States Navy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonder of the United States Navy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonder of the United States Navy there's
+also a computer which will show your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a computer which will show your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a computer which will show your
+grandchild how wonderful you were when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchild how wonderful you were when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandchild how wonderful you were when
+you were a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were a young
+saer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saer
+next the Air Force Memorial tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Air Force Memorial tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Air Force Memorial tried to do
+the the same thing here is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same thing here is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the same thing here is the first
+project for the Air Force Memorial it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the Air Force Memorial it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for the Air Force Memorial it
+sits on a plinth which is the upto-date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on a plinth which is the upto-date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on a plinth which is the upto-date
+version of the world on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the world on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the world on top of a
+symbolic representation which is IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic representation which is IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic representation which is IM
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+fixed here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed here you have
+a a combination of the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a combination of the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a combination of the idea that the
+morial which is only fixed and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+updatable needs to have an updating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updatable needs to have an updating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updatable needs to have an updating
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+as a part of a binary system one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a part of a binary system one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a part of a binary system one
+Perpetual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perpetual
+one updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contemporary I think these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary I think these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary I think these two are
+examples of a kind of move to De to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a kind of move to De to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of a kind of move to De to
+democratize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+bring architectural form into to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring architectural form into to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring architectural form into to
+Everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyday
+existence I don't know how successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence I don't know how successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence I don't know how successful
+these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+next that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's the
+lot okay we've gone through a whole Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay we've gone through a whole Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay we've gone through a whole Ser
+of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wlz_17id1BM.txt b/Wlz_17id1BM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5da9a4ee593c9902aca7ee39e9a22295b89f977e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wlz_17id1BM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so that we talk about writers before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that we talk about writers before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that we talk about writers before
+this thing last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing last time we talked about
+cost modeling so we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost modeling so we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost modeling so we were looking at
+models to is estimate costs of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to is estimate costs of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to is estimate costs of changes
+today we look at how ridership response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we look at how ridership response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we look at how ridership response
+which is the other big question agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the other big question agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the other big question agencies
+predation is you have when a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predation is you have when a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predation is you have when a network
+will suffer changes so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suffer changes so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suffer changes so we'll talk about
+rude right after prediction needs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude right after prediction needs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude right after prediction needs and
+issues alternative alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues alternative alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues alternative alternative
+approaches to write the prediction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to write the prediction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to write the prediction and
+focusing we'll look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing we'll look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing we'll look at some examples
+from several agencies Commission and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from several agencies Commission and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from several agencies Commission and try
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we'll look at more times for GIS based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at more times for GIS based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at more times for GIS based
+models simultaneous equations and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models simultaneous equations and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models simultaneous equations and show
+some examples of software packages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of software packages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of software packages that
+people use for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use for this
+so one note before we proceed is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one note before we proceed is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one note before we proceed is that
+all this lecture focuses on short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this lecture focuses on short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this lecture focuses on short-run
+group level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group level
+prediction methods we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction methods we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction methods we're not talking
+about regional level effects of say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regional level effects of say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regional level effects of say the
+line we use influence on ridership or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we use influence on ridership or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we use influence on ridership or on
+the total amount we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount we're talking about
+specifically transit ridership and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically transit ridership and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically transit ridership and it's
+a little more short-run so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more short-run so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more short-run so you'll see
+how how that control as we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how that control as we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how that control as we move forward
+okay so what are the rules why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the rules why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are the rules why do we
+need ridership models of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ridership models of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need ridership models of course
+physically right it should I sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right it should I sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically right it should I sue
+predicting revenue right so when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting revenue right so when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting revenue right so when there
+is any change you an agency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any change you an agency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any change you an agency is
+interested in will they lose ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in will they lose ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in will they lose ridership
+or getting ridership and what impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting ridership and what impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or getting ridership and what impact
+will that have on their fare of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that have on their fare of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that have on their fare of any
+right so first role is predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first role is predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first role is predicting
+ridership revenues or total fare changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership revenues or total fare changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership revenues or total fare changes
+is the most typical example all even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most typical example all even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most typical example all even to
+go through periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through periodic
+fare changes or unless they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare changes or unless they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare changes or unless they are
+completely free so usually you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely free so usually you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely free so usually you want
+system-wide prediction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system-wide prediction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system-wide prediction and the
+approaches are fairly specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are fairly specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are fairly specific
+you might estimate some response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might estimate some response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might estimate some response the
+city over spawn average response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city over spawn average response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city over spawn average response of
+ridership to fare changes you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership to fare changes you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership to fare changes you could use
+the time series econometrics well with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series econometrics well with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series econometrics well with a
+better approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better approach
+you all to control for external lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all to control for external lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all to control for external lectures
+and the best methods use a two-stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best methods use a two-stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best methods use a two-stage
+market segment model recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market segment model recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market segment model recognizing
+different segments of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different segments of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different segments of the population
+might have different other cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have different other cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have different other cities
+different responses to their engines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different responses to their engines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different responses to their engines the
+second role is predicting ridership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second role is predicting ridership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second role is predicting ridership and
+revenue for general agency planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for general agency planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue for general agency planning and
+budget for sure not necessarily their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for sure not necessarily their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget for sure not necessarily their
+team here again we need a system-wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here again we need a system-wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team here again we need a system-wide
+prediction and the key elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and the key elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and the key elements are
+trend projection and another this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend projection and another this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend projection and another this is
+another place where a time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where a time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where a time series
+economic model plays a role right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model plays a role right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic model plays a role right here
+we're not necessarily looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not necessarily looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not necessarily looking at
+response to something not anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to something not anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to something not anything that
+the agency has control over for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency has control over for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency has control over for example
+but you might have the impacts of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have the impacts of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might have the impacts of gas
+prices or other external factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or other external factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or other external factors
+population growth things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth things like that so
+trends seasonality things like that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends seasonality things like that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends seasonality things like that then
+there's predicting RAM chip revenue as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's predicting RAM chip revenue as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's predicting RAM chip revenue as a
+result of service changes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of service changes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of service changes this is the
+other very typical example so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other very typical example so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other very typical example so here we
+are interested in more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in more detailed
+root-level prediction as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root-level prediction as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root-level prediction as opposed to
+system-wide prediction and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system-wide prediction and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system-wide prediction and therefore we
+need to take into account a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take into account a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take into account a
+higher-resolution set of variables like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-resolution set of variables like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-resolution set of variables like
+the periods of operation the headway or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periods of operation the headway or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periods of operation the headway or
+frequency of service route configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of service route configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of service route configuration
+stop spacing and service type right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop spacing and service type right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop spacing and service type right so
+because because the man responds to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the man responds to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the man responds to all
+these factors and which factors affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors and which factors affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors and which factors affects
+transit ridership we mentioned a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit ridership we mentioned a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit ridership we mentioned a few of
+them broadly speaking we can divide them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them broadly speaking we can divide them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them broadly speaking we can divide them
+into two categories exogenous factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two categories exogenous factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two categories exogenous factors
+that are not under the control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not under the control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not under the control of the
+agency and the endogenous factors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and the endogenous factors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and the endogenous factors which
+the agency has some degree of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency has some degree of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency has some degree of control
+over so exogenous factors include auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so exogenous factors include auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so exogenous factors include auto
+ownership and availability and operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and availability and operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and availability and operating
+costs the cheaper it is to own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the cheaper it is to own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the cheaper it is to own and
+maintain and operate your own private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and operate your own private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and operate your own private
+automobile the less likely you are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the less likely you are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile the less likely you are to
+take transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transit
+fuel prices and availability same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel prices and availability same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel prices and availability same thing
+demographics age gender other so I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics age gender other so I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics age gender other so I say
+income all these things affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income all these things affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income all these things affect
+raishin and and revenues and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raishin and and revenues and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raishin and and revenues and then the
+activity system so attractors job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity system so attractors job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity system so attractors job
+centers population density things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers population density things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers population density things like
+that also are affecting my ocean so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also are affecting my ocean so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also are affecting my ocean so to
+the degree of there's an exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of there's an exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of there's an exogenous
+change in the system population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the system population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the system population
+employment distributions these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment distributions these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment distributions these things
+can influence ridership demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can influence ridership demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can influence ridership demand for
+public transportation so usually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation so usually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transportation so usually these
+things are assumed to be fixed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are assumed to be fixed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are assumed to be fixed in the
+short run and we said that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and we said that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and we said that we would
+focus on short round predictions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on short round predictions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on short round predictions so
+often these things are not considered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often these things are not considered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often these things are not considered in
+models some of them do we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models some of them do we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models some of them do we'll look at
+some exceptions and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exceptions and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some exceptions and then there's
+endogenous factors right and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous factors right and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous factors right and these are
+the ones that you see can't control so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that you see can't control so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that you see can't control so
+fair the headway which relates to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair the headway which relates to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair the headway which relates to how
+much people have to wait for service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much people have to wait for service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much people have to wait for service
+route structure which relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route structure which relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route structure which relates to the
+walking time act of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking time act of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking time act of the times
+and the right and then there's crowding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right and then there's crowding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right and then there's crowding
+and reliability so obviously if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reliability so obviously if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reliability so obviously if we
+change frequency we might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change frequency we might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change frequency we might change
+crowding and also reliability through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding and also reliability through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding and also reliability through
+cycle time and available recovery time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time and available recovery time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle time and available recovery time
+as we've seen in previous lectures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen in previous lectures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen in previous lectures so
+crowding is is interesting to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding is is interesting to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding is is interesting to go out
+sprouting increases that makes transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting increases that makes transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting increases that makes transit
+less comfortable right so that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less comfortable right so that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less comfortable right so that has an
+impact to say decrease the man and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact to say decrease the man and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact to say decrease the man and then
+if the amount is to decrease so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the amount is to decrease so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the amount is to decrease so there is
+some sort of loop flare and a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of loop flare and a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of loop flare and a causal
+loop which reaches some equilibria at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop which reaches some equilibria at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop which reaches some equilibria at
+least when we look at snapshots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when we look at snapshots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least when we look at snapshots
+Carling and reliability are difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carling and reliability are difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carling and reliability are difficult to
+measure especially rely abilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure especially rely abilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure especially rely abilities and
+it's difficult emotion without ideal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult emotion without ideal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult emotion without ideal and
+crowding is the semester without a PC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding is the semester without a PC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding is the semester without a PC
+right so usually these things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so usually these things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so usually these things are not
+accounted for and write up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for and write up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for and write up your
+prediction models if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction models if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction models if you look at
+practice these things are often excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these things are often excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these things are often excluded
+they are important so they do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are important so they do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are important so they do with
+that's the matters reliability is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the matters reliability is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the matters reliability is a big
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+according to revealed preference studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to revealed preference studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to revealed preference studies
+okay so the examiners factors auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the examiners factors auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the examiners factors auto
+availability now in this world will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability now in this world will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability now in this world will
+release does that fall under ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release does that fall under ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release does that fall under ability
+right however you want to classify it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however you want to classify it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right however you want to classify it so
+the Martian is transportation network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martian is transportation network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martian is transportation network
+companies like uber and lyft and fasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like uber and lyft and fasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like uber and lyft and fasting
+etc all of these companies provide not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc all of these companies provide not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc all of these companies provide not
+necessarily out of ownership but they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily out of ownership but they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily out of ownership but they do
+effect they provide a different mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect they provide a different mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect they provide a different mode of
+transportation that competes in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that competes in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that competes in some
+cases and other cases my compliment all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and other cases my compliment all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and other cases my compliment all
+the transportation right so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation right so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transportation right so that's an
+exogenous factor it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous factor it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous factor it's not necessarily
+under control of a public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control of a public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control of a public transportation
+agency and therefore it's not I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and therefore it's not I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency and therefore it's not I haven't
+seen any the memo captures it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any the memo captures it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen any the memo captures it all the
+olders is some research here at MIT that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olders is some research here at MIT that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olders is some research here at MIT that
+is trying to look at that because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to look at that because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to look at that because that's
+an emerging trend and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emerging trend and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emerging trend and it's it's
+important we don't know yeah we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we don't know yeah we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we don't know yeah we're still
+investigating but you said we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating but you said we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating but you said we consider
+those factors to be fixed but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors to be fixed but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors to be fixed but actually
+example of something which is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something which is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something which is rather
+dynamic yes so I didn't say that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic yes so I didn't say that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic yes so I didn't say that we want
+to consider them to be fixed I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider them to be fixed I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider them to be fixed I'm saying
+that if we look at what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look at what happens in
+practice what the models agencies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what the models agencies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what the models agencies have
+implemented and used to study to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and used to study to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and used to study to predict
+ridership and revenue those novels or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership and revenue those novels or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership and revenue those novels or if
+you were to the survey the industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to the survey the industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to the survey the industry and
+even in some models in academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in some models in academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in some models in academia
+tend to assume these things to be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to assume these things to be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to assume these things to be fixed
+and part of that has to do with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of that has to do with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of that has to do with the fact
+that the predictions of interest are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the predictions of interest are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the predictions of interest are
+short-run predictions it's for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run predictions it's for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-run predictions it's for example
+I'm gonna race fares by 25 cents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna race fares by 25 cents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna race fares by 25 cents so
+should I include the effective TNCs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I include the effective TNCs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I include the effective TNCs
+yes or no maybe I owe no it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no maybe I owe no it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no maybe I owe no it could be a
+factor right so good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right so good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor right so good questions
+okay so the traditional approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the traditional approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the traditional approach is
+reactive so if there is an exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so if there is an exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive so if there is an exogenous
+change the reaction is to monitor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reaction is to monitor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the reaction is to monitor a
+change and maybe respond to it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and maybe respond to it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and maybe respond to it on the
+in-service planning process an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-service planning process an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-service planning process an
+endogenous changes such as a fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous changes such as a fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous changes such as a fare
+increase it means that we're to remodel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it means that we're to remodel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it means that we're to remodel
+find in the system and if we see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the system and if we see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in the system and if we see are
+ready to change we might then react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to change we might then react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to change we might then react to
+the relative change so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative change so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative change so it's always
+catching up to what we see so no attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up to what we see so no attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up to what we see so no attempt
+to anticipate impacts prior to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anticipate impacts prior to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anticipate impacts prior to the
+changes current practice typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes current practice typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes current practice typically
+little attention is paid to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little attention is paid to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little attention is paid to the problem
+a public transportation means these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public transportation means these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public transportation means these
+unless it's fare increases or major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's fare increases or major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's fare increases or major
+capital projects right so we just set an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital projects right so we just set an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital projects right so we just set an
+example TMC's being a different thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example TMC's being a different thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example TMC's being a different thing we
+haven't really seen a series of tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really seen a series of tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't really seen a series of tension
+until very recently of how what impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently of how what impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently of how what impact
+that would have on ridership typical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have on ridership typical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have on ridership typical or
+traditional planning models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional planning models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional planning models are
+effective generally they're not deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective generally they're not deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective generally they're not deeply
+enough to to apply them for short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to apply them for short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to apply them for short-run
+predictions so we're talking thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so we're talking thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so we're talking thinking
+here about four-step modeling it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about four-step modeling it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about four-step modeling it's
+expensive to run it takes time so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to run it takes time so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to run it takes time so for
+sure ground predictions and they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure ground predictions and they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure ground predictions and they tend
+not to have the high special the molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have the high special the molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have the high special the molar
+solution that you need to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you need to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you need to decide
+something about a specific bus route for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a specific bus route for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about a specific bus route for
+example so these are typically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so these are typically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so these are typically not
+applied to two specific case studies yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to two specific case studies yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to two specific case studies yes
+question what is teens transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is teens transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is teens transportation
+network company so uber lyft okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network company so uber lyft okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network company so uber lyft okay the
+faster all these providers so ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster all these providers so ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster all these providers so ad hoc
+judgmental method phony so no these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgmental method phony so no these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgmental method phony so no these
+methods are not the most accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are not the most accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods are not the most accurate
+obviously but they are useful especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but they are useful especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but they are useful especially
+if there's a small change you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a small change you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a small change you have many
+proposals on the table you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals on the table you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals on the table you have people
+experience with the area network they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the area network they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the area network they
+might have a good sense of how at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a good sense of how at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a good sense of how at least
+of direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direction and the
+or level of change that one might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or level of change that one might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or level of change that one might expect
+but they seem to be quite inaccurate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they seem to be quite inaccurate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they seem to be quite inaccurate for
+the cyber good predictions long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyber good predictions long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyber good predictions long-term
+predictions or very large changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions or very large changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions or very large changes in the
+network so if you're doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so if you're doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network so if you're doing something
+small maybe ok really something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small maybe ok really something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small maybe ok really something
+significant not so much okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant not so much okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant not so much okay so there
+are kept for approaches here to modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept for approaches here to modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kept for approaches here to modeling
+right if it I ordered from an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it I ordered from an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it I ordered from an order of
+increasing sophistication starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sophistication starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing sophistication starting with
+professional judgment then non-committal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment then non-committal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment then non-committal
+survey techniques then cross-sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey techniques then cross-sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey techniques then cross-sectional
+data models then time series data models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data models then time series data models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data models then time series data models
+and let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's talk a little bit about
+professional judgment so this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment so this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment so this is when
+you bring in as an agency either experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in as an agency either experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in as an agency either experts
+within the agency or consultants who job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the agency or consultants who job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the agency or consultants who job
+is to predict ridership experience doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to predict ridership experience doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to predict ridership experience doing
+so they might have local knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might have local knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they might have local knowledge and
+of course the problem is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the problem is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the problem is that they're
+often been any scientific studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often been any scientific studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often been any scientific studies
+indicate the accuracy of these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the accuracy of these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the accuracy of these methods
+they're 10 they tend not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 10 they tend not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 10 they tend not to be
+reproducible every time you call someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible every time you call someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible every time you call someone
+in that's that's sort of a one-shot deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's that's sort of a one-shot deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's that's sort of a one-shot deal
+right so you don't you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't you're not really
+able to replicate those results easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replicate those results easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to replicate those results easily
+or understand what led to the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understand what led to the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understand what led to the prediction
+this reflects like faith in formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflects like faith in formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reflects like faith in formal
+models in some cases lack of data or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in some cases lack of data or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in some cases lack of data or
+technical expertise to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical expertise to support the
+development affirm all or a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development affirm all or a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development affirm all or a lot of time
+or and maybe most importantly relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and maybe most importantly relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and maybe most importantly relative
+unimportance of the topic of ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportance of the topic of ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportance of the topic of ridership
+prediction in general too many agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction in general too many agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction in general too many agencies
+completely impact of changes or impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impact of changes or impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impact of changes or impacts
+on existing ridership so agencies tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on existing ridership so agencies tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on existing ridership so agencies tend
+to worry more about the reaction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry more about the reaction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry more about the reaction of the
+public that currently writes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that currently writes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that currently writes their
+service then the general increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service then the general increase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service then the general increase or
+decrease in ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in ridership
+although they do they are concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they do they are concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they do they are concerned
+about that they worry more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they worry more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that they worry more about the
+last firm so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last firm so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last firm so any questions on
+professional judgment we all know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment we all know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment we all know what
+this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right
+okay survey based methods a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay survey based methods a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay survey based methods a nice little
+sophistication so here we go out and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication so here we go out and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication so here we go out and ask
+people would you write this less true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would you write this less true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would you write this less true if
+it were extended to give away or or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were extended to give away or or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were extended to give away or or if
+we provide a new train line would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a new train line would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we provide a new train line would you do
+this instead of driving your own car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of driving your own car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of driving your own car
+things like this and how much would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and how much would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this and how much would you
+pay so you can survey people and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so you can survey people and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so you can survey people and ask
+them would you take this or not or okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would you take this or not or okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would you take this or not or okay
+these are the beautiful layout a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the beautiful layout a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the beautiful layout a
+proposal and you ask people for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and you ask people for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal and you ask people for the
+reaction this is a called non-committal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is a called non-committal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is a called non-committal
+because people are saying that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are saying that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are saying that they
+would do it or not do it but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it or not do it but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do it or not do it but they are
+not committed to doing so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not committed to doing so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not committed to doing so there's no
+promise that they will do they will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that they will do they will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise that they will do they will do
+so the stated preference might be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stated preference might be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the stated preference might be quite
+different from the revealed preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the revealed preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the revealed preference
+of one word to actually follow up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one word to actually follow up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one word to actually follow up with
+what these people probably the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there are many papers so yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many papers so yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many papers so yeah right
+here so typically we look we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so typically we look we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so typically we look we have a
+survey right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey right
+you might ask say 500 people or 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask say 500 people or 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask say 500 people or 300
+people whether they would do this or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whether they would do this or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people whether they would do this or not
+typical examples are wrote site survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical examples are wrote site survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical examples are wrote site survey
+where you stop cars and you and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you stop cars and you and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you stop cars and you and you ask
+them where you have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where you have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where you have taken a
+park-and-ride using the metro system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park-and-ride using the metro system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park-and-ride using the metro system or
+an express bus line and they would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an express bus line and they would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an express bus line and they would say
+yes or no and off you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no and off you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no and off you go
+so non-committal right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-committal right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-committal right there's no
+there's no necessity to actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no necessity to actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no necessity to actually do that
+if you sub yes so the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sub yes so the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sub yes so the problem is that
+there's this non-committal bias people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this non-committal bias people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this non-committal bias people
+tend to say yes more than they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to say yes more than they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to say yes more than they would
+actually do so this is has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do so this is has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do so this is has to do with
+sort of psychological factors sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psychological factors sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psychological factors sometimes
+the desire somewhat sub functions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desire somewhat sub functions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desire somewhat sub functions to be
+friendly to there is a perception that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to there is a perception that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly to there is a perception that
+the person doing the survey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person doing the survey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person doing the survey is
+interested in a result and therefore as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a result and therefore as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a result and therefore as
+human beings we try to be friendly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings we try to be friendly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings we try to be friendly or
+try to be positive right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be positive right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be positive right this is
+psychological it's subconscious it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological it's subconscious it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological it's subconscious it
+affects results so what happens what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects results so what happens what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects results so what happens what
+ends up happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening
+there's an adjustment factor for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an adjustment factor for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an adjustment factor for the
+non-committal bias and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-committal bias and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-committal bias and this is where
+professional judgment comes in so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment comes in so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment comes in so you do
+have some survey technique but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some survey technique but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some survey technique but at the
+end you need this fudge factor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you need this fudge factor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you need this fudge factor you
+multiply it by anywhere between five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by anywhere between five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by anywhere between five
+percent and fifty percent and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and fifty percent and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and fifty percent and what that
+range what the specific number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what the specific number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range what the specific number is
+depends on the specifics of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the specifics of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the specifics of the problem
+who you surveyed how many people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you surveyed how many people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you surveyed how many people you
+surveyed the experience of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed the experience of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed the experience of the person
+conducting the study any questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting the study any questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting the study any questions yeah
+maybe it could also be that I don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it could also be that I don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it could also be that I don't say
+yes because I personally wouldn't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because I personally wouldn't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes because I personally wouldn't use it
+but I have a kid who might use it great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a kid who might use it great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a kid who might use it great
+you know someone who would you say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone who would you say yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone who would you say yeah
+yeah I use it myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I use it myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I use it myself
+they provide the service that my kiddo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide the service that my kiddo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they provide the service that my kiddo
+uses video so I want to say I'll review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses video so I want to say I'll review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses video so I want to say I'll review
+the comment for the benefit of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment for the benefit of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment for the benefit of people
+listening on the web later on so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening on the web later on so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening on the web later on so so the
+comment is that another reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is that another reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is that another reason for
+non-committal bias is that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-committal bias is that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-committal bias is that you might
+know people who would write it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people who would write it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people who would write it or
+another instance of this is I maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this is I maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another instance of this is I maybe you
+ask with you today have done this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask with you today have done this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask with you today have done this and
+maybe today wouldn't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe today wouldn't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe today wouldn't have anything
+typically I would write so then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically I would write so then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically I would write so then you want
+to be helpful and and give what is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be helpful and and give what is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be helpful and and give what is most
+difficult problem with that if everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem with that if everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem with that if everyone
+is doing that you would have a bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing that you would have a bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing that you would have a bias
+right because you you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you you are doing
+hopefully a random sample so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a random sample so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a random sample so you could
+have survey my spouse or my kid but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survey my spouse or my kid but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have survey my spouse or my kid but you
+didn't you picked someone around them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you picked someone around them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't you picked someone around them if
+everyone you pick is trying to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you pick is trying to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you pick is trying to answer
+for someone else or answer for what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone else or answer for what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for someone else or answer for what I
+would have done on a different day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done on a different day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done on a different day and
+that all leads to a positive bias then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all leads to a positive bias then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all leads to a positive bias then I
+never get you could have a problem so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you could have a problem so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get you could have a problem so it
+doesn't help if you people are dishonest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help if you people are dishonest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help if you people are dishonest
+and trying to be helpful right any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be helpful right any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be helpful right any
+questions yeah yeah is there any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah yeah is there any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah yeah is there any way to
+randomize the direction of the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not recommended because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not recommended because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not recommended because this
+bias is can be significant and part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is can be significant and part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias is can be significant and part to
+quantify no there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify no there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify no there's something called
+state of preference analysis or conjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of preference analysis or conjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of preference analysis or conjoint
+analyst and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst and this
+so this is where we apply statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we apply statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where we apply statistical
+techniques to try to correct from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to try to correct from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to try to correct from that
+bias so this originated in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so this originated in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias so this originated in mathematical
+psychology and what we do is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and what we do is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology and what we do is that we
+this it's a rigorous detail the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a rigorous detail the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a rigorous detail the sign of
+the experiment and usually what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and usually what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment and usually what you do
+is that instead of asking people if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of asking people if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that instead of asking people if they
+would take this or not you say will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this or not you say will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take this or not you say will you
+rather take this option or this option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather take this option or this option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather take this option or this option
+and you percent bundles and you ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you percent bundles and you ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you percent bundles and you ask them
+to trade them off multiple times you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade them off multiple times you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trade them off multiple times you say
+well what if it cost one more dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if it cost one more dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if it cost one more dollar
+what if and you have multiple levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if and you have multiple levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if and you have multiple levels so
+people start contradicting themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start contradicting themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start contradicting themselves
+sometimes in these trade offs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in these trade offs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes in these trade offs and you
+can detect those biases using those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect those biases using those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect those biases using those
+contradictions or or at least you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions or or at least you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions or or at least you can
+rank the relative importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the relative importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank the relative importance of
+different factors to that person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors to that person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factors to that person and
+then apply those factors to correct for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply those factors to correct for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then apply those factors to correct for
+the bias so yeah it's this again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias so yeah it's this again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias so yeah it's this again this
+area is evolving it is being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is evolving it is being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is evolving it is being applied
+already by high end consulting firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by high end consulting firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by high end consulting firms and
+also by researchers so if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by researchers so if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also by researchers so if you find
+research papers on the manual in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers on the manual in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers on the manual in state
+of preference surveys you'll find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preference surveys you'll find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preference surveys you'll find these
+kinds of techniques be employed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of techniques be employed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of techniques be employed this is
+very useful for new services when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for new services when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for new services when you
+service areas why Sir why would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service areas why Sir why would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service areas why Sir why would this
+technique the especially useful for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique the especially useful for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique the especially useful for life
+yeah only because there's an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah only because there's an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah only because there's an existing
+like status quo that there cert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like status quo that there cert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like status quo that there cert
+implicitly comparing a bit second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly comparing a bit second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly comparing a bit second
+against is there isn't any service to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against is there isn't any service to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against is there isn't any service to
+start with it you're talking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with it you're talking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with it you're talking about our
+new line or a new area of service where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new line or a new area of service where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new line or a new area of service where
+transit isn't really present or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit isn't really present or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit isn't really present or not
+person to the degree that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to the degree that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to the degree that you are
+proposing them there's no good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing them there's no good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing them there's no good way of
+looking at the existing amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the existing amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the existing amount and
+extrapolate from there so then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate from there so then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate from there so then if you
+have to ask people and this is a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask people and this is a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask people and this is a method
+to correct for the marking device one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct for the marking device one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to correct for the marking device one
+more comments the MTA useless in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments the MTA useless in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comments the MTA useless in the
+1980s and they concluded that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and they concluded that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and they concluded that they would
+raise fares to repay bonds they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise fares to repay bonds they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise fares to repay bonds they have
+taken for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for
+title product so it's been applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title product so it's been applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title product so it's been applied
+successfully the next method or family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully the next method or family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully the next method or family
+methods its cross-sectional walls so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods its cross-sectional walls so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods its cross-sectional walls so
+here we use we develop a model of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we use we develop a model of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we use we develop a model of demand
+as a function of route and demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of route and demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of route and demographic
+data to explain ownership so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to explain ownership so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to explain ownership so we're
+looking at a snapshot at a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a snapshot at a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a snapshot at a single point
+in time or say we pick a period of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or say we pick a period of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or say we pick a period of three
+months altogether and we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months altogether and we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months altogether and we look at the
+ridership over those three months across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership over those three months across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership over those three months across
+different bus routes in the region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bus routes in the region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bus routes in the region right
+and then we observe the different bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we observe the different bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we observe the different bus
+routes have different demand and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes have different demand and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes have different demand and they
+have different frequencies and they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different frequencies and they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different frequencies and they run
+through secretaries of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through secretaries of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through secretaries of different
+population densities and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population densities and different
+employment densities and we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment densities and we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment densities and we try to
+relate the differences in the amount on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the differences in the amount on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate the differences in the amount on
+those routes to the ridership to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those routes to the ridership to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those routes to the ridership to those
+characteristics this is called a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics this is called a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics this is called a cross
+sectional model so again we explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional model so again we explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectional model so again we explain the
+differences in demand as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in demand as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in demand as a function of
+the differences in characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in characteristics and
+there are different approaches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different approaches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different approaches here
+rules of thumb is the simplest so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb is the simplest so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb is the simplest so we
+might say you know if you if you if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say you know if you if you if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say you know if you if you if it's
+cheapest fruits then it has this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest fruits then it has this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest fruits then it has this much
+demand that's so very sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that's so very sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that's so very sort of simple
+crude example and the similar roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude example and the similar roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude example and the similar roots
+method is I'm going to convert this bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is I'm going to convert this bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is I'm going to convert this bus
+route to I mean had a frequency to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to I mean had a frequency to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route to I mean had a frequency to let's
+say increase its frequency and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say increase its frequency and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say increase its frequency and then it's
+gonna look a lot more like this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look a lot more like this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna look a lot more like this other
+bus routes that I have in another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes that I have in another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes that I have in another part
+of the network so ridership should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network so ridership should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network so ridership should look
+a lot more like box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more like box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more like box
+maybe I separate my bus routes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I separate my bus routes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I separate my bus routes in the
+network into high ridership key bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into high ridership key bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into high ridership key bus
+routes that have certain type frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes that have certain type frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routes that have certain type frequency
+and other less frequent bus routes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other less frequent bus routes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other less frequent bus routes that
+run on less dense parts of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on less dense parts of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on less dense parts of the network
+and I take those averages and I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take those averages and I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take those averages and I apply
+them to extrapolate right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to extrapolate right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to extrapolate right so that's a
+similar you find similar routes you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you find similar routes you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar you find similar routes you use
+those to make a prediction then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to make a prediction then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to make a prediction then there's
+a multiple factor trip rate model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple factor trip rate model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple factor trip rate model you
+again look at you do a regression maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again look at you do a regression maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again look at you do a regression maybe
+you can do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this with
+or by seven separate factor so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by seven separate factor so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by seven separate factor so those are
+the last two bullets here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two bullets here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two bullets here so you
+essentially run regression where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially run regression where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially run regression where you
+have maybe you vote up a GIS later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe you vote up a GIS later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe you vote up a GIS later and
+you have population that City employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have population that City employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have population that City employment
+density frequency and out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density frequency and out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density frequency and out of the
+regression comes these factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression comes these factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression comes these factors that
+country can control for multiple factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country can control for multiple factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country can control for multiple factors
+at the same time any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time any questions on
+professionalism sure because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionalism sure because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionalism sure because these
+models they generally focus on here than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models they generally focus on here than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models they generally focus on here than
+target as factors that context will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target as factors that context will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target as factors that context will get
+us yeah so they don't implicitly capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah so they don't implicitly capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah so they don't implicitly capture
+the demand how the demand is perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand how the demand is perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand how the demand is perturb
+reflects two other factors so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects two other factors so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects two other factors so how can
+this generalize so the second point they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalize so the second point they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generalize so the second point they
+say is that similar roots like it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that similar roots like it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that similar roots like it can be
+generalized a model that uses less data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized a model that uses less data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized a model that uses less data
+or a shadow in its nature would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a shadow in its nature would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a shadow in its nature would not
+generally be gender-based I correct yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be gender-based I correct yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally be gender-based I correct yes
+these moles are hard to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moles are hard to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moles are hard to generalize
+because they don't because actually any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't because actually any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't because actually any
+professional model is hard to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional model is hard to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional model is hard to generalize
+right because you are looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you are looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you are looking at a
+specific time window of analysis so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time window of analysis so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time window of analysis so you
+are already in doing so excluding any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already in doing so excluding any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already in doing so excluding any
+longer-term trends that are off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer-term trends that are off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer-term trends that are off the
+toilet like fuel prices and population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet like fuel prices and population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toilet like fuel prices and population
+changes and so yes by doing a model even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so yes by doing a model even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so yes by doing a model even
+the most sophisticated of these which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sophisticated of these which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sophisticated of these which is
+a regression with multiple multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression with multiple multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression with multiple multivariate
+regression model if you have any factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model if you have any factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model if you have any factors
+that you leave out that can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you leave out that can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you leave out that can lead to
+biases on the estimators right so will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases on the estimators right so will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases on the estimators right so will
+you actually see that bias well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see that bias well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see that bias well that
+depends on how short run over prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how short run over prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how short run over prediction
+are you're trying to do is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you're trying to do is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you're trying to do is your
+prediction going to be applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction going to be applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction going to be applied to a
+period in the short term that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in the short term that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period in the short term that is very
+similar to the purity of now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the purity of now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the purity of now where
+though these exogenous factors have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these exogenous factors have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these exogenous factors have been
+left out have not changed and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out have not changed and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out have not changed and therefore
+there is no impact on the right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no impact on the right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no impact on the right on the
+poor on the bias of this model or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor on the bias of this model or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor on the bias of this model or are
+you going to apply this abuse this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to apply this abuse this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to apply this abuse this let's
+say miss apply abuse it to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say miss apply abuse it to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say miss apply abuse it to predict
+outside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that
+window outside of the domain where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window outside of the domain where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window outside of the domain where you
+do have changes that you did not include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have changes that you did not include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have changes that you did not include
+in the model and they have affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and they have affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model and they have affected
+ridership yes any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership yes any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership yes any other questions about
+cross-sectional methods okay a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional methods okay a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional methods okay a little
+bit of regression so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of regression so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of regression so this is an example
+of how an agency might respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how an agency might respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how an agency might respond to
+increases in demand by increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in demand by increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases in demand by increasing
+frequency and vice-versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and vice-versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and vice-versa
+right so you look at you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you look at you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you look at you start with a
+conservation that ridership is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation that ridership is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation that ridership is quite
+high and the frequency is some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and the frequency is some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and the frequency is some amount
+right now and then you react to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and then you react to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and then you react to that
+right so as an agency you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as an agency you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so as an agency you might say well
+it is mustard it's quite crowded there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is mustard it's quite crowded there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is mustard it's quite crowded there
+therefore let's increase the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore let's increase the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore let's increase the frequency
+right and let's increase the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's gonna have to that's gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna have to that's gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna have to that's gonna have
+an effect on the demand curve right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect on the demand curve right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect on the demand curve right so
+all these lines D are the managers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these lines D are the managers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these lines D are the managers and
+this demand curve shows the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve shows the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demand curve shows the response of
+ridership to a change in frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership to a change in frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership to a change in frequency
+assuming everything else stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything else stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everything else stays the same
+right but there are also other changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there are also other changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there are also other changes
+that are not included here so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not included here so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not included here so yeah you
+might increase frequency but there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might increase frequency but there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might increase frequency but there might
+be other exogenous factors exogenous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other exogenous factors exogenous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other exogenous factors exogenous in
+this case because frequency is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because frequency is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case because frequency is the only
+variable being shown here any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable being shown here any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable being shown here any other
+variable that increases demand will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that increases demand will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that increases demand will not
+result in a change along the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a change along the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a change along the demand
+curve it will actually shift the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it will actually shift the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it will actually shift the demand
+curve right so you have the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right so you have the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right so you have the members
+going in a third dimension increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in a third dimension increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in a third dimension increasing
+demand in a third dimension due to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in a third dimension due to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in a third dimension due to other
+factors so typically again agencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so typically again agencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so typically again agencies are
+reactive they sort of observe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they sort of observe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive they sort of observe an
+increase then they move to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase then they move to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase then they move to the next one
+and they're always thinking about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're always thinking about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're always thinking about one
+demand curve hey if at all and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve hey if at all and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve hey if at all and so it's
+it's better for this reason to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better for this reason to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better for this reason to look at
+multiple factors at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple factors at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple factors at the same time
+instead of just one factor right such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just one factor right such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just one factor right such as
+frequency okay so these are some typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so these are some typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so these are some typical
+concert else the city we have cities -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert else the city we have cities -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert else the city we have cities -
+fair - headway at the total travel time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair - headway at the total travel time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair - headway at the total travel time
+here and so these are the typical values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so these are the typical values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so these are the typical values
+if you look at many studies a body fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at many studies a body fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at many studies a body fine
+so let's the season fair you get 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's the season fair you get 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's the season fair you get 0.3
+let's do a quick recap what is the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hundred percent change in demand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent change in demand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent change in demand a
+percent change in price yes that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent change in price yes that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent change in price yes that's the
+answers percent change in demand or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers percent change in demand or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers percent change in demand or a
+percent change in price there I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent change in price there I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent change in price there I want to
+make two adjustments the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two adjustments the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make two adjustments the definition
+that's often how it's calculated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often how it's calculated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often how it's calculated but
+it's actually the derivative right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the derivative right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the derivative right the
+derivative of the curve not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the curve not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the curve not necessarily
+a percent change that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percent change that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a percent change that is an
+approximation of the roof and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the roof and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the roof and the other
+is that it's not just - price in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not just - price in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not just - price in this
+case we're looking at change - fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're looking at change - fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're looking at change - fair
+towards an headway or to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards an headway or to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards an headway or to other
+disutilities right so any other factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disutilities right so any other factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disutilities right so any other factor
+that affects this utility so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects this utility so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects this utility so what is the
+difference between negative is the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be as all those variables are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be as all those variables are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be as all those variables are going
+up okay as fare increases the writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay as fare increases the writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay as fare increases the writer
+comes down great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down great
+what is the meaning of an elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of an elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the meaning of an elasticity
+with an absolute value between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an absolute value between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an absolute value between zero and
+one instead of a greater than 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rather what is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather what is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather what is the difference between
+analysis a it has an absolute value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a it has an absolute value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a it has an absolute value less
+than 1 versus 1 that is the body greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 versus 1 that is the body greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 versus 1 that is the body greater
+okay so in elastic those are the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in elastic those are the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in elastic those are the terms
+used to explain the differences right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to explain the differences right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to explain the differences right so
+what is it what is an inelastic change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is an inelastic change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what is an inelastic change
+so our change in price was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our change in price was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our change in price was not
+necessarily diminish their the mask one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily diminish their the mask one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily diminish their the mask one
+that the quantity demanded by people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity demanded by people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the quantity demanded by people so
+you could have if is this fair value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have if is this fair value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have if is this fair value
+from 8.3 is that inelastic or elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so why what does that mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why what does that mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why what does that mean in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+a change oh I know that level would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change oh I know that level would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change oh I know that level would not
+lead to okay lead to look less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to okay lead to look less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to okay lead to look less than the
+equivalent change okay therefore if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent change okay therefore if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent change okay therefore if you
+if you increase if you increase Affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase if you increase Affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you increase if you increase Affairs
+you will do some ridership but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do some ridership but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do some ridership but not
+enough to lose total pheromones right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to lose total pheromones right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to lose total pheromones right
+right if this volume were greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this volume were greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this volume were greater than
+having absolute value greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having absolute value greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having absolute value greater than one
+then you might actually decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might actually decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might actually decrease the
+response and they might only be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and they might only be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and they might only be so
+strong that you might end up loosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that you might end up loosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that you might end up loosing
+revenue because there's the amount is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue because there's the amount is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue because there's the amount is so
+much lower so if you're overpriced an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower so if you're overpriced an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower so if you're overpriced an
+item by a lot and nobody buys it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item by a lot and nobody buys it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item by a lot and nobody buys it you
+might end up getting less right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up getting less right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might end up getting less right in
+transit the typical levels are inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit the typical levels are inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit the typical levels are inelastic
+so this is important this means that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is important this means that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is important this means that any
+kind of agency will need some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of agency will need some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of agency will need some more
+Farrow and you can firmly increase fares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farrow and you can firmly increase fares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Farrow and you can firmly increase fares
+and know that they will get more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know that they will get more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know that they will get more money
+that's sort of conclusions of this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of conclusions of this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of conclusions of this the
+range of these values is from negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these values is from negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these values is from negative
+point one to negative point five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one to negative point five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one to negative point five the
+elasticity of headway is a little larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of headway is a little larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of headway is a little larger
+in magnitude so the response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitude so the response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in magnitude so the response of the
+amount to frequency is stronger a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to frequency is stronger a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount to frequency is stronger a little
+bit than the response to fares there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit than the response to fares there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit than the response to fares there's
+some often overlooked in ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some often overlooked in ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some often overlooked in ridership
+studies and then total travel time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then total travel time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then total travel time that
+people respond very strongly to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people respond very strongly to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people respond very strongly to that
+right so okay then there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay then there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay then there are these
+important other points I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important other points I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important other points I want to go
+through small cities have larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through small cities have larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through small cities have larger
+Fairless the cities than large cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairless the cities than large cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairless the cities than large cities
+let's talk about each one its are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about each one its are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about each one its are just
+reasons for them so why would small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for them so why would small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for them so why would small
+cities have larger elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes they're saying that they are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're saying that they are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they're saying that they are more
+elastic right yeah more sensitive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic right yeah more sensitive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic right yeah more sensitive right
+so small cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small cities
+ridership in small cities is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership in small cities is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership in small cities is more
+sensitive than weather chip in our city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive than weather chip in our city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive than weather chip in our city
+all right there's not as much of there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's not as much of there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there's not as much of there's
+not as much utility lost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much utility lost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much utility lost by
+switching to different boats there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching to different boats there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching to different boats there might
+not be as much traffic if you drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as much traffic if you drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be as much traffic if you drive
+instead so fare might be that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so fare might be that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so fare might be that is very
+important this is one of the key factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is one of the key factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important this is one of the key factors
+affecting this actually so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting this actually so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting this actually so you have a
+much larger dependence on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger dependence on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger dependence on public
+transportation in their cities and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably than the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably than the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably than the city
+these are correlated so maybe this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are correlated so maybe this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are correlated so maybe this could
+have been more carefully chosen and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more carefully chosen and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been more carefully chosen and you
+can say older cities as well it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say older cities as well it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say older cities as well it's I
+learned you older three auto industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned you older three auto industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned you older three auto industry
+pre highway expansion cities is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre highway expansion cities is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre highway expansion cities is another
+way of putting small seeds right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting small seeds right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting small seeds right because
+for example I'm thinking in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I'm thinking in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I'm thinking in my own
+country a small city would be a CEO of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a small city would be a CEO of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country a small city would be a CEO of
+around we have this characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we have this characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we have this characteristic
+because you can still walk the sea yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can still walk the sea yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can still walk the sea yes
+so walking is still an option yeah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so walking is still an option yeah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so walking is still an option yeah and I
+think it's kind of like correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of like correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of like correlated with
+what you were saying about dress so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying about dress so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were saying about dress so all
+of these things have to do with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things have to do with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things have to do with where
+you apply them and maybe they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply them and maybe they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply them and maybe they're not
+completely generalizable but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely generalizable but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely generalizable but I think
+this observation has more to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation has more to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation has more to do with the
+North American and European context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American and European context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North American and European context
+right so but that's a good observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that's a good observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so but that's a good observation
+Henry I think smaller cities also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry I think smaller cities also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry I think smaller cities also have
+less expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive
+yes so the rating boards are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the rating boards are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the rating boards are already
+trained to not rely solely on tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to not rely solely on tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to not rely solely on tradition
+supply might be quite undesirable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply might be quite undesirable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply might be quite undesirable or
+efficient and yeah so therefore any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and yeah so therefore any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and yeah so therefore any
+price that make it less desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that make it less desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that make it less desirable
+entirely okay okay let's move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely okay okay let's move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely okay okay let's move to the
+next button bus travel is more elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next button bus travel is more elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next button bus travel is more elastic
+than commuter rail and reputable simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than commuter rail and reputable simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than commuter rail and reputable simply
+must release more smaller travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must release more smaller travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must release more smaller travel
+distance and they're possible and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they're possible and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and they're possible and other
+alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+yes that's the key reason so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's the key reason so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's the key reason so if you have
+a shorter distance and bus travel tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter distance and bus travel tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter distance and bus travel tends
+to be a shorter distance then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a shorter distance then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a shorter distance then you are
+more likely to have other options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have other options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to have other options
+whereas commuter rail you might have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas commuter rail you might have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas commuter rail you might have you
+might be able to drive maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to drive maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to drive maybe you don't
+own a car so that's our so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a car so that's our so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a car so that's our so there are
+fewer options in general to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer options in general to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer options in general to the public
+but for a longer distance travel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a longer distance travel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for a longer distance travel and
+commuter rail and rapid rail travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail and rapid rail travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail and rapid rail travel
+tends to be longer distance okay can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be longer distance okay can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be longer distance okay can you
+really up it really certainly in rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up it really certainly in rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really up it really certainly in rush
+hour has a time advantage tend to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour has a time advantage tend to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour has a time advantage tend to have a
+yeah yeah over over the private vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the mode in rush Network where buses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mode in rush Network where buses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mode in rush Network where buses
+will be stuck in traffic and rail is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be stuck in traffic and rail is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be stuck in traffic and rail is not
+stopping traffic right so and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping traffic right so and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping traffic right so and that
+drives the elasticity more because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the elasticity more because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the elasticity more because so
+many more people are traveling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more people are traveling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more people are traveling in the
+rush hours great let's move on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush hours great let's move on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush hours great let's move on to the
+third ones off-peak Fairless the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third ones off-peak Fairless the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third ones off-peak Fairless the cities
+are double the size of the Fairless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double the size of the Fairless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double the size of the Fairless the
+cities wait are the difference we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities wait are the difference we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities wait are the difference we'd like
+leisure and business travellers where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure and business travellers where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure and business travellers where
+you can change your trip decision if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change your trip decision if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change your trip decision if
+it's a leisure trip but not your trip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a leisure trip but not your trip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a leisure trip but not your trip a
+purpose right so he travel tends to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right so he travel tends to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right so he travel tends to have
+a higher proportion of business and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher proportion of business and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher proportion of business and you
+don't have the option of not doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the option of not doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the option of not doing the
+trip so you must do the truth what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so you must do the truth what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip so you must do the truth what else
+something related to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to that
+yes and congestion as a role if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and congestion as a role if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and congestion as a role if to
+consider like the idea of commuting by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider like the idea of commuting by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider like the idea of commuting by
+uber yes in New York City it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber yes in New York City it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uber yes in New York City it might not
+make sense to do that during a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to do that during a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to do that during a peak
+period if you're gonna be staying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period if you're gonna be staying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period if you're gonna be staying a
+traffic on the road its subway as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on the road its subway as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic on the road its subway as a
+and a time advantage but yes I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time advantage but yes I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time advantage but yes I'm
+returning home late in the evening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning home late in the evening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning home late in the evening that
+time advantage of transit can be eroded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time advantage of transit can be eroded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time advantage of transit can be eroded
+because there's less congestion right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's less congestion right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's less congestion right so
+congestion can have a major effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion can have a major effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion can have a major effect on
+condition is larger at peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is larger at peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is larger at peak and
+therefore because me moans that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore because me moans that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore because me moans that are
+segregated that have their own right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated that have their own right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated that have their own right of
+way working yeah so related to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way working yeah so related to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way working yeah so related to those
+previous ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous ones
+what else Eli it's me where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else Eli it's me where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else Eli it's me where you're
+inside they utilize discretionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside they utilize discretionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside they utilize discretionary
+ridership right very important yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership right very important yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership right very important yeah so
+can you lover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you lover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you lover it
+yeah when during during the off-peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when during during the off-peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when during during the off-peak
+hours you have more people who have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you have more people who have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours you have more people who have no
+other choice to get around like neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choice to get around like neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choice to get around like neutrino
+why nots why might these people not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why nots why might these people not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why nots why might these people not have
+other choices because they are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices because they are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices because they are both
+lower incomes right so so lower-income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower incomes right so so lower-income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower incomes right so so lower-income
+people who work may have no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work may have no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who work may have no other
+options they this may be that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options they this may be that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options they this may be that the only
+option they can afford and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option they can afford and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option they can afford and therefore
+they're they are less sensitive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are less sensitive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they are less sensitive so if
+you raise fares well it's it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise fares well it's it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise fares well it's it doesn't
+look good for them but that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good for them but that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good for them but that's the only
+alternative for them so they'll reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative for them so they'll reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative for them so they'll reacts
+great short distance trips are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great short distance trips are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great short distance trips are more
+elastic than one business trips we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than one business trips we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic than one business trips we
+already covered that in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered that in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered that in the context of
+real so let's skip that fairness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so let's skip that fairness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so let's skip that fairness the
+city to rise with income this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to rise with income this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city to rise with income this should be
+straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward
+with more options appear for come if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more options appear for come if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more options appear for come if you
+have more income you have more options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more income you have more options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more income you have more options
+you can afford all of other options so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford all of other options so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can afford all of other options so
+there you go what about fairness does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go what about fairness does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go what about fairness does
+these fall with age so older people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fall with age so older people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fall with age so older people
+senior people are less sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior people are less sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior people are less sensitive to
+changes in fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in fare
+why is that I'm a higher income age they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that I'm a higher income age they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that I'm a higher income age they
+tend to have fewer options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have fewer options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have fewer options
+why because well like walking might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because well like walking might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because well like walking might be
+might not be an option the active most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be an option the active most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be an option the active most
+might be you know they might not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know they might not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be you know they might not have a
+driver's license anymore they may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver's license anymore they may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver's license anymore they may not be
+you know they might you know a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might you know a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might you know a like
+vision and therefore not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and therefore not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision and therefore not be able to
+drive work other that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive work other that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive work other that's exactly right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+of all troupers business the work trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all troupers business the work trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all troupers business the work trip
+is the most inelastic we've covered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most inelastic we've covered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most inelastic we've covered that
+and then promotional Fairless diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then promotional Fairless diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then promotional Fairless diseases
+are slightly larger than short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly larger than short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly larger than short-term
+Fairless is that he's following permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairless is that he's following permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fairless is that he's following permit
+fare additions so you explain that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare additions so you explain that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare additions so you explain that so if
+you do a free fair day and you play put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a free fair day and you play put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a free fair day and you play put
+ads everywhere or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads everywhere or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads everywhere or something like this
+the response that you will get is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that you will get is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response that you will get is gonna
+be much stronger than if you are on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much stronger than if you are on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much stronger than if you are on a
+routine basis race fairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so why what does that happen big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why what does that happen big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why what does that happen big
+reasons both if increase of you reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons both if increase of you reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons both if increase of you reduces
+them or decrease if you increase them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but we can extend this to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but we can extend this to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but we can extend this to how
+frequently this change happens and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently this change happens and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently this change happens and how
+much buzz is there about spare change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much buzz is there about spare change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much buzz is there about spare change
+yes people are psychological effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes people are psychological effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes people are psychological effects of
+marketing right the effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing right the effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing right the effectiveness of
+marketing on so if you look at agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing on so if you look at agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing on so if you look at agencies
+every year out of a certain taste raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year out of a certain taste raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year out of a certain taste raise
+their fares more or less with inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fares more or less with inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fares more or less with inflation
+there's much less sort of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much less sort of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much less sort of the reaction
+the public reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public reaction is
+and much lower so are those promotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much lower so are those promotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much lower so are those promotional
+fare free fare day prepare weekend are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare free fare day prepare weekend are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fare free fare day prepare weekend are
+they effective so the goal sure but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they effective so the goal sure but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they effective so the goal sure but it
+might be effective that increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be effective that increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be effective that increasing
+ridership temporarily if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership temporarily if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership temporarily if you have some
+events on the city and you want to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events on the city and you want to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events on the city and you want to if
+you want people to use those moles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to use those moles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to use those moles and
+some drive that might be a success so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drive that might be a success so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drive that might be a success so
+you want to increase the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to increase the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to increase the efficiency of
+vehicles by the increasing of all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles by the increasing of all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles by the increasing of all times
+so people don't have to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people don't have to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people don't have to interact with
+the fare box you can open all doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fare box you can open all doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fare box you can open all doors
+people go there now that's a might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go there now that's a might that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go there now that's a might that
+might be an SS so Paris once did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an SS so Paris once did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an SS so Paris once did that
+for exposure today I'd like to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exposure today I'd like to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for exposure today I'd like to try to
+lure people in you can say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lure people in you can say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lure people in you can say all right
+yeah the question is it's a defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is it's a defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is it's a defective
+well again it depends on what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again it depends on what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again it depends on what your
+measures of success are Emily um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of success are Emily um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures of success are Emily um also
+promotional Affairs might be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional Affairs might be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotional Affairs might be you know
+might attract more like discretionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attract more like discretionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attract more like discretionary
+trips then yes and people might say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips then yes and people might say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips then yes and people might say I
+won't try it oh yeah whereas like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try it oh yeah whereas like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't try it oh yeah whereas like you
+know permanent fare revisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know permanent fare revisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know permanent fare revisions
+tend to effect you know people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to effect you know people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to effect you know people who are
+just doing their community and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing their community and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing their community and therefore
+who are there for less right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are there for less right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are there for less right so if you
+do any kind of promotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of promotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any kind of promotion
+you might make people tend not to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make people tend not to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make people tend not to even
+be aware of terms of fares be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of terms of fares be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of terms of fares be aware of
+this option and so we might you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option and so we might you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this option and so we might you might
+lure them in yeah Henry there are also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lure them in yeah Henry there are also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lure them in yeah Henry there are also a
+lot of cities that do free transit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cities that do free transit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cities that do free transit on
+yours eat in us to reduce come try me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours eat in us to reduce come try me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours eat in us to reduce come try me
+yes so that's another example tool on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's another example tool on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so that's another example tool on
+New Year's Eve to reduce a drunk driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Year's Eve to reduce a drunk driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Year's Eve to reduce a drunk driving
+offered yes so it's safe to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered yes so it's safe to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered yes so it's safe to see
+commercial fares up with useful facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial fares up with useful facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial fares up with useful facts
+but you don't have it yet I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have it yet I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have it yet I don't want
+to make that broad plain but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that broad plain but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that broad plain but I think I
+agree with the premise of it okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the premise of it okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the premise of it okay okay
+let's revisit a model that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's revisit a model that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's revisit a model that we saw
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the TTC elasticity model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the TTC elasticity model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the TTC elasticity model which
+we saw is used or husband used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw is used or husband used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw is used or husband used to
+predict the rate of changes to service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the rate of changes to service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the rate of changes to service
+chains right so ridership responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains right so ridership responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains right so ridership responses
+service changes so this is the recap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service changes so this is the recap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service changes so this is the recap the
+total weighted travel time is a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total weighted travel time is a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total weighted travel time is a sum of
+four components the enviable travel time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four components the enviable travel time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four components the enviable travel time
+the waiting time the walking time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time the walking time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waiting time the walking time which
+is the access and egress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the access and egress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the access and egress and
+transferring time and the penalty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring time and the penalty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring time and the penalty for
+longer transfers the tape for that holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer transfers the tape for that holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer transfers the tape for that holy
+pair so and then there are these weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so and then there are these weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so and then there are these weights
+1.5 so what does that mean 1.5 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 so what does that mean 1.5 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 so what does that mean 1.5 in this
+equation this is all generalized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is all generalized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is all generalized this
+utility version systematic this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility version systematic this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility version systematic this utility
+equation right I have some factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right I have some factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right I have some factors
+before each of the explanatory variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before each of the explanatory variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before each of the explanatory variables
+Sonya how much more so now these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonya how much more so now these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonya how much more so now these these
+numbers are amended rounds right so CDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are amended rounds right so CDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are amended rounds right so CDC
+did not conduct revealed preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not conduct revealed preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not conduct revealed preference
+study to to estimated from data but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to to estimated from data but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study to to estimated from data but they
+aligned somewhat well with revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned somewhat well with revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned somewhat well with revealed
+preference studies so the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference studies so the worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference studies so the worker
+magnitude at least is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude at least is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude at least is correct
+I've seen factors as high as three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen factors as high as three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen factors as high as three for
+waiting time as well as one in cases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time as well as one in cases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting time as well as one in cases of
+rush hour in say metro so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush hour in say metro so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rush hour in say metro so that gives you
+a range walking I've seen you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range walking I've seen you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a range walking I've seen you know five
+ten I've seen higher but penalties for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten I've seen higher but penalties for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten I've seen higher but penalties for
+number of transfers I've seen five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transfers I've seen five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of transfers I've seen five
+minutes ten minutes so people hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ten minutes so people hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ten minutes so people hate
+chemistry this is a discrete felon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry this is a discrete felon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry this is a discrete felon so
+this is ten minutes for every transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ten minutes for every transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ten minutes for every transfer
+you have to make so great so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make so great so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make so great so what
+happens you can peel this all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you can peel this all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you can peel this all the way to
+tell time before and after so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell time before and after so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell time before and after so you have
+situation and then you have a proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then you have a proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and then you have a proposal
+that will outdo these values and result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will outdo these values and result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will outdo these values and result
+in a new total weighted travel time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new total weighted travel time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new total weighted travel time and
+then we apply some elasticity so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we apply some elasticity so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we apply some elasticity so these
+are the city's defer my period so during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the city's defer my period so during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the city's defer my period so during
+the peak we have negative 1.5 midday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak we have negative 1.5 midday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak we have negative 1.5 midday we
+have a higher response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher response
+this is aligns with what we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aligns with what we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is aligns with what we just said
+that peak period right of tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peak period right of tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peak period right of tends to
+be borne aloft right so we have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be borne aloft right so we have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be borne aloft right so we have strong
+response and during the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and during the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and during the middle of the
+day and if you look at early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if you look at early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and if you look at early in the
+morning or evening even stronger so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning or evening even stronger so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning or evening even stronger so we
+have higher valleys question why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher valleys question why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher valleys question why are
+these values have a magnitude greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values have a magnitude greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values have a magnitude greater
+than one this is a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this is a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this is a trick question
+in some sense travel time is ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense travel time is ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense travel time is ridership
+is depending travel time is very elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending travel time is very elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is depending travel time is very elastic
+okay so that's one way of putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way of putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one way of putting it
+so I guess the observations like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the observations like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the observations like these
+are not fair as the cities and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not fair as the cities and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not fair as the cities and they are
+not frequency less disease they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequency less disease they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not frequency less disease they are the
+cities of totally at travel time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of totally at travel time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities of totally at travel time and
+that's these are you know four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these are you know four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these are you know four
+components coming together and we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components coming together and we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components coming together and we can't
+really think about it in terms of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about it in terms of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about it in terms of you
+know fairing elasticity and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fairing elasticity and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fairing elasticity and a single
+variable ready these are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ready these are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable ready these are multiple
+effects coming together so great so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects coming together so great so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects coming together so great so do
+we understand how how this applies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand how how this applies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand how how this applies we
+have a service proposal we estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a service proposal we estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a service proposal we estimate the
+effects on rider ships in the apparel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on rider ships in the apparel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on rider ships in the apparel
+time waiting time walking time in a rev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waiting time walking time in a rev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waiting time walking time in a rev
+transfers we know how many people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we know how many people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers we know how many people would
+write before and after or what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write before and after or what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write before and after or what we don't
+know that we want to predict that but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we want to predict that but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we want to predict that but we
+know for usually they're how each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for usually they're how each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for usually they're how each of
+these components would would be affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components would would be affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components would would be affected
+and then we use this model with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use this model with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use this model with these
+lists the cities to create the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists the cities to create the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists the cities to create the change
+okay yes and trends does that mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes and trends does that mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes and trends does that mean the
+average transfer is ten minutes or does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average transfer is ten minutes or does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average transfer is ten minutes or does
+this mean people just really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean people just really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean people just really really
+don't like transfers because they want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like transfers because they want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like transfers because they want a
+simple so this is this exclusive waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so this is this exclusive waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so this is this exclusive waiting
+this is the fact that I have to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fact that I have to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the fact that I have to transfer
+is so annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so annoying
+I would rather spend or it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would rather spend or it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would rather spend or it would be the
+same as fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as fun
+extra 10 minutes in a vehicle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 10 minutes in a vehicle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 10 minutes in a vehicle if you
+give me a situation where I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a situation where I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a situation where I have a
+single ride option that takes ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ride option that takes ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single ride option that takes ten
+minutes longer and give me another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes longer and give me another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes longer and give me another one
+that takes ten minutes less but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes ten minutes less but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes ten minutes less but I have
+to transfer I wouldn't know which one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer I wouldn't know which one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer I wouldn't know which one to
+take they would be equally desirable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take they would be equally desirable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take they would be equally desirable or
+on the sidewalk yeah you say that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk yeah you say that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk yeah you say that in a
+more this was a more distinct model then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this was a more distinct model then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this was a more distinct model then
+the penalty for transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty for transferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penalty for transferring
+rail-to-rail with less than yeah of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail-to-rail with less than yeah of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail-to-rail with less than yeah of
+course either you could make this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course either you could make this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course either you could make this much
+more sophisticated and you could say are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated and you could say are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated and you could say are
+there escalators or not you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there escalators or not you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there escalators or not you know if you
+could you could argue like you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could argue like you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could argue like you know like
+are some parts of the city say less safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some parts of the city say less safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some parts of the city say less safe
+and therefore walking time is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore walking time is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore walking time is very
+unfavorable especially at night purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable especially at night purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable especially at night purposes
+so you can really sort of go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really sort of go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can really sort of go this
+aggregate and apply all these behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and apply all these behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate and apply all these behavioral
+impacts so yeah you can make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts so yeah you can make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts so yeah you can make this more
+sophisticated but you have the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated but you have the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated but you have the idea
+right this is a notice the city based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a notice the city based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a notice the city based
+model okay directly MEMS regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay directly MEMS regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay directly MEMS regression
+models that again we covered a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that again we covered a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that again we covered a little
+bit of this we match census track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this we match census track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this we match census track
+layouts your routes or characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts your routes or characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layouts your routes or characteristics
+this is hard without GIS tools GIS is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard without GIS tools GIS is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard without GIS tools GIS is a
+geographical information system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical information system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical information system where
+you have a map and you load layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a map and you load layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a map and you load layers of
+data showing things geographically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data showing things geographically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data showing things geographically right
+like population density and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like population density and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like population density and employment
+density your bus stops your bus line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your bus stops your bus line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your bus stops your bus line and
+your train lines so we use the ILS tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your train lines so we use the ILS tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your train lines so we use the ILS tools
+to apportion population and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apportion population and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apportion population and employment
+data to different bus routes so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to different bus routes so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to different bus routes so you know
+that this bus route goes along these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bus route goes along these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this bus route goes along these
+centers that have certain properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers that have certain properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers that have certain properties
+then we run a regression of forensics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we run a regression of forensics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we run a regression of forensics
+playing right in shape of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing right in shape of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing right in shape of the function
+of those characteristics and officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those characteristics and officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those characteristics and officers
+what happens is that you have large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have large or
+high significance of dummy variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high significance of dummy variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high significance of dummy variables and
+track specific constants so though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track specific constants so though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track specific constants so though the
+general variables like frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general variables like frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general variables like frequency the
+ones the rebels are applied to all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the rebels are applied to all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones the rebels are applied to all of us
+roots together tend to be maybe not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots together tend to be maybe not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots together tend to be maybe not a
+specifically as these very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically as these very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically as these very specific
+variables that apply only to one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that apply only to one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that apply only to one or two
+bus routes and that means that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes and that means that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes and that means that in some
+sense we are specifying a model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we are specifying a model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we are specifying a model that is
+over fitted and there are some issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fitted and there are some issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fitted and there are some issues
+with this right so the other issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right so the other issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this right so the other issue is
+that these models tend not to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these models tend not to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these models tend not to recognize
+Network interactions or they never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network interactions or they never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network interactions or they never do
+brother because the earth if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother because the earth if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother because the earth if you have
+two bus lines running through the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bus lines running through the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bus lines running through the same
+employment hunter and be going to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment hunter and be going to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment hunter and be going to two
+different places both on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places both on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places both on the same
+frequency then presumably they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then presumably they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then presumably they should be
+shared of the man from data points right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared of the man from data points right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared of the man from data points right
+if you only have one cluster and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have one cluster and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have one cluster and you
+leave the characteristics the same then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the characteristics the same then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the characteristics the same then
+that ridership would be a lot higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ridership would be a lot higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ridership would be a lot higher
+this model doesn't really account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model doesn't really account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model doesn't really account for
+that the complementarity or competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complementarity or competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the complementarity or competition
+of the supply in the network so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply in the network so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply in the network so that
+cuts in a chute and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts in a chute and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts in a chute and then the
+relationship between supply and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between supply and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between supply and demand
+based on the interaction is not captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the interaction is not captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the interaction is not captured
+so we can there are alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can there are alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can there are alternative
+approaches simultaneous equation models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches simultaneous equation models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches simultaneous equation models
+are capable of addressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of addressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are capable of addressing the
+relationship between supplying the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between supplying the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between supplying the map
+and then via some other models are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then via some other models are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then via some other models are able
+to capture the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the relationship between
+competing and complimentary routes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and complimentary routes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and complimentary routes we'll
+look at an example that's the logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example that's the logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example that's the logical
+next step beyond directly mint walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step beyond directly mint walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step beyond directly mint walls and
+then full network models which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then full network models which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then full network models which sort of
+have all the network those deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the network those deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the network those deal
+explicitly with competing component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly with competing component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly with competing component
+circuits because people in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits because people in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits because people in that model
+have the option of an e bus route and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of an e bus route and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the option of an e bus route and
+they see all their options and in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see all their options and in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see all their options and in these
+models you can include trip distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you can include trip distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you can include trip distribution
+or model split effects so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or model split effects so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or model split effects so that's the
+next step beyond the laulima the TTC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step beyond the laulima the TTC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step beyond the laulima the TTC
+type model that we just legal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type model that we just legal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type model that we just legal system
+although we just discussed both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we just discussed both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we just discussed both of these
+require GIS some computer representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require GIS some computer representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require GIS some computer representation
+of a transit network and service area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transit network and service area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transit network and service area
+this used to be a challenge not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used to be a challenge not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used to be a challenge not so much
+anymore most agencies put out GTFS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore most agencies put out GTFS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore most agencies put out GTFS
+and right layers showing where the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right layers showing where the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right layers showing where the bus
+stops are and till this now commonplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops are and till this now commonplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops are and till this now commonplace
+this is not an obstacle any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an obstacle any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an obstacle any more
+questions about this Henry what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this Henry what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this Henry what it's
+teaching oh so wrong code Transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching oh so wrong code Transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching oh so wrong code Transit
+Commission it's the other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission it's the other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission it's the other questions
+okay so let's look at a simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at a simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at a simultaneous
+equation so here we we have ridership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here we we have ridership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here we we have ridership of
+some route I on some segment Z so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some route I on some segment Z so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some route I on some segment Z so we
+divide our bus routes into segments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide our bus routes into segments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide our bus routes into segments and
+we have many bus routes and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have many bus routes and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have many bus routes and many
+segments and we say that is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and we say that is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and we say that is a function
+of the level of service provided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of service provided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the level of service provided to
+think of that as frequency right level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as frequency right level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as frequency right level
+of service provided on that bus route on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service provided on that bus route on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service provided on that bus route on
+that zone and other external factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zone and other external factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zone and other external factors
+those external factors are demographics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those external factors are demographics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those external factors are demographics
+socio-economic characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socio-economic characteristics of
+ridership the population density things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership the population density things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership the population density things
+like that so maybe exogenous then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so maybe exogenous then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so maybe exogenous then you
+say supply on the other hand so my level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say supply on the other hand so my level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say supply on the other hand so my level
+of service is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of service is a function of the
+ridership I have right now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership I have right now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership I have right now because
+advice have more riders I will provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice have more riders I will provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice have more riders I will provide
+more service right also it is a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more service right also it is a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more service right also it is a reaction
+to ridership as it was in the past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ridership as it was in the past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ridership as it was in the past and
+it's also a reaction to other external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reaction to other external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reaction to other external
+factors so these two equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so these two equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so these two equations are
+simultaneous you have to solve them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous you have to solve them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous you have to solve them at
+the same time and they can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and they can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and they can take
+different functional forms we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functional forms we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functional forms we are
+specifying here yeah sort of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying here yeah sort of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying here yeah sort of conceptual
+level yeah is that in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah is that in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level yeah is that in the in the
+previous time period it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time period it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous time period it could be
+function of the ridership in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the ridership in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the ridership in the past
+right in other words this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in other words this is a way of
+saying my supply right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying my supply right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying my supply right now
+my supply today is a function of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my supply today is a function of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my supply today is a function of what
+used to be a said it could be a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a said it could be a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be a said it could be a certain
+independence or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence or not
+yeah so you're saying why not have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're saying why not have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're saying why not have is
+that you could if you want to add it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could if you want to add it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could if you want to add it in
+go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead
+again this is conceptual so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is conceptual so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is conceptual so what I'm
+saying in is this is not a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in is this is not a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in is this is not a specific
+model rather this is a conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model rather this is a conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model rather this is a conceptual
+description of how you set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how you set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of how you set up a
+simultaneous equation so the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous equation so the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous equation so the point of
+that Mary was to say that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mary was to say that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mary was to say that you could
+include the effect of previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the effect of previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the effect of previous
+previously observed oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously observed oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously observed oh okay
+so don't think about this as a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't think about this as a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't think about this as a specific
+specific specification of them all then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific specification of them all then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific specification of them all then
+I'll put this in seller this is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put this in seller this is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put this in seller this is a paper
+that describes this in detail if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes this in detail if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes this in detail if you
+want to look at the specifics of such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the specifics of such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the specifics of such a
+model here's an example from Portland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here's an example from Portland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here's an example from Portland
+for my treatment on that paper you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my treatment on that paper you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my treatment on that paper you have
+route 1920 which wrong in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route 1920 which wrong in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route 1920 which wrong in this diagram
+kind of east-west so through 19 runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of east-west so through 19 runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of east-west so through 19 runs
+along this line right here and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line right here and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this line right here and for each
+bus route we have a catchment area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus route we have a catchment area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus route we have a catchment area so
+rude 19 captures this part on top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude 19 captures this part on top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rude 19 captures this part on top and
+also this middle part that is shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this middle part that is shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this middle part that is shaded
+both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways
+another 320 which runs along this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 320 which runs along this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 320 which runs along this line
+and it's captures people here and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's captures people here and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's captures people here and also
+people in this area so this area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this area so this area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this area so this area in the
+middle is people from that area go to 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is people from that area go to 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is people from that area go to 19
+or route 20 right so in that area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or route 20 right so in that area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or route 20 right so in that area of
+route 19 and 20 are competing right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route 19 and 20 are competing right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route 19 and 20 are competing right then
+they kind of merge and those with zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of merge and those with zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of merge and those with zones
+here when they are the fully indeed they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when they are the fully indeed they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when they are the fully indeed they
+are maybe that's a vanishing trunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe that's a vanishing trunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe that's a vanishing trunk
+system right and then there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and then there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right and then there are these
+other bus routes route 1725 at 71 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bus routes route 1725 at 71 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bus routes route 1725 at 71 72
+that are across south north or south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are across south north or south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are across south north or south
+beast that quarter and we say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast that quarter and we say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beast that quarter and we say that these
+bus routes are complimentary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes are complimentary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes are complimentary because
+they people might transfer right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they people might transfer right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they people might transfer right people
+going from somewhere on the South might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from somewhere on the South might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from somewhere on the South might
+transfer to one of these route 19 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to one of these route 19 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to one of these route 19 or 20
+so the fact that we'd 70 or 75 is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we'd 70 or 75 is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that we'd 70 or 75 is there
+it means that people get more more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that people get more more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that people get more more than
+one will be a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be a try
+so then we quantify the degree to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we quantify the degree to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we quantify the degree to which
+bus routes compete with this overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes compete with this overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus routes compete with this overlapping
+population fraction percentage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population fraction percentage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population fraction percentage or
+proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion
+so that's though this is the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's though this is the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's though this is the percentage
+of the fraction of population that is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fraction of population that is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fraction of population that is on
+the overlapping portion so we look at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping portion so we look at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlapping portion so we look at 20
+we're saying how much is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying how much is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying how much is how much
+relation is on this overlapping area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is on this overlapping area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is on this overlapping area
+divided by the sum of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the sum of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the sum of the population
+captured by 19 captured by 20 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by 19 captured by 20 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by 19 captured by 20 so that
+gives you an idea of degree of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of degree of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of degree of overlap
+we also measure population in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also measure population in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also measure population in each
+catchment area for each bus route and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area for each bus route and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area for each bus route and we
+can then capture interpret effects so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then capture interpret effects so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then capture interpret effects so we
+lot by modifying the equation two slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by modifying the equation two slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by modifying the equation two slides
+ago and adding this third equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and adding this third equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago and adding this third equation here
+so before we have ridership as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we have ridership as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we have ridership as a
+function of level of service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of level of service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of level of service and
+external factors now we're adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external factors now we're adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external factors now we're adding the
+ridership on competing bus routes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership on competing bus routes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership on competing bus routes right
+so these are bus routes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are bus routes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are bus routes that are
+competing on the same segment and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing on the same segment and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing on the same segment and they
+run with overlapping population so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with overlapping population so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with overlapping population so to
+the extent of this increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of this increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of this increases the
+ridership on I decreases and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership on I decreases and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership on I decreases and then we
+also consider the ridership on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the ridership on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also consider the ridership on
+complementary routes across this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary routes across this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary routes across this this
+catchment area and to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area and to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catchment area and to the extent that
+this increases the ridership under I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increases the ridership under I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increases the ridership under I
+increases now we also considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases now we also considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases now we also considered a
+little degree of population overlap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little degree of population overlap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little degree of population overlap and
+the external factors again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external factors again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external factors again this is
+conceptual if you want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual if you want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual if you want to look at the
+specifics I suggest you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics I suggest you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics I suggest you look at the
+readings I will post the paper so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I will post the paper so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I will post the paper so it's
+this is a way of sort of modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of sort of modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a way of sort of modeling the
+effects of complementarity competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a different approach moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a different approach moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a different approach moving down
+the list of sort of sophistication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of sort of sophistication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of sort of sophistication of
+male approaches is the network based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male approaches is the network based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male approaches is the network based
+modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and
+so here we have transit origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have transit origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have transit origin
+destination matrix as an input we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination matrix as an input we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination matrix as an input we
+measure how people are using the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how people are using the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how people are using the system
+right now we have Li here like a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have Li here like a defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have Li here like a defect
+oscillator with base transit network we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator with base transit network we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator with base transit network we
+put that into a model and then we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that into a model and then we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that into a model and then we tell
+that model we're gonna make a change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model we're gonna make a change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model we're gonna make a change the
+bus line or increase frequency or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus line or increase frequency or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus line or increase frequency or we're
+gonna increase fares whatever it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna increase fares whatever it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna increase fares whatever it is and
+that model will look at the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model will look at the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model will look at the current
+trends of demand and predict changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of demand and predict changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends of demand and predict changes
+okay so that's the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the general idea
+it'll also output not just ridership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll also output not just ridership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll also output not just ridership and
+revenue but things like radar attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but things like radar attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue but things like radar attributes
+you might have information about income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have information about income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have information about income
+and things in GIS layers that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things in GIS layers that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things in GIS layers that can be
+allocated to different services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to different services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to different services and
+there are three levels of analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three levels of analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three levels of analysis for
+how to use three levels of detail on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use three levels of detail on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use three levels of detail on the
+OD matrix the first one is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD matrix the first one is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OD matrix the first one is fixed
+constant flows so again an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant flows so again an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant flows so again an order of
+sophistication starting with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication starting with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication starting with the least
+sophisticated fixed transit so we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated fixed transit so we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated fixed transit so we look
+at the current transit Billy flow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current transit Billy flow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current transit Billy flow this
+could be from a telephone survey or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be from a telephone survey or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be from a telephone survey or from
+any kind of surgery or we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of surgery or we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of surgery or we have now
+modern techniques based on AFC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern techniques based on AFC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern techniques based on AFC and
+inference models that we will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference models that we will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference models that we will discuss
+shortly and the next few lectures so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and the next few lectures so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly and the next few lectures so if
+we have the OD matrix vertically matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the OD matrix vertically matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the OD matrix vertically matrix
+for transit and we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transit and we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transit and we assume that the
+demand for transit won't change as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for transit won't change as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for transit won't change as a
+result of the service changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the service changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the service changes in the
+short run so could that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run so could that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run so could that could be a
+strong assumption right that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong assumption right that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong assumption right that's typically
+weighted again we're more interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted again we're more interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted again we're more interested in
+the impacts on current sort of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts on current sort of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impacts on current sort of current
+write writers now they changed the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write writers now they changed the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write writers now they changed the next
+approach is to say the total demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to say the total demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is to say the total demand is
+fixed if I look at the demand across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if I look at the demand across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if I look at the demand across all
+modes including car and by CNCs and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes including car and by CNCs and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes including car and by CNCs and all
+these things so that you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so that you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so that you have to get
+from surveys the kinds of series are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surveys the kinds of series are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from surveys the kinds of series are
+used to input data into four-step models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to input data into four-step models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to input data into four-step models
+but then you allow the models fit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you allow the models fit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you allow the models fit to
+change so as a result of service changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so as a result of service changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so as a result of service changes
+people might switch between modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might switch between modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might switch between modes
+they might go from transit to car from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might go from transit to car from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might go from transit to car from
+coordinate Rancic so that's preferable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Rancic so that's preferable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate Rancic so that's preferable
+especially if you have significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have significant
+service changes but it's not often put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service changes but it's not often put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service changes but it's not often put
+in place and then there's the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place and then there's the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place and then there's the variable
+total demand levels but now you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand levels but now you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand levels but now you have you
+require though all the steps of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require though all the steps of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require though all the steps of modeling
+first of all and you are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and you are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and you are essentially
+allowing the total amount increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the total amount increase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the total amount increase or
+decrease as a result of service changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as a result of service changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as a result of service changes
+or fare changes but typically no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fare changes but typically no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fare changes but typically no one
+does this and one could argue this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this and one could argue this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this and one could argue this is
+unnecessary yeah that's why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary yeah that's why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary yeah that's why because
+we're looking at short-run changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at short-run changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at short-run changes and
+total demand shouldn't change in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand shouldn't change in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand shouldn't change in a very
+short Verizon as a result of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Verizon as a result of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Verizon as a result of at least
+the typical service changes right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical service changes right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical service changes right so
+yeah this kind of model is great if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this kind of model is great if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this kind of model is great if you
+want to capture the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to capture the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to capture the influence of
+land-use patterns on long term demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-use patterns on long term demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-use patterns on long term demand
+for example if however you were to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if however you were to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if however you were to bring
+in a new rail line that connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new rail line that connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new rail line that connects to
+employment centers right that's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment centers right that's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment centers right that's a change
+in my news if you somehow think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my news if you somehow think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my news if you somehow think that
+some change W will do on your city on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change W will do on your city on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change W will do on your city on
+your transit network will bring in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transit network will bring in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transit network will bring in a
+change in population or a change where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in population or a change where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in population or a change where
+people live significantly then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live significantly then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live significantly then you have
+to do it that's that's the only case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it that's that's the only case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it that's that's the only case
+where this would be useful otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this would be useful otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this would be useful otherwise you
+probably are thinking in the short-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are thinking in the short-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably are thinking in the short-run
+total demand is the same people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand is the same people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total demand is the same people might
+switch between modes so you look at step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between modes so you look at step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch between modes so you look at step
+two and if it's a very small change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if it's a very small change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if it's a very small change you
+could even get away to step one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even get away to step one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even get away to step one where
+you look at current demand that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at current demand that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at current demand that people
+might change when they make the trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change when they make the trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might change when they make the trip
+work what plus true or a rail line do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what plus true or a rail line do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what plus true or a rail line do
+you choose but not necessarily a level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose but not necessarily a level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose but not necessarily a level
+right okay there's all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay there's all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay there's all different
+modeling and analysis packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and analysis packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and analysis packages
+let's show three of them my name's Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show three of them my name's Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's show three of them my name's Oh
+and me too and Transco have anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me too and Transco have anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and me too and Transco have anybody
+heard of any of these raise your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certainly the money book it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the money book it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the money book it was
+developed in motel for the pony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in motel for the pony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in motel for the pony
+technique it's on sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's on sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's on sale
+it requires oh the survey data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires oh the survey data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires oh the survey data that
+includes route choice information so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes route choice information so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes route choice information so
+this is a line level model essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line level model essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a line level model essentially
+it's the sign for transit service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sign for transit service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sign for transit service
+planning and it uses all or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and it uses all or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and it uses all or nothing
+assignment so it looks at us for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so it looks at us for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so it looks at us for a given
+wooly bear which is the best path on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooly bear which is the best path on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wooly bear which is the best path on the
+network and then it puts all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then it puts all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then it puts all of the
+people on that leave hair into that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on that leave hair into that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on that leave hair into that one
+path so everybody makes the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so everybody makes the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so everybody makes the same
+decision kind of thing and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision kind of thing and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision kind of thing and it doesn't
+have built in data analysis or graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built in data analysis or graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have built in data analysis or graphics
+capability so you take the outputs of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so you take the outputs of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so you take the outputs of it
+and you played someone else these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you played someone else these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you played someone else these people
+were using SAS and other software to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using SAS and other software to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using SAS and other software to
+generate graphics and to generate plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate graphics and to generate plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate graphics and to generate plots
+and basica sticks it's been used in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basica sticks it's been used in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basica sticks it's been used in four
+Canadian cities from Java vector onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian cities from Java vector onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian cities from Java vector onto
+anything and here they're not put from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and here they're not put from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and here they're not put from
+off that data plot it with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that data plot it with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that data plot it with a different
+software this is you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software this is you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software this is you can sort of see
+this is a plot of OD I'm not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plot of OD I'm not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a plot of OD I'm not sure how
+actually how it's if it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it's if it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it's if it's like
+destinations for a given origin or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations for a given origin or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destinations for a given origin or what
+it is it might just be oh this is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it might just be oh this is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it might just be oh this is number
+of entries yeah from 6 to 9 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries yeah from 6 to 9 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries yeah from 6 to 9 right so
+okay Amy to it so this is a multi-modal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Amy to it so this is a multi-modal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Amy to it so this is a multi-modal
+it was also the optimum trail it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also the optimum trail it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also the optimum trail it's a
+little more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated
+it was developed the general regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed the general regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was developed the general regional
+prediction modeling package I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction modeling package I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction modeling package I can
+generate constantly flows from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate constantly flows from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate constantly flows from all
+travel demand model which the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel demand model which the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel demand model which the other
+package needed that as an input right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package needed that as an input right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package needed that as an input right it
+has a link node oriented approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a link node oriented approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a link node oriented approach
+instead of a line level approach so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a line level approach so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a line level approach so you
+can have bus stops and you it has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have bus stops and you it has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have bus stops and you it has more
+detail especially there are two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail especially there are two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail especially there are two options
+for trans assignment there's aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trans assignment there's aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trans assignment there's aggregate
+zones its own flow multipath assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones its own flow multipath assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones its own flow multipath assignment
+so that's usually not precise enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually not precise enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually not precise enough
+because it's so new zone and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so new zone and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so new zone and then this
+is the Sagar get point-to-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Sagar get point-to-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Sagar get point-to-point
+trip assignment procedure which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip assignment procedure which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip assignment procedure which you
+could know which bus stops and liens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know which bus stops and liens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could know which bus stops and liens and
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+it is probabilistic or multipath so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probabilistic or multipath so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probabilistic or multipath so now
+you have an OB pair and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an OB pair and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an OB pair and different
+alternatives of how to get from A to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives of how to get from A to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives of how to get from A to Z
+and one might be preferable but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might be preferable but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might be preferable but people
+might be split on which bus which lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be split on which bus which lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be split on which bus which lines
+they take right and more maybe 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take right and more maybe 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take right and more maybe 2/3
+people go one way and the third go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go one way and the third go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go one way and the third go the
+other and some of it would livery must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and some of it would livery must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and some of it would livery must
+reach this way it's a standalone package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this way it's a standalone package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach this way it's a standalone package
+this has all the rat-faced building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has all the rat-faced building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has all the rat-faced building and
+here's a picture so yeah the Transkei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture so yeah the Transkei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture so yeah the Transkei
+this is much more local it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more local it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is much more local it's over
+caliber develops a Newton green line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caliber develops a Newton green line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caliber develops a Newton green line it
+has the tools to edit transit networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the tools to edit transit networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the tools to edit transit networks
+it has an API that allows you to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an API that allows you to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an API that allows you to add
+your own models so if you have your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own models so if you have your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own models so if you have your own
+modal split model you can put it in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal split model you can put it in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modal split model you can put it in it
+has a good interactive computer graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a good interactive computer graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a good interactive computer graphics
+database to a building database as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to a building database as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to a building database as a
+network assignment procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network assignment procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network assignment procedure
+lots of display options and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of display options and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of display options and output
+formats there a sort of general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats there a sort of general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats there a sort of general purpose
+so typically you use it cuz it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically you use it cuz it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically you use it cuz it never
+database for this so that means geo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for this so that means geo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database for this so that means geo
+coded transit links and nodes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded transit links and nodes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded transit links and nodes you have
+mappings of transit lines onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings of transit lines onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings of transit lines onto the
+Ordnance it notes so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ordnance it notes so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ordnance it notes so you have
+a Street Network right and you say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Street Network right and you say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Street Network right and you say this
+bus route goes from and this along these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus route goes from and this along these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus route goes from and this along these
+rail links crossing these intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail links crossing these intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail links crossing these intersections
+and transit lines are modeled with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transit lines are modeled with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transit lines are modeled with some
+attributes so headways buy a service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so headways buy a service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes so headways buy a service
+period travel times models motor service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period travel times models motor service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period travel times models motor service
+or bus subway etcetera and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bus subway etcetera and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bus subway etcetera and there's also
+systematically it's like operating cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically it's like operating cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically it's like operating cost
+data energy consumption data on fares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data energy consumption data on fares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data energy consumption data on fares so
+this is both these things are put in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is both these things are put in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is both these things are put in and
+they then are used to compute outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then are used to compute outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then are used to compute outputs
+right so have you chocolates so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have you chocolates so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so have you chocolates so you get
+ridership by link and by line boardings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership by link and by line boardings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership by link and by line boardings
+by node by lying by link you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by node by lying by link you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by node by lying by link you can have
+all the travel times so enviable time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the travel times so enviable time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the travel times so enviable time
+and also including the access and egress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also including the access and egress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also including the access and egress
+portions transfers etc revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions transfers etc revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions transfers etc revenue
+predictions operating cost predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions operating cost predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions operating cost predictions
+energy consumption predictions even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption predictions even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption predictions even that
+co2 emission predictions revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emission predictions revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 emission predictions revenues
+operating cost characteristics and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cost characteristics and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating cost characteristics and you
+have all sorts of ways of displaying map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of ways of displaying map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all sorts of ways of displaying map
+tables report spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables report spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables report spots
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+how about kinds of assignments how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about kinds of assignments how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about kinds of assignments how do we
+go about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about that
+so transit route assignment is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transit route assignment is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so transit route assignment is the
+process by which we assign organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which we assign organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by which we assign organization
+flows to specific paths on the transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows to specific paths on the transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows to specific paths on the transit
+network great so there are two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network great so there are two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network great so there are two ways of
+doing that there's all or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there's all or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that there's all or nothing
+assignment which we talked about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which we talked about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment which we talked about that's
+the example of money took and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of money took and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example of money took and there's a
+multipath assignment which we example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipath assignment which we example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipath assignment which we example
+for me2 when we all or nothing' be ok to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me2 when we all or nothing' be ok to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me2 when we all or nothing' be ok to
+apply if you have not to them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply if you have not to them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply if you have not to them to the
+network and I'm not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and I'm not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and I'm not too many
+alternatives right then some networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives right then some networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives right then some networks
+there's only one sort of feasible a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one sort of feasible a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one sort of feasible a
+logical path that one will take from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical path that one will take from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical path that one will take from for
+a given elite here but if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given elite here but if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given elite here but if you look at a
+dense network say London there in often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense network say London there in often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense network say London there in often
+for an only pair multiple good ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an only pair multiple good ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an only pair multiple good ways of
+travelling that will be fair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling that will be fair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling that will be fair and
+therefore that would not be a big model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that would not be a big model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that would not be a big model
+to use because those flows on each link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use because those flows on each link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use because those flows on each link
+might be way off is that understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be way off is that understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be way off is that understood
+difference between multipath and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between multipath and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between multipath and or
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+okay another way of dividing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way of dividing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way of dividing or
+categorizing these is our aggregate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing these is our aggregate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorizing these is our aggregate and
+disaggregate so we also look at these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregate so we also look at these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaggregate so we also look at these in
+in the context of me2 so aggregate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of me2 so aggregate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of me2 so aggregate is
+sown to zone based on some centroids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sown to zone based on some centroids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sown to zone based on some centroids so
+we have talents transportation and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talents transportation and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have talents transportation and or
+census tracts and you look at the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census tracts and you look at the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census tracts and you look at the men
+that that block level or you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that block level or you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that block level or you have the
+segregate so if you load a etfs layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate so if you load a etfs layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate so if you load a etfs layer
+you have sort of stuff level line level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sort of stuff level line level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sort of stuff level line level
+but much more precise high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much more precise high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but much more precise high resolution
+output on where the demand with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output on where the demand with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output on where the demand with the
+assignment okay and how do we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay and how do we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment okay and how do we go about
+more choice and sometimes how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more choice and sometimes how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more choice and sometimes how do we go
+about even assignment to specific lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even assignment to specific lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even assignment to specific lines
+or options within the transit mode often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or options within the transit mode often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or options within the transit mode often
+with a lot more choice model so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more choice model so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot more choice model so I think
+most well some of yours anyway anyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well some of yours anyway anyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most well some of yours anyway anyone's
+a tool one or is taking co2 seamless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool one or is taking co2 seamless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tool one or is taking co2 seamless I
+raise your hands if you've seen with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands if you've seen with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hands if you've seen with a
+lot it mode choice model if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it mode choice model if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it mode choice model if you're
+familiar with the speech choice modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the speech choice modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the speech choice modeling
+well I've heard about it okay sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've heard about it okay sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've heard about it okay sorry so
+be what I've seen some shy hands that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what I've seen some shy hands that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what I've seen some shy hands that I
+know we're more exposed to input so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're more exposed to input so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're more exposed to input so in
+this kind of model the we specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model the we specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model the we specify
+systematic utility equations where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic utility equations where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic utility equations where we
+say for each of the alternatives of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for each of the alternatives of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for each of the alternatives of this
+person has there are some variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has there are some variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has there are some variables
+these variables include travel time cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables include travel time cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables include travel time cost
+reliability failure anything right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability failure anything right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability failure anything right and
+the differences between the alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between the alternatives
+are explained in terms of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explained in terms of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are explained in terms of those
+variables and then what we get out of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then what we get out of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then what we get out of so
+we run a regression it's not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run a regression it's not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run a regression it's not linear
+regression it's different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it's different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it's different kind of
+regression and what we get out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and what we get out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression and what we get out of that
+is the probability so we get some system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability so we get some system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability so we get some system
+we had some parameter estimates beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some parameter estimates beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some parameter estimates beta and
+we can use those to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use those to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use those to calculate the
+probability that an individual will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that an individual will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that an individual will take
+some of the options that we listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the options that we listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the options that we listed
+rather than the others that were listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the others that were listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the others that were listed
+so there's a very good course here now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very good course here now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a very good course here now I
+want to go to my modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to my modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to my modeling
+if you're interested in the subject I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the subject I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the subject I
+recommend you take it and it's taught in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you take it and it's taught in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you take it and it's taught in
+spring molding so yeah so this always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring molding so yeah so this always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring molding so yeah so this always is
+an ugly probability that you choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ugly probability that you choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ugly probability that you choose one
+moment and not the other often this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and not the other often this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and not the other often this is
+the structure that under that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that under that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure that under that that is
+underneath the trans got morally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the trans got morally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the trans got morally small
+or anything like that and it's great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that and it's great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that and it's great if
+you understand how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand how it works
+and if you can build your own and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can build your own and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can build your own and put it
+in there even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there even better
+so all right and what are typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right and what are typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right and what are typical
+variables included in these systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables included in these systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables included in these systematic
+utility equations for say the work trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility equations for say the work trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility equations for say the work trip
+well in vehicle travel time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in vehicle travel time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in vehicle travel time
+out-of-pocket travel costs vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-pocket travel costs vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-pocket travel costs vehicle
+travel time income gender auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time income gender auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time income gender auto
+availability occupation right some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability occupation right some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability occupation right some of
+these are turbulent characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are turbulent characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are turbulent characteristics
+which would vary by version surveys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would vary by version surveys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would vary by version surveys so
+typically you'll survey and you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you'll survey and you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you'll survey and you collect
+information on income gender things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on income gender things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on income gender things that
+vary by person and then you also collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by person and then you also collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary by person and then you also collect
+or put in characteristics of choices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put in characteristics of choices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or put in characteristics of choices the
+options that the person has and both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that the person has and both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that the person has and both of
+these go into the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go into the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these go into the model
+both the decision-maker characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the decision-maker characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the decision-maker characteristics
+of options characteristics and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options characteristics and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of options characteristics and sometimes
+we defer those to like calling one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defer those to like calling one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defer those to like calling one
+attributes on the other characters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes on the other characters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes on the other characters okay
+that's it for ridership prediction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for ridership prediction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for ridership prediction but
+if you have questions let's discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further and like did they change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and like did they change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and like did they change their
+bus network which is the city based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus network which is the city based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus network which is the city based
+model with market segmentation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with market segmentation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with market segmentation so we
+talked about that was mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that was mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that was mentioned earlier
+in the lecture so they take the split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture so they take the split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture so they take the split
+population by type of fare products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by type of fare products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by type of fare products
+so people with passes my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people with passes my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people with passes my
+that's a proxy for say frequent writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proxy for say frequent writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a proxy for say frequent writers
+and those might have those people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those might have those people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those might have those people have
+different elasticity's than people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elasticity's than people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elasticity's than people that
+are less frequent or people that pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less frequent or people that pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are less frequent or people that pay
+cash or people right so you split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash or people right so you split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash or people right so you split the
+people into you segment the market then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into you segment the market then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into you segment the market then
+you look at it looks at previous fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it looks at previous fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it looks at previous fare
+increases and calculates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and calculates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and calculates the
+elasticity's for each of those market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity's for each of those market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity's for each of those market
+segments and across several sort of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and across several sort of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments and across several sort of time
+periods and everything so then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and everything so then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and everything so then it
+calculates the total change in ridership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the total change in ridership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the total change in ridership
+and revenue and also any changes across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revenue and also any changes across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revenue and also any changes across
+like with somebody now take say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with somebody now take say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with somebody now take say with
+some people switch to past not switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people switch to past not switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people switch to past not switch to
+passive yeah are the terms of has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive yeah are the terms of has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive yeah are the terms of has done
+some research on it and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research on it and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some research on it and some of the
+people one of the persons who worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of the persons who worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people one of the persons who worked on
+their research here in MIT now works at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research here in MIT now works at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research here in MIT now works at
+CTS and is one of the people who sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTS and is one of the people who sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CTS and is one of the people who sort of
+planning on modeling so and then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on modeling so and then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on modeling so and then I think
+for other projects it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other projects it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for other projects it depends on the
+product so certainly there is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so certainly there is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so certainly there is kind of
+the regional long-term planning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regional long-term planning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regional long-term planning which is
+more four-step modeling approach if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more four-step modeling approach if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more four-step modeling approach if
+there is any specific project I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any specific project I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is any specific project I haven't
+seen what they've done for the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen what they've done for the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen what they've done for the Green
+Line extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line extension
+I don't you know does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know does anybody know what
+they've done for the Green Line is lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done for the Green Line is lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've done for the Green Line is lunch
+I mean I'm sure they had to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm sure they had to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I'm sure they had to do something
+yeah um often these couple brands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um often these couple brands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um often these couple brands
+require the amount of analysis so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the amount of analysis so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the amount of analysis so I'm
+sure that some modeling I'm not sure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that some modeling I'm not sure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that some modeling I'm not sure to
+what whether that whether the modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whether that whether the modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what whether that whether the modeling
+of the FTA required is the best one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the FTA required is the best one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the FTA required is the best one is
+subject to discussion and I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to discussion and I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to discussion and I think a lot
+of transportation experts have issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transportation experts have issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transportation experts have issues
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+with it it tends to put a lot of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it tends to put a lot of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it it tends to put a lot of weight
+on you know if you save many people one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know if you save many people one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know if you save many people one
+second that's great and instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's great and instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's great and instead of being
+sort of goal-oriented yeah I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goal-oriented yeah I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of goal-oriented yeah I feel like
+often agencies will do one analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often agencies will do one analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often agencies will do one analysis for
+their grant and yes any other comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grant and yes any other comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grant and yes any other comments
+or questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a new system how many people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new system how many people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new system how many people will
+write in there or what mode will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in there or what mode will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in there or what mode will I
+choose how much will it cost for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much will it cost for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose how much will it cost for many
+many operations all right well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many operations all right well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many operations all right well I guess
+maybe could you speak to how well model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe could you speak to how well model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe could you speak to how well model
+do you know do we have evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know do we have evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know do we have evidence that
+balls are good models earth how yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are good models earth how yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are good models earth how yeah I
+haven't actually seen I don't so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually seen I don't so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually seen I don't so much
+for me I'm not very familiar with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm not very familiar with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me I'm not very familiar with any
+study in a systematic way but that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in a systematic way but that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in a systematic way but that yeah
+but again we what we have seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again we what we have seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again we what we have seen a lot of
+is the earlier approaches and these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the earlier approaches and these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the earlier approaches and these sort
+of fudge factors put in to like the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fudge factors put in to like the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fudge factors put in to like the 50
+percent on state of preference without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent on state of preference without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent on state of preference without
+conjoint analysis things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjoint analysis things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjoint analysis things like that and
+those are all over the map in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all over the map in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all over the map in terms of
+whether they were accurate or not often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they were accurate or not often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they were accurate or not often
+because often they overshoot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they overshoot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often they overshoot the
+prediction and you wonder to what extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and you wonder to what extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and you wonder to what extent
+is a bias because you want funding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bias because you want funding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bias because you want funding and
+you want to show them there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show them there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show them there will be
+ridership for it if it's a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership for it if it's a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership for it if it's a capital
+project but I haven't really seen maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but I haven't really seen maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project but I haven't really seen maybe
+it exists like a systematic look recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists like a systematic look recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists like a systematic look recent
+models and how everything works and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and how everything works and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and how everything works and he
+mostly see it for new new systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly see it for new new systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly see it for new new systems and
+yeah engines not for sort of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah engines not for sort of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah engines not for sort of existing
+service chain yeah yeah hey Tom I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service chain yeah yeah hey Tom I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service chain yeah yeah hey Tom I'm sort
+of interested not in looking not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interested not in looking not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interested not in looking not in
+comparing models to what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing models to what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing models to what happens in
+reality but what we're talking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but what we're talking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but what we're talking about an
+hour ago about surveys how stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour ago about surveys how stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour ago about surveys how stated
+preference service compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference service compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference service compared to the
+surveys like if it has anyone done any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys like if it has anyone done any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys like if it has anyone done any
+significant research about yes a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant research about yes a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant research about yes a project
+that was open what did people say before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was open what did people say before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was open what did people say before
+with about one about the mold they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about one about the mold they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with about one about the mold they were
+going to use what then what did people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use what then what did people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use what then what did people
+then say after about what mode did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say after about what mode did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say after about what mode did I
+yeah yeah okay site-specific that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay site-specific that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay site-specific that's that
+hasn't been looked up and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been looked up and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been looked up and there are
+there is research I believe there sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is research I believe there sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is research I believe there sure
+I'm not topic they're generally pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not topic they're generally pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not topic they're generally pretty
+bad though when yes yes that's true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad though when yes yes that's true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad though when yes yes that's true so
+usually once you do a study you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually once you do a study you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually once you do a study you pretty
+clearly man if the project goes forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly man if the project goes forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly man if the project goes forward
+nobody bothers to look at what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody bothers to look at what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody bothers to look at what that's
+compared at least not formally I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared at least not formally I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared at least not formally I'm sure
+people comment gee that was the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people comment gee that was the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people comment gee that was the way
+awkward or that was great but how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward or that was great but how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward or that was great but how we do
+we have sort of documented studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have sort of documented studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have sort of documented studies
+showing how how well were how I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how how well were how I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing how how well were how I hear
+from of these predictions I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of these predictions I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from of these predictions I haven't
+really seen many of them and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen many of them and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seen many of them and sometimes
+newspapers and then expose what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and then expose what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers and then expose what we do
+with that like should we require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that like should we require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that like should we require
+follow-up and then it but often that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up and then it but often that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up and then it but often that's
+something that I can portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I can portion of the
+grant you got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant you got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant you got it
+yeah well it may be a little out Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it may be a little out Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well it may be a little out Wow
+allow us to say okay which models have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to say okay which models have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to say okay which models have
+where where the models worked well where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the models worked well where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the models worked well where
+have they not worked well yeah yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they not worked well yeah yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they not worked well yeah yeah well
+the idea of having this incentive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having this incentive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having this incentive for
+overshooting is interesting the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshooting is interesting the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshooting is interesting the price is
+right if you consistently or shoot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you consistently or shoot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you consistently or shoot a
+little bit penalize you in future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit penalize you in future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit penalize you in future so
+that would maybe like put you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would maybe like put you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would maybe like put you in
+position where you want to be as like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where you want to be as like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position where you want to be as like as
+possible yeah it could be yeah any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible yeah it could be yeah any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible yeah it could be yeah any other
+comments or questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XZLN6NxEQWo.txt b/XZLN6NxEQWo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb94a50d5d37627e5198c40b8037e77e2431be68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XZLN6NxEQWo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12680 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu So today we're going to
+cover a data structure called link cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a data structure called link cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover a data structure called link cut
+trees a cool way of maintaining Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees a cool way of maintaining Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees a cool way of maintaining Dynamic
+trees and it begins our study of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and it begins our study of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and it begins our study of dynamic
+graphs where in general we have a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where in general we have a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where in general we have a graph
+usually undirected you want to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually undirected you want to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually undirected you want to support
+insertion and deletion of edges so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and deletion of edges so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insertion and deletion of edges so we're
+going to do that on in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that on in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that on in the situation
+where at all times our graphs are trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at all times our graphs are trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at all times our graphs are trees
+so in general we have a forest of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we have a forest of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general we have a forest of trees
+and we want to maintain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that will be our only data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be our only data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will be our only data structure
+today because it's a bit complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it's a bit complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because it's a bit complicated
+it's going to use some fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to use some fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to use some fancy
+amortization and two techniques for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization and two techniques for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization and two techniques for uh
+splitting trees into paths one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting trees into paths one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting trees into paths one we've
+seen already in the context of Tango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already in the context of Tango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen already in the context of Tango
+trees in lecture six preferred paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in lecture six preferred paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in lecture six preferred paths and
+another which we haven't seen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which we haven't seen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another which we haven't seen is
+probably my favorite technique in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my favorite technique in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably my favorite technique in data
+structures actually heavy light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures actually heavy light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures actually heavy light
+decomposition I've used it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition I've used it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition I've used it's the
+technique in data structures I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in data structures I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in data structures I've used
+the most outside of data structures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most outside of data structures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most outside of data structures it's
+uh it's very useful in lots of settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very useful in lots of settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's very useful in lots of settings
+whenever you have an unbalanced tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an unbalanced tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have an unbalanced tree and
+you want to make it balanced like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it balanced like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it balanced like with
+link cut trees uh it's the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cut trees uh it's the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cut trees uh it's the it's the
+go-to tool so in general we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-to tool so in general we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go-to tool so in general we want to
+maintain a forest of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and these are going to be rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are going to be rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and these are going to be rooted
+unordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trees so arbitrary degree like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and we have a bunch of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we have a bunch of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we have a bunch of operations
+we want to do basically insertion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do basically insertion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do basically insertion and
+deletions of edges and some queries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions of edges and some queries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions of edges and some queries and
+we want to do all of those operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do all of those operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do all of those operations in
+log and time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation that's the hard part so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's the hard part so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that's the hard part so we
+have some kind of getting started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of getting started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of getting started
+operation make tree this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation make tree this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation make tree this is going to be
+make a new vertex in a new tree return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new vertex in a new tree return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new vertex in a new tree return
+it so this is how you add nodes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is how you add nodes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is how you add nodes to the
+structure and let's we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and let's we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and let's we're not going to
+worry about doing deletions once you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about doing deletions once you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about doing deletions once you add
+something it stays there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it stays there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it stays there
+forever though you could you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever though you could you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever though you could you could do
+that it's no no big deal good throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's no no big deal good throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's no no big deal good throw away
+a tree uh then we have link which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree uh then we have link which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree uh then we have link which is
+essentially insertion of an edge so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially insertion of an edge so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially insertion of an edge so here
+we're given two vertices V and W in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given two vertices V and W in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given two vertices V and W in that
+are in different trees that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different trees that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different trees that's a
+precondition so v v has to be the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precondition so v v has to be the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precondition so v v has to be the root
+of its tree W can be any node so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its tree W can be any node so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its tree W can be any node so here we
+have another tree and we have some node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another tree and we have some node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another tree and we have some node
+W inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W inside
+V and the link operation adds v as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and the link operation adds v as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and the link operation adds v as a
+child of w so we add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of w so we add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of w so we add this
+Edge okay that of course combines two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay that of course combines two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay that of course combines two
+trees into one tree and the requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees into one tree and the requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees into one tree and the requirement
+is V and W have to be in different trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V and W have to be in different trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V and W have to be in different trees
+otherwise You' be adding a cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise You' be adding a cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise You' be adding a cycle that
+doesn't satisfy that we're always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy that we're always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy that we're always a
+forest of trees uh then we have a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which is basically the
+reverse uh so let me draw it we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse uh so let me draw it we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse uh so let me draw it we have
+V sub tree parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V sub tree parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V sub tree parent
+and whatever there a whole there a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever there a whole there a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever there a whole there a whole
+tree up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree up
+here uh and what we want to do is remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what we want to do is remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and what we want to do is remove
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+edge so that splits one tree into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so that splits one tree into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge so that splits one tree into two
+trees by deleting The Edge from V to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent okay so those are our updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay so those are our updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent okay so those are our updates
+pretty obvious in the setting of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious in the setting of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious in the setting of dynamic
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+of course it's the first time we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's the first time we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's the first time we see
+them but uh now we have some queries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but uh now we have some queries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but uh now we have some queries uh
+there are lots of different queries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different queries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different queries that
+link cutes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cutes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cutes can
+support one of them so most basic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support one of them so most basic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support one of them so most basic is
+find the root of a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the root of a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the root of a Vertex
+so let me just draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw a picture of
+it you have some vertex V you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have some vertex V you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you have some vertex V you want to
+return the root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the root of the
+tree okay so find r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's pretty easy to do we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty easy to do we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's pretty easy to do we'll
+actually see in next class next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see in next class next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see in next class next lecture
+uh if you want to do make tree link cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to do make tree link cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to do make tree link cut
+and find root there's a really easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find root there's a really easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find root there's a really easy way
+to do them in logarithmic time link cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them in logarithmic time link cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them in logarithmic time link cut
+trees are a harder way to do it in long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are a harder way to do it in long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees are a harder way to do it in long
+time but they support a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but they support a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but they support a lot of other
+operations and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh something called path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something called path
+aggregation this is kind of the essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation this is kind of the essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregation this is kind of the essence
+of wi link cut trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wi link cut trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wi link cut trees are
+cool uh let's suppose you have a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh let's suppose you have a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh let's suppose you have a tree
+you have a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Vertex
+V uh there's a root Tov path and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh there's a root Tov path and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh there's a root Tov path and let's
+suppose that every node or every Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that every node or every Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that every node or every Edge
+doesn't matter has a weight on it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter has a weight on it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter has a weight on it just
+some real number then path aggregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real number then path aggregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real number then path aggregation
+can do things like the Min or the max or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like the Min or the max or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like the Min or the max or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum uh or the product or whatever of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh or the product or whatever of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh or the product or whatever of
+weights on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path and this is a powerful thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and this is a powerful thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and this is a powerful thing and
+it's actually the reason link cut trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the reason link cut trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the reason link cut trees
+were originally invented for Doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were originally invented for Doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were originally invented for Doing
+Network flow algorithms faster uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network flow algorithms faster uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network flow algorithms faster uh if you
+know Network flow algorithms or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Network flow algorithms or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Network flow algorithms or maybe
+you've seen them in advanced algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them in advanced algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen them in advanced algorithms
+this is sort of the key thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the key thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the key thing you need
+to do you find I think the Min weight Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you find I think the Min weight Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you find I think the Min weight Ed
+along along one of these paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along along one of these paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along along one of these paths and
+that's the max you can push in a push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the max you can push in a push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the max you can push in a push
+Rel label strategy I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel label strategy I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel label strategy I don't want to get
+into that because that's algorithms not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that because that's algorithms not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that because that's algorithms not
+data structures but uh this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures but uh this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures but uh this is why
+they're invented and uh in general link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're invented and uh in general link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're invented and uh in general link
+cut trees have a very strong kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut trees have a very strong kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut trees have a very strong kind of
+path thing if you want to know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path thing if you want to know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path thing if you want to know anything
+about a root Tov path for any node V uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a root Tov path for any node V uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a root Tov path for any node V uh
+link cutri can do whatever you want in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cutri can do whatever you want in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link cutri can do whatever you want in
+login time this is just sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time this is just sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login time this is just sort of an
+example of that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that and uh
+yeah cool so that's what link cut trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool so that's what link cut trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool so that's what link cut trees
+are able to do all these operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to do all these operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to do all these operations in
+log n and the the main point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n and the the main point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n and the the main point here is
+that the trees you're storing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trees you're storing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trees you're storing are
+probably not balanced it could be a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not balanced it could be a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not balanced it could be a path
+could be very could it be depth n this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very could it be depth n this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very could it be depth n this
+this path we're talking about could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path we're talking about could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path we're talking about could be
+length order n uh really bad and yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length order n uh really bad and yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length order n uh really bad and yet we
+can do all these operations in Lock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these operations in Lock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these operations in Lock and
+time and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're going to do that
+essentially by storing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by storing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by storing the
+unbalanced tree that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced tree that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced tree that you're trying to
+represent which We call we call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent which We call we call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent which We call we call this the
+represented tree we're going to store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree we're going to store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree we're going to store it
+using essentially a balance Tree in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using essentially a balance Tree in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using essentially a balance Tree in one
+version of Link cut trees indeed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Link cut trees indeed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Link cut trees indeed we
+store all the nodes in a login height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the nodes in a login height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the nodes in a login height
+tree uh the version we're going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh the version we're going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh the version we're going to cover
+here there's there's several versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's there's several versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's there's several versions of
+Link cut trees original uh are by Slater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link cut trees original uh are by Slater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link cut trees original uh are by Slater
+and Tarin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tarin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tarin in
+1983 and then Taron wrote a a book one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1983 and then Taron wrote a a book one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1983 and then Taron wrote a a book one
+of the few books on data structures very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few books on data structures very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few books on data structures very
+thin book usually call it taron's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin book usually call it taron's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin book usually call it taron's little
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+1984 and it has a different version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 and it has a different version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1984 and it has a different version of
+Link cut trees and that's the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link cut trees and that's the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link cut trees and that's the version
+we're going to cover it uses Spate trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover it uses Spate trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to cover it uses Spate trees
+as a subroutine so it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a subroutine so it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a subroutine so it's not going to be
+perfectly balanced it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced it's going to be
+balanced in an advertized sense vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced in an advertized sense vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced in an advertized sense vaguely
+balanced roughly balanced whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced roughly balanced whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced roughly balanced whatever um
+but there is a version that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a version that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a version that does
+everything in login worst case PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in login worst case PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in login worst case PR
+operation if there's time I'll sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if there's time I'll sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation if there's time I'll sketch
+that for you at the end but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you at the end but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you at the end but uh the
+simplest version I know is theplay tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version I know is theplay tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest version I know is theplay tree
+version and it's also kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and it's also kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and it's also kind of fun
+because the version we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the version we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the version we'll
+see doesn't really look like it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see doesn't really look like it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see doesn't really look like it should
+work and yet it does so thanks to SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet it does so thanks to SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet it does so thanks to SP
+essentially so it's a little it's fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so it's a little it's fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so it's a little it's fun
+and surprising in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay as I said link cut trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay as I said link cut trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay as I said link cut trees are
+all about paths in the tree and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about paths in the tree and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about paths in the tree and so
+somehow we want to split a tree up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we want to split a tree up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we want to split a tree up into
+paths and we've already seen a way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and we've already seen a way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and we've already seen a way to do
+this the preferred path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the preferred path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the preferred path
+decomposition so uh let me it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so uh let me it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition so uh let me it's kind of
+reminding but I'm also going to slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding but I'm also going to slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding but I'm also going to slightly
+redefine it if I recall correctly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine it if I recall correctly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine it if I recall correctly it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minor minor difference I talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor minor difference I talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor minor difference I talk about in a
+second there a notion of a preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there a notion of a preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there a notion of a preferred
+child of a node and it's going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of a node and it's going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of a node and it's going to be two
+cases uh there aren't going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh there aren't going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh there aren't going to be any
+there isn't a preferred child if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a preferred child if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a preferred child if the
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis in V's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtree is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree is V
+V so we have some node V now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so we have some node V now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so we have some node V now this is
+relative to the represented tree okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the represented tree okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the represented tree okay so
+we have some not to V we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some not to V we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some not to V we don't care
+about accesses outside of that sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about accesses outside of that sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about accesses outside of that sub tree
+but if the last access within the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the last access within the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the last access within the sub
+tree was V itself uh then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree was V itself uh then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree was V itself uh then there's no
+preferred child otherwise the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child otherwise the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child otherwise the last
+access within the sub tree was in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access within the sub tree was in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access within the sub tree was in one of
+these child subt trees and whichever one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these child subt trees and whichever one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these child subt trees and whichever one
+it was we say w is the preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child so if the last axis in V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so if the last axis in V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so if the last axis in V
+subtree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree
+uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+in W trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W's sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's sub
+tree okay I think last time we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay I think last time we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay I think last time we defined
+preferred children in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred children in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred children in the context of
+Tango trees we just had the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tango trees we just had the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tango trees we just had the second part
+so if there was an access to V we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there was an access to V we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there was an access to V we
+ignored it and we just consider what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it and we just consider what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored it and we just consider what the
+last child access was I don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last child access was I don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last child access was I don't think this
+actually would affect Tango trees but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would affect Tango trees but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would affect Tango trees but I
+think it does effect link cut Tre so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does effect link cut Tre so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does effect link cut Tre so I
+want to Define it this way it'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Define it this way it'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Define it this way it'll make
+life cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cleaner
+basically probably not a huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably not a huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically probably not a huge difference
+either way okay once you have preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way okay once you have preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way okay once you have preferred
+children that gives you one outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that gives you one outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children that gives you one outgoing
+Edge downward Edge from every node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge downward Edge from every node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge downward Edge from every node and
+so we get uh preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths by repeatedly following preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths by repeatedly following preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths by repeatedly following preferred
+child pointers now we may stop at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child pointers now we may stop at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child pointers now we may stop at some
+point because we reach a nun um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we reach a nun um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because we reach a nun um I'm
+going to use nun as like null pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use nun as like null pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use nun as like null pointers
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+lecture uh but you know in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh but you know in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh but you know in general we
+have some tree and you follow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tree and you follow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some tree and you follow for a
+while and then there's going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then there's going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then there's going to be uh
+bunch of things like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+nodes in the represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the represented
+tree partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes every node belongs to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes every node belongs to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes every node belongs to some
+preferred path so uh basic IDE is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path so uh basic IDE is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path so uh basic IDE is we're
+going to store the preferred paths in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store the preferred paths in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store the preferred paths in
+kind of balanced biner search Tre spay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of balanced biner search Tre spay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of balanced biner search Tre spay
+trees and then we're going to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and then we're going to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and then we're going to connect
+them together because those that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together because those that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together because those that's not
+all the edges in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in the
+tree there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree there's
+uh some edges that sort of connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some edges that sort of connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some edges that sort of connect them
+connect the paths together that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the paths together that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the paths together that's where
+the tree part comes in uh that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree part comes in uh that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree part comes in uh that's what
+we're going to do we're this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do we're this thing is
+unbalanced we're going to take each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced we're going to take each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced we're going to take each of
+these white lines and compress it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white lines and compress it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white lines and compress it into a
+Spate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate
+tree and preserve the red point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that
+down these are called auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these are called auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these are called auxiliary
+trees this was exactly the idea in Tango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this was exactly the idea in Tango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees this was exactly the idea in Tango
+trees uh and I'm using Tango tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh and I'm using Tango tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh and I'm using Tango tree
+terminology uh to keep it consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology uh to keep it consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology uh to keep it consistent
+with that notation there it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that notation there it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that notation there it wasn't
+called preferred paths in uh the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called preferred paths in uh the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called preferred paths in uh the link
+cutry papers or it wasn't called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutry papers or it wasn't called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutry papers or it wasn't called
+auxiliary trees but same difference um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary trees but same difference um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary trees but same difference um
+so auxiliary trees we're going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so auxiliary trees we're going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so auxiliary trees we're going to store
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represent each preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path by a
+tree with Tango trees we use red black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with Tango trees we use red black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree with Tango trees we use red black
+trees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees or
+whatever could use Spate trees actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever could use Spate trees actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever could use Spate trees actually
+if you use Tango trees we use SP trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use Tango trees we use SP trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use Tango trees we use SP trees
+for each preferred path it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each preferred path it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each preferred path it's called a
+multiplay tree uh multiplay trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplay tree uh multiplay trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplay tree uh multiplay trees are
+almost identical to link cut trees but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to link cut trees but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical to link cut trees but
+they're used for different setting used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for different setting used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for different setting used
+for uh proving log log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh proving log log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh proving log log and
+competitiveness uh here we're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness uh here we're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness uh here we're doing it
+to represent a specific tree with Tango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a specific tree with Tango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a specific tree with Tango
+trees uh the tree we're representing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh the tree we're representing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh the tree we're representing was
+just a perfect binary tree so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a perfect binary tree so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a perfect binary tree so you may
+recall p uh here it's it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall p uh here it's it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall p uh here it's it has some
+meaning and it's going to be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and it's going to be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and it's going to be changing
+and we care about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we care about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we care about how it's
+changing okay uh another difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay uh another difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay uh another difference is
+we're going to key the nodes by depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to key the nodes by depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to key the nodes by depth
+this is what we wanted to do with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we wanted to do with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we wanted to do with uh
+Tango trees but we weren't allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tango trees but we weren't allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tango trees but we weren't allowed to
+because we had to be a binary search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had to be a binary search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had to be a binary search
+trees and the keys were given to us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and the keys were given to us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and the keys were given to us here
+there are no keys so we need to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no keys so we need to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no keys so we need to specify
+them and the most convenient one is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the most convenient one is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the most convenient one is by
+depth so we're just taking a path like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so we're just taking a path like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth so we're just taking a path like
+this uh say 0 1 2 3 4 and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh say 0 1 2 3 4 and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh say 0 1 2 3 4 and then we're
+turning it into a nice balanced tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into a nice balanced tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning it into a nice balanced tree
+like this 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two two two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a spay tree so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a spay tree so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a spay tree so it's not
+guaranteed to be balanced at any moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be balanced at any moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be balanced at any moment
+but amortized it's going to have login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amortized it's going to have login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amortized it's going to have login
+performance per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance per
+operation okay and then this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay and then this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay and then this is sort of
+that's representing each of these white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representing each of these white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's representing each of these white
+paths but then we also need the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths but then we also need the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths but then we also need the red
+pointers so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so what we're going to do is
+say the root of each auxiliary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the root of each auxiliary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the root of each auxiliary
+tree I'll abbreviate Ox Tree stores what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'll abbreviate Ox Tree stores what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I'll abbreviate Ox Tree stores what
+I'll call the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent which are these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent which are these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent which are these red
+pointers uh the definition is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers uh the definition is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers uh the definition is this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent and the represented tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay very soon it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very soon it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very soon it's going to get
+confusing are and I'm going to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing are and I'm going to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing are and I'm going to always
+make it explicit am I talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it explicit am I talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it explicit am I talking about the
+represented tree the thing we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree the thing we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree the thing we're trying
+to represent or am I talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent or am I talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent or am I talking about
+auxiliary trees because you know notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary trees because you know notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliary trees because you know notion
+of parent is different in the two so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parent is different in the two so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parent is different in the two so in
+an auxiliary tree you a parent is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auxiliary tree you a parent is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auxiliary tree you a parent is just
+whatever it happens to be stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be stored in the
+spay tree when you do spay operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spay tree when you do spay operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spay tree when you do spay operations
+you care about those parents when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about those parents when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about those parents when you're
+doing uh when you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh when you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh when you're thinking about
+about the tree you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tree you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the tree you're trying to
+represent you care about parents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent you care about parents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent you care about parents and the
+represented tree now how do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree now how do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree now how do you see that
+here well uh following parent is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well uh following parent is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well uh following parent is like
+doing predecessor over here so we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing predecessor over here so we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing predecessor over here so we kind
+of know how to do predecessor in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know how to do predecessor in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know how to do predecessor in a
+binary search tree uh but when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree uh but when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree uh but when we get to
+zero the the which is the leftmost node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the which is the leftmost node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the which is the leftmost node
+in this tree corresponds to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree corresponds to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tree corresponds to the top of
+the path we'd like to if we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path we'd like to if we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path we'd like to if we want to do
+the parent that's going up from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent that's going up from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parent that's going up from this
+path uh that's going to be the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh that's going to be the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh that's going to be the path
+parent uh and that's it's saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent uh and that's it's saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent uh and that's it's saying the
+path top node that's this guy zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path top node that's this guy zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path top node that's this guy zero uh
+it's parent in the represent we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parent in the represent we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parent in the represent we're just
+going to store that pointer the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store that pointer the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store that pointer the only
+weird thing is we're not going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing is we're not going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird thing is we're not going to store
+the pointer here we're going to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer here we're going to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer here we're going to store
+the pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer
+here that's the path parent we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the path parent we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the path parent we're going
+to put it at the root of the Spate tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it at the root of the Spate tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it at the root of the Spate tree
+basically because it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because it's really easy to
+get to the root of a tree you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the root of a tree you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the root of a tree you could you
+could probably store it here you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably store it here you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably store it here you just
+have to go left every time and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go left every time and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go left every time and it's kind
+of annoying analysis will get Messier so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying analysis will get Messier so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying analysis will get Messier so
+we'll put it at the root and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it at the root and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put it at the root and so in
+particular if I do a rotation like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I do a rotation like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if I do a rotation like if I
+rotate the tree like this and make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the tree like this and make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the tree like this and make one
+the root that path parent pointer has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root that path parent pointer has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root that path parent pointer has to
+move to one but it's still representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to one but it's still representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to one but it's still representing
+essentially for this whole SP tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for this whole SP tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for this whole SP tree
+representing this path what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing this path what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing this path what was the
+parent pointer from there so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer from there so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer from there so this is the
+represented tree and this is the ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree okay now if I take all the ox trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay now if I take all the ox trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay now if I take all the ox trees
+plus these parent pointers I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these parent pointers I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these parent pointers I get
+something called the tree of ox trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our
+representation so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so there's the
+represented Thing versus our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented Thing versus our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented Thing versus our
+representation I'm not going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I'm not going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I'm not going to use the
+word representation because it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word representation because it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word representation because it sounds
+almost like represented so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like represented so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like represented so it's going to
+be represented versus tree of ox trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented versus tree of ox trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be represented versus tree of ox trees
+tree of oxre is what we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of oxre is what we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of oxre is what we store
+represented is what we want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented is what we want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented is what we want to store
+it's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what we're trying to
+represent so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent so that's the
+terminology uh basically we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology uh basically we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology uh basically we want the
+tree of ox trees to be balanced and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees to be balanced and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees to be balanced and if
+there's trees they'll be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's trees they'll be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's trees they'll be kind of
+balanced uh and whereas the represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced uh and whereas the represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced uh and whereas the represented
+tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is
+unbalanced cool so now I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced cool so now I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalanced cool so now I want to give
+you some code and how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some code and how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some code and how we're going to
+manipulate these things and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these things and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate these things and then we'll
+be able to analyze the code and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to analyze the code and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to analyze the code and that
+both will take a little while the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both will take a little while the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both will take a little while the main
+operation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh
+maybe go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure the main operation I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the main operation I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the main operation I'm going to
+talk about is actually just a helper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is actually just a helper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is actually just a helper
+operation so first I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so first I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so first I want to tell
+you uh what it is how it works uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what it is how it works uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what it is how it works uh it's
+like an access in a Tango tree but Tango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an access in a Tango tree but Tango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an access in a Tango tree but Tango
+trees we just wanted to touch item XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we just wanted to touch item XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees we just wanted to touch item XI
+and then go on to the next item x i +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go on to the next item x i +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then go on to the next item x i +
+one so I'm going to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I'm going to think about that
+world well all all I'm trying to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world well all all I'm trying to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world well all all I'm trying to do is
+touch nodes what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch nodes what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch nodes what's interesting about
+touching nodes is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching nodes is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching nodes is it
+changes uh this notion of preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh this notion of preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh this notion of preferred
+edges because I said it's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges because I said it's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges because I said it's the last
+access in that sub tree was blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in that sub tree was blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access in that sub tree was blah blah
+blah so access what do access mean uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so access what do access mean uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so access what do access mean uh in
+reality what I mean is the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality what I mean is the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality what I mean is the last time
+that node was used as like a link or cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node was used as like a link or cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node was used as like a link or cut
+or find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or find
+operation uh but in fact I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh but in fact I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh but in fact I'm going to
+make that explicit operation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that explicit operation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that explicit operation is going to
+start by calling this function access on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by calling this function access on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by calling this function access on
+its arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its arguments
+question I still understand when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I still understand when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I still understand when you say
+that display tree is ke by dep yes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that display tree is ke by dep yes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that display tree is ke by dep yes do
+you go from thatth to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from thatth to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go from thatth to the actual
+Tre uh okay so the the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre uh okay so the the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tre uh okay so the the transformation
+from this path in the represented tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this path in the represented tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this path in the represented tree
+to display tree is just I look these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to display tree is just I look these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to display tree is just I look these
+nodes have depth within that path I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes have depth within that path I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes have depth within that path I mean
+they're just ordered along the path what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just ordered along the path what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just ordered along the path what
+I mean is I want to store them in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is I want to store them in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is I want to store them in as a
+binary search tree ordered by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree ordered by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary search tree ordered by that
+value so it's that's what yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it's that's what yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so it's that's what yeah so that's
+slate trees have some key on the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate trees have some key on the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate trees have some key on the nodes
+they maintain the binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maintain the binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they maintain the binary search tree
+property my key is just going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property my key is just going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property my key is just going to be the
+depth the position along the path so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth the position along the path so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth the position along the path so if
+you're doal just get theth right if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doal just get theth right if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doal just get theth right if I do
+an in reversal here I'll get the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in reversal here I'll get the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in reversal here I'll get the path
+back yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back yeah no
+problem that's going to be important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's going to be important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's going to be important to
+understand okay so to do an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so to do an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so to do an access
+access is going to do two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is going to do two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access is going to do two things the
+first thing it has to do and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing it has to do and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing it has to do and the the
+other thing is going to make our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is going to make our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is going to make our life
+easy you'll see once we've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you'll see once we've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy you'll see once we've defined
+access all operations become trivial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all operations become trivial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all operations become trivial so
+it's going to be a really cool helper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function the first thing we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the first thing we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the first thing we have to do
+when we access a node V is say well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we access a node V is say well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we access a node V is say well that
+then by definition the path to V from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition the path to V from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by definition the path to V from
+the root V to root I guess sort of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root V to root I guess sort of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root V to root I guess sort of but
+probably more root to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh should be preferred that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be preferred that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be preferred that's the
+definition of preferred because now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of preferred because now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of preferred because now it's
+the latest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest thing
+accessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we've got to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we've got to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we've got to fix
+that but we're going to do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we're going to do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we're going to do a little bit
+more we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're also going to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+V the root of its Ox tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will mean uh because that oxy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will mean uh because that oxy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will mean uh because that oxy is
+now the topmost oxy because that oxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the topmost oxy because that oxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the topmost oxy because that oxy
+contains the root and it contains V uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the root and it contains V uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the root and it contains V uh
+so in fact V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact V is the
+root of the tree of ox Tre it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the tree of ox Tre it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the tree of ox Tre it's the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+root for this uh tree of ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root for this uh tree of ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root for this uh tree of ox
+trees uh why do we do that well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh why do we do that well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees uh why do we do that well it's
+sort of going to just be a consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to just be a consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going to just be a consequence
+of of using SPL cuz whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of using SPL cuz whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of using SPL cuz whenever you
+something you move it to the root in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you move it to the root in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you move it to the root in
+this in the zigzaggy way uh but uh it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the zigzaggy way uh but uh it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the zigzaggy way uh but uh it'll
+actually be really helpful to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be really helpful to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be really helpful to have this
+property that's why these are simp the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's why these are simp the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's why these are simp the
+simplest link cut trees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest link cut trees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest link cut trees I
+know okay so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay so how do we do
+this um so you're given the node V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so you're given the node V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so you're given the node V
+somewhere in this world and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this world and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this world and we've
+basically got to fix a lot of preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically got to fix a lot of preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically got to fix a lot of preferred
+child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child
+pointers um and whereas Tango trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers um and whereas Tango trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers um and whereas Tango trees
+basically walked from the top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically walked from the top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically walked from the top down
+navigating one preferred path until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating one preferred path until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating one preferred path until it
+found the right place to exit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the right place to exit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the right place to exit and then
+fixing that edge we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that edge we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing that edge we're going to be
+working bottom up because we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working bottom up because we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working bottom up because we already
+know where the vertex is we're given it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the vertex is we're given it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the vertex is we're given it
+and we need to walk our way up the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to walk our way up the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to walk our way up the tree
+and kind of push V to the root overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of push V to the root overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of push V to the root overall
+so the first thing to do is sp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V okay so that now when I say spay V I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so that now when I say spay V I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V okay so that now when I say spay V I
+mean uh within its Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh within its Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh within its Ox
+tree doesn't make sense to do it in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree doesn't make sense to do it in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree doesn't make sense to do it in any
+Global sense in some sense access is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global sense in some sense access is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global sense in some sense access is
+going to be our Global version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our Global version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our Global version of
+whenever I say SP a node I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I say SP a node I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I say SP a node I mean just
+within its Ox tree that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within its Ox tree that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within its Ox tree that's going to be
+the definition splay tree so it's the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition splay tree so it's the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition splay tree so it's the as
+you may recall from lecture six there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall from lecture six there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may recall from lecture six there's
+Zig Zig case and zigzag case you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zig Zig case and zigzag case you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zig Zig case and zigzag case you do some
+rotation double rotation whatever uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation double rotation whatever uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation double rotation whatever uh in
+the end maybe one more rotation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end maybe one more rotation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end maybe one more rotation and then
+V becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V becomes the
+root so what does the picture look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so what does the picture look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so what does the picture look like
+we've got V at the root of its Ox tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got V at the root of its Ox tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got V at the root of its Ox tree
+then we've got things in the left sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got things in the left sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got things in the left sub
+tree which have smaller depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which have smaller depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree which have smaller depth
+and then we've got things in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got things in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got things in the right
+sub tree which have bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree which have bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree which have bigger
+depth depths bigger than V so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth depths bigger than V so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth depths bigger than V so we just
+pulled V to the root so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled V to the root so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled V to the root so in the
+representat Tre what we have is a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representat Tre what we have is a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representat Tre what we have is a path
+there's V these are the things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's V these are the things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's V these are the things of
+smaller depth these are things of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller depth these are things of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller depth these are things of larger
+depth now if you look at the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth now if you look at the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth now if you look at the definition
+of preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferred
+child when we access v v now no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child when we access v v now no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child when we access v v now no longer
+has a preferred child it's preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a preferred child it's preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a preferred child it's preferred
+child is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is now
+none if you look at this picture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none if you look at this picture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none if you look at this picture this is
+a preferred path currently V has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preferred path currently V has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preferred path currently V has a
+preferred child we want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child we want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child we want to get rid of
+that that's our first operation get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's our first operation get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's our first operation get the
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+chalk first thing we want to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk first thing we want to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk first thing we want to do is get
+rid of that edge it's no longer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that edge it's no longer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that edge it's no longer a
+preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+Edge so that essentially corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so that essentially corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so that essentially corresponds to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Edge because that's the connection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge because that's the connection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge because that's the connection from
+V to deeper things I mean in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to deeper things I mean in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to deeper things I mean in fact this
+node right below us let's call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right below us let's call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node right below us let's call it uh
+X is right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is right here
+it's the smallest depth among the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the smallest depth among the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the smallest depth among the nodes
+with larger depth than V but if we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with larger depth than V but if we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with larger depth than V but if we kind
+of kill that connection then now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kill that connection then now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kill that connection then now this
+path is its own thing the part below V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is its own thing the part below V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is its own thing the part below V
+separate from V and above so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from V and above so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate from V and above so that's what
+we're going to do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do first
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove
+V's preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+child and I'm going to elaborate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and I'm going to elaborate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and I'm going to elaborate exactly
+the pointer arithmetic that makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer arithmetic that makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointer arithmetic that makes that
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+this is the kind of tedious part of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of tedious part of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of tedious part of well
+really any pointer machine data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any pointer machine data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really any pointer machine data
+structure this is going to all work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is going to all work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure this is going to all work on a
+pointer Machine by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way no NS here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no NS here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way no NS here
+none okay um so basically I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none okay um so basically I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none okay um so basically I'm going
+obliterating this Edge so I make I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterating this Edge so I make I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterating this Edge so I make I'm
+going to make this vertex here uh have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this vertex here uh have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this vertex here uh have a
+path parent pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path parent pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path parent pointer to
+V uh because and and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh because and and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh because and and otherwise
+obliterate this Edge it will no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterate this Edge it will no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterate this Edge it will no longer
+have a parent v no longer has a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parent v no longer has a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a parent v no longer has a right
+child so it's going to be you know V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so it's going to be you know V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child so it's going to be you know V is
+has a left thing and no right pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a left thing and no right pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a left thing and no right pointer
+but this separate tree is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this separate tree is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this separate tree is going to have
+a parent pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parent pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parent pointer to
+V this of course if it exists if v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V this of course if it exists if v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V this of course if it exists if v.
+right is is not already then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is is not already then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is is not already then you don't
+do any of this uh but if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any of this uh but if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do any of this uh but if there is a
+right pointer then you've got to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointer then you've got to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right pointer then you've got to do this
+so this is a place where we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a place where we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a place where we're going to
+set path parents uh pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set path parents uh pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set path parents uh pretty obvious
+though the only thing to check is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the only thing to check is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the only thing to check is that
+this is really in the right place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really in the right place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really in the right place this
+thing is the root of this Ox tree which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the root of this Ox tree which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the root of this Ox tree which
+is where the parent pointer path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the parent pointer path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the parent pointer path parent
+supposed to be and it points to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be and it points to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be and it points to V
+meaning that the parent of X is V in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the parent of X is V in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the parent of X is V in the
+represented tree and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree and that's exactly what
+this picture is this is the represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is this is the represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is this is the represented
+tree parent of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree parent of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree parent of X is
+V and so that's the correct definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so that's the correct definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and so that's the correct definition
+of path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay
+now the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part now we're going to walk up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree so seen everything on the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so seen everything on the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so seen everything on the outline
+except this heavy light decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this heavy light decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this heavy light decomposition
+we'll come to that soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we got to walk up the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we got to walk up the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we got to walk up the tree
+and add new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add new
+preferred uh child pointers this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh child pointers this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh child pointers this is the
+one that we had to remove all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had to remove all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had to remove all because
+it's the stuff below V but up The Path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the stuff below V but up The Path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the stuff below V but up The Path
+if we walk up to the root here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we walk up to the root here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we walk up to the root here to the
+leftmost note of V uh then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost note of V uh then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost note of V uh then there's a
+path parent from there we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path parent from there we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path parent from there we want to make
+that not a path parent but a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a path parent but a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a path parent but a regular
+parent because that right now it V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent because that right now it V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent because that right now it V is
+living in its own little preferred path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in its own little preferred path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in its own little preferred path
+but we want that preferred path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want that preferred path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want that preferred path to
+extend all the way to the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend all the way to the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend all the way to the root
+by the definition of preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of preferred child
+after doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after doing an
+AIS so we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS so we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS so we're going to do a
+loop until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop until
+V path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none I'm going to let W be V's path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none I'm going to let W be V's path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none I'm going to let W be V's path
+parent save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent save some
+uh save some writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh save some writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh save some writing
+then we're going toplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going toplay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going toplay
+W okay I think at this point I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay I think at this point I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay I think at this point I should
+draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so many pictures to draw uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so many pictures to draw uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so many pictures to draw uh so we
+have let's say a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's say a node
+W has a child V this is the represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W has a child V this is the represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W has a child V this is the represented
+tree has some other child X and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has some other child X and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree has some other child X and you know
+it can have many children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose that right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that right now the
+preferred child from W is X it's not V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child from W is X it's not V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child from W is X it's not V
+because we just followed a path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just followed a path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just followed a path parent
+pointer to go from V's path which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to go from V's path which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to go from V's path which is
+something here to W's path so W's path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here to W's path so W's path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here to W's path so W's path
+is going to be something like this so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something like this so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something like this so it
+goes to some other guy X we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to some other guy X we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to some other guy X we want to
+change that that pointer instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that that pointer instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that that pointer instead of
+being that we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being that we want to go
+here okay that's in the represented tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's in the represented tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay that's in the represented tree
+now what does this look like in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this look like in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does this look like in uh the
+tree of ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox
+trees Well w lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees Well w lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees Well w lives in
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+uh W is there X is its um successor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh W is there X is its um successor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh W is there X is its um successor in
+there so maybe it's like a right child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so maybe it's like a right child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so maybe it's like a right child
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+uh somewhere somewhere else in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere somewhere else in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhere somewhere else in the tree
+and then separately we have we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then separately we have we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then separately we have we've
+already built this thing V it has a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built this thing V it has a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built this thing V it has a left
+child it has no right child because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child it has no right child because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child it has no right child because
+there's there's nothing deeper than V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's nothing deeper than V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's nothing deeper than V in
+its own prefer its own preferred path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own prefer its own preferred path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own prefer its own preferred path
+and then we have a path parent pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a path parent pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a path parent pointer
+that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I want to fix that the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to fix that the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I want to fix that the first thing
+I'm going to do is play W so the W is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is play W so the W is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is play W so the W is in
+the root of its own tree so then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of its own tree so then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of its own tree so then it's
+going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+W uh it's going to have a left Child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh it's going to have a left Child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W uh it's going to have a left Child
+Left sub tree right sub tree X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left sub tree right sub tree X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Left sub tree right sub tree X is going
+to be the its successor so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the its successor so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the its successor so it's the
+leftmost thing in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost thing in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost thing in there
+and we still have V with its left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still have V with its left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we still have V with its left
+child and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child and this
+pointer it's not in the tree so if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer it's not in the tree so if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer it's not in the tree so if two
+Ox trees now I want to basically merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox trees now I want to basically merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox trees now I want to basically merge
+these two Ox trees but also get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Ox trees but also get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Ox trees but also get rid of
+this stuff just like we did up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff just like we did up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff just like we did up here
+actually first I have to destroy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually first I have to destroy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually first I have to destroy this
+preferred uh child and then make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh child and then make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh child and then make a new
+one which is V so how do I do it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is V so how do I do it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is V so how do I do it I just
+replace the right pointer from W to be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the right pointer from W to be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the right pointer from W to be V
+instead of whatever this thing is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of whatever this thing is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of whatever this thing is that's
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say
+switch W's uh preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch W's uh preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch W's uh preferred
+child to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child to be
+V and what we do is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and what we do is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and what we do is say
+w first we clip off the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy we say this nodes w. wrs path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we say this nodes w. wrs path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy we say this nodes w. wrs path parent
+is now going to be w we still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going to be w we still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now going to be w we still want to
+have some way to get from here back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to get from here back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to get from here back up
+to W just like we did up here this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W just like we did up here this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to W just like we did up here this code
+is going to look very similar to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look very similar to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look very similar to these
+two lines we said it's parent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+none and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none and we
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W.R up here we set it to none now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W.R up here we set it to none now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W.R up here we set it to none now we
+know it actually needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it actually needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it actually needs to be
+V and then we set the reverse pointer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then we set the reverse pointer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then we set the reverse pointer so
+V's parent is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's parent is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V's parent is now
+W and v no longer has a path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially the reverse of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the reverse of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially the reverse of these
+operations these operations so we remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations these operations so we remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations these operations so we remove
+this preferred child pointer and we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preferred child pointer and we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preferred child pointer and we add
+this one in so the new picture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in so the new picture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in so the new picture will be
+we have W has its left sub tree just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have W has its left sub tree just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have W has its left sub tree just
+like before its right sub tree is now V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before its right sub tree is now V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before its right sub tree is now V
+with its left sub tree and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its left sub tree and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its left sub tree and then we also
+have this other tree hanging out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this other tree hanging out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this other tree hanging out not
+directly connected except by a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly connected except by a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly connected except by a path
+parent pointer there so where's before V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer there so where's before V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer there so where's before V
+was linked in with a path parent pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was linked in with a path parent pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was linked in with a path parent pointer
+now this thing is linked in with a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing is linked in with a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this thing is linked in with a path
+parent pointer and sort of the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer and sort of the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer and sort of the primary
+connection the white connection is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the white connection is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection the white connection is uh
+direct from W to V and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct from W to V and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct from W to V and that's exactly
+what corresponds to clipping off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what corresponds to clipping off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what corresponds to clipping off this
+portion of the preferred path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the preferred path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the preferred path and
+concatenating on this portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating on this portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenating on this portion of the
+preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+path more or less clear you can double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path more or less clear you can double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path more or less clear you can double
+check this at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this at home
+but that's that's what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what we need to do
+have to go back and forth between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and forth between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and forth between these
+two worlds the represented world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two worlds the represented world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two worlds the represented world and the
+tree of ox trees world but is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees world but is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees world but is doing the
+right thing again you can check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing again you can check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing again you can check that
+this preferred uh this path parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preferred uh this path parent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preferred uh this path parent is
+indeed the right thing it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the right thing it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the right thing it's essentially
+saying the parent of x equals W which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the parent of x equals W which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the parent of x equals W which is
+indeed the case the leftmost thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case the leftmost thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case the leftmost thing here
+its parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parent is
+W cool last thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W cool last thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W cool last thing we
+do it's kind of a lame way to say it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's kind of a lame way to say it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's kind of a lame way to say it but
+I want toay V within its oxre now V is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want toay V within its oxre now V is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want toay V within its oxre now V is a
+child of the root so this is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of the root so this is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of the root so this is just this
+is just means rotate V so what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just means rotate V so what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just means rotate V so what it's
+going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look
+like is V becomes the root left child is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is V becomes the root left child is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is V becomes the root left child is
+W that left child is whatever that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that left child is whatever that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that left child is whatever that right
+child is whatever V will still have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is whatever V will still have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is whatever V will still have no
+right child CU V is the deepest not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right child CU V is the deepest not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right child CU V is the deepest not in
+its preferred path so there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its preferred path so there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its preferred path so there's nothing
+deeper than it there's nothing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than it there's nothing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than it there's nothing to the
+right of V so these two triangles go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of V so these two triangles go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of V so these two triangles go to
+here of course there's still The Old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course there's still The Old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of course there's still The Old
+Triangle with X in it and it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle with X in it and it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triangle with X in it and it's still
+going to prefer it's still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prefer it's still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prefer it's still going to
+point to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to w
+uh but we want V to eventually end up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we want V to eventually end up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we want V to eventually end up to
+be the very very root so I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very very root so I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the very very root so I'd like to
+make V the root again after I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make V the root again after I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make V the root again after I did this
+concatenation and so there you go um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and so there you go um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation and so there you go um you
+can think of this as a second play if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as a second play if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this as a second play if
+you want or is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation either way and now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation either way and now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation either way and now we're going
+to Loop okay the one thing I didn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Loop okay the one thing I didn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Loop okay the one thing I didn't make
+explicit is that when we do a or when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit is that when we do a or when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit is that when we do a or when we
+do a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a rotation
+the you have to carry along the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you have to carry along the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you have to carry along the path
+parent pointer so like right now sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer so like right now sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer so like right now sorry
+in this picture W has some path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture W has some path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture W has some path parent
+pointer because it's the root of its Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer because it's the root of its Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer because it's the root of its Ox
+tree after we do the rotation V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree after we do the rotation V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree after we do the rotation V is the
+root and so it's going to have the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so it's going to have the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and so it's going to have the path
+parent pointer you can just Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer you can just Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointer you can just Define
+rotate to preserve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate to preserve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate to preserve that
+information so now V has some New Path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so now V has some New Path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so now V has some New Path
+parent and we do the loop as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and we do the loop as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent and we do the loop as long as
+there's not there's something there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's something there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's something there
+we're going toay it stick it stick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going toay it stick it stick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going toay it stick it stick them
+together repeat we're going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together repeat we're going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together repeat we're going to the
+number of times we repeat is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times we repeat is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times we repeat is equal to
+the number of preferred child changes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of preferred child changes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of preferred child changes so
+that's how we're going to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're going to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we're going to analyze the
+thing how many times does a preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how many times does a preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how many times does a preferred
+child have to change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child have to change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child have to change in this
+world okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world okay
+uh clear more or less that is that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear more or less that is that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear more or less that is that's the
+hard the hard operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access one thing to note is V will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access one thing to note is V will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access one thing to note is V will have
+no right child at the end and it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right child at the end and it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right child at the end and it will be
+the root of the the tree of ox trees why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the the tree of ox trees why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the the tree of ox trees why
+the tree of ox trees when we stop we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of ox trees when we stop we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of ox trees when we stop we
+have no path parent that means we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no path parent that means we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no path parent that means we are
+the overall Ro so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end cool now let me tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end cool now let me tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end cool now let me tell you how to
+do uh think first I'll do the queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh think first I'll do the queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh think first I'll do the queries
+and then I'll do the updates link cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll do the updates link cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll do the updates link cut
+make tree is pretty trivial I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tree is pretty trivial I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tree is pretty trivial I think you
+know how to do make tree uh so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do make tree uh so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do make tree uh so let's
+start with find root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for find root first thing we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for find root first thing we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for find root first thing we're going
+to do is access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is access
+V so what that gives us is v no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so what that gives us is v no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so what that gives us is v no right
+child some left child V this is V is Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child some left child V this is V is Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child some left child V this is V is Ox
+tree but the root of the overall tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but the root of the overall tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree but the root of the overall tree is
+right here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is
+R uh because in the end we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh because in the end we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R uh because in the end we know that the
+I mean the root Ox tree always contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the root Ox tree always contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the root Ox tree always contains
+the root node of the tree and the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root node of the tree and the access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root node of the tree and the access
+operation makes it also contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation makes it also contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation makes it also contained
+V uh so what's the what's the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh so what's the what's the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh so what's the what's the highest
+node in that path from R to V well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in that path from R to V well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in that path from R to V well it's
+the leftmost node in the thing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost node in the thing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftmost node in the thing so you
+just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left uh to find the root R and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh to find the root R and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left uh to find the root R and then we
+are going to do one more thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do one more thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do one more thing which is
+sp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp
+R if we didn't SP R we'd be in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R if we didn't SP R we'd be in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R if we didn't SP R we'd be in trouble
+because this is a spay tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a spay tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a spay tree
+uh if you say this R might be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you say this R might be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you say this R might be extremely
+deep in the tree and so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the tree and so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in the tree and so if you just
+repeatedly said find root of V find root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly said find root of V find root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly said find root of V find root
+of V for the same V you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V for the same V you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V for the same V you don't want to
+have to walk down a linear length path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk down a linear length path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk down a linear length path
+every single time so we're going toay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time so we're going toay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single time so we're going toay it
+Every Time We Touch the root uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every Time We Touch the root uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every Time We Touch the root uh so that
+very soon R will be near the root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon R will be near the root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very soon R will be near the root of the
+tree of ox trees and so this operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees and so this operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree of ox trees and so this operation
+will become fast so amortized it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become fast so amortized it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become fast so amortized it will
+always be order log M but we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be order log M but we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be order log M but we need to do
+that okay that's find root let's do path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aggregate path aggregate is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate path aggregate is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate path aggregate is basically
+the same actually even easier first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same actually even easier first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same actually even easier first
+thing we do like all of our operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do like all of our operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we do like all of our operations
+is access V so we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is access V so we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is access V so we get that
+picture so uh remember what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so uh remember what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so uh remember what this
+corresponds to this this is the an ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this this is the an ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this this is the an ox
+tree that represents a path ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that represents a path ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that represents a path ending in
+v so this is in the representat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the goal of a path aggregate is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of a path aggregate is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal of a path aggregate is to
+compute the Min or the max or the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Min or the max or the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Min or the max or the sum
+over those things so I basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those things so I basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those things so I basically have
+this tree that represents exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree that represents exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree that represents exactly the
+things I care about and I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I care about and I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I care about and I just need to
+do a sum or Min or Max or whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sum or Min or Max or whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sum or Min or Max or whatever so
+easy way to do it is augment all the ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is augment all the ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to do it is augment all the ox
+trees to have sub tree sub tree sums or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees to have sub tree sub tree sums or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees to have sub tree sub tree sums or
+mins or Maxes whatever operations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins or Maxes whatever operations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mins or Maxes whatever operations you
+care about and so then it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and so then it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about and so then it's just uh
+return V do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return V do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return V do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+subtree uh M Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+it's you have you have to check when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have you have to check when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have you have to check when we
+do link and cuts that it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do link and cuts that it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do link and cuts that it's easy to
+maintain augmentation like this but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain augmentation like this but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain augmentation like this but it
+is and now this the subtree aggregations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now this the subtree aggregations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now this the subtree aggregations
+are relative to your own Ox tree you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relative to your own Ox tree you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relative to your own Ox tree you
+don't you don't go deeper in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't go deeper in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't go deeper in fact
+there's no way to go deeper because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to go deeper because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to go deeper because if
+you look at the structure there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the structure there's no way
+to go down we store these path parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down we store these path parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down we store these path parents
+but we can't AF for to store path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't AF for to store path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't AF for to store path
+children because a node may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children because a node may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children because a node may have a
+zillion path children so it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion path children so it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillion path children so it's kind of
+awkward to store them and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to store them and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to store them and we don't have
+to because this aggregation is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because this aggregation is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because this aggregation is just
+within the ox tree that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ox tree that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ox tree that's exactly what
+we care about because it represents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about because it represents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about because it represents that
+path and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and nothing
+more so you see access makes our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you see access makes our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so you see access makes our life
+pretty darn easy it makes once that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn easy it makes once that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn easy it makes once that path
+is preferred we can do whatever we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preferred we can do whatever we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preferred we can do whatever we need
+to with that path we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with that path we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to with that path we can compute
+aggregations the root anything pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregations the root anything pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregations the root anything pretty
+much instantly once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much instantly once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much instantly once we have
+access okay I claim also link and cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay I claim also link and cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access okay I claim also link and cut
+are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+easy so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy so let me show you
+that so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut first thing we do you guessed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut first thing we do you guessed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut first thing we do you guessed it
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+V uh so think about this picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh so think about this picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh so think about this picture a
+little bit so we have V we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so we have V we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so we have V we have this
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+what this corresponds to this is the ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this corresponds to this is the ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this corresponds to this is the ox
+tree in the represented tree this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in the represented tree this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in the represented tree this is a
+path from the root to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from the root to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from the root to
+V and our goal in the cut operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and our goal in the cut operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and our goal in the cut operation is
+to separate V from its parent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate V from its parent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate V from its parent in the
+represented tree so we want to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree so we want to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree so we want to remove
+this Edge above V that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge above V that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge above V that basically
+corresponds to this Edge connection from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this Edge connection from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this Edge connection from
+V to all the things less deep than it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to all the things less deep than it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to all the things less deep than it so
+this is the preferred path of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the preferred path of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the preferred path of course in
+in reality there's some subtree down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there's some subtree down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there's some subtree down
+here and that's going to correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's going to correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's going to correspond to
+things that are linked in here by path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are linked in here by path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are linked in here by path
+parent pointers so they will they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers so they will they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent pointers so they will they'll
+come along for the ride because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along for the ride because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along for the ride because they
+what they know is they're attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know is they're attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know is they're attached to
+V uh and so all we need to do is delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh and so all we need to do is delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh and so all we need to do is delete
+this Edge and we're done it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and we're done it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge and we're done it's kind of
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+crazy but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy but it
+works so what we do say V left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what we do say V left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so what we do say V left
+parent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is
+none V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none V
+left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is
+none that's it gone that edge has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none that's it gone that edge has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none that's it gone that edge has
+disappeared uh what we'll be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared uh what we'll be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared uh what we'll be left with
+is V all by itself it has no left child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V all by itself it has no left child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V all by itself it has no left child
+no right child it still has uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right child it still has uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right child it still has uh some
+things that link into it via path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that link into it via path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that link into it via path parent
+pointers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers
+but with v is alone in its Ox tree after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with v is alone in its Ox tree after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with v is alone in its Ox tree after
+you do a cut this thing will now live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a cut this thing will now live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do a cut this thing will now live in
+a separate world uh in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate world uh in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate world uh in particular this
+node becomes the new root of the tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node becomes the new root of the tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node becomes the new root of the tree of
+ox trees for this tree right after we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox trees for this tree right after we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox trees for this tree right after we do
+the cut there's two trees so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut there's two trees so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut there's two trees so there's two
+trees of ox trees there's the one with v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees of ox trees there's the one with v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees of ox trees there's the one with v
+v will remain the root of its tree of ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v will remain the root of its tree of ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v will remain the root of its tree of ox
+trees in the other one this thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in the other one this thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees in the other one this thing uh
+call it X becomes its own root of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X becomes its own root of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it X becomes its own root of its
+own tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own tree of
+oxre there so there's nothing else to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxre there so there's nothing else to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxre there so there's nothing else to do
+it doesn't need a path parent pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need a path parent pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't need a path parent pointer
+because it's not linked to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not linked to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not linked to anything
+above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end okay X corresponds to some node up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay X corresponds to some node up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay X corresponds to some node up
+here kind of the median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Noe okay so there you go that's a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noe okay so there you go that's a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noe okay so there you go that's a cut
+it's like super short code you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like super short code you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like super short code you have to
+stare at it for a while to make sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at it for a while to make sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at it for a while to make sure it
+does all the right things but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all the right things but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all the right things but it
+does how about a link well first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how about a link well first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does how about a link well first thing
+we do in a link is access V and access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in a link is access V and access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do in a link is access V and access
+W these don't interfere with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W these don't interfere with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W these don't interfere with each other
+becausee condition is that V and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becausee condition is that V and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becausee condition is that V and W are
+in different trees of ox trees they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different trees of ox trees they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different trees of ox trees they're
+in different represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different represented
+trees so they're completely independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so they're completely independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees so they're completely independent
+the result will be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result will be that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh should be consistent so Ox trees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be consistent so Ox trees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should be consistent so Ox trees are
+on the left uh we're going to have W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left uh we're going to have W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left uh we're going to have W
+it's going to have a left thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a left thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have a left thing we're
+going to have v a claim all by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have v a claim all by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have v a claim all by itself
+cuz remember what a link does it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz remember what a link does it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz remember what a link does it's right
+here V is assumed to be a root node so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here V is assumed to be a root node so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here V is assumed to be a root node so
+if you do an access on the root node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do an access on the root node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do an access on the root node
+then the path from the root to V is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the path from the root to V is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the path from the root to V is a
+very short path it is just V itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short path it is just V itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short path it is just V itself so
+the ox Tre containing V will just be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ox Tre containing V will just be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ox Tre containing V will just be V
+itself when you do access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when you do access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself when you do access
+V uh yeah so this is the picture in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh yeah so this is the picture in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh yeah so this is the picture in in
+represented space and so when we access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented space and so when we access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented space and so when we access
+V we're gonna have this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V we're gonna have this of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V we're gonna have this of course
+there's stuff pointing into it we're gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff pointing into it we're gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff pointing into it we're gon
+to access W so it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access W so it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to access W so it's going to look like
+this and then this path is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then this path is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then this path is going to be
+what's over here and there's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over here and there's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's over here and there's of course
+more stuff linked From Below into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff linked From Below into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff linked From Below into those
+our goal is to add this Edge between V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to add this Edge between V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal is to add this Edge between V
+and W which corresponds to adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Edge so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so that's what we're going to
+do v. left equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do v. left equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do v. left equals
+w w. parent equals V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want you could instead make V A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you could instead make V A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you could instead make V A
+Child the right child of w and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Child the right child of w and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Child the right child of w and that
+looks much more sane I like it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much more sane I like it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks much more sane I like it this way
+because it looks kind of insane this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks kind of insane this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks kind of insane this is
+nonbalanced or anything but SP trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonbalanced or anything but SP trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonbalanced or anything but SP trees
+will fix it so you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fix it so you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fix it so you don't have to worry
+this is the Carefree approach to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Carefree approach to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Carefree approach to data
+structuring and you just leave it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring and you just leave it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuring and you just leave it to the
+analysis to make sure everything here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to make sure everything here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to make sure everything here is
+going to be log and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be log and
+amortised uh but you can check this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised uh but you can check this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised uh but you can check this is
+doing the right thing because V is V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing because V is V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the right thing because V is V is
+deeper than right so we had this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than right so we had this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper than right so we had this path
+from the root over here to W we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root over here to W we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the root over here to W we're
+extending the path by one node V and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending the path by one node V and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending the path by one node V and so
+V should be to the right of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V should be to the right of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V should be to the right of everything
+so either it goes down here as a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either it goes down here as a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either it goes down here as a right
+child of w that would also work or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of w that would also work or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of w that would also work or we
+make it the parent of w on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the parent of w on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it the parent of w on the right
+that that works it's in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works it's in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works it's in the correct
+order binary search tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order binary search tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order binary search tree
+order okay so you can see link links and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so you can see link links and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so you can see link links and
+cuts are easy in fact the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are easy in fact the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts are easy in fact the most
+complicated was find rout where we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated was find rout where we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated was find rout where we had
+to do a walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a walk and
+a but basically everything reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but basically everything reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but basically everything reduces to
+access if access is fast all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access if access is fast all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access if access is fast all these
+operations will be fast because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will be fast because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will be fast because they
+spend essentially constant time plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend essentially constant time plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend essentially constant time plus a
+constant number of aises except for find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of aises except for find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of aises except for find
+root it also does a but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it also does a but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it also does a but we're going to
+shows are efficient as well as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows are efficient as well as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows are efficient as well as part of
+access because access does a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because access does a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access because access does a ton
+ofs so if this is Log and amortized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofs so if this is Log and amortized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofs so if this is Log and amortized
+surely one is Log and amortised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely one is Log and amortised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely one is Log and amortised and
+indeed that will that will be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that will that will be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed that will that will be the case
+is uh here I'm treating not as an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh here I'm treating not as an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh here I'm treating not as an access
+so I'm going to Define access to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define access to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define access to mean
+calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay so over here access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so over here access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so over here access
+firstplays V ands various things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstplays V ands various things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstplays V ands various things it
+might notay r no I'm saying you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notay r no I'm saying you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might notay r no I'm saying you call
+Access R the display r that would affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access R the display r that would affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access R the display r that would affect
+display oh good that might simplify my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display oh good that might simplify my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display oh good that might simplify my
+analysis I'll just change this line to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'll just change this line to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'll just change this line to
+accr good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accr good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accr good
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+not uh yeah that seems like a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh yeah that seems like a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh yeah that seems like a good way
+um okay it you could I think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay it you could I think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay it you could I think you could
+do that it might simplify conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it might simplify conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it might simplify conceptually
+what's going on the one thing I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on the one thing I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on the one thing I find
+annoying about it is just it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying about it is just it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying about it is just it's just a
+it's an aesthetic let's say so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aesthetic let's say so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aesthetic let's say so here I
+was talking about the last access and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about the last access and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about the last access and if
+you define the last access to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define the last access to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define the last access to mean
+access that's fine but Al Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that's fine but Al Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access that's fine but Al Another
+intuitive notion of the last access is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion of the last access is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive notion of the last access is
+the last time it was given to any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time it was given to any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last time it was given to any of
+these functions cut link find root path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions cut link find root path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions cut link find root path
+Aggregate and so R is not really given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregate and so R is not really given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aggregate and so R is not really given
+to the function of course it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function of course it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function of course it's the
+output of find root so maybe you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of find root so maybe you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of find root so maybe you think
+of that as an access you could say find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as an access you could say find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as an access you could say find
+root is accessing the root either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is accessing the root either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root is accessing the root either way
+this this should work either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should work either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this should work either
+way but I think I like that just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I think I like that just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I think I like that just have to
+redefine things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine things a
+little okay let's uh do some analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay let's uh do some analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay let's uh do some analysis
+this is the data structure algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data structure algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data structure algorithms
+are all up there in they're gory detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all up there in they're gory detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all up there in they're gory detail
+this is of course the gorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course the gorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course the gorest
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah can now erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can now erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can now erase
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+API this makes me think of Google versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+API this makes me think of Google versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+API this makes me think of Google versus
+Oracle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle uh
+anyone following that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone following that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone following that case
+yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay pretty clear this implementation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pretty clear this implementation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pretty clear this implementation is
+much more significant than the API but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more significant than the API but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more significant than the API but
+anyway uh we have uh first goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh we have uh first goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh we have uh first goal is to
+prove log squared this is just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove log squared this is just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove log squared this is just like a
+warmup this is actually trivial at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup this is actually trivial at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmup this is actually trivial at this
+point we've done all the work to do log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've done all the work to do log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've done all the work to do log
+squar Bound in fact you just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Bound in fact you just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar Bound in fact you just replace
+theplay tree with a red black tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theplay tree with a red black tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theplay tree with a red black tree and
+you know that each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that each of these
+operations is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations is log
+n all displays that we do I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all displays that we do I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n all displays that we do I mean you can
+do essentially like a in a binary in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do essentially like a in a binary in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do essentially like a in a binary in a
+balanced binary search tree you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced binary search tree you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced binary search tree you can
+still move it to the route you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still move it to the route you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still move it to the route you can still
+maintain it the temporarily and maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it the temporarily and maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it the temporarily and maintain
+the height is order log in it's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is order log in it's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is order log in it's one way
+to view it or you can observe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view it or you can observe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view it or you can observe that the
+Spate tree analysis that gives you log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate tree analysis that gives you log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spate tree analysis that gives you log n
+which we haven't actually covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't actually covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't actually covered in
+this class uh still applies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh still applies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class uh still applies in this
+scenario even though it's not one spay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario even though it's not one spay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario even though it's not one spay
+tree it's a bunch of spay trees you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's a bunch of spay trees you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree it's a bunch of spay trees you can
+show each of the spays is order log n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show each of the spays is order log n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show each of the spays is order log n so
+what that gives you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gives you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that gives you is that
+um so we have let's just say it's order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have let's just say it's order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have let's just say it's order
+login advertised per if you play trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login advertised per if you play trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login advertised per if you play trees
+or use regular balance search trees it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use regular balance search trees it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use regular balance search trees it's
+definitely log n uh so then if we do M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely log n uh so then if we do M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely log n uh so then if we do M
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to
+cost we're not actually going to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we're not actually going to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost we're not actually going to be done
+here Order log n time M plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Order log n time M plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Order log n time M plus uh
+total number of preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes uh this bound should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh this bound should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh this bound should be clear
+because every operation reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every operation reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every operation reduces to
+axises plus constant amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises plus constant amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axises plus constant amount of work
+maybe one more but aay is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one more but aay is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one more but aay is just another
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+in uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um yeah total number of preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah total number of preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah total number of preferred child
+changes comes from this access thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes comes from this access thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes comes from this access thing
+we're doing oneplay per preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing oneplay per preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing oneplay per preferred child
+change so if that thing is reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if that thing is reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if that thing is reasonable
+you just take it multiply by log n we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take it multiply by log n we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take it multiply by log n we're
+done so the remaining thing is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the remaining thing is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so the remaining thing is at this
+point just claim total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just claim total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point just claim total number of
+preferred trial changes is order M log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred trial changes is order M log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred trial changes is order M log n
+so if you take this whole thing divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this whole thing divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take this whole thing divide
+by m uh you get log squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m uh you get log squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by m uh you get log squ
+amortised so that sounds kind of lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised so that sounds kind of lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortised so that sounds kind of lame
+log squar is not such a good bound but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squar is not such a good bound but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log squar is not such a good bound but
+it's a warmup and in fact we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warmup and in fact we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a warmup and in fact we need to
+prove this anyway we need this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this anyway we need this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this anyway we need this for the
+log n analysis so first thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n analysis so first thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n analysis so first thing I'm going
+to do is prove total number of preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is prove total number of preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is prove total number of preferred
+child changes is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child changes is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child changes is log
+squ before I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ before I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ before I do that
+I need heavy light decomposition so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need heavy light decomposition so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need heavy light decomposition so to
+prove this we're going to use heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this we're going to use heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this we're going to use heavy
+light decomposition and this I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light decomposition and this I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light decomposition and this I think is
+where things get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so heavy light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so heavy light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so heavy light
+decomposition this is another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this is another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition this is another way to
+decompose a tree into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths so heavy light decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths so heavy light decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths so heavy light decomposition is
+again going to apply to the represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going to apply to the represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again going to apply to the represented
+tree not the tree Vox trees it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not the tree Vox trees it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree not the tree Vox trees it's it's
+like an intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an intrinsic
+thing it's very simple we Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's very simple we Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's very simple we Define the
+size of a node to be the number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a node to be the number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a node to be the number of nodes
+in that sub tree we've done this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sub tree we've done this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sub tree we've done this many
+times I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we're going to call an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to call an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to call an edge
+from V to its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parent uh heavy or light it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent uh heavy or light it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent uh heavy or light it's
+heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+if uh size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh size of
+V is more than half of the size of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is more than half of the size of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is more than half of the size of its
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and otherwise it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light okay so we have parent of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay so we have parent of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light okay so we have parent of some
+child V has loads of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child V has loads of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child V has loads of other
+children I just want to know is V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I just want to know is V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children I just want to know is V the
+heaviest of all your children that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest of all your children that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaviest of all your children that's one
+way to define it uh but in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define it uh but in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to define it uh but in particular is
+it bigger than half of the total weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bigger than half of the total weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bigger than half of the total weight
+of P so it might not be any heavy child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P so it might not be any heavy child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P so it might not be any heavy child
+according to this definition maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this definition maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this definition maybe it's
+nicely evenly balanced everybody's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely evenly balanced everybody's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely evenly balanced everybody's got a
+third but if somebody's got bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third but if somebody's got bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third but if somebody's got bigger than
+a half I call it heavy everybody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I call it heavy everybody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half I call it heavy everybody else is
+light so there's going to be at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so there's going to be at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so there's going to be at most one
+heavy Edge from every node therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Edge from every node therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Edge from every node therefore
+heavy edges decompose your world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy edges decompose your world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy edges decompose your world into
+paths heavy paths decompose the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh nodes every node lives in some heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodes every node lives in some heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nodes every node lives in some heavy
+path it may be a node has no heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path it may be a node has no heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path it may be a node has no heavy
+Childs but at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Childs but at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Childs but at most
+one this may seem kind of silly but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this may seem kind of silly but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this may seem kind of silly but in
+fact because you know most of your maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact because you know most of your maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact because you know most of your maybe
+all edges are light this might not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all edges are light this might not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all edges are light this might not do
+anything every no is in its own path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything every no is in its own path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything every no is in its own path
+that's actually a really good case light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a really good case light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a really good case light
+edges are good why are they good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are good why are they good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are good why are they good because
+then the size of V is at most half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of V is at most half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of V is at most half the
+size of its parent meaning every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of its parent meaning every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of its parent meaning every every
+time you follow a light edge the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you follow a light edge the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you follow a light edge the size of
+your sub tree went down by a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sub tree went down by a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sub tree went down by a factor of
+two how many times can that happen log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many times can that happen log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two how many times can that happen log n
+times start with everything at the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times start with everything at the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times start with everything at the root
+as you walk down if you're decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk down if you're decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you walk down if you're decreasing
+your size by factor of two every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your size by factor of two every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your size by factor of two every time
+you can only follow log and light edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only follow log and light edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only follow log and light edges
+this is what we call the light depth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call the light depth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call the light depth of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+node this is the number of light edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node this is the number of light edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node this is the number of light edges
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+root2 v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+path and it is always at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and it is always at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and it is always at most log
+n now a number of heavy edges could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now a number of heavy edges could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n now a number of heavy edges could be
+huge maybe you follow maybe your tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge maybe you follow maybe your tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge maybe you follow maybe your tree is
+a path then every Edge is heavy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path then every Edge is heavy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path then every Edge is heavy and you
+follow n of them to get from the root to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow n of them to get from the root to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow n of them to get from the root to
+V but so we can't bound the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but so we can't bound the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but so we can't bound the number of
+heavy edges but the number of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy edges but the number of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy edges but the number of light
+edges we can bound as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we can bound as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we can bound as
+Logan this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan this is
+where heavy light decomposition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where heavy light decomposition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where heavy light decomposition is
+useful so we got preferred path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we got preferred path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so we got preferred path
+decomposition our data structure we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition our data structure we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition our data structure we're
+not going to change it it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to change it it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to change it it's still
+following the preferred path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the preferred path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the preferred path
+decomposition but our analysis is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but our analysis is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but our analysis is going
+to think about which edges are heavy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about which edges are heavy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about which edges are heavy and
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+light in general an edge can have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in general an edge can have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in general an edge can have four
+different states it could be preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states it could be preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states it could be preferred
+or not preferred and it could be sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not preferred and it could be sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not preferred and it could be sorry
+preferred or not preferred it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred or not preferred it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred or not preferred it could be
+heavy or light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy or light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy or light
+all four of those combinations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of those combinations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four of those combinations are
+possible because one of them has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because one of them has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because one of them has to do
+with the axis sequence the other has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the axis sequence the other has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the axis sequence the other has to
+do with the structure of the tree these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the structure of the tree these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the structure of the tree these
+are basically orthogonal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically orthogonal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically orthogonal to each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's maybe
+go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done this page so next thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this page so next thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this page so next thing I'm going
+to do is use heavy Lighty composition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use heavy Lighty composition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use heavy Lighty composition to
+analyze total number of preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze total number of preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze total number of preferred child
+changes by looking at not only whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by looking at not only whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes by looking at not only whether
+an edge is preferred or not but whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge is preferred or not but whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge is preferred or not but whether
+it is heavy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light so we're going to get an order m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we're going to get an order m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so we're going to get an order m
+again bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bound on
+preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred
+child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes so here's the the big idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh in order for a child I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in order for a child I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh in order for a child I prefer
+child to change I mean when you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child to change I mean when you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child to change I mean when you change
+preferred child of one node from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child of one node from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child of one node from this to
+this I'm going to think of this Edge as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to think of this Edge as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to think of this Edge as
+being destroyed from its preferred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed from its preferred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed from its preferred and
+this one is being created in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is being created in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is being created in its
+preferred okay so I mean of course if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred okay so I mean of course if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred okay so I mean of course if we
+count we could count preferred Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we could count preferred Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we could count preferred Edge
+Creations that would be basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations that would be basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations that would be basically the
+same as preferred child changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as preferred child changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as preferred child changes
+or we could count preferred Edge delet D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could count preferred Edge delet D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could count preferred Edge delet D
+destructions that would be basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructions that would be basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructions that would be basically the
+same as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the number of
+changes okay so that's the idea if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so that's the idea if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay so that's the idea if you
+ignore this part I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this part I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore this part I want to look at
+preferred Edge Creations or preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge Creations or preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge Creations or preferred
+Edge destructions but then I also care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge destructions but then I also care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge destructions but then I also care
+about whether that edge is light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that edge is light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether that edge is light or
+heavy so if I could it turns out for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy so if I could it turns out for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy so if I could it turns out for the
+light edges it's going to be easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light edges it's going to be easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light edges it's going to be easier to
+talk about the Creations or to bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Creations or to bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Creations or to bound the
+Creations for heavy edges it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations for heavy edges it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Creations for heavy edges it's going to
+be easier to bound the destructions if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to bound the destructions if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier to bound the destructions if I
+do both of those and add them up that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both of those and add them up that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both of those and add them up that in
+total is basically the number preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is basically the number preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total is basically the number preferred
+Edge changes according to whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge changes according to whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge changes according to whether it's
+light or heavy uh you need to add in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or heavy uh you need to add in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or heavy uh you need to add in a
+little bit more because an edge might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more because an edge might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more because an edge might
+get created but never destroyed and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get created but never destroyed and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get created but never destroyed and if
+it's uh heavy then it won't get counted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh heavy then it won't get counted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh heavy then it won't get counted
+here or an edge might get destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or an edge might get destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or an edge might get destroyed
+because it exists originally never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it exists originally never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it exists originally never got
+created but it got destroyed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created but it got destroyed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created but it got destroyed over the
+operations and if it was light then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and if it was light then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and if it was light then it
+wouldn't be counted here so we just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be counted here so we just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be counted here so we just add
+on N plus one for all the edges might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N plus one for all the edges might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on N plus one for all the edges might
+get a bonus point but otherwise uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bonus point but otherwise uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bonus point but otherwise uh this
+will bound it so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bound it so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bound it so we're going to look at
+light edge Creations heavy Ed light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light edge Creations heavy Ed light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light edge Creations heavy Ed light
+preferred Edge Creations heavy preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge Creations heavy preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge Creations heavy preferred
+Edge destructions and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge destructions and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge destructions and it can be
+destroyed because it becomes no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed because it becomes no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed because it becomes no longer
+heavy or no longer preferred and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy or no longer preferred and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy or no longer preferred and it can
+be created because it uh becomes light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created because it uh becomes light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be created because it uh becomes light
+or becomes preferred and was already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or becomes preferred and was already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or becomes preferred and was already the
+other one okay so all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one okay so all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one okay so all we need to do is
+think about in all these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in all these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about in all these operations
+Access Link cut just the updates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Link cut just the updates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Link cut just the updates so
+Access Link and cut uh how can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Link and cut uh how can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Access Link and cut uh how can this
+change so let's start with access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+access the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the hard
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um well there's all this implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's all this implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there's all this implementation
+which is dealing with the tree of ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dealing with the tree of ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dealing with the tree of ox
+trees but really an axis does a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees but really an axis does a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees but really an axis does a very
+simple thing it makes the path from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing it makes the path from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing it makes the path from the
+root to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root to V
+preferred that's its goal so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred that's its goal so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred that's its goal so there's the
+root it's path to V this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's path to V this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root it's path to V this becomes
+preferred whether it was before or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred whether it was before or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred whether it was before or not
+some of it was before some of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it was before some of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it was before some of it was
+so some of these might be uh newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preferred uh it does not change which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh it does not change which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred uh it does not change which
+edges are heavy or light it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are heavy or light it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are heavy or light it does not
+change the structure of the tree when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure of the tree when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure of the tree when
+you do an access only link and cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an access only link and cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an access only link and cut
+change the structure of the tree so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure of the tree so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure of the tree so it's
+it makes some of these edges preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes some of these edges preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes some of these edges preferred
+what that means of course is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means of course is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means of course is that some
+other edges used to be preferred and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edges used to be preferred and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other edges used to be preferred and are
+no longer preferred that's those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preferred that's those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preferred that's those are the
+preferred child changes so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child changes so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child changes so if we look at
+this um first concern is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um first concern is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um first concern is that we're
+creating new preferred edges so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new preferred edges so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating new preferred edges so maybe we
+create some new light preferred edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some new light preferred edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some new light preferred edges
+how many new light preferred edges could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many new light preferred edges could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many new light preferred edges could
+we create along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create along this
+path uh at most log n whatever the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh at most log n whatever the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path uh at most log n whatever the light
+depth of V is is an upper bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of V is is an upper bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth of V is is an upper bound so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+make at most log n like preferred edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at most log n like preferred edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make at most log n like preferred edges
+because they all live on a single path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all live on a single path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all live on a single path
+and it would be really hard to bound how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be really hard to bound how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be really hard to bound how
+many heavy preferred edges we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many heavy preferred edges we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many heavy preferred edges we make
+that's but we don't have to we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but we don't have to we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but we don't have to we only have
+to worry about heavy preferred edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about heavy preferred edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about heavy preferred edges
+being destroyed now those edges could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed now those edges could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being destroyed now those edges could be
+these ones these edges used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones these edges used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones these edges used to be
+preferred now they're not if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred now they're not if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred now they're not if they were
+heavy then I have to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy then I have to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy then I have to pay for
+them but the number of these edges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the number of these edges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but the number of these edges is
+equal to or is at most the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to or is at most the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to or is at most the number of
+these edges I mean if if this Edge was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges I mean if if this Edge was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges I mean if if this Edge was
+Heavy every Noe has only one heavy down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavy every Noe has only one heavy down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heavy every Noe has only one heavy down
+pointer so if this Edge is heavy hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so if this Edge is heavy hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer so if this Edge is heavy hanging
+off then this one is light we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then this one is light we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off then this one is light we know
+there's only log n light edges here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only log n light edges here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only log n light edges here so
+the number of heavy edges coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heavy edges coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heavy edges coming off
+here can also be at most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can also be at most log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can also be at most log
+n so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so we
+destroy uh at most log n heavy Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy uh at most log n heavy Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy uh at most log n heavy Edge
+heavy preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy preferred
+edges I mean in fact we yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I mean in fact we yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I mean in fact we yeah that's
+it uh some sense we don't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh some sense we don't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh some sense we don't even really
+care about the word preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the word preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the word preferred
+here but of course we're not making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but of course we're not making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but of course we're not making them
+light so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so
+anyway should put that in is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway should put that in is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway should put that in is that clear
+now there's actually one more Edge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's actually one more Edge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's actually one more Edge that
+could change which is there used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change which is there used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change which is there used to be a
+preferred Edge from V now there isn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge from V now there isn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred Edge from V now there isn't we
+destroyed that in the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed that in the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed that in the very beginning of
+the operation uh so maybe you know plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation uh so maybe you know plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation uh so maybe you know plus
+one we might have destroyed one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we might have destroyed one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we might have destroyed one more
+heavy Edge but overall order log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Edge but overall order log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Edge but overall order log
+n so actually really easy to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so actually really easy to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so actually really easy to analyze
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay uh Lincoln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh Lincoln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay uh Lincoln
+cut anything much to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut anything much to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut anything much to say
+here yeah so Lincoln cut don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah so Lincoln cut don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah so Lincoln cut don't really
+change what's preferred I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's preferred I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's preferred I'm I'm
+analyzing I'm going to think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing I'm going to think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing I'm going to think about what
+link does after it accesses V andw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link does after it accesses V andw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link does after it accesses V andw
+because access we've already analyzed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because access we've already analyzed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because access we've already analyzed so
+link is just uh these two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link is just uh these two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link is just uh these two operations
+which add a single pointer so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which add a single pointer so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which add a single pointer so if you
+look at what that's doing in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what that's doing in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what that's doing in the uh
+represented tree which was V was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree which was V was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented tree which was V was the
+root uh and we made it to be a new child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh and we made it to be a new child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root uh and we made it to be a new child
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+w which lived in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w which lived in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w which lived in some
+tree over here that's in the represent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree over here that's in the represent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree over here that's in the represent a
+tree what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what happens is that W gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happens is that W gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happens is that W gets
+heavier I guess also this gets heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier I guess also this gets heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier I guess also this gets heavier
+all the nodes on this route to W path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes on this route to W path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes on this route to W path
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+heavier that's all that happens in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier that's all that happens in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier that's all that happens in terms
+of heavy light preferred paths don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heavy light preferred paths don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heavy light preferred paths don't
+change just about heavy and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change just about heavy and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change just about heavy and light
+changing okay in fact this will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay in fact this will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing okay in fact this will be a
+preferred path from the rout to V CU we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path from the rout to V CU we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path from the rout to V CU we
+just accessed those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we're heavy edges which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're heavy edges which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're heavy edges which means we
+might create new heavy preferred edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create new heavy preferred edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create new heavy preferred edges
+but we don't care about heavy preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't care about heavy preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't care about heavy preferred
+edges uh being created we only care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh being created we only care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges uh being created we only care
+about them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them being
+destroyed so do anything change well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so do anything change well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed so do anything change well
+there might have been a heavy Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might have been a heavy Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might have been a heavy Edge
+hanging off of here that possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if this yeah so this might turn light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this yeah so this might turn light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this yeah so this might turn light
+because this one became heavier so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one became heavier so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one became heavier so this
+Edge might become light which means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge might become light which means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge might become light which means we
+might have potentially lost this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have potentially lost this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have potentially lost this could
+have been preferred before well no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been preferred before well no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been preferred before well no it
+wasn't preferred so who cares if we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't preferred so who cares if we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't preferred so who cares if we've
+already done the axis is these edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done the axis is these edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done the axis is these edges are
+already not preferred so not a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already not preferred so not a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already not preferred so not a big deal
+so can anything happen I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can anything happen I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can anything happen I think
+not yeah some of the edges on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah some of the edges on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah some of the edges on the path
+might become heavy but we don't care cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might become heavy but we don't care cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might become heavy but we don't care cuz
+they are preferred some of the edges off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are preferred some of the edges off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are preferred some of the edges off
+the path might become light but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path might become light but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path might become light but we don't
+care cuz are not preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cuz are not preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cuz are not preferred
+done so this actually costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this actually costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so this actually costs
+zero in this and in just analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this and in just analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this and in just analyzing
+number of preferred child changes cut is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of preferred child changes cut is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of preferred child changes cut is
+not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so
+simple when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple when we do a
+cut uh we're lightning stuff we're uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut uh we're lightning stuff we're uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut uh we're lightning stuff we're uh V
+and all the path from the root to V in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the path from the root to V in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the path from the root to V in
+the represented tree that wiggly line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the represented tree that wiggly line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the represented tree that wiggly line up
+there becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there becomes
+lighter because we we cut off all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter because we we cut off all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter because we we cut off all that
+whole sub tree containing V uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sub tree containing V uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole sub tree containing V uh so we
+might create light preferred edges on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create light preferred edges on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might create light preferred edges on
+that path and that's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path and that's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path and that's something we
+actually want to count we count number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to count we count number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to count we count number
+of light preferred edges created but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light preferred edges created but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light preferred edges created but
+again they're all in a path so it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're all in a path so it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're all in a path so it's at
+most log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n those log and light preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n those log and light preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n those log and light preferred
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+created we don't care about edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created we don't care about edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created we don't care about edges
+hanging off that path because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off that path because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off that path because they're
+not preferred anymore so there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not preferred anymore so there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not preferred anymore so there's nothing
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+so that's it that proves mlog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that proves mlog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that proves mlog and
+preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child
+changes uh it's amortized because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh it's amortized because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh it's amortized because we're
+doing this creation destruction business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this creation destruction business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this creation destruction business
+if this thing is worst case log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing is worst case log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing is worst case log n
+operation this quantity but when you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this quantity but when you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this quantity but when you sum
+it up then you actually get a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up then you actually get a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up then you actually get a bounded
+number prefer child changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number prefer child changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number prefer child changes
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cool so if you plug that into this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so if you plug that into this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so if you plug that into this bound
+we get a log squ n bound big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but with a little bit more work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but with a little bit more work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but with a little bit more work we
+can actually get a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nbound for this we need to actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound for this we need to actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound for this we need to actually know
+a little bit about spat Tre analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about spat Tre analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about spat Tre analysis
+which I had didn't cover in lecture six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had didn't cover in lecture six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had didn't cover in lecture six
+I mean probably would have forgotten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean probably would have forgotten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean probably would have forgotten it
+by now anyway so let me give you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now anyway so let me give you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by now anyway so let me give you what
+little you need to know about spay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you need to know about spay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you need to know about spay
+analysis uh first I need to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh first I need to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh first I need to define a
+slight weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight weird
+quantity it's not it's kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's not it's kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's not it's kind of like the
+weight of a node there a capital W uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a node there a capital W uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a node there a capital W uh
+but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weird Okay this now we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Okay this now we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird Okay this now we're thinking about
+the tree of ox trees for the analysis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of ox trees for the analysis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of ox trees for the analysis we
+need that this is a tree of spay trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that this is a tree of spay trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that this is a tree of spay trees
+and what I'm looking at is in that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm looking at is in that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm looking at is in that tree
+of ox trees how many nodes are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ox trees how many nodes are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ox trees how many nodes are in the
+sub tree of V that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of V that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub tree of V that's what I'm going to
+call WV whereas size of V was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call WV whereas size of V was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call WV whereas size of V was thinking
+in the in the represented tree so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the represented tree so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the represented tree so it's
+totally different world here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different world here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally different world here we're
+thinking about the tree of ox trees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the tree of ox trees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the tree of ox trees so
+one way you can rewrite this count as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can rewrite this count as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way you can rewrite this count as as
+the sum of all nodes W in the ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all nodes W in the ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all nodes W in the ox
+tree uh containing V this is weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh containing V this is weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree uh containing V this is weird
+notation but look at all the other nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but look at all the other nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but look at all the other nodes
+in the ox tree uh is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ox tree uh is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ox tree uh is that right
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I should say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I should say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I should say um
+W in the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tree in these Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree in these Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree in these Ox
+tree this is awkward to say but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is awkward to say but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is awkward to say but what I
+mean is there's an ox tree containing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is there's an ox tree containing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is there's an ox tree containing a
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+V and I want to look in that sub tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and I want to look in that sub tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and I want to look in that sub tree
+all nodes W just within the ox tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes W just within the ox tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes W just within the ox tree
+though and for all those nodes I take 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and for all those nodes I take 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and for all those nodes I take 1
+plus the size of ox trees hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so total number of nodes and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so total number of nodes and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so total number of nodes and when I
+say hanging off I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hanging off I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hanging off I mean
+uh via path parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via path parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh via path parent
+pointers so down here there are trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so down here there are trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers so down here there are trees
+add up all their sizes total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all their sizes total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up all their sizes total number of
+nodes in them add one for w itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in them add one for w itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in them add one for w itself
+that's another way of writing this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of writing this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another way of writing this uh
+I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention
+that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this
+part is what's normally considered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is what's normally considered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is what's normally considered in
+spay trees this is a bonus thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spay trees this is a bonus thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spay trees this is a bonus thing that
+basically doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doesn't
+matter I'll justify that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I'll justify that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I'll justify that in a
+second so we Define a potential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we Define a potential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we Define a potential function
+for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our
+amortization Fe which which is sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization Fe which which is sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortization Fe which which is sum over
+all nodes V of log this quantity w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes V of log this quantity w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all nodes V of log this quantity w
+v this thing so just think think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v this thing so just think think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v this thing so just think think of this
+as an abstract quantity which for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an abstract quantity which for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an abstract quantity which for every
+node it has some number associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it has some number associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it has some number associated with
+it SP trees allow you to assign an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it SP trees allow you to assign an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it SP trees allow you to assign an
+arbitrary weight to every node use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary weight to every node use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary weight to every node use this
+potential function and prove a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function and prove a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function and prove a bound
+which is called the access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lama that access Lama is it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama that access Lama is it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lama that access Lama is it says is that
+for this potential function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this potential function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this potential function the
+amortized cost of doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation of SP of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is at
+most 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most 3
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log
+W of root of V's Ox tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+log v w of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v w of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log v w of
+V +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V +
+one uh okay so this is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh okay so this is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh okay so this is something called
+the access llama it's used to prove for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access llama it's used to prove for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the access llama it's used to prove for
+example that play trees have login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that play trees have login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that play trees have login
+performance advertised it's also used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance advertised it's also used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance advertised it's also used to
+prove that they have working set bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that they have working set bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that they have working set bound
+uh which you may recall from lecture six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you may recall from lecture six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you may recall from lecture six
+uh but we never actually mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we never actually mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we never actually mentioned the
+access Lama it's a tool it's an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access Lama it's a tool it's an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access Lama it's a tool it's an analysis
+tool um it you get to define the no mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um it you get to define the no mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um it you get to define the no mat
+this works no matter how the W's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works no matter how the W's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works no matter how the W's are
+defined uh and remember we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh and remember we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh and remember we're thinking
+of spaying just within a single Ox tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaying just within a single Ox tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spaying just within a single Ox tree
+so these the size of the ox trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these the size of the ox trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these the size of the ox trees
+hanging off don't change during a SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off don't change during a SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging off don't change during a SP
+they just come along for the ride so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just come along for the ride so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just come along for the ride so uh
+this analysis the old analysis of spay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis the old analysis of spay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis the old analysis of spay
+trees I haven't proved this LMA to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I haven't proved this LMA to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees I haven't proved this LMA to you
+but uh still applies in this setting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh still applies in this setting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh still applies in this setting and
+given my lack of time I will just say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given my lack of time I will just say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given my lack of time I will just say in
+words the way you prove this LMA is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the way you prove this LMA is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the way you prove this LMA is very
+simple you do you analyze each operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you do you analyze each operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you do you analyze each operation
+of display separately there's a zig Zig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of display separately there's a zig Zig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of display separately there's a zig Zig
+case and a zigzag case um and you argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and a zigzag case um and you argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and a zigzag case um and you argue
+that every time you do such an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time you do such an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time you do such an operation
+you pay three * log of w of V after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay three * log of w of V after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay three * log of w of V after the
+operation minus log of w v before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation minus log of w v before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation minus log of w v before the
+operation so you just see how WV changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so you just see how WV changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so you just see how WV changes
+when it goes up after you do display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes up after you do display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes up after you do display
+operation and it turns out so most three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and it turns out so most three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and it turns out so most three
+times log of that it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log of that it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log of that it has to do with
+concavity of log and other just basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity of log and other just basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity of log and other just basic
+checking once you have that um you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking once you have that um you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking once you have that um you get a
+telescoping sum each operation is log W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum each operation is log W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping sum each operation is log W
+new minus log W old those cancel in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new minus log W old those cancel in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new minus log W old those cancel in turn
+until you get the final log W of V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the final log W of V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get the final log W of V minus
+the original log w v the final log w v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original log w v the final log w v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original log w v the final log w v
+is whatever I mean V becomes the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever I mean V becomes the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever I mean V becomes the root
+and so it has everybody below it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has everybody below it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has everybody below it so
+that's the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the axis
+LMA um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA um so
+assuming the access Lama I want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the access Lama I want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the access Lama I want to prove
+to you a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a log
+nbound uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbound uh maybe
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay uh another thing to note when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh another thing to note when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh another thing to note when
+we change preferred children it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change preferred children it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change preferred children it does not
+affect w w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect w w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect w w is
+defined uh on the tree of ox trees so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh on the tree of ox trees so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined uh on the tree of ox trees so if
+you turn a path parent pointer into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn a path parent pointer into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn a path parent pointer into a
+regular parent pointer or vice versa it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular parent pointer or vice versa it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular parent pointer or vice versa it
+doesn't care it looks the same from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care it looks the same from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care it looks the same from the
+Tree of ox tre's perspective all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree of ox tre's perspective all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tree of ox tre's perspective all that
+changes all that matters is when you dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes all that matters is when you dos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes all that matters is when you dos
+this stuff happens but theplay analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff happens but theplay analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff happens but theplay analysis
+tells us how spays behave so we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how spays behave so we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how spays behave so we're kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+good uh if you look at what we did over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh if you look at what we did over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh if you look at what we did over
+here when we we sped V then we sped W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we we sped V then we sped W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we we sped V then we sped W
+then we uh did a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh did a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we uh did a little bit of
+manipulation which doesn't matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation which doesn't matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation which doesn't matter in
+this analysis and then we sped V one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis and then we sped V one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis and then we sped V one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+time how much does that cost according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how much does that cost according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how much does that cost according
+to the access Lama it's basically going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the access Lama it's basically going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the access Lama it's basically going
+to cost you order log W of little W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost you order log W of little W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost you order log W of little W
+minus log W of V +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log W of V +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log W of V +
+1 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh
+because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I
+well is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is it
+clear uh when we do the first play of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh when we do the first play of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh when we do the first play of V
+going up to the root that costs log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the root that costs log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the root that costs log of
+of w of the whole tree containing V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of the whole tree containing V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of the whole tree containing V
+minus log of w of V but if you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of w of V but if you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus log of w of V but if you just look
+at log I mean w is higher than the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at log I mean w is higher than the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at log I mean w is higher than the root
+of V so uh if we take log of w of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V so uh if we take log of w of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V so uh if we take log of w of this
+whole of the whole thing from W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the whole thing from W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole of the whole thing from W
+downwards minus log uh w v that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards minus log uh w v that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards minus log uh w v that includes
+the cost that we did for the initial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost that we did for the initial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost that we did for the initial of
+V then uh when we W well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V then uh when we W well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V then uh when we W well that's
+basically the same thing but the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing but the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same thing but the next
+level up so if you look at log a w log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up so if you look at log a w log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up so if you look at log a w log
+of w of w minus log of w of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of w minus log of w of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of w of w minus log of w of the next
+level up uh that's what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up uh that's what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level up uh that's what it's going to
+cost toplay w toplay v again we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost toplay w toplay v again we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost toplay w toplay v again we again
+cost this bound the point is we sum this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost this bound the point is we sum this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost this bound the point is we sum this
+up over all the v's that where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over all the v's that where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over all the v's that where we have
+over all the preferred child changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the preferred child changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the preferred child changes and
+what we get is a telescoping scum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is a telescoping scum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get is a telescoping scum
+again same as in theplay analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again same as in theplay analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again same as in theplay analysis
+so we end up with order log W of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with order log W of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with order log W of
+everything which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything which
+n um minus I guess log of w of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um minus I guess log of w of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um minus I guess log of w of the
+original V but we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V but we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original V but we don't really care
+about that plus uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that plus uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that plus uh the number of
+preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes and now we're golden because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and now we're golden because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and now we're golden because
+before the obvious bound was number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the obvious bound was number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the obvious bound was number
+preferred child changes Times log n now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child changes Times log n now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred child changes Times log n now
+it's number of preferred child changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's number of preferred child changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's number of preferred child changes
+plus log n for an entire AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus log n for an entire AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus log n for an entire AIS
+and so we pay log n here we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we pay log n here we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we pay log n here we already know
+the amorti number preferred child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorti number preferred child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorti number preferred child
+changes is log n per operation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is log n per operation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is log n per operation so
+overall the amortise cost per operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the amortise cost per operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the amortise cost per operation
+is log n and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log n and we're
+done so I'll just mention the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I'll just mention the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I'll just mention the worst case
+version of Link cut trees instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Link cut trees instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Link cut trees instead of the
+amortized playay based version actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized playay based version actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amortized playay based version actually
+use they actually store the heavy light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use they actually store the heavy light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use they actually store the heavy light
+decomposition it's they don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition it's they don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition it's they don't use
+preferred path decomposition at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path decomposition at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred path decomposition at all
+which makes all the algorithms messy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes all the algorithms messy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes all the algorithms messy um
+but you can just maintain the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can just maintain the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can just maintain the heavy
+Lighty composition dynamically as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighty composition dynamically as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighty composition dynamically as the
+tree is changing and then uh you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is changing and then uh you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is changing and then uh you use a
+kind of weight balance trees like we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weight balance trees like we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weight balance trees like we saw
+in the strings lecture where if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the strings lecture where if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the strings lecture where if you you
+store nodes the depth of a node is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store nodes the depth of a node is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store nodes the depth of a node is sort
+of related to log of its size uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to log of its size uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of related to log of its size uh or
+inversely related I guess so you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely related I guess so you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely related I guess so you try to
+put all the heavy things near the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the heavy things near the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the heavy things near the root
+because they're more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're more likely to be
+accessed and then you guarantee that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed and then you guarantee that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed and then you guarantee that the
+overall tree of ox trees has lend depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall tree of ox trees has lend depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall tree of ox trees has lend depth
+by skewing each of the of the ox trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by skewing each of the of the ox trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by skewing each of the of the ox trees
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+match so it can be done but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so it can be done but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match so it can be done but all the
+operations are Messier because you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are Messier because you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations are Messier because you no
+longer have the convenience of preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have the convenience of preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have the convenience of preferred
+paths to make it easy to link and cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to make it easy to link and cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths to make it easy to link and cut
+things that's it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Xpqcsa3RVTU.txt b/Xpqcsa3RVTU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e0cfc6c93db432c0ea6ae26cee46d40ee6c3915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Xpqcsa3RVTU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so last time we were
+talking about the massive pacov form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the massive pacov form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the massive pacov form
+factor we're going to continue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor we're going to continue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor we're going to continue that
+discussion today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today
+and we saw that in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that in order to do this
+calculation we needed to have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we needed to have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we needed to have additional
+regulator besides dimensional regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator besides dimensional regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator besides dimensional regular
+regularization this was an example in2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization this was an example in2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization this was an example in2
+where we had these rapidity divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had these rapidity divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had these rapidity divergences
+and so there was this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was this additional
+regulator that led to these one over8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator that led to these one over8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator that led to these one over8
+poles in our answer and these logs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in our answer and these logs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles in our answer and these logs of
+new as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and we said that if you stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we said that if you stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we said that if you stare at
+these results that you could see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results that you could see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results that you could see where
+you would need to take those scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to take those scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to take those scale
+parameters and in order to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and in order to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and in order to minimize
+these logarithms and it is such that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logarithms and it is such that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these logarithms and it is such that in
+the cinear diagrams you need to take new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinear diagrams you need to take new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cinear diagrams you need to take new
+of order P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus and P minus is the hard scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and P minus is the hard scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and P minus is the hard scale and
+you want mu of order M which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want mu of order M which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want mu of order M which is the
+scale of the hyperbola and in the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the hyperbola and in the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the hyperbola and in the soft
+you want new and mu to be the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want new and mu to be the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want new and mu to be the same size
+and then both of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am
+so what we'll do in a minute is we'll so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll do in a minute is we'll so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we'll do in a minute is we'll so
+you can imagine what happens next you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what happens next you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what happens next you
+add some counter terms remove these one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some counter terms remove these one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some counter terms remove these one
+over Epsilon poles and one over roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles and one over roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles and one over roles
+you're left with something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with something that's a
+finite result that's a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite result that's a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite result that's a function of the
+cut offs and you put things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut offs and you put things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut offs and you put things together
+when you put things together the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put things together the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put things together the cut
+offs should cancel out of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs should cancel out of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs should cancel out of the physical
+observable which here was the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor so the form of the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so the form of the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so the form of the factorization
+theorem for this so you have some hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for this so you have some hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for this so you have some hard
+function is just the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient some cinear function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some cinear function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some cinear function which
+I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CN CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and then some soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and so it's the usual story in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so it's the usual story in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so it's the usual story in
+some sense but we have this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense but we have this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense but we have this additional
+dependence on a parameter new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on a parameter new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on a parameter new
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+mu okay so this same statements I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so this same statements I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so this same statements I was
+making up there are kind of encoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up there are kind of encoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up there are kind of encoding the
+arguments you want mu to be of order M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you want mu to be of order M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments you want mu to be of order M
+you want new to be of order Q new to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want new to be of order Q new to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want new to be of order Q new to be
+of order M new of order Q me to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M new of order Q me to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M new of order Q me to be of
+order M and new to be order me which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order M and new to be order me which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order M and new to be order me which is
+of order M so I could have written new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M so I could have written new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M so I could have written new
+over M here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M here as
+well okay and then there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay and then there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay and then there's also some
+hard factor that really lives at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard factor that really lives at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard factor that really lives at the
+Hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hard
+scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+two cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters so what we'll have therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so what we'll have therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so what we'll have therefore
+is we'll have a renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll have a renormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'll have a renormalization group
+for these objects in a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these objects in a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these objects in a two-dimensional
+space mu and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll need both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll need both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll need both of
+those to sum the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithms so just having normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so just having normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms so just having normalization
+group in mu will not be enough to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in mu will not be enough to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in mu will not be enough to sum
+the large logarithms in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's even before we so we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's even before we so we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's even before we so we'll go
+through it and we'll write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and we'll write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and we'll write down an
+almost dimensions in a minute but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost dimensions in a minute but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost dimensions in a minute but even
+before we do that let's just picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that let's just picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that let's just picture
+what we want from those from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want from those from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want from those from the
+running so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so
+here's a two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a two-dimensional
+space where we want to do that running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where we want to do that running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space where we want to do that running
+so let's put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's put
+mu on this axis and new on this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu on this axis and new on this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu on this axis and new on this axis
+break out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+color so we have some hard degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so we have some hard degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so we have some hard degrees of
+freom that we're integrating out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freom that we're integrating out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freom that we're integrating out right
+but they live somewhere in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they live somewhere in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they live somewhere in this picture
+so let's say here we have mu of order Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say here we have mu of order Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say here we have mu of order Q
+the hard degrees of freedom as I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard degrees of freedom as I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard degrees of freedom as I wrote
+over here they don't depend on new we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they don't depend on new we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here they don't depend on new we
+talked about that last time in one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time in one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that last time in one way
+of seeing it is new is just a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing it is new is just a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seeing it is new is just a parameter
+that distinguishes Mo modes within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes Mo modes within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distinguishes Mo modes within the
+effective Theory it's a regulator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory it's a regulator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory it's a regulator that
+was needed to distinguish soft from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was needed to distinguish soft from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was needed to distinguish soft from
+colinear but it if you added up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear but it if you added up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear but it if you added up these
+contributions the new dependence and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions the new dependence and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions the new dependence and the
+one over8 is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over8 is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over8 is all
+cancel so the hard degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so the hard degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so the hard degrees of freedom
+only depend on mu and Q and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on mu and Q and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depend on mu and Q and so they
+don't care about new so we could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about new so we could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about new so we could draw
+them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as a
+line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it's
+hard they don't live localized in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they don't live localized in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard they don't live localized in this
+space but the other modes we could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the other modes we could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the other modes we could put a
+dot associated with each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot associated with each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot associated with each one of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so new of order M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so new of order M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so new of order M
+here we equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+= Q so that then we need to have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Q so that then we need to have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= Q so that then we need to have a low
+energy mu scale mual M so the soft modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mu scale mual M so the soft modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy mu scale mual M so the soft modes
+are going to live at mual M mual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M and then the cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then the cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and then the cinear
+modes going to live over here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes going to live over here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes going to live over here and the
+way we've set up our calculation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we've set up our calculation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we've set up our calculation we
+didn't we sort of had one cut off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we sort of had one cut off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we sort of had one cut off for
+both the CN and CN bar so they both live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the CN and CN bar so they both live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the CN and CN bar so they both live
+at the same point it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same point it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same point it could have been
+more fancy but that suffices for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy but that suffices for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fancy but that suffices for doing
+the calculations here so they both live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations here so they both live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations here so they both live
+at new equals Q we basically had an we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at new equals Q we basically had an we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at new equals Q we basically had an we
+didn't care about whether it was P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about whether it was P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care about whether it was P minus
+or p+ we regulated them both with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or p+ we regulated them both with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or p+ we regulated them both with
+new okay so to do the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay so to do the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new okay so to do the normalization
+group this is where the modes want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group this is where the modes want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group this is where the modes want to
+live but we need to connect them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live but we need to connect them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live but we need to connect them because
+in this formula they all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula they all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula they all have the same
+mu and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and new
+so the general thing that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general thing that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general thing that you could
+imagine is that there's some point mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that there's some point mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is that there's some point mu
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+new in this space right and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in this space right and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new in this space right and that you
+write down this formula there but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this formula there but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this formula there but then
+everybody has large logs because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has large logs because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has large logs because you're
+not at the right point and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the right point and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the right point and so you have
+to do a normalization group Evolution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a normalization group Evolution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a normalization group Evolution to
+that point so the most General thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so the most General thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so the most General thing
+that you could think of would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could think of would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could think of would be that
+there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a re normalization group of the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a re normalization group of the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a re normalization group of the hard
+function down to that point and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down to that point and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down to that point and that's
+just the whole line moves down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the whole line moves down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the whole line moves down
+so this would be some Evolution kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be some Evolution kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be some Evolution kernel
+uh that would run from some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would run from some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would run from some initial
+condition which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition which I'll call
+MU call this mu equals mu H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU call this mu equals mu H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU call this mu equals mu H
+and call this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+muite call this guy new light call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite call this guy new light call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite call this guy new light call this
+guy new heavy just have some names for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy new heavy just have some names for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy new heavy just have some names for
+them and then these guys here would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then these guys here would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then these guys here would have
+running in two dimensions and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in two dimensions and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in two dimensions and you have
+to take a path from this point to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a path from this point to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a path from this point to that
+point and so here's a simp path just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so here's a simp path just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so here's a simp path just go
+over and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and then
+up just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up just go
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+up and there'd be an evolution kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there'd be an evolution kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and there'd be an evolution kernel
+associated with each one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of these things
+so this mu one be some kernel mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mu one be some kernel mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mu one be some kernel mu
+n that would run from muite to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that would run from muite to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that would run from muite to some
+mu and then it's at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and this guy here would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this guy here would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and this guy here would be some
+other Evol Evolution kernel which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Evol Evolution kernel which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Evol Evolution kernel which I'll
+call V CU it's running in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V CU it's running in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call V CU it's running in new
+space so some colinear Evolution kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so some colinear Evolution kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so some colinear Evolution kernel
+that's running in new from some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running in new from some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's running in new from some new
+heavy down to new and it's at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+muite and then there would likewise be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite and then there would likewise be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite and then there would likewise be
+kernels on this side there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels on this side there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels on this side there would be a
+Ms and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vs okay so that would be the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay so that would be the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs okay so that would be the sort of
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+thing that you could M possibly imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you could M possibly imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you could M possibly imagine
+now this the choice of this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this the choice of this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this the choice of this point is
+arbitrary and you know that effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary and you know that effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary and you know that effectively
+that there's consistency in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's consistency in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's consistency in the sense
+that you can move that point around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can move that point around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can move that point around and
+nothing changes right so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes right so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes right so you can use
+your freedom to pick this point to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your freedom to pick this point to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your freedom to pick this point to make
+your life as simple as possible if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life as simple as possible if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life as simple as possible if you
+pick it up here at the Hard scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up here at the Hard scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it up here at the Hard scale you
+don't have to do any uh running if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do any uh running if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do any uh running if you
+pick it over here at the clinar scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it over here at the clinar scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it over here at the clinar scale
+then you don't have to do the clinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have to do the clinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have to do the clinar
+running so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so we can do
+that to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's again just the freedom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again just the freedom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again just the freedom the
+usual simple freedom of either either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual simple freedom of either either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual simple freedom of either either
+running the coefficients or running The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the coefficients or running The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the coefficients or running The
+Operators and it's just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators and it's just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators and it's just a little more
+complicated that that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated that that's what this
+freedom to move this point around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so this is like running coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is like running coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is like running coefficients
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators it's just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators it's just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators it's just a little more
+complicated because we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because we have these two
+cut offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just pick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example mu
+new to be mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be mu
+light and new heavy so that's putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and new heavy so that's putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and new heavy so that's putting it
+over here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here at
+the Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Orange
+Point then you would just have Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point then you would just have Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point then you would just have Evolution
+kernels you would only the sauce would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels you would only the sauce would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels you would only the sauce would
+just have to run all the way over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to run all the way over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to run all the way over there
+so you wouldn't need us either so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't need us either so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you wouldn't need us either so you
+would just need new s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vs you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs you have
+VSS and VSS would run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VSS and VSS would run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VSS and VSS would run
+from starting at new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from starting at new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from starting at new
+light over to new heavy so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light over to new heavy so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light over to new heavy so this is the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition this is the final and it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition this is the final and it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition this is the final and it's at
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+M and then you'd have a running from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+muite from mu heavy okay so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite from mu heavy okay so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muite from mu heavy okay so then you
+just have these two Evolution kernels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these two Evolution kernels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have these two Evolution kernels so
+it' be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be pretty
+simple so there's a consistency of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's a consistency of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple so there's a consistency of both
+moving around in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around in the new
+space when I move this point around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when I move this point around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when I move this point around
+there's a cancellation between VN and vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cancellation between VN and vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a cancellation between VN and vs
+and there's also a cancellation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a cancellation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a cancellation between
+the three u's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's also in this thing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also in this thing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's also in this thing there's a
+path independent so I drew a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent so I drew a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path independent so I drew a particular
+path where I went like that I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path where I went like that I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path where I went like that I could have
+drawn another path I could have gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn another path I could have gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn another path I could have gone up
+first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then
+over and because the parameters new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and because the parameters new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and because the parameters new and
+mu are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu are independent
+parameters the choice of the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the choice of the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the choice of the path
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter we'll see that from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we'll see that from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we'll see that from our
+calculations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations as
+well in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a
+minute when I write down the anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions but this is just following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but this is just following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but this is just following
+from the fact that they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that they're independent
+parameters and effectively what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and effectively what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and effectively what that
+means is if you think about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you think about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you think about taking
+derivatives you can switch the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you can switch the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives you can switch the order of
+the integration of the derivatives so mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of the derivatives so mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of the derivatives so mu
+d byd new and new d byd new is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d byd new and new d byd new is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d byd new and new d byd new is the same
+as new d by new mu D byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as new d by new mu D byd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as new d by new mu D byd
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+okay there are examples of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are examples of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are examples of effective
+field theories where you would set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theories where you would set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theories where you would set up
+coff parameters and this wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coff parameters and this wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coff parameters and this wouldn't be
+true you'd think maybe you have two c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you'd think maybe you have two c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you'd think maybe you have two c
+offs but actually you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs but actually you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offs but actually you only have one
+there's an example of this in in our qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of this in in our qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of this in in our qcd
+where if you draw try to draw things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you draw try to draw things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you draw try to draw things in
+two Dimensions you find out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions you find out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions you find out that there's
+really only one path that the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one path that the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only one path that the effective
+Theory picks out but in this case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory picks out but in this case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory picks out but in this case there
+really are two cut cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are two cut cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are two cut cut off
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+okay so let's do that in detail by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that in detail by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that in detail by going
+back over here to these formulas writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over here to these formulas writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back over here to these formulas writing
+down the counter terms deriving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the counter terms deriving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the counter terms deriving from
+those counter terms of Nal dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those counter terms of Nal dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those counter terms of Nal dimensions
+and then we can see how you would derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can see how you would derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can see how you would derive
+these Evolution kernels in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Evolution kernels in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Evolution kernels in this picture
+yeah can you comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on why sort of this works even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why sort of this works even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why sort of this works even though
+the the MU and the new and the sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the MU and the new and the sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the MU and the new and the sectors
+aren't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't like
+factorizing um like for example why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizing um like for example why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizing um like for example why
+couldn't I just WR off the bat from of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't I just WR off the bat from of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't I just WR off the bat from of
+regulators never have a factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators never have a factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulators never have a factorization
+theor but run in different scales like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theor but run in different scales like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theor but run in different scales like
+this seems like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like sort of
+too easy yeah it seems too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy yeah it seems too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too easy yeah it seems too
+easy uh it's really because if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh it's really because if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh it's really because if you like
+that the there's a certain you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's a certain you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the there's a certain you know if
+you think about renormalization theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about renormalization theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about renormalization theorems
+which we know much better for Mew than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know much better for Mew than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know much better for Mew than
+there's not really that much known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really that much known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really that much known for
+new there is kind of a renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new there is kind of a renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new there is kind of a renormalization
+theorem here that that is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here that that is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here that that is related to the
+fact that this Divergence is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this Divergence is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this Divergence is really
+related to that icon propagator that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that icon propagator that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that icon propagator that we
+had and even when you go to higher Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and even when you go to higher Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and even when you go to higher Loop
+orders there's a certain universality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders there's a certain universality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders there's a certain universality to
+that propagator that's making this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that propagator that's making this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that propagator that's making this whole
+thing work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing work
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+yeah I think it it's a you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it it's a you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think it it's a you know this is
+a relatively new thing and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively new thing and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively new thing and I think it
+hasn't really fully been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really fully been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't really fully been
+explored so there's probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored so there's probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored so there's probably some
+interesting work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right so let's do it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so let's do it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so let's do it and see
+what counter terms we get and how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counter terms we get and how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counter terms we get and how things
+work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to do the standard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do the standard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to do the standard thing
+think about renormalizing the objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about renormalizing the objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about renormalizing the objects so
+we'll have bare objects and renormalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects each one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects each one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects each one of these guys
+corresponded to a single cinear field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to a single cinear field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded to a single cinear field so
+there's some wave function r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some wave function r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some wave function r
+normalization factor and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization factor and then there's
+some ver vertex there's some R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ver vertex there's some R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ver vertex there's some R
+normalization for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for the
+operator and together those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and together those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and together those two things
+will take us from the bare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take us from the bare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take us from the bare to the
+renormalized and likewise for a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized and likewise for a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized and likewise for a soft
+soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy and this case there's no we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and this case there's no we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and this case there's no we just
+have Wilson lines so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Wilson lines so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Wilson lines so there's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+just a renormalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a renormalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a renormalization of the
+object and this guy here it's the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this guy here it's the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this guy here it's the usual
+wave function normalization which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function normalization which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function normalization which is the
+same in fct for a cinear particle as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in fct for a cinear particle as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in fct for a cinear particle as it
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+qcd so just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+record there's a one over Epsilon coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record there's a one over Epsilon coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record there's a one over Epsilon coming
+from that that'll modify our this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that'll modify our this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that'll modify our this one
+over two Epsilon here let me put put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two Epsilon here let me put put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two Epsilon here let me put put it
+together for the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the Z
+factors so what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so what a
+disease by taking those graphs and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease by taking those graphs and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease by taking those graphs and these
+formulas find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following think I dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something there was this pesky factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there was this pesky factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there was this pesky factor of
+w squ that we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time but we'll need it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation so we simply just subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so we simply just subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so we simply just subtract
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+poles minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subtraction so I'm always going to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so I'm always going to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtraction so I'm always going to only
+just write z n because ZN bar is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write z n because ZN bar is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write z n because ZN bar is really
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same we set up our kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we set up our kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we set up our kinematic
+symmetrically so it's really there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference between z n and ZM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar so there's a minus sign plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there comes a 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes a 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there comes a 38
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are the counter terms that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get um yes I did thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you and we get the anomalous Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we get the anomalous Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we get the anomalous Dimensions
+again just by demanding the usual thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just by demanding the usual thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just by demanding the usual thing
+that the bare objects don't depend on mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bare objects don't depend on mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bare objects don't depend on mu
+and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can do that separately in the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that separately in the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that separately in the MU
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new so if you like actually a bit kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so if you like actually a bit kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so if you like actually a bit kind
+of along the lines of your question Ilia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of along the lines of your question Ilia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of along the lines of your question Ilia
+the there's an assumption built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's an assumption built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's an assumption built into
+this the way we wrote this right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the way we wrote this right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the way we wrote this right I've
+kept the full Epsilon dependence in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the full Epsilon dependence in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the full Epsilon dependence in my
+one over a pole and that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a pole and that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a pole and that's related to
+saying that I could really think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I could really think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I could really think of
+doing all the ad normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the ad normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the ad normalization
+first and then think about doing Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then think about doing Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then think about doing Epsilon
+second so the kind of we've built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the kind of we've built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the kind of we've built
+something into this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into this that's
+non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you mean that the order being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mean that the order being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you mean that the order being like
+that you can do the one RG before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the one RG before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do the one RG before the
+other yeah oh that the order doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah oh that the order doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah oh that the order doesn't
+matter yeah that seems like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah that seems like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah that seems like something
+that you get from a factored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from a factored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from a factored
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+yeah it kind of is factorized but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it kind of is factorized but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it kind of is factorized but it's
+hidden right because we are saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden right because we are saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden right because we are saying that
+this is kind of a multiplicative thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a multiplicative thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a multiplicative thing
+on that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that whole
+thing and that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that's the kind of
+factorization although it looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization although it looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization although it looks kind of
+like a non-f factorized thing so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a non-f factorized thing so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a non-f factorized thing so let's
+talk about mu anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mu anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about mu anomalous
+dimensions and you'll see that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and you'll see that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and you'll see that in order
+for this to be true you also don't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to be true you also don't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this to be true you also don't it's
+not the case that you know your mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that you know your mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case that you know your mu
+anomalous Dimension needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Dimension needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Dimension needs to be
+independent of new for example so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of new for example so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of new for example so that's
+kind of it looks like it's not factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it looks like it's not factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of it looks like it's not factoring
+but magically it is in the sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magically it is in the sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but magically it is in the sense of this
+path Independence so what is gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path Independence so what is gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path Independence so what is gamma mu
+for the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the soft
+function so we just say that mu D byd mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we just say that mu D byd mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we just say that mu D byd mu
+on bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bare
+things Zer is so is New D byd new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Zer is so is New D byd new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Zer is so is New D byd new so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the way that this works and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that this works and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that this works and that gives
+us this kind of standard formulas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this kind of standard formulas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this kind of standard formulas that
+we're used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're used
+to for the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the anomalous
+Dimensions so Zs inverse mu byd mu of Zs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so Zs inverse mu byd mu of Zs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so Zs inverse mu byd mu of Zs
+with the appropriate sign is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the appropriate sign is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the appropriate sign is the
+anomalous dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimension in
+mu that comes from this equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu that comes from this equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu that comes from this equation for
+soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft
+function so if we look at that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we look at that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we look at that and we
+work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so if you look at this term it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this term it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this term it actually
+doesn't contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute
+because in this term Alphas s of mu * mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this term Alphas s of mu * mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this term Alphas s of mu * mu
+2 Epsilon is Mu independent so that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Epsilon is Mu independent so that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Epsilon is Mu independent so that term
+has no contribution to the MU anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no contribution to the MU anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no contribution to the MU anomalous
+Dimension and then this term does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then this term does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and then this term does
+contribute and there's a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute and there's a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute and there's a contribution
+from this term where you differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term where you differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this term where you differentiate
+the alpha you get a 1 over two Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha you get a 1 over two Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha you get a 1 over two Epsilon
+you differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy uh and there's a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh and there's a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh and there's a if you
+differentiate the explicit log mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the explicit log mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the explicit log mu
+there's also a one over Epsilon those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a one over Epsilon those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a one over Epsilon those
+one of epsilons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of epsilons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of epsilons
+cancel okay so there's no contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay so there's no contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay so there's no contribution
+from this guy there's no contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this guy there's no contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this guy there's no contribution
+from differentiating the alpha in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from differentiating the alpha in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from differentiating the alpha in this
+guy or the explicit log in this guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy or the explicit log in this guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy or the explicit log in this guy so
+the only contribution is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only contribution is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only contribution is taking the
+alpha differentiating it getting a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha differentiating it getting a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha differentiating it getting a two
+Epsilon and multiplying that one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and multiplying that one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and multiplying that one over
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the sign switches and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and I set W to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I set W to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I set W to one
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+W were normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so likewise for the other case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so likewise for the other case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so likewise for the other case for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is actually the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and what this gives if you solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and what this gives if you solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and what this gives if you solve the
+anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous Dimension
+equation so the anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the anomalous Dimension
+equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are
+like with my sign convention like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc so you would solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so you would solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so you would solve those
+equations and those equations would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and those equations would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and those equations would give
+you the kernels USU and un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and it's a simple multiplicative rge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it's a simple multiplicative rge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it's a simple multiplicative rge
+so you just this is MDB mu of log s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just this is MDB mu of log s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just this is MDB mu of log s and
+you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just
+integrate the way we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the way we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the way we've done
+before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistency say say that you could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency say say that you could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency say say that you could run
+this in this picture either way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this picture either way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this picture either way and that
+is a relation between the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relation between the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relation between the anomalous
+Dimensions there's also an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there's also an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions there's also an almost
+dimension for the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension for the hard
+function and if we add them all up we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we add them all up we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and if we add them all up we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+zero we pick the sign conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we pick the sign conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we pick the sign conventions
+accordingly so you could write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly so you could write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly so you could write the
+relation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and so you can calculate the gamma H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so you can calculate the gamma H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and so you can calculate the gamma H
+by knowing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing these
+three gamma for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gamma for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gamma for
+the hard function or you could calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard function or you could calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard function or you could calculate
+it by the counter term for the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and as expected it only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and as expected it only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and as expected it only depends
+on a log of mu over Q there's no news in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so that's the muom dimension it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the muom dimension it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the muom dimension it
+works as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works as usual
+and the interesting thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interesting thing is that
+there's also a new anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a new anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a new anomalous Dimension
+because the bare functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bare functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bare functions are
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the same type of formula we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same type of formula we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same type of formula we just
+have new d by new instead of mu D byd mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new d by new instead of mu D byd mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have new d by new instead of mu D byd mu
+there's no new dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new dependence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no new dependence in the
+coupling Alpha but there is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Alpha but there is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling Alpha but there is a new
+dependence in this W when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in this W when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in this W when you
+differentiate the W you get an ADA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the W you get an ADA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the W you get an ADA and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+where that's where the basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's where the basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's where the basically the
+contribution is coming from so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is coming from so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is coming from so what
+happens is you differentiate the W that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you differentiate the W that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you differentiate the W that
+kills this Ada but then it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this Ada but then it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kills this Ada but then it looks like
+your result would have a one over epon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your result would have a one over epon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your result would have a one over epon
+pole but you also have to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole but you also have to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole but you also have to differentiate
+explicitly this new here again that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this new here again that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly this new here again that has
+a one over Epsilon pole so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over Epsilon pole so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one over Epsilon pole so those two
+cancel once you take the Epsilon goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel once you take the Epsilon goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel once you take the Epsilon goes to
+zero limit they cancel and you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero limit they cancel and you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero limit they cancel and you're just
+left with a finite and almost Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a finite and almost Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a finite and almost Dimension
+so when here I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when here I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when here I'm always
+sending Epsilon to zero and Ada goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending Epsilon to zero and Ada goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending Epsilon to zero and Ada goes
+goes to zero and that's what sets W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and that's what sets W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero and that's what sets W to
+the to to one and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to one and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to one and stuff like
+that okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this
+guy so ders cancels cancellations of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so ders cancels cancellations of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so ders cancels cancellations of one
+over Epsilon poles to get those results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles to get those results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles to get those results
+and there's also cancellations of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also cancellations of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also cancellations of one
+over Epsilon poles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epsilon poles to
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+and equations like new new of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations like new new of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations like new new of
+s is gamma new SS would give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kernel vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc okay so there's the explicit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so there's the explicit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc okay so there's the explicit and
+almost Dimensions let me keep that pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up so if you ask what path Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you ask what path Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you ask what path Independence
+means you could say path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you could say path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you could say path
+Independence could be phrased by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence could be phrased by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence could be phrased by the
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+that I could take Z inverse and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could take Z inverse and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could take Z inverse and I could
+take a commutator of derivatives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a commutator of derivatives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a commutator of derivatives right
+because I'm saying that either order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm saying that either order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm saying that either order
+should give the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if either order gives the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if either order gives the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if either order gives the same
+result that must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that must be
+zero and what this formula says at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what this formula says at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and what this formula says at the
+order that we're working is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take MD byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take MD byd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take MD byd
+mu of some say new anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of some say new anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of some say new anomalous Dimension
+and that should be equal to New D byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should be equal to New D byd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should be equal to New D byd
+new of the MU anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new of the MU anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new of the MU anomalous
+Dimension that there's a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that there's a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension that there's a connection
+between the two things and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two things and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two things and if you look
+at the factors and I if I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the factors and I if I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the factors and I if I wrote
+everything down correctly then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and likewise for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and likewise for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and likewise for the
+clinar so this is the statement of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar so this is the statement of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinar so this is the statement of they
+not being a dependence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a dependence on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being a dependence on the
+path these are formulas that have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path these are formulas that have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path these are formulas that have to be
+true if that that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so I'm not going to write down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I'm not going to write down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I'm not going to write down all
+these kernels for you there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kernels for you there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kernels for you there's a lot of
+them but just to give you a flavor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but just to give you a flavor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but just to give you a flavor for
+what the solutions look like they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions look like they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions look like they kind
+of look familiar let me write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look familiar let me write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look familiar let me write down a
+couple of them so I'll write down one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them so I'll write down one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of them so I'll write down one
+I'll write the ones for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soft so at leading log order what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so at leading log order what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so at leading log order what would
+they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look
+like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're
+exponentials pseudo logarithm type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials pseudo logarithm type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials pseudo logarithm type
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're not the same precise formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same precise formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same precise formulas
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have earlier but they look kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write them down and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write them down and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write them down and then I'll
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so these are running along straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths and they involve ratios of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and they involve ratios of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and they involve ratios of alpha
+basically as that's what the running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as that's what the running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as that's what the running
+coupling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could always write things such in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always write things such in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always write things such in
+such a way that you don't have Alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that you don't have Alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that you don't have Alphas
+that involve new right because the RGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve new right because the RGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve new right because the RGA
+just has Alphas of me and so if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has Alphas of me and so if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just has Alphas of me and so if you like
+when you're solving the new anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're solving the new anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're solving the new anomalous
+Dimension this equation is very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension this equation is very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension this equation is very easy to
+integrate because there's no news on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate because there's no news on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate because there's no news on the
+right hand side you just get a log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you just get a log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side you just get a log of
+new and that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and that's why this
+is that's why we have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's why we have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's why we have this kind of
+simple log new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple log new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple log new
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um here I wrote Alpha One over Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I wrote Alpha One over Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I wrote Alpha One over Alpha of
+new s but I could have write that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new s but I could have write that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new s but I could have write that back
+in terms of a a log so it it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't that was just convenient to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that was just convenient to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that was just convenient to make
+it a simpler formula so if you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a simpler formula so if you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a simpler formula so if you write
+down the evolution kernels like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the evolution kernels like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the evolution kernels like that
+they'll satisfy this you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll satisfy this you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll satisfy this you know these
+multiplication properties that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication properties that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication properties that this
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+implies and I won't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies and I won't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies and I won't go through
+that but it's kind of neat to see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's kind of neat to see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's kind of neat to see how it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out all right so that gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so that gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right so that gives you an idea
+of how we would sum logs for this picof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we would sum logs for this picof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we would sum logs for this picof
+form factor with these two cut offs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor with these two cut offs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form factor with these two cut offs we
+just have the evolution kernels and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the evolution kernels and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the evolution kernels and we
+use them as as usual but we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them as as usual but we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them as as usual but we have this
+more complicated picture of what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated picture of what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated picture of what type of
+normalization we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can think about also if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about also if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think about also if you
+wanted to for example say you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for example say you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to for example say you wanted to
+do this and in some calculation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and in some calculation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and in some calculation and then
+you calculate it up to some order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate it up to some order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate it up to some order
+solving these in almost almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving these in almost almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving these in almost almost
+dimensions and then you want it to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then you want it to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and then you want it to vary
+scales well now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales well now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales well now you have a
+two-dimensional plane to vary scales in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plane to vary scales in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plane to vary scales in
+right so if you're varying the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're varying the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're varying the soft
+scales you can kind of move around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you can kind of move around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales you can kind of move around in a
+box around this guy where you're varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around this guy where you're varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around this guy where you're varying
+both new L and and mu L by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both new L and and mu L by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both new L and and mu L by kind of
+factors of two and and so they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of two and and so they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of two and and so they're doing
+uncertainties in this kind of setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in this kind of setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in this kind of setup
+would be you know you'd have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know you'd have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know you'd have more
+parameters to vary than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to vary than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to vary than you would
+usually have just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have just with
+M's but really it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's but really it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's but really it's just a
+straightforward generalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward generalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward generalization of the
+one-dimensional picture of Mew Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional picture of Mew Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional picture of Mew Evolution
+to a two-dimensional picture of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution and you know the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and you know the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and you know the interesting
+part is the kind of the overlaps between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the kind of the overlaps between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the kind of the overlaps between
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me give you one other physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you one other physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you one other physics
+example um of where this comes in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um of where this comes in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um of where this comes in just
+so that you see it's not just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see it's not just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see it's not just this one
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll just go through one of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just go through one of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just go through one of them in
+detail and I'll just mention one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one there'll be two examples but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there'll be two examples but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there'll be two examples but we'll
+only really cover one so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really cover one so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really cover one so one thing you
+can do is do GG to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is do GG to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is do GG to
+higs so higs production where I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs so higs production where I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs so higs production where I measure
+a particular distribution which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular distribution which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular distribution which is the
+PT distribution PT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higs and it turns out that this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and it turns out that this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and it turns out that this process
+involves rapidity divergences so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves rapidity divergences so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves rapidity divergences so let me
+try to draw one picture that allows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw one picture that allows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw one picture that allows me
+to capture all the different degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture all the different degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture all the different degrees of
+freedom so here's you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so here's you could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so here's you could imagine that
+this is your top Loop but it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your top Loop but it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your top Loop but it's some
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+distance thing and you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance thing and you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance thing and you can even
+integrate out the top think of it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out the top think of it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out the top think of it as an
+effective operator coupling two gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective operator coupling two gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective operator coupling two gluons
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+higs and so I'm in a frame the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and so I'm in a frame the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and so I'm in a frame the center of
+Mass frame of the Collision so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass frame of the Collision so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass frame of the Collision so these
+guys are back to back so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are back to back so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are back to back so that means that
+one of them is n colinear and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is n colinear and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is n colinear and one of
+them is n bar cinear so we have n and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is n bar cinear so we have n and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is n bar cinear so we have n and n
+Bar cinear coming in annihilating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar cinear coming in annihilating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar cinear coming in annihilating and
+producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a
+higs and because of what we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and because of what we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs and because of what we're measuring
+about the higs we're only measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the higs we're only measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the higs we're only measuring the
+PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT
+if you think about what what radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what what radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what what radiation
+you can have in the final State well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have in the final State well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have in the final State well you
+could have cinear radiation so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have cinear radiation so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have cinear radiation so here's
+some cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cinear
+radiation and and that radiation has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and and that radiation has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and and that radiation has a
+small PT so that's allowed in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small PT so that's allowed in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small PT so that's allowed in the final
+state if we have a pth distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we have a pth distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if we have a pth distribution and
+we think about the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about the limit
+pth much less than the mass of the Hig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pth much less than the mass of the Hig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pth much less than the mass of the Hig
+so there's some logs that you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some logs that you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some logs that you would want
+to sum for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum for
+example so you could have colinear modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you could have colinear modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you could have colinear modes
+in the final state that would be would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final state that would be would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final state that would be would
+fit within this kind of kinematic setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit within this kind of kinematic setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit within this kind of kinematic setup
+but you could also have soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could also have soft
+modes So Soft modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes So Soft modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes So Soft modes
+have the same size of PT is the colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size of PT is the colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size of PT is the colinear
+mode so there would they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so there would they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so there would they would be
+allowed and this propagator here would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and this propagator here would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and this propagator here would
+be off shell so it's an se2 problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off shell so it's an se2 problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off shell so it's an se2 problem
+because you're only constraining a PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only constraining a PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're only constraining a PT
+then it's an se2 problem with Nar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's an se2 problem with Nar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's an se2 problem with Nar and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so
+ptgs order MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptgs order MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptgs order MH
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+and the modes are these ones so let get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes are these ones so let get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the modes are these ones so let get
+two and you'd want to sum in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'd want to sum in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you'd want to sum in this case
+you'd want to sum up double logs of pth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to sum up double logs of pth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to sum up double logs of pth
+over MH that's what you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over MH that's what you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over MH that's what you might be
+interested in using the effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in using the effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in using the effective Theory
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do okay so you would go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so you would go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so you would go through the
+procedure of factorizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-section it's an inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's an inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's an inclusive
+calculation in the sense that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in the sense that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation in the sense that basically
+in the final State it's higs plus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final State it's higs plus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final State it's higs plus X
+right where X is colinear radiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where X is colinear radiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where X is colinear radiation or
+soft radiation and really really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft radiation and really really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft radiation and really really the
+process is proton proton for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is proton proton for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is proton proton for example the
+Hig plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so we would want to factorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we would want to factorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we would want to factorize the
+cross-section amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section amplitude
+squared and here's kind of a sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and here's kind of a sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and here's kind of a sketch of
+how that would go I won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that would go I won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that would go I won't go through the
+details so you could think of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so you could think of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so you could think of starting
+with some operator where you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some operator where you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some operator where you've already
+integrated out the top so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out the top so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated out the top so you have a
+coupling of a higs to two gluons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of a higs to two gluons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling of a higs to two gluons and
+that happens in this gaug variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in this gaug variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in this gaug variant
+operator with the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator with the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator with the field
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+strengths and then you would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and then you would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and then you would do the
+factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure after you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure after you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure after you shift
+momenta Some Over States you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta Some Over States you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta Some Over States you can
+basically write that as a factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write that as a factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically write that as a factorization
+for a matrix element of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a matrix element of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a matrix element of two
+currents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and
+and you get some hard function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some hard function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some hard function which is
+the Wilson coefficient squar of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson coefficient squar of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wilson coefficient squar of this
+operator and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some operators that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Matrix elements that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so there's some proton Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some proton Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some proton Matrix
+elements where one of the protons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements where one of the protons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements where one of the protons is
+cinear one of them is Nar colinear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear one of them is Nar colinear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear one of them is Nar colinear and
+then there's a soft Matrix element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a soft Matrix element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a soft Matrix element of
+some soft Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines they're actually in the adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines they're actually in the adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines they're actually in the adjoint
+representation so I write transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so I write transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so I write transpose
+rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than
+dagger these are adjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger these are adjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger these are adjoint
+representation they should be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation they should be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation they should be in the
+same representation as the as the cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same representation as the as the cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same representation as the as the cinear
+fields and the cinear fields here gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the cinear fields here gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the cinear fields here gluons
+right so when you go through the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you go through the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you go through the field
+redefinition you would get adjoint Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition you would get adjoint Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition you would get adjoint Bon
+lines for the soft if you went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for the soft if you went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines for the soft if you went through
+an1 for example picture and then uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an1 for example picture and then uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an1 for example picture and then uh the
+G minus here would become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus here would become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G minus here would become the
+perpendicular polarization of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular polarization of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular polarization of the of the
+gluons so these things here are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons so these things here are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons so these things here are going to
+give gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gluon
+PDFs so basically you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs so basically you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs so basically you have a
+factorization theorem that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem that involves
+gluon PDFs and a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a hard
+function now if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function now if you look at this
+calculation you have three modes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you have three modes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you have three modes there
+an2 they live on the same hyperbola and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an2 they live on the same hyperbola and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an2 they live on the same hyperbola and
+you do have rapidity divergences in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have rapidity divergences in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have rapidity divergences in this
+calculation so it's a story like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so it's a story like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so it's a story like this
+one and I'm not going to go into too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm not going to go into too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm not going to go into too
+much detail but just let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail but just let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much detail but just let me write down
+the factorization theorem for you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization theorem for you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization theorem for you with
+all the Muse and news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit it's really the same picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit it's really the same picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit it's really the same picture
+where the soft modes and cinear modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the soft modes and cinear modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the soft modes and cinear modes
+need to live at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to live at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to live at different
+news same me and then there's the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news same me and then there's the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news same me and then there's the hard
+function that where you have to run from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that where you have to run from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that where you have to run from
+one side to the to the next so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to the to the next so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side to the to the next so it's
+really this you can keep the picture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this you can keep the picture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this you can keep the picture on
+the board it's applicable to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board it's applicable to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board it's applicable to this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too so if you calculate D Sigma D if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so if you calculate D Sigma D if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so if you calculate D Sigma D if you
+measure rapidity of the higs Bon so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure rapidity of the higs Bon so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure rapidity of the higs Bon so I
+can call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call this
+YH and you measure the pth squ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YH and you measure the pth squ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YH and you measure the pth squ the
+magnitude of the transverse momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the transverse momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the transverse momentum
+there's some normalization Factor just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some normalization Factor just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some normalization Factor just
+kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics
+there's a hard function that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hard function that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hard function that only
+depends on the higs mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the higs mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the higs mass in
+mu and then your other functions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then your other functions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then your other functions can
+exchange per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange per
+momenta because the purple M of the soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta because the purple M of the soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta because the purple M of the soft
+function and the purple M of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the purple M of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the purple M of these
+cinear functions are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear functions are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear functions are the same
+size and what you're constraining is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what you're constraining is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what you're constraining is
+just the total so the PT of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the total so the PT of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the total so the PT of the
+higs if the initial guys coming in have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs if the initial guys coming in have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higs if the initial guys coming in have
+zero Perle momenta there's zero per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Perle momenta there's zero per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Perle momenta there's zero per
+momentum for the protons by Design so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum for the protons by Design so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum for the protons by Design so
+really that there's a balancing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that there's a balancing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that there's a balancing between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+final State radiation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State radiation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State radiation and the
+higs which I can write like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay there's a Delta function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay there's a Delta function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay there's a Delta function and
+then you just have objects for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have objects for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just have objects for the
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do this in the proton Center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time because because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because because of the fact that
+we're measuring perpendicular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring perpendicular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring perpendicular momentum
+it allows the PDF to be a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that kind of means it has two scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that kind of means it has two scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that kind of means it has two scalar
+PDFs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H and then there's a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay so it's kind of got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so it's kind of got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so it's kind of got the
+same type of structure that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of structure that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of structure that we were
+seeing in our previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in our previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in our previous example
+the external kinematics actually fixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external kinematics actually fixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external kinematics actually fixes
+the the these variables here which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the these variables here which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the these variables here which are
+like the X this is like the borin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and it the kinematics of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it the kinematics of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it the kinematics of the process
+actually end up fixing that when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up fixing that when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually end up fixing that when you go
+through the factorization there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the factorization there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the factorization there should
+be plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plus sign
+here so the only thing that can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the only thing that can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the only thing that can change
+from the Dynamics is the is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Dynamics is the is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Dynamics is the is the uh the
+per momentum that's what gets exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per momentum that's what gets exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per momentum that's what gets exchanged
+between these guys so you would sum logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys so you would sum logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys so you would sum logs
+by having normalization group equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having normalization group equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having normalization group equations
+for these objects and you need them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these objects and you need them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these objects and you need them in
+mu and new the new one is always kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and new the new one is always kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and new the new one is always kind of
+simple because the alpha doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because the alpha doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because the alpha doesn't depend
+on new so it's very simple to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new so it's very simple to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new so it's very simple to integrate
+you just get one log but it's still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get one log but it's still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get one log but it's still an
+important thing because that one log is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing because that one log is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing because that one log is
+something that you can't get from the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can't get from the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can't get from the MU
+Evolution okay so these are trans these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution okay so these are trans these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution okay so these are trans these
+are called transverse momentum dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called transverse momentum dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called transverse momentum dependent
+PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're not the the standard PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not the the standard PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not the the standard PDFs
+that you're used to thinking about they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're used to thinking about they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're used to thinking about they
+have this dependence on transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this dependence on transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this dependence on transverse
+momentum and because of that dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and because of that dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and because of that dependence
+on transverse momentum they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transverse momentum they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on transverse momentum they also have
+these rapidity divergences and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rapidity divergences and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rapidity divergences and these are
+the re normalized ones at this new scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalized ones at this new scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalized ones at this new scale
+so there's a long sorted history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a long sorted history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a long sorted history of
+these guys they were introduced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys they were introduced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys they were introduced in the
+early G days of qcd and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early G days of qcd and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early G days of qcd and people have
+really only sorted out very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only sorted out very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only sorted out very recently
+both in the qcd literature and the SAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the qcd literature and the SAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the qcd literature and the SAT
+literature kind of simultaneously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature kind of simultaneously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature kind of simultaneously and
+different with different Regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with different Regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with different Regulators
+exactly how to make sense of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to make sense of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how to make sense of these guys
+and Define them properly and renormalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define them properly and renormalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Define them properly and renormalize
+them properly so this is kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them properly so this is kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them properly so this is kind of you
+know the last couple years type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff so another example that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so another example that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so another example that we could
+do which I won't go through in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which I won't go through in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which I won't go through in
+detail so that was example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so that was example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so that was example
+one we could do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we could do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we could do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+is not involving protons but involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not involving protons but involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not involving protons but involving
+jets in E plus e minus so we could do e+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets in E plus e minus so we could do e+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets in E plus e minus so we could do e+
+e minus to die Jets and if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus to die Jets and if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus to die Jets and if we did
+something similar to what we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to what we did here
+where we only measured a PT then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only measured a PT then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we only measured a PT then we
+would also be in this se2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be in this se2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also be in this se2
+situation so jet broadening is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so jet broadening is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so jet broadening is a
+variable B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable B for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable B for
+broadening where what you it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening where what you it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening where what you it's like an
+event shape like thrust but you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event shape like thrust but you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event shape like thrust but you only
+measure perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure perpendicular
+momentum and what you meure measure are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and what you meure measure are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and what you meure measure are
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+perpendicular to the thrust axis so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the thrust axis so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the thrust axis so you
+still use thrust to get the axis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use thrust to get the axis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still use thrust to get the axis for the
+jet but then you don't measure anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet but then you don't measure anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet but then you don't measure anything
+like the minus or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the minus or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the minus or plus
+momentum you just measure pts this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you just measure pts this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum you just measure pts this would
+be another example which is sket two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another example which is sket two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be another example which is sket two and
+it actually would have again CN CN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually would have again CN CN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually would have again CN CN bar
+type modes and it you know you'd be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type modes and it you know you'd be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type modes and it you know you'd be a
+formula not exactly the same as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula not exactly the same as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula not exactly the same as this one
+but again involving similar types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again involving similar types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again involving similar types of
+things cinear jet functions that depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cinear jet functions that depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things cinear jet functions that depend
+on PT soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PT soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on PT soft
+function some constraint between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some constraint between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function some constraint between
+them it's a little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a little more complicated
+actually than this PT higs one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually than this PT higs one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually than this PT higs one which is
+why I chose to write down the PT higs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I chose to write down the PT higs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I chose to write down the PT higs
+one so I write that in my notes but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I write that in my notes but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I write that in my notes but I'm
+just because of time I'm going to skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of time I'm going to skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of time I'm going to skip
+it for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for our
+discussion so questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so questions so
+far so really it's turn the crank once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so really it's turn the crank once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so really it's turn the crank once
+you believe some of the things I've told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe some of the things I've told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you believe some of the things I've told
+you so something that what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so something that what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so something that what might be
+interesting would be to work out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting would be to work out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting would be to work out you
+know with mu Evolution we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with mu Evolution we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with mu Evolution we have
+constraints on the counter terms at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the counter terms at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the counter terms at all
+higher orders that you can write down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders that you can write down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders that you can write down by
+consistency of the anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of the anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of the anomalous Dimension
+equations and there's not I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there's not I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and there's not I I don't
+think there's to my knowledge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's to my knowledge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's to my knowledge in the
+literature and expression like that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and expression like that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and expression like that for
+you know two Loops three Loops what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two Loops three Loops what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two Loops three Loops what
+would the N what would the various one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the N what would the various one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would the N what would the various one/
+Adas and one over epsilons how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adas and one over epsilons how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adas and one over epsilons how would
+they have to work out based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to work out based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to work out based on
+consistency of the picture I've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of the picture I've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency of the picture I've told you
+I don't think anyone's done that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anyone's done that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think anyone's done that that
+would be kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be kind of interesting
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so questions none good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so questions none good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so questions none good all right
+so one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so presentations Monday they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so presentations Monday they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so presentations Monday they're
+not in this room they're in the CTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this room they're in the CTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in this room they're in the CTP
+seminar room the large C CTP seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar room the large C CTP seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar room the large C CTP seminar
+room it's on the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I have also made a note that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have also made a note that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have also made a note that you
+should use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Blackboard which will stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard which will stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard which will stop you from
+preparing too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information okay so let's do one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the final example I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the final example I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the final example I want to talk
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+dran which we almost kind of talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran which we almost kind of talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran which we almost kind of talked
+about already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already
+but I'd like to talk about it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd like to talk about it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd like to talk about it in a
+little different context so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different context so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different context so we talked
+about PP to xh higs BOS on classic drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PP to xh higs BOS on classic drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about PP to xh higs BOS on classic drill
+again is PP to XL plus L minus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is PP to XL plus L minus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is PP to XL plus L minus but
+kinematically that doesn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematically that doesn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematically that doesn't really make
+too much difference from having a Hig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much difference from having a Hig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much difference from having a Hig
+Bose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bose on
+here so I will talk about this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I will talk about this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I will talk about this in a
+little more detail than I did the higs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail than I did the higs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail than I did the higs
+example and we'll go through some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we'll go through some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we'll go through some of the
+kinematics in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics in a little more
+detail so the reason that I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so the reason that I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so the reason that I want to talk
+about this process is there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process is there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this process is there's kind of
+one function that we haven't yet seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function that we haven't yet seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function that we haven't yet seen
+that will show up in our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show up in our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will show up in our discussion
+here one kind of function that's uous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one kind of function that's uous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one kind of function that's uous
+and shows up in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows up in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shows up in all sorts of
+factorization theorems and we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorems and we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorems and we haven't
+seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it
+yet so what are the kinematics we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so what are the kinematics we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so what are the kinematics we have
+some momentum let me do it this way let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum let me do it this way let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum let me do it this way let
+me write it below this guy so PA for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it below this guy so PA for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it below this guy so PA for the
+proton PB for the other proton goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton PB for the other proton goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton PB for the other proton goes
+equals P for the X Plus Q for the L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P for the X Plus Q for the L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P for the X Plus Q for the L plus
+L minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L minus
+pair so what are the important variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so what are the important variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so what are the important variables
+well there's the center of mass energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the center of mass energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's the center of mass energy
+of the Collision that's just s in mandl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision that's just s in mandl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Collision that's just s in mandl
+Stam variables but I'll call it ECM so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stam variables but I'll call it ECM so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stam variables but I'll call it ECM so
+we remember what it is PA plus PB all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what it is PA plus PB all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember what it is PA plus PB all
+squar that's the Collision energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that's the Collision energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar that's the Collision energy that's
+ATV the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATV the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATV the
+LHC soon to be higher there's q^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LHC soon to be higher there's q^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LHC soon to be higher there's q^2 and
+that's the scale of the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale of the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale of the hard
+Collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the hard Collision scale is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hard Collision scale is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hard Collision scale is not the
+center of mass energy you take a Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass energy you take a Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass energy you take a Parton
+out of each proton and those Collide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each proton and those Collide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each proton and those Collide and
+they carry a fraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carry a fraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carry a fraction of that
+energy you can see how much you have by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you can see how much you have by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you can see how much you have by
+looking at how hard the leptons are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how hard the leptons are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at how hard the leptons are and
+that's q^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's q^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's q^
+s it's useful to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s it's useful to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s it's useful to talk about a
+dimensionless variable which is cow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless variable which is cow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless variable which is cow and
+that's the ratio of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ratio of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ratio of these two
+variables which is always less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which is always less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which is always less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+one and then you can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then you can talk about the
+rapidity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of the
+leptons and you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons and you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons and you can write
+that in a kind of lenen variant looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a kind of lenen variant looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a kind of lenen variant looking
+Way by having a pb. q and a PA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by having a pb. q and a PA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way by having a pb. q and a PA
+a.q using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capitals so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitals so this is like
+the this variable is like the Theta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this variable is like the Theta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this variable is like the Theta for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+leptons so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons so Theta
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again it's just like our higs example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's just like our higs example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again it's just like our higs example
+but let me draw it in a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me draw it in a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me draw it in a little different
+way you can think about doing everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think about doing everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think about doing everything
+in the CM frame protons are coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the CM frame protons are coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the CM frame protons are coming in
+back to back so then you have cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to back so then you have cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to back so then you have cinear
+particles because your protons are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because your protons are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because your protons are very
+energetic so if this is a quark and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic so if this is a quark and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic so if this is a quark and this
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+antiquark you produce a virtual Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark you produce a virtual Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark you produce a virtual Photon
+and the virtual Photon produces electon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virtual Photon produces electon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the virtual Photon produces electon
+pair so here's an n colinear quark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so here's an n colinear quark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so here's an n colinear quark and
+an Nar cinear antiquark so the antiquark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Nar cinear antiquark so the antiquark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Nar cinear antiquark so the antiquark
+is coming in that way Quark is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming in that way Quark is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming in that way Quark is coming in
+that way they annihilate produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way they annihilate produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way they annihilate produce a
+virtual Photon that produces a leon pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual Photon that produces a leon pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual Photon that produces a leon pair
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+dran okay so in the CM frame we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran okay so in the CM frame we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran okay so in the CM frame we're going
+to have CN modes CN bar modes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+protons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antiproton some other variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiproton some other variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiproton some other variables that are
+useful to talk about are something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to talk about are something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to talk about are something that
+people call XA and XB which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call XA and XB which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call XA and XB which are the
+borin variables and they already showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borin variables and they already showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borin variables and they already showed
+up in our previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in our previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in our previous example
+but let me just Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just Define
+them so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so these are
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+too and taking the square root of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and taking the square root of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and taking the square root of it and
+then splitting up the rapidity e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then splitting up the rapidity e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then splitting up the rapidity e to the
+y and e to the minus y and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and e to the minus y and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and e to the minus y and these are
+like analoges of the Boran variable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like analoges of the Boran variable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like analoges of the Boran variable for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's actually these combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually these combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually these combinations
+that are showing up here so if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are showing up here so if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are showing up here so if you put
+in what to is that's explaining what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what to is that's explaining what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what to is that's explaining what
+these arguments were they're just the XA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments were they're just the XA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arguments were they're just the XA
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+XB and kinematics you can work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XB and kinematics you can work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XB and kinematics you can work out the
+tow is less than or equal to X A or B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow is less than or equal to X A or B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow is less than or equal to X A or B
+and that they're less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're less than or equal to
+one so there's some simple bounds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's some simple bounds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so there's some simple bounds on
+them and then finally you can work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then finally you can work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then finally you can work out
+that px^ s if you square it is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that px^ s if you square it is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that px^ s if you square it is less than
+or equal to ECM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to ECM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to ECM
+2 1 - < TK of to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 - < TK of to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 - < TK of to all
+squared and f one more thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and f one more thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and f one more thing that you
+have are sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are sort of the the
+Parton distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fractions so Parton distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions so Parton distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions so Parton distribution
+variables and they're bounded just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and they're bounded just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and they're bounded just like
+dis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XA and XB are things that are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XA and XB are things that are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XA and XB are things that are if you
+like leptonic you might call them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leptonic you might call them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like leptonic you might call them that
+but they're things that are external to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're things that are external to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're things that are external to
+the qcd right they're just measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qcd right they're just measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the qcd right they're just measuring
+properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of
+the the the electons q^ S the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the electons q^ S the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the electons q^ S the center
+mass of the collision and Y which is a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the collision and Y which is a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the collision and Y which is a y
+of the leptons too so everything here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leptons too so everything here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leptons too so everything here is
+not a a qcd variable and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a qcd variable and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a qcd variable and then there's
+these qcd variables CA and CB which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qcd variables CA and CB which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qcd variables CA and CB which are
+inside the part on distributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the part on distributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the part on distributions and
+they're bounded just like we had a Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bounded just like we had a Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're bounded just like we had a Bound
+in dis X less than or equal to C less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dis X less than or equal to C less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dis X less than or equal to C less
+than or equal to 1 here we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 here we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 here we have two
+analoges of that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of that formula
+so of it's yeah that's right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of it's yeah that's right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of it's yeah that's right the
+rapidity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of the
+Q so really this is this is like I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so really this is this is like I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so really this is this is like I this
+is my kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my kind
+of it's really this is like log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really this is like log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's really this is like log
+of the thing that's important here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing that's important here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing that's important here is
+the log of Q Plus over Q minus it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of Q Plus over Q minus it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of Q Plus over Q minus it's the
+log it's the repid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log it's the repid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log it's the repid of a
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically yeah you could talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah you could talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yeah you could talk about
+measuring individual things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring individual things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring individual things about the
+leptons but then you would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons but then you would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons but then you would just be
+attacking on something onto the que and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking on something onto the que and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking on something onto the que and
+taking something else out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something else out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking something else out of
+it all right so what kind of so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so what kind of so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so what kind of so you know
+this is just some kinematics what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some kinematics what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some kinematics what kind
+of limits do we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so we already talked about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we already talked about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we already talked about one
+example where we would measure Q per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we would measure Q per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we would measure Q per
+that's what we were doing in the pig's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were doing in the pig's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we were doing in the pig's
+case and I'm not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'm not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I'm not going to talk about
+that case I'll talk about three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases so if we didn't measure Q per and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so if we didn't measure Q per and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so if we didn't measure Q per and
+there's kind of three different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of three different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of three different things
+we could do that I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see organize my board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better I'll tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I'll tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I'll tell you about the
+kinematics of each one of these and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of each one of these and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of each one of these and then
+I'll draw a little picture for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so in the inclusive process this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in the inclusive process this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in the inclusive process this is
+the analog of what we did for deep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of what we did for deep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of what we did for deep and
+elastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering
+so deep elastic scattering we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deep elastic scattering we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so deep elastic scattering we said the
+borin X variables of order one here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borin X variables of order one here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borin X variables of order one here we
+could say that in some sense TOS of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that in some sense TOS of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that in some sense TOS of
+order one as well as XA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one as well as XA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one as well as XA and
+XB are of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XB are of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XB are of order
+one and in this case what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in this case what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in this case what you're saying
+about px^ s is that it's hard it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about px^ s is that it's hard it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about px^ s is that it's hard it's of
+order q^ s and if T's of order one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order q^ s and if T's of order one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order q^ s and if T's of order one then
+that's of order ECM squ so these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order ECM squ so these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order ECM squ so these things
+are all hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and in this in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and in this in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and in this in this case the
+way you should think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you should think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you should think about what's
+happening in the process is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the process is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the process is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+picture so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so you have
+your partons coming in or your protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partons coming in or your protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your partons coming in or your protons
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+in and basically you're allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and basically you're allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and basically you're allowing
+radiation that's hard anywhere so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's hard anywhere so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's hard anywhere so hard
+is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be
+pink you're not constraining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink you're not constraining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink you're not constraining the
+radiation you're really allowing hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you're really allowing hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you're really allowing hard
+radiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so
+hard your X is hard you allow jets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard your X is hard you allow jets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard your X is hard you allow jets in
+any direction for example example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction for example example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any direction for example example and
+then somewhere there's a leon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somewhere there's a leon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somewhere there's a leon
+pair you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you can pick
+purple but it's not constrainted either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple but it's not constrainted either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple but it's not constrainted either
+it's really fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+General ah my picture is too big I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General ah my picture is too big I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General ah my picture is too big I'm
+going to run it room oh well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so I want to draw analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I want to draw analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I want to draw analogous
+pictures for the other cases so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures for the other cases so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures for the other cases so in the
+end point you're taking a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point you're taking a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point you're taking a different
+limit what you're doing is you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit what you're doing is you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit what you're doing is you're taking
+this to goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to goes to
+one and you can see from over here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see from over here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can see from over here that
+if to goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if to goes to
+one that forces XA and XB to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and if XA and XB go to one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if XA and XB go to one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if XA and XB go to one that
+forces CA and CB to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so you're really talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you're really talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you're really talking about
+probing the proton in a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing the proton in a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probing the proton in a very special
+kinematics where everything is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics where everything is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics where everything is going to
+one and you're basically in the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you're basically in the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you're basically in the hard
+Collision you're forcing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision you're forcing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision you're forcing all of the
+energy to go into the Parton that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to go into the Parton that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to go into the Parton that's
+colliding so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding so the
+proton the full proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the full proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the full proton
+momentum goes into the hard into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum goes into the hard into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum goes into the hard into the
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+Parton let just say it that way active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Parton so that changes the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton so that changes the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton so that changes the picture
+because uh it also if you look at it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it also if you look at it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it also if you look at it so
+when to goes to one it says the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to goes to one it says the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to goes to one it says the outgoing
+energy Q the full ECM squ is going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q the full ECM squ is going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Q the full ECM squ is going into
+q^ s which is the leptonic variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q^ s which is the leptonic variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q^ s which is the leptonic variable so
+all the energy is coming in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy is coming in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the energy is coming in on the
+partons and going out on the leptons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partons and going out on the leptons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partons and going out on the leptons so
+you don't have hard radiation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have hard radiation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have hard radiation like this
+anymore the only thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the only thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore the only thing that you can
+possibly have is soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have is soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have is soft
+radiation so in this case what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so in this case what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so in this case what happens
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this
+picture make my lepton a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture make my lepton a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture make my lepton a little
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes you still of course have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you still of course have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you still of course have
+have these incoming guys but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these incoming guys but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these incoming guys but what
+happens is that everything outgoing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that everything outgoing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that everything outgoing is
+soft so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so
+green you have soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation like that and then it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation like that and then it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation like that and then it turns
+out also that in this this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out also that in this this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out also that in this this case the
+leptons end up having to be back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons end up having to be back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons end up having to be back to
+back CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back CU
+you you can't have any transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't have any transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't have any transverse
+momentum that would be there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that would be there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that would be there's nothing
+for the transverse momentum to recoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transverse momentum to recoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transverse momentum to recoil
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility and then there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and then there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and then there's a third
+thing that we'll talk about which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'll talk about which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'll talk about which is
+what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call
+isolated and it in some sense is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and it in some sense is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and it in some sense is is
+trying to combine these two pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to combine these two pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to combine these two pictures
+here without taking a limit on to so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without taking a limit on to so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here without taking a limit on to so you
+might say well what's the most typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well what's the most typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well what's the most typical
+event at the LHC what is it what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event at the LHC what is it what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event at the LHC what is it what is the
+kind of the most the where is is most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most the where is is most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most the where is is most of
+the cross-section for this process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section for this process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section for this process and
+that would be in a situation where to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in a situation where to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be in a situation where to is
+not in the end point it doesn't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the end point it doesn't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the end point it doesn't go to
+one it's kind of an order one quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's kind of an order one quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's kind of an order one quantity
+actually you typically get xas and xbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you typically get xas and xbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you typically get xas and xbs
+that they're like 0.1 or 0.01 small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're like 0.1 or 0.01 small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're like 0.1 or 0.01 small
+X's for depends on what Q squ you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's for depends on what Q squ you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's for depends on what Q squ you look
+at but they're the typical ones you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at but they're the typical ones you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at but they're the typical ones you're
+interested in are small X's so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are small X's so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in are small X's so you don't
+want X it to go to one so to can be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want X it to go to one so to can be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want X it to go to one so to can be of
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+one but if you ask what the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but if you ask what the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but if you ask what the most
+probable thing for the PX to do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable thing for the PX to do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable thing for the PX to do if you
+have these cinear particles coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these cinear particles coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these cinear particles coming in
+and they start radiating well they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start radiating well they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start radiating well they like
+to radiate cinear particles so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate cinear particles so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to radiate cinear particles so the most
+likely thing that will happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely thing that will happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely thing that will happen is that
+you'll get cinear radiation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get cinear radiation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get cinear radiation from the
+incoming particles and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming particles and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming particles and you can look at
+that by studying the following situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by studying the following situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by studying the following situation
+where you can strain px^ s to be two ISR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can strain px^ s to be two ISR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can strain px^ s to be two ISR
+Jets so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets so the
+picture we'll talk about what how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we'll talk about what how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we'll talk about what how we do
+that in in a minute but or one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in a minute but or one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in a minute but or one way of
+doing it so the picture would then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so the picture would then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so the picture would then be
+like as follows we have these incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as follows we have these incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as follows we have these incoming
+guys which now I'm going to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys which now I'm going to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys which now I'm going to try to draw
+some radiation for so pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radiation for so pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radiation for so pick some
+colors so here's a cinear guy in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so here's a cinear guy in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so here's a cinear guy in One
+Direction here's a cinear guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here's a cinear guy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here's a cinear guy in the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+direction and they can radiate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and they can radiate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and they can radiate they
+radiate prior to the hard Collision here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate prior to the hard Collision here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiate prior to the hard Collision here
+so you're getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're getting some
+Jets from these guys that look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets from these guys that look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets from these guys that look like this
+and then from this guy the symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing like that and then in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like that and then in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like that and then in the central
+part of the Collision you just allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Collision you just allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Collision you just allow
+soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation so this is an isolated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so this is an isolated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so this is an isolated this is
+the isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isolated
+scenario and if I draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and if I draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario and if I draw the
+leptons it turns out they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons it turns out they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leptons it turns out they don't have to
+be back to back but there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be back to back but there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be back to back but there is some
+constraint on their kinematics basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on their kinematics basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint on their kinematics basically
+they're back to back in the transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back to back in the transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're back to back in the transverse
+plane but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but not
+longitudinally but I won't we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinally but I won't we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinally but I won't we won't
+dwell on that okay so this is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell on that okay so this is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwell on that okay so this is a sort of
+third kinematic configuration so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third kinematic configuration so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third kinematic configuration so even
+though we're interested in one process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're interested in one process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're interested in one process
+we've already just described to you four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already just described to you four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already just described to you four
+different ways that you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you could think
+about looking at it and those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at it and those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at it and those four
+different ways will lead to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways will lead to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways will lead to four
+different factorization theorems because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factorization theorems because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different factorization theorems because
+it's a different kinematic setup the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different kinematic setup the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different kinematic setup the
+first one was PT of the higs that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one was PT of the higs that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one was PT of the higs that led to
+this repid Divergent type factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repid Divergent type factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repid Divergent type factorization
+theorem inclusive we'll talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem inclusive we'll talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem inclusive we'll talk about in a
+minute what it looks like endpoint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what it looks like endpoint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute what it looks like endpoint and
+isolated they all will have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated they all will have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated they all will have different
+formulas for the factorization theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the factorization theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the factorization theorem
+and that's because they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because they look
+different um I really should say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um I really should say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um I really should say that
+this is Ultra Soft not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soft and so this is Ultra Soft too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and so this is Ultra Soft too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and so this is Ultra Soft too
+here it's Ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's Ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's Ultra
+Soft this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft this
+is CN radiation and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is CN radiation and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is CN radiation and this
+is c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so see how far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so see how far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so see how far we
+got okay so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inclusive so the x is hard and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive so the x is hard and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive so the x is hard and so the
+way you can think about it is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think about it is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think about it is that what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+doing is that you have you can use of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is that you have you can use of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is that you have you can use of an
+optical theorem type picture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical theorem type picture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical theorem type picture where
+you're cutting these forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cutting these forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cutting these forward
+graphs these are the leptons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs these are the leptons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs these are the leptons
+here which are the things in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are the things in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which are the things in the final
+State the virtual Photon and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the virtual Photon and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the virtual Photon and I'm
+squaring it and in comes QQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it and in comes QQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring it and in comes QQ
+bar and then squaring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and then squaring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and then squaring it
+so QQ bar on that side as well and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so QQ bar on that side as well and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so QQ bar on that side as well and then
+if you think about it every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it every kind of
+radiation gluon that I would put across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gluon that I would put across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gluon that I would put across
+this cut I can think of as kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut I can think of as kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cut I can think of as kind of hard
+and so I can integrate it out and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can integrate it out and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can integrate it out and so
+what you're going to get is if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get is if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get is if you just
+think about this process when you match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this process when you match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this process when you match
+the cross-section you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section you're going to get
+some four quk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some four quk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some four quk
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+inct so this will match onto an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inct so this will match onto an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inct so this will match onto an operator
+which is a four Quark operator where two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a four Quark operator where two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a four Quark operator where two
+of the quarks are en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quarks are en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quarks are en
+colinear draw it like this and two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear draw it like this and two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear draw it like this and two of
+them are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are n
+Bar okay because that's the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar okay because that's the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar okay because that's the external
+particles we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we have
+qn Q Bar and bar so we're get that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn Q Bar and bar so we're get that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn Q Bar and bar so we're get that and
+that we know how to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know how to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know how to write down the
+lowest order lowest order operator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order lowest order operator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order lowest order operator for
+that that's just going to be K kyar Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just going to be K kyar Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's just going to be K kyar Kai
+kyar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai so we have a four cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai so we have a four cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai so we have a four cork
+operator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator in
+scat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which you can write after doing a Fs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can write after doing a Fs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can write after doing a Fs in
+the spin with all the N cinear Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin with all the N cinear Fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin with all the N cinear Fields
+together you can work out constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can work out constraints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you can work out constraints on
+the rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rock
+structure there's only one operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically it's not quite true so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's not quite true so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's not quite true so you
+could have a gluon Operator Operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a gluon Operator Operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a gluon Operator Operator
+with four gluon Fields that's the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four gluon Fields that's the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four gluon Fields that's the analog
+of this one then you would have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one then you would have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one then you would have to have
+some higher order diagram in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher order diagram in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher order diagram in order to
+take those gluons and attach a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those gluons and attach a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those gluons and attach a photon
+there'd have to be a a quark Loop inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd have to be a a quark Loop inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd have to be a a quark Loop inside
+the Hard function but you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hard function but you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hard function but you could also
+have a gluon four operator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gluon four operator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gluon four operator with
+Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four
+B's so let me just say this also BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's so let me just say this also BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's so let me just say this also BN
+BN BN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN BN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BN BN
+bar B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar so you don't have a color octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you don't have a color octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so you don't have a color octet
+structure no ta ta and again that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure no ta ta and again that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure no ta ta and again that's like
+our bdd PI example where if you had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bdd PI example where if you had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bdd PI example where if you had that
+structure it would vanish when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it would vanish when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it would vanish when you take
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+elements so there's no ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so there's no ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so there's no ta
+ta there's constraints on the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta there's constraints on the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta there's constraints on the color
+contractions here that there' have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions here that there' have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions here that there' have to be
+these guys would have to be contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys would have to be contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys would have to be contracted
+those guys would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys would have to be
+contracted you can make the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted you can make the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted you can make the field
+redefinition the field redefinition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition the field redefinition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition the field redefinition the
+Y's would cancel out so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's would cancel out so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's would cancel out so there's no
+ultrasofts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here at leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at leading
+order and if you take these Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you take these Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and if you take these Matrix
+elements of these objects you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of these objects you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of these objects you can kind
+of guess what they're going to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guess what they're going to give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guess what they're going to give this
+is just giving a PDF each of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just giving a PDF each of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just giving a PDF each of these are
+giving a PDF and they're the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a PDF and they're the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a PDF and they're the regular
+PDFs the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs the standard
+ones because we didn't measure a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because we didn't measure a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because we didn't measure a per
+momentum we just get standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDFs so some Parton inside the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs so some Parton inside the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs so some Parton inside the proton
+which would be a gluon from these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a gluon from these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be a gluon from these guys
+gluon PDFs or quarks from these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon PDFs or quarks from these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon PDFs or quarks from these guys and
+it depends on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on some
+X mu X could be XA or x x could be ca or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CB so let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB so let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB so let me just write
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+CA and that's really all you get so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and that's really all you get so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and that's really all you get so you
+have a hard function and then two cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard function and then two cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard function and then two cinear
+part-time distribution functions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time distribution functions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time distribution functions so the
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in these limits that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about come from the
+kinematics is some hard function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is some hard function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics is some hard function which
+is an inclusive hard function like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an inclusive hard function like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an inclusive hard function like in
+dis it depends on the ratio of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis it depends on the ratio of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis it depends on the ratio of these
+variables but now there's two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now there's two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but now there's two of
+them it depends on q^2 depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it depends on q^2 depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it depends on q^2 depends on
+mu and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and then there's
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDFs there's an important uh cavat here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs there's an important uh cavat here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs there's an important uh cavat here
+which is if you want to derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you want to derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you want to derive this
+result you have to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you have to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you have to make sure that the
+degrees of freedom I've told you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I've told you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I've told you were
+the degrees of freedom are the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degrees of freedom are the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degrees of freedom are the right
+ones so what did I tell you I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so what did I tell you I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so what did I tell you I told you
+we have CN CN bar and ultrasoft right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have CN CN bar and ultrasoft right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have CN CN bar and ultrasoft right
+and that from the kinematics it's a SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that from the kinematics it's a SK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that from the kinematics it's a SK
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+problem there's turns out there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's turns out there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's turns out there's one
+other type of degree of Freedom that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of degree of Freedom that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of degree of Freedom that you
+could worry about and that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could worry about and that's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could worry about and that's called the
+globber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globber
+Gan and to derive this we must know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan and to derive this we must know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan and to derive this we must know that
+that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter what is a globber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what is a globber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what is a globber
+gluon it's a it's a kulic gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon it's a it's a kulic gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon it's a it's a kulic gluon
+between n and n Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a kulic type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a kulic type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a kulic type
+potential it goes like one over PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it goes like one over PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it goes like one over PT
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+squared and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+globber it's called a globber exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globber it's called a globber exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globber it's called a globber exchange
+so it's not an on-shell particle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not an on-shell particle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not an on-shell particle it's
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+potential but you have to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but you have to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but you have to know that
+those actually are relevant in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually are relevant in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those actually are relevant in order to
+get into this formula so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this formula so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into this formula so there's a
+little more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more work
+involved which I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about okay but and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay but and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay but and that's going to be
+true actually of all the other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true actually of all the other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true actually of all the other cases
+that we do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do as
+well so what about this threshold limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what about this threshold limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what about this threshold limit
+how does the formula change well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the formula change well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the formula change well you
+could think about how the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about how the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about how the formula
+changes is it's it's really a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is it's it's really a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is it's it's really a change of
+this H in the threshold limit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H in the threshold limit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H in the threshold limit because
+what's happening is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that you're
+constraining the pink radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the pink radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the pink radiation and
+making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green let me go keep my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pictures so if we want to go from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so if we want to go from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures so if we want to go from here
+to here for the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit then only certain terms if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then only certain terms if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit then only certain terms if you
+like in the h j or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+included so if you wrote out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so if you wrote out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so if you wrote out that
+function really what it corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really what it corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really what it corresponds to
+is that only the most singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that only the most singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that only the most singular
+terms in the variable oneus to in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the variable oneus to in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the variable oneus to in these
+one minus type variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus type variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus type variables are
+included so Delta functions of oneus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so Delta functions of oneus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so Delta functions of oneus to
+plus functions of oneus to those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus functions of oneus to those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus functions of oneus to those are the
+the terms that you would included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that you would included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms that you would included
+include from the AG whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include from the AG whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include from the AG whereas the
+inclusive one has much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive one has much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive one has much more
+in it this this uh keeps only particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it this this uh keeps only particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it this this uh keeps only particular
+terms but there's also different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but there's also different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but there's also different
+hierarchies of scales because now 1us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies of scales because now 1us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies of scales because now 1us to
+is small and you want to for example sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and you want to for example sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small and you want to for example sum
+logs of 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of 1us
+ta in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and that's what the
+factorization theorem this threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem this threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem this threshold
+region does for you so the hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region does for you so the hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region does for you so the hi
+J inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J inclusive
+gets turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+following so this is the modification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this is the modification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so this is the modification of
+the factorization theorem so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization theorem so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization theorem so there's a
+there's a soft function for that soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and then there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then there's a different
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function which is only a function of q^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is only a function of q^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is only a function of q^2
+and it's like the square this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like the square this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like the square this guy here
+is the square of a Wilson coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square of a Wilson coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square of a Wilson coefficient
+again and I and J are just pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I and J are just pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I and J are just pairs of
+quirks U Bar DD bar there's actually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks U Bar DD bar there's actually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks U Bar DD bar there's actually no
+gluons in this case so the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in this case so the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons in this case so the terms that
+the gluon PDFs actually get suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon PDFs actually get suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon PDFs actually get suppressed
+they're not singular in one minus t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not singular in one minus t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not singular in one minus t and
+we get this formula here and now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this formula here and now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this formula here and now there's
+going to be some running that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some running that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some running that you have
+to do between the hard scale and the sof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do between the hard scale and the sof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do between the hard scale and the sof
+scale and that running is going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and that running is going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and that running is going to sum
+up these logarithms of one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these logarithms of one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these logarithms of one minus
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that I'm not going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that I'm not going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that I'm not going to go through
+that in any more detail spend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any more detail spend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in any more detail spend a little
+more time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so what about isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what about isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so what about isolated
+dran this one is a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran this one is a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dran this one is a little bit different
+than the other ones because we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other ones because we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other ones because we have to
+measure something about the process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something about the process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something about the process to
+know that it looks like this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it looks like this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it looks like this if we
+really want to drive a factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to drive a factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to drive a factorization
+theorem here we were measuring to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here we were measuring to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem here we were measuring to but
+now I'm telling you I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm telling you I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm telling you I don't want to
+measure too yet I still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure too yet I still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure too yet I still want to
+distinguish so I don't want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so I don't want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so I don't want to measure
+to I don't want to constrain it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to constrain it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to constrain it to be
+close to one but I still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one but I still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one but I still want to
+distinguish between these two right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these two right and
+if I'm going to distinguish between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to distinguish between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to distinguish between
+those two situations I need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two situations I need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two situations I need to measure
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+else and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and we can
+do we could measure something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we could measure something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we could measure something that's
+exactly like what we did when we did E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like what we did when we did E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like what we did when we did E
+plus e minus uh to die Jets because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e minus uh to die Jets because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e minus uh to die Jets because this
+is really like die Jets but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really like die Jets but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really like die Jets but they're just
+initial State Jets rather than final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial State Jets rather than final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial State Jets rather than final
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets
+so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're going to
+do we only have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we only have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we only have four
+Jets we don't we have tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets we don't we have tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jets we don't we have tow
+that's generic so the C's are not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generic so the C's are not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generic so the C's are not being
+forced to go to one and so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to go to one and so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to go to one and so we need
+something that we can observe to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can observe to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can observe to do
+that and here's what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do do something that's the analog of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do something that's the analog of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do something that's the analog of e
+plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e
+minus to digets but in this for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to digets but in this for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to digets but in this for these
+initial state Jets so we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state Jets so we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial state Jets so we say that
+PX is a sum of momentum in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX is a sum of momentum in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PX is a sum of momentum in two
+hemispheres the hemispheres A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres the hemispheres A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres the hemispheres A and
+B are just the dividing line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are just the dividing line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are just the dividing line of the
+center mass of the Collision so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center mass of the Collision so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center mass of the Collision so very
+simple perpendicular to the beam axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple perpendicular to the beam axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple perpendicular to the beam axis
+and then we just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we just say that
+ba+ so this is just a four momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ so this is just a four momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ so this is just a four momentum
+decomposition but we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition but we can look at
+ba+ which is like dotting the N Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ which is like dotting the N Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ which is like dotting the N Vector
+for one axis into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one axis into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one axis into
+ba and that's a sum over particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba and that's a sum over particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba and that's a sum over particles in
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hemispheres and then likewise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so this is if I write it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is if I write it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this is if I write it in terms of
+energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+rapidities look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is sum of zero will be A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is sum of zero will be A+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is sum of zero will be A+
+and then then I do I can constrain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then I do I can constrain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then I do I can constrain that
+ba+ which is exactly like constraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ which is exactly like constraining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba+ which is exactly like constraining
+the plus momentum in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus momentum in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus momentum in one of the
+hemispheres to be small and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres to be small and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres to be small and what that
+does if you constrain the plus momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if you constrain the plus momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does if you constrain the plus momentum
+in this hemisphere to be small it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hemisphere to be small it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hemisphere to be small it'll
+allow ultr soft radiation because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow ultr soft radiation because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow ultr soft radiation because they
+have small plus momentum and it'll allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small plus momentum and it'll allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have small plus momentum and it'll allow
+cinear R radiation because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear R radiation because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear R radiation because they have
+small plus momentum so constraining ba+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plus momentum so constraining ba+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small plus momentum so constraining ba+
+constrains all the plus momentum in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains all the plus momentum in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains all the plus momentum in that
+Hemisphere and that uh puts you in an1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemisphere and that uh puts you in an1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemisphere and that uh puts you in an1
+situation where we have a figure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we have a figure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we have a figure like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so rather than constrain the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than constrain the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than constrain the purple
+mantum we constrain the plus and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantum we constrain the plus and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mantum we constrain the plus and then we
+get SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take
+pa+ to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pa+ to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pa+ to
+be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than or
+something which you could say well less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which you could say well less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which you could say well less
+than equal to sum cut just call it B cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to sum cut just call it B cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to sum cut just call it B cut
+and that is much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is much less than
+q and then we do the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and then we do the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and then we do the same thing for
+B B+ which we Define as NB which is n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B B+ which we Define as NB which is n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B B+ which we Define as NB which is n a
+bar okay so little notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so little notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay so little notation here
+is awkward but we do the same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward but we do the same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward but we do the same thing here
+say this is less than or equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is less than or equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is less than or equal to some
+cut and that that's much less than q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and that that's much less than q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut and that that's much less than q and
+by demanding small plus momentum in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by demanding small plus momentum in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by demanding small plus momentum in both
+hemispheres appropriate momentum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres appropriate momentum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres appropriate momentum the
+small components you sure the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small components you sure the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small components you sure the small
+components that puts us in a sket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that puts us in a sket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that puts us in a sket
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+situation so we have CN CN bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so we have CN CN bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so we have CN CN bar and
+ultrasoft and that's what I those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft and that's what I those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft and that's what I those are
+the allow types of radiation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allow types of radiation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the allow types of radiation and that's
+what I drew in my figure so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I drew in my figure so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I drew in my figure so hopefully
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all
+right so what does the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does the factorization
+look like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in this
+case well you have two types of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well you have two types of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well you have two types of things
+that are cinear if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are cinear if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are cinear if you look at the
+figure there's the initial State proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure there's the initial State proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure there's the initial State proton
+right which came in here and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which came in here and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which came in here and it was
+colinear so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear so here's a
+proton and then it's cruising along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and then it's cruising along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and then it's cruising along and
+at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+point it widens out like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it widens out like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it widens out like this and
+becomes a jet so this here is colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a jet so this here is colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a jet so this here is colinear
+at a smaller scale than this here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a smaller scale than this here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a smaller scale than this here this
+is a Jet right it's got large invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Jet right it's got large invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Jet right it's got large invariant
+mass relative to the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass relative to the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass relative to the proton
+Mass so there's actually two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so there's actually two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass so there's actually two types of
+cinear and if you really want to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear and if you really want to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear and if you really want to draw
+the mode picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode picture for
+this here's what it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so here's our cinear hyperbola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's our cinear hyperbola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's our cinear hyperbola
+CN CN bar we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN CN bar we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN CN bar we have an
+ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasoft
+hyperbola and then somewhere we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola and then somewhere we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola and then somewhere we have a
+Lambda qcd hyperbola and there's protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd hyperbola and there's protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd hyperbola and there's protons
+that sit on the Lambda qcd so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sit on the Lambda qcd so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sit on the Lambda qcd so this is
+like PN bar if you like or give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like PN bar if you like or give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like PN bar if you like or give it a
+different name PN and then there's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes so what we'll do is we'll not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so what we'll do is we'll not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so what we'll do is we'll not
+really worry about distinguishing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worry about distinguishing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worry about distinguishing these
+we'll think of them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think of them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think of them all
+together so we'll just have1 where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we'll just have1 where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we'll just have1 where we
+have ultrasofts here a CN and a CN bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ultrasofts here a CN and a CN bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ultrasofts here a CN and a CN bar
+but then we'll later have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we'll later have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we'll later have to worry about
+factoring the you know this includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring the you know this includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring the you know this includes the
+jet this is the cinear Jet and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet this is the cinear Jet and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet this is the cinear Jet and this is
+the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+right so the both objects will be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the both objects will be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the both objects will be in the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+function at the beginning and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the beginning and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the beginning and then we'll
+have to factor them later if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor them later if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor them later if we want to
+separate those scales it's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those scales it's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those scales it's a similar
+trick to what we used before in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to what we used before in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to what we used before in another
+example but it was for soft in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it was for soft in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but it was for soft in that case
+so if we just keep these guys together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just keep these guys together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we just keep these guys together
+then it's just a sket one just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just a sket one just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just a sket one just have
+these modes go through the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes go through the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modes go through the factorization
+and this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so we can measure Q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so we can measure Q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so we can measure Q squared
+rapidity and we can measure these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity and we can measure these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity and we can measure these two
+hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere
+momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hard function is again the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard function is again the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard function is again the square of
+a Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient just as it was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just as it was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just as it was in the
+threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case we get some colinear functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get some colinear functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we get some colinear functions that
+are called beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and they're like they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're like they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and they're like they have an
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+that's plus times a m minus momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plus times a m minus momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plus times a m minus momentum so
+this wa is like a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wa is like a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wa is like a minus
+momentum they have a borin x variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum they have a borin x variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum they have a borin x variable
+and I have mu there's one of these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have mu there's one of these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have mu there's one of these for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+Direction so there's one for the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so there's one for the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so there's one for the B
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too and then there's a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then there's a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and then there's a soft
+function and it's a hemisphere soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's a hemisphere soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it's a hemisphere soft
+function it's really exactly analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's really exactly analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's really exactly analogous
+to the saw function that we had in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the saw function that we had in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the saw function that we had in E
+plus e minus the diets except that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e minus the diets except that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e minus the diets except that the
+Wilson lines are incoming instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lines are incoming instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson lines are incoming instead of
+outgoing it depends on 2 plus momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing it depends on 2 plus momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing it depends on 2 plus momenta
+mu okay so the factorization theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so the factorization theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay so the factorization theorem
+involves these B's which are called beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions so this is a beam function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this is a beam function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this is a beam function for
+Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton
+I and Parton I could be a quark or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Parton I could be a quark or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and Parton I could be a quark or a
+gluon in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon in this
+case well sorry part on I here will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well sorry part on I here will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well sorry part on I here will be a
+quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark
+actually in this case Quark Q or Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case Quark Q or Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case Quark Q or Q
+Bar but it you have analogous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar but it you have analogous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar but it you have analogous functions
+for gluons as well that come would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluons as well that come would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gluons as well that come would come
+in for example if you were doing higs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example if you were doing higs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example if you were doing higs
+production so what is this beam function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what is this beam function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what is this beam function
+it's the one object that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one object that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one object that we haven't
+seen we haven't seen an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and it's really a matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's really a matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's really a matrix element
+of an operator that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an operator that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an operator that we've
+studied in many different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in many different situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in many different situations
+it's just the kai bar Kai operator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the kai bar Kai operator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the kai bar Kai operator with
+different arguments than we've studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arguments than we've studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arguments than we've studied
+previously so it's a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so it's a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously so it's a slightly different
+Matrix element of the kai bar Kai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element of the kai bar Kai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element of the kai bar Kai
+operator because what we're measuring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because what we're measuring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator because what we're measuring is
+both the large momentum and the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the large momentum and the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the large momentum and the small
+momentum of that operator when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that operator when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that operator when we
+measured just the large momentum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured just the large momentum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured just the large momentum that
+gave us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us the
+PDF but now we're measuring also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but now we're measuring also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF but now we're measuring also the
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+momentum which you can write like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so it's a proton Matrix element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a proton Matrix element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's a proton Matrix element of
+a Kai bar Kai operator where if it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kai bar Kai operator where if it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Kai bar Kai operator where if it was a
+PDF this would be zero and zero and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF this would be zero and zero and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF this would be zero and zero and we
+just have the minus momentum but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the minus momentum but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the minus momentum but now
+we're measuring if you like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring if you like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring if you like the other
+momentum which is like a plus momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which is like a plus momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which is like a plus momentum
+and I wrote it in 4A space so the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote it in 4A space so the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wrote it in 4A space so the plus
+momentum is that you're measuring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is that you're measuring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is that you're measuring is
+here those are the two variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those are the two variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those are the two variables that
+are showing up on the right hand side as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing up on the right hand side as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing up on the right hand side as
+well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as
+the minus momentum of the proton so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus momentum of the proton so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus momentum of the proton so it's
+just a different Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different Matrix
+element than one we've had before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element than one we've had before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element than one we've had before the
+jet function the jet function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet function the jet function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet function the jet function
+remember would be vacuum Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember would be vacuum Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember would be vacuum Matrix element
+of Kai bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kai bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Kai bar
+Kai and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and the
+PDF stand PDF would be proton Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF stand PDF would be proton Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF stand PDF would be proton Matrix
+element of K Bar Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of K Bar Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of K Bar Delta
+Kai and it's just really the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and it's just really the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and it's just really the arguments
+are slightly different and that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different and that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different and that allows
+this thing to contain both kind of a jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to contain both kind of a jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to contain both kind of a jet
+initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial State
+jet in this case here the jet function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet in this case here the jet function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet in this case here the jet function
+you'd have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have some
+variable and zero in this case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and zero in this case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and zero in this case here
+you'd have zero and zero and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have zero and zero and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have zero and zero and so what you
+like what this guy is is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what this guy is is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what this guy is is just a
+combination of the two things we studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two things we studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two things we studied
+before we studied the jet function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we studied the jet function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we studied the jet function we
+studied the PDF now this has both inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the PDF now this has both inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the PDF now this has both inside
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and if we go through this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go through this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we go through this final
+factorization between there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization between there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization between there and there
+then that's like a sket one to get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching and so we can integrate out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and so we can integrate out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and so we can integrate out the
+perturbative radiation which is the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative radiation which is the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative radiation which is the jet
+function right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturbative and this is nonperturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative and this is nonperturbative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative and this is nonperturbative
+we can separate those by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can separate those by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can separate those by doing
+another matching and gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another matching and gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another matching and gives a
+factorization theorem for the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem for the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem for the B
+alone that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so there's some perturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some perturbative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so there's some perturbative
+matching coefficients which are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and then you get a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PDF so this I is the thing that has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so this I is the thing that has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF so this I is the thing that has in
+it the jet radiation this is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the jet radiation this is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the jet radiation this is sort of an
+i for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i for the
+jet and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet and then this is the
+PDF okay and the T scale here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF okay and the T scale here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF okay and the T scale here is is
+large and what you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and what you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and what you're basically
+expanding in is you're expanding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in is you're expanding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in is you're expanding in
+Lambda qcd over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd over
+T so if you ask what what am I doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so if you ask what what am I doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so if you ask what what am I doing to
+make that separation I'm expanding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that separation I'm expanding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that separation I'm expanding in
+Lambda qcd over T there's no T here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd over T there's no T here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd over T there's no T here the
+t is perturbative it sets the scale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is perturbative it sets the scale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is perturbative it sets the scale for
+the jet and this f is a non-perturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet and this f is a non-perturbative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet and this f is a non-perturbative
+distribution function and that's then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and that's then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and that's then
+the full factorization theorem putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full factorization theorem putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full factorization theorem putting
+those things together so these B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things together so these B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things together so these B
+functions are kind of EX they are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are kind of EX they are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are kind of EX they are things
+that show up whenever you have a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up whenever you have a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that show up whenever you have a process
+where you ask for a particular number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you ask for a particular number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you ask for a particular number of
+jets and uh if you asked for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets and uh if you asked for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets and uh if you asked for example for
+a particular if you ask for two uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular if you ask for two uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular if you ask for two uh if
+you ask for this setup plus one more jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask for this setup plus one more jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask for this setup plus one more jet
+how would things change well you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would things change well you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would things change well you'd have
+the same beam radiation the same initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same beam radiation the same initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same beam radiation the same initial
+State radiation and you'd add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State radiation and you'd add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State radiation and you'd add one more
+jet function to this formula so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet function to this formula so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet function to this formula so that
+would be exclusive one jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exclusive one jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be exclusive one jet
+production or you could have two Jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or you could have two Jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or you could have two Jets
+then you'd have two jet functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have two jet functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'd have two jet functions in
+each case you have a different soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case you have a different soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each case you have a different soft
+function but these beam functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but these beam functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but these beam functions are
+going to be always showing up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be always showing up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be always showing up because
+they're describing this initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're describing this initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're describing this initial State
+radiation so anytime that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so anytime that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation so anytime that that's an
+allowed thing then it'll show up if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed thing then it'll show up if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed thing then it'll show up if you
+start doing per measurements then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing per measurements then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing per measurements then you
+might have per dependent beam functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have per dependent beam functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have per dependent beam functions
+okay in the same way that we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the same way that we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the same way that we could get
+per dependent PDFs in some sense a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dependent PDFs in some sense a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dependent PDFs in some sense a per
+dependent PDF is like a beam function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent PDF is like a beam function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent PDF is like a beam function
+so that's kind of the last function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the last function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the last function that
+you need to know about that is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about that is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know about that is kind of a
+generic thing that shows up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic thing that shows up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic thing that shows up with these
+factorization theorems and we're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorems and we're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorems and we're out of
+time so we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we'll stop
+there and that's it see you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YLDRzy8Dcgo.txt b/YLDRzy8Dcgo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9fc65c3ed17b49da8ca8b8f95a9d3ccd9841257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YLDRzy8Dcgo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's consider our one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider our one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider our one-dimensional
+collision again object one moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision again object one moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision again object one moving with
+velocity v1 initial and object two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity v1 initial and object two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity v1 initial and object two
+moving with the two initial let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the two initial let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the two initial let's call
+this our I hat direction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our I hat direction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our I hat direction and the
+this is our initial state and our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our initial state and our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our initial state and our final
+state after the collision we have object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state after the collision we have object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state after the collision we have object
+one we'll say it's moving this way be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'll say it's moving this way be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we'll say it's moving this way be
+one final an object two moving that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final an object two moving that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final an object two moving that way
+B two final now recall our principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two final now recall our principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two final now recall our principle of
+impulse and momentum we said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and momentum we said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and momentum we said that if
+there is an external force during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an external force during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an external force during the
+time of a collision delta T then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of a collision delta T then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of a collision delta T then
+physically that will cause the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that will cause the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that will cause the momentum
+of the system final minus the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system final minus the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system final minus the momentum
+of the system initial now when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system initial now when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system initial now when we do
+this analysis this side was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis this side was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this analysis this side was a
+description and this side is physics now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and this side is physics now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and this side is physics now
+for our one-dimensional collision we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our one-dimensional collision we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our one-dimensional collision we
+need to look at this collision and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at this collision and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at this collision and ask
+ourselves are there any external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are there any external forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves are there any external forces
+acting on the system which is consisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the system which is consisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the system which is consisting
+of particle one and particle two so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one and particle two so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle one and particle two so what
+we're going to identify here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to identify here is that
+this surface is frictionless and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface is frictionless and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface is frictionless and will
+ignore all air resistance and so by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore all air resistance and so by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore all air resistance and so by our
+assumptions that there are no F external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that there are no F external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that there are no F external
+is zero and therefore the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and therefore the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and therefore the momentum of
+the system remains constant so here our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system remains constant so here our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system remains constant so here our
+statement is many people call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is many people call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is many people call this
+conservation of momentum but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum but we're
+saying in this example based on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in this example based on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in this example based on our
+assumptions that the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that the momentum of the
+system is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is constant
+now how do we actually write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we actually write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we actually write that down
+well let's now write it first as vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's now write it first as vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's now write it first as vector
+expressions so we have the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so we have the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions so we have the initial
+momentum be one of the system m1 m2 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum be one of the system m1 m2 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum be one of the system m1 m2 be
+to initial is equal to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial is equal to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to initial is equal to the final
+momentum of the system be one final plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system be one final plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system be one final plus
+m2 be to final now how do we represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 be to final now how do we represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 be to final now how do we represent
+these equations well you could treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations well you could treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations well you could treat
+them as vectors if you wanted but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as vectors if you wanted but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as vectors if you wanted but what
+we're gonna do is express them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is express them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is express them as
+components so if we wrote this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if we wrote this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so if we wrote this as
+components we would have m1 the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we would have m1 the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we would have m1 the X
+initial I hat plus M to be 2 X initial I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat plus M to be 2 X initial I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat plus M to be 2 X initial I
+hat equals m1 the 1x final I hat plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat equals m1 the 1x final I hat plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat equals m1 the 1x final I hat plus
+m2v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2v2
+X final I have 2 so that's the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final I have 2 so that's the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final I have 2 so that's the vector
+expression expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression expressed in terms of
+components the advantage of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the advantage of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the advantage of this is that
+we really don't know the signs of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know the signs of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't know the signs of these
+two final components that's our target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two final components that's our target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two final components that's our target
+quantities but we could just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but we could just write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities but we could just write this
+equation instead of writing it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead of writing it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation instead of writing it as a
+vector equation let's just now write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation let's just now write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation let's just now write
+this as a component equation and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a component equation and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a component equation and when we
+write this equation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation in terms of
+components we have M 1 B 1 X initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we have M 1 B 1 X initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we have M 1 B 1 X initial
+plus m2v2 X initial equals M 1 V 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2v2 X initial equals M 1 V 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m2v2 X initial equals M 1 V 1 X
+final plus m2v2 X final and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final plus m2v2 X final and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final plus m2v2 X final and this
+equation here is the equation that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here is the equation that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here is the equation that we'll
+use to express the constancy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to express the constancy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to express the constancy of the
+momentum of the system we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the system we'll call this
+equation 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1
+now our next approach is to ask are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our next approach is to ask are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our next approach is to ask are
+there any other quantities in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other quantities in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any other quantities in the system
+which are constant
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YRtRMhsXRdM.txt b/YRtRMhsXRdM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d63f8e5b44cc2b5abf0e0ded45e4612cbb2b4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YRtRMhsXRdM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you uh tell me the name of your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you uh tell me the name of your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you uh tell me the name of your team
+and introduce the members please well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce the members please well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce the members please well
+our team uh we don't actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team uh we don't actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our team uh we don't actually have a
+name we've been going by team n for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we've been going by team n for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name we've been going by team n for the
+r of the term and uh over here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of the term and uh over here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of the term and uh over here we've got
+Dr Zas that's Danny and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Zas that's Danny and this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Zas that's Danny and this is our
+payload specialist will behind us we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload specialist will behind us we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload specialist will behind us we got
+Brian I'm Chris the pilot and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian I'm Chris the pilot and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian I'm Chris the pilot and this is
+Tom all right great well you made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom all right great well you made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom all right great well you made it
+this far how how are you feeling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far how how are you feeling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far how how are you feeling uh
+we're we're static our goal was to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're static our goal was to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're static our goal was to go
+over 5 minutes we made it past 6 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 minutes we made it past 6 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 minutes we made it past 6 minutes
+and uh we're just really proud to be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're just really proud to be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're just really proud to be out
+here representing our team and the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here representing our team and the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here representing our team and the hard
+work we put into this project so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we put into this project so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we put into this project so you
+guys are sitting in first place right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are sitting in first place right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are sitting in first place right
+now we're sitting on top of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're sitting on top of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're sitting on top of the world
+it's it's scary there's a lot of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's scary there's a lot of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's scary there's a lot of ways to
+fall off but uh we're really proud to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off but uh we're really proud to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off but uh we're really proud to be
+here well your your uh toughest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well your your uh toughest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well your your uh toughest
+competition came real close to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition came real close to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition came real close to uh
+beating you a few minutes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating you a few minutes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating you a few minutes ago
+we so what what's been your strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so what what's been your strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so what what's been your strategy for
+uh being so dominant in this competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being so dominant in this competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being so dominant in this competition
+uh mainly the our strategy has been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mainly the our strategy has been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mainly the our strategy has been to
+keep the thrust level as low as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the thrust level as low as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the thrust level as low as possible
+to maintain battery power to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain battery power to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain battery power to accomplish
+that we've uh reduced drag and increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've uh reduced drag and increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've uh reduced drag and increased
+lift so how did you achieve that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift so how did you achieve that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift so how did you achieve that what's
+the most notable design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most notable design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most notable design
+feature I think will you should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature I think will you should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature I think will you should talk
+about our proudest moment well yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our proudest moment well yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our proudest moment well yeah the
+uh streamlined uh uh fuselage and egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh streamlined uh uh fuselage and egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh streamlined uh uh fuselage and egg
+compartment helps us minimize drag as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment helps us minimize drag as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment helps us minimize drag as
+much as possible so that we can fly at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible so that we can fly at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as possible so that we can fly at a
+lower flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower flight
+velocity in addition we have a a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in addition we have a a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in addition we have a a highly
+cambered Wing a highly cambered Wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambered Wing a highly cambered Wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambered Wing a highly cambered Wing
+created by uh Danny and Tom here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by uh Danny and Tom here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by uh Danny and Tom here that is
+really good at producing a lot of lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at producing a lot of lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at producing a lot of lift
+at low speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low speeds
+so you've been working on this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've been working on this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've been working on this project
+as a team for most of the semester what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team for most of the semester what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team for most of the semester what
+what's been the most enjoyable part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been the most enjoyable part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been the most enjoyable part of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+process I'd say just hanging out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'd say just hanging out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I'd say just hanging out with
+these guys and working together as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and working together as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys and working together as a
+team has been one of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team has been one of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team has been one of the greatest
+pleasures of my life agree and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of my life agree and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of my life agree and and
+what's been the toughest part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been the toughest part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been the toughest part about
+engineering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering your
+system uh we have meetings at 12:00 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we have meetings at 12:00 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh we have meetings at 12:00 on
+Saturday morning and uh that's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday morning and uh that's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday morning and uh that's hard to
+do I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll tell you
+what but overall I'd say that the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but overall I'd say that the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but overall I'd say that the uh the
+overall system architecture is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system architecture is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system architecture is really
+hard because uh one change in the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because uh one change in the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard because uh one change in the tail
+will affect the rest of the the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the rest of the the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the rest of the the system
+and one change in the wing will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one change in the wing will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one change in the wing will affect
+the rest of the system so you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the system so you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the system so you have to do
+an iterative process that contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative process that contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative process that contains all
+aspects of the system because it's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the system because it's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the system because it's such
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+interconnected well good luck with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected well good luck with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected well good luck with the
+flight thanks for talking to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight thanks for talking to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight thanks for talking to us
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YcxHJcGU8u0.txt b/YcxHJcGU8u0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40658aaad04e4dd1da3b6d0a9aa6380c353159da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YcxHJcGU8u0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to combine these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to combine these two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to combine these two pieces
+together because there obviously have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because there obviously have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because there obviously have a
+lot of overlap I think isn't that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of overlap I think isn't that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of overlap I think isn't that the
+course yeah I mean I can do that now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah I mean I can do that now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah I mean I can do that now and
+it's not really a neither of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a neither of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a neither of these
+readings are briefly in the decline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are briefly in the decline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings are briefly in the decline of
+US manufacturing we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US manufacturing we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US manufacturing we'll talk about this
+in depth next week when we dive into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth next week when we dive into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth next week when we dive into the
+origins in the u.s. innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in the u.s. innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins in the u.s. innovation system
+where it came from where did the R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from where did the R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it came from where did the R&D
+agencies come from but in essence when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies come from but in essence when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies come from but in essence when
+the u.s. is constructing its innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is constructing its innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is constructing its innovation
+system in the course of war - and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the course of war - and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the course of war - and the
+immediate aftermath and we'll read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate aftermath and we'll read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate aftermath and we'll read you
+know the niebuhr bush and talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the niebuhr bush and talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the niebuhr bush and talk about it
+next week the problem that the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week the problem that the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week the problem that the u.s.
+faced you know before the Second World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced you know before the Second World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced you know before the Second World
+War the US wasn't all that strong of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War the US wasn't all that strong of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War the US wasn't all that strong of
+science power right there were countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science power right there were countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science power right there were countries
+like Germany and Britain that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Germany and Britain that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Germany and Britain that were
+considerably further ahead by general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably further ahead by general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably further ahead by general
+worldview in science capability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview in science capability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldview in science capability in the
+US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the neva Bush worked hard during World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neva Bush worked hard during World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neva Bush worked hard during World
+War two to build up that early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two to build up that early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two to build up that early stage
+research capability and then linked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research capability and then linked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research capability and then linked it
+to more applied stages of course the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more applied stages of course the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more applied stages of course the war
+at the end of the war he has a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the war he has a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the war he has a choice
+what do we save and he decides as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we save and he decides as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we save and he decides as the
+war is winding down and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is winding down and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is winding down and we'll talk about
+this next week he decides to save that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week he decides to save that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week he decides to save that
+early stage research capability because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage research capability because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage research capability because
+that was what the problem was the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what the problem was the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was what the problem was the United
+States was king of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was king of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was king of manufacturing
+manufacturing product production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing product production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing product production
+capability in the United States dwarfed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability in the United States dwarfed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability in the United States dwarfed
+every other country including our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other country including our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other country including our two
+major post-war pre-war competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major post-war pre-war competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major post-war pre-war competitors
+Germany and Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Japan
+we just had much bigger production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had much bigger production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had much bigger production
+capability we were we were selling we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability we were we were selling we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability we were we were selling we
+had developed mass production would read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed mass production would read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had developed mass production would read
+no one else had figured out in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else had figured out in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one else had figured out in part
+because we could sell into a continent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could sell into a continent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could sell into a continent
+sized economy we created the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized economy we created the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized economy we created the first
+condon sized industrial economy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condon sized industrial economy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condon sized industrial economy right
+and we could similar to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could similar to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could similar to that so
+production wasn't the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production wasn't the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production wasn't the problem
+right we completely dominated production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we completely dominated production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we completely dominated production
+it never occurred to anybody in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never occurred to anybody in the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it never occurred to anybody in the u.s.
+that there might come a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might come a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might come a challenge to
+u.s. production capability instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. production capability instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. production capability instead the
+problem boniva bush is trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem boniva bush is trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem boniva bush is trying to solve
+is building this early stage research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building this early stage research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building this early stage research
+capability which we didn't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which we didn't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which we didn't really have
+you know that strong a system prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that strong a system prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that strong a system prior to
+the world to the war so the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to the war so the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to the war so the u.s.
+innovation system when it gets created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system when it gets created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system when it gets created
+in that post-war period and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that post-war period and we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that post-war period and we'll go
+into this next week doesn't focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this next week doesn't focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this next week doesn't focus on the
+production because it's not a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because it's not a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production because it's not a problem in
+countries like Germany and Japan which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Germany and Japan which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Germany and Japan which
+by the way we had just bombed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we had just bombed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we had just bombed their
+production system right they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system right they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production system right they've got to
+restore all that right they've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore all that right they've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore all that right they've got to
+rebuild that they developed innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild that they developed innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuild that they developed innovation
+systems that are focused on production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are focused on production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are focused on production
+that's where they focus the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they focus the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they focus the information
+systems not like the US does we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not like the US does we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems not like the US does we think
+R&D is king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D is king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R&D is king
+other countries assume this link between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries assume this link between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries assume this link between
+research and production and focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and production and focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and production and focus on the
+production stage because it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production stage because it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production stage because it is indeed
+highly innovative right we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly innovative right we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly innovative right we just don't
+organize our economy very differently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize our economy very differently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize our economy very differently we
+miss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss that
+and the results you know are painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results you know are painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the results you know are painful
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so let me does that answer more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me does that answer more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me does that answer more or less
+all right you can keep pushing on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can keep pushing on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can keep pushing on that
+too as we go further what team oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're on the phone all the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the phone all the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the phone all the time to
+meet Martinez believe I can't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Martinez believe I can't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Martinez believe I can't you know
+unbearable it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbearable it's constant
+you heard my cell phone going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard my cell phone going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard my cell phone going off
+through the entire class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire class
+no I'm this is only a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm this is only a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm this is only a set of
+realizations that the political system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations that the political system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations that the political system
+is starting to come to and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting to come to and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is starting to come to and you know it's
+been a painful set of lessons and well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a painful set of lessons and well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a painful set of lessons and well I
+was lucky enough to hang out at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lucky enough to hang out at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lucky enough to hang out at MIT and
+get educated by people like Susanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get educated by people like Susanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get educated by people like Susanne
+burger in a series of other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger in a series of other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burger in a series of other you know
+terrific MIT folks who began teaching me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific MIT folks who began teaching me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific MIT folks who began teaching me
+you know what had been going on here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what had been going on here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what had been going on here so
+I was a beneficiary of you know the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a beneficiary of you know the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a beneficiary of you know the MIT
+firehose I get to stand in it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firehose I get to stand in it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firehose I get to stand in it for a
+significant period of time and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant period of time and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant period of time and so you
+know my next book will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my next book will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my next book will be on
+manufacturing so a lot of the snippets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so a lot of the snippets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing so a lot of the snippets
+that you're seeing here will be carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing here will be carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're seeing here will be carried
+over into that book which mit press is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into that book which mit press is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over into that book which mit press is
+publishing but it won't come out until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing but it won't come out until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing but it won't come out until I
+mean why it takes a year to process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why it takes a year to process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why it takes a year to process a
+book even though you submit it online is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book even though you submit it online is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book even though you submit it online is
+beyond me but it will come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond me but it will come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond me but it will come out and
+around December of this coming year but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around December of this coming year but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around December of this coming year but
+let's go back into our story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back into our story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back into our story
+I should add one more thing Martine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should add one more thing Martine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should add one more thing Martine
+Donald Trump just won the election on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Trump just won the election on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donald Trump just won the election on
+these issues this is a lesson is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues this is a lesson is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues this is a lesson is now
+being learned by the political system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being learned by the political system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being learned by the political system
+right are they gonna come to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are they gonna come to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are they gonna come to the right
+conclusions about what to do about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about what to do about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions about what to do about the
+right policies I don't know but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right policies I don't know but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right policies I don't know but this is
+now embedded into the political learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now embedded into the political learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now embedded into the political learning
+lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons
+so hollowing out I argue that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hollowing out I argue that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hollowing out I argue that's what the
+story has been unemployment unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story has been unemployment unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story has been unemployment unemployment
+and manufacturing was down almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manufacturing was down almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manufacturing was down almost a
+third in the decade of the 2000s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third in the decade of the 2000s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third in the decade of the 2000s you
+know it fell to 11 points for 11.5 11.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it fell to 11 points for 11.5 11.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it fell to 11 points for 11.5 11.8
+I guess and it's now back at twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and it's now back at twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and it's now back at twelve
+point three but that's not that far back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three but that's not that far back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three but that's not that far back
+it was 17 before all this started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 17 before all this started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 17 before all this started
+millions of jobs investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manufacturing fixed capital investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing fixed capital investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing fixed capital investment
+decline declined in the 2000s for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline declined in the 2000s for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline declined in the 2000s for the
+first time we started collecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we started collecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we started collecting the
+data right an actual decline to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right an actual decline to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right an actual decline to that
+time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period
+so in part as a result output is down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part as a result output is down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in part as a result output is down if
+you're not investing in capital planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not investing in capital planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not investing in capital planning
+equipment you know what's gonna have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know what's gonna have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know what's gonna have an
+output so output was down in depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so output was down in depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so output was down in depending
+high heat counts either 15 or 16 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high heat counts either 15 or 16 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high heat counts either 15 or 16 in the
+manufacturing sectors that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sectors that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sectors that the
+government measures and then if output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government measures and then if output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government measures and then if output
+is lower than assume then productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than assume then productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than assume then productivity
+is gonna be lower than assumed as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be lower than assumed as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be lower than assumed as we
+discussed before us so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before us so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before us so this is the
+documentation of the very sharp decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation of the very sharp decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation of the very sharp decline
+in manufacturing employment in that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in manufacturing employment in that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in manufacturing employment in that time
+period from here to here so you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from here to here so you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from here to here so you see what
+happened this is national R&D intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this is national R&D intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened this is national R&D intensity
+right so this is all related to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all related to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all related to your
+investments in innovation although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in innovation although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in innovation although the
+lag time is significant so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time is significant so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag time is significant so you know
+here's the R&D intensity with US economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's GDP expenditures as a percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's GDP expenditures as a percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's GDP expenditures as a percentage
+of gross R&D expenditures as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gross R&D expenditures as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gross R&D expenditures as a
+percentage of GDP this is we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of GDP this is we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of GDP this is we saw this
+earlier this is the trade balance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is the trade balance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is the trade balance for
+high-technology goods versus all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-technology goods versus all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-technology goods versus all
+manufactured products huge deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured products huge deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured products huge deficit in
+all manufactured goods in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manufactured goods in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manufactured goods in the US
+increasing deficit in advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing deficit in advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing deficit in advanced
+technology goods are you gonna make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology goods are you gonna make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology goods are you gonna make this
+up on services well service have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on services well service have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on services well service have been
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+but you know look at that growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know look at that growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know look at that growth rate
+compared to you know the fallout in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to you know the fallout in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to you know the fallout in the
+goods palace now this good balance gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods palace now this good balance gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods palace now this good balance gets
+better because in the recession we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because in the recession we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because in the recession we're
+not producing anything right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not producing anything right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not producing anything right so
+therefore we're you know we aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're you know we aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're you know we aren't
+buying anything but that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying anything but that's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying anything but that's the real
+number and we're back to that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we're back to that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we're back to that range
+again in this time period so as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this time period so as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in this time period so as you can
+see even if we're staggeringly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see even if we're staggeringly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see even if we're staggeringly
+successful in services it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in services it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in services it's not going to
+offset the balance in goods that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the balance in goods that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset the balance in goods that's yeah
+that's 911 you don't have no idea I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 911 you don't have no idea I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 911 you don't have no idea I'd
+have to look at that we certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at that we certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at that we certainly
+weren't flying mini airplanes that week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't flying mini airplanes that week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't flying mini airplanes that week
+off to take a look so we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to take a look so we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to take a look so we've been
+assuming as I said earlier that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming as I said earlier that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming as I said earlier that we've
+been losing manufacturing jobs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been losing manufacturing jobs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been losing manufacturing jobs because
+of productivity gains but that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity gains but that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of productivity gains but that just
+really has not been this story and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has not been this story and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has not been this story and this
+means then that we're not just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then that we're not just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then that we're not just going
+through a normal business cycle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a normal business cycle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a normal business cycle here
+there's real structural effects here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's real structural effects here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's real structural effects here
+right we're not gonna get out of this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not gonna get out of this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're not gonna get out of this by
+just coming out of a normal business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coming out of a normal business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just coming out of a normal business
+cycle in fact we didn't get out of it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in fact we didn't get out of it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in fact we didn't get out of it by
+coming out of a normal business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a normal business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a normal business cycle
+these manufacturing jobs are not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these manufacturing jobs are not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these manufacturing jobs are not coming
+back right they're gone and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right they're gone and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right they're gone and therefore
+you've gotten on a business cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten on a business cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gotten on a business cycle
+problems but a structural problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but a structural problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but a structural problem this
+is percentage loss in manufacturing jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is percentage loss in manufacturing jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is percentage loss in manufacturing jobs
+between 2000 and 2010 by state so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2000 and 2010 by state so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2000 and 2010 by state so the
+green states lost thirty to forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green states lost thirty to forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green states lost thirty to forty
+percent of their manufacturing jobs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their manufacturing jobs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of their manufacturing jobs the
+purple states lost over forty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple states lost over forty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple states lost over forty percent of
+their manufacturing jobs so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturing jobs so think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturing jobs so think of
+what was going on in textiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in textiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on in textiles and
+furniture in North Carolina where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture in North Carolina where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture in North Carolina where the
+auto sector Michigan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto sector Michigan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto sector Michigan
+but the overall picture it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the overall picture it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the overall picture it's not a
+pretty picture nationwide so we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty picture nationwide so we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty picture nationwide so we've had
+kind of an American brexit here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an American brexit here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an American brexit here with a
+lot of social disruption so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of social disruption so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of social disruption so the
+manufacturing decline tended to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline tended to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline tended to create
+societal decline so when we lost a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal decline so when we lost a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal decline so when we lost a third
+of the manufacturing jobs historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manufacturing jobs historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manufacturing jobs historically
+manufacturing was an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing was an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing was an important
+middle-class pathway for particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-class pathway for particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle-class pathway for particularly
+high school educated males but full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school educated males but full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school educated males but full
+employment full-year employment for men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment full-year employment for men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment full-year employment for men
+with high school but not college degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high school but not college degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high school but not college degrees
+went from 76 percent in 1990 down to 68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 76 percent in 1990 down to 68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 76 percent in 1990 down to 68
+percent in 2013 in other words we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in 2013 in other words we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent in 2013 in other words we may
+have unemployment now back to 4.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unemployment now back to 4.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unemployment now back to 4.9
+percent which is terrific news but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which is terrific news but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which is terrific news but we
+don't count this structural decline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count this structural decline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count this structural decline of
+people who would in effect have left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would in effect have left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who would in effect have left the
+workforce right which is still there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce right which is still there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce right which is still there as
+a deep structural problem so the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep structural problem so the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep structural problem so the share
+of men that did not work at all in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men that did not work at all in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men that did not work at all in that
+time period with that level of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period with that level of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period with that level of education
+went from 11% of 1990 to nine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 11% of 1990 to nine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went from 11% of 1990 to nine to
+eighteen percent and 2013 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen percent and 2013 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen percent and 2013 which is
+pretty staggering numbers most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty staggering numbers most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty staggering numbers most
+importantly you can't measure this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you can't measure this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly you can't measure this stuff
+by average income okay you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by average income okay you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by average income okay you've got to
+measure it by median income because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it by median income because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it by median income because the
+gains of the upper middle class disguise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains of the upper middle class disguise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains of the upper middle class disguise
+the decline in the other income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decline in the other income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decline in the other income
+quintiles right so you've got to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintiles right so you've got to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintiles right so you've got to look at
+median income meaning the income of men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income meaning the income of men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median income meaning the income of men
+with no high school diploma fell 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no high school diploma fell 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no high school diploma fell 20%
+between 1990 and 2013 and men with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1990 and 2013 and men with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1990 and 2013 and men with a
+high school diploma or some college fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school diploma or some college fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school diploma or some college fell
+13% so there's a growing income split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13% so there's a growing income split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13% so there's a growing income split
+between college and non college educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between college and non college educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between college and non college educated
+and a major accompanying rise in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a major accompanying rise in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a major accompanying rise in income
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+so David auteurs picture of this is of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so David auteurs picture of this is of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so David auteurs picture of this is of a
+barbell and one of the bells that Beth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbell and one of the bells that Beth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barbell and one of the bells that Beth
+could tell us this but one of the bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us this but one of the bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us this but one of the bells
+is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is growing
+that's this upper middle class Bell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this upper middle class Bell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this upper middle class Bell and
+that community is doing quite well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community is doing quite well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that community is doing quite well but
+then there's a thin that middle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a thin that middle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a thin that middle and a
+lot of that thinned out metal it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that thinned out metal it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that thinned out metal it's been
+pushed towards the other bill which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed towards the other bill which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed towards the other bill which is a
+growing lower end lower paid services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing lower end lower paid services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing lower end lower paid services
+sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector
+so we're thinning out the middle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're thinning out the middle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're thinning out the middle right
+and therefore creating this big economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore creating this big economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore creating this big economic
+inequality problem I mean this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problem I mean this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problem I mean this is in a
+country that created a democracy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that created a democracy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that created a democracy that
+delivered staggering social mobility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered staggering social mobility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered staggering social mobility to
+its population staggering unprecedent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its population staggering unprecedent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its population staggering unprecedent in
+the world right and we're now bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world right and we're now bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world right and we're now bringing
+that to a cause right we're shutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a cause right we're shutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a cause right we're shutting
+that down what are we doing right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down what are we doing right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down what are we doing right and
+the social consequences of this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social consequences of this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social consequences of this are
+absolutely profound so these product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely profound so these product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely profound so these product the
+election just told us completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election just told us completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election just told us completely
+disrupted the Republican Party and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted the Republican Party and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupted the Republican Party and
+caused huge demin across the board all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused huge demin across the board all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused huge demin across the board all
+parties disruption as well it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties disruption as well it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties disruption as well it's an
+incredible message that just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible message that just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible message that just got
+delivered here in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered here in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered here in the United States
+right in wrestling with this and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in wrestling with this and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in wrestling with this and trying
+to understand it and figure out what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it and figure out what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it and figure out what to
+do about it and I think it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it and I think it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it and I think it's pretty
+fundamental to the future of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to the future of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental to the future of the
+democracy you know we will avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy you know we will avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy you know we will avoid this
+problem at our peril so we've got a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at our peril so we've got a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at our peril so we've got a loss
+to middle-income ranks growing social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to middle-income ranks growing social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to middle-income ranks growing social
+inequality and a whole post-industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and a whole post-industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and a whole post-industrial
+backlash that's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash that's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash that's going on here
+and the question is can this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is can this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is can this idea of
+advanced manufacturing in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing in some ways
+speak to some of this so manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to some of this so manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to some of this so manufacturing
+remains a big sector grinds its 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a big sector grinds its 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a big sector grinds its 1.7
+trillion of a 15 trillion dollar US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion of a 15 trillion dollar US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion of a 15 trillion dollar US
+economy and employs 12 million in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and employs 12 million in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and employs 12 million in a
+workforce of 150 million it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce of 150 million it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce of 150 million it tends to
+dominate the innovation system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the innovation system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the innovation system so
+approaching 64% of scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching 64% of scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching 64% of scientists and
+engineers are employed by industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are employed by industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are employed by industrial
+companies no it's not it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies no it's not it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies no it's not it's it's a
+fortune a standard of four 500 companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune a standard of four 500 companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune a standard of four 500 companies
+it's there in other words the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there in other words the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there in other words the companies
+that make the money right what portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the money right what portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make the money right what portion
+of their money comes from production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their money comes from production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their money comes from production
+versus services right and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus services right and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus services right and these are the
+companies that are delivering for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are delivering for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are delivering for the
+economy frankly right these are the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy frankly right these are the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy frankly right these are the big
+companies that tend to dominate a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that tend to dominate a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that tend to dominate a lot of
+employment because manufacturing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment because manufacturing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment because manufacturing is
+playing above its weight and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing above its weight and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing above its weight and what it
+delivers so the currency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers so the currency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers so the currency of
+international trade really is about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade really is about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international trade really is about you
+know complex high-value goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complex high-value goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know complex high-value goods
+it's not about services right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about services right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about services right that's
+what this story is that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this story is that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this story is that's what this
+graph on services we trade surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on services we trade surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph on services we trade surplus
+versus goods deficit it's all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus goods deficit it's all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus goods deficit it's all about the
+returns are really coming phenomenally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns are really coming phenomenally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns are really coming phenomenally
+worldwide from complex high-value goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide from complex high-value goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide from complex high-value goods
+so if you start to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start to reduce your
+capability and remember the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and remember the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and remember the United
+States is still by far the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is still by far the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is still by far the second
+largest manufacturing entity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest manufacturing entity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest manufacturing entity in the
+world there's still a lot going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's still a lot going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world there's still a lot going on here
+eighty percent of US exports are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent of US exports are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighty percent of US exports are in this
+high-value goods area yet we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-value goods area yet we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-value goods area yet we're running
+in 2012 is 700 billion dollar deficit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 is 700 billion dollar deficit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2012 is 700 billion dollar deficit in
+goods so we talked about this a bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods so we talked about this a bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods so we talked about this a bit at
+the end or began to talk about it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or began to talk about it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or began to talk about it at the
+end of World War two when the u.s. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of World War two when the u.s. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of World War two when the u.s. you
+know dominated the world production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dominated the world production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know dominated the world production
+system frankly we were able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system frankly we were able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system frankly we were able to get a
+full spectrum of gains so we innovated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full spectrum of gains so we innovated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full spectrum of gains so we innovated
+here and we produced here and we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we produced here and we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we produced here and we got the
+full benefit of gains across the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full benefit of gains across the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full benefit of gains across the entire
+spectrum right and then as Suzanne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right and then as Suzanne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum right and then as Suzanne
+burgers book showed us last week we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers book showed us last week we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burgers book showed us last week we
+figured out how to distribute production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to distribute production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to distribute production
+how to separate production to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to separate production to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to separate production to design
+largely IT enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely IT enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely IT enabled
+and driven by the financial services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and driven by the financial services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and driven by the financial services
+models if you're gonna how to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if you're gonna how to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if you're gonna how to separate
+those two and we increasingly began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and we increasingly began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and we increasingly began to
+try to innovate here and produce there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to innovate here and produce there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to innovate here and produce there
+that means that you're losing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you're losing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you're losing a good
+part of the full spectrum of gains right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the full spectrum of gains right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the full spectrum of gains right
+now the risk here is that if innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the risk here is that if innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the risk here is that if innovation
+is in fact related to production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact related to production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact related to production
+particularly initial production of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly initial production of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly initial production of a new
+technology if that's a very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if that's a very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if that's a very creative
+innovative stage and you're shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative stage and you're shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative stage and you're shifting
+that right it's then producing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right it's then producing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right it's then producing there is
+gonna mean that you're gonna innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna mean that you're gonna innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna mean that you're gonna innovate
+there right because the production has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right because the production has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right because the production has
+got to be located close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be located close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be located close to the
+innovation right for lots of kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right for lots of kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right for lots of kinds of
+goods not all goods but for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods not all goods but for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods not all goods but for lots of
+kinds of goods so the risk we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of goods so the risk we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of goods so the risk we're running
+and that we're starting to see signs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're starting to see signs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're starting to see signs of
+is that producing there may lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that producing there may lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that producing there may lead to
+innovating there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating there as well
+so Matthew and the example you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Matthew and the example you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Matthew and the example you were
+giving before about your was a new who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving before about your was a new who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving before about your was a new who
+raised the heart technology startup yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the heart technology startup yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the heart technology startup yeah
+your friends moving to Shenzhen to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends moving to Shenzhen to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friends moving to Shenzhen to do
+the rapid scale up with Shenzhen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rapid scale up with Shenzhen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rapid scale up with Shenzhen is
+extremely good at logical move but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely good at logical move but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely good at logical move but
+they're locating in a significant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're locating in a significant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're locating in a significant part
+of their innovation capability there now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their innovation capability there now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their innovation capability there now
+and my guess is that when it comes time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my guess is that when it comes time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my guess is that when it comes time
+for the do the next round of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the do the next round of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the do the next round of incremental
+advances on they're good they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances on they're good they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances on they're good they're gonna
+innovate there right so that's what in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate there right so that's what in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate there right so that's what in a
+nutshell that's what's going on now in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell that's what's going on now in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell that's what's going on now in a
+larger scale so that affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale so that affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale so that affects the
+spectrum of game that gets distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of game that gets distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of game that gets distributed
+in this country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose that the us wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that the us wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that the us wanted to go
+back to production leadership right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to production leadership right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to production leadership right it's
+not gonna be have production leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be have production leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be have production leadership
+and everything by any means but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything by any means but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything by any means but let's
+say there were some areas that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there were some areas that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there were some areas that we could
+have production leadership on what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have production leadership on what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have production leadership on what would
+we need to think about right what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about right what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about right what we
+need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand
+so the essential argument that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essential argument that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the essential argument that the
+production in the innovation economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the innovation economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the innovation economy
+study and that the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and that the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and that the advanced
+manufacturing partnership study came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing partnership study came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing partnership study came to
+was that historically shifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that historically shifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that historically shifts and
+manufacturing advantage have stemmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing advantage have stemmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing advantage have stemmed
+from the introduction of a combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the introduction of a combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the introduction of a combination
+of technology advances accompanying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology advances accompanying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology advances accompanying
+process advances and new business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process advances and new business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process advances and new business and
+organizational models right if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational models right if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational models right if you can
+combine these you can get a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these you can get a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these you can get a production
+advance so we were talking last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so we were talking last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so we were talking last week
+about the remarkable quality production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the remarkable quality production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the remarkable quality production
+model that Japan launched in the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Japan launched in the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that Japan launched in the 70s and
+80s in the world that's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s in the world that's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s in the world that's what they did
+they introduced new technology advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced new technology advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced new technology advances
+process and new business models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and new business models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and new business models in
+combination right it was a remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination right it was a remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination right it was a remarkable
+story and they captured you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and they captured you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and they captured you know a
+significant portion of world production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of world production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of world production
+in areas like autos and consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas like autos and consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in areas like autos and consumer
+electronics when the u.s. was developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics when the u.s. was developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics when the u.s. was developing
+its mass production model we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass production model we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass production model we did the
+same right and exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right and exactly the same thing
+occurred technology process business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred technology process business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred technology process business
+model so are there new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so are there new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so are there new technology
+advances that scientists and engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances that scientists and engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances that scientists and engineers
+tell us may be at hand that we could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us may be at hand that we could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us may be at hand that we could use
+to develop production innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop production innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop production innovation
+so how come the US has such trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come the US has such trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how come the US has such trouble
+competing and manufacturing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and manufacturing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing and manufacturing there's a
+bunch of macro factors and I do not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of macro factors and I do not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of macro factors and I do not want
+to underestimate those right so the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to underestimate those right so the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to underestimate those right so the US
+tends to have a very high valued dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have a very high valued dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to have a very high valued dollar
+companies like Japan and China work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Japan and China work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like Japan and China work on
+maintaining a lower currency valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a lower currency valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a lower currency valuation
+so they get a competitive advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get a competitive advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get a competitive advantage
+every time they sell a good right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time they sell a good right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time they sell a good right that's
+not to be underestimated the tax system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be underestimated the tax system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be underestimated the tax system
+in the u.s. tends to actually somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. tends to actually somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. tends to actually somewhat
+favor components that are imported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor components that are imported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor components that are imported
+rather than components produced here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than components produced here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than components produced here
+right so part of what the president is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so part of what the president is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so part of what the president is
+attempting to address in this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to address in this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempting to address in this whole
+debate over border adjustability is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate over border adjustability is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate over border adjustability is that
+tax problem we also have a tax system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax problem we also have a tax system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax problem we also have a tax system
+that favors debt over equity which tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favors debt over equity which tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that favors debt over equity which tends
+to make our companies much more fragile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our companies much more fragile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make our companies much more fragile
+equity is much more assured in a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity is much more assured in a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity is much more assured in a longer
+term debt has to be accounted for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term debt has to be accounted for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term debt has to be accounted for and
+managed and can hit you in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed and can hit you in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed and can hit you in the short
+term very quickly makes our companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term very quickly makes our companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term very quickly makes our companies
+more fragile so there's lots of macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fragile so there's lots of macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fragile so there's lots of macro
+factors here but what's new in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors here but what's new in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors here but what's new in this
+story is an attempt to put in innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is an attempt to put in innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is an attempt to put in innovation
+story on the table could we bring our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on the table could we bring our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story on the table could we bring our
+still strong innovation system to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strong innovation system to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strong innovation system to bear
+really for the first time frankly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the first time frankly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for the first time frankly on
+some of these production challenges now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these production challenges now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these production challenges now
+we did have an episode we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have an episode we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have an episode we talked about
+briefly with some attack in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly with some attack in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly with some attack in the in the
+1980s and early 90s right a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and early 90s right a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and early 90s right a challenge to
+semiconductor production led by Cannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor production led by Cannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor production led by Cannon
+and Nissan in Canada nikon in japan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nissan in Canada nikon in japan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Nissan in Canada nikon in japan and
+the u.s. organized what was in effect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. organized what was in effect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. organized what was in effect a
+manufacturing Institute and got its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute and got its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute and got its
+production process down and went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process down and went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process down and went back
+went to creating much higher quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to creating much higher quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to creating much higher quality
+goods to compete and match their global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to compete and match their global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to compete and match their global
+competitors so that's the one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors so that's the one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors so that's the one kind of
+episode where we try to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode where we try to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode where we try to do something
+past but there's been nothing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but there's been nothing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past but there's been nothing like that
+since you know the early 90s but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you know the early 90s but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you know the early 90s but the
+question that the the point that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the the point that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that the the point that the
+engineers and scientists seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and scientists seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and scientists seem to be
+telling us is that there look like looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is that there look like looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us is that there look like looks
+like there's a bunch of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a bunch of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a bunch of technology
+advances around which we could construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances around which we could construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances around which we could construct
+new production paradigms like what Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new production paradigms like what Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new production paradigms like what Japan
+did on quality like what the u.s. did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on quality like what the u.s. did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did on quality like what the u.s. did on
+mass production and there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production and there's lots of
+lists of these and we'll talk some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of these and we'll talk some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of these and we'll talk some more
+in a minute about some of them but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute about some of them but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute about some of them but you
+know maybe we could do network centric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we could do network centric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe we could do network centric
+production you know a mix of advanced IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you know a mix of advanced IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production you know a mix of advanced IT
+RFID sensors make every stage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID sensors make every stage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID sensors make every stage the
+production process smart from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process smart from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production process smart from the origin
+of the resource through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resource through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the resource through the entire
+lifecycle of the good and it talks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifecycle of the good and it talks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifecycle of the good and it talks to
+you and informs you about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and informs you about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and informs you about what's
+happening and what's going wrong and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what's going wrong and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and what's going wrong and how
+to fix it right and bring in the mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it right and bring in the mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix it right and bring in the mix of
+advanced robotics which is really Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced robotics which is really Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced robotics which is really Co
+buttocks at this point supercomputing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttocks at this point supercomputing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttocks at this point supercomputing
+modeling simulation all that stuff could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling simulation all that stuff could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling simulation all that stuff could
+that bear on a whole new way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bear on a whole new way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bear on a whole new way of doing
+kind of smart manufacturing we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smart manufacturing we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smart manufacturing we could
+call it there are lots of advances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it there are lots of advances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it there are lots of advances in
+materials it's breathtaking we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it's breathtaking we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials it's breathtaking we're
+thinking about a materials genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a materials genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about a materials genome
+including with a lot of leadership here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including with a lot of leadership here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including with a lot of leadership here
+at MIT where we would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT where we would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT where we would be able to
+precisely design a material to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely design a material to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely design a material to fit the
+exact need of a product for molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact need of a product for molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact need of a product for molecular
+structural point of view right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural point of view right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural point of view right that's
+absolutely breathtaking nano fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely breathtaking nano fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely breathtaking nano fabrication
+right all kinds of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all kinds of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all kinds of possibilities
+emerging here something called mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging here something called mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging here something called mass
+customization the we may be approaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization the we may be approaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customization the we may be approaching
+the ability to produce small lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to produce small lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to produce small lots of
+goods at the same price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods at the same price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods at the same price
+as high-volume production so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high-volume production so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as high-volume production so that
+changes everything right that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes everything right that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes everything right that means you
+can do local production like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do local production like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do local production like you do
+local food you can do highly localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local food you can do highly localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local food you can do highly localized
+production for highly customized designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for highly customized designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production for highly customized designs
+we would get to participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get to participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would get to participate in the
+design process rather than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process rather than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design process rather than you know
+being a customer at arm's length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a customer at arm's length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a customer at arm's length the
+history of manufacturing has been ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of manufacturing has been ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of manufacturing has been ever
+more relentless scale-up this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relentless scale-up this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relentless scale-up this could
+complete change the story to scale them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete change the story to scale them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete change the story to scale them
+and much more in effect personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much more in effect personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much more in effect personalized
+kind of production technologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of production technologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of production technologies so
+things like 3d printing and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 3d printing and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like 3d printing and you know you
+know computer driven technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know computer driven technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know computer driven technologies and
+equipment you know combined with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know combined with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment you know combined with a
+series of other steps might enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of other steps might enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of other steps might enable
+production of small lots at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of small lots at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of small lots at the same
+cost as production of large lots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost as production of large lots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost as production of large lots that
+would be remarkable just all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be remarkable just all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be remarkable just all kinds of
+gains to come from distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains to come from distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gains to come from distribution
+efficiencies all kinds of gains to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies all kinds of gains to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies all kinds of gains to come
+from energy efficiency so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy efficiency so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from energy efficiency so there's a
+series of these potential new paradigms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these potential new paradigms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these potential new paradigms
+that could be there that could give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be there that could give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be there that could give the
+u.s. an innovation advantage and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. an innovation advantage and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. an innovation advantage and better
+be able to compete right in fact we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compete right in fact we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to compete right in fact we'd be
+competing on innovation and historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing on innovation and historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing on innovation and historic
+strengths rather than competing on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths rather than competing on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths rather than competing on in
+areas that are much more outside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that are much more outside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that are much more outside our
+control so what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so what would you do
+Manufacturing is sectoral right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing is sectoral right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing is sectoral right
+aerospace is really different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace is really different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerospace is really different than
+making cars which is really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making cars which is really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making cars which is really different
+than electronics but could you launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than electronics but could you launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than electronics but could you launch
+technology paradigms that create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology paradigms that create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology paradigms that create
+benefits across a series of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits across a series of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits across a series of these
+historic sectors well let's run it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic sectors well let's run it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic sectors well let's run it right
+so across the top are you know potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so across the top are you know potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so across the top are you know potential
+matrix of potential new paradigms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of potential new paradigms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of potential new paradigms are
+series of sectors and left our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of sectors and left our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of sectors and left our new
+production paradigms how do they match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production paradigms how do they match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production paradigms how do they match
+do they serve a lot of sectors it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they serve a lot of sectors it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they serve a lot of sectors it looks
+like they do so then you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they do so then you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they do so then you're getting a
+multiplier out of your investment in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier out of your investment in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier out of your investment in a
+new production paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new production paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new production paradigm
+step three as we talked earlier it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three as we talked earlier it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step three as we talked earlier it's no
+longer manufacturing or services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer manufacturing or services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer manufacturing or services
+the 21st century firm is probably gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century firm is probably gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 21st century firm is probably gonna
+combine the two to create tradable goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two to create tradable goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the two to create tradable goods
+with tradable services step four we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tradable services step four we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tradable services step four we need
+to understand what our competitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what our competitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what our competitor
+nations are doing we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations are doing we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations are doing we just talked about
+China it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China it's really important to
+understand the advances they've come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the advances they've come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the advances they've come up
+with production there's a lot to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with production there's a lot to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with production there's a lot to learn
+there's deep work force issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's deep work force issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's deep work force issues and
+there's some lessons from the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lessons from the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lessons from the way
+Germany does things but that's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany does things but that's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany does things but that's not gonna
+fit here too well maybe there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit here too well maybe there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit here too well maybe there are other
+models we can utilize there's this deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we can utilize there's this deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we can utilize there's this deep
+financing problem the financial services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing problem the financial services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing problem the financial services
+sector has gone to international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has gone to international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector has gone to international
+modeling and the end of face-to-face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and the end of face-to-face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and the end of face-to-face
+banking has really affected small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking has really affected small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking has really affected small and
+mid-sized manufacturers as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized manufacturers as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-sized manufacturers as we talked
+about earlier the focus on core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier the focus on core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier the focus on core
+competency and driving firms to go asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency and driving firms to go asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competency and driving firms to go asset
+light has had a profound effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has had a profound effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light has had a profound effect on
+industrial strength overall these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial strength overall these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial strength overall these are
+these are big challenges a lot of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big challenges a lot of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are big challenges a lot of what's
+happened in manufacturing has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in manufacturing has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in manufacturing has been
+driven by financial services models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by financial services models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by financial services models
+there's no kind of getting around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no kind of getting around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no kind of getting around that
+it's hard to change these but maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to change these but maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to change these but maybe we
+could think about ways of substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about ways of substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about ways of substituting
+on the venture capital problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the venture capital problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the venture capital problem we're
+having now which is that it's largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having now which is that it's largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having now which is that it's largely
+not available to hard technologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available to hard technologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available to hard technologies so
+that's kind of the story on these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the story on these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the story on these two
+readings I'll just close with an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I'll just close with an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I'll just close with an image
+for you on how to understand employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you on how to understand employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you on how to understand employment
+in manufacturing so think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in manufacturing so think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in manufacturing so think about an
+hourglass okay at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass okay at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass okay at the top of the
+hourglass here's the production moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass here's the production moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass here's the production moment
+and there's you know about 12 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's you know about 12 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's you know about 12 million
+workers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers there
+flowing into that production moment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into that production moment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing into that production moment are
+all the resources suppliers component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the resources suppliers component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the resources suppliers component
+makers and as we talked about earlier a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers and as we talked about earlier a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers and as we talked about earlier a
+large part of the R&D system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part of the R&D system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part of the R&D system right
+that's flowing into that production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flowing into that production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flowing into that production
+moment and then flowing out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then flowing out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and then flowing out of the
+production moment whole distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production moment whole distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production moment whole distribution
+system lots of services lots of sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lots of services lots of sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lots of services lots of sales
+life cycle of the product repair huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle of the product repair huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle of the product repair huge
+sectors the top and the bottom of the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the top and the bottom of the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors the top and the bottom of the an
+hourglass are much bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass are much bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass are much bigger than that
+production moment and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production moment and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production moment and through the
+hourglass our value chains of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass our value chains of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass our value chains of firms
+firms that are linked to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are linked to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms that are linked to each other
+right and when you snap the value chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you snap the value chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and when you snap the value chain
+by ending production you're messing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ending production you're messing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ending production you're messing up
+those value chains that's what we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those value chains that's what we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those value chains that's what we did in
+2007 and 2008 right we did it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and 2008 right we did it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 and 2008 right we did it for the
+entire decade but particularly at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire decade but particularly at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire decade but particularly at that
+time period right and it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period right and it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time period right and it's very hard to
+reestablish these value chains so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish these value chains so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reestablish these value chains so the
+effects of manufacturing employment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of manufacturing employment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of manufacturing employment are
+not simply here just throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply here just throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simply here just throughout the
+whole system and look on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and look on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and look on the other side
+of the coin the jobs in manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin the jobs in manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coin the jobs in manufacturing
+are not necessarily going to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily going to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily going to be here
+they're gonna be in the system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be in the system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna be in the system because
+the system is so interdependent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is so interdependent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is so interdependent so
+manufacturing is well understood to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is well understood to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing is well understood to be
+the strongest jobs multiplier in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest jobs multiplier in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest jobs multiplier in other
+words a manufacturing job leads to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a manufacturing job leads to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words a manufacturing job leads to more
+jobs because of these interrelated value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs because of these interrelated value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs because of these interrelated value
+chains throughout the whole system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains throughout the whole system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains throughout the whole system right
+service is much much lower job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is much much lower job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is much much lower job
+multiplier so if you effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so if you effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier so if you effect
+manufacturing you're affecting job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you're affecting job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you're affecting job
+multiplication throughout your whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication throughout your whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication throughout your whole
+economy right and the reality is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right and the reality is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy right and the reality is that
+the jobs in manufacturing need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs in manufacturing need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs in manufacturing need to be
+seen as part of this system right not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of this system right not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as part of this system right not
+simply at the production moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply at the production moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply at the production moment and
+we've been affecting the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been affecting the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been affecting the whole system
+now if you substitute and imported good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you substitute and imported good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you substitute and imported good
+for a US produce good then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a US produce good then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a US produce good then you can
+re-establish a good part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-establish a good part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-establish a good part of the
+distribution system repair and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution system repair and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution system repair and so forth
+right but you don't realistic top it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you don't realistic top it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you don't realistic top it
+and you often have a different value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you often have a different value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you often have a different value
+chain arranged for that so if I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain arranged for that so if I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain arranged for that so if I tried to
+come up with an image that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an image that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with an image that kind of
+explained what's been going on here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what's been going on here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained what's been going on here but
+I think that's probably the best one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's probably the best one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's probably the best one
+I've been able to cook up in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to cook up in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been able to cook up in terms of
+with the effects of them and we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the effects of them and we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the effects of them and we've been
+living the effects of snapping those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living the effects of snapping those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living the effects of snapping those
+value chains of firms by snapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chains of firms by snapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value chains of firms by snapping
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what we're gonna debate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're gonna debate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're gonna debate right
+that's we're gonna go to next so Steph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're gonna go to next so Steph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we're gonna go to next so Steph
+do you want to lead us off in some QA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to lead us off in some QA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to lead us off in some QA
+that's all yours I know you're ready for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all yours I know you're ready for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all yours I know you're ready for
+this you've been gunning for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can come cutting after me too if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can come cutting after me too if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can come cutting after me too if
+you want to it's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is that pleat and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ridiculous is she talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous is she talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous is she talking about how
+grown women had increase in suicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown women had increase in suicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown women had increase in suicide
+rates from 47 percent in the last ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates from 47 percent in the last ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates from 47 percent in the last ten
+years more than her memory right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years more than her memory right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years more than her memory right so
+rural women are disproportionately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural women are disproportionately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural women are disproportionately
+experienced in packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hard to understand the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard to understand the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard to understand the implications
+what it means to be a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at the same time and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time and at the same
+time how difficult it is for the Scourge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how difficult it is for the Scourge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how difficult it is for the Scourge
+certainly something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Steph let me add something to your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph let me add something to your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steph let me add something to your you
+know powerful points the we've talked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know powerful points the we've talked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know powerful points the we've talked in
+significant part of the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant part of the effect of
+manufacturing decline on white males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline on white males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing decline on white males
+right that those are the data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those are the data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those are the data points
+that I brought to you but we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I brought to you but we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I brought to you but we need to
+remember here something that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here something that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here something that's been
+going on that's every bit as powerful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that's every bit as powerful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on that's every bit as powerful in
+that post war 2 era right during World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that post war 2 era right during World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that post war 2 era right during World
+War 2 and that in that post war 2 era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War 2 and that in that post war 2 era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War 2 and that in that post war 2 era
+the african-american community in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the african-american community in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the african-american community in the
+south goes through a great diaspora and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south goes through a great diaspora and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south goes through a great diaspora and
+moves north to seek an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves north to seek an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves north to seek an opportunity to
+break in the middle class with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in the middle class with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break in the middle class with these
+industrial jobs right and it's a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs right and it's a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial jobs right and it's a moment
+of incredible hope there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incredible hope there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incredible hope there's actually a
+path forward with these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path forward with these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path forward with these you know
+well-paid industrial jobs and they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-paid industrial jobs and they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-paid industrial jobs and they that
+community enters areas like the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community enters areas like the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community enters areas like the auto
+sector in significant numbers right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in significant numbers right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in significant numbers right and
+that's gonna be the path ahead in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the path ahead in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be the path ahead in those
+hopes in significant part have now been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes in significant part have now been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopes in significant part have now been
+totally wrecked right and we've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wrecked right and we've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally wrecked right and we've got all
+over the country these shell cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country these shell cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country these shell cities
+think about Detroit think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Detroit think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Detroit think what's
+happened in Detroit right this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Detroit right this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in Detroit right this is not
+simply you know a white working-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you know a white working-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you know a white working-class
+problem this is a much deeper problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a much deeper problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a much deeper problem in
+our society that we're now just starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society that we're now just starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our society that we're now just starting
+to think about and confront so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about and confront so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about and confront so I just
+wanted to add that on top of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add that on top of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add that on top of your
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this question of the America first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of the America first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of the America first
+framework mentioned how far can deceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework mentioned how far can deceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework mentioned how far can deceive
+firms as customers who use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as customers who use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as customers who use their
+investment decisions as votes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions as votes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions as votes for
+different economies and markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies and markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different economies and markets
+outsourcing of US firms can be seen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourcing of US firms can be seen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourcing of US firms can be seen as a
+reduced marginal utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced marginal utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced marginal utility of
+manufacturing investment so in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing investment so in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing investment so in a world
+in which we understand America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that was a big question that was big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was a big question that was big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was a big question that was big
+in fact the word huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just add a statistic liuyan to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just add a statistic liuyan to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just add a statistic liuyan to
+what you're saying like weekly job churn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying like weekly job churn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying like weekly job churn
+in the united states the number of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states the number of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states the number of jobs
+lost and acquired 75 thousand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and acquired 75 thousand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and acquired 75 thousand right
+staggering so if you got the President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering so if you got the President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering so if you got the President
+on the phone you know twice a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone you know twice a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the phone you know twice a month
+saving 200 jobs you haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving 200 jobs you haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving 200 jobs you haven't done
+anything right these are systems issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right these are systems issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right these are systems issues
+right deeply etched into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right deeply etched into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right deeply etched into the system
+we've got and those are the arguably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got and those are the arguably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got and those are the arguably the
+issues we need to tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know how much you complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much you complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how much you complain
+corporations for these decisions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations for these decisions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations for these decisions and in
+general I think spirit of larger ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I think spirit of larger ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general I think spirit of larger ones
+there some pictures group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some pictures group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some pictures group of
+shareholders that said we want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders that said we want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders that said we want you to
+make lots of money I'll tell you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make lots of money I'll tell you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make lots of money I'll tell you then
+they actually changed something but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually changed something but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually changed something but I
+feel like it's kind of like a grassroots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's kind of like a grassroots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's kind of like a grassroots
+like idea behind the divestment movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like idea behind the divestment movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like idea behind the divestment movement
+it's their kind of encourage that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their kind of encourage that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their kind of encourage that but
+even those groups while they aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those groups while they aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even those groups while they aren't
+growing inside they're too small to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing inside they're too small to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing inside they're too small to
+really make a big difference right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the CEO of a company to get sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CEO of a company to get sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CEO of a company to get sued
+and your stock drops too much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you appealing to corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you appealing to corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you appealing to corporate
+goodwill is to reduce profits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodwill is to reduce profits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodwill is to reduce profits is
+probably completely unworkable right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably completely unworkable right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably completely unworkable right so
+what are the other what other territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other what other territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other what other territory
+can we work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well both countries are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both countries are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well both countries are part of the
+deputy world trade agreements so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy world trade agreements so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy world trade agreements so there
+are modest tariffs remaining but but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modest tariffs remaining but but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are modest tariffs remaining but but it
+turns out to be a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a much more complicated
+global assisting than simply the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global assisting than simply the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global assisting than simply the way
+Tara separate and look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tara separate and look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tara separate and look the
+multinationals have to be in all the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals have to be in all the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinationals have to be in all the big
+markets right if you're running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right if you're running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets right if you're running a
+multinational that's only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational that's only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinational that's only you know
+selling into one continent rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling into one continent rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling into one continent rather than
+four or five you've got a heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five you've got a heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five you've got a heck of a
+problem right so you're gonna need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so you're gonna need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so you're gonna need to be
+where your markets are so what else can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your markets are so what else can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your markets are so what else can
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like the overseas 40% tax rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the overseas 40% tax rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the overseas 40% tax rate that
+would be implied or sorry levied on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be implied or sorry levied on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be implied or sorry levied on
+anything that comes back into the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that comes back into the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that comes back into the u.s.
+which could be feeding like economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be feeding like economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be feeding like economic
+growth creation of jobs perhaps like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth creation of jobs perhaps like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth creation of jobs perhaps like
+more pursuits here in America those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pursuits here in America those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pursuits here in America those are
+just staying stagnant pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying stagnant pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just staying stagnant pretty much
+overseas because those are tax havens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas because those are tax havens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas because those are tax havens
+and that's like how they can best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like how they can best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like how they can best
+maximize like the game of not paying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize like the game of not paying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize like the game of not paying so
+many taxes and like still having a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many taxes and like still having a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many taxes and like still having a lot
+of reserves for their company to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reserves for their company to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reserves for their company to show
+the province but obviously comforter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the province but obviously comforter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the province but obviously comforter
+showing tax all seeking some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's something that as a business person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that as a business person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that as a business person
+played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played
+I feel like simply respect from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like simply respect from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like simply respect from the
+political side that needs to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political side that needs to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political side that needs to deal with
+this issue but also is like some even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue but also is like some even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue but also is like some even
+those ministry well I'm very doubtful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ministry well I'm very doubtful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ministry well I'm very doubtful of
+what the politicians that have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the politicians that have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the politicians that have to get
+funded and it I don't think it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded and it I don't think it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded and it I don't think it's a great
+system that way because like people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that way because like people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that way because like people have
+this short-term thinking and then and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short-term thinking and then and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short-term thinking and then and so
+that's pretty good that's the good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good that's the good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good that's the good thing
+that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just maybe clarifies I understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe clarifies I understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just maybe clarifies I understood that
+instead of sort of these offshore tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sort of these offshore tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sort of these offshore tax
+havens sort of Texas lady we're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havens sort of Texas lady we're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+havens sort of Texas lady we're kind of
+leaving interest offshore and bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving interest offshore and bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving interest offshore and bringing
+those assets and kind of make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assets and kind of make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assets and kind of make it more
+attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look I mean the new administration is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I mean the new administration is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I mean the new administration is as
+I mentioned earlier pushing hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier pushing hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier pushing hard on
+border adjustability which frankly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border adjustability which frankly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border adjustability which frankly is
+the system virtually every other country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system virtually every other country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system virtually every other country
+has it's gonna be really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's gonna be really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's gonna be really hard
+politically to get that done and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically to get that done and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically to get that done and it's
+also pushing hard on a new way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pushing hard on a new way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pushing hard on a new way of
+treating debt versus equity right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating debt versus equity right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating debt versus equity right in the
+tax system those two pieces alone could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax system those two pieces alone could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax system those two pieces alone could
+be actually fairly significant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually fairly significant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually fairly significant if
+they're able to do them you know we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do them you know we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to do them you know we'll
+see but stuff go back to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but stuff go back to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but stuff go back to some of the
+some of the questions that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the questions that you've got
+ready the Arsenal that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready the Arsenal that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready the Arsenal that you've got
+waiting for us is the world are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for us is the world are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for us is the world are
+struggling to see that is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to see that is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to see that is an interesting
+thing because in their minds geez the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because in their minds geez the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because in their minds geez the
+big hammer big machinery and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hammer big machinery and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big hammer big machinery and there's an
+recently no we just the house one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently no we just the house one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently no we just the house one that
+was talking about how their their have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about how their their have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking about how their their have
+this new initiative to encourage to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new initiative to encourage to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new initiative to encourage to get
+a higher number of women in technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher number of women in technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher number of women in technical
+jobs by 2020 but just pervasive issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs by 2020 but just pervasive issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs by 2020 but just pervasive issues
+and maybe some of these older Giants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some of these older Giants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some of these older Giants are
+starting to take note that if you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expressed regarding that III important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed regarding that III important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed regarding that III important
+for engineers or people who work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineers or people who work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for engineers or people who work
+strictly through a design or maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly through a design or maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly through a design or maybe you
+know if I can't remember the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can't remember the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I can't remember the majority of
+their career to see how things work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their career to see how things work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their career to see how things work on
+the ground floor I had an internship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground floor I had an internship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground floor I had an internship
+last summer where I wasn't working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer where I wasn't working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last summer where I wasn't working on
+this project but the person you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project but the person you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project but the person you can
+carry with me on the same project for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry with me on the same project for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry with me on the same project for
+entire summer was designing a wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scenery but she it was all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery but she it was all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenery but she it was all very
+computer-based and very design based but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-based and very design based but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer-based and very design based but
+she spent half the summer sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spent half the summer sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she spent half the summer sort of
+shadowing the guy in the chief shop who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowing the guy in the chief shop who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadowing the guy in the chief shop who
+was actually making the wheel this ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually making the wheel this ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually making the wheel this ended
+up motivating so many of her design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up motivating so many of her design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up motivating so many of her design
+requirements and decisions and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and decisions and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and decisions and I think
+since I'm an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm an engineer
+it's very important understand how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important understand how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important understand how that
+works so that you can not forge ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so that you can not forge ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so that you can not forge ahead
+beyond the capabilities that exist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the capabilities that exist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the capabilities that exist right
+and as we talked about last week one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talked about last week one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talked about last week one of
+the things that Japan figured out in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that Japan figured out in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that Japan figured out in its
+highly innovative production process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly innovative production process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly innovative production process
+towards quality was not separating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards quality was not separating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards quality was not separating the
+engineering workforce from the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering workforce from the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering workforce from the factory
+floor workforce but really integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor workforce but really integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor workforce but really integrating
+them right and the engineering community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and the engineering community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right and the engineering community
+would come on and its first round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come on and its first round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come on and its first round of
+jobs was to understand how the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs was to understand how the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs was to understand how the factory
+floor operated so Germany is famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor operated so Germany is famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor operated so Germany is famous for
+this but when there's a problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but when there's a problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but when there's a problem right
+when there's a production problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a production problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a production problem
+a swarm forms in these mythal stat firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a swarm forms in these mythal stat firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a swarm forms in these mythal stat firms
+the engineer is and highly educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer is and highly educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer is and highly educated
+workforce team up and are working this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce team up and are working this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce team up and are working this
+thing out together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out together right
+that happens less in the u.s. system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens less in the u.s. system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens less in the u.s. system so
+this kind of integration of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of integration of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of integration of the design
+team and the production team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and the production team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and the production team is
+something that has been organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has been organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has been organized in
+countries like Japan and I'm sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Japan and I'm sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like Japan and I'm sure they
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+McKenzie is right there on the factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie is right there on the factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McKenzie is right there on the factory
+floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think it's a fascinating that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's a fascinating that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's a fascinating that I
+mean she is at the forefront of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she is at the forefront of that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she is at the forefront of that for
+developing countries we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries we've got a
+developing country right here right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country right here right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country right here right I
+think companies particularly like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think companies particularly like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think companies particularly like the
+style like the dermis I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style like the dermis I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style like the dermis I want to say
+chemical production plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's going on I feel like they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on I feel like they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on I feel like they have
+those rotational program to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rotational program to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rotational program to be
+established but there is this sentiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established but there is this sentiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established but there is this sentiment
+that like maybe touring these market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like maybe touring these market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like maybe touring these market
+forms actually seeing your building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms actually seeing your building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms actually seeing your building is
+going to be pretty important but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty important but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty important but I think
+the only other rotational programs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other rotational programs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only other rotational programs I
+hear about people who serve internships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about people who serve internships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about people who serve internships
+like this is in holistic finance I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is in holistic finance I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is in holistic finance I do
+this very well they sort of rotate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very well they sort of rotate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very well they sort of rotate you
+and different sectors improvement like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different sectors improvement like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different sectors improvement like
+all the big banks have you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the big banks have you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the big banks have you know sort of
+rotational programs where you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational programs where you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational programs where you have your
+first two or three years everybody does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two or three years everybody does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two or three years everybody does
+it but you basically spend a year or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you basically spend a year or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you basically spend a year or two
+working with a community with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a community with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a community with a
+particular focus and it's were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular focus and it's were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular focus and it's were kind of
+all of them excellent so it's like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them excellent so it's like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them excellent so it's like you
+kind of transition and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transition and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transition and make sure that
+like these internships that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these internships that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these internships that people are
+getting sort of do more of that and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sort of do more of that and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sort of do more of that and kind
+of move into those models like be rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move into those models like be rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move into those models like be rotate
+around they kind of see what's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they kind of see what's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around they kind of see what's available
+sort of integrating this pipeline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of integrating this pipeline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of integrating this pipeline so
+you'll have a better idea of like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a better idea of like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a better idea of like what
+you're actually engineering before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually engineering before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually engineering before
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've been thinking a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been thinking a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been thinking a couple things
+one with the that approach of forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the that approach of forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with the that approach of forcing
+engineers to actually get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers to actually get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers to actually get there
+basically get their hands dirty I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get their hands dirty I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get their hands dirty I feel
+like it would make them happier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of people are gonna go read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are gonna go read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people are gonna go read the
+engineering that we consume I complained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that we consume I complained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering that we consume I complained
+of Legos drawing the Excel spreadsheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Legos drawing the Excel spreadsheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Legos drawing the Excel spreadsheets
+and there's like wow this is she can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's like wow this is she can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's like wow this is she can't
+speak to everyone's experience I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to everyone's experience I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to everyone's experience I can't
+even speak to mine and I know that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even speak to mine and I know that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even speak to mine and I know that was
+one of my reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my reactions
+it's still like yeah you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still like yeah you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still like yeah you're you're
+denying something that's change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying something that's change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denying something that's change in the
+world but my concerns are still it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but my concerns are still it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but my concerns are still it's all
+on a computer so and like you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer so and like you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer so and like you people
+were saying yeah it definitely gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying yeah it definitely gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying yeah it definitely gives
+people exposure to concepts like machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people exposure to concepts like machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people exposure to concepts like machine
+tolerance and the ability realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance and the ability realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance and the ability realized that
+hey I can't actually Mike I can't design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can't actually Mike I can't design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I can't actually Mike I can't design
+something that has design specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so Matt I mean max how pervasive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Matt I mean max how pervasive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Matt I mean max how pervasive is
+the maker movement now at MIT I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maker movement now at MIT I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maker movement now at MIT I mean I
+think we have some 40 makerspaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have some 40 makerspaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have some 40 makerspaces and
+professor marty culpeper's our makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor marty culpeper's our makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor marty culpeper's our makers
+are obviously a very talented guy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously a very talented guy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously a very talented guy but we
+also be really not wanting to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so past that should be doing like hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes in people's preferences I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in people's preferences I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in people's preferences I know
+personally I was offered and dropped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I was offered and dropped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I was offered and dropped in
+somewhat manufacturing in middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat manufacturing in middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat manufacturing in middle of
+nowhere and so I have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere and so I have a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere and so I have a strong
+preference Lebanon City in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference Lebanon City in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference Lebanon City in some
+opportunities so in my hometown where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so in my hometown where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so in my hometown where
+just there's a pretty strong where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's a pretty strong where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's a pretty strong where's
+that that's that's why and so I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's why and so I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's why and so I see that
+a lot of people that I don't like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people that I don't like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people that I don't like very
+successful points in their careers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful points in their careers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful points in their careers I
+like they finish their apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they finish their apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they finish their apprenticeship
+program and they're now like full-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and they're now like full-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and they're now like full-time
+employees of the shipyard and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees of the shipyard and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees of the shipyard and that
+doesn't seem to be like an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be like an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be like an exception
+rather than a rule and it seems it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a rule and it seems it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a rule and it seems it is
+very much like the shipyard runs itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the shipyard runs itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the shipyard runs itself
+it's not like a wider movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a wider movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like a wider movement and
+I think successful for them as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think successful for them as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think successful for them as well and
+having a skill in the workforce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a skill in the workforce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a skill in the workforce and
+competing that Health Service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you actually wanted to go at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wanted to go at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually wanted to go at the
+manufactory before the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactory before the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactory before the semester
+absolutely taking time off and about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely taking time off and about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely taking time off and about a
+year I've worked as an Operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I've worked as an Operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year I've worked as an Operations
+Manager but for the first two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manager but for the first two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manager but for the first two three
+weeks from picking out excess material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from picking out excess material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks from picking out excess material
+by hand to learning a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand to learning a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand to learning a lot of new
+software to understanding how the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to understanding how the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to understanding how the big
+white form Y format printers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white form Y format printers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white form Y format printers were
+setting up the conveyor oven with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the conveyor oven with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the conveyor oven with the
+owners my understanding of being managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners my understanding of being managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners my understanding of being managed
+the employees business department is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees business department is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employees business department is
+shipping the art department all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping the art department all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipping the art department all that
+knew how work I was in touch with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how work I was in touch with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how work I was in touch with those
+boys had was just the owners to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys had was just the owners to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys had was just the owners to me
+because the owners make change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the owners make change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the owners make change that
+would make that possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make that possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make that possible
+going back to best point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to best point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to best point about
+manufacture not being cool this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture not being cool this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture not being cool this is just
+my opinion I really don't want to kiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion I really don't want to kiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion I really don't want to kiss
+up to someone for you know funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to someone for you know funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to someone for you know funding for
+an idea right I'm very happy learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea right I'm very happy learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea right I'm very happy learning
+every bit of process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is why just reaffirms Kevin you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why just reaffirms Kevin you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why just reaffirms Kevin you're
+gonna say this all right all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say this all right all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say this all right all right you
+get one more question the question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one more question the question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one more question the question I
+really wanted to flesh out is from lily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to flesh out is from lily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to flesh out is from lily
+and she says would this not be an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says would this not be an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says would this not be an ideal
+time for a very effective and starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a very effective and starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for a very effective and starting
+to in times to create increase main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in times to create increase main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in times to create increase main
+crops only need a ready workforce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops only need a ready workforce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops only need a ready workforce for
+these years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's it's definitely a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's it's definitely a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's it's definitely a good
+time I think in a suit of college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think in a suit of college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I think in a suit of college
+trouble not to say that college isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not to say that college isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble not to say that college isn't
+valuable but it's like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable but it's like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable but it's like it's not
+fortunate today Hopkins we mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate today Hopkins we mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate today Hopkins we mean the
+economy through job see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy through job see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy through job see people
+blue-collar people that will be educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue-collar people that will be educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue-collar people that will be educated
+like our University and like bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our University and like bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our University and like bread and
+the bread students and so there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread students and so there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bread students and so there's a huge
+divide event people just don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide event people just don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide event people just don't know what
+the blue-collar jobs because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue-collar jobs because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue-collar jobs because they don't
+seem valuable so a lot of it is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem valuable so a lot of it is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem valuable so a lot of it is based on
+like is this a valuable profession for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is this a valuable profession for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is this a valuable profession for
+me to go into as far as good there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to go into as far as good there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to go into as far as good there's
+some people who like think they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who like think they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who like think they want to
+give any practical street smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any practical street smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any practical street smart
+manufacturing skills they might want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing skills they might want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing skills they might want the
+word of a manufacturing versus actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of a manufacturing versus actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word of a manufacturing versus actually
+studying on account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying on account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying on account
+it says how do you make those jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says how do you make those jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says how do you make those jobs
+valuable but also like they introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable but also like they introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable but also like they introduced
+me this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like in education we like sweetness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in education we like sweetness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in education we like sweetness
+education system versus versus the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system versus versus the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system versus versus the US
+and I we didn't like any high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I we didn't like any high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I we didn't like any high school
+teacher you have master's degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher you have master's degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher you have master's degree and
+like becoming a teacher like a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like becoming a teacher like a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like becoming a teacher like a high
+school teacher is like each other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school teacher is like each other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school teacher is like each other but
+people want to enter and it just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to enter and it just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to enter and it just makes
+me Belem consider how how much of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Belem consider how how much of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Belem consider how how much of our
+perception of dr. Powell is how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of dr. Powell is how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception of dr. Powell is how much is
+flexible and they're not necessarily the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and they're not necessarily the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible and they're not necessarily the
+value add is perceive its what it helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value add is perceive its what it helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value add is perceive its what it helped
+even just that like a PR campaign for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just that like a PR campaign for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just that like a PR campaign for
+manufacturing jobs that did that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs that did that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs that did that without
+you be back to PR - I think - I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be back to PR - I think - I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be back to PR - I think - I didn't
+energy company in Australia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy company in Australia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy company in Australia and
+interesting incredible so like the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting incredible so like the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting incredible so like the G
+commercial like you can hear it and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial like you can hear it and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial like you can hear it and see
+oh yeah well I don't really trust it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah well I don't really trust it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah well I don't really trust it I
+don't believe it no your marketing tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it no your marketing tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe it no your marketing tips
+right and then business especially today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then business especially today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then business especially today
+it's like since right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like since right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like since right it's just
+like yeah it's not real because he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah it's not real because he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah it's not real because he used
+to be look away that Safety's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be look away that Safety's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be look away that Safety's a really
+big priority and you know he was part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big priority and you know he was part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big priority and you know he was part of
+this like my name's Leonard he taught me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like my name's Leonard he taught me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like my name's Leonard he taught me
+good oil and he would go and who's Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oil and he would go and who's Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oil and he would go and who's Mary
+safety equipment and go on the job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety equipment and go on the job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety equipment and go on the job and
+like sit in everyone see my work safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sit in everyone see my work safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sit in everyone see my work safety
+book and then he'd go and like wish for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and then he'd go and like wish for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and then he'd go and like wish for
+oh yeah let's do like we need to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah let's do like we need to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah let's do like we need to be very
+safe guys and they're like well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe guys and they're like well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe guys and they're like well you're
+the boss and you never do any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boss and you never do any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boss and you never do any of this
+why what should i was just like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what should i was just like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what should i was just like I've
+been doing a very credible way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a very credible way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing a very credible way that
+people can actually see people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can actually see people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can actually see people that are
+successful because right now who do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because right now who do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful because right now who do you
+see a successful right it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a successful right it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a successful right it's mostly
+Pacific College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacific College
+I don't say quite now but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't say quite now but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't say quite now but it's
+definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of considerations going into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of considerations going into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of considerations going into this
+question one is is wistfulness I just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one is is wistfulness I just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question one is is wistfulness I just I
+wish that with the sort of energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that with the sort of energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish that with the sort of energy that
+was generated during the election jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated during the election jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated during the election jobs
+people think there's anger but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there's anger but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think there's anger but also
+hopefulness like yes we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefulness like yes we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefulness like yes we're going to
+bring back manufacturing jobs have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back manufacturing jobs have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring back manufacturing jobs have been
+build on that like identify I was would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that like identify I was would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build on that like identify I was would
+be excellent administration from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excellent administration from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be excellent administration from sort of
+pinpoint what sorts of sectors they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint what sorts of sectors they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint what sorts of sectors they want
+to promote and incentivize and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+needs to see the military oh I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to see the military oh I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to see the military oh I want to
+go into the Air Force but I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the Air Force but I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the Air Force but I think that
+this would be a proper tuning time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a proper tuning time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a proper tuning time to do
+that so that if you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that if you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that if you generate
+manufacturing jobs over the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs over the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing jobs over the next couple
+of years as they promise or intended and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years as they promise or intended and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years as they promise or intended and
+more have more manufacturing jobs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more have more manufacturing jobs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more have more manufacturing jobs have
+come back over the last few years as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back over the last few years as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back over the last few years as we
+see so they then have that ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they then have that ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so they then have that ready
+workforce also where I'm I'm very area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce also where I'm I'm very area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce also where I'm I'm very area
+of farming area and Missouri where a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of farming area and Missouri where a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of farming area and Missouri where a lot
+of jobs have been lost lots of youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs have been lost lots of youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jobs have been lost lots of youth
+over the last decade we don't most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last decade we don't most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last decade we don't most of
+the people are going to school which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are going to school which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people are going to school which
+don't have the money to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the money to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the money to go to a
+four-year university and they're just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year university and they're just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year university and they're just a
+money to not make money for four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to not make money for four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to not make money for four years
+so something that's nice work time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that's nice work time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that's nice work time like
+a one-year two-year just wondering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year two-year just wondering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-year two-year just wondering is
+much more in line with what they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in line with what they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more in line with what they're able
+to do I just yeah considerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I just yeah considerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I just yeah considerations
+and I do think the concern is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think the concern is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do think the concern is what
+exactly would we recommend like train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly would we recommend like train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly would we recommend like train
+people and at this point you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and at this point you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and at this point you don't want
+to extract a bunch of people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a bunch of people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract a bunch of people and
+something so I spend some time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I spend some time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I spend some time with
+Sanjay Sarma earlier this afternoon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanjay Sarma earlier this afternoon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanjay Sarma earlier this afternoon and
+festival he's professor of mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival he's professor of mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festival he's professor of mechanical
+engineering and has spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and has spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and has spent a lot of time
+created a lot of the RFID capability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a lot of the RFID capability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a lot of the RFID capability and
+you know is in did a lot of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in did a lot of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in did a lot of work in
+manufacturing but he's leading mi t--'s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but he's leading mi t--'s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but he's leading mi t--'s
+online education efforts so he leads MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education efforts so he leads MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education efforts so he leads MIT
+X and the office of digital learning ODL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the office of digital learning ODL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the office of digital learning ODL
+so that was his question you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was his question you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was his question you know we can
+take these new platforms we've built and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these new platforms we've built and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these new platforms we've built and
+they could be valuable they could be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be valuable they could be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be valuable they could be new
+assets and we could create a blended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and we could create a blended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets and we could create a blended
+learning models with community colleges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning models with community colleges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning models with community colleges
+for example but what is the content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but what is the content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but what is the content and
+the education how do we figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education how do we figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the education how do we figure that out
+right and it's really a big important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's really a big important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's really a big important
+question and that's his central question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that's his central question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that's his central question
+this point he's ready to do it but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point he's ready to do it but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point he's ready to do it but he's
+got to figure out a process by which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a process by which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a process by which to
+get to the answers of what are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the answers of what are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the answers of what are the most
+critical skills to educate for obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical skills to educate for obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical skills to educate for obviously
+they're gonna vary to some extent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna vary to some extent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna vary to some extent by
+sector but that's you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector but that's you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector but that's you know that's a
+really big question so Steph give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big question so Steph give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big question so Steph give us a
+closing comment I know you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think patience and time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think patience and time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think patience and time to
+research precisely increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research precisely increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research precisely increase
+participation in ways that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in ways that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation in ways that you know
+really support collaboration and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really support collaboration and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really support collaboration and they're
+responsive and understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and understanding of
+political and economic context island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and economic context island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and economic context island
+I think preliminarily the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think preliminarily the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think preliminarily the most important
+outcomes of the study were realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the study were realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the study were realizing
+that a lot of technologies state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of technologies state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of technologies state right
+useful updated they failed to run and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful updated they failed to run and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful updated they failed to run and I
+think we could do a really great job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could do a really great job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could do a really great job of
+study developing tools to other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study developing tools to other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study developing tools to other places
+I don't know that the support system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that the support system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that the support system
+that's necessary for an initiative such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary for an initiative such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary for an initiative such
+as one learning exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right thank you all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank you all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank you all right so I'm
+gonna just summarize this closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just summarize this closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just summarize this closing
+reading we've talked a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading we've talked a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading we've talked a lot about the
+problems you know this has been one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know this has been one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you know this has been one
+attempt at a fix so these two reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at a fix so these two reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at a fix so these two reports
+came out in 2012 2014 they were prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in 2012 2014 they were prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out in 2012 2014 they were prepared
+by a collaboration between you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a collaboration between you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a collaboration between you know
+major industry CEOs and all range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major industry CEOs and all range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major industry CEOs and all range of
+sectors and a group of university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and a group of university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and a group of university
+presidents who had particularly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents who had particularly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents who had particularly strong
+engineering wings including MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering wings including MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering wings including MIT is
+present so both Susan Hockfield and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so both Susan Hockfield and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so both Susan Hockfield and MIT
+and Raphael rife and MIT were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Raphael rife and MIT were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Raphael rife and MIT were both
+co-chairs University co-chairs of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs University co-chairs of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-chairs University co-chairs of these
+two different ports Susan for the 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ports Susan for the 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different ports Susan for the 2012
+one Raphael for the 2014 one so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Raphael for the 2014 one so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Raphael for the 2014 one so there's
+been a very major focus on these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very major focus on these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a very major focus on these issues
+at MIT MIT did the production in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT MIT did the production in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT MIT did the production in the
+innovation economy it was frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy it was frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation economy it was frankly
+educating the administration of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating the administration of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educating the administration of what the
+issues were and then surprise the Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues were and then surprise the Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues were and then surprise the Obama
+administration came back and said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration came back and said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration came back and said all
+right you know put your money where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know put your money where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know put your money where your
+mouth is and you know help us pull these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is and you know help us pull these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth is and you know help us pull these
+reports together so I had the privilege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports together so I had the privilege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports together so I had the privilege
+of being part of a delegation of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being part of a delegation of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being part of a delegation of MIT
+folks to help in preparing these and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to help in preparing these and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to help in preparing these and it
+was a fascinating experience so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fascinating experience so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a fascinating experience so there
+were essentially four recommendations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially four recommendations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were essentially four recommendations
+that came out of these reports there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of these reports there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of these reports there are
+transformative technologies and could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technologies and could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technologies and could we
+develop to achieve these transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop to achieve these transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop to achieve these transformative
+technologies in production technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in production technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in production technology
+strategies that were linked to the R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that were linked to the R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that were linked to the R&D
+system could we implement manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system could we implement manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system could we implement manufacturing
+institutes and network the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes and network the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutes and network the manufacturing
+Institute's organized around these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's organized around these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's organized around these
+transformative technologies could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technologies could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative technologies could we
+have as part of the role of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as part of the role of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as part of the role of these
+manufacturing Institute's they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's they would
+play a role in demand driven workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in demand driven workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a role in demand driven workforce
+solutions and then finally could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and then finally could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and then finally could we
+develop a technology scale-up policy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a technology scale-up policy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a technology scale-up policy to
+deal with the scale-up problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the scale-up problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the scale-up problem
+so these reports really focused on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these reports really focused on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these reports really focused on this
+stuff they argued that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they argued that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff they argued that we need
+innovation based efficiency gains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based efficiency gains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation based efficiency gains to
+compete with lower cost lower wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with lower cost lower wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with lower cost lower wage
+nations there's no substitute for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations there's no substitute for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations there's no substitute for that
+the macro factors don't necessarily give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro factors don't necessarily give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macro factors don't necessarily give
+us those solutions we've got to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us those solutions we've got to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us those solutions we've got to put the
+innovation system on this problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system on this problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system on this problem right
+there's no getting around it it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no getting around it it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no getting around it it's time
+so there's 14 advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's 14 advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's 14 advanced manufacturing
+Institute's know them and set up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's know them and set up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's know them and set up all
+over the country they are collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country they are collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the country they are collaborative
+they are industry University government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are industry University government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are industry University government
+they are federal government seed funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are federal government seed funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are federal government seed funding
+but mashed often matte more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mashed often matte more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mashed often matte more than
+overmatched by industry with seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overmatched by industry with seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overmatched by industry with seed
+funding as well from state and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding as well from state and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding as well from state and sometimes
+regional governments they have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional governments they have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional governments they have a big
+testbed role so they bring in the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testbed role so they bring in the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testbed role so they bring in the small
+and mid-sized manufacturers and put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized manufacturers and put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized manufacturers and put them
+as in as part of the innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in as part of the innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in as part of the innovation system
+right they're connecting the the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're connecting the the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're connecting the the small
+and large manufacturers just as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large manufacturers just as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large manufacturers just as in the
+German front offer model they have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German front offer model they have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German front offer model they have a big
+testbed role in testing technologies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testbed role in testing technologies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testbed role in testing technologies out
+so that a small manufacturer would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a small manufacturer would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a small manufacturer would know
+how to play with them right know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play with them right know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to play with them right know how to
+work with them and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them and then they're
+organized around these potential new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized around these potential new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized around these potential new
+production paradigms they're cost-shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production paradigms they're cost-shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production paradigms they're cost-shared
+as I said between the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said between the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said between the federal government
+industry in the state government so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in the state government so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in the state government so
+they're very collaborative an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very collaborative an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very collaborative an example
+you know what is advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is advanced manufacturing
+technology look like here's a printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology look like here's a printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology look like here's a printed
+car right concept to print six weeks 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car right concept to print six weeks 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car right concept to print six weeks 500
+parts took 24 hours to print this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts took 24 hours to print this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts took 24 hours to print this
+alright that's a Shelby Cobra it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's a Shelby Cobra it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's a Shelby Cobra it's it's
+electric it's battery-powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric it's battery-powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric it's battery-powered
+you know pretty interesting right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty interesting right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty interesting right it
+gives us some idea of what some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some idea of what some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some idea of what some of these
+capabilities are gonna look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are gonna look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities are gonna look like
+what's the stage that the Institute's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stage that the Institute's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the stage that the Institute's
+are supposed to address and UV seam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to address and UV seam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to address and UV seam
+designs like this earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs like this earlier in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs like this earlier in the class
+but we've got more basic Rd government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got more basic Rd government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got more basic Rd government
+support of universities a gap here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of universities a gap here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of universities a gap here and
+then a private sector role and the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a private sector role and the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a private sector role and the gap
+occurs basic research proof-of-concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs basic research proof-of-concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs basic research proof-of-concept
+then actual undertaking kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actual undertaking kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actual undertaking kind of the
+initial production stage at a lab kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production stage at a lab kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial production stage at a lab kind
+of level capacity to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of level capacity to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of level capacity to produce the
+advanced prototype right and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced prototype right and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced prototype right and and the
+capability really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability really
+here to operate in a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to operate in a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to operate in a production
+environment bring the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment bring the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment bring the technology
+approach that's where the gap is it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that's where the gap is it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that's where the gap is it's in
+these stages here right that's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stages here right that's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stages here right that's there's a
+missing link in the innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing link in the innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing link in the innovation system
+remember we talked about doing a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about doing a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about doing a gap
+analysis of the innovation system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the innovation system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the innovation system and
+filling the gaps in that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the gaps in that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the gaps in that's exactly what
+these Institute's are attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Institute's are attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Institute's are attempting to
+undertake and here's the organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake and here's the organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake and here's the organization of
+them this is a very complex organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is a very complex organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is a very complex organization
+right so you've got an institute which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got an institute which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got an institute which
+has prototype labs that has shops and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prototype labs that has shops and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prototype labs that has shops and as
+research facilities it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research facilities it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research facilities it's kind of
+computerized labs for simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized labs for simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computerized labs for simulation and
+modeling these are shared use facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these are shared use facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling these are shared use facilities
+where small and large firms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where small and large firms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where small and large firms can
+collaborate together they're bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate together they're bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate together they're bringing in
+universities right for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities right for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities right for engineering
+capability from the University level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability from the University level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability from the University level to
+help in the innovation stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in the innovation stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in the innovation stage and
+technology involved they're bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology involved they're bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology involved they're bringing in
+community colleges and the workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and the workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and the workforce
+development side over here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development side over here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development side over here they're
+bringing in large manufacturing firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in large manufacturing firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in large manufacturing firms
+small and mid-sized and a number of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and mid-sized and a number of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and mid-sized and a number of them
+are starting to think now all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to think now all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to think now all that
+startups how do we get them into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups how do we get them into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups how do we get them into this
+mix right and then the support system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix right and then the support system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix right and then the support system
+federal state and local and economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal state and local and economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal state and local and economic
+development organizations are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development organizations are all
+feeding in here and then above this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in here and then above this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in here and then above this we
+have 14 of these Institute's now could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 14 of these Institute's now could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 14 of these Institute's now could
+we create a network of them so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a network of them so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a network of them so that we
+get learning across the system so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get learning across the system so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get learning across the system so that's
+essentially the organization we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the organization we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the organization we'll
+design it's a very complex model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's a very complex model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it's a very complex model right
+what does an RD agency typically do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does an RD agency typically do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does an RD agency typically do it
+gives an award of you know 300k to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an award of you know 300k to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an award of you know 300k to a
+principal investigator right as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigator right as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal investigator right as a
+Defense Department official told me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Department official told me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Department official told me this
+is like standing up a country you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like standing up a country you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like standing up a country you've got
+literally more than 100 actors involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally more than 100 actors involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally more than 100 actors involved
+in these manufacturing Institute's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these manufacturing Institute's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these manufacturing Institute's how
+do you coordinate them how do you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you coordinate them how do you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you coordinate them how do you pull
+these things together we've never tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together we've never tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together we've never tried
+to do anything as complicated as this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything as complicated as this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything as complicated as this in
+the R&D system it's a real challenge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D system it's a real challenge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R&D system it's a real challenge so
+this is the first group of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first group of manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first group of manufacturing
+Institute's you can see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's you can see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's you can see that they're
+pretty distributed across the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty distributed across the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty distributed across the country
+and then we've had five more Institute's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've had five more Institute's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've had five more Institute's
+since these were stood up here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were stood up here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these were stood up here's what
+here's more work Elin he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's more work Elin he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's more work Elin he's the
+territories of advanced manufacturing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories of advanced manufacturing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories of advanced manufacturing so
+we've got 3d printing digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 3d printing digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got 3d printing digital
+manufacturing and design lightweight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and design lightweight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and design lightweight and
+modern metals next generation power line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern metals next generation power line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern metals next generation power line
+electronics which is largely wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics which is largely wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics which is largely wide
+bandgap semiconductor completely changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandgap semiconductor completely changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandgap semiconductor completely changes
+power electronics but a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power electronics but a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power electronics but a lot of other
+things too advanced composites photonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too advanced composites photonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too advanced composites photonics
+flexible hybrid electronics MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible hybrid electronics MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible hybrid electronics MIT is
+leading the advanced fiber Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading the advanced fiber Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading the advanced fiber Institute
+which is completely revolutionary right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is completely revolutionary right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is completely revolutionary right
+the u.s. lost the textile sector ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. lost the textile sector ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. lost the textile sector ages
+ago so this is an idea bringing entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so this is an idea bringing entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so this is an idea bringing entirely
+new functionality into fiber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new functionality into fiber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new functionality into fiber and
+textiles so the idea here you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textiles so the idea here you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textiles so the idea here you know my
+shirt is my cell phone right my coat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is my cell phone right my coat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt is my cell phone right my coat is
+my laptop right it's just full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop right it's just full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my laptop right it's just full of
+communication fiber right but why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication fiber right but why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication fiber right but why can't
+you put a whole new level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a whole new level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a whole new level of
+functionality into fibers and textiles a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into fibers and textiles a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into fibers and textiles a
+whole kind of new utility in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole kind of new utility in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole kind of new utility in a
+completely invent this sector as you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely invent this sector as you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely invent this sector as you all
+think who's head of that Institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think who's head of that Institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think who's head of that Institute
+reminds reminded me on many occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds reminded me on many occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds reminded me on many occasions
+and his colleagues as well said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues as well said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his colleagues as well said you know
+Egypt came up with cotton about 4,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt came up with cotton about 4,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt came up with cotton about 4,000
+years ago and that's about the last big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and that's about the last big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and that's about the last big
+thing that happened right so this crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened right so this crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happened right so this crowd
+is completely trying to rethink and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely trying to rethink and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely trying to rethink and
+they've got a fascinating mix they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a fascinating mix they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a fascinating mix they get
+Apple in there and then they've got Nike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple in there and then they've got Nike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple in there and then they've got Nike
+and Adidas and then they've got Under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Adidas and then they've got Under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Adidas and then they've got Under
+Armour and then they've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armour and then they've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Armour and then they've got a bunch of
+textile firms that still remain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile firms that still remain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile firms that still remain in the
+US and then they've got fashion design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and then they've got fashion design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and then they've got fashion design
+shops and it's a really interesting mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and it's a really interesting mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and it's a really interesting mix
+as they try to rethink an entire sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they try to rethink an entire sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they try to rethink an entire sector
+smart man if I'm sorry go ahead mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you did wide bandgap semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did wide bandgap semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did wide bandgap semiconductor
+you have you lose you have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you lose you have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you lose you have much more
+efficiency in the power connections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the power connections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the power connections and
+you have much less power loss in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much less power loss in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much less power loss in that in
+a switching process or a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching process or a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switching process or a connection
+process right so it requires a new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so it requires a new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right so it requires a new kind
+of semiconductor to undertake this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductor to undertake this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of semiconductor to undertake this but
+it could be in everything right and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in everything right and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be in everything right and very
+perfect pervasive huge power savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect pervasive huge power savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect pervasive huge power savings
+much more efficiency in production as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficiency in production as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficiency in production as a
+result there's five more institutes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there's five more institutes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there's five more institutes that
+were named at the very end of 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were named at the very end of 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were named at the very end of 2016
+beginning of 2017 bioengineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of 2017 bioengineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of 2017 bioengineering for
+regenerative medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerative medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerative medicine
+assistive robotics modular chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive robotics modular chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistive robotics modular chemical
+process intensification or is rethinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process intensification or is rethinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process intensification or is rethinking
+the whole chemical chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole chemical chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole chemical chemical engineering
+process system to radically reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process system to radically reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process system to radically reduce the
+number of stages sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stages sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of stages sustainable
+remanufacturing recycling and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remanufacturing recycling and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remanufacturing recycling and then the
+Department of Commerce had an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Commerce had an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Commerce had an open
+competition they came up with but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition they came up with but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition they came up with but you
+know biopharma manufacturing are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know biopharma manufacturing are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know biopharma manufacturing are there
+major new advances in biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major new advances in biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major new advances in biomedical
+biopharma manufactured for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopharma manufactured for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopharma manufactured for continuous
+productions so it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productions so it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productions so it's a very interesting
+list right what's interesting about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right what's interesting about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right what's interesting about the
+u.s. list is that it covers a wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. list is that it covers a wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. list is that it covers a wide range
+of stuff right where their potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff right where their potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff right where their potential
+advances it could be quite powerful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances it could be quite powerful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances it could be quite powerful you
+know some are gonna work some are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some are gonna work some are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some are gonna work some are gonna
+fail but overall it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but overall it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail but overall it's a pretty
+interesting model we could get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting model we could get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting model we could get these
+technologies stood up and a workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies stood up and a workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies stood up and a workforce
+that's ready to use them then you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ready to use them then you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ready to use them then you really
+might have something pretty significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have something pretty significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have something pretty significant
+and as you remember from that matrix try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you remember from that matrix try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you remember from that matrix try
+to have before these are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have before these are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have before these are designed to
+stretch across a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch across a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch across a whole series of
+industries not just the single industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm definitely worried we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely worried we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely worried we'll see the
+funnies no by no means secure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnies no by no means secure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnies no by no means secure but
+Congress has passed legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress has passed legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress has passed legislation
+supporting this on a complete bipartisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting this on a complete bipartisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting this on a complete bipartisan
+basis there's strong advocates in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there's strong advocates in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis there's strong advocates in both
+parties for these senator blunt from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties for these senator blunt from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties for these senator blunt from
+Missouri is a very strong advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missouri is a very strong advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missouri is a very strong advocate for
+example it's been a real champion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's been a real champion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's been a real champion and
+stuff so there's a lot of congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so there's a lot of congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so there's a lot of congressional
+support here mainly because members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support here mainly because members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support here mainly because members of
+Congress are seeing what's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress are seeing what's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress are seeing what's been
+happening in their congressional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in their congressional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in their congressional
+districts so I think this is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts so I think this is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts so I think this is you know a
+more survivable model and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more survivable model and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more survivable model and it's you know
+what's wrong with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with us
+I mean this is a total public/private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a total public/private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a total public/private
+partnership with the private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership with the private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership with the private sector
+dominating and leading and making by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and leading and making by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating and leading and making by far
+the largest contribution to the funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest contribution to the funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest contribution to the funding
+right so this is not some federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not some federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not some federal
+subsidy program this is very cost shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy program this is very cost shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy program this is very cost shared
+so I think it may be survivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it may be survivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it may be survivable
+we'll see MIT is in 90 of these 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see MIT is in 90 of these 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see MIT is in 90 of these 14
+manufacturing institutes and we're any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing institutes and we're any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing institutes and we're any
+the other we're very active in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we're very active in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we're very active in about
+four and leading on one so there's a now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and leading on one so there's a now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and leading on one so there's a now
+a whole community in MIT of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole community in MIT of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole community in MIT of you know
+leading researchers that's into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading researchers that's into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading researchers that's into this
+stuff and MIT had not been in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and MIT had not been in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and MIT had not been in this area
+for a long time you know it just wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time you know it just wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time you know it just wasn't
+you didn't get R&D funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get R&D funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't get R&D funding for
+manufacturing right this is all new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing right this is all new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing right this is all new kind
+of territory so we'll see hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territory so we'll see hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of territory so we'll see hopefully
+it'll work for you okay maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll work for you okay maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll work for you okay maybe some
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_3lU2LDQdUU.txt b/_3lU2LDQdUU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acb0990d238dcff5aa5ec4f29b6745818466dd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_3lU2LDQdUU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like a file sharing system like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a file sharing system like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a file sharing system like
+Dropbox except you manually take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox except you manually take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox except you manually take care of
+the files yourself and you worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the files yourself and you worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the files yourself and you worry about
+merge conflicts so if in Dropbox you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge conflicts so if in Dropbox you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge conflicts so if in Dropbox you and
+your collaborator at a document at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your collaborator at a document at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your collaborator at a document at the
+same time it tries to save both and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it tries to save both and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it tries to save both and it
+goes ah something's wrong and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ah something's wrong and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes ah something's wrong and it makes
+one that says conflicted copy and github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that says conflicted copy and github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that says conflicted copy and github
+is a way to it does a similar thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to it does a similar thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to it does a similar thing but
+then it hands it back to unit says I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it hands it back to unit says I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it hands it back to unit says I'm
+not going to save that conflicted copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to save that conflicted copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to save that conflicted copy
+you need to tell me what to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me what to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to tell me what to do to
+resolve that so that I only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that so that I only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve that so that I only have one
+version of each file and it's the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of each file and it's the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of each file and it's the master
+version so that's github in a nutshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so that's github in a nutshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version so that's github in a nutshell
+it's just a way to share files with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to share files with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a way to share files with
+other people collaboratively without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people collaboratively without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people collaboratively without
+overwriting other people's stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting other people's stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwriting other people's stuff and
+without having conflicts happen inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having conflicts happen inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having conflicts happen inside
+of the cloud where you're able to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cloud where you're able to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cloud where you're able to share
+this document so all right so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document so all right so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document so all right so what does
+github does anyone want to explain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github does anyone want to explain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github does anyone want to explain or
+get wild guess is a few things github is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wild guess is a few things github is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wild guess is a few things github is
+a web-based platform a website for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web-based platform a website for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web-based platform a website for
+sharing code sharing software code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing code sharing software code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing code sharing software code the
+source code is software so it's created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code is software so it's created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code is software so it's created
+for developers to collaborate on code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers to collaborate on code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers to collaborate on code
+some a lot of the code on there is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of the code on there is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of the code on there is open
+source code like code that this source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code like code that this source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source code like code that this source
+code is freely available to look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is freely available to look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is freely available to look at and
+yeah so basically it's a website where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so basically it's a website where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so basically it's a website where
+you can navigate other people's code you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can navigate other people's code you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can navigate other people's code you
+can collaborate on the same project yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collaborate on the same project yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collaborate on the same project yeah
+and you can also just look at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also just look at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also just look at other
+people's projects you can submit Bubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's projects you can submit Bubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's projects you can submit Bubber
+bug reports to projects alright so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug reports to projects alright so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug reports to projects alright so yes
+so github is the sort of community the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so github is the sort of community the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so github is the sort of community the
+other thing it is is it's a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing it is is it's a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing it is is it's a piece of
+software based on a technology called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software based on a technology called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software based on a technology called
+the git GI T git git
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the git GI T git git
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the git GI T git git
+so git there's a piece of software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so git there's a piece of software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so git there's a piece of software that
+lets you collaborate basically lets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you collaborate basically lets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you collaborate basically lets you
+share source code and github kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share source code and github kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share source code and github kind of
+extends that by making a pretty website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends that by making a pretty website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends that by making a pretty website
+and a few other things yeah so what ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other things yeah so what ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few other things yeah so what ha
+so yeah git is a piece of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah git is a piece of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah git is a piece of software
+called version control heard yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called version control heard yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called version control heard yeah what
+does anyone want explain that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone want explain that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone want explain that term
+version control it's is a very fancy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version control it's is a very fancy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version control it's is a very fancy way
+of saying keeping a history and storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying keeping a history and storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying keeping a history and storing
+multiple versions of things so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of things so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of things so for
+example say you're working on some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say you're working on some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example say you're working on some sort
+of document maybe a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of document maybe a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of document maybe a really important
+essay so this is my my really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay so this is my my really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay so this is my my really important
+essay my essay on bugs by Andrea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay my essay on bugs by Andrea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay my essay on bugs by Andrea okay so
+you're working on this essay you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on this essay you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on this essay you say
+that s right then you make some changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you seen it again and then you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen it again and then you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen it again and then you're like
+oh what's the first version of yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's the first version of yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's the first version of yesterday
+I did it looks so different now so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it looks so different now so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it looks so different now so one
+thing you'll do is once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll do is once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you'll do is once you have a
+version you like maybe you'll say maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you like maybe you'll say maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you like maybe you'll say maybe
+you'll take that version and let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take that version and let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll take that version and let's make
+a copy of it let's call it like v1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of it let's call it like v1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of it let's call it like v1 one
+version one and then let's start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version one and then let's start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version one and then let's start working
+on version two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on version two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on version two
+so if we like mess something up we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we like mess something up we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we like mess something up we still
+have that first version all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that first version all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that first version all right and
+that's getting really good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting really good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's getting really good right
+so then at this point we we save our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then at this point we we save our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then at this point we we save our
+version to let's say let's call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to let's say let's call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to let's say let's call this one
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so so yeah as you work on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so yeah as you work on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so yeah as you work on like
+multiple versions of a document you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of a document you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple versions of a document you want
+to like save different versions in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like save different versions in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like save different versions in case
+in case like you mess up so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case like you mess up so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case like you mess up so you might
+have done that with like an essay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might like submit and I started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like submit and I started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like submit and I started to
+professor they give you back a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor they give you back a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor they give you back a different
+version with corrected changes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version with corrected changes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version with corrected changes an
+annotated version so version control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotated version so version control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotated version so version control and
+software is just a fancy way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is just a fancy way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is just a fancy way of saying
+the same thing it's making multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing it's making multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing it's making multiple
+versions of things that you can go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of things that you can go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of things that you can go back
+to the thing with get though is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing with get though is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing with get though is you
+don't actually have to do what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to do what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have to do what I just
+did it does all that automatically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it does all that automatically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it does all that automatically for
+you so yes so and that's similar to has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so yes so and that's similar to has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so yes so and that's similar to has
+anyone heard of time machine or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of time machine or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of time machine or your
+Apple so time machine on OSX is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple so time machine on OSX is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple so time machine on OSX is a
+software product that basically it backs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software product that basically it backs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software product that basically it backs
+up your computer every hour and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your computer every hour and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your computer every hour and then if
+something messes up you can restore your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something messes up you can restore your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something messes up you can restore your
+computer to an earlier version it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it has this nice little interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has this nice little interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it has this nice little interface
+like with a little time machine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a little time machine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with a little time machine you can
+like go back and look at previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go back and look at previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go back and look at previous
+versions of your computer github is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of your computer github is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of your computer github is
+really similar it's very similar except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar it's very similar except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar it's very similar except
+it's like sort of tuned for working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sort of tuned for working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like sort of tuned for working well
+with source code so it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with source code so it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with source code so it has a lot of
+other features that are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features that are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features that are useful for
+software developers so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software developers so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software developers so if you're
+programming eventually you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming eventually you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming eventually you will have to
+learn get at some point and github is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn get at some point and github is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn get at some point and github is
+like the most popular way of using git
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most popular way of using git
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the most popular way of using git
+so that's why people kind of treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why people kind of treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why people kind of treat them
+as almost the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so let's take a look so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so let's take a look so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so let's take a look so the way
+github organizes things is has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github organizes things is has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github organizes things is has these
+things called repositories and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called repositories and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called repositories and a
+repository is sort of just like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository is sort of just like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository is sort of just like you can
+think of it as like a folder or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as like a folder or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as like a folder or a
+project so every like different project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so every like different project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so every like different project
+you'd want the different repository so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want the different repository so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want the different repository so
+for this course website we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called man's a Manos right so where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called man's a Manos right so where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called man's a Manos right so where is
+that um so yeah one of the things github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so yeah one of the things github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so yeah one of the things github
+does is it provides this like fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it provides this like fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it provides this like fancy
+homepage for your projects so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage for your projects so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homepage for your projects so you can
+like document your projects on the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like document your projects on the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like document your projects on the home
+page but basically so github has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page but basically so github has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page but basically so github has a few
+ways of interacting with it you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of interacting with it you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of interacting with it you can look
+at your files from the web interface hub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your files from the web interface hub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your files from the web interface hub
+com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com
+there's also like text-based interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like text-based interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also like text-based interfaces
+and a visual interface github desktop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a visual interface github desktop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a visual interface github desktop
+which was shortly yeah so a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was shortly yeah so a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was shortly yeah so a few things
+to note so this is the current latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note so this is the current latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note so this is the current latest
+version of your files this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of your files this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of your files this is kind of a
+view of the latest version unlike Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the latest version unlike Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the latest version unlike Time
+Machine it doesn't automatically create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine it doesn't automatically create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine it doesn't automatically create
+a new version every hour and if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new version every hour and if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new version every hour and if you use
+dropbox dropbox creates a new version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropbox dropbox creates a new version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropbox dropbox creates a new version of
+your file every time you change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file every time you change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your file every time you change it
+github does not do that because it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github does not do that because it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github does not do that because it wants
+you to explicitly say when you've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to explicitly say when you've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to explicitly say when you've made a
+working change because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working change because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working change because if you're
+changing a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing a piece of
+you might change three or four files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might change three or four files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might change three or four files
+until you have a working next version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have a working next version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you have a working next version of
+your software so you basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software so you basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software so you basically have to
+tell get every time you want to you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell get every time you want to you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell get every time you want to you have
+a new version that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new version that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new version that works
+that's called a commit so the commits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a commit so the commits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a commit so the commits
+are basically the history of every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically the history of every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically the history of every time
+you've made a change and told it talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a change and told it talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a change and told it talk
+about it yes yeah yes I do yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yes yeah yes I do yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yes yeah yes I do yes
+yeah you will notice a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will notice a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will notice a few things
+there's a little lock icon and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little lock icon and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little lock icon and there is
+also this text that says private so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this text that says private so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this text that says private so yeah
+until I add you you will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I add you you will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I add you you will not be able to
+see this URL yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right twist my arm yes yes yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah so the commits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so the commits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so the commits are
+basically the history it's good to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the history it's good to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the history it's good to name
+them well so I said linked to electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well so I said linked to electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well so I said linked to electronic
+books and schedule so that's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and schedule so that's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and schedule so that's when I
+added this schedule to the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+added group project example I was five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added group project example I was five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added group project example I was five
+hours ago so that's when I added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours ago so that's when I added this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours ago so that's when I added this
+example of your project so yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of your project so yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of your project so yeah I
+basically made changes I kind of notated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made changes I kind of notated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically made changes I kind of notated
+the change so yeah you can view like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change so yeah you can view like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change so yeah you can view like the
+whole history of stuff on there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole history of stuff on there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole history of stuff on there's also a
+ton of other features which we won't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of other features which we won't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of other features which we won't use
+you could submit bug reports under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could submit bug reports under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could submit bug reports under
+issues you can create a wiki for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you can create a wiki for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you can create a wiki for your
+project which most people do not do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which most people do not do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which most people do not do yeah
+so alright so the web interface is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so the web interface is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright so the web interface is sort
+of you only really want to use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you only really want to use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you only really want to use it as a
+view of your files you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of your files you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of your files you don't actually
+upload files to there there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload files to there there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload files to there there is this
+upload button and create new file button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload button and create new file button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upload button and create new file button
+but you don't want to use that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to use that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to use that so what
+we actually do want to use is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do want to use is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do want to use is this
+program called github Desktop github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program called github Desktop github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program called github Desktop github
+desktop it's sort of similar to Dropbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop it's sort of similar to Dropbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop it's sort of similar to Dropbox
+has anyone not heard of Dropbox has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anyone not heard of Dropbox has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anyone not heard of Dropbox has
+anyone heard of Dropbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of Dropbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone heard of Dropbox
+yes yes yeah have an IPO it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yeah have an IPO it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes yeah have an IPO it's a big
+company okay so Dropbox yeah here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company okay so Dropbox yeah here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company okay so Dropbox yeah here we go
+so Dropbox has a few things it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dropbox has a few things it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dropbox has a few things it has this
+like little program that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little program that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little program that runs
+continuously and what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and what it does is it
+takes a folder on your hard disk and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a folder on your hard disk and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a folder on your hard disk and any
+file you put in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you put in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file you put in it
+Dropbox will upload it to the cloud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox will upload it to the cloud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dropbox will upload it to the cloud and
+if you have Dropbox on two computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have Dropbox on two computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have Dropbox on two computers
+it'll automatically sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll automatically sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll automatically sync
+so you've got to folders look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to folders look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to folders look the same
+github desktop is very similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github desktop is very similar to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+github desktop is very similar to that
+except it does not do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it does not do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except it does not do anything
+automatically if you drop files on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically if you drop files on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically if you drop files on the
+folder it will detect them but it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder it will detect them but it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder it will detect them but it won't
+automatically push them up to the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically push them up to the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically push them up to the cloud
+you have to do that manually the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that manually the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do that manually the reason
+is what I said before is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I said before is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I said before is because you
+need to really make sure like this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really make sure like this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to really make sure like this is a
+change that won't break the software so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that won't break the software so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that won't break the software so
+sort of forcing developers to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forcing developers to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of forcing developers to write out
+the change yeah helps yeah helps make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change yeah helps yeah helps make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change yeah helps yeah helps make
+the software easier to maintain okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software easier to maintain okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software easier to maintain okay so
+so yeah in a moment yeah so I'll run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah in a moment yeah so I'll run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah in a moment yeah so I'll run
+through this quickly yeah so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this quickly yeah so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this quickly yeah so I'm going
+to tell you all the steps that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all the steps that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all the steps that have to
+happen so in a moment on your own you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so in a moment on your own you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so in a moment on your own you
+will create an account on github.com so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create an account on github.com so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create an account on github.com so
+it's a free account you can use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free account you can use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a free account you can use any
+email address you want you'll then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address you want you'll then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address you want you'll then
+download github desktop that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download github desktop that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download github desktop that is also
+free software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right download github desktop so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right download github desktop so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right download github desktop so once
+you've done that you can log into github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can log into github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can log into github
+desktop and sync your cloud account with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop and sync your cloud account with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop and sync your cloud account with
+this piece of software locally once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of software locally once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of software locally once you
+log in you basically then choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in you basically then choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in you basically then choose which
+repositories you want to track and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories you want to track and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories you want to track and to do
+that we hit the plus button we say clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me search for the repository we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me search for the repository we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me search for the repository we
+clone it we choose a location to save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone it we choose a location to save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone it we choose a location to save it
+so yea I'll run through this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yea I'll run through this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yea I'll run through this really
+quickly and I'll step back so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and I'll step back so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and I'll step back so yeah so
+what it's doing a clone is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing a clone is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing a clone is basically
+making a copy of the repository so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a copy of the repository so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a copy of the repository so
+there's a version in the cloud at github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a version in the cloud at github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a version in the cloud at github
+in California I guess so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California I guess so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California I guess so we're
+downloading that so once we download it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading that so once we download it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading that so once we download it
+we could sort of see a very similar view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of see a very similar view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of see a very similar view
+to what we saw online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw online
+so here link to electronic books new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here link to electronic books new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here link to electronic books new
+schedule that's the same thing they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that's the same thing they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that's the same thing they saw
+on the web page we also say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web page we also say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web page we also say no
+uncommitted changes great so yeah as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted changes great so yeah as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommitted changes great so yeah as I
+mentioned if you drop a file in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned if you drop a file in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned if you drop a file in the
+folder so github desktop is created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder so github desktop is created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder so github desktop is created this
+folder for me just like a normal folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder for me just like a normal folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder for me just like a normal folder
+and these are all the files in it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the files in it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all the files in it so if
+we drag like a new file into it I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drag like a new file into it I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drag like a new file into it I'm just
+like with Dropbox so let's drag our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with Dropbox so let's drag our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with Dropbox so let's drag our
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+Vanessa say so yeah I dragged it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa say so yeah I dragged it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanessa say so yeah I dragged it into
+our repository folder locally on my hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our repository folder locally on my hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our repository folder locally on my hard
+drive if we switch back to github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive if we switch back to github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive if we switch back to github
+desktop it's detected that change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop it's detected that change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop it's detected that change so
+then we want to commit so I said added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to commit so I said added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to commit so I said added
+my final essay version so you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final essay version so you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final essay version so you always
+have to write out a commit message it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out a commit message it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write out a commit message it
+won't let you commit message so I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't let you commit message so I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't let you commit message so I said
+added final version I'll say commit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added final version I'll say commit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added final version I'll say commit so
+that actually commits it locally on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually commits it locally on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually commits it locally on your
+computer so it creates the whole history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it creates the whole history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer so it creates the whole history
+then we have to do another step sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to do another step sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to do another step sync
+which syncs my history on my laptop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which syncs my history on my laptop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which syncs my history on my laptop with
+the universal history on github.com in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal history on github.com in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal history on github.com in
+California so once I hit sync we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California so once I hit sync we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California so once I hit sync we go back
+to the web page and reload it we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the web page and reload it we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the web page and reload it we can see
+the essays up here and we now have 566
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essays up here and we now have 566
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essays up here and we now have 566
+commits the last one enjoy Engler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commits the last one enjoy Engler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commits the last one enjoy Engler
+committed a minute ago add my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed a minute ago add my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed a minute ago add my final
+essay version yeah so yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay version yeah so yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay version yeah so yeah that's
+basically the idea of the whole flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea of the whole flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the idea of the whole flow of
+files any
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_L315IjxyUM.txt b/_L315IjxyUM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2d0016a91716098472da0eac468817c24d36e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_L315IjxyUM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when Watson receives a question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Watson receives a question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Watson receives a question the
+first step is question analysis one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is question analysis one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is question analysis one of
+the things Watson tries to figure out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Watson tries to figure out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Watson tries to figure out in
+this step is what the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is what the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step is what the question is
+looking for this is defined as trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this is defined as trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for this is defined as trying to
+find the lexical answer type or lat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the lexical answer type or lat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the lexical answer type or lat of
+the question the LAT is the word or noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question the LAT is the word or noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question the LAT is the word or noun
+in the question that specifies the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question that specifies the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the question that specifies the type
+of answer you should be able to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answer you should be able to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answer you should be able to replace
+the lat with the answer to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lat with the answer to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lat with the answer to complete the
+sentence for example for the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence for example for the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence for example for the question
+mozart's last and perhaps most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozart's last and perhaps most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mozart's last and perhaps most powerful
+Symphony shares its name with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony shares its name with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symphony shares its name with this
+planet the LAT in this case is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet the LAT in this case is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet the LAT in this case is this
+planet if we replace this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet if we replace this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet if we replace this with the
+answer Jupiter it makes sense Mozart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Jupiter it makes sense Mozart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Jupiter it makes sense Mozart's
+last and perhaps most powerful Symphony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and perhaps most powerful Symphony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last and perhaps most powerful Symphony
+shares its name with Jupiter for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares its name with Jupiter for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares its name with Jupiter for the
+question smaller than only Greenland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question smaller than only Greenland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question smaller than only Greenland
+it's the world's second largest island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the world's second largest island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the world's second largest island
+the lat is it if we replace the LAT with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lat is it if we replace the LAT with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lat is it if we replace the LAT with
+the answer New Guinea and makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer New Guinea and makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer New Guinea and makes sense
+smaller than only Greenland New Guinea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than only Greenland New Guinea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than only Greenland New Guinea
+is the world's second largest island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world's second largest island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the world's second largest island
+unfortunately the LAT is not island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the LAT is not island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately the LAT is not island
+which would be more descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be more descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be more descriptive
+since the sentence with new getting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the sentence with new getting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the sentence with new getting in
+place of Island does not make sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of Island does not make sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of Island does not make sense we
+can see in these two examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see in these two examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see in these two examples that
+sometimes the light is very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the light is very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the light is very specific
+like this planet and sometimes it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this planet and sometimes it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this planet and sometimes it's very
+vague like it's if we know the lat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague like it's if we know the lat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague like it's if we know the lat we
+know what to look for however in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to look for however in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to look for however in an
+analysis of 20,000 questions 2,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of 20,000 questions 2,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of 20,000 questions 2,500
+distinct Lots were found and 12% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Lots were found and 12% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Lots were found and 12% of the
+questions to not even have an explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to not even have an explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to not even have an explicit
+lat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lat
+they had lots like its furthermore even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots like its furthermore even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had lots like its furthermore even
+the most frequent 200 explicit lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent 200 explicit lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most frequent 200 explicit lots
+cover less than 50% of the questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover less than 50% of the questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover less than 50% of the questions so
+to enhance the question analysis step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the question analysis step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enhance the question analysis step
+Watson also performs relation detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson also performs relation detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson also performs relation detection
+to find relationships among words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find relationships among words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find relationships among words and
+decomposition to split the question into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to split the question into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition to split the question into
+different clues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second step in Watson is hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step in Watson is hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second step in Watson is hypothesis
+generation the goal of this step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the goal of this step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation the goal of this step is to
+use the question analysis of step one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the question analysis of step one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the question analysis of step one to
+produce candidate answers by searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce candidate answers by searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce candidate answers by searching
+the databases in this step several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the databases in this step several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the databases in this step several
+hundred candidate answers are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred candidate answers are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred candidate answers are generated
+for the question mozart's last and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the question mozart's last and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the question mozart's last and
+perhaps most powerful Symphony shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps most powerful Symphony shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps most powerful Symphony shares
+its name with this planet cannon answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name with this planet cannon answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name with this planet cannon answers
+could be Mercury Earth and Jupiter these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be Mercury Earth and Jupiter these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be Mercury Earth and Jupiter these
+are generated using various search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated using various search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generated using various search
+techniques then each candidate answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques then each candidate answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques then each candidate answer
+plugs back into the question in place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs back into the question in place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugs back into the question in place of
+the lot it's considered a hypothesis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot it's considered a hypothesis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot it's considered a hypothesis for
+the question about Mozart symphony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about Mozart symphony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about Mozart symphony
+hypothesis one would be the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one would be the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis one would be the question
+with Mercury in place of this planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mercury in place of this planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mercury in place of this planet
+hypothesis two would have jupiter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis two would have jupiter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis two would have jupiter in
+place of this planet and hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of this planet and hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of this planet and hypothesis
+three would have earth in place of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three would have earth in place of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three would have earth in place of this
+planet if the correct answer is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet if the correct answer is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet if the correct answer is not
+generated at this stage Watson has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated at this stage Watson has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated at this stage Watson has no
+hope of getting the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of getting the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of getting the question right
+therefore this step airs on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this step airs on the side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this step airs on the side of
+generating a lot of hypotheses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a lot of hypotheses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a lot of hypotheses and
+leaves it up to the next step to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it up to the next step to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it up to the next step to find
+the correct answer in the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer in the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer in the next video
+we'll discuss how steps three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss how steps three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss how steps three and four
+score and ranked the hypotheses
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_dhcifVwZlA.txt b/_dhcifVwZlA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15bb1e1c8f2d6b8f8836107a15549e317aef9505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_dhcifVwZlA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um I've made a list of questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've made a list of questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've made a list of questions that
+fall out of that um that what I feel as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out of that um that what I feel as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out of that um that what I feel as
+if I have a unique opportunity to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a unique opportunity to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a unique opportunity to try to
+answer in conjunction with the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in conjunction with the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in conjunction with the people
+here who I don't often or ever get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who I don't often or ever get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here who I don't often or ever get to
+talk to uh things like um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to uh things like um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to uh things like um what's the
+difference between negotiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between negotiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between negotiation and
+deliberation is there a difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation is there a difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation is there a difference and
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+important what's this Del Liberation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what's this Del Liberation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what's this Del Liberation not
+negotiation is all negotiation always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation is all negotiation always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation is all negotiation always
+deliberation some of the time how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation some of the time how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberation some of the time how would
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know secondly um is cons is a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know secondly um is cons is a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know secondly um is cons is a consensus
+outcome better than an agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome better than an agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome better than an agreement
+supported by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by a
+majority can we just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority can we just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority can we just assume that
+assuming people know what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming people know what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming people know what they're doing
+and have the information they need could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have the information they need could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have the information they need could
+you say that a consensus is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that a consensus is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that a consensus is always
+better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+majority connected to that um does Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority connected to that um does Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority connected to that um does Del
+liberative democracy require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberative democracy require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberative democracy require
+compromise could you have deliberation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise could you have deliberation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise could you have deliberation
+get an agreement and not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compromise how can ad hoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise how can ad hoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromise how can ad hoc
+Representatives involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives involved in
+deliberations or public dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations or public dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations or public dispute
+resolution efforts be held accountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution efforts be held accountable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution efforts be held accountable
+to the constituencies they ostensibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constituencies they ostensibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the constituencies they ostensibly
+represent OD Haw Representatives not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent OD Haw Representatives not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent OD Haw Representatives not
+general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general purpose
+Representatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives
+if deliberation or dispute resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if deliberation or dispute resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if deliberation or dispute resolution is
+meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to
+supplement rather than replace more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement rather than replace more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement rather than replace more
+traditional democratic approaches to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional democratic approaches to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional democratic approaches to
+decisionmaking which I think we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking which I think we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisionmaking which I think we were in
+agreement not replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement not replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement not replace
+supplement what changes if any does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement what changes if any does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement what changes if any does
+using these to supplement traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these to supplement traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these to supplement traditional
+forms require in those forms none they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms require in those forms none they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms require in those forms none they
+just stay the same and we add this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay the same and we add this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay the same and we add this other
+stuff and it supplements is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it supplements is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it supplements is it going to
+have some AR we going to fold it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some AR we going to fold it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some AR we going to fold it back
+some way on the traditional mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way on the traditional mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way on the traditional mechanisms
+of representative democracy if so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representative democracy if so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representative democracy if so how do
+they change if we add what we do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change if we add what we do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change if we add what we do either
+of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communities do professional mediators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities do professional mediators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities do professional mediators
+add sufficient value to the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add sufficient value to the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add sufficient value to the process of
+Del liberative democracy to justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del liberative democracy to justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del liberative democracy to justify the
+costs that are implied by having such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that are implied by having such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs that are implied by having such an
+extra actor in the process and if so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra actor in the process and if so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra actor in the process and if so how
+will we know that what would you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we know that what would you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we know that what would you try to
+measure how would you try to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and do we have to redefine the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and do we have to redefine the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and do we have to redefine the role
+of elected and appointed leaders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elected and appointed leaders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elected and appointed leaders or
+experts to make room for deliberation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts to make room for deliberation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts to make room for deliberation in
+consensus building the stuff that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus building the stuff that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus building the stuff that we
+do do they does it necessitate altering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do they does it necessitate altering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do they does it necessitate altering
+our sort of standing definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of standing definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of standing definition of what
+does it mean to be responsible elected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be responsible elected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be responsible elected
+or appointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or appointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or appointed
+official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official
+those are things that we think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that we think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that we think about all
+the time I feel as if I could grapple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I feel as if I could grapple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I feel as if I could grapple
+with them more effectively with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them more effectively with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them more effectively with all of
+you uh in the room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_kx9OzsCL4I.txt b/_kx9OzsCL4I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebadddd134e3ad02a76fd24b231ac6a549953e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_kx9OzsCL4I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we talked last time about kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked last time about kinetics
+steady-state kinetics pre steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state kinetics pre steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state kinetics pre steady-state
+kinetics how you design the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics how you design the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics how you design the experiments
+what kinds of information you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of information you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of information you can get
+out of each experimental design and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each experimental design and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each experimental design and we
+introduced all of that material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced all of that material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced all of that material and
+today what I want to do is come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what I want to do is come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what I want to do is come back to
+the model you saw at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model you saw at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model you saw at the very beginning
+and you've seen it in the lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically where did this model come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically where did this model come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically where did this model come
+from that's what we're gonna focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's what we're gonna focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that's what we're gonna focus on
+okay and so in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so in order to be able to
+understand this model you have to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this model you have to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this model you have to design
+assays and you're gonna see over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays and you're gonna see over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assays and you're gonna see over and
+over again over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again over the course of the
+semester figuring out how to design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester figuring out how to design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester figuring out how to design an
+assay in this case it isn't so hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay in this case it isn't so hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay in this case it isn't so hard but
+in many cases is really tough and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases is really tough and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases is really tough and that's
+the key to be able to get kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to be able to get kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to be able to get kinetic
+information is designing the assay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is designing the assay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is designing the assay so if
+you look here today we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here today we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here today we're gonna be
+looking at gtp is hydrolyzed okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at gtp is hydrolyzed okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at gtp is hydrolyzed okay so you
+need to think about as a chemist how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about as a chemist how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about as a chemist how you
+could study that reaction how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could study that reaction how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could study that reaction how would you
+look at starting material how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at starting material how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at starting material how would you
+look at product as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at product as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at product as a function of time
+which is what we were talking about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we were talking about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we were talking about last
+time and we're gonna talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're gonna talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we're gonna talk about that
+first we're gonna talk about piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna talk about piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're gonna talk about piece of
+radioisotopes first and we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotopes first and we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotopes first and we've already
+been talking about radioisotopes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about radioisotopes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about radioisotopes in
+class the last couple of lectures so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the last couple of lectures so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class the last couple of lectures so we
+decided to focus most of our energy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to focus most of our energy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to focus most of our energy now
+on Radio isotopes and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Radio isotopes and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Radio isotopes and then the second
+kind of probe you're gonna see is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of probe you're gonna see is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of probe you're gonna see is a
+fluorescent probe we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probe we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probe we're gonna use
+fluorescent probes over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probes over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probes over and over again
+and that the details of the fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the details of the fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the details of the fluorescent
+probes and how they work isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and how they work isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and how they work isn't going to
+come in till the last recitation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in till the last recitation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in till the last recitation which
+is recitation of the routine so from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recitation of the routine so from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recitation of the routine so from the
+point of view of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of thinking about
+Raveena's paper what you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raveena's paper what you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raveena's paper what you need to think
+about is if you have a probe and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is if you have a probe and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is if you have a probe and you
+stick it in a different environment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in a different environment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in a different environment it
+changes and you can watch it change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and you can watch it change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and you can watch it change okay
+without looking at the details but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at the details but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without looking at the details but but
+that's something you do need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you do need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you do need to think
+about but we're not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but we're not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but we're not going to talk about
+that okay so we have a way of monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we have a way of monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we have a way of monitoring
+potentially GG pas and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially GG pas and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially GG pas and we'll talk about
+that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+what other reaction can we monitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other reaction can we monitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other reaction can we monitor and
+here we can monitor formation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can monitor formation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can monitor formation of the
+polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide
+obtain and so that's the other thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and so that's the other thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain and so that's the other thing and
+both of these chemical transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these chemical transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these chemical transformations
+use radioactivity okay so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity okay so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity okay so that's where
+we're gonna focus on initially and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna focus on initially and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna focus on initially and then
+hopefully how many of you went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully how many of you went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully how many of you went back and
+reread the paper for this week from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reread the paper for this week from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reread the paper for this week from last
+week did any of you go back and reread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week did any of you go back and reread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week did any of you go back and reread
+it okay so I think it's good I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I think it's good I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I think it's good I just
+think you know every time I read a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know every time I read a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know every time I read a paper
+I read a paper sometimes 25 I've read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a paper sometimes 25 I've read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a paper sometimes 25 I've read it
+10 15 times over the course of my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 times over the course of my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 15 times over the course of my career
+and as I learn more and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I learn more and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I learn more and think about
+things differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently
+I keep seeing new things and this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep seeing new things and this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep seeing new things and this paper
+is just packed full of information so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just packed full of information so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just packed full of information so I
+could say you couldn't read it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you couldn't read it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say you couldn't read it another
+ten times you still keep learning stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten times you still keep learning stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten times you still keep learning stuff
+out of reading it and in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of reading it and in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of reading it and in the very
+beginning that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that's what we're trying to
+teach you to do what do you look at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you to do what do you look at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you to do what do you look at in
+the paper to learn how to critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to learn how to critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper to learn how to critically
+evaluate what's being presented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what's being presented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate what's being presented in the
+model which is maybe what you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is maybe what you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is maybe what you're gonna
+build your research program on somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your research program on somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your research program on somebody
+else's data is it correct is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's data is it correct is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's data is it correct is it not
+correct okay so we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay so we're going to use
+radioactivity I'm going to start there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity I'm going to start there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity I'm going to start there
+and then to look at these first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to look at these first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to look at these first few
+steps what your binding steps that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps what your binding steps that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps what your binding steps that's
+where we're gonna look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're gonna look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're gonna look at the
+fluorescent probe and there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probe and there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent probe and there were three
+different kinds of experiments that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiments that were
+described in this paper looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in this paper looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in this paper looking at the
+rates of the reactions as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the reactions as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of the reactions as a function of
+the concentration of the ribosome you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the ribosome you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the ribosome you
+need to think about why they looked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about why they looked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about why they looked at a
+concentration dependence measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependence measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependence measuring
+fluorescence changes and then they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence changes and then they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence changes and then they used
+non-hydrolyzable GTP analog why did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydrolyzable GTP analog why did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydrolyzable GTP analog why did they
+use that do you remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that do you remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that do you remember what the
+non-hydrolyzable of GTP analog was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydrolyzable of GTP analog was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hydrolyzable of GTP analog was so
+what where's that where is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where's that where is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where's that where is the end
+yeah so so it's not hydrolyzable it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it's not hydrolyzable it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so it's not hydrolyzable it is
+hydrolyzable but not under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzable but not under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyzable but not under the
+experimental condition so what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental condition so what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental condition so what does it
+do why would you want to use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do why would you want to use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do why would you want to use something
+like that to get information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to get information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that to get information about the
+first few steps yeah so you don't let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few steps yeah so you don't let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few steps yeah so you don't let
+the reaction continue so what that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction continue so what that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction continue so what that does
+if it's working correctly is it puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's working correctly is it puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's working correctly is it puts a
+block here and so then you can wash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block here and so then you can wash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block here and so then you can wash the
+monitor potentially monitor what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor potentially monitor what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor potentially monitor what's going
+on here and from the data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here and from the data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here and from the data that you
+looked at it's not really so clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it's not really so clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it's not really so clear what
+was going on there unless you went back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on there unless you went back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on there unless you went back
+and read the preceding papers so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read the preceding papers so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read the preceding papers so there
+been a decade worth of experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a decade worth of experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a decade worth of experiments on
+this system before this paper came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system before this paper came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system before this paper came out
+summarizing the conclusions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the conclusions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the conclusions about what
+they they are thinking about fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are thinking about fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are thinking about fidelity
+okay so what we're gonna do is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're gonna do is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're gonna do is talk
+about radioactivity and our objective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about radioactivity and our objective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about radioactivity and our objective is
+simply and we'll come back to this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and we'll come back to this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and we'll come back to this at
+the very end is to use all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end is to use all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end is to use all this
+experimental data the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data the concentration
+dependence the radioactive isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the radioactive isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence the radioactive isotope
+experiments the stop flow fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the stop flow fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the stop flow fluorescence
+experiments and try to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and try to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and try to come up with a
+model that can explain all of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that can explain all of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that can explain all of the data
+okay so you make some measurement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you make some measurement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you make some measurement what
+you're measuring is some K a parent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring is some K a parent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring is some K a parent and
+that's usually a first order rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually a first order rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually a first order rate
+constant because it's happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it's happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because it's happening on the
+inside okay so you measure these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay so you measure these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside okay so you measure these numbers
+but what do they mean you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do they mean you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do they mean you don't know
+what they mean and why don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean and why don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean and why don't you know
+what they mean because the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean because the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean because the kinetic
+mechanism is so complicated you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is so complicated you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is so complicated you saw that
+with the steady state analysis of KL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the steady state analysis of KL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the steady state analysis of KL
+might take at last time so in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take at last time so in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take at last time so in the end
+though if you come up with a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you come up with a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though if you come up with a model and
+it can explain all the data because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can explain all the data because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can explain all the data because
+you've done many many experiments it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done many many experiments it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done many many experiments it can
+be quite informative about the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite informative about the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite informative about the question
+we're focused on is specificity how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focused on is specificity how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're focused on is specificity how do
+you distinguish between phenylalanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you distinguish between phenylalanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you distinguish between phenylalanine
+and leucine and proofreading how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leucine and proofreading how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leucine and proofreading how do you
+decide whether you're gonna clone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether you're gonna clone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether you're gonna clone in the
+right peptide bond or the incorrectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right peptide bond or the incorrectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right peptide bond or the incorrectly
+charged tRNA is gonna dissociate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged tRNA is gonna dissociate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged tRNA is gonna dissociate okay so
+that's what you want to come out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to come out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to come out with
+you want to look at these the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at these the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to look at these the ratio of
+these rate constants and the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rate constants and the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rate constants and the ratio of
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+my K minus two and when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my K minus two and when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my K minus two and when you look at the
+the experimental data which we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental data which we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental data which we'll look
+at at the end today it should make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the end today it should make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the end today it should make sense
+to you in terms of this model okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in terms of this model okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in terms of this model okay but
+let's put it this way in most cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it this way in most cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it this way in most cases you
+don't come out with a unique model it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come out with a unique model it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come out with a unique model it's
+a working hypothesis that people for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working hypothesis that people for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a working hypothesis that people for the
+next 15 years if it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 15 years if it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 15 years if it's an interesting
+problem will take potshots at to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will take potshots at to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will take potshots at to try to
+understand in more detail what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in more detail what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in more detail what's really
+going on okay so what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on okay so what I want to do is
+talk about two methods but the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about two methods but the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about two methods but the focus
+probably won't probably won't get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't probably won't get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably won't probably won't get very
+far in terms of the second one but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of the second one but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in terms of the second one but today
+we're going to look at radio way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at radio way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at radio way so
+isotopes and how you use that to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes and how you use that to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes and how you use that to do the
+assay for gtp hydrolysis and peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay for gtp hydrolysis and peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay for gtp hydrolysis and peptide
+bond formation okay so so what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation okay so so what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation okay so so what is an
+isotope okay so how many of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope okay so how many of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope okay so how many of you guys
+have actually worked with ice Radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually worked with ice Radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually worked with ice Radio
+isotopes any of you know okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes any of you know okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes any of you know okay so you
+know maybe they don't use this anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe they don't use this anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe they don't use this anymore
+biochemist the decades have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist the decades have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemist the decades have used
+isotopes every paper I read has isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes every paper I read has isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes every paper I read has isotopes
+in it but you know I'm old school so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but you know I'm old school so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it but you know I'm old school so
+maybe people don't use it but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people don't use it but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe people don't use it but I think
+the power of it is its sensitivity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of it is its sensitivity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of it is its sensitivity I'm
+gonna show you that today and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you that today and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show you that today and the other
+power of it is that you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of it is that you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of it is that you have no
+perturbation of your system and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of your system and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation of your system and there
+are almost no probes like that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost no probes like that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost no probes like that you're
+sticking on green fluorescent protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking on green fluorescent protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking on green fluorescent protein
+well what does it do to the whole rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does it do to the whole rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does it do to the whole rest
+of the protein your protrude you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein your protrude you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein your protrude you have to
+perturb to see but Radio isotopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb to see but Radio isotopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb to see but Radio isotopes of
+minimal perturbations so it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal perturbations so it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal perturbations so it's still a
+very important Pro but it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Pro but it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important Pro but it probably
+depends on what kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kinds of questions
+you're focused on so what is an isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focused on so what is an isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're focused on so what is an isotope
+so an isotope is atoms with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an isotope is atoms with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an isotope is atoms with the same
+number of protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a different number of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's called the mass number and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the mass number and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the mass number and so
+what you have here for carbon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here for carbon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have here for carbon which is
+one of the common isotopes you guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the common isotopes you guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the common isotopes you guys will
+be using if you do any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using if you do any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using if you do any kind of
+biochemistry we have c12 c-13 and c14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry we have c12 c-13 and c14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry we have c12 c-13 and c14
+okay and this is the atomic number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the atomic number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is the atomic number which
+is the number of protons okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of protons okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of protons okay so the
+only difference between these guys is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference between these guys is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference between these guys is a
+neutron or two neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron or two neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron or two neutrons
+okay so there's minimal difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's minimal difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's minimal difference and
+so what are the isotopes that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the isotopes that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the isotopes that you see in
+biology used in biology so we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology used in biology so we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology used in biology so we've already
+seen many of these in this paper but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many of these in this paper but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many of these in this paper but
+we've also talked about some of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about some of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also talked about some of them in
+class today and in the preceding class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today and in the preceding class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today and in the preceding class
+so we're going to be using over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be using over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be using over the
+course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the semester
+isotopes of hydrogen why because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of hydrogen why because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of hydrogen why because if you
+look at your metabolic pathways you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your metabolic pathways you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your metabolic pathways you're
+always cleaving carbon hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always cleaving carbon hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always cleaving carbon hydrogen bonds
+okay so this isotope becomes incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this isotope becomes incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this isotope becomes incredibly
+important c12 c-13 anybody know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important c12 c-13 anybody know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important c12 c-13 anybody know where
+you use c-13 NMR so if you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use c-13 NMR so if you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use c-13 NMR so if you're working
+for may hyung you might be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for may hyung you might be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for may hyung you might be doing
+isotopic labeling using c-13 if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic labeling using c-13 if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopic labeling using c-13 if you're
+doing any kind of metabolic label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any kind of metabolic label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any kind of metabolic label
+chasing you're gonna see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing you're gonna see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing you're gonna see is the
+radioisotope is which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotope is which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotope is which is what we're
+talking about is C 14 so you see often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is C 14 so you see often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is C 14 so you see often
+all the time you see nitrogen and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you see nitrogen and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time you see nitrogen and oxygen
+and oxygen has three isotopes nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen has three isotopes nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen has three isotopes nitrogen
+has two none of them are radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two none of them are radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two none of them are radioactive
+okay so you're never going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're never going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're never going to be using
+the youth using the methods we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youth using the methods we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the youth using the methods we're
+describing today but frequently and NMR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing today but frequently and NMR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing today but frequently and NMR
+again you might use replace and 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might use replace and 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you might use replace and 14
+within 15 and today you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 15 and today you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 15 and today you will see that
+we're using isotopes of phosphorus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using isotopes of phosphorus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using isotopes of phosphorus what
+about Foster's 31 where do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Foster's 31 where do you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Foster's 31 where do you see that
+I'm sure have you thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure have you thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure have you thought about this
+maybe you have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have maybe
+boss verse 31 verses phosphorus-32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss verse 31 verses phosphorus-32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss verse 31 verses phosphorus-32
+what's the normal abundance isotope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the normal abundance isotope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the normal abundance isotope of
+phosphorus 31 so phosphorus 31 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus 31 so phosphorus 31 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus 31 so phosphorus 31 is a
+nuclear spin of a half so you frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear spin of a half so you frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear spin of a half so you frequently
+use that as well and NMR and P 32 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as well and NMR and P 32 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as well and NMR and P 32 is
+used it's radioactive and is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it's radioactive and is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it's radioactive and is used in
+today's experiments okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's experiments okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's experiments okay so this is
+something that in the back of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in the back of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in the back of your mind
+you should think about what our stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about what our stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about what our stable
+versus unstable isotopes and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unstable isotopes and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unstable isotopes and what we're
+talking about today is unstable isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is unstable isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is unstable isotopes
+so what I want to do is we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is we're not going
+to go into this in a lot of detail but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into this in a lot of detail but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into this in a lot of detail but I
+want to describe the things I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the things I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe the things I think you
+need to think about if you're ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about if you're ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about if you're ever going
+to use radioactivity and how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use radioactivity and how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use radioactivity and how you make
+measurements quantitative measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements quantitative measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements quantitative measurements
+and so if you're gonna we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're gonna we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you're gonna we're gonna be
+looking at a radioisotope and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a radioisotope and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a radioisotope and what do we
+know about Radio isotopes no unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and depending on what which atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and depending on what which atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and depending on what which atoms
+they are they have different stabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they have different stabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they have different stabilities
+and they decay spontaneously to inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decay spontaneously to inches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decay spontaneously to inches
+on new configuration they have a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new configuration they have a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on new configuration they have a nuclear
+decay spontaneously into a new state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+during this process during this decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this process during this decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this process during this decay
+they emit ionizing radiation they emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emit ionizing radiation they emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they emit ionizing radiation they emit
+energy so during this process so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so during this process so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so during this process so this is
+the whole thing you need to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing you need to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing you need to remember the
+mid energy and the energy is in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid energy and the energy is in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid energy and the energy is in the form
+of ionizing radiation it could be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ionizing radiation it could be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ionizing radiation it could be alpha
+beta or gamma radiation and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or gamma radiation and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or gamma radiation and so what
+we're gonna be looking for is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be looking for is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be looking for is trying to
+detect that energy that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that energy that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that energy that's actually
+released okay so before I go on we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released okay so before I go on we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released okay so before I go on we've
+already seen all of these isotopes used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen all of these isotopes used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen all of these isotopes used
+already in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in class and
+even though we've only gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we've only gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we've only gone through
+seven lectures and when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven lectures and when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven lectures and when we look at the
+ovl receptor and cholesterol homeostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovl receptor and cholesterol homeostasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovl receptor and cholesterol homeostasis
+there aren't very many LDL receptor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't very many LDL receptor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't very many LDL receptor you
+need something highly sensitive which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something highly sensitive which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something highly sensitive which is
+something that you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you need to think about
+and I 125 which is a gamma emitter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I 125 which is a gamma emitter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I 125 which is a gamma emitter is
+what you end up using we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you end up using we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you end up using we'll come back to
+that and recitation I don't know eat I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and recitation I don't know eat I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and recitation I don't know eat I
+think it is okay so they're unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is okay so they're unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is okay so they're unstable and
+they spontaneously decay into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spontaneously decay into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spontaneously decay into a new
+configuration and they release energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and they release energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and they release energy
+and what we want to do is detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do is detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to do is detect the
+energy okay the ones that most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the ones that most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the ones that most of you
+will be focused on if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be focused on if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be focused on if you use
+radioactivity in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in your in your
+experiments will probably be all beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments will probably be all beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments will probably be all beta
+emitters okay and all of these guys over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitters okay and all of these guys over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitters okay and all of these guys over
+here are beta emitters and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are beta emitters and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are beta emitters and you've
+already seen all of these Radio isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen all of these Radio isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen all of these Radio isotopes
+okay okay so what do we know about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we know about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we know about these
+isotopes is two things you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes is two things you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes is two things you need to think
+about so this is the properties and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so this is the properties and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so this is the properties and one
+of them is the energy of the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the energy of the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is the energy of the energy of
+the beta particle a gamma particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta particle a gamma particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta particle a gamma particle
+released and if you look over here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and if you look over here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and if you look over here what
+do you see tritium has 18.6 with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see tritium has 18.6 with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see tritium has 18.6 with this
+kind of unit I mean the unit might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unit I mean the unit might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unit I mean the unit might not
+mean very much to all the one you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very much to all the one you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean very much to all the one you do is
+look at the relative energies versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the relative energies versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the relative energies versus
+phosphorus 1710 so it has much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus 1710 so it has much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus 1710 so it has much more
+energy released and what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released and what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy released and what does that mean
+if you've never worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never worked with
+radioactivity you might not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you might not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you might not a lot of
+chemists us petrified a radioactivity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists us petrified a radioactivity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists us petrified a radioactivity I
+mean you could eat most tritium and c4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could eat most tritium and c4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could eat most tritium and c4
+don't tell anybody I said that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell anybody I said that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell anybody I said that but you
+could eat almost all tritium receive 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eat almost all tritium receive 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could eat almost all tritium receive 14
+label molecules you end up buying they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label molecules you end up buying they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label molecules you end up buying they
+don't really do anything to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really do anything to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really do anything to you because
+the energy is low and if you wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is low and if you wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is low and if you wear
+plastic gloves or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic gloves or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic gloves or something that
+protects you from any kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects you from any kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects you from any kind of energy
+released p32 on the other hand which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released p32 on the other hand which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released p32 on the other hand which
+isn't used as frequently frequently does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't used as frequently frequently does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't used as frequently frequently does
+anybody know where they used to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know where they used to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know where they used to be used
+all the time I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time I've used
+tons of p32 were in my lifetime what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of p32 were in my lifetime what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of p32 were in my lifetime what do
+you think that was used initially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that was used initially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that was used initially in
+what DNA sequencing yeah so DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DNA sequencing yeah so DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what DNA sequencing yeah so DNA
+sequencing it would you guys don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing it would you guys don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing it would you guys don't do
+you send it out have somebody do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send it out have somebody do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send it out have somebody do it for
+you we used to run these huge gels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we used to run these huge gels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we used to run these huge gels and
+we used to have to run many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to have to run many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to have to run many many
+sequencing gels to sequence something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing gels to sequence something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing gels to sequence something
+that was 500 base pairs why 1932 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was 500 base pairs why 1932 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was 500 base pairs why 1932 was the
+method of detection so what you do there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection so what you do there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection so what you do there
+is it's still not that bad but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still not that bad but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still not that bad but you have
+to have a safety shield so if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a safety shield so if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a safety shield so if any of you
+use radioactivity at MIT they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity at MIT they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity at MIT they have
+radiation safety and you go even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation safety and you go even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation safety and you go even if
+there's somebody else in the lab using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody else in the lab using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's somebody else in the lab using
+it and you're not you should go just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're not you should go just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're not you should go just
+read the handouts that they give you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the handouts that they give you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the handouts that they give you to
+be aware of what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of what's going on with
+radioactivity I would say the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity I would say the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity I would say the biggest
+issue is that if somebody spills it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that if somebody spills it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that if somebody spills it and
+doesn't clean it up then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't clean it up then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't clean it up then it can
+contaminate everybody's experiments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate everybody's experiments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminate everybody's experiments in
+the lab that I would say is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that I would say is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab that I would say is one of the
+biggest issues with radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest issues with radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest issues with radioactivity
+okay so iodine again is a gamma emitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so iodine again is a gamma emitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so iodine again is a gamma emitter
+so that's in a category by itself so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in a category by itself so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's in a category by itself so the
+other thing that I think people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that I think people don't
+really have very much feeling for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have very much feeling for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have very much feeling for this
+is the half-life of decay and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the half-life of decay and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the half-life of decay and if you
+look at that look at how many years it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that look at how many years it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that look at how many years it
+for your c14 to decay by 54 it's 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your c14 to decay by 54 it's 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your c14 to decay by 54 it's 50%
+from whatever the number is forever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever the number is forever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever the number is forever you
+don't have to worry about it you can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it you can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about it you can sit
+it and you can leave in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can leave in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you can leave in your
+refrigerator and it's good for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and it's good for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator and it's good for your
+lifetime you know on the other hand p 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you know on the other hand p 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you know on the other hand p 32
+for example has a half-life of 14 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example has a half-life of 14 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example has a half-life of 14 days
+so what does that mean is spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean is spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean is spontaneously
+decaying continuously and if you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying continuously and if you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying continuously and if you have it
+for 14 days you started out with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 days you started out with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 days you started out with some
+number will tell will define what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will tell will define what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number will tell will define what that
+number is and then 14 days later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is and then 14 days later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is and then 14 days later you
+only have half as much okay so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have half as much okay so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have half as much okay so you need
+to know something about the half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about the half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something about the half-life
+and the only one you need to ever think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only one you need to ever think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only one you need to ever think
+about is P 32 which they need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is P 32 which they need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is P 32 which they need to think
+about in the experiments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the experiments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the experiments that are
+describing in the rodney no paper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing in the rodney no paper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing in the rodney no paper okay
+so you have an energy released and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an energy released and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an energy released and the
+energies are distinct and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are distinct and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are distinct and so the
+question then is what we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is what we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is what we really want to
+do is think about quantitation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about quantitation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is think about quantitation so that's
+going to be the thing key thing was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the thing key thing was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the thing key thing was we
+want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able
+to quantitate radio activity and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantitate radio activity and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quantitate radio activity and to do
+that we need a method of detection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need a method of detection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need a method of detection and
+there are a number of methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of methods of
+detection the one that I guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection the one that I guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection the one that I guess it's
+again I'm not sure I think I'm the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not sure I think I'm the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm not sure I think I'm the only
+one in the chemistry department that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the chemistry department that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the chemistry department that has
+a way of detecting radioactivity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of detecting radioactivity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of detecting radioactivity using
+an instrument called a scintillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument called a scintillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument called a scintillation
+counter so this is sort of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so this is sort of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so this is sort of a very
+simplified view of what's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified view of what's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified view of what's going on in
+your scintillation counter and so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scintillation counter and so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scintillation counter and so people
+come from all actually they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all actually they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from all actually they come from
+lots of places on campus to use it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places on campus to use it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places on campus to use it so
+again I think that's a comment on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think that's a comment on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think that's a comment on how
+many people are using radioactivity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are using radioactivity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are using radioactivity but
+you have your radio label molecule here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your radio label molecule here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your radio label molecule here
+it would be Lucy or and you have treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be Lucy or and you have treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be Lucy or and you have treaty
+ated Lucy okay or it would be P 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated Lucy okay or it would be P 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated Lucy okay or it would be P 32
+labeled GTP those are the two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled GTP those are the two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled GTP those are the two molecules
+that are used in these experiments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used in these experiments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used in these experiments you
+put it into a little vessel with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a little vessel with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into a little vessel with some
+kind of fluid and the fluid that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fluid and the fluid that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fluid and the fluid that you use
+whether it's organic water aqueous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's organic water aqueous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's organic water aqueous or
+mixtures depends on the molecules you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures depends on the molecules you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures depends on the molecules you're
+dealing with okay and the energy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with okay and the energy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with okay and the energy gets
+transferred in some way to this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in some way to this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred in some way to this the
+solvent in your solution and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in your solution and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent in your solution and then you
+put in a small molecule called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a small molecule called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a small molecule called the
+scintillant which can't remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillant which can't remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillant which can't remove the
+energy from the solvent and absorb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the solvent and absorb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from the solvent and absorb that
+energy in some way and again it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in some way and again it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in some way and again it depends
+on the standard one we use in my lab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the standard one we use in my lab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the standard one we use in my lab is
+Pio Pio pee you can look up cental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pio Pio pee you can look up cental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pio Pio pee you can look up cental and
+so on and Google and you can find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and Google and you can find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and Google and you can find out
+what the structures of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structures of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structures of these things are
+and then these things decay and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these things decay and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these things decay and when
+they decay the the energy is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decay the the energy is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decay the the energy is related to
+the detection method using a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detection method using a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detection method using a photo
+multiplier tube so it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier tube so it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier tube so it gives you a
+quantitative measure of how much how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measure of how much how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measure of how much how
+much radioactivity you'll have what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much radioactivity you'll have what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much radioactivity you'll have what we
+hear and how much you get out on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear and how much you get out on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear and how much you get out on this
+side now if you look at this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now if you look at this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now if you look at this process
+it's complicated because you have energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated because you have energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated because you have energy
+transfer so what can happen during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so what can happen during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer so what can happen during this
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+answer depending on the energy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer depending on the energy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer depending on the energy of your
+radioisotope anybody got any ideas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotope anybody got any ideas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioisotope anybody got any ideas what
+might you have to worry about yes if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you have to worry about yes if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you have to worry about yes if so
+the efficiency of the transfer and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of the transfer and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of the transfer and if
+you have something in a solution often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something in a solution often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something in a solution often
+you're doing crude cell extracts okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing crude cell extracts okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing crude cell extracts okay so
+you have a lot of things in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of things in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of things in there that
+can also absorb the energy so at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also absorb the energy so at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also absorb the energy so at any
+stage along the way you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage along the way you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage along the way you can get
+quenching okay and if you get quenching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching okay and if you get quenching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching okay and if you get quenching
+that reduces the amount you detect over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the amount you detect over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the amount you detect over
+here okay so that's gonna throw your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's gonna throw your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's gonna throw your
+numbers off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers off
+so where is quenching a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where is quenching a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where is quenching a problem
+quenching is a problem we just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching is a problem we just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenching is a problem we just looked at
+all these energies okay tritium has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these energies okay tritium has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these energies okay tritium has the
+lowest energy okay p32 has a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy okay p32 has a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest energy okay p32 has a much higher
+energy so if you look at it and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if you look at it and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if you look at it and you have
+to figure this out for every system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this out for every system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this out for every system you
+work on I've worked on Tritiya tritium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I've worked on Tritiya tritium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on I've worked on Tritiya tritium
+labeled molecules where you couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules where you couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled molecules where you couldn't be
+quenched by 90% so if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched by 90% so if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quenched by 90% so if you have some
+measure we'll call it decompositions per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we'll call it decompositions per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure we'll call it decompositions per
+minute 10,000 if it's quenched by 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 10,000 if it's quenched by 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute 10,000 if it's quenched by 90%
+you've lost a lot of your sensitivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost a lot of your sensitivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost a lot of your sensitivity so
+you have to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to figure out a way to
+determine whether your get quenching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your get quenching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine whether your get quenching or
+not otherwise your numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise your numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not otherwise your numbers are
+completely off so why do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely off so why do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely off so why do you want to
+quantitate your radioactivity what where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate your radioactivity what where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate your radioactivity what where
+would you be using radioactivity and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be using radioactivity and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be using radioactivity and why
+would this quenching make a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this quenching make a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would this quenching make a difference
+yeah yeah sure so it's just some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah sure so it's just some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah sure so it's just some kind of
+energy transfer yeah so I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer yeah so I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transfer yeah so I mean it
+depends on what the molecules are and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the molecules are and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the molecules are and it
+depends on what the solvent is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the solvent is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what the solvent is okay so
+you need to every every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to every every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to every every single one of
+these systems you need to go in and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems you need to go in and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems you need to go in and look
+at the details of what's going on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the details of what's going on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the details of what's going on and so
+when you do this people have worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this people have worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this people have worked out
+these conditions so that you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions so that you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions so that you know when
+you're measuring and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring and so this is a
+important question you're asking how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question you're asking how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question you're asking how do
+you know that what you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that what you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that what you're measuring
+really is related to what's way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is related to what's way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is related to what's way over
+here so that's the absolutely the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the absolutely the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the absolutely the right
+question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to
+and so when you start for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you start for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you start for example the
+first thing you do is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you do is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you do is every
+scintillation counter comes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter comes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter comes with a
+standard okay and so the instrument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard okay and so the instrument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard okay and so the instrument is
+calibrated and if you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated and if you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated and if you care about
+radioactivity you have somebody come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you have somebody come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you have somebody come in
+and they calibrate the instrument twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they calibrate the instrument twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they calibrate the instrument twice
+a year okay so all of this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year okay so all of this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year okay so all of this stuff is
+really important and the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and the question of
+sensitivity is important we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is important we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity is important we're gonna see
+what you're measuring is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're measuring is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're measuring is something
+called decompositions per minute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called decompositions per minute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called decompositions per minute okay
+that's the readout you get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the readout you get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the readout you get from the
+instrument and so you might be getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and so you might be getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and so you might be getting a
+hundred thousand of these things but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand of these things but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand of these things but in
+fact you might be getting five okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you might be getting five okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you might be getting five okay is
+five real five can be real if you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five real five can be real if you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five real five can be real if you count
+four you count it so you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you count it so you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you count it so you get a
+statistical distribution to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical distribution to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical distribution to make sure
+the five is real that it's not 5 plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five is real that it's not 5 plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five is real that it's not 5 plus or
+minus slide okay so radioactivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus slide okay so radioactivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus slide okay so radioactivity is
+incredibly sensitive and you can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sensitive and you can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly sensitive and you can extend
+the sensitivity by just counting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity by just counting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity by just counting your
+material in this instrument for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in this instrument for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in this instrument for a very
+long period of time okay so we're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time okay so we're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time okay so we're what
+you want where have you already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want where have you already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want where have you already seen
+that you would use radioisotopes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use radioisotopes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would use radioisotopes what
+did you see today in class for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you see today in class for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you see today in class for example
+in rye bo x you did you look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rye bo x you did you look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rye bo x you did you look at an
+experiment with Rybak's today in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with Rybak's today in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with Rybak's today in class
+yeah with cysteine incorporation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with cysteine incorporation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with cysteine incorporation what
+were you looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right but what we using to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we using to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we using to look at this
+so we're trying to let the detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to let the detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're trying to let the detection
+method so I'm going to describe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so I'm going to describe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so I'm going to describe another
+detection method would you be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection method would you be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection method would you be looking at
+this by scintillation counting no so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by scintillation counting no so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by scintillation counting no so you
+need to know their method right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know their method right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know their method right so I'm
+going to show you that's the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you that's the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you that's the next thing
+so what you could have for example is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you could have for example is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you could have for example is a
+TLC plate or you could have they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC plate or you could have they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC plate or you could have they were
+using a gel an agarose gel probably and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a gel an agarose gel probably and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a gel an agarose gel probably and
+so you need a way of detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a way of detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a way of detect the
+radioactivity that's gonna be distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity that's gonna be distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity that's gonna be distinct
+from scintillation counters where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scintillation counters where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from scintillation counters where you
+use little vials and scintillation fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use little vials and scintillation fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use little vials and scintillation fluid
+and you have a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a completely different
+method of detection and these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection and these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection and these methods
+keep changing and so I don't update them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep changing and so I don't update them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep changing and so I don't update them
+anymore I'm not sure what the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I'm not sure what the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I'm not sure what the current
+technology is it's all secret anyhow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is it's all secret anyhow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is it's all secret anyhow so
+they tell you sort of something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you sort of something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you sort of something about
+what it is but they don't tell you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but they don't tell you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is but they don't tell you any
+of the details because it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details because it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the details because it's all
+proprietary ok so so in that case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary ok so so in that case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary ok so so in that case what
+were we looking at we were just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we looking at we were just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we looking at we were just looking
+for incorporation we were doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incorporation we were doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for incorporation we were doing some
+labeling experiment in the cell okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling experiment in the cell okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling experiment in the cell okay so
+we were chasing a label so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were chasing a label so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were chasing a label so that you're
+going to see a lot that's how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot that's how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot that's how all the
+metabolic pathways were figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways were figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways were figured out the
+the advent of c14 as an isotopic label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of c14 as an isotopic label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advent of c14 as an isotopic label
+revolutionized our understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized our understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionized our understanding of
+glycolysis fatty acid biosynthesis etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis fatty acid biosynthesis etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis fatty acid biosynthesis etc
+and today what we asked what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today what we asked what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today what we asked what are we
+using radioisotopes today to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using radioisotopes today to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using radioisotopes today to do we're
+using it to do what looking at gtp what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to do what looking at gtp what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to do what looking at gtp what
+we want to look at gtp going to GDP plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at gtp going to GDP plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look at gtp going to GDP plus
+P i okay so what are we using this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P i okay so what are we using this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P i okay so what are we using this for
+to get information for our model what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get information for our model what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get information for our model what do
+we do as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why do we want to use gamma P 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do we want to use gamma P 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do we want to use gamma P 32
+labeled ATP and how do we use this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled ATP and how do we use this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled ATP and how do we use this an
+analysis did you even know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis did you even know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis did you even know that we're
+using gamma P 32 labeled gtp how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gamma P 32 labeled gtp how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using gamma P 32 labeled gtp how many
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+that anybody read that in them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody read that in them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody read that in them in the
+methods section you over there did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods section you over there did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods section you over there did you
+read that the methods section what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that the methods section what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that the methods section what's
+your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name
+Matt yeah what did you read that them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt yeah what did you read that them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt yeah what did you read that them
+that this section or not no did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this section or not no did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this section or not no did anybody
+read it in the methods section so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in the methods section so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it in the methods section so so I
+mean that's what again this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what again this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what again this is what the
+just this recitation is all about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this recitation is all about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this recitation is all about is
+looking at the details of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the details of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the details of what's going
+on and I think when you first start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and I think when you first start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and I think when you first start
+doing something like so you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something like so you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something like so you don't know
+what details to look for it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what details to look for it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what details to look for it's not what
+you might have read it but it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have read it but it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have read it but it didn't
+mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+so when in one year and out the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in one year and out the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when in one year and out the other
+yeah okay so if you labeled say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if you labeled say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if you labeled say you
+labeled the base so let's just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the base so let's just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the base so let's just call this
+base say you put a tritium in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay versus hopefully you all know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus hopefully you all know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus hopefully you all know this
+but this is the gamma position versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the gamma position versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the gamma position versus a
+label here why are you putting the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label here why are you putting the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label here why are you putting the label
+here what's going on in this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's going on in this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's going on in this reaction
+actually this is interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is interesting because
+this is a second recitation where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a second recitation where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a second recitation where I
+don't think anybody understood what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody understood what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody understood what's
+going on in this reaction which is fret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this reaction which is fret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in this reaction which is fret
+which is rather disturbing what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rather disturbing what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is rather disturbing what's going
+on in this reaction so we're going gtp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this reaction so we're going gtp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this reaction so we're going gtp
+so this is G you have a nucleoside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is G you have a nucleoside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is G you have a nucleoside and
+three phosphates TP and what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphates TP and what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three phosphates TP and what are you
+producing out the other side GDP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing out the other side GDP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing out the other side GDP so
+what's happening during this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening during this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening during this reaction
+yeah yeah so your hydrolyzing it so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so your hydrolyzing it so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so your hydrolyzing it so in
+some way and that's what all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and that's what all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and that's what all of these
+gtp aces are about you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp aces are about you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp aces are about you're gonna see
+these gtp aces not only in translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gtp aces not only in translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gtp aces not only in translation
+you're gonna see it in three of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see it in three of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna see it in three of the
+sections that I talked about gtp aces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that I talked about gtp aces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that I talked about gtp aces
+are everywhere okay so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are everywhere okay so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are everywhere okay so what you're
+looking at is then some way you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is then some way you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is then some way you have
+pollicis of the gamma phosphate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollicis of the gamma phosphate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollicis of the gamma phosphate okay so
+why are you why are you labeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you why are you labeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you why are you labeling the
+gamma phosphate you could have labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma phosphate you could have labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma phosphate you could have labeled
+actually the author or the beta yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the author or the beta yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the author or the beta yeah you
+want to watch your reaction so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch your reaction so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch your reaction so if you
+have an isotope here which is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isotope here which is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isotope here which is we're
+gonna watch it using some method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna watch it using some method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna watch it using some method
+scintillation counting or foster imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counting or foster imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counting or foster imaging
+and where does the label end up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does the label end up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does the label end up the
+label ends up here okay well if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label ends up here okay well if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label ends up here okay well if you put
+the label in alpha or beta could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label in alpha or beta could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label in alpha or beta could you
+follow the reaction okay what you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the reaction okay what you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the reaction okay what you say
+you're shaking your head no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shaking your head no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shaking your head no
+why couldn't you follow the reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why couldn't you follow the reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why couldn't you follow the reaction so
+it would be in GDP yeah is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be in GDP yeah is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be in GDP yeah is there a
+difference chemically between GDP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference chemically between GDP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference chemically between GDP and
+gtp this is where again this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp this is where again this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp this is where again this is what I'm
+finding you need to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding you need to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding you need to think about the
+structures of everything you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of everything you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of everything you're working
+with we're kamas okay what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we're kamas okay what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we're kamas okay what is the
+difference between the diphosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the diphosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the diphosphate and
+the triphosphate well it it's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triphosphate well it it's not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triphosphate well it it's not you
+know all of these things are without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of these things are without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of these things are without an
+enzyme all of these things are hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme all of these things are hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme all of these things are hard to
+hydrolyze why because you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze why because you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze why because you've got
+negative charges all over the place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges all over the place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges all over the place in
+it a nucleophile can't get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a nucleophile can't get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a nucleophile can't get into the
+active site so they're all hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so they're all hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so they're all hard to
+hydrolyze so that's not you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze so that's not you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolyze so that's not you have to
+think about that but that's not what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but that's not what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that but that's not what I'm
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what you need to think
+about but what can you take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but what can you take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but what can you take advantage of
+as a chemist where they don't come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemist where they don't come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemist where they don't come out
+in the same ish area so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same ish area so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same ish area so so that's
+absolutely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true
+but what is it about this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it about this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is it about this molecule
+because I've been sloppy what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been sloppy what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been sloppy what is it
+about this molecule that allows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule that allows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule that allows a
+distinguish distinction between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish distinction between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish distinction between your
+starting materials and products this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting materials and products this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting materials and products this is
+where the developing an assay is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the developing an assay is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the developing an assay is all
+about how are you gonna monitor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how are you gonna monitor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how are you gonna monitor this
+reaction so in this paper one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so in this paper one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so in this paper one of the
+graphs looked at P I production we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs looked at P I production we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs looked at P I production we're
+gonna we're gonna look at this if we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna look at this if we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna we're gonna look at this if we get
+this far okay so how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far okay so how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far okay so how would you
+distinguish between these things as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these things as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between these things as a
+chemist you have no idea you you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist you have no idea you you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist you have no idea you you haven't
+any idea not good okay what about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea not good okay what about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea not good okay what about you
+it's not this isn't a hard question look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this isn't a hard question look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this isn't a hard question look
+at the structures and as a chemist how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structures and as a chemist how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structures and as a chemist how
+would you distinguish your starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you distinguish your starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you distinguish your starting
+material from your products that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from your products that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from your products that's the
+question and that is the question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that is the question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and that is the question you
+may in any assay you have to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in any assay you have to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in any assay you have to develop
+that's what you've got to figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you've got to figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you've got to figure out you
+got to figure out a way to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a way to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a way to distinguish
+the starting materials from the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting materials from the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting materials from the product
+now if we have a base here if this is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we have a base here if this is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we have a base here if this is G
+we have a base here what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a base here what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a base here what do we know
+about guanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guanine
+what's its absorption look like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its absorption look like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's its absorption look like what's
+the absorption spectrum look like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption spectrum look like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption spectrum look like how
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't I can't hear you need you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't hear you need you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't hear you need you don't
+mumble look at me in the face and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumble look at me in the face and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mumble look at me in the face and tell
+me if you know don't be a shy I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you know don't be a shy I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if you know don't be a shy I mean you
+make it you know we all ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know we all ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it you know we all ask questions
+but get a fit we're here to learn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but get a fit we're here to learn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but get a fit we're here to learn right
+yes yeah okay so it's not true tan so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay so it's not true tan so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah okay so it's not true tan so
+you guys need to go think about amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys need to go think about amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys need to go think about amino
+and nucleic acid it absorbs at 260 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleic acid it absorbs at 260 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nucleic acid it absorbs at 260 okay
+so I mean potentially you could sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean potentially you could sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean potentially you could sit at
+this absorption at 260 but what is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorption at 260 but what is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this absorption at 260 but what is what
+is gtp look like GDP look like it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gtp look like GDP look like it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gtp look like GDP look like it has
+the same base so you're not gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same base so you're not gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same base so you're not gonna see
+any change so that's useless because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change so that's useless because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change so that's useless because you
+need to be able to monitor a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to monitor a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to monitor a change
+during the reaction okay so what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the reaction okay so what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the reaction okay so what else
+about this molecule will easily let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule will easily let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this molecule will easily let you
+as a chemist determine substrate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemist determine substrate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chemist determine substrate from
+product yeah charge yes so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah charge yes so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product yeah charge yes so here we have
+all of these negative every oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these negative every oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these negative every oxygen is
+negatively charged here we only have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged here we only have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged here we only have two
+phosphates that every oxygen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates that every oxygen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates that every oxygen is
+negatively charged phosphate alright let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged phosphate alright let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged phosphate alright let
+me ask this question let's see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask this question let's see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask this question let's see how much
+we need to be thinking about here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be thinking about here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to be thinking about here so we
+have what is the charge state a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what is the charge state a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what is the charge state a
+phosphate can anybody tell me pardon me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we're neutral pH so you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're neutral pH so you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're neutral pH so you look at all
+the buffer you know what the buffers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer you know what the buffers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffer you know what the buffers are
+you some they've described the buffer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some they've described the buffer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some they've described the buffer in
+their reaction so you're a neutral pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reaction so you're a neutral pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their reaction so you're a neutral pH
+what is the charge yeah so it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge yeah so it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge yeah so it's it's the
+pKa of the first proton loss is it 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of the first proton loss is it 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa of the first proton loss is it 1.6
+and the pKa the second proton loss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pKa the second proton loss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pKa the second proton loss is
+about six point eight so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six point eight so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six point eight so you have a
+mixture between 1 & 2 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between 1 & 2 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture between 1 & 2 so this is
+incredibly different from this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly different from this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly different from this and
+that's makes it how do you separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's makes it how do you separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's makes it how do you separate
+things by an anion exchange column which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by an anion exchange column which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by an anion exchange column which
+separates things based on charge kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates things based on charge kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates things based on charge kind of
+some kind of a TLC system which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a TLC system which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a TLC system which can
+separate things based on charge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things based on charge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things based on charge and so
+that's what you have to do in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have to do in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you have to do in your
+overall in your overall bouncing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall in your overall bouncing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall in your overall bouncing okay so
+the second place where you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second place where you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second place where you're going to
+use radioactivity is an assay okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity is an assay okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use radioactivity is an assay okay and
+in the paper you read not only did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper you read not only did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper you read not only did they
+use it for GDP they how to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for GDP they how to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for GDP they how to use it for
+for to monitor peptide bond formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to monitor peptide bond formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to monitor peptide bond formation
+can anybody tell me how they did that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me how they did that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me how they did that so
+what are we looking at if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking at if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking at if we go back to
+the original what's the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original what's the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original what's the product of the
+reaction of the ef-tu reaction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of the ef-tu reaction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of the ef-tu reaction with the
+ribosome what's the product you get Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're labeling the hydrogen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're labeling the hydrogen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're labeling the hydrogen on
+Lucy okay but then what are you looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy okay but then what are you looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lucy okay but then what are you looking
+at in your assay we're developing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in your assay we're developing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in your assay we're developing an
+assay here we're developing an assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay here we're developing an assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay here we're developing an assay
+weird GTP is going to GDP plus P I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird GTP is going to GDP plus P I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird GTP is going to GDP plus P I what
+are we looking at in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking at in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we looking at in the case of the
+leucine in this experiment okay so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine in this experiment okay so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine in this experiment okay so but
+where is the dipeptide so that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the dipeptide so that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the dipeptide so that's correct
+yeah yeah but what's it what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but what's it what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but what's it what's it
+attached to is it a dipeptide yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to is it a dipeptide yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to is it a dipeptide yeah it's
+a and what does that attach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what does that attach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and what does that attach to
+what's the phenylalanine attached to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the phenylalanine attached to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the phenylalanine attached to if
+you look over here what is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look over here what is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look over here what is everything
+attached to its attached to a tRNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to its attached to a tRNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to its attached to a tRNA so
+could you separate a tRNA with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you separate a tRNA with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you separate a tRNA with one
+versus two amino acids chemically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two amino acids chemically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus two amino acids chemically is
+that easy now you have your charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy now you have your charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy now you have your charges
+right you have huge numbers of charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have huge numbers of charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have huge numbers of charges
+on your RNA but they're the same on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your RNA but they're the same on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your RNA but they're the same on all
+the tRNAs so you have one amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tRNAs so you have one amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tRNAs so you have one amino acid
+which has a carboxylate end and a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a carboxylate end and a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a carboxylate end and a second
+amino acid which has the same charge do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid which has the same charge do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid which has the same charge do
+you think that's gonna be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that's gonna be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that's gonna be easy to
+separate no so does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate no so does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate no so does anybody know what
+they did to make this now say work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so after conversion you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after conversion you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so after conversion you have a
+signal but then the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but then the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but then the question is how do
+you did you detect this so you have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did you detect this so you have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did you detect this so you have I
+mean I guess what they could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess what they could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess what they could have done
+so we start out with a leucine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start out with a leucine that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start out with a leucine that's
+labeled and so what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled and so what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled and so what you're saying is
+that you have a way of detecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a way of detecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a way of detecting your
+leucine on the tRNA so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine on the tRNA so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine on the tRNA so this is all
+attached through an ester linkage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached through an ester linkage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached through an ester linkage so
+this is attached to the tRNA so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is attached to the tRNA so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is attached to the tRNA so what you
+would be be after is separating an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be be after is separating an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be be after is separating an amino
+acid from a tRNA so that that's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid from a tRNA so that that's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid from a tRNA so that that's possible
+you could potentially do that but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could potentially do that but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could potentially do that but what
+do you think about the ester linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the ester linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about the ester linkage
+this is all the thought process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the thought process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all the thought process that
+goes into an assay and making an assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into an assay and making an assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into an assay and making an assay
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+do you think that ester linkage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that ester linkage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that ester linkage is
+stable you can have two chromatograph at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you can have two chromatograph at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you can have two chromatograph at
+some way to separate your your starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to separate your your starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to separate your your starting
+material from product so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from product so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from product so the answer is
+it's not very stable and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very stable and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very stable and if you don't
+know you've got to figure that out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to figure that out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've got to figure that out so
+what they do is they quench the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they quench the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they quench the reaction
+we have hydroxide okay and why did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have hydroxide okay and why did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have hydroxide okay and why did they
+quench the reaction with hydroxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench the reaction with hydroxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench the reaction with hydroxide so
+this is a rapid chemical quench like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rapid chemical quench like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a rapid chemical quench like we
+talked about last time why do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time why do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time why do they do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so then what do you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so then what do you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so then what do you have you
+have you know your dipeptide here or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know your dipeptide here or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know your dipeptide here or you
+could hydrolyze before and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hydrolyze before and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hydrolyze before and then you
+would have no label at all and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no label at all and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no label at all and so then
+you can monitor it died peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can monitor it died peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can monitor it died peptide
+formation so if you looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so if you looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation so if you looked at the
+details of the graph that they presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the graph that they presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the graph that they presented
+they weren't looking at tRNA charge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't looking at tRNA charge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't looking at tRNA charge with
+a dipeptide they were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipeptide they were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dipeptide they were looking at the
+dipeptide and so that should have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide and so that should have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipeptide and so that should have been a
+clue immediately you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue immediately you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue immediately you go back to
+understand what's going on in the assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on in the assay
+so you have assays this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have assays this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have assays this is pretty
+important and where's another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and where's another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and where's another place
+where you might want to use radio label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might want to use radio label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might want to use radio label
+where you need a sensitive assay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need a sensitive assay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need a sensitive assay we're
+gonna see radioactivity is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see radioactivity is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see radioactivity is incredibly
+sensitive I'm not getting very far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive I'm not getting very far okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive I'm not getting very far okay
+what are the kind of an experiment might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kind of an experiment might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the kind of an experiment might
+you think about if you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about if you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about if you have some kind of
+a mammalian cell and you have receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mammalian cell and you have receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mammalian cell and you have receptors
+on the cell for example and you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell for example and you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell for example and you don't
+have very many receptors on cessful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very many receptors on cessful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very many receptors on cessful you
+have you know some animal or reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know some animal or reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know some animal or reason
+number of receptors where else might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of receptors where else might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of receptors where else might you
+want to use radioactivity and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use radioactivity and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use radioactivity and we're
+gonna see this in the cholesterol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see this in the cholesterol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see this in the cholesterol
+section again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section again
+anybody got any idea so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got any idea so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody got any idea so you have some
+receptor on the cell and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the cell and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor on the cell and you want to
+count the number of receptors we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of receptors we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the number of receptors we need a
+quantitative way of looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uptake is another way another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uptake is another way another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uptake is another way another place
+you absolutely would want to use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely would want to use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you absolutely would want to use it to
+measure uptake it's frequently used also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uptake it's frequently used also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure uptake it's frequently used also
+to measure binding okay so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure binding okay so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure binding okay so you have to
+figure out a way to prevent and the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to prevent and the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to prevent and the cell
+you could prevent uptake by just cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could prevent uptake by just cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could prevent uptake by just cooling
+down the lipids and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the lipids and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the lipids and then you're
+measuring finding okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring finding okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring finding okay and that's
+exactly what they did in the lvl where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they did in the lvl where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they did in the lvl where
+they count the number of LDL receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count the number of LDL receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they count the number of LDL receptors
+so the other place where you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other place where you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other place where you're going to
+see this used over and over again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this used over and over again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this used over and over again it's
+some kind of binding assay and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of binding assay and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of binding assay and there are
+many ways to measure binding you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to measure binding you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to measure binding you're
+gonna have a whole recitation on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a whole recitation on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a whole recitation on this
+most of them aren't as sensitive is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them aren't as sensitive is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them aren't as sensitive is the
+radio is the radio active methodology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio is the radio active methodology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio is the radio active methodology
+okay so let's move on after that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on after that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on after that long
+digression okay so what you need then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression okay so what you need then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression okay so what you need then is
+a quantitative way to measure radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantitative way to measure radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantitative way to measure radio
+activity okay oh the other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity okay oh the other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity okay oh the other thing I
+wanted to just point out is you pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just point out is you pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to just point out is you pointed
+out before there's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before there's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before there's another way of
+detecting radio activity using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting radio activity using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting radio activity using a
+phosphor imager and you can read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor imager and you can read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor imager and you can read about
+this in detail so what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail so what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail so what you do is you
+have your gel or a TLC plate you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your gel or a TLC plate you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your gel or a TLC plate you have an
+image plate on top of it that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plate on top of it that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plate on top of it that somehow
+collects all the energy emitted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects all the energy emitted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects all the energy emitted from
+your radioactive decay and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radioactive decay and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your radioactive decay and then you
+quantitatively release that energy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively release that energy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively release that energy in a
+way that allows you to quantitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that allows you to quantitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that allows you to quantitate the
+amount of radioactivity you have on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radioactivity you have on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radioactivity you have on your
+on your spot on the gel or your spot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your spot on the gel or your spot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your spot on the gel or your spot on
+the TLC plate and for example tritium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TLC plate and for example tritium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TLC plate and for example tritium
+with the lowest energy you might have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest energy you might have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the lowest energy you might have to
+put a plate onto your gel that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plate onto your gel that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a plate onto your gel that for a
+month and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and a half
+that's how insensitive it is it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how insensitive it is it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how insensitive it is it's just
+you don't have enough energy to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough energy to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have enough energy to collect
+enough data to give you some kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data to give you some kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data to give you some kind of an
+answer so you need to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so you need to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so you need to think about the
+energy and you just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you just think about the
+method of detection tritium is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection tritium is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of detection tritium is the
+cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheapest
+it's the easiest to get your hands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the easiest to get your hands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the easiest to get your hands on
+and it's the least sensitive because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the least sensitive because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the least sensitive because of
+the low energy that's released okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low energy that's released okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low energy that's released okay so
+the other thing that I think is amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that I think is amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that I think is amazing
+about the process where imagers is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process where imagers is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the process where imagers is if
+you look at the linearity of detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the linearity of detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the linearity of detection
+it's linear over five or six order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear over five or six order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear over five or six order
+of magnitude whereas in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude whereas in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude whereas in the old days
+used to use some kind of film on top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use some kind of film on top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to use some kind of film on top the
+film would absorb the radioactive decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would absorb the radioactive decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would absorb the radioactive decay
+and make a spot and that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a spot and that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a spot and that was that was
+Lenny over a period of one over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lenny over a period of one over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lenny over a period of one over one
+order of magnitude so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude so you had
+non-linearity so that was really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity so that was really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity so that was really hard to
+do quantitation so philosopher imagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quantitation so philosopher imagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do quantitation so philosopher imagers
+have revolutionized what you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have revolutionized what you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have revolutionized what you can do in
+terms of analyzing TLC or gels like Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of analyzing TLC or gels like Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of analyzing TLC or gels like Liz
+talked about today in class ok so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today in class ok so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about today in class ok so what
+we need then is a quantitative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need then is a quantitative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need then is a quantitative way of
+actually measuring radioactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measuring radioactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measuring radioactivity and
+what is the what is the what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the what is the what is the
+standard for radioactivity use and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for radioactivity use and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for radioactivity use and so
+the quantitation and the standard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitation and the standard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitation and the standard is
+called a Curie after the Curie's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Curie after the Curie's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Curie after the Curie's and
+also could be called becker l after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could be called becker l after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also could be called becker l after the
+discover discovery of radioactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover discovery of radioactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover discovery of radioactivity and
+there's a relationship between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relationship between the two
+and what we know the standard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know the standard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know the standard of
+radioactivity with the curie is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity with the curie is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity with the curie is defined
+as the substance that decays at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the substance that decays at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the substance that decays at three
+point seven times ten to the tenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven times ten to the tenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven times ten to the tenth
+disintegrations per second so one Curie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second so one Curie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second so one Curie
+equals three point seven times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three point seven times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals three point seven times ten to
+the tenth disintegrations per second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenth disintegrations per second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenth disintegrations per second or
+the number that you often see is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that you often see is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that you often see is the two
+point two times ten to the twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two times ten to the twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point two times ten to the twelve
+disintegrations per minute so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per minute so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per minute so this is
+often what you see on the bottles when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what you see on the bottles when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often what you see on the bottles when
+you actually buy radio label material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually buy radio label material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually buy radio label material
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+again what you see is your counting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see is your counting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you see is your counting of
+fishing just efficiency is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing just efficiency is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing just efficiency is already
+described varies with the energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described varies with the energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described varies with the energy that's
+release and you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release and you have to think about
+punching that was just repeating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching that was just repeating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching that was just repeating what
+I've already told you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already told you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already told you okay
+and so then what do you do so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what do you do so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then what do you do so when you
+purchase radioactivity how does it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase radioactivity how does it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase radioactivity how does it come
+ok so you guys that used to purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you guys that used to purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you guys that used to purchasing
+something from Sigma or Aldrich or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from Sigma or Aldrich or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from Sigma or Aldrich or
+whatever you get it you look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you get it you look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you get it you look at it and
+you can see something in the bottle when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see something in the bottle when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see something in the bottle when
+you purchase radioactivity you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purchase radioactivity you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you purchase radioactivity you can't see
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+why because there's no material almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's no material almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because there's no material almost
+no material in your bottle it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no material in your bottle it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no material in your bottle it's all
+radioactivity so if you put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity so if you put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity so if you put it in a
+scintillation counter you would have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter you would have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter you would have you
+know 10 to the 9th decompositions per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 to the 9th decompositions per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 to the 9th decompositions per
+minute okay but no material so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay but no material so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay but no material so you can't
+work with it okay because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it okay because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it okay because you can't
+weigh it you can't do anything with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh it you can't do anything with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh it you can't do anything with it
+okay you have I don't know a pike a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have I don't know a pike a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have I don't know a pike a mole
+of material it depends on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material it depends on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material it depends on on the
+material that you buy so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you buy so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that you buy so the question is
+and what do you do with this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you do with this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you do with this material
+when you get it well you want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get it well you want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get it well you want to be able
+to use it and in our case how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it and in our case how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it and in our case how are we
+using it where we want to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it where we want to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it where we want to we're going to
+buy GTP that's gamma P 32 labels to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy GTP that's gamma P 32 labels to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy GTP that's gamma P 32 labels to be
+able to use this we need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use this we need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use this we need to measure
+something so what is the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so what is the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so what is the first thing we
+do has anybody got a guess you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do has anybody got a guess you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do has anybody got a guess you can't use
+what you buy okay because what you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you buy okay because what you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you buy okay because what you buy
+is you'll get a little vial like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll get a little vial like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll get a little vial like this
+and that's what you see you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you see you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you see you might be
+able to see some red material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see some red material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see some red material that's
+decon decomposed material actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no because wait I mean you you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because wait I mean you you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because wait I mean you you couldn't
+do that if you wanted to convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you wanted to convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that if you wanted to convert it into
+something else but we want the gamma P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but we want the gamma P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but we want the gamma P
+32 labeled ATP that's what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 labeled ATP that's what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 labeled ATP that's what we want to
+use in our assay so what do you do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our assay so what do you do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our assay so what do you do to
+make this usable the what you add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this usable the what you add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this usable the what you add some
+buffer okay does that change the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer okay does that change the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer okay does that change the amount
+of material no so we'd probably do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material no so we'd probably do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material no so we'd probably do it at
+some buffer okay because we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buffer okay because we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some buffer okay because we want to be
+able to transfer it into something so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transfer it into something so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transfer it into something so we
+can do our assays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do our assays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do our assays
+so go ahead okay okay so you can but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead okay okay so you can but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead okay okay so you can but you
+have no material in there so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no material in there so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no material in there so if you had
+a substrate that was ten to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substrate that was ten to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substrate that was ten to the minus
+twelfth molar and solution would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelfth molar and solution would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelfth molar and solution would be uh
+never turn it over probably not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never turn it over probably not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never turn it over probably not because
+they could never find it okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could never find it okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could never find it okay so that's
+not gonna work so what is the point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna work so what is the point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna work so what is the point what
+do you get what would you do exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get what would you do exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get what would you do exactly and
+so this is the key point the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key point the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the key point the first thing
+you do is you take unlabeled material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you take unlabeled material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you take unlabeled material
+and you add it into the radial label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add it into the radial label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add it into the radial label
+material and how much you add depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how much you add depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and how much you add depends on
+what you're using it for so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using it for so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're using it for so if you're
+gonna use assays and you don't need very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use assays and you don't need very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use assays and you don't need very
+sensitive method you can add much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive method you can add much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive method you can add much more
+if you're gonna look at a binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna look at a binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna look at a binding
+constant you know you're pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know you're pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you know you're pushing the
+lower limit of detection because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower limit of detection because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower limit of detection because you
+have some estimate of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some estimate of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some estimate of the number of
+receptors then you would add much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors then you would add much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors then you would add much less
+so what you're gonna do then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're gonna do then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're gonna do then the first
+thing you do when you get radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do when you get radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you do when you get radioactivity
+is you add unlabeled material and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you add unlabeled material and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you add unlabeled material and I
+think this is something if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is something if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is something if you didn't
+get anything out of outside of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything out of outside of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anything out of outside of today's
+discussion I think most people will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I think most people will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I think most people will get
+this when you work with radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when you work with radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when you work with radioactivity
+most material one molecule only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most material one molecule only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most material one molecule only one
+molecule in ten to the six to ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in ten to the six to ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in ten to the six to ten to the
+ninth is radioactive all the rest are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth is radioactive all the rest are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth is radioactive all the rest are
+non radioactive okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non radioactive okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non radioactive okay so this is just
+telling you about the sensitivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about the sensitivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about the sensitivity of the
+methods somehow using a scintillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods somehow using a scintillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods somehow using a scintillation
+counter are using these phosphoryl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter are using these phosphoryl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter are using these phosphoryl
+imagers you can quantitate the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagers you can quantitate the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagers you can quantitate the amount of
+radioactivity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity you
+present so when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so when you're dealing with
+radio label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label
+most of it is unlabeled okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is unlabeled okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it is unlabeled okay so what
+does that tell you then so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell you then so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell you then so again the
+mountain stuff is tiny when you add cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain stuff is tiny when you add cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain stuff is tiny when you add cold
+material what does that allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material what does that allow you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material what does that allow you to do
+what that allows you to do is measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allows you to do is measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that allows you to do is measure
+and this is the key take-home message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the key take-home message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the key take-home message
+now you can measure the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can measure the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can measure the specific
+activity of your material okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of your material okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of your material okay so you
+have you bought radio label let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you bought radio label let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you bought radio label let's say
+tritium and then you added protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium and then you added protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium and then you added protonated
+material and the specific activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the specific activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the specific activity is
+the amount of radioactivity per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of radioactivity per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of radioactivity per the
+amount of material you have present the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material you have present the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material you have present the
+number of moles of materials so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles of materials so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles of materials so it's in
+decompositions per minute per micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions per minute per micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompositions per minute per micro
+molar decompositions for an animal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar decompositions for an animal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar decompositions for an animal and
+again you have to you have to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to you have to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you have to you have to change
+everything to accommodate quenching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to accommodate quenching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to accommodate quenching
+effects so what you measure from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what you measure from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so what you measure from a
+scintillation counter is counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter is counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scintillation counter is counts per
+minute which is this decomposition per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute which is this decomposition per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute which is this decomposition per
+minute on quenching so if it's 50% you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on quenching so if it's 50% you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute on quenching so if it's 50% you
+see how as much as you should be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how as much as you should be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how as much as you should be seeing
+so specific activity is given in counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so specific activity is given in counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so specific activity is given in counts
+per minute per amount which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute per amount which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per minute per amount which is usually
+in micro moles or new animals so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro moles or new animals so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro moles or new animals so if you
+know you have a thousand counts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a thousand counts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a thousand counts per
+minute per an animal and you count a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute per an animal and you count a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute per an animal and you count a
+hundred counts how many animals do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred counts how many animals do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred counts how many animals do you
+have so you're given your specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you're given your specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so you're given your specific
+activity you do an experiment you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you do an experiment you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity you do an experiment you have a
+thousand counts per minute pretty animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand counts per minute pretty animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand counts per minute pretty animal
+and when you count this whoops when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you count this whoops when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you count this whoops when you
+count this you end up with 100 counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this you end up with 100 counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this you end up with 100 counts
+what amount of material do you have yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amount of material do you have yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what amount of material do you have yeah
+so that's it so that's the quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it so that's the quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it so that's the quantitative
+relationship you need to remember to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you need to remember to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you need to remember to do
+all these assays that are actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these assays that are actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these assays that are actually in
+the paper that was described so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that was described so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper that was described so let me
+just give you two examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you two examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you two examples of this
+we're already late but so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already late but so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already late but so this is
+tritium okay does anybody think say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium okay does anybody think say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium okay does anybody think say
+anything weird with treaty eight it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything weird with treaty eight it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything weird with treaty eight it's
+late eighteen so this was taken off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late eighteen so this was taken off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late eighteen so this was taken off of
+Google you can from Sigma you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google you can from Sigma you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google you can from Sigma you can buy
+this from Sigma now do you think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from Sigma now do you think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from Sigma now do you think that's
+reasonable that we have CG three in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that we have CG three in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable that we have CG three in our
+methyl group so t is for tritium what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group so t is for tritium what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl group so t is for tritium what
+did I just tell you about mature our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just tell you about mature our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just tell you about mature our
+material how much how much radio how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how much how much radio how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material how much how much radio how
+much materials got a label in it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much materials got a label in it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much materials got a label in it how
+much yeah so we don't have very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yeah so we don't have very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much yeah so we don't have very much
+this labeled say we had a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeled say we had a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeled say we had a hundred
+percent labeled do you think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent labeled do you think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent labeled do you think that would
+be an issue say we had a million to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an issue say we had a million to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an issue say we had a million to ten
+to the nine ten to the six to ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nine ten to the six to ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nine ten to the six to ten to
+nine more tritium what do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine more tritium what do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine more tritium what do you think that
+might do in terms of energy yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do in terms of energy yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do in terms of energy yeah yeah so
+so even with tritium okay you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with tritium okay you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even with tritium okay you still get
+enough energy if you tried to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy if you tried to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy if you tried to put that
+much tritium in your molecule within as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tritium in your molecule within as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much tritium in your molecule within as
+fast as you could isolate the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as you could isolate the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as you could isolate the material
+it would come to completely decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come to completely decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would come to completely decompose
+see there are ways to put tritium into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are ways to put tritium into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are ways to put tritium into
+the molecule but the decay would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule but the decay would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule but the decay would
+completely destroy your molecule because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroy your molecule because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely destroy your molecule because
+you have so much radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so much radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so much radioactivity
+so this which is on the web it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this which is on the web it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this which is on the web it's
+completely incorrect so what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely incorrect so what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely incorrect so what you have is
+one molecule in ten to the six that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule in ten to the six that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule in ten to the six that
+actually has tritium labeled and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has tritium labeled and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has tritium labeled and how
+much you have you don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you have you don't know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you have you don't know what you
+need to do is add cold material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is add cold material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is add cold material and then
+you need to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to figure out a way to
+quantitate the amount of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate the amount of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate the amount of material
+leucine or GTP and then you count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine or GTP and then you count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leucine or GTP and then you count that
+amount of Tyrael and that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Tyrael and that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Tyrael and that gives you the
+specific activity so let me just say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific activity so let me just say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific activity so let me just say one
+more thing you couldn't those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing you couldn't those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing you couldn't those of you
+have to go I'm sorry I'm late you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go I'm sorry I'm late you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go I'm sorry I'm late you can go
+so do we do you get radio label material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we do you get radio label material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we do you get radio label material
+from do you think this is easy I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from do you think this is easy I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from do you think this is easy I mean
+you could buy Lucy I just showed you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy Lucy I just showed you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could buy Lucy I just showed you we
+could find that on the web you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find that on the web you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find that on the web you can buy
+camera P 32 labeled gtp as well most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera P 32 labeled gtp as well most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera P 32 labeled gtp as well most
+things you can't buy okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can't buy okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can't buy okay so this is
+what distinguishes a chemist from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what distinguishes a chemist from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what distinguishes a chemist from a
+biologist's in many case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist's in many case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologist's in many case
+and because I could make things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I could make things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because I could make things right
+radio label decades ago with you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label decades ago with you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label decades ago with you're
+doing a 15 step synthesis I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a 15 step synthesis I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a 15 step synthesis I was able to
+make molecules that allowed me to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make molecules that allowed me to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make molecules that allowed me to study
+something that nobody else could study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that nobody else could study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that nobody else could study
+so the question is you need to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you need to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is you need to make your
+label and put it in a specific position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and put it in a specific position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label and put it in a specific position
+and so what do you start with you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you start with you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you start with you start
+with something that's easy to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's easy to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's easy to work with
+and you try to put the label in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to put the label in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to put the label in at the
+very end of your synthesis and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of your synthesis and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of your synthesis and one of
+the things that you often start with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you often start with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you often start with is
+sodium very pretty I why would you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium very pretty I why would you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium very pretty I why would you start
+with sodium pretty I'd what what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium pretty I'd what what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium pretty I'd what what can
+sodium borohydride do this is frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium borohydride do this is frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium borohydride do this is frequently
+used we'll see this used later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we'll see this used later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used we'll see this used later on
+anybody remember what sodium borohydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what sodium borohydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what sodium borohydride
+does yeah yeah it's redundant so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does yeah yeah it's redundant so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does yeah yeah it's redundant so you can
+reduce a ketone or an aldehyde to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a ketone or an aldehyde to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce a ketone or an aldehyde to an
+alcohol okay so that's frequently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol okay so that's frequently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol okay so that's frequently used
+to put in tritium so what are the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in tritium so what are the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in tritium so what are the issues
+with sodium or a hydride again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium or a hydride again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium or a hydride again this is
+something that you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you need to think about
+the chemistry what what are the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry what what are the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry what what are the issues
+with sodium borohydride if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium borohydride if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sodium borohydride if you're gonna
+put your label in okay I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your label in okay I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your label in okay I just told you
+how much of your sodium borohydride is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of your sodium borohydride is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of your sodium borohydride is
+labeled what do you have mostly in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled what do you have mostly in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled what do you have mostly in there
+do you have B teeth B and a B t4 no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have B teeth B and a B t4 no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have B teeth B and a B t4 no so
+what do we know about tritium versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about tritium versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about tritium versus
+hydrogen I guess this might depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen I guess this might depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen I guess this might depend on
+how much organic chemistry you have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tritium versus hydrogen what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium versus hydrogen what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tritium versus hydrogen what's the
+difference two neutrons okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference two neutrons okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference two neutrons okay but it's
+huge in terms of weight okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in terms of weight okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge in terms of weight okay because
+neutrons are the same weight as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are the same weight as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are the same weight as the
+protons so what you see is an isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so what you see is an isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so what you see is an isotope
+effect on the reaction so when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the reaction so when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on the reaction so when you use
+sodium for a treaty I the activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium for a treaty I the activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium for a treaty I the activity is
+never the same as what you got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never the same as what you got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never the same as what you got out of
+the bottle you have an isotope effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle you have an isotope effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle you have an isotope effect
+the other thing is if any of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is if any of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is if any of you who
+ever worked with this and you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever worked with this and you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever worked with this and you're doing
+this an aqueous solution what a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an aqueous solution what a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an aqueous solution what a sodium
+or a treaty I do anybody got any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in water at pH 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proton exchange you get hydrogen gas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton exchange you get hydrogen gas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton exchange you get hydrogen gas you
+get hydrogen gas the whole the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hydrogen gas the whole the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hydrogen gas the whole the whole
+little flasks would hit you in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flasks would hit you in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flasks would hit you in the face
+with the hydrogen coming off when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen coming off when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hydrogen coming off when you're
+and what would you get you get a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would you get you get a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would you get you get a face
+full of tree treated hydrogen okay 28 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of tree treated hydrogen okay 28 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of tree treated hydrogen okay 28 in
+hydrogen it's not so bad because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's not so bad because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen it's not so bad because it
+doesn't it's not very soluble so it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not very soluble so it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's not very soluble so it goes
+into your system and gets washed out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your system and gets washed out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your system and gets washed out if
+you were producing tree t8 in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were producing tree t8 in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were producing tree t8 in water
+that's bad so that's the other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad so that's the other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad so that's the other place
+where you do this you'd get very hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do this you'd get very hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do this you'd get very hot
+labeled 28 in water and now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 28 in water and now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled 28 in water and now you have to
+be really careful of because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really careful of because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really careful of because if you
+breathe that in it gets mixed with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe that in it gets mixed with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe that in it gets mixed with all
+the unlabeled materials and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlabeled materials and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlabeled materials and it takes
+forever to get rid of it so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to get rid of it so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to get rid of it so I think
+we're not even going to get - I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not even going to get - I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not even going to get - I'll let
+you go through all of this but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through all of this but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go through all of this but what I
+want you to do now is go back and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do now is go back and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to do now is go back and think
+about what this data means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this data means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this data means that we
+should now know what the assays are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now know what the assays are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should now know what the assays are and
+think about the axes and think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the axes and think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the axes and think about you
+know cognate verses near cognate why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cognate verses near cognate why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cognate verses near cognate why do
+we see a lag here what happens at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lag here what happens at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lag here what happens at a
+hundred percent you're using up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent you're using up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent you're using up all the
+gtp what does that mean that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp what does that mean that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gtp what does that mean that's what I
+want you to think about if you come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about if you come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about if you come over
+here and you're looking at dipeptide not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're looking at dipeptide not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're looking at dipeptide not
+tRNA we're looking at a dipeptide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA we're looking at a dipeptide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tRNA we're looking at a dipeptide you
+need to look at the axes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at the axes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at the axes they're
+completely different once Michael mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different once Michael mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different once Michael mole
+once an animal so we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once an animal so we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once an animal so we're trying to get
+you to actually look at the primary data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually look at the primary data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to actually look at the primary data
+which you may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may or may not
+when you read the paper okay so to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the paper okay so to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you read the paper okay so to me
+this is what we're trying to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're trying to get you to
+do in the first test I can tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the first test I can tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the first test I can tell you a
+lot of people have trouble looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people have trouble looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people have trouble looking at
+this that's what we're trying to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's what we're trying to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's what we're trying to get you
+to do that's totally going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that's totally going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that's totally going through this
+in so much detail and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so much detail and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so much detail and then it becomes
+second nature you just start reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature you just start reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second nature you just start reading it
+you look at the details and you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the details and you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the details and you make a
+judgement if you don't understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgement if you don't understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgement if you don't understand what's
+going on you go look it up at you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you go look it up at you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you go look it up at you go
+talk to somebody about what the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody about what the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to somebody about what the issues
+are with the method here again the lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with the method here again the lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are with the method here again the lag
+phases are not all that different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are not all that different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are not all that different but
+here if you take the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you take the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you take the differences in
+amounts into account you're only getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts into account you're only getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts into account you're only getting
+one percent one to two percent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent one to two percent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent one to two percent the
+amount of leucine incorporated into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of leucine incorporated into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of leucine incorporated into the
+peptide as you would with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide as you would with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide as you would with two
+phenylalanine and that's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and that's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenylalanine and that's because it's
+near cognate and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near cognate and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near cognate and what's
+happening you know you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you know you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you know you're having
+discrimination between peptide bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination between peptide bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination between peptide bond
+formation and dissociation so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and dissociation so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and dissociation so that's the
+proofreading part of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofreading part of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofreading part of the overall
+mechanism so I think thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so I think thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so I think thinking about
+these two slides really tells you quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two slides really tells you quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two slides really tells you quite
+a bit about whether you believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about whether you believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about whether you believe the
+model that read Nina that whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that read Nina that whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that read Nina that whether the
+model is reasonable given what you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is reasonable given what you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is reasonable given what you the
+data you actually see all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you actually see all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you actually see all right I'm
+sorry I'm way over so I'm gonna stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm way over so I'm gonna stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm way over so I'm gonna stop
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aCdDB6AsnSY.txt b/aCdDB6AsnSY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..437ae6a725c899ad419065a76bb2a649d897cc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aCdDB6AsnSY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5562 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the five step model and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the five step model and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the five step model and what
+we're going to do this model was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this model was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this model was
+presented last time and what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented last time and what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented last time and what we'll do is
+look at experiments that were designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at experiments that were designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at experiments that were designed
+to look at the denaturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the denaturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the denaturation
+translocation and degradation processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and degradation processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation and degradation processes
+here so one question is can we separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so one question is can we separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so one question is can we separate
+denaturation from translocation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation from translocation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation from translocation in
+experiments to learn about the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to learn about the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to learn about the rates of
+each process and also how can we examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each process and also how can we examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each process and also how can we examine
+the role of ATP because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of ATP because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of ATP because that's a
+question key question here how is ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question key question here how is ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question key question here how is ATP
+hydrolysis by clip X allowing this macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis by clip X allowing this macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis by clip X allowing this macro
+molecular machine to work okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machine to work okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machine to work okay and so
+we're gonna begin with some experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna begin with some experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna begin with some experiments
+that involve the gfp substrate so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the gfp substrate so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the gfp substrate so these
+are some studies of clip xp activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay with a substrate that has radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with a substrate that has radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with a substrate that has radio
+label GFP SS ra okay and so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label GFP SS ra okay and so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label GFP SS ra okay and so if we think
+about this substrate here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this substrate here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this substrate here we have a
+radio label bless you okay we have green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label bless you okay we have green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label bless you okay we have green
+fluorescent protein okay and this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein okay and this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein okay and this has a
+particular fold so we have a folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular fold so we have a folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular fold so we have a folded
+substrate that's fluorescent okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's fluorescent okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's fluorescent okay and
+here we have our tag that will direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our tag that will direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have our tag that will direct
+the gfp to the clip XP degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gfp to the clip XP degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gfp to the clip XP degradation
+machine and so this substrate has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and so this substrate has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and so this substrate has been
+used okay to look at both degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and unfolding we'll get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfolding we'll get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfolding we'll get to the
+translocation issue in the second type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation issue in the second type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation issue in the second type
+of substrate we examined today okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substrate we examined today okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substrate we examined today okay and
+so if we think about degradation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about degradation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about degradation this is
+where the radio label comes in and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the radio label comes in and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the radio label comes in and if we
+think about unfolding this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about unfolding this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about unfolding this is where the
+fluorescence comes in okay and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence comes in okay and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence comes in okay and so what
+we're going to look is that degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look is that degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look is that degradation
+and denature Asian assays using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denature Asian assays using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denature Asian assays using this
+substrate and so just as a reminder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and so just as a reminder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and so just as a reminder for
+anyone not familiar with green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not familiar with green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not familiar with green
+fluorescent protein I might just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein I might just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein I might just show
+you the barrel-like structure here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the barrel-like structure here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the barrel-like structure here and
+the chromophore s and the interior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromophore s and the interior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromophore s and the interior and
+so in order for GFP to fluoresce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for GFP to fluoresce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order for GFP to fluoresce it
+needs to have its proper fold and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have its proper fold and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have its proper fold and if
+it's denatured that fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's denatured that fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's denatured that fluorescence
+emission is lost okay so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is lost okay so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is lost okay so let's first
+look at a degradation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a degradation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a degradation as
+say so this is experiment one here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is experiment one here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so this is experiment one here okay
+so what is the experiment we have GFP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the experiment we have GFP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the experiment we have GFP
+here and it has this SSR a tag and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has this SSR a tag and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it has this SSR a tag and we're
+going to incubate GFP with ATP and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incubate GFP with ATP and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to incubate GFP with ATP and with
+clip xp for some period of time okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip xp for some period of time okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip xp for some period of time okay and
+then we're going to stop this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to stop this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to stop this reaction
+with a quench and the quench will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a quench and the quench will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a quench and the quench will be
+acid okay and so if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay and so if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay and so if we think about this
+protein and this degradation process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and this degradation process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and this degradation process by
+clip XP what are possible products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP what are possible products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP what are possible products so
+maybe there's some GFP SS RA that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's some GFP SS RA that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's some GFP SS RA that hasn't
+yet been degraded depending on your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet been degraded depending on your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet been degraded depending on your time
+point and we can imagine some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we can imagine some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we can imagine some of these
+short polypeptide fragments right F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short polypeptide fragments right F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short polypeptide fragments right F
+seven to eight amino acids and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight amino acids and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight amino acids and so we
+have this radio label right and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this radio label right and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this radio label right and what we
+want to do is track the radio label so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is track the radio label so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is track the radio label so
+here right we have radio labeled protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we have radio labeled peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so if we want to quantify how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we want to quantify how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if we want to quantify how
+much degradation occurred somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much degradation occurred somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much degradation occurred somehow we
+need to separate these right and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to separate these right and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to separate these right and so what
+is the way we can do that here something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we can do that here something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way we can do that here something
+simple right and so what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right and so what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right and so what you want to
+think about is just relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is just relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is just relatively
+solubility under acidic conditions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility under acidic conditions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility under acidic conditions right
+so if we have this large GFP that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have this large GFP that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have this large GFP that's
+folded when that is treated with acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded when that is treated with acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded when that is treated with acid
+GFP is going to precipitate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP is going to precipitate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GFP is going to precipitate right so
+this will be in soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and in contrast these peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in contrast these peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in contrast these peptide
+fragments will be soluble in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments will be soluble in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments will be soluble in most
+instances okay so as a result we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances okay so as a result we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances okay so as a result we can
+take advantage of this differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this differing
+solubility right effectively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility right effectively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility right effectively to
+centrifuge the mixture okay and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuge the mixture okay and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuge the mixture okay and we can
+measure the radioactivity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the radioactivity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the radioactivity okay
+in the pellet and in the supernatant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we can quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degradation and so what are the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the result here we can imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the result here we can imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the result here we can imagine a
+plot right where we have percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right where we have percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right where we have percent of the
+substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay versus time and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus time and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus time and these were
+conducted over the course of an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what's observed here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what's observed here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what's observed here for
+instance we have reactions where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we have reactions where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance we have reactions where the
+substrate was incubated with clip XP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate was incubated with clip XP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate was incubated with clip XP and
+ATP okay so we see that over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP okay so we see that over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP okay so we see that over time
+there's a decrease in the percent of GFP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease in the percent of GFP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a decrease in the percent of GFP
+s SRA okay and from these data we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s SRA okay and from these data we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s SRA okay and from these data we can
+get some degradation rate okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some degradation rate okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some degradation rate okay and we'll
+come back to that degradation rate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that degradation rate and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that degradation rate and a
+little bit here so what we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here so what we see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here so what we see here
+right is degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens if we add an inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we add an inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we add an inhibitor
+of the protease right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protease right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protease right so in the
+introductory lecture we talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture we talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture we talked about a
+number of different types of inhibitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different types of inhibitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different types of inhibitors
+and so that experiment was done and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that experiment was done and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that experiment was done and so
+here if we take clip X P okay plus ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we take clip X P okay plus ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we take clip X P okay plus ATP
+plus inhibitor okay what we see is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inhibitor okay what we see is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inhibitor okay what we see is no
+degradation okay okay and the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation okay okay and the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation okay okay and the name of
+this inhibitor is DFP and effectively at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor is DFP and effectively at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor is DFP and effectively at
+covalently modifies the serine and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently modifies the serine and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently modifies the serine and in
+terms of what was used so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what was used so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what was used so what do we
+conclude from these data right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from these data right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude from these data right if the
+active site serine of clip X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site serine of clip X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site serine of clip X is
+covalently modified with an inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently modified with an inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently modified with an inhibitor
+which is diisopropyl fluoro phosphonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diisopropyl fluoro phosphonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is diisopropyl fluoro phosphonate
+phosphate we lose activity so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we lose activity so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we lose activity so that
+serine is important so what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is important so what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serine is important so what about
+unfolding right or denaturation how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding right or denaturation how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding right or denaturation how can
+we get at that so that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get at that so that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get at that so that will be
+experiment two okay and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment two okay and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment two okay and in terms of
+thinking about denaturation rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about denaturation rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about denaturation rather than
+the radio label we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio label we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio label we're going to think
+about the GFP okay and so imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the GFP okay and so imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the GFP okay and so imagine you
+know we have our folded GFP however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have our folded GFP however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have our folded GFP however we
+want to show that here that has this SS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that here that has this SS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that here that has this SS
+are a tag okay so this is folded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tag okay so this is folded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a tag okay so this is folded and
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this gets denatured like clip X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets denatured like clip X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets denatured like clip X of
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+to give us some unfolded polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us some unfolded polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us some unfolded polypeptide
+that has this SS are a tag okay unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this SS are a tag okay unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this SS are a tag okay unfolded
+a non fluorescent okay and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non fluorescent okay and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non fluorescent okay and then what
+happens this gets degraded and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this gets degraded and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this gets degraded and we get
+these fragments okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these fragments are also non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these fragments are also non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these fragments are also non
+fluorescent okay so effectively we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent okay so effectively we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent okay so effectively we can
+perform the exact same assay as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the exact same assay as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the exact same assay as we did
+an experiment one but we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment one but we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment one but we'll look at
+fluorescence as a readout rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence as a readout rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence as a readout rather than
+quantifying radioactivity yeah so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying radioactivity yeah so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying radioactivity yeah so yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+right so GFP probably isn't a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so GFP probably isn't a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so GFP probably isn't a native
+substrate right of you know definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate right of you know definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate right of you know definitely
+not a V coli clip XP whether what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a V coli clip XP whether what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a V coli clip XP whether what
+happens in a system that expresses GFP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a system that expresses GFP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a system that expresses GFP
+natively I'm not sure but yes this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively I'm not sure but yes this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natively I'm not sure but yes this has
+been a wonderful tool for experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a wonderful tool for experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a wonderful tool for experiments
+because many different protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many different protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many different protein
+substrates can be modified with this SSR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates can be modified with this SSR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates can be modified with this SSR
+a tag and directed to clip XP this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag and directed to clip XP this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tag and directed to clip XP this is
+just one example so I think broadly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example so I think broadly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example so I think broadly we
+can think that there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that there are many many
+possibilities for what can be delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what can be delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what can be delivered
+are there certain proteins that clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there certain proteins that clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there certain proteins that clip XP
+just can't deal with that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't deal with that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't deal with that that's a
+possibility right so the problem set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right so the problem set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility right so the problem set for
+the upcoming week has a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upcoming week has a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upcoming week has a case where
+there's a disulfide bond for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a disulfide bond for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a disulfide bond for instance
+and asking what happens when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking what happens when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking what happens when we have
+some other types of structural features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other types of structural features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other types of structural features
+within within a designed substrate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within a designed substrate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within within a designed substrate but
+for the purposes of this yes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this yes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this yes we
+attach SSA RA on to some protein that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach SSA RA on to some protein that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach SSA RA on to some protein that we
+can use to study the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to study the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to study the system and
+therefore do the experiments so and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore do the experiments so and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore do the experiments so and does
+that make sense also just thinking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense also just thinking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense also just thinking from
+the standpoint of what types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of what types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standpoint of what types of
+polypeptides might get directed to clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides might get directed to clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptides might get directed to clip
+XP and vivo right the ribosome could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP and vivo right the ribosome could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP and vivo right the ribosome could
+stall you know with many different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall you know with many different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall you know with many different types
+of proteins being synthesized there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins being synthesized there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins being synthesized there so
+pretty versatile here so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty versatile here so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty versatile here so we're gonna
+perform the same Ave but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the same Ave but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the same Ave but we're going to
+measure fluorescence rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure fluorescence rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure fluorescence rather than
+radioactivity and so what is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have fluorescents okay and again now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fluorescents okay and again now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have fluorescents okay and again now
+we have the percent of folded GFP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 and again we can imagine just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and again we can imagine just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and again we can imagine just going
+down zero to 60 minutes okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down zero to 60 minutes okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down zero to 60 minutes okay so here we
+have clip XP okay what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clip XP okay what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clip XP okay what happens if we
+have the inhibitor for instance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inhibitor for instance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inhibitor for instance what
+they found and I'll draw the inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found and I'll draw the inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found and I'll draw the inhibitor
+in a minute because so sure some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because so sure some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute because so sure some of you
+are wondering and here we have clip X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wondering and here we have clip X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are wondering and here we have clip X
+alone so how do we interpret these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so how do we interpret these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so how do we interpret these data
+right so if we have the full machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we have the full machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if we have the full machinery
+clip XP and ATP right we see a loss in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP and ATP right we see a loss in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip XP and ATP right we see a loss in
+fluorescence over time which indicates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence over time which indicates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence over time which indicates a
+loss in folded GFP so the substrate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in folded GFP so the substrate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in folded GFP so the substrate is
+being denatured what about this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denatured what about this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being denatured what about this case
+here when we only have clip X present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also we'll have ATP what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we'll have ATP what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we'll have ATP what's happening
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay do we need to see degradation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do we need to see degradation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do we need to see degradation in
+this assay that's true but is this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assay that's true but is this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assay that's true but is this what
+is this assay giving us a readout on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this assay giving us a readout on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this assay giving us a readout on
+just unfolding so what do we learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unfolding so what do we learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unfolding so what do we learn from
+that yes yes so this indicates that clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes yes so this indicates that clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes yes so this indicates that clip
+acts and clip P need to be in complex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts and clip P need to be in complex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts and clip P need to be in complex in
+order to allow unfolding to occur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to allow unfolding to occur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to allow unfolding to occur so
+thinking to the cellular environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to the cellular environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to the cellular environment
+does that make sense yeah I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yeah I'm seeing
+nodding heads yes right so we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding heads yes right so we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodding heads yes right so we wouldn't
+want just clip X to be able to bind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just clip X to be able to bind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just clip X to be able to bind and
+unfold any you know thing it comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold any you know thing it comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold any you know thing it comes into
+contact with there okay and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with there okay and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with there okay and in terms of
+this inhibitor we're seeing that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor we're seeing that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor we're seeing that it's
+not unfolding very well so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unfolding very well so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unfolding very well so this
+inhibitors for the protease just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors for the protease just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors for the protease just for
+that structure effectively what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure effectively what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure effectively what we have
+here you actually saw this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture slides from last time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides from last time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slides from last time okay so
+this is the F P and effectively what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the F P and effectively what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the F P and effectively what it
+does is it will modify a serine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it will modify a serine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it will modify a serine
+sidechain to give us this species here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidechain to give us this species here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidechain to give us this species here
+okay and that will block proteolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will block proteolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will block proteolytic
+activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so how did these data compare right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how did these data compare right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how did these data compare right
+how does the denaturation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the denaturation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the denaturation and
+degradation data compare and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation data compare and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation data compare and so we can
+look at what was done and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what was done and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what was done and effectively
+what we want to ask is how did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to ask is how did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to ask is how did the
+steady-state kinetic data compare and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state kinetic data compare and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state kinetic data compare and so
+steady-state experiments were done of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state experiments were done of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state experiments were done of
+course with varying substrate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with varying substrate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with varying substrate and the
+data were replied it and so those data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were replied it and so those data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data were replied it and so those data
+are shown here and what we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown here and what we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown here and what we're looking at
+on the y-axis is the loss of substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis is the loss of substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis is the loss of substrate
+so GFP SS are a versus the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GFP SS are a versus the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so GFP SS are a versus the concentration
+of substrate okay and what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substrate okay and what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substrate okay and what we see is
+that in circles we have the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in circles we have the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in circles we have the fluorescence
+data and in triangles we have the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in triangles we have the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in triangles we have the data
+from radioactivity so what what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radioactivity so what what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radioactivity so what what does
+this analysis tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the the triangle so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the triangle so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the triangle so that's the
+pretty old yeah the proteolysis isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty old yeah the proteolysis isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty old yeah the proteolysis isn't
+really the data set doesn't look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the data set doesn't look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the data set doesn't look that
+complete but it looks like they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete but it looks like they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete but it looks like they're on
+about the same time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same time scale
+yeah they look very similar right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they look very similar right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they look very similar right that
+we're getting the same steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the same steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting the same steady-state
+kinetic parameters for both analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters for both analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters for both analyses
+here and yes it might be nice to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and yes it might be nice to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and yes it might be nice to have
+more data but that's that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data but that's that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more data but that's that's just not
+available right so all of these data can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available right so all of these data can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available right so all of these data can
+be fit to the same k-kat and km so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fit to the same k-kat and km so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fit to the same k-kat and km so what
+do these data tell us about a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these data tell us about a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these data tell us about a rate
+determining step for instance not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step for instance not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining step for instance not very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+right so and we also haven't yet thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and we also haven't yet thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and we also haven't yet thought
+about this issue of translocation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue of translocation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue of translocation right
+we're just seeing the unfolding step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just seeing the unfolding step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just seeing the unfolding step and
+I'm seeing the degradation step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the degradation step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the degradation step in this
+assay here so we need some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay here so we need some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assay here so we need some more
+information so if we think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so if we think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so if we think about this
+when you have denaturation right versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have denaturation right versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have denaturation right versus
+translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and degradation right and so far we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degradation right and so far we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and degradation right and so far we've
+been able to look at this in this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to look at this in this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to look at this in this right
+and our intuition tells us degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our intuition tells us degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our intuition tells us degradation
+by the protease should be very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the protease should be very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the protease should be very fast
+right so can we learn something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so can we learn something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so can we learn something about
+translocation which we weren't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation which we weren't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation which we weren't able to
+see in these experiments here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in these experiments here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in these experiments here and so
+that's what we want to focus on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to focus on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to focus on now
+right because there was no readout on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there was no readout on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there was no readout on
+this step some experiments 1 & 2 here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step some experiments 1 & 2 here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step some experiments 1 & 2 here so
+is it possible to separate denaturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to separate denaturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to separate denaturation
+and translocation with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translocation with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translocation with some
+strategically designed substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this experiment we canwe hell yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this experiment we canwe hell yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this experiment we canwe hell yeah
+there's there's just no readout right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's just no readout right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's just no readout right
+because this loss in fluorescence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this loss in fluorescence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this loss in fluorescence is
+just telling us that the protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us that the protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just telling us that the protein is
+folded or unfolded and the degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded or unfolded and the degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded or unfolded and the degradation
+is just telling us what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just telling us what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just telling us what happens in the
+protease chamber so what happens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease chamber so what happens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease chamber so what happens from
+that point you know unfolding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you know unfolding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you know unfolding to
+degradation in between we we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in between we we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation in between we we don't know
+here so what we need is a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we need is a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what we need is a new set of
+substrates that are going to let us get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates that are going to let us get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates that are going to let us get
+at this okay and allow us to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this okay and allow us to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this okay and allow us to separate
+denaturation from translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation from translocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation from translocation
+experimentally and so what was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and so what was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally and so what was the idea
+for doing this the idea was to take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this the idea was to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing this the idea was to take some
+protein that's been studied and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's been studied and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's been studied and take
+that protein and a series of mutants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein and a series of mutants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein and a series of mutants of
+that protein that have also been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein that have also been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein that have also been studied
+and the key here is is that the mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key here is is that the mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key here is is that the mutants
+of the protein have varying stabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein have varying stabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein have varying stabilities
+so varying stabilities of the fold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so varying stabilities of the fold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so varying stabilities of the fold and
+so you can imagine that there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that there have been
+many studies of protein folding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies of protein folding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many studies of protein folding out
+there and asking the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and asking the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and asking the consequences of
+making point mutations in a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making point mutations in a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making point mutations in a given
+protein fold on stability there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein fold on stability there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein fold on stability there and so
+that's exactly what was done okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what was done okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what was done okay so
+what we need is a new set of substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effectively denaturation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translocation in more detail here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation in more detail here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation in more detail here okay
+and the key question is is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key question is is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key question is is it possible
+to separate denaturation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate denaturation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate denaturation from
+translocation okay and so what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to take an immunoglobulin like domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take an immunoglobulin like domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take an immunoglobulin like domain
+from a protein found in striated muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a protein found in striated muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a protein found in striated muscle
+that has been subject as many studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been subject as many studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been subject as many studies
+and mutants of this protein and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutants of this protein and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutants of this protein and to
+employ them in assays okay okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ them in assays okay okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ them in assays okay okay so we're
+going to take a protein plus variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with varying stabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and perform this assay and compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform this assay and compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perform this assay and compare the
+data and so here is the protein that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so here is the protein that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so here is the protein that was
+used as a model substrate so shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a model substrate so shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a model substrate so shown here
+this is the Titan I 27 domain that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Titan I 27 domain that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Titan I 27 domain that has
+an SSR a tag attached okay so if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SSR a tag attached okay so if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SSR a tag attached okay so if we take
+a look at this protein it has the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at this protein it has the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at this protein it has the beta
+sandwich fold we see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich fold we see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich fold we see that there's a
+disulfide bond there's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bond there's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide bond there's a single
+tryptophan residue and this is helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan residue and this is helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophan residue and this is helpful
+because tryptophan residues have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tryptophan residues have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tryptophan residues have
+intrinsic fluorescence that's sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic fluorescence that's sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic fluorescence that's sensitive
+to the environment okay and we see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment okay and we see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the environment okay and we see it's
+buried in the inside here so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the inside here so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in the inside here so in a
+hydrophobic versus hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic versus hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic versus hydrophilic
+environment the fluorescence will differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the fluorescence will differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment the fluorescence will differ
+and so we can use that as a readout of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use that as a readout of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can use that as a readout of
+unfolding here okay and this is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding here okay and this is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding here okay and this is just an
+example of data from a prior study where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of data from a prior study where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of data from a prior study where
+this protein and various mutants of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein and various mutants of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein and various mutants of the
+protein like here valine 11p y9p we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein like here valine 11p y9p we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein like here valine 11p y9p we're
+studied for stability of the fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for stability of the fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for stability of the fold
+okay so guanidinium we learned that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so guanidinium we learned that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so guanidinium we learned that's a
+denature and in the folding section so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature and in the folding section so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature and in the folding section so
+these various point mutations have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various point mutations have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various point mutations have
+different stabilities and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stabilities and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stabilities and we can see
+that in these denaturation curves here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in these denaturation curves here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in these denaturation curves here
+so what was done in their experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was done in their experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was done in their experiments
+were very similar to what was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very similar to what was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very similar to what was done
+before so we take this tie and radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we take this tie and radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we take this tie and radio
+labeled bless you so this is experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled bless you so this is experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled bless you so this is experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the SSR a tag incubate with clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the SSR a tag incubate with clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the SSR a tag incubate with clip XP
+with ATP and asks what happened okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ATP and asks what happened okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ATP and asks what happened okay and
+in terms of these substrates we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these substrates we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of these substrates we have the
+wild-type we have the mutants as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type we have the mutants as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type we have the mutants as shown
+up here and we have CM you'll see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and we have CM you'll see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and we have CM you'll see in the
+data which is chemically modified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is chemically modified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is chemically modified and
+these chemically modified variants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemically modified variants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these chemically modified variants are
+completely denatured we came to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely denatured we came to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely denatured we came to consider
+them okay and so effectively what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay and so effectively what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay and so effectively what was
+done here with cysteine modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay with IO to a sediment so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with IO to a sediment so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with IO to a sediment so we saw
+that in discussions introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in discussions introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in discussions introductory
+discussions about unnatural amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about unnatural amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about unnatural amino acid
+incorporation so the disulfide bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation so the disulfide bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation so the disulfide bond is
+completely disrupted here right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely disrupted here right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely disrupted here right the
+disulfide can be reduced the cysteine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide can be reduced the cysteine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide can be reduced the cysteine is
+not a fight and we get an unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fight and we get an unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fight and we get an unfolded
+version here for that okay and here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version here for that okay and here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version here for that okay and here what
+do we find right so there's a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find right so there's a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find right so there's a number of
+different point mutants that are listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point mutants that are listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point mutants that are listed
+here and we're just going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're just going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we're just going to look at a
+few in terms of what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in terms of degradation si which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of degradation si which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of degradation si which is
+how they did this readout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna have the percent tighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have the percent tighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have the percent tighten
+remaining ok so again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ok so again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ok so again using
+radioactivity and the supernate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity and the supernate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity and the supernate and
+their pellet versus time okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pellet versus time okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pellet versus time okay what do
+they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find
+so if we take a look and a selection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a look and a selection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take a look and a selection of
+the data just put three three examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data just put three three examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data just put three three examples
+here what do we have here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do we have here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what do we have here we have
+wild-type okay here we have one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type okay here we have one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type okay here we have one of the
+mutants B 13 P and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants B 13 P and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants B 13 P and here we have
+chemically modified wild-type so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified wild-type so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified wild-type so what do
+these data tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's one thing we see here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one thing we see here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one thing we see here right
+so this chemically modified protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this chemically modified protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this chemically modified protein is
+denatured and we see that the denatured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured and we see that the denatured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denatured and we see that the denatured
+protein is easier to degrade by clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is easier to degrade by clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is easier to degrade by clip XP
+than the native protein right we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the native protein right we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the native protein right we also
+see that the mutant is more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the mutant is more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the mutant is more rapidly
+degraded than the wild-type so clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded than the wild-type so clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded than the wild-type so clip XP
+is having an easier time with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having an easier time with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is having an easier time with this one
+here too right so there's an apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too right so there's an apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too right so there's an apparent
+correlation here between the ease of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation here between the ease of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation here between the ease of
+unfolding and the ease of degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and the ease of degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding and the ease of degradation
+right a protein that's already unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a protein that's already unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a protein that's already unfolded
+or is relatively easy to fold it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is relatively easy to fold it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is relatively easy to fold it's
+degraded more rapidly than the wild-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded more rapidly than the wild-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded more rapidly than the wild-type
+protein that has this beta sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has this beta sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that has this beta sandwich
+folds here okay if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds here okay if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds here okay if we think about the
+processes happening right in each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes happening right in each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes happening right in each of
+these and we think back to that five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we think back to that five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we think back to that five
+step model what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step model what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step model what's happening
+so here right we have denaturation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here right we have denaturation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here right we have denaturation okay
+plus translocation plus degradation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus translocation plus degradation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus translocation plus degradation okay
+and likewise here we have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise here we have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise here we have these three
+parameters as well okay and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as well okay and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as well okay and in this case
+we don't have denaturation we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have denaturation we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have denaturation we just have
+the translocation and the degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translocation and the degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translocation and the degradation
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah just imagine this is what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just imagine this is what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah just imagine this is what one
+it's a different completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different completely different
+substrate the time frame I haven't given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate the time frame I haven't given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate the time frame I haven't given
+here right don't don't worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right don't don't worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right don't don't worry about that
+we're just looking at one part okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at one part okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just looking at one part okay so
+here's the actual data from the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the actual data from the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the actual data from the report
+and now what we want to do is using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we want to do is using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we want to do is using this
+whole family of substrates so the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of substrates so the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of substrates so the native
+I 27 domain the various point mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 27 domain the various point mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 27 domain the various point mutants
+and these chemically modified forms we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these chemically modified forms we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these chemically modified forms we
+want to look at the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the details of the
+steady state kinetic analysis and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state kinetic analysis and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state kinetic analysis and we
+also want to look at what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to look at what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to look at what's going on
+with the ATP's right so what is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ATP's right so what is the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ATP's right so what is the rate
+of ATP hydrolysis and like how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP hydrolysis and like how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP hydrolysis and like how many
+ATP's are hydrolyzed right we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are hydrolyzed right we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are hydrolyzed right we know
+nothing about that yet in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about that yet in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about that yet in terms of the
+data that's been presented so far okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's been presented so far okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's been presented so far okay
+so what we're going to do is take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is take a look
+at this data set and see what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this data set and see what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this data set and see what we learn
+here so there's quite a bit of data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's quite a bit of data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's quite a bit of data in
+here but we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we're just going to
+systematically work through so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically work through so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically work through so what do
+we see here we have all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here we have all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here we have all of the different
+I 27 domain based substrates they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 27 domain based substrates they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 27 domain based substrates they used
+and the tables divided basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tables divided basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tables divided basically in
+terms of whether or not the protein was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whether or not the protein was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whether or not the protein was
+chemically modified so on top we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified so on top we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified so on top we have
+wild-type and then we have these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and then we have these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and then we have these four
+per sorry five-point mutants and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sorry five-point mutants and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sorry five-point mutants and in this
+bottom half of the table we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half of the table we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half of the table we have the
+chemically modified wild type and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified wild type and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified wild type and the
+chemically modified point mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified point mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically modified point mutants
+so these begin with a fold and depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these begin with a fold and depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these begin with a fold and depending
+on the mutation here there's differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mutation here there's differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mutation here there's differing
+stability of that fold and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fold and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of that fold and here we have
+unfolded variants because the disulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded variants because the disulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolded variants because the disulfide
+was disrupted so what are we looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was disrupted so what are we looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was disrupted so what are we looking at
+we have degradation we have km we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have degradation we have km we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have degradation we have km we have
+denaturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation
+and then we have the a TPS rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the a TPS rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the a TPS rate and the
+number of a TPS / I 27 domain degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a TPS / I 27 domain degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of a TPS / I 27 domain degraded
+here so the question is what do we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the question is what do we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the question is what do we learn
+from each column of data so if we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each column of data so if we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each column of data so if we take a
+look at these degradation rates here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these degradation rates here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these degradation rates here
+what do we see so what happens amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see so what happens amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see so what happens amongst
+the proteins that are not chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that are not chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that are not chemically
+modified okay and don't don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified okay and don't don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified okay and don't don't try to
+over analyze it just look for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over analyze it just look for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over analyze it just look for kind of
+what are the obvious differences here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the slowest wildtype right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the slowest wildtype right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the slowest wildtype right
+similar to what we saw here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we saw here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we saw here and that
+makes sense because wild-type has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because wild-type has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because wild-type has the
+most stable fold just based on what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable fold just based on what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable fold just based on what we
+saw here and then what do we see for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here and then what do we see for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here and then what do we see for the
+mutants right there's variability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants right there's variability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants right there's variability but
+all of these values are greater how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values are greater how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these values are greater how do
+they compare to chemically modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare to chemically modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compare to chemically modified
+variants and what do we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are the fastest and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the fastest and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the fastest and they're all
+pretty similar right so these data agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar right so these data agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar right so these data agree
+with what we drew up here what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we drew up here what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we drew up here what about the
+km values so are these all similar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km values so are these all similar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km values so are these all similar or
+different all pretty similar yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different all pretty similar yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different all pretty similar yeah and
+why does that make sense right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that make sense right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that make sense right so that
+indicates that clip X binds all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that clip X binds all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that clip X binds all of these
+substrates in a similar way right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates in a similar way right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates in a similar way right they
+all have the SS are a tag there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can't attribute any changes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't attribute any changes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't attribute any changes we're
+seeing in rate two this KN value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in rate two this KN value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing in rate two this KN value here
+what about these denaturation rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we don't have any values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have any values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have any values for
+the chemically modified forms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemically modified forms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemically modified forms because
+they're already denatured what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already denatured what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already denatured what do we see
+we see the wild-type is more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the wild-type is more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the wild-type is more difficult
+to denature so the slower rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denature so the slower rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denature so the slower rate then
+these point mutations here right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point mutations here right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these point mutations here right and you
+could imagine if you were the researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine if you were the researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine if you were the researcher
+going back and comparing these data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and comparing these data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and comparing these data to
+what's known about the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known about the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known about the relative
+stability z' of each fold right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability z' of each fold right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability z' of each fold right from
+other data and the literature from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data and the literature from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other data and the literature from
+studies like that guanidinium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like that guanidinium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like that guanidinium
+denaturation shown on the prior slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation shown on the prior slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denaturation shown on the prior slide
+here so what about the data in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what about the data in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what about the data in these
+columns what do we see so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what do we see so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what do we see so here we're
+looking at ATPase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slower and less efficient for wild-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and less efficient for wild-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower and less efficient for wild-type
+been modified yes yes but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been modified yes yes but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been modified yes yes but that's
+certainly the case right so first if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the case right so first if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the case right so first if we
+look at wild-type and even for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wild-type and even for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wild-type and even for that
+matter these single-point variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter these single-point variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter these single-point variants
+versus these chemically modified forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus these chemically modified forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus these chemically modified forms
+right we see that the wild-type has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we see that the wild-type has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we see that the wild-type has a
+value of about 150 per minute and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of about 150 per minute and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of about 150 per minute and these
+are slightly higher we see these are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly higher we see these are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly higher we see these are on
+the order of about 600 per minute right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of about 600 per minute right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of about 600 per minute right
+so in a way these fall into two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way these fall into two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way these fall into two groups
+the chemically modified forms to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemically modified forms to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemically modified forms to find
+one group and this wild-type and single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group and this wild-type and single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group and this wild-type and single
+point movements define another group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point movements define another group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point movements define another group
+here right and the wild-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and the wild-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and the wild-type
+has the slowest ATPase rate here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the slowest ATPase rate here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the slowest ATPase rate here and
+then in terms of kind of efficiency as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of kind of efficiency as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of kind of efficiency as
+you mentioned maybe that's in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned maybe that's in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned maybe that's in terms of
+the number of ATP's degraded what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ATP's degraded what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ATP's degraded what do we
+see here what is incredibly striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what is incredibly striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what is incredibly striking
+about these data right we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these data right we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these data right we're seeing
+about 600 ATP's for i-27 domain degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 ATP's for i-27 domain degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 ATP's for i-27 domain degraded
+for this wild-type that's a huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this wild-type that's a huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this wild-type that's a huge number
+of ATP's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ATP's right
+so 600 right what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 600 right what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 600 right what do we see
+for these denatured variants they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these denatured variants they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these denatured variants they're all
+around 115 ATP's / substrate consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 115 ATP's / substrate consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 115 ATP's / substrate consumed
+here right so many many ATP's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so many many ATP's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right so many many ATP's are
+consumed here many ATP's are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed here many ATP's are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed here many ATP's are required to
+do nature that native substrate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nature that native substrate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do nature that native substrate and it
+looks like many ATP's are required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like many ATP's are required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like many ATP's are required for
+translocation here and if the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation here and if the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation here and if the substrate
+is less stable what we see is that fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less stable what we see is that fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less stable what we see is that fewer
+ATP's are consumed so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are consumed so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's are consumed so these are all
+filled in with in your notes and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in with in your notes and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in with in your notes and there's
+some additional details here ok so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional details here ok so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional details here ok so these
+data indicate that the easier the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data indicate that the easier the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data indicate that the easier the
+protein unfolds the faster is degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein unfolds the faster is degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein unfolds the faster is degraded
+right and just to reiterate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to reiterate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to reiterate these
+denature Titans we can think about ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature Titans we can think about ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature Titans we can think about ATP
+assumption as being indicative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as being indicative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as being indicative of that
+translocation event because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation event because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation event because they're
+already ate denatured and for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ate denatured and for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ate denatured and for these
+native Titans right the rate of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Titans right the rate of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Titans right the rate of ATP
+consumption is indicative of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is indicative of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is indicative of both the
+unfolding or denature process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding or denature process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolding or denature process and the
+translocation process here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation process here for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation process here for that
+right here's just another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's just another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's just another way of
+plotting the data in the table where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the data in the table where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting the data in the table where
+they're just highlighting ATP hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just highlighting ATP hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just highlighting ATP hydrolysis
+and then the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the different types of
+substrates here great so we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates here great so we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates here great so we see the
+rates highest for denatured and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates highest for denatured and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates highest for denatured and that it
+decreases with increasing stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with increasing stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases with increasing stability of
+the substrate to degradation by clip XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate to degradation by clip XP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate to degradation by clip XP
+another interesting thing they found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting thing they found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another interesting thing they found in
+these studies is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies is that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the ATP is consumed very linearly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP is consumed very linearly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ATP is consumed very linearly with
+time if we look at ATP consumed versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we look at ATP consumed versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if we look at ATP consumed versus
+the average denaturation time out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average denaturation time out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average denaturation time out here
+wild-type and down in this region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and down in this region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild-type and down in this region the
+mutants okay so we have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants okay so we have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants okay so we have a linear
+relationship and what came out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and what came out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and what came out of this
+is about 144 ATP is consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay per minute of unfolding from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay per minute of unfolding from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay per minute of unfolding from these
+experiments here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does this tell us about how clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this tell us about how clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this tell us about how clip
+XP works how it works here so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP works how it works here so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP works how it works here so basically
+this machine has been described as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine has been described as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine has been described as
+having a relentless try and try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a relentless try and try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a relentless try and try again
+mechanism here okay and it's effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism here okay and it's effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism here okay and it's effectively
+explained in this cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in this cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in this cartoon
+so clip P is omitted but imagine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clip P is omitted but imagine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clip P is omitted but imagine it's
+there so what's happening right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what's happening right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what's happening right we have
+some folded protein that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folded protein that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folded protein that's been
+condemned and has the SSR a tag attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemned and has the SSR a tag attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condemned and has the SSR a tag attached
+okay and so clip X P needs to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so clip X P needs to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so clip X P needs to deal with
+it there's the tag mediated substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's the tag mediated substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's the tag mediated substrate
+binding so the substrate binds there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding so the substrate binds there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding so the substrate binds there can
+be a cheapy hydrolysis and that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cheapy hydrolysis and that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cheapy hydrolysis and that results
+in clip X trying to unfold the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clip X trying to unfold the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in clip X trying to unfold the protein
+okay but frequently this substrate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but frequently this substrate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but frequently this substrate can
+get released right and this cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get released right and this cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get released right and this cycle of
+binding and pulling can happen many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and pulling can happen many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding and pulling can happen many many
+times and that consumes a lot of ATP's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that consumes a lot of ATP's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that consumes a lot of ATP's
+here okay and then at some point there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then at some point there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and then at some point there's
+going to be successful unfolding event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful unfolding event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful unfolding event
+which results in the polypeptide being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which results in the polypeptide being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which results in the polypeptide being
+translocated and entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocated and entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocated and entering the
+degradation chamber so when thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chamber so when thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation chamber so when thinking
+about a hard to denature substrate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hard to denature substrate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a hard to denature substrate you
+want to think about this substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about this substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about this substrate
+binding clip X many times okay and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding clip X many times okay and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding clip X many times okay and there
+might be multiple instances of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple instances of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be multiple instances of binding
+and release before it's successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release before it's successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release before it's successfully
+done natured and before translocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done natured and before translocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done natured and before translocation
+occurs and so that uses a lot of ATP's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right
+the SSR tag is what's going to allow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SSR tag is what's going to allow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SSR tag is what's going to allow it
+to bind to the poor right and recall for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind to the poor right and recall for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind to the poor right and recall for
+instance there can be the adapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there can be the adapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance there can be the adapter
+protein SSP be to help SSR a tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein SSP be to help SSR a tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein SSP be to help SSR a tag
+proteins make their way to the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins make their way to the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins make their way to the poor
+right so think of it less as some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think of it less as some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so think of it less as some like
+undesirable protein-protein interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable protein-protein interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable protein-protein interaction
+then a failed attempt at unfolding by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a failed attempt at unfolding by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a failed attempt at unfolding by by
+this ATPase here so why might clip X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ATPase here so why might clip X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ATPase here so why might clip X
+want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we think about the cell just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about the cell just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think about the cell just some
+possibilities the more unstable protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the more unstable protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities the more unstable protein
+is the easier it is to degrade right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easier it is to degrade right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easier it is to degrade right
+because proteins that are more unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proteins that are more unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proteins that are more unstable
+or already partially unfolded are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or already partially unfolded are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or already partially unfolded are
+probably ones that need to be degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ones that need to be degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ones that need to be degraded
+mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+yeah so that's one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's one way to think about
+this and then maybe another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then maybe another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then maybe another way to
+phrase that as perhaps this helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that as perhaps this helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase that as perhaps this helps to
+avoid jamming the protease right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid jamming the protease right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid jamming the protease right if
+there's things that need to be degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things that need to be degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's things that need to be degraded
+versus other things right if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other things right if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other things right if you have
+something that's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very difficult to
+degrade you don't want that to block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade you don't want that to block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade you don't want that to block the
+protease such that something unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease such that something unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease such that something unfolded
+can't be dealt with right also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be dealt with right also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be dealt with right also just
+dealing with a mixture that maybe clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a mixture that maybe clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a mixture that maybe clip
+XP likes to get rid of the substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP likes to get rid of the substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP likes to get rid of the substrates
+that are easiest to degrade first so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easiest to degrade first so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are easiest to degrade first so is
+it energetically wasteful there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it energetically wasteful there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it energetically wasteful there just
+just to think about you know on one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to think about you know on one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to think about you know on one hand
+it might seem like it right so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might seem like it right so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might seem like it right so many
+ATP's just think back to the TCA cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's just think back to the TCA cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP's just think back to the TCA cycle
+for instance and how many ATP's you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and how many ATP's you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance and how many ATP's you get
+from one cycle there you know versus 680
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one cycle there you know versus 680
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one cycle there you know versus 680
+P is being consumed here for that wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is being consumed here for that wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is being consumed here for that wild
+type Titan domain but maybe this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Titan domain but maybe this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type Titan domain but maybe this makes
+sense because in the cell it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because in the cell it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because in the cell it does have
+to deal with many different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with many different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with many different types of
+substrates right and these substrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates right and these substrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates right and these substrates
+can have varying structure and varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have varying structure and varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have varying structure and varying
+stabilities so how does clip X actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilities so how does clip X actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilities so how does clip X actually
+work what's going on with this ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what's going on with this ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what's going on with this ATP
+hydrolysis how our denaturation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis how our denaturation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis how our denaturation and
+translocation coupled and how do we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation coupled and how do we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocation coupled and how do we even
+think about this translocation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this translocation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this translocation process
+right effectively we saw the cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right effectively we saw the cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right effectively we saw the cartoons
+where it looks like clip X is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looks like clip X is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it looks like clip X is somehow
+pulling pulling on this polypeptide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling pulling on this polypeptide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling pulling on this polypeptide and
+so we'll close with some discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll close with some discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll close with some discussion
+about that which will continue on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that which will continue on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that which will continue on Monday
+so effectively we have our general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively we have our general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively we have our general
+paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right somehow having h AP hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leading to conformational change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to conformational change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to conformational change okay
+that provides some mechanical work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides some mechanical work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides some mechanical work okay
+and so here in this system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here in this system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here in this system right
+conformational change and clip X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change and clip X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformational change and clip X will
+drive unfolding and translocation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive unfolding and translocation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive unfolding and translocation okay
+and of course the big question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the big question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the big question is how
+and so a key observation that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a key observation that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a key observation that's not
+intuitive with the system and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive with the system and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive with the system and that will
+build upon in the first ten minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build upon in the first ten minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build upon in the first ten minutes or
+so of Monday is the fact that clip X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of Monday is the fact that clip X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of Monday is the fact that clip X is
+a homo hexamer right we saw that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homo hexamer right we saw that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homo hexamer right we saw that when we
+went over the structure but this hexamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over the structure but this hexamer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over the structure but this hexamer
+has some inherent asymmetry to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some inherent asymmetry to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some inherent asymmetry to it
+despite the fact that each subunit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that each subunit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that each subunit is
+the same okay so a key observation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so a key observation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay so a key observation okay
+here pip X this homo hexamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it has inherent asymmetry okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has inherent asymmetry okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has inherent asymmetry okay and
+this asymmetry arises from nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymmetry arises from nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this asymmetry arises from nucleotide
+ATP binding okay and the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding okay and the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP binding okay and the observation
+from a variety of studies is that ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of studies is that ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of studies is that ATP
+binds to some of the clip X subunits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to some of the clip X subunits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to some of the clip X subunits but
+not others okay and also it can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not others okay and also it can bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not others okay and also it can bind to
+different subunits with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subunits with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different subunits with different
+affinities just as another detail so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities just as another detail so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities just as another detail so and
+what we'll see is that this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is that this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll see is that this is also
+dynamic so just some subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so although we think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so although we think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so although we think about this as
+a homo hexamer in terms of the ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homo hexamer in terms of the ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homo hexamer in terms of the ATP
+loading at different points we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading at different points we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading at different points we don't
+have six ATP's bound okay and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six ATP's bound okay and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six ATP's bound okay and where
+we'll begin on Monday is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin on Monday is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll begin on Monday is looking at
+individual clip X subunits and then how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual clip X subunits and then how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual clip X subunits and then how
+the clip X subunits work together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clip X subunits work together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clip X subunits work together and
+lessons learned from studies there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from studies there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons learned from studies there okay
+so effectively this asymmetry is thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively this asymmetry is thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so effectively this asymmetry is thought
+to be quite quite important in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite quite important in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite quite important in terms of
+how ATP hydrolysis is allowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ATP hydrolysis is allowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ATP hydrolysis is allowing the
+movement and activity of the ATPase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aflMMnyAO0E.txt b/aflMMnyAO0E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bc4db76f90547f79c2fb4d68c9f26671556b24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aflMMnyAO0E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so today
+we are going to finish up our
+
+discussion of consumer
+theory and then move
+
+on to producer theory.
+
+That is, we're finishing up
+what's behind the demand curve
+
+and moving on to what's behind
+the supply curve.
+
+But before we do that, I want
+to talk about an application
+
+of why income and substitution
+effects are important.
+
+Income and substitution effects,
+we talked about this
+
+imaginary budget constraint.
+
+It seems like sort of
+a vague concept.
+
+We talked last time about labor
+supply and how you can
+
+get some interestingly
+different answers.
+
+But I want to talk about an
+application now, of why
+
+understanding income and
+substitution effects can
+
+really help you understand
+the world a bit better.
+
+And the application I want to
+talk about today is the case
+
+of child labor in developing
+countries.
+
+Now this is a terrible
+problem worldwide.
+
+In developing countries in
+particular, children are
+
+pulled out of school to work.
+
+They then don't develop the
+skills that can allow them to
+
+earn high wages later in life
+and as a result, the cycle of
+
+impoverishment continues in
+these nations, where these
+
+children in turn have low
+wage jobs and make
+
+their kids go to work.
+
+And it's a major problem in
+the developing world.
+
+And we all know that one way
+to help countries out of
+
+poverty is to help them get
+their kids to get education.
+
+Education is the key to getting
+out of poverty.
+
+And you can't get education
+if you're working.
+
+I think that's a generally
+recognized fact.
+
+A more interesting,
+controversial fact is well,
+
+what does this imply
+for the benefits or
+
+cost of free trade?
+
+We'll talk about free trade
+later in the semester and
+
+we'll come back to this, but
+basically the idea is look, if
+
+you have free trade, then poor
+countries can sell more goods
+
+to rich countries and that will
+allow them to raise their
+
+standard of living.
+
+But many of you will point out
+that that's contradictory with
+
+our concern over child labor.
+
+Which is if a poor country is
+going to sell more goods to a
+
+rich country, then maybe kids
+in that country are going to
+
+have to work harder to
+make those goods.
+
+And one concern people have
+when they talk about free
+
+trade agreements is essentially
+we're dooming the
+
+children of these impoverished
+countries to work harder to
+
+make the goods that rich
+countries want.
+
+And that if these impoverished
+countries weren't engaging in
+
+making all these textiles and
+all the things these rich
+
+countries want, maybe their
+kids would be getting an
+
+education instead.
+
+So that's a concern that's been
+raised about free trade,
+
+but in fact, what we can
+understand from understanding
+
+income and substitution effects
+is that, in fact, that
+
+claim may not be true.
+
+In fact, the effect
+of free trade on
+
+child labor is ambiguous.
+
+And that's what I want to talk
+through now, an application of
+
+why understanding income and
+substitution effects matter.
+
+And there's a very interesting
+study by two professors at
+
+Dartmouth who studied the impact
+of trade liberalization
+
+in Vietnam.
+
+Vietnam used to have a system
+where they would not allow
+
+domestic producers to
+sell rice abroad.
+
+Domestic rice producers had to
+sell that rice only in Vietnam
+
+and then they introduced free
+trade provisions in Vietnam
+
+which allowed them to sell
+that rice abroad as well.
+
+And one concern that was raised
+is that would mean kids
+
+in Vietnam would have to work
+harder producing rice so it
+
+could be sold around
+the world.
+
+Let's see whether
+that was true.
+
+Well, to think about that, let's
+first think about it
+
+theoretically.
+
+So let's go to figure 8-1.
+
+Figure 8-1 shows the demand for
+rice, D sub V the demand
+
+for rice in Vietnam, D sub W is
+the demand for Vietnamese
+
+rice worldwide.
+
+D sub V is the Vietnamese demand
+for Vietnamese rice, D
+
+sub W is the world demand for
+Vietnamese rice, and S sub V
+
+is the supply of Vietnamese
+rice.
+
+And we assume demand curves are
+downward sloping, supply
+
+curves are upward sloping,
+as usual.
+
+So if there was a worldwide
+market where Vietnamese rice
+
+farmers could sell their rice
+to the entire world, then
+
+you'd have an equilibrium
+price P sub W and an
+
+equilibrium quantity
+of Q sub W.
+
+What happened was until 1989,
+that was not the case.
+
+Before 1989, the government
+imposed a quota which said
+
+that rice producers in Vietnam
+could not sell effectively,
+
+could not sell outside
+Vietnam.
+
+It wasn't quite that easy, but
+you could think of it this
+
+way, they could not sell
+outside Vietnam.
+
+Instead, they could only sell
+the amount that Vietnamese
+
+citizens demanded of rice, which
+meant that they sold Qv
+
+units of rice at a price, Pv.
+So there was a government
+
+imposition which said
+effectively--
+
+not quite, but effectively--
+
+you can only sell rice in
+Vietnam, so we're going to
+
+sell Qv at a price, Pv.
+
+So then what happened was
+in the early 1990s, the
+
+government weakened this quota
+so that by 1997, there was no
+
+longer a quota.
+
+Rice farmers were allowed to
+sell wherever they want.
+
+So effectively, the country
+moved from Qv, Pv to Qw, Pw.
+
+Essentially, it expanded the
+market for Vietnamese rice so
+
+that they were able to sell a
+larger quantity at a higher
+
+price on the worldwide market.
+
+And the difference between
+Qv and Qw were exports.
+
+So basically, the government
+allowed them to export an
+
+extra amount of rice, Qw minus
+Qv, and allowed them to obtain
+
+a higher price for their rice.
+
+So we'll talk later about
+whether this is a good idea or
+
+a bad idea in general.
+
+We'll talk about free trade and
+get on to free trade later
+
+in the semester.
+
+Hint, we like free trade
+as economists.
+
+I think most of you probably
+knew that, and we'll talk
+
+about that later in
+the semester.
+
+But now I want to focus
+specifically on one question,
+
+which is what did this
+do to child labor?
+
+Well, if we go the
+next figure, if
+
+you look for a second--
+
+forget the shifting
+supply curves.
+
+The market for child labor is
+initially at equilibrium at a
+
+supply of child labor of S1--
+
+that is, the higher the wage,
+the more the kids will work--
+
+and demand for child
+labor of D1--
+
+that is, the higher the wage,
+the less the demand there is
+
+for child labor.
+
+And we're in some initial
+equilibrium where L1 kids work
+
+at a wage, W1.
+
+And let me highlight an
+important thing about the
+
+supply of labor of kids.
+
+If the kids aren't working,
+they're in school.
+
+The notion is not if the kids
+aren't working, they're
+
+sitting at home.
+
+If the kids aren't working,
+they're in school.
+
+So basically, the more kids are
+working, the fewer kids
+
+are in school.
+
+So you have this supply, S1,
+and this demand, D1.
+
+So what free trade does is it
+shifts out the demand for
+
+child labor.
+
+Because now you need to produce
+more rice, you need
+
+kids to produce it, so
+it shifts out to D2.
+
+It's not marked in this diagram,
+but you would end up,
+
+if you could see where D2
+intersects with S1, you'd end
+
+up with a lot more child
+labor at a higher wage.
+
+And that's the argument for
+why free trade is bad for
+
+child labor.
+
+Because it increases demand for
+child labor and therefore
+
+increases the amount of child
+labor that's used.
+
+But what that argument misses is
+the income effect, which is
+
+that the rice farmers in
+Vietnam are now richer.
+
+And one thing they'll do with
+their wealth is buy their kids
+
+more education.
+
+That is, think about the
+utility function
+
+of these rice farmers.
+
+They don't want their
+kids to work.
+
+They understand that
+their kids are
+
+better off with education.
+
+So what would happen if
+they won the lottery?
+
+What would happen if they won
+the lottery is they'd use some
+
+of that money to say
+hey kids, you don't
+
+have to work anymore.
+
+You get to now go to school
+instead and build yourselves a
+
+brighter future.
+
+Well, the higher price for rice
+that exists through world
+
+trade is like them winning
+the lottery.
+
+Suddenly, rice farmers are
+richer because each unit they
+
+produce is sold at
+a higher price.
+
+What are they going to do
+with that higher wealth?
+
+They're going to allow their
+kids to work less.
+
+They're going to say, we're
+effectively richer because
+
+we're now selling our rice
+at a higher price.
+
+As a caring parent who's richer,
+I'm going to send my
+
+kids to school instead
+of having them work.
+
+How do we manifest that
+in this diagram?
+
+As an inward shift in the
+supply of child labor.
+
+That is, children get pulled off
+the market because their
+
+parents now say, I'm going to
+send them to school instead.
+
+So the supply curve for child
+labor shifts inwards.
+
+Now, how much it shifts inwards
+determines what
+
+ultimately happens
+to child labor.
+
+If it shifts inwards a little
+bit from S1 to S2, then child
+
+labor on net still increases
+from L1 to L2.
+
+That is, the demand shift
+exceeds the supply shift and
+
+on net child labor increases.
+
+That is, on net, free trade
+does increase child labor.
+
+But if supply shifts in a lot,
+if parents are a lot richer
+
+and send their kids to school
+a lot, then actually the
+
+supply of child labor could
+fall from L1 to L3.
+
+You could have less child labor,
+even though the demand
+
+for it's gone up.
+
+And that's because of
+income effects.
+
+The importance of income effects
+is that the families
+
+are now richer, so they're
+pulling their
+
+kids out of the market.
+
+And they're pulling their kids
+out of the market in such
+
+numbers that it exceeds the
+excess demand for child labor.
+
+So once again, we see the
+power of income and
+
+substitution effects.
+
+We have the standard market
+operation, which is g.
+
+We want more rice, we need to
+hire more kids to produce it.
+
+But we're forgetting the income
+effect, which is the
+
+price of rice has gone up.
+
+Farmers are now richer, they're
+now going to send
+
+their kids to school instead
+of making them work in the
+
+rice paddies.
+
+OK?
+
+So that is the importance of
+understanding the subtle
+
+argument that comes forth when
+you think more completely
+
+about income and substitution
+effects and when you don't
+
+stop and just say, gee,
+more rice exported
+
+means more child labor.
+
+So the question is, which
+of these is right?
+
+OK?
+
+Which of these is right?
+
+How do we know whether free
+trade increases or decreases
+
+the demand for child labor?
+
+Let me first stop and ask a
+question about the theory.
+
+People understand why an
+increase in free trade can
+
+either lead to more kids working
+or less kids working.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm not sure how you
+would sustain that increase in
+
+demand for rice.
+
+Because if their kids won't work
+anymore, how will they
+
+keep up that increase
+in demand of
+
+rice, keep them wealthy?
+
+Well, see, here's the key point,
+which is that the price
+
+has gone up.
+
+So the price has gone up, so
+they don't have to increase
+
+the supply that much.
+
+So the kids could work less,
+they could work more, or they
+
+could just not supply
+that much more rice.
+
+But the fact that they sell
+it in a worldwide market
+
+increases the demand so that
+they're getting a higher price
+
+and that makes them wealthier.
+
+So now we have to ask,
+what's the truth?
+
+What happened?
+
+Well, the answer is that
+how do we tell this?
+
+Well, the way we tell this is
+we can look, we can use the
+
+fact that the increase in the
+price of rice varied across
+
+the country.
+
+In some parts of Vietnam, those
+that were very close to
+
+the border and it was easy to
+export, there was a big
+
+increase in the demand for rice,
+a big price increase.
+
+In other parts of Vietnam, those
+more internal where it's
+
+a huge transportation cost to
+get to the coast and therefore
+
+export it, it's like
+nothing happened.
+
+So you can actually ask, what
+happened to child labor in the
+
+areas close to the border where
+the price of rice went
+
+up a lot and therefore there's
+a big effect of this free
+
+trade, versus the areas more
+internal to the country where
+
+price of rice didn't
+change much?
+
+And by comparing those two, you
+can ask, what happened to
+
+child labor in those
+two areas?
+
+What you find is that child
+labor went down in the areas
+
+near the coast. They got so much
+richer from these higher
+
+prices that on net, they used
+fewer kids to work.
+
+That is, the supply shift was
+larger than the demand shift.
+
+So actually, free trade
+lowered overall
+
+use of child labor.
+
+Free trade lowered the overall
+use of child labor so that
+
+freeing up trade was good for
+kids, not bad for kids.
+
+We'll talk later about other
+arguments about why free trade
+
+is good or not, but this is an
+important point where you can
+
+get beyond a simple intuition
+of, gee, more kids are going
+
+to work, to say wait a second.
+
+That's offset by the fact that
+the higher worldwide prices
+
+led parents to allow their kids
+to go to school rather
+
+than go to work.
+
+And that's an example of
+the power of income and
+
+substitution effects.
+
+And the power of this theory
+for understanding how you
+
+might not get what
+seems, initially,
+
+an intuitive answer.
+
+OK, questions about that
+example, how it relates to
+
+consumer theory, income
+or substitution
+
+effects, any of that?
+
+OK.
+
+So that's where we are going
+to stop on consumer theory,
+
+and that's where the material
+for the exam will stop.
+
+You can't leave, but that's
+where the material for the
+
+exam stops, OK?
+
+So the exam will cover
+everything up to
+
+through this point.
+
+The exam will be on
+consumer theory.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bBESL68iX6s.txt b/bBESL68iX6s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9371d838dd0df0f011c60f9a9dd003c6379ea31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bBESL68iX6s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10123 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last lecture we introduced the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we introduced the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture we introduced the notion of
+the limit of a function as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a function as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of a function as x goes to c
+which we write limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write limit
+x arrow c f of x equals l what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x arrow c f of x equals l what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x arrow c f of x equals l what does this
+mean this means for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this means for all epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this means for all epsilon positive
+there exists a delta positive such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive such that
+for all x and s satisfying 0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s satisfying 0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s satisfying 0 is less
+than x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x minus c is less than delta
+we have that f of x minus l is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x minus l is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x minus l is less than
+epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we proved the following theorem last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved the following theorem last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved the following theorem last
+time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+uh if we have a set a cluster point of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we have a set a cluster point of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we have a set a cluster point of s
+so this is where uh we look at limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where uh we look at limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where uh we look at limits
+and f as a function from s to r then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f as a function from s to r then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f as a function from s to r then
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+equals l if and only if um for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if um for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if um for every
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+the new sequence converges to l okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new sequence converges to l okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new sequence converges to l okay so
+this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem here
+connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects
+um limits of functions to what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um limits of functions to what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um limits of functions to what we did
+previously uh limits of sequences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now using this theorem we'll get analogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this theorem we'll get analogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this theorem we'll get analogs
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+theorems we prove for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems we prove for sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems we prove for sequences
+but now for limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first let me show a few simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me show a few simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me show a few simple
+applications of this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this theorem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example we could prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example we could prove the
+following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all c and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c and r
+the limit as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c
+of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared
+equals c squared okay so we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c squared okay so we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c squared okay so we could have
+done this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this uh
+this using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the
+just the definition but now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition but now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the definition but now with this
+theorem we can prove it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we can prove it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we can prove it a little bit
+quicker and easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker and easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker and easier
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+because we essentially did all the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we essentially did all the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we essentially did all the hard
+work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved
+that the product of two convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product of two convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product of two convergent
+sequences is convergent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is convergent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences is convergent so
+which is what we'll use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we'll use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we'll use here
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+we're going to prove this theorem using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this theorem using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove this theorem using
+the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this
+for this theorem since it's not stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this theorem since it's not stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this theorem since it's not stated
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+take the function to be f of x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function to be f of x equals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function to be f of x equals x
+squared and then the set that is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then the set that is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then the set that is defined
+on s is equal to r so let x n be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s is equal to r so let x n be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s is equal to r so let x n be a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that xn converges to c as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that xn converges to c as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that xn converges to c as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now want to show that f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to show that f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to show that f of x n
+converges to f of c where f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f of c where f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to f of c where f of x equals
+x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared
+but this follows from what we proved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this follows from what we proved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this follows from what we proved for
+limits right so we proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product of two convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two convergent
+sequences is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences
+we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn squared converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn squared converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn squared converges to
+c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies so we've now verified for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies so we've now verified for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies so we've now verified for
+every sequence converging to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sequence converging to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sequence converging to c
+f of x in meaning x n squared converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x in meaning x n squared converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x in meaning x n squared converges
+to f of converges to c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of converges to c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of converges to c squared
+and therefore by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by
+the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've proven the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's use uh this theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's use uh this theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's use uh this theorem to
+study a couple of more limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll use this theorem uh in fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this theorem uh in fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this theorem uh in fact to
+show that a certain limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a certain limit does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that a certain limit does not exist
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as x goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to 0
+of sine 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember uh for a limit i look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember uh for a limit i look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember uh for a limit i look at all
+those fun all those points x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fun all those points x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fun all those points x
+that are close to c but not equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are close to c but not equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are close to c but not equal to c
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this function which i'm taking the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which i'm taking the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function which i'm taking the limit
+as x goes to 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't need to be defined at x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be defined at x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be defined at x equals 0
+in order to consider the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to consider the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to consider the limit
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd like
+the function sine of 1 over x is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function sine of 1 over x is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function sine of 1 over x is defined
+on s equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on s equals
+r take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r take away
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+so this limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this limit does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this limit does not exist
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the limit as x goes to 0 of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to 0 of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to 0 of x times
+sine of 1 over x does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of 1 over x does exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of 1 over x does exist
+and equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equals 0.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i want you to note something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want you to note something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want you to note something you
+can't just stick in x equals 0 here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just stick in x equals 0 here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just stick in x equals 0 here all
+right to evaluate the limit i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to evaluate the limit i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to evaluate the limit i mean
+because then you'll be taking sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you'll be taking sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you'll be taking sine of
+one over zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over zero
+times zero you can't divide by zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero you can't divide by zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zero you can't divide by zero so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+you can't just say this limit equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say this limit equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say this limit equals
+zero because i stick in x equals zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because i stick in x equals zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because i stick in x equals zero in
+fact we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we saw
+in the previous lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture that
+the limit need not equal the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit need not equal the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit need not equal the function
+evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated
+at that point so just to recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point so just to recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point so just to recall the
+example from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i had f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i had f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i had f of x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+1 if x equals 0 and 2 if x does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if x equals 0 and 2 if x does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if x equals 0 and 2 if x does not
+equal 0 then we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as x goes to 0 of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to 0 of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to 0 of f of x
+equals 2 which no does not equal f of 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 which no does not equal f of 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 which no does not equal f of 0.
+okay when we discuss continuity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we discuss continuity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we discuss continuity that's
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+connects the limit to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the limit to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the limit to the function
+evaluated at that point i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at that point i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at that point i just want to
+make that little comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to prove this theorem we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to prove this theorem we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to prove this theorem we're going
+to use again the previous theorem maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use again the previous theorem maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use again the previous theorem maybe
+i should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should uh
+um no i'm not going to label it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no i'm not going to label it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no i'm not going to label it you'll
+know when i point up to it that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when i point up to it that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when i point up to it that i'm
+referring to that theorem that i stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that theorem that i stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that theorem that i stated
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact let's prove the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+exist and equal 0 first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and equal 0 first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and equal 0 first
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n
+is a sequence converging to zero we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence converging to zero we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence converging to zero we we
+now want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n
+times sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of
+one over x sub n converges to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over x sub n converges to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over x sub n converges to zero okay
+and then that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that by
+the previous theorem up there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem up there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem up there will
+imply that the limit as x goes to 0 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that the limit as x goes to 0 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that the limit as x goes to 0 of x
+times sine of 1 over x equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of 1 over x equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of 1 over x equals 0.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if i look at the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i look at the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i look at the absolute value
+of x of n times sine of 1 over x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n times sine of 1 over x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n times sine of 1 over x of n
+this is equal to the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the absolute value of x
+sub n times the absolute value of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n times the absolute value of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n times the absolute value of sine
+of 1 over x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and no matter what you stick into sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter what you stick into sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter what you stick into sine
+sine is always bounded between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine is always bounded between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine is always bounded between one and
+minus one so the absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so the absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so the absolute value is
+always bounded by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to
+summarize we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now we apply the squeeze theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we apply the squeeze theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we apply the squeeze theorem so
+if you like that goes to zero it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that goes to zero it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that goes to zero it's just
+uh the constant sequence equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the constant sequence equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the constant sequence equal to zero
+since x sub n is converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x sub n is converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x sub n is converging to zero
+remember we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're assuming that
+this converges to zero and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges to zero and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges to zero and therefore
+what gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets
+trapped in between goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x sub n times sine of one over x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n times sine of one over x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n times sine of one over x sub n
+converges to zero and that proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proves the second claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we'll prove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the previous lecture i did negate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture i did negate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous lecture i did negate
+this definition so let's uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition so let's uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition so let's uh actually
+negate this theorem if you like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+negation of each side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of each side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation of each side of
+this if and only if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if and only if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if and only if um
+to state uh equivalent theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state uh equivalent theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state uh equivalent theorem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so two statements are equivalent which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two statements are equivalent which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two statements are equivalent which
+is in that theorem if and only if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that theorem if and only if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in that theorem if and only if their
+negations are also equivalent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negations are also equivalent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negations are also equivalent so
+by the theorem we also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we also have the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+limit x goes to c of f of x does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit x goes to c of f of x does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit x goes to c of f of x does not
+equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal l
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+so negating the right hand side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negating the right hand side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negating the right hand side of that
+if and only if there exists a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if there exists a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if there exists a sequence
+xn converging to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this sequence will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consisting of elements of s take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that x n converges to c but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x n converges to c but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x n converges to c but we
+don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have
+f x n converging to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and when i write this you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when i write this you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when i write this you should
+read this as either this limit exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this as either this limit exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this as either this limit exists
+and does not equal l or this limit does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does not equal l or this limit does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does not equal l or this limit does
+not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exist
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'll even write that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll even write that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll even write that out
+so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not equal l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again that's an equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's an equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again that's an equivalent way of
+stating the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating the theorem
+up there is in terms of the negation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is in terms of the negation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is in terms of the negation two
+statements are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are equivalent
+which is uh right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh right there
+if and only if their negations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if their negations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if their negations are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+now we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to prove
+that the limit as x goes to zero of sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit as x goes to zero of sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit as x goes to zero of sine
+of one over x does not exist by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over x does not exist by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over x does not exist by showing
+that there exists a sequence converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a sequence converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a sequence converging
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+such that when i plug that into sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when i plug that into sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when i plug that into sine
+the limit of that sequence does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of that sequence does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit of that sequence does not
+exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a sequence converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a sequence converging to
+zero such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to
+infinity of sine of 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of sine of 1 over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of sine of 1 over x
+sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n
+does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+sine oscillates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine oscillates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine oscillates between
+1 and minus 1 depending on if i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 depending on if i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and minus 1 depending on if i'm a
+certain multiple of pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain multiple of pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain multiple of pi over 2
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the here's the the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the here's the the intuition
+behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it
+behind the sequence i'm about to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the sequence i'm about to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the sequence i'm about to give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say sine of x equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say sine of x equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say sine of x equals 1
+if x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x equals
+pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 pi over 2
+9 pi over 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals 3 pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7 pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 pi over 2
+11 pi over 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 pi over 2 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 pi over 2 and so on
+so i can stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can stick in
+things that are getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are getting bigger
+to sign and get one or minus one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign and get one or minus one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign and get one or minus one and in
+fact let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me
+change this to y since we're using x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be essentially 1 over y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be essentially 1 over y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be essentially 1 over y
+okay so if i stick in pi over 2 5 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i stick in pi over 2 5 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i stick in pi over 2 5 pi
+over 2 9 pi over 2 and so on i get sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 9 pi over 2 and so on i get sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 9 pi over 2 and so on i get sine
+equals 1 if it's 3 pi over 2 7 pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 if it's 3 pi over 2 7 pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 if it's 3 pi over 2 7 pi over 2
+11 pi over 2 and i stick that into sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 pi over 2 and i stick that into sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 pi over 2 and i stick that into sine
+i get minus 1. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get minus 1. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get minus 1. okay
+but that means if i stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means if i stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means if i stick
+one over these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over these numbers
+into sine of one over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sine of one over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sine of one over x
+i get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get one
+or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus one
+and so then that sequence that i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that sequence that i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that sequence that i get
+will be one or minus one uh alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one or minus one uh alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one or minus one uh alternating
+and we know that sequence does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that sequence does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that sequence does not
+converge so that's the idea so let me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so that's the idea so let me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so that's the idea so let me uh
+write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x sub n be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 over these numbers essentially so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n minus 1
+pi over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+because we're going to stick this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to stick this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to stick this into
+sine of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of 1 over
+x so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so let me just
+which is 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 over
+2 n minus 1 over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+x sub n is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is less than or equal to
+i can write this as 2 over n plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this as 2 over n plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this as 2 over n plus n
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+and since n is bigger than or equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n is bigger than or equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n is bigger than or equal to 1
+this is always bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always bigger than or equal to
+zero so this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is less than or equal to
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+over n pi and this goes to zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n pi and this goes to zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n pi and this goes to zero so that
+shows by the squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this sequence i've defined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence i've defined here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence i've defined here
+converges to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what happens when i plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens when i plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens when i plug this
+sequence into sine of one over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is now equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now equal to
+sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of
+2n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n minus 1
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is therefore
+equal to one minus one one minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one minus one one minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one minus one one minus one one
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this sequence which is just equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sequence which is just equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sequence which is just equal to
+minus one to the n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why i capitalize that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i capitalize that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i capitalize that does not
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we found a sequence converging to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a sequence converging to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a sequence converging to zero
+such that when i stick it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when i stick it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that when i stick it into the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that new sequence does not converge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sequence does not converge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new sequence does not converge so
+we've proven that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+i alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this fact that this theorem will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorems that are similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that are similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that are similar to what we
+prove for sequences except now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for sequences except now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove for sequences except now for
+limits of functions so let me just state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions so let me just state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions so let me just state
+kind of the simplest theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the simplest theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the simplest theorem
+you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see a cluster point of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and suppose i have two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose i have two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose i have two functions
+f going from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and g going from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+these two limits exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+function is smaller than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then so we had an analogous statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we had an analogous statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we had an analogous statement
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sequences which was if i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which was if i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which was if i have two
+sequences converging and one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging and one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging and one is less
+than or equal to the other then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the other then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the other then the
+limits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits are
+uh one limit is uh less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one limit is uh less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one limit is uh less than or equal to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+an analogous conclusion for limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogous conclusion for limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogous conclusion for limits of
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the
+analogous statement for sequences was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous statement for sequences was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous statement for sequences was we
+have two sequences one less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sequences one less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sequences one less than or
+equal to the other which then the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the other which then the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the other which then the limit
+of the smaller sequence is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller sequence is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the smaller sequence is less than or
+equal to the limit of the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the limit of the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the limit of the bigger
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's give the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's give the proof
+and we'll use this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this theorem
+connecting limits of functions to limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting limits of functions to limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting limits of functions to limits
+of sequences and then we'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences and then we'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sequences and then we'll use the
+corresponding statement which we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding statement which we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding statement which we do have
+for for sequences which i just stated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for sequences which i just stated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for sequences which i just stated a
+couple of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let l1 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let l1 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let l1 be
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+and l2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c
+of g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g of x
+and what we want to show is that l1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show is that l1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we want to show is that l1 is
+less than or equal to l2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sequence
+and s take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s take away c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s take away c
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x n converges to c such a sequence such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges to c such a sequence such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges to c such a sequence such
+a sequence exists because c is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence exists because c is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence exists because c is a
+cluster point of s all right you proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s all right you proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s all right you proved
+in the assignment that if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment that if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the assignment that if i have a
+cluster point of s then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster point of s then there exists a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+in s take away c that converges to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stated this way by the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this way by the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this way by the previous theorem
+this limit equals l1 this limit equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit equals l1 this limit equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit equals l1 this limit equals
+l2 if and only if for every sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2 if and only if for every sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l2 if and only if for every sequence
+converging to c f of x n converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to c f of x n converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to c f of x n converges to l
+one at g of x n converges to l two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the previous theorem we then conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem we then conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem we then conclude
+that l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that l1
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the limit as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+actually i'm getting ahead of myself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm getting ahead of myself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm getting ahead of myself a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+so let's uh pause right there and reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh pause right there and reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh pause right there and reset
+so now we have the sequence converging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the sequence converging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the sequence converging
+to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by the assumption
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+f of x in is less than or equal to g of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x in is less than or equal to g of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x in is less than or equal to g of
+x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+f of x n converges to l one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to l one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x n converges to l one
+and f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f of
+x n converges g of xn converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges g of xn converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x n converges g of xn converges
+to l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l2
+we get by again this theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by again this theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by again this theorem about
+sequences which says if i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which says if i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences which says if i have two
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+f of x sub n this is a one sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n this is a one sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x sub n this is a one sequence is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to
+another sequence g of x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence g of x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sequence g of x in
+and they both converge then the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both converge then the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both converge then the limits
+uh satisfy the same inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which is what we wanted to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so
+like i said this theorem here follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said this theorem here follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said this theorem here follows
+from the analogous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the analogous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the analogous uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact i should have written this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i should have written this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i should have written this out
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or in fact i will write it out now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact i will write it out now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact i will write it out now so
+the analogous statement for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogous statement for sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogous statement for sequences
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if we're all in a n is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're all in a n is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're all in a n is less than or
+equal to b in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to b in
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as n goes to infinity assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity assuming
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+limits exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um satisfy the same inequality okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfy the same inequality okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um satisfy the same inequality okay so
+this is a analogous theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a analogous theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a analogous theorem to
+this theorem which we had for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem which we had for sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem which we had for sequences
+and we used this theorem from sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we used this theorem from sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we used this theorem from sequences
+to prove it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it okay
+now following that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now following that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now following that same
+philosophy you can prove analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy you can prove analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy you can prove analogous
+statements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements for
+uh functions limits of functions as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions limits of functions as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions limits of functions as you
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+from sequences you get these for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sequences you get these for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sequences you get these for free
+instead of stating all of the theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of stating all of the theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of stating all of the theorems
+we did for sequences except now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for sequences except now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for sequences except now for
+limits of functions i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions i'm just going to
+kind of quickly say you know you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quickly say you know you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quickly say you know you get the
+same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the previous theorem which connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem which connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous theorem which connects
+sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of
+which connects convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which connects convergence of
+functions to convergence of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analogous theorems four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorems four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous theorems four
+and let me state it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or limits of functions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or limits of functions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or limits of functions now
+and for example you have a squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example you have a squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for example you have a squeeze
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely if i have so just talking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if i have so just talking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if i have so just talking this
+out if i have three functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if i have three functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if i have three functions
+say f is less than or equal to g is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f is less than or equal to g is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say f is less than or equal to g is less
+than or equal to h and f of x and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to h and f of x and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to h and f of x and this
+converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l
+h of x converges to l then g of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x converges to l then g of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of x converges to l then g of x
+converges to l okay that's what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l okay that's what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l okay that's what i mean
+by analogous statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have
+theorems about algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operations and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if i have two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i have two functions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+have limits as x goes to c then f plus g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limits as x goes to c then f plus g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have limits as x goes to c then f plus g
+will have a limit as x goes to c and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a limit as x goes to c and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a limit as x goes to c and
+that the limit of the sum is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit of the sum is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the limit of the sum is the sum of
+the limits same thing with the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits same thing with the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits same thing with the product
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with
+the quotient assuming the limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient assuming the limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quotient assuming the limit on the
+bottom is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then similarly we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly we also have a
+theorem about the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and limits namely if f of x converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limits namely if f of x converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limits namely if f of x converges
+to l as x goes to c then the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l as x goes to c then the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l as x goes to c then the absolute
+value of f of x converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of f of x converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of f of x converges to the
+absolute value of l as x goes to c so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of l as x goes to c so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of l as x goes to c so
+you have all of these analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all of these analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all of these analogous
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+or theorems that are analogous to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or theorems that are analogous to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or theorems that are analogous to the
+statements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements from
+uh what we did for sequences but now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we did for sequences but now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we did for sequences but now for
+limits of functions as as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions as as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of functions as as x goes to c
+okay and i'm not going to state them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm not going to state them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm not going to state them all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can see this in the textbook right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this in the textbook right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this in the textbook right
+maybe the proof of some of them i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the proof of some of them i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the proof of some of them i'll
+give as exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give as exercises
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notion of a limit of a function from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a limit of a function from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a limit of a function from
+that of a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of a sequence
+just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unlike when we talk about limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike when we talk about limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike when we talk about limits of
+sequences here we're letting a point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences here we're letting a point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences here we're letting a point x
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+or get close to a point c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get close to a point c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get close to a point c
+but there's two ways it can get uh close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two ways it can get uh close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's two ways it can get uh close
+to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c
+on the real number line it can converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real number line it can converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real number line it can converge
+to c from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c from the left
+or it can converge to c from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can converge to c from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can converge to c from the right
+and this leads to the notion of left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads to the notion of left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this leads to the notion of left and
+right limits of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left and right limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+start the definition here we'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the definition here we'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the definition here we'll go to
+the next board so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next board so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next board so
+let s be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+minus infinity 0 intersect c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity 0 intersect c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity 0 intersect c
+intersect s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what i'm defining now is the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm defining now is the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm defining now is the notion
+of a function converging to something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function converging to something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a function converging to something as
+x goes to c from the left okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to c from the left okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x goes to c from the left okay that's
+why i'm looking at only s intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm looking at only s intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm looking at only s intersect
+minus infinity to c so i'm only looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to c so i'm only looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to c so i'm only looking
+to the left of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say
+f x converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x converges to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x converges to l
+as x converges to c from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x converges to c from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x converges to c from the left
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+putting a minus sign up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+it's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition as that of a theorem or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as that of a theorem or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as that of a theorem or that
+of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the limit
+but now we only look at x getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we only look at x getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we only look at x getting close
+to c from the left if for all epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c from the left if for all epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c from the left if for all epsilon
+positive there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive there exists
+a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c minus delta is less than x is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus delta is less than x is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c minus delta is less than x is less
+than c so it's close to c but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than c so it's close to c but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than c so it's close to c but to the
+left of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon
+okay and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in this case
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we write the limit as x goes to c with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the limit as x goes to c with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write the limit as x goes to c with a
+minus sign up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign up top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign up top
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and then we have an analogous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an analogous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an analogous uh
+definition for converging to uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for converging to uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for converging to uh or
+taking a limit of a function as x goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a limit of a function as x goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a limit of a function as x goes
+to c from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so c is
+the cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cluster point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c infinity
+uh c comma infinity intersect s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i shouldn't say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose c is a cluster point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose c is a cluster point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose c is a cluster point of
+now just taking s that's to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just taking s that's to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just taking s that's to the right of
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x converges to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x
+converges to c plus meaning as x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to c plus meaning as x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to c plus meaning as x
+converges to c from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to c from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to c from the right
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we're all epsilon positive there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all epsilon positive there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all epsilon positive there exists
+a delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive
+such that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all
+x and s satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and s satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and s satisfying
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+delta so now it's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so now it's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta so now it's close to
+c but to the right of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that f of x minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that f of x minus l
+is less than epsilon okay and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon okay and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon okay and similarly
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the notation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation uh
+up there we write limit as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there we write limit as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there we write limit as x goes to c
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of f of x equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x equals l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you know just like we proved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like we proved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just like we proved this
+theorem for limits you can state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for limits you can state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for limits you can state and
+prove an analogous statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove an analogous statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove an analogous statement
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+one-sided limits so such a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided limits so such a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided limits so such a statement
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as x goes to c minus of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c minus of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c minus of f of x
+equals l if and only if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if for every
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+satisfying x sub n is less than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying x sub n is less than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying x sub n is less than c
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh converging to c we have f of x n
+converges to l okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to l okay so
+these two just kind of limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two just kind of limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two just kind of limit
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+f behaves near a point c if we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f behaves near a point c if we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f behaves near a point c if we're just
+looking to the left of c or to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to the left of c or to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to the left of c or to the right
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but not at c so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not at c so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not at c so let's
+for example look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think this is usually referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is usually referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is usually referred to as
+the heavy side function so f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy side function so f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy side function so f of x equals
+zero for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for x
+less than or equal to zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to zero and one
+if x is less bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is less bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is less bigger than or equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why do why do you know people care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do why do you know people care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do why do you know people care
+about this function well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this function well
+in a certain sense if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense if you take the
+derivative of this function you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this function you get
+what's called the dirac delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the dirac delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the dirac delta
+function although that's not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function although that's not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function although that's not a function
+that's a distribution um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a distribution um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a distribution um but
+you know that's why this function has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why this function has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's why this function has a
+name to attach to it because if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to attach to it because if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to attach to it because if you take
+its derivative you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its derivative you get something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+somewhat special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat special
+anyways we're not interest we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways we're not interest we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways we're not interest we're not
+even at derivatives we're not even going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at derivatives we're not even going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at derivatives we're not even going
+to talk about distributions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about distributions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about distributions in this
+class so let's get back to uh one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's get back to uh one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so let's get back to uh one-sided
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh if i look at this function for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i look at this function for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i look at this function for x
+close to zero from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero from the left
+f is just zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact i can since i'm only looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact i can since i'm only looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact i can since i'm only looking
+at x to the left of zero in this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just plugging in x less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just plugging in x less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just plugging in x less than
+zero so i get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so i get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so i get zero
+and that's just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i look at this function from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i look at this function from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i look at this function from the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the right of zero then f of x is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of zero then f of x is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right of zero then f of x is just
+one it's just one identically and so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just one identically and so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just one identically and so i
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's again so although i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's again so although i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's again so although i haven't
+shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that
+one-sided limits of constants equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided limits of constants equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-sided limits of constants equal to
+constant i think that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant i think that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant i think that should be
+something you can easily believe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can easily believe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can easily believe or
+write out yourself so for this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out yourself so for this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out yourself so for this function
+we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that
+it does have two-sided limits except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have two-sided limits except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have two-sided limits except
+those limits don't equal each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits don't equal each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those limits don't equal each other okay
+and they certainly don't equal so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they certainly don't equal so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they certainly don't equal so you
+know this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this one
+does equal f of 0 but i could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made f of 0 to be a half and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made f of 0 to be a half and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made f of 0 to be a half and then this
+still would have been 0 and not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still would have been 0 and not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still would have been 0 and not equal to
+the function evaluated at the point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at the point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function evaluated at the point so
+again i'm making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point that for limits okay just limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that for limits okay just limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that for limits okay just limits
+it does not matter what the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter what the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not matter what the function is
+doing at the point all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at the point all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at the point all right
+limit only cares about how a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit only cares about how a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit only cares about how a function
+behaves near a point one-sided limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves near a point one-sided limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves near a point one-sided limits
+augment that by saying we're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment that by saying we're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment that by saying we're only going
+to care about the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about the function
+near the point and to the left for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point and to the left for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point and to the left for the
+left limit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left limit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left limit and
+to the right for the right limit so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right for the right limit so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right for the right limit so i
+didn't say that but this we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that but this we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that but this we call the
+left limit this we call the right limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left limit this we call the right limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left limit this we call the right limit
+simply because we're coming getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we're coming getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we're coming getting
+close to c from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the right
+and from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the left
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is
+the connection between left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection between left
+and right limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+s be a subset of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a subset of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s be a subset of r
+f be a function from s to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be a function from s to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be a function from s to r
+and suppose that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cluster point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster point
+of both sets minus infinity to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sets minus infinity to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sets minus infinity to c
+intersect s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c infinity intersect s okay that way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c infinity intersect s okay that way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c infinity intersect s okay that way i
+can talk about the left and right limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the left and right limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about the left and right limits
+of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+um if c is a cluster point of any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if c is a cluster point of any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if c is a cluster point of any one of
+these sets it's going to be a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets it's going to be a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sets it's going to be a cluster
+point of the set s okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the set s okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the set s okay so we can
+actually look at uh the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at uh the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at uh the limit
+so then the limit as x goes to c of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the limit as x goes to c of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the limit as x goes to c of f of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+exists and equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and equals l
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+the limit as x goes to c from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c from the left
+of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+equals the limit as x goes to c from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit as x goes to c from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the limit as x goes to c from the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of x
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know this kind of looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this kind of looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this kind of looks like the
+theorem we proved about limb soup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we proved about limb soup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we proved about limb soup and
+lemf but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemf but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemf but
+you know they don't have any they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they don't have any they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they don't have any they don't
+have any connection um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+okay kind of what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay kind of what uh
+if you want to make some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make some sort of
+connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between
+the way this theorem looks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this theorem looks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this theorem looks and the
+statement of the theorem for limp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the theorem for limp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the theorem for limp and
+limb soup so this is kind of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup so this is kind of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup so this is kind of saying that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+limit of a function equals l if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a function equals l if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a function equals l if
+we approach from the left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach from the left or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach from the left or right
+the f the function f approaches l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f the function f approaches l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f the function f approaches l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and for the limb soup limb inf guy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the limb soup limb inf guy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the limb soup limb inf guy that
+we did for sequences you could take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for sequences you could take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did for sequences you could take that
+as saying that the limit of a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that the limit of a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as saying that the limit of a sequence
+equals l if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l if and only if
+um kind of following the sequence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of following the sequence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of following the sequence from
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+that approaches l and following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approaches l and following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approaches l and following the
+sequence from above that also approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence from above that also approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence from above that also approaches
+l okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l okay so
+you know there's kind of two directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's kind of two directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's kind of two directions
+there just as there's two directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just as there's two directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just as there's two directions
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+not really okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's give a quick proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the serum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not difficult it follows almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difficult it follows almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not difficult it follows almost
+immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in fact i'm going to do only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i'm going to do only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i'm going to do only one
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so kind of this direction should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of this direction should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of this direction should
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+assuming this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming this
+and proving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proving this
+should be pretty clear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty clear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty clear okay
+if i have this this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have this this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have this this means that
+you know if i want to be close to l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i want to be close to l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i want to be close to l i
+just need to be close to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to be close to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to be close to c
+and therefore it doesn't matter if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it doesn't matter if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it doesn't matter if i'm
+close to c from the left or right i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the left or right i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the left or right i'll
+be close to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and going this direction this says i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going this direction this says i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going this direction this says i
+just need to be close to c from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to be close to c from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to be close to c from the left
+sufficiently close and i need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close and i need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently close and i need to be
+close to c from the right sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the right sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to c from the right sufficiently
+close to be close to l okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to be close to l okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to be close to l okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so
+really there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's not
+a lot of um trickiness in the proof it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of um trickiness in the proof it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of um trickiness in the proof it's
+just writing these things out and so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing these things out and so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing these things out and so i'm
+just going to write out one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write out one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write out one direction
+and leave the other direction to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave the other direction to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave the other direction to you
+so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left limit equals the right limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals l and now we want to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l and now we want to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l and now we want to show that
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c of f of x
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+so let's go back to the definition let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the definition let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the definition let
+epsilon be positive we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive we want to be able
+to find a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a delta
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+uh f of x is within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x is within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f of x is within
+epsilon to l if x is within delta to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's the point here's c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the point here's c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the point here's c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's l
+so this is the picture that goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the picture that goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the picture that goes along
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+assuming these two limits equal l i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these two limits equal l i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these two limits equal l i know
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+that there exists a delta one so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a delta one so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there exists a delta one so that if
+i'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in
+this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval
+then and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l plus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l minus epsilon
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i'm within delta 1 to c and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm within delta 1 to c and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm within delta 1 to c and to the
+left then f will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f will be close to l in that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f will be close to l in that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f will be close to l in that interval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then since the limit as x goes to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then since the limit as x goes to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then since the limit as x goes to c
+from the right equals l there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right equals l there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right equals l there exists
+some delta two so that if i'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delta two so that if i'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delta two so that if i'm in this
+interval then i'll be again close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then i'll be again close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval then i'll be again close to
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but this means that if i choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this means that if i choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this means that if i choose the
+smaller of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i look at the whole interval then f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the whole interval then f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the whole interval then f
+will be close to l on the whole interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be close to l on the whole interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be close to l on the whole interval
+and that's it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it okay
+so let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as x goes to c minus f of x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c minus f of x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as x goes to c minus f of x equals
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+this implies there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies there exists
+delta 1 positive such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x minus c is less than delta 1 then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta 1 then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta 1 then i
+get that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if c minus delta 1 is less than x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c minus delta 1 is less than x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c minus delta 1 is less than x is
+less than delta less than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta less than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than delta less than c
+this implies that f of x minus l is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that f of x minus l is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that f of x minus l is less
+than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon
+and similarly for the right limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the limit as x goes to c plus of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c plus of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c plus of f of x
+equals l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals l
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+by the definition there exists a delta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition there exists a delta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition there exists a delta 2
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is less than x is less than c plus
+delta 2 then i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta to be the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be the minimum
+of delta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta 1
+delta 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta 2.
+and then we'll now show that this delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll now show that this delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll now show that this delta
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so now we're going to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now we're going to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so now we're going to show this
+delta works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's less than delta then this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than delta then this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than delta then this implies
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+c minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we take something close within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take something close within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we take something close within
+delta to c and delta's the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to c and delta's the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to c and delta's the minimum of
+these two distances then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two distances then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two distances then
+for the sake of this picture let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of this picture let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sake of this picture let's say
+delta one equals delta two so now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta one equals delta two so now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta one equals delta two so now i'm
+looking at this interval then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this interval then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this interval then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+two cases either x's and c minus delta c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases either x's and c minus delta c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cases either x's and c minus delta c
+which is a subset of c minus delta 1 c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of c minus delta 1 c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a subset of c minus delta 1 c
+since delta is the minimum of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since delta is the minimum of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since delta is the minimum of those two
+those two deltas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies
+by the first inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+for delta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+c c plus delta which is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c plus delta which is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c plus delta which is a subset of
+c c plus delta two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c plus delta two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c plus delta two
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+our choice of delta two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice of delta two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our choice of delta two
+gives us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x minus c is less than delta
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus l is less than epsilon
+that's the end of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the proof
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i've said this over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said this over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said this over and over again
+limits don't limits the functions don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits don't limits the functions don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits don't limits the functions don't
+care about what the function is doing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what the function is doing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about what the function is doing at
+the point cares about what the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point cares about what the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point cares about what the function
+is doing near the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing near the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing near the point
+now we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to discuss
+the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of
+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+connects the limit of a function at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the limit of a function at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the limit of a function at a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the function so it connects how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so it connects how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so it connects how a
+function behaves near a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves near a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves near a point
+to the function evaluated at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function evaluated at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function evaluated at the point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can even write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how a function behaves near a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so near
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you'll see from from writing when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see from from writing when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see from from writing when i
+write down the definition basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the definition basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the definition basically
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+um what's kind of staring you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's kind of staring you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's kind of staring you in the
+face is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face is that
+uh the definition of continuity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the definition of continuity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the definition of continuity is that
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to c of f of x
+equals f of c right so we had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of c right so we had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals f of c right so we had these
+examples where the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where the limit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think already erased it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think already erased it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think already erased it but
+where the limit exists but does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limit exists but does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limit exists but does not
+equal f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal f of c
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+here for continuity the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for continuity the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for continuity the notion of
+continuity is that the limit as x goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is that the limit as x goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is that the limit as x goes
+to c of f of x actually equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c of f of x actually equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c of f of x actually equals the
+function evaluated at that point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have the following definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let s be a subset of r and see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be a subset of r and see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be a subset of r and see an
+element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of s
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for all epsilon positive
+there exists a delta positive such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a delta positive such
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and s satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and s satisfying
+x minus c is less than delta so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta so in
+particular look uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular look uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular look uh
+i can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now
+for example x equals c will satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example x equals c will satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example x equals c will satisfy this
+inequality i don't have the 0 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality i don't have the 0 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality i don't have the 0 is less
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for all x and s which are close to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all x and s which are close to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all x and s which are close to c
+within delta i have that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within delta i have that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within delta i have that f of x
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an epsilon of f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an epsilon of f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an epsilon of f of c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case
+so just a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on its domain that we're considering we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its domain that we're considering we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its domain that we're considering we
+just say f is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+for a function to be continuous at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function to be continuous at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a function to be continuous at a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+nearby x x being near c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby x x being near c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby x x being near c
+should mean that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mean that f of x
+should be near f c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be near f c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be near f c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll go through let's go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through let's go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through let's go through
+some examples remember whenever you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples remember whenever you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples remember whenever you get
+a definition you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition you should
+look for examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for examples
+and then potentially negate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then potentially negate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then potentially negate it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+negate this definition in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate this definition in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negate this definition in just a second
+to show that a function i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that a function i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that a function i
+wrote down a minute ago is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a minute ago is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down a minute ago is not
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function so the affine function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so the affine function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so the affine function f of
+x equals a times x plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals a times x plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals a times x plus b
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+so s is r so x is um a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s is r so x is um a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s is r so x is um a real number
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a continuous function meaning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function meaning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function meaning it's
+continuous at every real number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every real number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every real number c
+all right so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see be an element of r we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see be an element of r we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see be an element of r we want to
+show f is continuous at c so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show f is continuous at c so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show f is continuous at c so we have to
+go through the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+delta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to be
+epsilon over one plus absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over one plus absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over one plus absolute value of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+last time in the previous lecture i kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in the previous lecture i kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in the previous lecture i kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+gave the intuition on why you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the intuition on why you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the intuition on why you would
+choose this delta based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this delta based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this delta based on
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh epsilon
+i did a computation here i'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a computation here i'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a computation here i'm just going
+to choose delta this way and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose delta this way and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose delta this way and you'll see
+that it works so now we have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works so now we have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it works so now we have to show
+this delta works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delta works
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+we should be able to now show that f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to now show that f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to now show that f of
+x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus
+f of c is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to ax plus b minus ac plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to ax plus b minus ac plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to ax plus b minus ac plus
+b so this is equal to a times x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so this is equal to a times x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b so this is equal to a times x minus c
+which equals absolute value of a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals absolute value of a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals absolute value of a times
+absolute value of x minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus c is less than
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+times a which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a which equals
+the absolute value of a over one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a over one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a over one plus
+the absolute value of a times epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of a times epsilon
+which is less than epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than epsilon okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than epsilon okay
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+a number over one plus that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number over one plus that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number over one plus that number is
+always less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um maybe you were wondering why didn't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you were wondering why didn't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe you were wondering why didn't i
+just choose delta to be epsilon over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose delta to be epsilon over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose delta to be epsilon over the
+absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of a
+this is just a smidgen of sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a smidgen of sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a smidgen of sophistication
+that what happens if the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happens if the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happens if the absolute value
+of a is equal to 0 then we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is equal to 0 then we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is equal to 0 then we would have
+divided by 0. so adding a 1 there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 0. so adding a 1 there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 0. so adding a 1 there um
+takes care of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes care of that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is continuous at every c so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous at every c so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous at every c so this
+function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about a function that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a function that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about a function that's not
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sure this is the next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like here is a non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the function f of x which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function f of x which equals
+1 if x equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if x equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if x equals 0
+2 if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if x
+not equal to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's negate the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's negate the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's negate the definition of
+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the negation of continuity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of continuity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of continuity is
+so f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+continuous at c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at c
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+so the for alls become their exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for alls become their exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the for alls become their exist
+and their exists become for all so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their exists become for all so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their exists become for all so if
+there exists some bad epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some bad epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists some bad epsilon
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all delta positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all delta positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all delta positive
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x minus c is less than delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus c is less than delta
+and we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second inequality f of x minus f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second inequality f of x minus f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second inequality f of x minus f of
+c is bigger than or equal to this bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is bigger than or equal to this bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is bigger than or equal to this bad
+epsilon okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this guy
+it's pretty clear which x to choose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear which x to choose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear which x to choose so
+let's let's think this out for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think this out for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's think this out for a minute
+there should be some bad epsilon 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some bad epsilon 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be some bad epsilon 0 so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if i take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any
+small interval around 0 i can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval around 0 i can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small interval around 0 i can find a
+point in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this interval
+so that f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that f of
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+minus f of c is going to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c is going to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c is going to be bigger than
+or equal to epsilon 0. all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to epsilon 0. all right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to epsilon 0. all right now
+here f of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here f of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here f of c
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+f of 0 which is 1. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 0 which is 1. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 0 which is 1. okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what would be the bad epsilon so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the bad epsilon so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the bad epsilon so that
+f of 1 is greater than distance 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 1 is greater than distance 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of 1 is greater than distance 1 or
+greater than distance epsilon 0 to f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than distance epsilon 0 to f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than distance epsilon 0 to f of
+x for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x for x
+for some x in this interval well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some x in this interval well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some x in this interval well
+if i take any x in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any x in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take any x in this interval
+other than zero and stick it into f i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than zero and stick it into f i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than zero and stick it into f i'm
+going to get two and that's with greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two and that's with greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two and that's with greater
+than or equal to distance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to distance one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to distance one
+to f of zero all right so epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of zero all right so epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to f of zero all right so epsilon zero
+i will choose to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we want to prove that f this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to prove that f this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to prove that f this
+function here is not continuous at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here is not continuous at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here is not continuous at zero
+so how to tell you what the bad epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to tell you what the bad epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to tell you what the bad epsilon
+is choose epsilon zero equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choose epsilon zero equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is choose epsilon zero equals one
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so now we have to show this bad epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to show this bad epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have to show this bad epsilon
+zero is indeed bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is indeed bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is indeed bad
+delta b positive we have to now find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta b positive we have to now find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta b positive we have to now find
+a number in this interval so that f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number in this interval so that f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number in this interval so that f of x
+minus f of c i mean f of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c i mean f of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of c i mean f of 0
+is bigger than or equal to 1 and like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to 1 and like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to 1 and like i
+said a minute ago if you take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago if you take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a minute ago if you take any
+x in this interval other than 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in this interval other than 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in this interval other than 0 and
+stick it into f i get 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into f i get 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it into f i get 2 which is
+a distance 1 to f of 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x to be delta over 2 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus zero is less than delta it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus zero is less than delta it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus zero is less than delta it's
+actually equal to delta over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x
+minus f of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of zero
+this is equal to 2 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to epsilon
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+okay so this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this function is
+not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so next time and i'll just leave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time and i'll just leave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next time and i'll just leave this
+question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+um which we'll address uh in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we'll address uh in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we'll address uh in the next
+lecture but it's a kind of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's a kind of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but it's a kind of simple
+question so first off if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so first off if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so first off if you look at
+this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function
+it shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't be
+too hard to convince yourself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to convince yourself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to convince yourself so
+um you know you're also told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you're also told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you're also told
+when you're a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're a child
+that a function is continuous if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function is continuous if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a function is continuous if you can
+draw the graph and not lift up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the graph and not lift up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the graph and not lift up the
+pencil which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil which
+i better not see on the exam if i ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i better not see on the exam if i ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i better not see on the exam if i ask
+you about continuity but anyways for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about continuity but anyways for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about continuity but anyways for the
+sake of this conversation let's uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of this conversation let's uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of this conversation let's uh take
+that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+the intuition so you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition so you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition so you can convince
+yourself that this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this function is
+continuous over here though right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous over here though right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous over here though right if
+i'm getting close to let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting close to let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting close to let's say this is
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the function is getting close to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is getting close to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is getting close to 2
+and the value of the function at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the function at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the function at minus
+one is two so the function is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is two so the function is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is two so the function is getting
+close to the value of the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the value of the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the value of the function at
+minus one and the same for if i'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the same for if i'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and the same for if i'm over
+looking at c equals one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at c equals one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at c equals one so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know you should be able to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you should be able to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you should be able to convince
+yourself that this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that this function is
+continuous at every point other than at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every point other than at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at every point other than at
+the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+0. so a natural question to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let f be a function
+let's say defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say defined on
+the whole real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does there exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist
+a point in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f is
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at this point c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point c
+okay for this example over here we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for this example over here we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for this example over here we were
+able to you know any point other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know any point other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know any point other than
+zero the function's continuous there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the function's continuous there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the function's continuous there
+okay so a natural question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a natural question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a natural question is
+let's say i take an arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take an arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i take an arbitrary function
+does it have to have a point where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to have a point where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it have to have a point where it's
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+and next time we'll see that that answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time we'll see that that answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time we'll see that that answer
+is no we'll give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example that's
+i think due to dirichlet because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think due to dirichlet because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think due to dirichlet because it's
+named after him but you know naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after him but you know naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after him but you know naming
+doesn't necessarily mean anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean anything in
+math green serum is named after green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math green serum is named after green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math green serum is named after green
+but he didn't prove it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't prove it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't prove it so
+maybe it was due to somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was due to somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it was due to somebody else
+and we'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+similar characterization of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar characterization of continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar characterization of continuity
+that's kind of analogous to this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of analogous to this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of analogous to this first
+statement we had for limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we had for limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we had for limits
+and we'll do that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bBOBSC16NLU.txt b/bBOBSC16NLU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74c6c8642f12dadd5b560a2f64ef117607f7443f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bBOBSC16NLU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17320 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i'm going to briefly recap what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to briefly recap what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to briefly recap what we
+discussed and then sort of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then sort of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then sort of talk about
+a number of different applications uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different applications uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different applications uh
+ranging from like work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from like work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from like work
+exercising credit card savings behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising credit card savings behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising credit card savings behavior
+drinking smoking uh fertilizer use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking smoking uh fertilizer use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking smoking uh fertilizer use and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+and then uh um that'll spill into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh um that'll spill into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh um that'll spill into the
+next lecture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture or
+go into next lecture as well i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into next lecture as well i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into next lecture as well i'm gonna
+sort of summarize where we are what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize where we are what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize where we are what do
+we know about time preferences what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about time preferences what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about time preferences what have
+you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned
+what's useful from what have you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's useful from what have you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's useful from what have you learned
+for the world and what things might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world and what things might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the world and what things might be
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+up for investigation okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for investigation okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for investigation okay so what
+happened so far is like i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so far is like i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so far is like i showed you
+a simple model of exponential discounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple model of exponential discounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple model of exponential discounts
+discounting again that's the workhorse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting again that's the workhorse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting again that's the workhorse
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+of discounting and economics is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discounting and economics is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discounting and economics is one of
+the most successful and most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most successful and most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most successful and most important
+models that people have written down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that people have written down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that people have written down in
+economics the solo model etc like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the solo model etc like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the solo model etc like many
+sort of different important models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different important models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different important models
+thinking about long run growth and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about long run growth and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about long run growth and so on
+use this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this particular
+model so it's been tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it's been tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so it's been tremendously
+important and successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and successful
+it has different implications that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different implications that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has different implications that we
+discussed at length both in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length both in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length both in class and
+lecture and in recitation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in recitation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in recitation which is
+constant discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant discounting
+dynamic consistency and no demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic consistency and no demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic consistency and no demand for
+commitment we discussed some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment we discussed some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment we discussed some evidence
+that shows that these assumptions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that these assumptions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that these assumptions these
+implications are not warranted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are not warranted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications are not warranted
+and then we talked about a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about a different
+version of this model or like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this model or like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this model or like an
+extension if you want of that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension if you want of that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension if you want of that model
+which is the quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the quasi-hyperbolic
+discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+which adds an additional parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which adds an additional parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which adds an additional parameter that
+measures people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures people's
+present bias or present focus as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or present focus as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or present focus as people
+call it sometimes these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it sometimes these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it sometimes these days
+which allows us to be more flexible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows us to be more flexible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows us to be more flexible and
+be able to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to look at
+short run and long run discounting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and long run discounting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short run and long run discounting in
+the same model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same model
+as in like there's one parameter of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like there's one parameter of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in like there's one parameter of beta
+that measures people's short run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures people's short run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures people's short run
+discount factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factor
+and another parameter delta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another parameter delta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another parameter delta which is
+close to one often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one often
+that measures the long run discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures the long run discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measures the long run discount
+factor that makes the model more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that makes the model more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that makes the model more
+flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible
+and we're able to explain some phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to explain some phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're able to explain some phenomena
+that might be hard to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be hard to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be hard to explain
+otherwise any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise any questions
+on that so far or last time or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then next we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then next we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then next we talked about
+sophistication versus naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication versus naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication versus naivete
+so this is the issue that we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the issue that we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the issue that we discussed
+before which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is um
+present bias um creates time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias um creates time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias um creates time and
+consistency right when thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency right when thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency right when thinking about
+the future we want to be patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we want to be patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future we want to be patient
+when the time actually comes when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time actually comes when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time actually comes when the
+future actually arrived uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future actually arrived uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future actually arrived uh
+we we are impatient so then the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are impatient so then the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are impatient so then the key
+question you might ask is like well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you might ask is like well do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you might ask is like well do
+people understand their time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand their time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand their time
+inconsistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency
+we talked about two different extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about two different extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about two different extreme
+assumptions or versions of this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions or versions of this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions or versions of this one is
+full naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full naivete
+which is the idea that the person does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that the person does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the idea that the person does
+not realize that she will change her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize that she will change her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not realize that she will change her
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+when thinking about the future she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about the future she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when thinking about the future she
+thinks she's going to follow through on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks she's going to follow through on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks she's going to follow through on
+her favorite plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her favorite plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her favorite plan
+when the future comes she will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the future comes she will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the future comes she will be
+patient but then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient but then of course
+uh the future arrives and surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the future arrives and surprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the future arrives and surprises
+happen and the person is surprised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and the person is surprised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and the person is surprised by
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+present bias and sort of there's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and sort of there's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias and sort of there's false
+optimism about future patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism about future patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism about future patients
+and sort of the uh over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the uh over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the uh over and over again
+the person might say this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person might say this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person might say this time
+is different um second a second extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different um second a second extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different um second a second extreme
+assumption is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is a
+full sophistication that is perfect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication that is perfect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication that is perfect for
+sight the person actually understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight the person actually understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight the person actually understands
+the beta perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta perfectly well
+and understands that she on the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understands that she on the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understands that she on the future
+might not stick to the plans that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not stick to the plans that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not stick to the plans that she
+has and might change her mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and might change her mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has and might change her mind
+so she does sort of her best given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she does sort of her best given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she does sort of her best given the
+future selves anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future selves anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future selves anticipated
+changes in behavior so taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in behavior so taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in behavior so taken into
+account as a constraint what the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account as a constraint what the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account as a constraint what the person
+will do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do in the future
+the person optimizes uh that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person optimizes uh that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person optimizes uh that way
+there's no surprises about future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprises about future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no surprises about future
+present bias the person has rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias the person has rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias the person has rational
+expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations
+okay those are the two broad extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the two broad extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the two broad extreme
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+that we discussed now how can we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed now how can we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed now how can we tell
+how can we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we actually
+tell so if i if you wanted to to to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell so if i if you wanted to to to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell so if i if you wanted to to to know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+uh your friend and try to understand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your friend and try to understand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your friend and try to understand is
+this person not even so or sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person not even so or sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person not even so or sophisticated
+how can we actually tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we actually tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we actually tell
+what that's the case what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what data could you collect from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data could you collect from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data could you collect from your
+friend or from people that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what exactly would you collect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one thing you can do is collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing you can do is collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one thing you can do is collect
+the person's beliefs you can ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's beliefs you can ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person's beliefs you can ask them
+what are you going to do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to do in the future
+and if the person mispredicts what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the person mispredicts what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the person mispredicts what
+they're going to be in the future in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be in the future in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be in the future in
+particular if the person thinks they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the person thinks they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the person thinks they're
+going to be more patient in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more patient in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more patient in the future
+than they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they actually are
+so if they think their beta in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they think their beta in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they think their beta in the
+future is higher than it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is higher than it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is higher than it actually is
+that would that would suggest at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would suggest at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would that would suggest at least
+some naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some naivete
+right what else could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what else could we
+could we uh elicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so if you offered them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you offered them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you offered them
+commitment devices and we said here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and we said here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and we said here's a
+commitment device you can change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device you can change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device you can change your
+future behavior in certain ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future behavior in certain ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future behavior in certain ways that
+make certain behaviors in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain behaviors in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make certain behaviors in the future
+more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive
+so for example you might tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you might tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you might tell your
+friend or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or
+your friend might offer to you if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend might offer to you if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend might offer to you if i
+don't do the problem set until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the problem set until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do the problem set until
+friday 5 pm because you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday 5 pm because you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday 5 pm because you want to have
+like fun friday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fun friday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fun friday night
+i'm gonna pay you a hundred dollars um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna pay you a hundred dollars um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna pay you a hundred dollars um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um if you uh make that choice or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you uh make that choice or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you uh make that choice or if
+somebody offers you that option to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody offers you that option to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody offers you that option to like
+pay them hundred dollars in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them hundred dollars in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay them hundred dollars in case you
+haven't done the problem set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the problem set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done the problem set by
+friday five pm uh that choice does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday five pm uh that choice does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday five pm uh that choice does make
+doesn't make any sense if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense if the if the
+person is an exponential discounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is an exponential discounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is an exponential discounter
+that person only makes sense if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person only makes sense if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person only makes sense if you are
+present bias or if you have self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or if you have self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or if you have self-control
+problems in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in some way
+and you must be sophisticated in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you must be sophisticated in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you must be sophisticated in some
+sense so it must must indicate some form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so it must must indicate some form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so it must must indicate some form
+of sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sophistication
+to be clear it doesn't indicate perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear it doesn't indicate perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be clear it doesn't indicate perfect
+sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication
+you might be only partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be only partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be only partially
+sophisticated but at least it indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated but at least it indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated but at least it indicates
+some form of sophistication we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of sophistication we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of sophistication we're going
+to talk about partial sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about partial sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about partial sophistication
+in a bit the same awareness issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit the same awareness issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit the same awareness issue
+does not arise with exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not arise with exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not arise with exponential
+discounting why is that so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting why is that so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting why is that so in some sense
+if you thought about like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought about like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you thought about like if you have
+looked at like the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like the exponential
+discounting model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting model
+there's nothing about sophistication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about sophistication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about sophistication and
+navitate there's no parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navitate there's no parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navitate there's no parameter that
+measures that and why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that and why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures that and why is that
+why do we need like a delta hat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need like a delta hat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need like a delta hat or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so the whole issue only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so the whole issue only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so the whole issue only
+arises because there's time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because there's time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because there's time and
+consistency the future self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency the future self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency the future self
+wants different things that the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants different things that the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants different things that the current
+self does in the exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self does in the exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self does in the exponential discounting
+model there's no such issue there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's no such issue there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's no such issue there's no
+time inconsistency so the future self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistency so the future self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistency so the future self
+will always do what the current self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always do what the current self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always do what the current self
+actually wants to do unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wants to do unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wants to do unless
+circumstances change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances change
+so we don't need any parameter that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't need any parameter that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't need any parameter that sort
+of looks at like how much is the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks at like how much is the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks at like how much is the future
+self deviating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self deviating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self deviating
+because that's not even an issue in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not even an issue in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not even an issue in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+okay so then um we talked about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um we talked about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then um we talked about sort of
+extreme assumptions so these are extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme assumptions so these are extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme assumptions so these are extreme
+assumptions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions on the
+on the two ends one is like full naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two ends one is like full naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two ends one is like full naivete
+you're entirely naive you just cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're entirely naive you just cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're entirely naive you just cannot
+uh imagine that your beta in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imagine that your beta in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh imagine that your beta in the future
+will be different from one that's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different from one that's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be different from one that's full
+naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete
+and then there is um the other extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is um the other extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is um the other extreme
+assumption which is full sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is full sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is full sophistication
+which is beta hat equals beta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is beta hat equals beta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is beta hat equals beta right
+essentially as like you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as like you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as like you understand
+entirely what's going on with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely what's going on with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely what's going on with your
+future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future
+um beta but of course there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta but of course there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta but of course there's a whole
+range in between from beta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in between from beta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in between from beta to
+uh to one uh that beta hat could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to one uh that beta hat could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to one uh that beta hat could
+could take and that's what we refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take and that's what we refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take and that's what we refer to
+as like partial naivety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like partial naivety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like partial naivety
+that is to say beta hat measures the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say beta hat measures the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say beta hat measures the the
+beliefs about future beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about future beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about future beta
+the extreme cases um are useful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme cases um are useful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme cases um are useful to think
+about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but
+presumably the truth is somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the truth is somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the truth is somewhere in
+between so the intermediate case might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so the intermediate case might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so the intermediate case might
+be sort of the most relevant one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of the most relevant one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of the most relevant one
+uh which is beta hat is between beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is beta hat is between beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is beta hat is between beta
+and one so that is to say the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one so that is to say the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one so that is to say the individual
+understands that they will experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that they will experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands that they will experience
+present bias in the future so i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future so i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future so i know
+that i have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have some
+present bias in the future as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future as an example
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+my beta might be 0.6 i might think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my beta might be 0.6 i might think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my beta might be 0.6 i might think i
+understand to some degree that my future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to some degree that my future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to some degree that my future
+beta is not one but i might think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is not one but i might think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is not one but i might think it's
+like 0.8 or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.8 or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.8 or the like
+so understand that i will be present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so understand that i will be present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so understand that i will be present
+biased in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased in the future
+and but i underestimate the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i underestimate the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i underestimate the degree of
+present bias in the future and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias in the future and so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+if i'm partially naive and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm partially naive and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm partially naive and this is what
+maya was saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya was saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maya was saying earlier
+i i might demand commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i might demand commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i might demand commitment devices
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+i might understand i have a i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might understand i have a i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might understand i have a i have a
+problem in the future so i want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the future so i want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the future so i want some
+commitment devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices
+but i could also overcome it i could so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i could also overcome it i could so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i could also overcome it i could so
+demand commitment devices are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment devices are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment devices are actually
+not useful for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not useful for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not useful for me
+why is that because i sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because i sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that because i sort of
+underestimate how bad my self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate how bad my self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate how bad my self-control
+problem is i understand there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is i understand there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is i understand there's a
+self-control problem somebody offers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem somebody offers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem somebody offers me
+a commitment device that's fairly weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device that's fairly weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device that's fairly weak
+i say great that's going to help me i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say great that's going to help me i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say great that's going to help me i'm
+going to that's going to help me follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to that's going to help me follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to that's going to help me follow
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+but then surprise my self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then surprise my self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then surprise my self-control
+problems actually worse than i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems actually worse than i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems actually worse than i
+anticipated and then i have a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated and then i have a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated and then i have a commitment
+device and i'm actually failing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and i'm actually failing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and i'm actually failing with
+that commitment device because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that commitment device because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that commitment device because the
+self-control problem happens to be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem happens to be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem happens to be worse
+than anticipated any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anticipated any questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anticipated any questions on this
+we're gonna uh uh talk tomorrow about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna uh uh talk tomorrow about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna uh uh talk tomorrow about
+like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um
+a little bit about like solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about like solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about like solving problems
+with partial naivete we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with partial naivete we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with partial naivete we talked about
+solving problems with full naivete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems with full naivete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems with full naivete and
+full sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication
+partial navitation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial navitation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial navitation is a little bit
+trickier because it sort of requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier because it sort of requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier because it sort of requires
+iterating forwards and backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating forwards and backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating forwards and backwards
+uh we talk about this briefly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talk about this briefly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talk about this briefly um
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+okay so now demand for commitment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now demand for commitment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now demand for commitment we
+already talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about this before
+here's sort of a formal definition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a formal definition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a formal definition it's
+defined as an arrangement entered into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an arrangement entered into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an arrangement entered into
+by an agent who restricts his and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an agent who restricts his and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an agent who restricts his and her
+future choices by making certain choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future choices by making certain choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future choices by making certain choices
+more expensive perhaps infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive perhaps infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive perhaps infinitely
+expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+right that's to say at the margin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's to say at the margin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's to say at the margin you
+might sort of pay for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of pay for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sort of pay for something
+that might make your restrict your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make your restrict your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might make your restrict your
+choices or make your choices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or make your choices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices or make your choices in the
+future more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future more expensive
+if it's like not available at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's like not available at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's like not available at all you
+think you can think of this as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can think of this as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can think of this as like the
+price is like infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is like infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is like infinite
+right so i make i i don't want to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i make i i don't want to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i make i i don't want to eat
+donuts tomorrow i can make donuts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts tomorrow i can make donuts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donuts tomorrow i can make donuts more
+expensive more and more expensive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive more and more expensive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive more and more expensive if
+it's infinitely expensive doughnuts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinitely expensive doughnuts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's infinitely expensive doughnuts are
+just not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not available
+to me so now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me so now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me so now of course
+as we said before time and consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said before time and consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said before time and consistent
+preferences uh the self stiffer and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh the self stiffer and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences uh the self stiffer and this
+is again repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again repetition
+uh selves differ between what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selves differ between what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selves differ between what you want
+today versus in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today versus in the future
+you might sort of worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sort of worry about
+misbehaving in the future if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehaving in the future if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misbehaving in the future if you
+understand that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you might
+uh want to discipline your future self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh want to discipline your future self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh want to discipline your future self
+by demanding a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by demanding a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by demanding a commitment device
+okay so who are viewers using commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who are viewers using commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so who are viewers using commitment
+devices or can you give me an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices or can you give me an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices or can you give me an example of
+a commitment device that they have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device that they have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device that they have used
+in the past successful or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should try that um yes i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should try that um yes i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should try that um yes i've been
+i've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so that's an example of a
+commitment device that's sort of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device that's sort of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device that's sort of partial
+in some ways it's not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it's not sort of
+strong enough so either you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough so either you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough so either you can sort of
+substitute to like you know firefox or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute to like you know firefox or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute to like you know firefox or
+whatever like another browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like another browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever like another browser
+you can substitute your phone you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute your phone you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can substitute your phone you can
+substitute your friend's phone even and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute your friend's phone even and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute your friend's phone even and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+or you know you might just actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know you might just actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know you might just actually be
+able to turn it off yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to turn it off yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to turn it off yourself
+but you can circumvent i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can circumvent i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can circumvent i think there's
+sort of some apps that have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some apps that have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some apps that have sort of
+options that don't allow you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that don't allow you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that don't allow you to do that
+at all but you guys are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but you guys are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but you guys are like
+a lot of cs majors so maybe you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cs majors so maybe you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cs majors so maybe you can get
+around that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that as well
+any other examples yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do you do actually then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do actually then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do actually then so
+what's your commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your commitment device
+i guess it's like making the choice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's like making the choice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it's like making the choice to
+eat something else like more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat something else like more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat something else like more expensive
+because i have to like go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have to like go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i have to like go back to the
+grocery store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store
+but so what but how do you commit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what but how do you commit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what but how do you commit then
+or like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like what's
+restricting your options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but like so so so you know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like so so so you know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like so so so you know that you're
+going to do that in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that in the future
+potentially so now how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so now how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially so now how do you
+avoid or change your future behavior can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid or change your future behavior can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid or change your future behavior can
+you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of
+incentivize yourself or can you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize yourself or can you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize yourself or can you make
+sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so
+another version of that would be like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version of that would be like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version of that would be like so
+what people often do is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people often do is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people often do is like
+um when they buy for example potato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they buy for example potato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when they buy for example potato
+chips so they're like they buy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips so they're like they buy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips so they're like they buy really
+small bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bags
+and part sort of knowing that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part sort of knowing that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part sort of knowing that like if
+they buy a big bag which actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy a big bag which actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buy a big bag which actually would
+be cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cheaper
+they would just eat it all so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just eat it all so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just eat it all so then you
+have like only very small portions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like only very small portions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like only very small portions and
+then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know
+if you want another one you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want another one you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want another one you have to sort
+of go to the store and buy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go to the store and buy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go to the store and buy more
+so that's like a version it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like a version it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like a version it's sort of a
+version of a commitment device where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a commitment device where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a commitment device where
+essentially you commit yourself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you commit yourself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you commit yourself to
+if you want to eat more potato chips in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to eat more potato chips in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to eat more potato chips in
+the future you have to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you have to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future you have to go back to the
+store as opposed to having like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store as opposed to having like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store as opposed to having like a big
+bag that you can just consume in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag that you can just consume in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag that you can just consume in one
+session yeah any other examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session yeah any other examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session yeah any other examples
+uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see and so that's interesting so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see and so that's interesting so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see and so that's interesting so yeah
+exactly so like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so like um
+you know credits it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know credits it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know credits it's interesting
+because in some sense in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense in some other
+settings carrying cash is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings carrying cash is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings carrying cash is sort of
+not helping but you're saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not helping but you're saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not helping but you're saying like
+instead of having a credit card you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a credit card you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having a credit card you can
+spend usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend usually
+as much as you like depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you like depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you like depending on what
+your credit limit is you might say i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit limit is you might say i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your credit limit is you might say i'm
+going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go
+out with 100 and like once i've spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with 100 and like once i've spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with 100 and like once i've spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend more i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend more i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to spend more i have to
+sort of go back home or or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go back home or or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go back home or or the like
+and then i might sort of not give in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i might sort of not give in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i might sort of not give in to
+temptations the reason why i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations the reason why i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations the reason why i was
+hesitating a little bit is like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating a little bit is like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitating a little bit is like in
+developing countries in part in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries in part in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries in part in some
+settings where i work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings where i work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings where i work
+you know lots of people have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lots of people have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know lots of people have lots of
+cash on hand from like their work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash on hand from like their work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash on hand from like their work for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+cycle rickshaw drivers they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle rickshaw drivers they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle rickshaw drivers they would have
+um a lot of cash on hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of cash on hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of cash on hand
+because they get like trips if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get like trips if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they get like trips if they get
+paid for every single trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for every single trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid for every single trip
+and then they have lots of cash on hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have lots of cash on hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have lots of cash on hand
+it's actually quite bad because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite bad because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually quite bad because then
+they can spend it on lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can spend it on lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can spend it on lots of things
+any day and there you know having it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any day and there you know having it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any day and there you know having it in
+their liquid or their savings account or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their liquid or their savings account or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their liquid or their savings account or
+the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like
+would be a a different form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a different form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a a different form of
+commitment device that might help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device that might help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device that might help them
+there was more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh does it work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh does it work yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh does it work yeah
+wow interesting i've not heard this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow interesting i've not heard this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow interesting i've not heard this what
+is it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it called
+i see yeah you can see like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see yeah you can see like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see yeah you can see like uh
+yeah it depends a little bit i guess um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it depends a little bit i guess um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it depends a little bit i guess um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah so when asked does it work does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when asked does it work does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when asked does it work does it
+work on average or what's being shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on average or what's being shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on average or what's being shown
+or you know how costly is it to fail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know how costly is it to fail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know how costly is it to fail but
+it sounds like at least for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like at least for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like at least for some people
+that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact
+um effective yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um effective yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um effective yeah
+there are some accounts where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some accounts where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some accounts where you can
+put money to take the money out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in fact a lot of retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact a lot of retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact a lot of retirement
+accounts in the us and many places have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts in the us and many places have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts in the us and many places have
+penalties for early withdrawal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties for early withdrawal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalties for early withdrawal right so
+a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like
+uh um many employers that offer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um many employers that offer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um many employers that offer like
+401k and other savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401k and other savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+401k and other savings
+uh vehicles essentially that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vehicles essentially that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vehicles essentially that's like a
+retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement
+uh sort of tax deferred retirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of tax deferred retirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of tax deferred retirement
+savings often sort of subsidized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings often sort of subsidized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings often sort of subsidized by the
+employer but often one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer but often one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer but often one
+one condition is that like you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition is that like you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition is that like you have to
+pay a 10 or something penalty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a 10 or something penalty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a 10 or something penalty to
+withdraw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw it
+similarly i think for some savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i think for some savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly i think for some savings
+account that's sort of similar and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's sort of similar and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's sort of similar and the
+idea is very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very much like
+helping you uh uh resist temptations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you uh uh resist temptations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you uh uh resist temptations to
+like uh change your plans you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh change your plans you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh change your plans you're gonna
+plan for retire like saving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for retire like saving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for retire like saving for
+retirement or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retirement or something else
+but in fact you might sort of withdraw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you might sort of withdraw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact you might sort of withdraw
+early um uh if you're tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um uh if you're tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early um uh if you're tempted
+and then usually the penalty is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually the penalty is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually the penalty is only
+like something like 10 or the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like 10 or the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something like 10 or the leg
+because when people have actual shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when people have actual shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when people have actual shocks
+like you know health shocks or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know health shocks or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know health shocks or other
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+they want to be able to take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be able to take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be able to take out the
+money at some penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at some penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at some penalty
+um so you don't want to have it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you don't want to have it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you don't want to have it to be
+entirely illiquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely illiquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely illiquid
+because that would you know that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would you know that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would you know that would
+be bad for them any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad for them any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad for them any other
+example yes uh i have an alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yes uh i have an alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example yes uh i have an alarm
+clock on my phone where i have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock on my phone where i have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock on my phone where i have to take a
+picture of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of something
+so i'll like get up and go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll like get up and go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll like get up and go to the
+bathroom and take a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and take a picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and take a picture of this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+does it work no i take the picture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work no i take the picture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work no i take the picture like
+a rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangle
+i see fair enough um does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see fair enough um does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see fair enough um does it work
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+yeah sometimes i see yeah so they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes i see yeah so they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimes i see yeah so they're the
+issue in some sense is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in some sense is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in some sense is like
+if it doesn't work then you kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't work then you kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't work then you kind of like
+worse off than before because you slept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off than before because you slept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off than before because you slept
+like worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worse
+and then you would have otherwise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would have otherwise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would have otherwise and
+you know um there's no benefit of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um there's no benefit of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um there's no benefit of you
+getting actually up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actually up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actually up
+yeah one more yes uh would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one more yes uh would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah one more yes uh would like
+societally implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societally implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societally implied
+commitment like no shave november or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment like no shave november or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment like no shave november or
+like some sort of variance on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some sort of variance on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some sort of variance on that
+of what exactly no shape november or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what exactly no shape november or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what exactly no shape november or
+like experience of this would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like experience of this would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like experience of this would that
+imply commitment device yeah i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply commitment device yeah i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply commitment device yeah i mean i
+think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the
+the um in some sense there's often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in some sense there's often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um in some sense there's often uh
+some commitment devices are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commitment devices are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commitment devices are essentially
+sort of public attention of the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of public attention of the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of public attention of the leg
+where people are announcing one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are announcing one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are announcing one way or
+the other publicly which is kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other publicly which is kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other publicly which is kind of what
+you were saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were saying earlier
+where society in some sense has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where society in some sense has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where society in some sense has some
+influence where people sort of would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence where people sort of would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence where people sort of would say
+they would publicly declare that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would publicly declare that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would publicly declare that they're
+going to lose weight they would publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose weight they would publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose weight they would publicly
+declare that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that they're going to
+save money and so on and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money and so on and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money and so on and then there
+would be sort of social shaming in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of social shaming in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sort of social shaming in some
+way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other
+um to do that now uh what you want so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do that now uh what you want so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do that now uh what you want so in
+some cases if it's just society imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases if it's just society imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases if it's just society imposing
+things on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on people
+that's not enough what you want is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not enough what you want is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not enough what you want is a
+person actively sort of making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person actively sort of making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person actively sort of making some
+announcement or some statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement or some statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcement or some statements
+with the goal of like making it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the goal of like making it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the goal of like making it more
+costly not to follow through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly not to follow through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly not to follow through
+okay so um as i said before demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as i said before demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as i said before demand for
+commitment requires at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment requires at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment requires at least some
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+sophistication i have some examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication i have some examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication i have some examples for
+you here one is like stick i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here one is like stick i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here one is like stick i don't know
+if you have any of has any of you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any of has any of you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any of has any of you used
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay so sticker's a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so sticker's a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so sticker's a website
+founded by an academic dean carland and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded by an academic dean carland and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded by an academic dean carland and
+co-authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors
+what stic does is it's a commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stic does is it's a commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stic does is it's a commitment
+device that works in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that works in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that works in some sense
+in the way i was saying before for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way i was saying before for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way i was saying before for
+example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+uh what you if you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you if you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you if you want to sort of
+commit to certain behaviors for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to certain behaviors for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to certain behaviors for example
+if i wanted to finish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to finish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i wanted to finish a
+paper draft by friday night i would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper draft by friday night i would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper draft by friday night i would have
+to find a referee i would for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a referee i would for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a referee i would for example
+ask aaron to be my referee and i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask aaron to be my referee and i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask aaron to be my referee and i would
+say aaron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say aaron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say aaron
+i'm going to give you my credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to give you my credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to give you my credit card
+information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and
+if i don't finish the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't finish the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i don't finish the paper
+by friday night i'm going to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by friday night i'm going to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by friday night i'm going to pay a
+hundred dollars either to aaron or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars either to aaron or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars either to aaron or to
+some charity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some charity
+it could be anti-charity it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be anti-charity it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be anti-charity it could be the
+pro-smoking pro whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-smoking pro whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro-smoking pro whatever um
+uh a society um the money is gonna be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a society um the money is gonna be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a society um the money is gonna be uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+gone and so then friday night comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and so then friday night comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and so then friday night comes
+aaron is the referee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaron is the referee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaron is the referee
+who uh i can then sort of uh decide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh i can then sort of uh decide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh i can then sort of uh decide or
+will decide then whether i have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide then whether i have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decide then whether i have actually
+followed through did i actually write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed through did i actually write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed through did i actually write a
+draft is there an actual paper um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft is there an actual paper um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft is there an actual paper um that's
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+and uh if it's done then nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if it's done then nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if it's done then nothing happens
+i don't have to pay any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to pay any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to pay any money
+if it's not done the money is gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not done the money is gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not done the money is gone and
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+the credit card information is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card information is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit card information is on the
+website um they can actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um they can actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website um they can actually just
+withdraw that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw that money
+what's the problem with this commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with this commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with this commitment
+device potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+exactly so like i tried to use this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so like i tried to use this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so like i tried to use this a
+few times in grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times in grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times in grad school
+and my friend was my referee and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my friend was my referee and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my friend was my referee and then
+you know friday night would come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friday night would come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friday night would come and
+then i would sort of just convince my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would sort of just convince my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would sort of just convince my
+friend to like i'll pay you dinner if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to like i'll pay you dinner if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend to like i'll pay you dinner if
+you if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you uh
+if you um uh uh let me get through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um uh uh let me get through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you um uh uh let me get through so
+you need a very good friend who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a very good friend who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a very good friend who is
+actually sort of then insisting and sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of then insisting and sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of then insisting and sort
+of credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credible
+uh uh potentially or you know your enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh potentially or you know your enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh potentially or you know your enemy
+could be your referee if you if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be your referee if you if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be your referee if you if you want
+it who's happy sort of then to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it who's happy sort of then to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it who's happy sort of then to take your
+uh money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh money
+but i think it's worth trying you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it's worth trying you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think it's worth trying you can
+try it out and see whether it works i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it out and see whether it works i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it out and see whether it works i'd
+love to hear some thoughts on whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to hear some thoughts on whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to hear some thoughts on whether it
+works uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works uh
+uh or not um there's clocky which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or not um there's clocky which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or not um there's clocky which i
+think is um uh is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is um uh is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is um uh is a uh
+uh coming out of mit it's a it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming out of mit it's a it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coming out of mit it's a it's an
+alarm clock that runs away which is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm clock that runs away which is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm clock that runs away which is kind
+of similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to
+to um what you mentioned earlier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um what you mentioned earlier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um what you mentioned earlier um
+there's also taki which is little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also taki which is little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also taki which is little
+enclosed that jumps around and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed that jumps around and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed that jumps around and you have
+to sort of find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of find it
+um there's sort of um some forms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of um some forms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's sort of um some forms of uh
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+fake alarm clocks i don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake alarm clocks i don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake alarm clocks i don't think it
+actually exists where essentially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists where essentially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exists where essentially if you
+don't get up and press a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get up and press a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get up and press a button
+on your on your alarm you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your alarm you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your alarm you essentially
+give money to charity or anti-charities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to charity or anti-charities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give money to charity or anti-charities
+if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want
+there's a thing called ant abuse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called ant abuse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a thing called ant abuse which
+is quite interesting which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite interesting which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite interesting which is um
+a drug that essentially interferes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug that essentially interferes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug that essentially interferes with
+the metabolism of alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolism of alcohol
+so this is some people have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some people have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some people have trouble
+metabolizing alcohol anyway so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing alcohol anyway so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing alcohol anyway so when they
+drink they're flush they turn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink they're flush they turn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink they're flush they turn uh
+they get headaches uh they have to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get headaches uh they have to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get headaches uh they have to throw
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+feel unwell and so on so for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel unwell and so on so for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel unwell and so on so for them
+drinking is very unpleasant as it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking is very unpleasant as it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking is very unpleasant as it is and
+turns out there's a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out there's a drug
+that can actually sort of reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually sort of reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually sort of reproduce
+those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaviors or feelings um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors or feelings um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors or feelings um and it's
+essentially you can take it and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can take it and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can take it and then for
+the next 24 to 48 hours you will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 24 to 48 hours you will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 24 to 48 hours you will not be
+able to metabolize alcohol there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to metabolize alcohol there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to metabolize alcohol there's also
+versions of that that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that that are sort of
+implants for like a month so the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants for like a month so the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants for like a month so the like
+but essentially they make alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially they make alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially they make alcohol
+consumption very unpleasant and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption very unpleasant and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption very unpleasant and this is
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+meant to to help people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to to help people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to to help people who have
+problems with alcohol consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with alcohol consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with alcohol consumption
+uh that like if you want don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that like if you want don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that like if you want don't want to
+drink tomorrow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink tomorrow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink tomorrow or
+two days from now or the like um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now or the like um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days from now or the like um or the
+next month you can take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month you can take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month you can take it
+and then commit to to not doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then commit to to not doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then commit to to not doing that and
+then alcohol consumption becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then alcohol consumption becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then alcohol consumption becomes very
+unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant
+uh when when consuming alcohol anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when consuming alcohol anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when when consuming alcohol anyway
+it's a little bit dangerous and or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dangerous and or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit dangerous and or it
+can be quite dangerous if people then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite dangerous if people then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be quite dangerous if people then
+drink anyway because they're sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink anyway because they're sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink anyway because they're sort of an
+alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol
+anti-abuse sort of a reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-abuse sort of a reaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-abuse sort of a reaction that's
+quite dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dangerous
+um so it hasn't been particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it hasn't been particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it hasn't been particularly
+successful in part also because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in part also because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in part also because people
+sort of fall off the bandwagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall off the bandwagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fall off the bandwagon
+so if you are essentially take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are essentially take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are essentially take that
+daily or like every second day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily or like every second day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily or like every second day
+what happens then is that people start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then is that people start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then is that people start
+wanting to drink and then they just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to drink and then they just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to drink and then they just stop
+taking the abuse and then have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the abuse and then have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the abuse and then have to sort
+of just wait it out for 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just wait it out for 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just wait it out for 24 hours
+or the leg until the drug is out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leg until the drug is out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the leg until the drug is out of the
+system and then they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then they um
+drink anyway but in principle it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink anyway but in principle it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink anyway but in principle it's like
+the ideal commitment device because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal commitment device because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal commitment device because
+essentially the only reason for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the only reason for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the only reason for you to
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+uh this drug would be to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this drug would be to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this drug would be to reduce your
+future um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um
+drinking um there's also sort of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking um there's also sort of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking um there's also sort of various
+versions of like self-control devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of like self-control devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of like self-control devices
+which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially
+either restrict certain websites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either restrict certain websites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either restrict certain websites that
+you can go to you can restrict yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to you can restrict yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to you can restrict yourself
+or it restricts them to certain hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it restricts them to certain hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it restricts them to certain hours or
+you can sort of give yourself a budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of give yourself a budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of give yourself a budget
+for a number of hours that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of hours that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number of hours that you use
+certain websites for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain websites for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain websites for
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um i also have a video of commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i also have a video of commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i also have a video of commitment
+devices which i'm not sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which i'm not sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which i'm not sure that the
+audio actually works so you have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio actually works so you have to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio actually works so you have to try
+this out if not i'll show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if not i'll show it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out if not i'll show it to you
+tomorrow okay so as you can see i um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay so as you can see i um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay so as you can see i um
+i think we can learn a lot from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can learn a lot from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we can learn a lot from uh
+watching movies and i love tv so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching movies and i love tv so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching movies and i love tv so um
+um what can we learn from this i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what can we learn from this i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what can we learn from this i think
+they can actually we can learn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually we can learn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can actually we can learn a lot
+about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of
+commitment devices and whether they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and whether they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices and whether they work
+and why they work or why they might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they work or why they might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they work or why they might not
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+so what did we what did we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so just making like future choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just making like future choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just making like future choices
+more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive
+might not be enough right i might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be enough right i might sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be enough right i might sort
+of say i might have self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say i might have self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say i might have self-control
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+now i'm going to increase the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to increase the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to increase the price of
+my future behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my future behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my future behavior
+but that doesn't mean that it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean that it actually
+works it might just be more costly and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it might just be more costly and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it might just be more costly and i
+have to climb up the ladder or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up the ladder or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up the ladder or whatever
+but then i might still eat the cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i might still eat the cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then i might still eat the cookie
+and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not
+helping what else did we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping what else did we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping what else did we learn
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but i think you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i think you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i think you have to find
+the penalty a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so what they did
+essentially they made the penalty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they made the penalty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially they made the penalty or
+they essentially made the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially made the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially made the price of
+cookies infinitely high they just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies infinitely high they just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies infinitely high they just sort
+of gave them away to the birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gave them away to the birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gave them away to the birds
+now they don't have any cookies at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't have any cookies at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they don't have any cookies at all
+and sort of not they're gonna eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of not they're gonna eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of not they're gonna eat
+no cookies whatsoever which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cookies whatsoever which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cookies whatsoever which is kind of
+not what they wanted either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what they wanted either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what they wanted either
+right i think another lesson is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think another lesson is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i think another lesson is that
+once you've made one of these commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've made one of these commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've made one of these commitment
+devices so costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so costly
+that you can actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly that's what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly that's what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly that's what i was saying
+earlier you might sort of restrict your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you might sort of restrict your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier you might sort of restrict your
+browser you might sort of like shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser you might sort of like shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser you might sort of like shut down
+chrome or even like your entire laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome or even like your entire laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome or even like your entire laptop
+but then if you start surfing on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you start surfing on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you start surfing on your
+phone that's not really helping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone that's not really helping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone that's not really helping so
+sometimes there's like substitution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's like substitution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's like substitution to
+different potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different potential
+either sort of goods or devices and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of goods or devices and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either sort of goods or devices and so
+on or technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or technologies
+uh that might sort of undo your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might sort of undo your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might sort of undo your um
+commitment device so they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device so they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device so they need to be
+sort of like foolproof in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like foolproof in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like foolproof in some sense
+in the sense of like being able to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like being able to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of like being able to not
+substitute you to other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first substitution across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first substitution across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first substitution across
+temptation goes to mitigate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation goes to mitigate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation goes to mitigate the
+usefulness of commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of commitment
+if essentially you have like other vices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if essentially you have like other vices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if essentially you have like other vices
+or other things you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things you're going to do
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+then it's not really helpful to shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not really helpful to shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not really helpful to shut
+down one thing uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one thing uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one thing uh uh
+only so you have to think about like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so you have to think about like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so you have to think about like if
+i don't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't do the
+behavior that i'm trying to prevent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that i'm trying to prevent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that i'm trying to prevent is
+this sort of other behaviors that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of other behaviors that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of other behaviors that i
+might gonna substitute to towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might gonna substitute to towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might gonna substitute to towards
+um uh and then it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and then it's not going to be
+helpful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um
+either now it's also helpful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either now it's also helpful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either now it's also helpful to think
+about like what is it actually what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what is it actually what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what is it actually what is
+it actually required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually required for
+a commitment device to be helpful to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device to be helpful to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commitment device to be helpful to a
+person so first kind of obviously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so first kind of obviously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so first kind of obviously in
+some ways the person needs to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the person needs to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways the person needs to have some
+self-control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problem
+in the first place this needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place this needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first place this needs to be
+something that in the future some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in the future some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in the future some
+behavior you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior you want to change
+second there needs to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there needs to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there needs to be some
+sophistication right like frog and toad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication right like frog and toad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication right like frog and toad
+they kind of know that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of know that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of know that they're going to
+eat too many cookies they need to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat too many cookies they need to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat too many cookies they need to sort
+of understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand that
+third and this is what um we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and this is what um we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and this is what um we said
+earlier um the equipment commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um the equipment commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um the equipment commitment
+needs to be effective right we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be effective right we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be effective right we need to
+have something that's sort of strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's sort of strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that's sort of strong
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to be able to help us um overcome our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to help us um overcome our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to help us um overcome our
+self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+and then fourth it needs to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fourth it needs to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fourth it needs to be the
+person needs to actually think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person needs to actually think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person needs to actually think that the
+device is effective right if i sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective right if i sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is effective right if i sort of
+don't have faith in myself i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have faith in myself i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have faith in myself i think this
+is not useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not useful
+then i'm never gonna uh uh take it up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm never gonna uh uh take it up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm never gonna uh uh take it up or
+conversely i guess there's issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely i guess there's issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely i guess there's issues
+potentially with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially with like
+uh naivete there's two things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naivete there's two things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naivete there's two things that
+naivete could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete could do
+so one uh part and i've had what i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one uh part and i've had what i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one uh part and i've had what i was
+already talking about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talking about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talking about before
+which is to say i might be naive in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say i might be naive in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say i might be naive in a
+sense i'm saying like i know i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm saying like i know i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm saying like i know i don't
+have a if i'm fully naive i might sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a if i'm fully naive i might sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a if i'm fully naive i might sort
+of think i don't have a self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think i don't have a self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think i don't have a self-control
+problem it's not really bad so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not really bad so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not really bad so i don't
+really need a commitment device in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a commitment device in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a commitment device in the
+first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place
+that's one version where i sort of under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one version where i sort of under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one version where i sort of under
+demand commitment where i say like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment where i say like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment where i say like i
+don't actually need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually need it
+it's not helpful for me anyway in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not helpful for me anyway in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not helpful for me anyway in the
+future i will behave so i might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i will behave so i might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future i will behave so i might not
+demand commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand commitment
+another version is to say i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version is to say i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version is to say i might
+actually demand commitment devices where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually demand commitment devices where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually demand commitment devices where
+i over commit myself in a sense like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over commit myself in a sense like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i over commit myself in a sense like i
+think the commitment device is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the commitment device is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the commitment device is actually
+helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+well in fact it is not so like frog and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact it is not so like frog and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact it is not so like frog and
+toad we're not doing that in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toad we're not doing that in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toad we're not doing that in some sense
+they sort of like understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of like understood
+to some degree at least um uh uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree at least um uh uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree at least um uh uh pretty
+well what they're gonna do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they're gonna do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they're gonna do in the future
+i think they sort of underestimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they sort of underestimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think they sort of underestimated the
+substitution in this case in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in this case in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in this case in the sense
+of like they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like they thought
+like giving the uh the cookies uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving the uh the cookies uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving the uh the cookies uh to the
+birds would be sort of helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds would be sort of helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birds would be sort of helpful
+but in fact then they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact then they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact then they sort of
+underestimated the uh the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated the uh the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimated the uh the substitution
+and in the end you know they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end you know they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end you know they're going to
+be worse off because now he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off because now he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worse off because now he's going to
+like make the cake anyway and then eat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make the cake anyway and then eat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make the cake anyway and then eat a
+lot of cake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of cake
+he could have as well just eaten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have as well just eaten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have as well just eaten the
+cookies in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies in the first place
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now um let me sort of turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um let me sort of turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um let me sort of turn
+towards some like academic papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards some like academic papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards some like academic papers and
+sort of actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of actual
+empirical um uh setups so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical um uh setups so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical um uh setups so this is the
+paper that you um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you um uh uh
+uh hope i'll read which is um ariely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hope i'll read which is um ariely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hope i'll read which is um ariely and
+wharton brock then ariel was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wharton brock then ariel was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wharton brock then ariel was actually a
+professor here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor here at
+um at sloane at the end a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at sloane at the end a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at sloane at the end a bunch of
+experiments mostly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments mostly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments mostly with
+mit students at sloan mbas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students at sloan mbas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit students at sloan mbas
+uh and so these are 51 executives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these are 51 executives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so these are 51 executives at
+sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloan
+these are sort of highly incentivized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of highly incentivized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of highly incentivized
+individuals in the sense that they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the sense that they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in the sense that they take
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+if they don't if they fail a class if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't if they fail a class if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't if they fail a class if
+they do badly in a class they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do badly in a class they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do badly in a class they have to
+actually pay for it themselves so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay for it themselves so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pay for it themselves so they
+really are incentivized to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are incentivized to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are incentivized to do um
+well they had to submit three papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they had to submit three papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they had to submit three papers in
+the class they get a one percent grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class they get a one percent grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class they get a one percent grade
+penalty for late submissions which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for late submissions which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty for late submissions which is um
+uh quite a bit there were two groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a bit there were two groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a bit there were two groups
+group a had even the space deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a had even the space deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a had even the space deadlines
+group b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b
+had the option to set their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the option to set their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the option to set their own
+deadlines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+now the first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first sort of
+result here is that there was demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here is that there was demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here is that there was demand for
+commitment in the sense that like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment in the sense that like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment in the sense that like um
+68 of people chose um deadlines prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 of people chose um deadlines prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 of people chose um deadlines prior to
+the last week so when given the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week so when given the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week so when given the option
+when do you want to set your deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you want to set your deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do you want to set your deadlines
+over the course of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of the semester
+68 of people chose deadlines they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 of people chose deadlines they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 of people chose deadlines they were
+not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+the last week why is that demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week why is that demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week why is that demand for
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes more choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly like you there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like you there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like you there's no reason
+unless you have sort of issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have sort of issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have sort of issues with
+self-control the like you just make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control the like you just make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control the like you just make it
+essentially costly for you to submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially costly for you to submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially costly for you to submit
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+if you're worried about submitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about submitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about submitting
+everything late that's a good thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything late that's a good thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything late that's a good thing for
+you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+and it might help you again notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might help you again notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might help you again notice that
+it requires some sophistication you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires some sophistication you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires some sophistication you need
+to sort of understand your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of understand your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of understand your future
+behavior to do that now what they find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to do that now what they find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior to do that now what they find
+is like they find no late submissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they find no late submissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like they find no late submissions
+which is interesting by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is interesting by itself
+but in particular they find that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular they find that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular they find that like
+group a has higher grades than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a has higher grades than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a has higher grades than
+group b okay group a is the group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b okay group a is the group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b okay group a is the group that
+has evenly spaced deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has evenly spaced deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has evenly spaced deadlines
+uh uh compared to group b that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh compared to group b that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh compared to group b that has the
+option to set their own deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to set their own deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to set their own deadlines
+it is consistent with self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is consistent with self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is consistent with self-control
+problems in the sense that people set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the sense that people set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the sense that people set
+their own deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own deadlines
+that are early what else is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are early what else is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are early what else is it
+consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+what do we learn from that what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we learn from that what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we learn from that what do we
+learn from the fact that group a does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the fact that group a does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the fact that group a does
+better than group b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so in some sense the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so in some sense the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so in some sense the the
+commitment devices that people chose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices that people chose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices that people chose for
+themselves was um not strong enough or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves was um not strong enough or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves was um not strong enough or
+like weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weaker
+than the evenly spaced deadlines now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the evenly spaced deadlines now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the evenly spaced deadlines now
+notice the easily spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the easily spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the easily spread
+space deadlines are in the choice set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space deadlines are in the choice set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space deadlines are in the choice set of
+people like if you choose your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like if you choose your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like if you choose your own
+deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+you can just say i'm choosing evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say i'm choosing evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say i'm choosing evenly
+spaced deadlines and you should do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadlines and you should do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadlines and you should do as
+well if you're perfectly sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're perfectly sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're perfectly sophisticated
+you would do as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do as well as the
+group a but the fact that the group's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a but the fact that the group's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a but the fact that the group's
+group b is doing like worse sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b is doing like worse sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group b is doing like worse sort of
+tells us that people are not optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that people are not optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that people are not optimally
+setting deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting deadlines
+either they don't there's a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they don't there's a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they don't there's a fraction of
+people who don't choose any deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't choose any deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't choose any deadlines
+you know there's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's at least
+32 percent of people who sort of say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 percent of people who sort of say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 percent of people who sort of say my
+deadlines are all at the end so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines are all at the end so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines are all at the end so maybe
+these are naive people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are naive people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are naive people
+or even among the people who set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even among the people who set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even among the people who set
+deadlines they might choose deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines they might choose deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines they might choose deadlines
+that are like further back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like further back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like further back in the
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+and they do worse than in the evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do worse than in the evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do worse than in the evenly
+spaced deadlines so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadlines so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadlines so what
+did we learn so people do set early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we learn so people do set early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we learn so people do set early
+deadlines quite a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines quite a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines quite a few of them
+so we learn about um people are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learn about um people are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we learn about um people are at least
+partially or some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially or some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially or some people are
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+but they're only partially sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're only partially sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're only partially sophisticated
+they don't set the deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't set the deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't set the deadlines
+optimally which is sort of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally which is sort of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally which is sort of consistent
+with people being naive at least in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people being naive at least in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people being naive at least in some
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+yeah i was wondering does it make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i was wondering does it make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i was wondering does it make sense
+to try to find a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to find a difference between
+not adequately measuring your commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's a great question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a great question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a great question so the
+question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um
+so there's two things that are perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things that are perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things that are perhaps
+uncertain when you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain when you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain when you think about the
+future one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future one is
+your present bias your preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your present bias your preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your present bias your preference
+parameter about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter about like
+uh uh how much work you're gonna put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how much work you're gonna put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh how much work you're gonna put in
+like today versus tomorrow and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today versus tomorrow and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like today versus tomorrow and how much
+you're gonna procrastinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna procrastinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna procrastinate
+a second question is about like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second question is about like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second question is about like your
+beliefs about your effort costs in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about your effort costs in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about your effort costs in some
+way or the other which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or the other which is like
+how costly is it for you to actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how costly is it for you to actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how costly is it for you to actually do
+the problem set or write the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set or write the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem set or write the paper and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+and you might underestimate how tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might underestimate how tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might underestimate how tedious
+it is to do there's sort of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to do there's sort of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to do there's sort of a large
+literature on what's called the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on what's called the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on what's called the planning
+fallacy people always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy people always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy people always
+plan too many things and like think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan too many things and like think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan too many things and like think
+whatever their plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their plan
+uh takes uh shorter than it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes uh shorter than it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes uh shorter than it actually
+does or put differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does or put differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does or put differently
+things always take longer than people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always take longer than people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always take longer than people
+think when they make plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they make plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when they make plans
+and the odd thing is that also is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd thing is that also is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the odd thing is that also is the
+case even if you take that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even if you take that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case even if you take that into account
+so in some sense even if you're aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense even if you're aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense even if you're aware of
+the planning fallacy and you plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning fallacy and you plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planning fallacy and you plan and
+you know that people are gonna things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that people are gonna things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that people are gonna things
+are gonna take longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna take longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna take longer
+somewhat oddly enough people are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat oddly enough people are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat oddly enough people are even
+taking longer even if you take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking longer even if you take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking longer even if you take that into
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+but anyway so um the question is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so um the question is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so um the question is kind of
+like how can we separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can we separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can we separate
+um um uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um uh uh that
+i think that's from this evidence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's from this evidence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's from this evidence we
+cannot separate this they sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot separate this they sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot separate this they sort of like
+clean our experiments that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean our experiments that are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean our experiments that are more
+careful about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about this
+in some sense the if it were just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the if it were just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the if it were just about
+like underestimating effort costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underestimating effort costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underestimating effort costs
+then you would not set your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would not set your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would not set your own
+deadlines necessarily like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines necessarily like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines necessarily like
+the setting early deadlines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting early deadlines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting early deadlines is
+consistent with like self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like self-control
+issues but just from the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but just from the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues but just from the performance
+you're right that could just be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that could just be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right that could just be people
+underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate
+effort costs as well in general i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort costs as well in general i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort costs as well in general i think
+this is hard to separate in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard to separate in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is hard to separate in many
+situations the key part about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the key part about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the key part about the
+self-control problems about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems about the
+time inconsistency is a demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistency is a demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inconsistency is a demand for
+commitment which sort of reveals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment which sort of reveals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment which sort of reveals that
+people have some form of self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have some form of self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have some form of self-control
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+related to time preferences any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to time preferences any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to time preferences any other
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now uh there's one concern is the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now uh there's one concern is the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now uh there's one concern is the two
+sessions are not randomly assigned why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions are not randomly assigned why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions are not randomly assigned why
+is that a problem potentially so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem potentially so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a problem potentially so we have
+you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like
+we have 51 executives 25 or something 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 51 executives 25 or something 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 51 executives 25 or something 26
+are in one and 25 or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in one and 25 or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in one and 25 or another
+but they're not randomly assigned across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not randomly assigned across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not randomly assigned across
+the two sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sessions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right so there could be sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there could be sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there could be sort of like
+selection people sort of switch sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection people sort of switch sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection people sort of switch sessions
+i am not sure recitations i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not sure recitations i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not sure recitations i'm not sure
+that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually
+uh possible but setting that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible but setting that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible but setting that so that's
+surely one problem like selection into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely one problem like selection into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely one problem like selection into
+the different groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different groups
+setting that aside what other problem do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that aside what other problem do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that aside what other problem do
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes if the two sessions are at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if the two sessions are at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if the two sessions are at different
+times and there's some advanced classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and there's some advanced classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and there's some advanced classes
+exactly there could just be other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there could just be other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there could just be other um
+sorry this is a version of what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a version of what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a version of what you were
+saying earlier sorry misunderstood a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier sorry misunderstood a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying earlier sorry misunderstood a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+exactly there could be like uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there could be like uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there could be like uh people
+are for other reasons than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for other reasons than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for other reasons than the actual
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+uh people might uh one session is early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might uh one session is early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people might uh one session is early
+one is late one is on thursday one is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is late one is on thursday one is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is late one is on thursday one is on
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+uh one has a better ta one has a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one has a better ta one has a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one has a better ta one has a worse
+ca or whatever people might sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca or whatever people might sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca or whatever people might sort of
+select into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select into different
+so the characteristics that people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the characteristics that people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the characteristics that people um
+have when they select into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they select into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when they select into
+when they end up in session a versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they end up in session a versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they end up in session a versus
+session b might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session b might be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session b might be different
+so what you compare is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you compare is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you compare is essentially
+different types of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of people
+second there's only two sessions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's only two sessions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there's only two sessions of
+sections that's essentially an issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that's essentially an issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that's essentially an issue of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+sample size and statistics we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size and statistics we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size and statistics we're going
+to talk in one of the recitations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk in one of the recitations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk in one of the recitations about
+that in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in more detail
+but essentially the bottom line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially the bottom line is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially the bottom line is that
+like if you randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you randomize
+ads or if you were to randomize which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads or if you were to randomize which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads or if you were to randomize which
+they haven't even done here but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't even done here but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't even done here but if you
+were to randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to randomize
+at the level of a section then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of a section then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of a section then if you
+only have like two sections that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have like two sections that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have like two sections that's
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+uh not enough because you might face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not enough because you might face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not enough because you might face
+correlated shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated shocks
+what is that for example it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that for example it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that for example it might be
+like one ta is better than the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one ta is better than the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one ta is better than the other and
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one class a or b the group might do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class a or b the group might do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class a or b the group might do much
+better than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the other
+not because of the deadline policy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of the deadline policy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because of the deadline policy but
+just because of the ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the ta
+or again it could be that like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again it could be that like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or again it could be that like the
+recitation is early in the morning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is early in the morning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation is early in the morning or
+and people don't pay attention or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people don't pay attention or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people don't pay attention or
+whatever there might be many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever there might be many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever there might be many other
+things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening
+and so on so in some sense the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in some sense the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so in some sense the sample
+size is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is a
+too small to start with 50 people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to start with 50 people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small to start with 50 people is
+very small for an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small for an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small for an experiment
+two if you randomize or if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you randomize or if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if you randomize or if you if you
+have only like two treatment groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only like two treatment groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only like two treatment groups
+um uh you need like more clusters as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you need like more clusters as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you need like more clusters as
+people call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it
+more sort of um items of randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of um items of randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of um items of randomization
+overall so now um there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so now um there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall so now um there's a second
+experiment that they did to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that they did to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that they did to deal with
+the first issue this was sort of like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first issue this was sort of like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first issue this was sort of like um
+again not a huge sample but uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not a huge sample but uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not a huge sample but uh you know
+somewhat better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat better
+it's uh 60 people and now it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh 60 people and now it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh 60 people and now it's like
+randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized
+into three treatment groups one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three treatment groups one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three treatment groups one is
+evenly spaced deadlines b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced deadlines b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced deadlines b
+is like no deadlines three is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like no deadlines three is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like no deadlines three is like
+self-imposed deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-imposed deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-imposed deadlines
+this is now like a proofreading exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now like a proofreading exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now like a proofreading exercise
+over 21 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 21 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 21 days
+this is now randomized at the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now randomized at the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now randomized at the individual
+level so it's not in groups anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's not in groups anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's not in groups anymore so
+we get a little bit away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a little bit away from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a little bit away from this
+cluster issue that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster issue that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster issue that we had before
+now what is an exponential discount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is an exponential discount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is an exponential discount to
+do in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of
+performance what do we predict uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance what do we predict uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance what do we predict uh what's
+going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen
+so like a person with beta equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a person with beta equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a person with beta equals one
+what do we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we say
+is going to happen to the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to the performance of
+these groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes which one all of them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's start with the self-imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the self-imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start with the self-imposed
+deadlines and the no deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and the no deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and the no deadlines
+what kinds of deadlines is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of deadlines is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of deadlines is the
+exponential discount are going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discount are going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential discount are going to set
+none somebody said yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none somebody said yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none somebody said yes and
+yeah like why would you set a deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like why would you set a deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like why would you set a deadline
+you don't need a deadline you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a deadline you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a deadline you're gonna
+just do it whenever it's it's best to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it whenever it's it's best to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it whenever it's it's best to do
+there might be some you might get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some you might get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some you might get sick
+or like some other shocks might appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like some other shocks might appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like some other shocks might appear
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the course of the semester so deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the semester so deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the semester so deadlines
+will just restrict yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just restrict yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just restrict yourself
+so you will not self-impose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will not self-impose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will not self-impose any
+deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+so early deadlines essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early deadlines essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so early deadlines essentially just
+limit flexibility that's not helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit flexibility that's not helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit flexibility that's not helpful to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+you don't need to sort of self-impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to sort of self-impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to sort of self-impose
+any deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deadlines
+and then you might sort of do weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might sort of do weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you might sort of do weekly
+worse uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh or
+in group a you might do it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in group a you might do it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in group a you might do it a little bit
+worse because essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because essentially uh
+shocks might happen or the like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks might happen or the like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks might happen or the like there's
+no reason to believe that like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to believe that like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason to believe that like if you
+restrict your option you might do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your option you might do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict your option you might do better
+group a might happen to do as well as c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a might happen to do as well as c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a might happen to do as well as c
+and b but at least they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b but at least they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b but at least they're going to be
+weakly worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weakly worse
+in part because you know people get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because you know people get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because you know people get sick
+around deadlines and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around deadlines and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around deadlines and the like
+okay so what about a sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about a sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what about a sophisticated
+person uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh
+uh with you know beta hat equals beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with you know beta hat equals beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with you know beta hat equals beta
+smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the the evenly spaced deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the evenly spaced deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the the evenly spaced deadline
+will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+better or worse than no deadlines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse than no deadlines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse than no deadlines to
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+huh and why is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly exactly so that should help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly so that should help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly so that should help and
+then the self-imposed deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the self-imposed deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the self-imposed deadlines
+there you know you can optimally set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know you can optimally set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know you can optimally set the
+deadlines you could probably do at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines you could probably do at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines you could probably do at least
+weekly better than the evenly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly better than the evenly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly better than the evenly spaced
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+because you might also take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might also take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might also take into account
+you know some constraints that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some constraints that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some constraints that you have
+in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester
+like your family is visiting or the lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your family is visiting or the lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your family is visiting or the lake
+uh that might be sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that might be sort of like you
+you so even the space deadline might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so even the space deadline might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so even the space deadline might not
+be optimal because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be optimal because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be optimal because of that
+if you self-impose them and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you self-impose them and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you self-impose them and you're
+perfectly sophisticated you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sophisticated you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly sophisticated you can take
+into that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that into account
+right so so you know deadlines can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you know deadlines can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so you know deadlines can help
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+flexible deadlines tend to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible deadlines tend to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible deadlines tend to be uh
+preferable because you can sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable because you can sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferable because you can sort of take
+into account your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account your
+uh individual specific costs that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual specific costs that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual specific costs that you
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+face okay what about the fully naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay what about the fully naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay what about the fully naive
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so no deadlines deadline should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so no deadlines deadline should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so no deadlines deadline should be
+the same because if you're fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct correct so as before the evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct so as before the evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct correct so as before the evenly
+spaced deadline since the person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadline since the person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced deadline since the person has
+beta smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta smaller
+some people have paid us more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have paid us more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people have paid us more than one
+the evenly spaced deadlines likely do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evenly spaced deadlines likely do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evenly spaced deadlines likely do
+better or help people do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or help people do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or help people do better
+unless they sort of like miss a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they sort of like miss a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless they sort of like miss a lot of
+deadlines anyway because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines anyway because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines anyway because of
+procrastination but assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastination but assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastination but assuming the
+deadline sort of helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline sort of helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline sort of helping people
+space things out better they uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space things out better they uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space things out better they uh uh
+they're gonna do better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna do better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna do better than the
+no deadlines case and then the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no deadlines case and then the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no deadlines case and then the fully
+naive person says why would i set any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive person says why would i set any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive person says why would i set any
+deadlines i don't need any deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines i don't need any deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines i don't need any deadline
+flexibility is good i'm gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is good i'm gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility is good i'm gonna do it
+early anyway of course that's not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early anyway of course that's not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early anyway of course that's not to
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+but then essentially b is doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then essentially b is doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then essentially b is doing the same
+as c because the person does not set any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as c because the person does not set any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as c because the person does not set any
+deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+at all okay so now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all okay so now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all okay so now what about the
+partially naive person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you say um sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say um sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say um sure so
+i mean i guess like if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i guess like if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i guess like if they're
+sufficiently sophisticated then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently sophisticated then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently sophisticated then it's
+possible that c is better than a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that c is better than a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that c is better than a which
+is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better
+but if they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so um i guess the answer is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um i guess the answer is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um i guess the answer is like
+to some degree it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some degree it depends
+so we still have like a is better than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still have like a is better than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still have like a is better than b
+so if people have beta smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if people have beta smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if people have beta smaller than one
+the even space deadlines still as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even space deadlines still as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even space deadlines still as before
+are going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do
+uh somewhat better than the no deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhat better than the no deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh somewhat better than the no deadlines
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+for the self-imposed deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the self-imposed deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the self-imposed deadlines
+essentially two things can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two things can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two things can happen
+one is like the person might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is like the person might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is like the person might actually
+set some deadlines that happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some deadlines that happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set some deadlines that happen to be
+actually helpful if they're sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful if they're sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful if they're sufficiently
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+the deadlines might actually help at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadlines might actually help at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deadlines might actually help at
+least some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some people
+but for some people they might set over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some people they might set over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for some people they might set over
+ambitious deadlines i say oh i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious deadlines i say oh i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious deadlines i say oh i'm going
+to get it done all next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done all next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it done all next week
+well it turns out that actually not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that actually not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that actually not true
+and then they sort of set two early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they sort of set two early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they sort of set two early
+deadlines and then after rush or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and then after rush or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and then after rush or they
+missed the deadline or the like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the deadline or the like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed the deadline or the like they
+might actually do worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually do worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually do worse
+so there we have essentially no clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have essentially no clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there we have essentially no clear
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+some commitment should help so c could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commitment should help so c could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commitment should help so c could
+be better than b but individuals might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than b but individuals might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better than b but individuals might
+also over commit so c might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also over commit so c might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also over commit so c might actually be
+worse than b so that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than b so that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than b so that's essentially
+there's no uh empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh empirical
+uh clear empirical um prediction any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear empirical um prediction any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh clear empirical um prediction any
+questions on what i showed you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you mean like a sub sample of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mean like a sub sample of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mean like a sub sample of people
+who happen to choose evenly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happen to choose evenly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happen to choose evenly spaced
+deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines
+yeah so the concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yeah so the issue there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the issue there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so the issue there is
+essentially so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so one thing
+they were doing in the paper is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing in the paper is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing in the paper is to say
+let's look at the people who set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the people who set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the people who set
+evenly spaced deadlines and say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced deadlines and say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly spaced deadlines and say when
+they uh how are they doing compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh how are they doing compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh how are they doing compared to
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um in the control group or the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the control group or the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the control group or the like the
+problem with that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that is like
+these people are selected in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are selected in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are selected in certain
+ways like if i sort of just um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like if i sort of just um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like if i sort of just um uh
+this is a subset of people that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset of people that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subset of people that's
+non-randomly selected they you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-randomly selected they you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-randomly selected they you know we
+know that they chose certain deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they chose certain deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they chose certain deadlines
+so in some sense we know that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense we know that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense we know that they're
+different in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some ways
+compared to the average person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the average person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the average person in the
+group and these could be people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and these could be people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and these could be people who are
+like more productive less productive etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more productive less productive etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more productive less productive etc
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+so the clean design how you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the clean design how you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the clean design how you would do
+that is essentially what you would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially what you would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is essentially what you would do is
+you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would
+ask people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask for the deadline choices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the deadline choices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for the deadline choices and then
+randomize them into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize them into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize them into different
+deadline regimens so either they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline regimens so either they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline regimens so either they get
+their choice or not so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice or not so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their choice or not so you can actually
+estimate the treatment effect on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the treatment effect on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the treatment effect on those
+kinds of people and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of people and then
+look at uh are the even lease-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh are the even lease-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh are the even lease-based
+deadlines are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines are those
+treatment effects of those people worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects of those people worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effects of those people worse
+or not but i worry that in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but i worry that in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but i worry that in that kind of
+analysis what's non-random here or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what's non-random here or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis what's non-random here or what
+they're choosing is like a non-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're choosing is like a non-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're choosing is like a non-random
+subset and compare that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and compare that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and compare that
+with a control group they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a control group they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a control group they're sort of
+that's correlated with other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated with other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correlated with other stuff
+and that's not necessarily uh giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not necessarily uh giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not necessarily uh giving you
+a causal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a causal um
+effect having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect having said that
+um you know when you look at the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you look at the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know when you look at the um the
+uh the evenly spaced deadlines they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the evenly spaced deadlines they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the evenly spaced deadlines they
+could sort of make things worse in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of make things worse in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of make things worse in some
+ways in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the sense of like
+even for people with data smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for people with data smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for people with data smaller than
+one it could be that people miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it could be that people miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it could be that people miss the
+deadlines because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines because they're
+procrastinating and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinating and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procrastinating and so on and so forth
+or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like
+they have some shocks of the lake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some shocks of the lake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some shocks of the lake so
+it's not necessarily obvious that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily obvious that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily obvious that they
+do better that's sort of all under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better that's sort of all under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better that's sort of all under some
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+okay so now what we find is like a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we find is like a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what we find is like a is
+doing better than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better than c
+is doing better than b so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing better than b so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing better than b so this is
+essentially true for like errors um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially true for like errors um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially true for like errors um
+detected it's true for delays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected it's true for delays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected it's true for delays and
+submission it's also true for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission it's also true for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission it's also true for like
+people's earnings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's earnings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's earnings in the
+entire exercise so now what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire exercise so now what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire exercise so now what you have is
+like a is better than c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a is better than c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a is better than c
+is better than b so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than b so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than b so what is that
+consistent with well it seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with well it seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with well it seems like it's
+consistent with like some partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like some partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with like some partial
+naivete in some sense admittedly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete in some sense admittedly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete in some sense admittedly um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh the prediction of partial naivete is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the prediction of partial naivete is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the prediction of partial naivete is
+a little bit loose in a sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit loose in a sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit loose in a sense that like
+all we're saying is a is better than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're saying is a is better than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're saying is a is better than b
+and uh you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know uh
+uh then the comparison with c could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the comparison with c could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the comparison with c could go
+either way so sure it's consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so sure it's consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so sure it's consistent with
+partial naivete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete
+but it's also like only suggestive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also like only suggestive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also like only suggestive in
+some sense because there's no clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense because there's no clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense because there's no clear
+prediction uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction uh in that
+case however we can reject sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however we can reject sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case however we can reject sort of like
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+cases we can reject the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we can reject the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we can reject the exponential
+discounting the sophisticated present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting the sophisticated present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting the sophisticated present
+bias the fully sophisticated one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias the fully sophisticated one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias the fully sophisticated one
+or the fully naive present biased person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fully naive present biased person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the fully naive present biased person
+because you know those predictions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know those predictions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know those predictions are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+borne out so the only case that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne out so the only case that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borne out so the only case that sort of
+really is left is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial naivete one so let me sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete one so let me sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete one so let me sort of
+summarize what we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize what we saw
+well um so the result is that deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so the result is that deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um so the result is that deadline
+setting improves performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting improves performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting improves performance
+that is evidence of some present bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is evidence of some present bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is evidence of some present bias
+being like essentially beta being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like essentially beta being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being like essentially beta being
+smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than one
+uh it's also um uh uh consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also um uh uh consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also um uh uh consistent with
+partial naivete people set deadlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete people set deadlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete people set deadlines
+which is consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is consistent
+the set early deadlines which shows some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set early deadlines which shows some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set early deadlines which shows some
+demand for commitment some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for commitment some form of
+sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication
+um then result two sort of says deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then result two sort of says deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then result two sort of says deadline
+setting is suboptimal which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is suboptimal which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is suboptimal which sort of
+suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that
+beta is smaller than uh beta hat or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is smaller than uh beta hat or beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is smaller than uh beta hat or beta
+hat is bigger than beta which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is bigger than beta which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is bigger than beta which sort of
+means that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that essentially
+people seem to underestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to underestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seem to underestimate the
+self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+problems that they have in the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that they have in the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that they have in the future so
+that's sort of broadly speaking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of broadly speaking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of broadly speaking some
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+of the beta delta model with partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beta delta model with partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beta delta model with partial
+naivete any questions on this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah yes sorry good i was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what i was discussing earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what i was discussing earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what i was discussing earlier
+partial naivete meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial naivete meaning that
+um let me just go back for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just go back for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me just go back for a second
+this was discussing here earlier partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was discussing here earlier partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was discussing here earlier partial
+naivete meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naivete meaning that
+so we discussed two cases before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed two cases before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discussed two cases before which
+was full naivete or full sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was full naivete or full sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was full naivete or full sophistication
+full naivete meaning that beta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full naivete meaning that beta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full naivete meaning that beta hat
+equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one
+full sophistication meaning that beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication meaning that beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full sophistication meaning that beta
+hat equals beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat equals beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat equals beta
+and now if you sort of take a take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you sort of take a take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you sort of take a take the
+case in between which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in between which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case in between which is
+where you see what you have here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see what you have here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see what you have here at the
+bottom which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom which is
+beta hat equal is in the middle of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat equal is in the middle of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta hat equal is in the middle of beta
+and one or in between beta and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one or in between beta and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one or in between beta and one
+so essentially you understand that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you understand that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you understand that your
+beta in the future is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta in the future is not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta in the future is not one
+but you sort of underestimate um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sort of underestimate um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you sort of underestimate um uh
+uh how small it is so you know as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how small it is so you know as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how small it is so you know as i said
+before my beta might be 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my beta might be 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my beta might be 0.6
+i might understand that my future beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might understand that my future beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might understand that my future beta
+is not 1. so i understand it's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 1. so i understand it's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 1. so i understand it's smaller
+than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+but i might think it's like 0.8 or 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i might think it's like 0.8 or 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i might think it's like 0.8 or 0.9
+which is to say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say i
+overestimate my future beta to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate my future beta to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate my future beta to some
+degree while i get it right that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree while i get it right that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree while i get it right that it's
+not 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 1
+i might sort of get it wrong in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of get it wrong in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might sort of get it wrong in the
+sense of like saying it's not 0.6 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like saying it's not 0.6 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like saying it's not 0.6 in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+i might think it's higher than that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me go back to okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go back to okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me go back to okay so
+so in some sense these are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense these are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense these are nice
+experiments and they're useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and they're useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and they're useful
+experiments to help us sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to help us sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to help us sort of
+understand is the evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is the evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is the evidence for this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is the evidence for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the evidence for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the evidence for some of the
+predictions that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that we have
+but it's still fairly contrived in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still fairly contrived in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still fairly contrived in the
+sense of like it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of like it's pretty
+it's kind of like especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like especially in the
+second experiment it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second experiment it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second experiment it's kind of like a
+lab experiment that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiment that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experiment that like
+really what we want to know is like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we want to know is like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what we want to know is like in
+the real world or commitment devices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world or commitment devices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world or commitment devices a
+helpful in some sense do people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in some sense do people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in some sense do people want
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and b are they actually improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are they actually improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are they actually improving
+behaviors in certain ways should a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors in certain ways should a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors in certain ways should a firm
+use commitment devices this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use commitment devices this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use commitment devices this is actually
+helpful in proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in proving
+for improving a firm performance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improving a firm performance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for improving a firm performance so
+there's a very nice paper by supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice paper by supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very nice paper by supreme
+court senator mulanathan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court senator mulanathan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court senator mulanathan and
+michael kramer who sort of investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael kramer who sort of investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michael kramer who sort of investigate
+this question using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question using
+data entry workers in india so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry workers in india so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry workers in india so this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a full-time job for people this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-time job for people this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full-time job for people this is the
+primary source of earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary source of earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary source of earnings
+for these workers these are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these workers these are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these workers these are people who
+are like sort of recruited as data entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like sort of recruited as data entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like sort of recruited as data entry
+workers for the course of 13 months so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers for the course of 13 months so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers for the course of 13 months so
+what like over a year as like a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like over a year as like a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like over a year as like a typical
+data entry worker so sometimes there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry worker so sometimes there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry worker so sometimes there was
+a job ad let's say we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job ad let's say we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job ad let's say we're looking for
+data entry worker we have data to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry worker we have data to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data entry worker we have data to be
+entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered
+people would answer that job ad and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would answer that job ad and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would answer that job ad and then
+sort of start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of start working
+to do a data entry output is measured as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a data entry output is measured as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a data entry output is measured as
+it is usually done in many data entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is usually done in many data entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is usually done in many data entry
+companies by measuring the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by measuring the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies by measuring the number of
+accurate fields entered in a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate fields entered in a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate fields entered in a day
+this is sort of measured by doing dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of measured by doing dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of measured by doing dual
+entry as in to say that the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry as in to say that the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry as in to say that the data is
+entered twice it's then matched with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered twice it's then matched with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered twice it's then matched with the
+other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person
+and sort of the number of um errors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the number of um errors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the number of um errors or
+discrepancies so sort of then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies so sort of then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies so sort of then
+defined as an error rate and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an error rate and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as an error rate and if the
+error rate and the error rate sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate and the error rate sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error rate and the error rate sort of
+uh you you match to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you match to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you match to different people
+over time so i can sort of back out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so i can sort of back out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so i can sort of back out your
+errate uh how good or bad you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errate uh how good or bad you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errate uh how good or bad you are
+so people essentially incentivized to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people essentially incentivized to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people essentially incentivized to to
+do to work fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to work fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to work fast
+and incentivize to enter stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incentivize to enter stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incentivize to enter stuff uh
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+uh workers are paid a piece rate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh workers are paid a piece rate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh workers are paid a piece rate uh
+using a with a weekly paycheck they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a with a weekly paycheck they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a with a weekly paycheck they're
+paid once a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid once a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid once a week
+um there's no restrictions on hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no restrictions on hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no restrictions on hours
+people can show up whenever they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can show up whenever they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can show up whenever they like
+they can stay for as many hours they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stay for as many hours they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stay for as many hours they
+like on any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on any given
+day there are no penalties for absences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there are no penalties for absences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day there are no penalties for absences
+so you can just if you don't show up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just if you don't show up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just if you don't show up on
+a given day nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given day nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given day nothing
+happens this is what the data entry task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is what the data entry task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this is what the data entry task
+looks like there's essentially some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's essentially some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's essentially some data
+this is kind of interesting this is data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting this is data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting this is data
+coming from kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from kenya
+so michael kramer and senator malanathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so michael kramer and senator malanathan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so michael kramer and senator malanathan
+were working on some kenyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on some kenyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working on some kenyan
+data where they had like a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where they had like a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where they had like a huge amount
+of data from kenya and sugarcane farmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data from kenya and sugarcane farmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data from kenya and sugarcane farmers
+over the course of 30 years some records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of 30 years some records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the course of 30 years some records
+historical records that they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical records that they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical records that they found
+they wanted them to get entered so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted them to get entered so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted them to get entered so like
+well how did we get them entered well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how did we get them entered well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how did we get them entered well
+india is the place to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india is the place to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india is the place to do that
+so they got them entered and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got them entered and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got them entered and then when
+they sort of hired lots of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of hired lots of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of hired lots of people to
+enter the data they thought well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the data they thought well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the data they thought well
+why not run an experiment to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not run an experiment to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not run an experiment to learn about
+self-control among workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control among workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control among workers
+while doing that so what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while doing that so what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while doing that so what they would do
+is they would show these like scanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they would show these like scanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they would show these like scanned
+images of these pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of these pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of these pages
+and then there's like a sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like a sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like a sort of like a
+computer software pretty rudimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software pretty rudimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer software pretty rudimentary
+that way you can sort of enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can sort of enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can sort of enter
+uh the fields in your data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fields in your data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fields in your data set
+now the commandment device is um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the commandment device is um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the commandment device is um as a
+dominated contract that looks as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated contract that looks as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated contract that looks as follows
+so the as i told you before workers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the as i told you before workers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the as i told you before workers are
+paid a peace rate w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a peace rate w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a peace rate w
+uh it's a linear piece rate that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a linear piece rate that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a linear piece rate that's the
+control contract for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control contract for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control contract for
+their production so forever production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production so forever production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their production so forever production
+think of production is how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of production is how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of production is how much the
+correct entries that you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct entries that you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct entries that you produce
+for each correct entry that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each correct entry that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each correct entry that you make
+you're going to get paid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get paid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get paid uh
+w now the dominated contract looks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w now the dominated contract looks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w now the dominated contract looks as
+this this is the red one that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the red one that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the red one that you see
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which is until a target t i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is until a target t i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is until a target t i'll talk
+about the target in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the target in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the target in a second
+until the target t you paid w uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the target t you paid w uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the target t you paid w uh over
+two which is like half as much as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is like half as much as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which is like half as much as before
+and as soon as you reach t and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as you reach t and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as soon as you reach t and the
+target you're going to be paid w for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you're going to be paid w for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target you're going to be paid w for the
+entire uh production that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh production that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh production that you make
+why is this a commitment contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i ask you to choose your target t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i ask you to choose your target t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i ask you to choose your target t
+if you choose a positive target why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose a positive target why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose a positive target why is
+this a commitment contract yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a commitment contract yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a commitment contract yes
+right that's right so there's no value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right so there's no value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right so there's no value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um choosing this contract so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choosing this contract so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um choosing this contract so if you're
+an exponential discounter you might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential discounter you might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential discounter you might just
+choose t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose t equals zero
+the reason being that there's no point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that there's no point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that there's no point
+in like choosing a high target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like choosing a high target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like choosing a high target
+who knows what's going to happen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what's going to happen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what's going to happen you
+might get a headache your kid might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a headache your kid might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get a headache your kid might get
+sick the computer might not work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick the computer might not work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick the computer might not work or
+whatever for whatever reason there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever for whatever reason there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever for whatever reason there might
+be shocks uncertainty that might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shocks uncertainty that might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shocks uncertainty that might make
+you not reach your target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not reach your target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not reach your target
+and so if you choose a positive target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you choose a positive target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you choose a positive target
+the only thing you can do from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you can do from this
+positive target is you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive target is you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive target is you see
+you can do only worse right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do only worse right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do only worse right it's a
+weekly dominated contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly dominated contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly dominated contract
+in terms of like your payments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like your payments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like your payments so
+there's no reason to actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to actually do that
+but why might the worker actually choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why might the worker actually choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why might the worker actually choose
+it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's no really like schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly i might sort of just be like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i might sort of just be like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly i might sort of just be like you
+know slightly below t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know slightly below t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know slightly below t
+or the like i might sort of be tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like i might sort of be tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the like i might sort of be tempted
+to go home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go home
+you know my friends call or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my friends call or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my friends call or whatever and
+i might just not want to do it it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just not want to do it it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might just not want to do it it might
+be just a tedious day it might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just a tedious day it might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just a tedious day it might be really
+hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot
+i have really goals to work a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have really goals to work a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have really goals to work a lot and
+sort of i want to incentivize my future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of i want to incentivize my future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of i want to incentivize my future
+self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self
+to reach certain targets that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach certain targets that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach certain targets that's exactly
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so um i think this is uh we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think this is uh we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i think this is uh we already
+said all of that workers can choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all of that workers can choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all of that workers can choose the
+t in advance they can choose essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in advance they can choose essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in advance they can choose essentially
+on the previous day they can choose t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous day they can choose t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the previous day they can choose t
+equals zero they also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero they also have a
+randomization of paydays to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization of paydays to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization of paydays to be able to
+look at payday effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at payday effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at payday effects
+what do i mean by that i told you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that i told you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that i told you like
+workers are paid weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are paid weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are paid weekly
+either and so they randomize the paydays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and so they randomize the paydays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either and so they randomize the paydays
+what they do is they randomize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they randomize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they randomize the
+paydays to be tuesdays thursdays or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays to be tuesdays thursdays or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays to be tuesdays thursdays or
+saturdays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturdays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturdays
+so you can sort of allow for day of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of allow for day of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can sort of allow for day of the
+week fixed effects that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week fixed effects that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week fixed effects that's kind of
+something sound interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sound interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something sound interesting but
+essentially you can look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you can look at uh
+when a worker is paid in a given week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a worker is paid in a given week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a worker is paid in a given week
+are they more or less productive on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they more or less productive on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they more or less productive on that
+day compared to the previous days and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day compared to the previous days and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day compared to the previous days and so
+on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth
+what is the exponential discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the exponential discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the exponential discounting
+model predict about paydays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict about paydays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict about paydays
+or payday effects should you work harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payday effects should you work harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or payday effects should you work harder
+on a payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly like your delta is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly like your delta is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly like your delta is like
+0.95 or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 or like
+it doesn't really matter whether like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter whether like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter whether like
+the the daily discounting should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the daily discounting should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the daily discounting should be
+essentially close to there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close to there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close to there should be
+essentially close to no discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close to no discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close to no discounting
+between different days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different days
+you might have a yearly delta of 0.95 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a yearly delta of 0.95 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a yearly delta of 0.95 or
+the like but then between today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like but then between today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like but then between today and
+tomorrow today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow today uh
+two days and three days from now and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days and three days from now and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days and three days from now and so
+on doesn't really matter so if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doesn't really matter so if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on doesn't really matter so if i'm
+working today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working today
+and i'm paid today it's the same as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm paid today it's the same as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm paid today it's the same as if
+i'm working today and i'm paid in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working today and i'm paid in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm working today and i'm paid in like
+three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days
+however if i'm a quasi-hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if i'm a quasi-hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if i'm a quasi-hyperbolic
+discounter well what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounter well what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounter well what's going to
+be the case is like if i'm working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case is like if i'm working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case is like if i'm working on
+sundays i'm working today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sundays i'm working today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sundays i'm working today
+and i'm going to be paid today well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to be paid today well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to be paid today well then
+i'm going to work harder maybe i get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to work harder maybe i get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to work harder maybe i get the
+money right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right away
+i can buy a nice meal my family is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can buy a nice meal my family is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can buy a nice meal my family is going
+to be happier and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happier and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be happier and so on and so forth
+now notice that requires some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that requires some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that requires some form of
+liquidity constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constraints
+right and something they have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and something they have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and something they have a bunch of
+cash anyway it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash anyway it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash anyway it doesn't really matter
+whether i'm going to be paid today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i'm going to be paid today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i'm going to be paid today
+versus tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow
+but assuming that some workers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that some workers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but assuming that some workers are
+liquidity constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constrained
+essentially whether they paid today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whether they paid today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially whether they paid today
+versus tomorrow matters a lot when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow matters a lot when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus tomorrow matters a lot when the
+reward comes if you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward comes if you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward comes if you think about like
+today it's like 10 a.m i'm typing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's like 10 a.m i'm typing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's like 10 a.m i'm typing and
+typing now i think about like when do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing now i think about like when do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typing now i think about like when do i
+get the reward either it's on the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reward either it's on the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the reward either it's on the payday
+you're going to be paid at like 5 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be paid at like 5 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be paid at like 5 p.m
+so you're gonna get essentially a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna get essentially a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna get essentially a nice
+meal on the same day versus if you paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal on the same day versus if you paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal on the same day versus if you paid
+in five days that's really far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five days that's really far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five days that's really far away
+in the beta delta world your reward for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beta delta world your reward for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beta delta world your reward for
+working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hard
+is coming much later okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming much later okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming much later okay so um
+uh so you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you think you know
+quasi-hyperbolic discounters would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounters would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounters would put
+in higher efforts on paydays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher efforts on paydays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in higher efforts on paydays
+assuming there's some form of liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's some form of liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming there's some form of liquidity
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+there should be close to no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be close to no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be close to no difference
+between other days that depends a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between other days that depends a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between other days that depends a little
+bit like what's the horizon of the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like what's the horizon of the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like what's the horizon of the beta
+that we talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked to
+about before okay so now what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before okay so now what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before okay so now what do they
+find in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in this paper
+they find essentially three results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find essentially three results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find essentially three results the
+first result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first result is
+there's demand for commitments there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's demand for commitments there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's demand for commitments there's
+sort of people choose dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of people choose dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of people choose dominated
+contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+that is to say workers select dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say workers select dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say workers select dominated
+contracts about 36 percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts about 36 percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts about 36 percent of the time
+this is a lower bound um for the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lower bound um for the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lower bound um for the extent
+of time consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time consist
+time and consistency for three reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and consistency for three reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and consistency for three reasons
+reason one is some workers might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one is some workers might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason one is some workers might be
+naive they might sort of think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive they might sort of think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive they might sort of think you know
+they don't need any targets well in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need any targets well in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't need any targets well in fact
+they would benefit from targets so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would benefit from targets so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would benefit from targets so they
+you know they might under under invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might under under invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they might under under invest
+in this sort of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sort of technology
+second people might think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second people might think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second people might think this
+commitment device is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment device is actually
+ineffective in a sense saying like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective in a sense saying like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ineffective in a sense saying like look
+this is sort of what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of what we're talking about
+with the frog and the toad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frog and the toad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the frog and the toad
+there might be they might have like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be they might have like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be they might have like time
+inconsistency issues it might just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency issues it might just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency issues it might just not
+be a strong enough commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a strong enough commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a strong enough commitment device
+and so then you know if i have a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know if i have a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you know if i have a day
+where i just don't want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i just don't want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i just don't want to work
+then if that's not going to get you over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if that's not going to get you over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if that's not going to get you over
+the target well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target well then
+uh i might not choose this commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i might not choose this commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i might not choose this commitment
+device not because i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device not because i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device not because i'm not
+uh i don't have like present bias but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't have like present bias but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't have like present bias but
+because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just
+not effective enough of a punishment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not effective enough of a punishment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not effective enough of a punishment for
+me uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh to do
+number three is people might prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is people might prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is people might prefer
+flexibility and they're risk averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and they're risk averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility and they're risk averse
+these are issues like you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are issues like you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are issues like you know they
+might have like children that get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like children that get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have like children that get sick
+they might have headaches and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have headaches and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have headaches and so on
+there might just be risks that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might just be risks that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might just be risks that's
+unrelated to their present biases like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to their present biases like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to their present biases like
+the computers might be bad so like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers might be bad so like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers might be bad so like they
+had different computers at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different computers at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different computers at different
+speed you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you might
+end up with a really bad computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a really bad computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with a really bad computer and
+then you know you might not reach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you might not reach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you might not reach your
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+that's nothing to do with self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing to do with self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nothing to do with self-control
+or present bias but rather with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or present bias but rather with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or present bias but rather with sort of
+external risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external risk and
+if you're really worried about risk then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're really worried about risk then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're really worried about risk then
+you might not choose a positive target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not choose a positive target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not choose a positive target
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+second they find offering the dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they find offering the dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they find offering the dominated
+contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts
+increases outputs that is to say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases outputs that is to say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases outputs that is to say if you
+compare groups that were like on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare groups that were like on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare groups that were like on some
+days offered those contracts compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days offered those contracts compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days offered those contracts compared to
+other groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups that
+were randomly selected to be not offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly selected to be not offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly selected to be not offered
+those contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contracts
+on those same days they find that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those same days they find that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on those same days they find that being
+offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered
+this commitment contract increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commitment contract increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this commitment contract increases
+production by two point three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production by two point three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production by two point three percent
+now you might say two percent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say two percent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might say two percent is
+actually pretty low um and that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty low um and that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty low um and that's true
+in absolute terms that's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms that's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms that's not a lot of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+but if you think about sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about sort of what
+other options does the employer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options does the employer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other options does the employer have
+well one thing you might want to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing you might want to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing you might want to do to
+increase workers output is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase workers output is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase workers output is sort of
+double their wages or just increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double their wages or just increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double their wages or just increase
+wages overall now it turns out that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages overall now it turns out that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages overall now it turns out that like
+um uh they also have some piece rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they also have some piece rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they also have some piece rate
+variations that they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations that they can actually
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+how much of a peace rate increase do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a peace rate increase do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a peace rate increase do we
+need to achieve these effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve these effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to achieve these effects on
+productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity
+and it turns out the impact is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the impact is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the impact is actually
+corresponding to like an 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to like an 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to like an 18
+increase in the peace rate wage now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the peace rate wage now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the peace rate wage now if
+you're an employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an employer
+you don't want to pay people like an 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to pay people like an 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to pay people like an 80
+higher piece rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher piece rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher piece rate
+for like a you know two or three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a you know two or three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a you know two or three percent
+increase in productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in productivity
+that's just not worth doing it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not worth doing it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just not worth doing it's just
+like a bad deal i mean depends a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bad deal i mean depends a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bad deal i mean depends a little
+bit on your costs and benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on your costs and benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on your costs and benefits of
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+but that's a very ineffective way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a very ineffective way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a very ineffective way of
+getting workers two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting workers two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting workers two to
+to to to be more productive and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to be more productive and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to be more productive and it's a
+costly thing to do you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly thing to do you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly thing to do you're going to
+incentivize a bunch of informational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize a bunch of informational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize a bunch of informational
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh to do that instead offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that instead offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do that instead offering
+commitment devices in the setting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices in the setting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment devices in the setting is
+actually free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually free
+and in some sense for the employer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense for the employer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense for the employer you
+might actually pay people less some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually pay people less some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually pay people less some
+people don't treat your target you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't treat your target you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't treat your target you can
+actually p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually p
+paid w over two now you actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid w over two now you actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid w over two now you actually don't
+want to do that because you know workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that because you know workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that because you know workers
+will be not happy and and you know uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be not happy and and you know uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be not happy and and you know uh uh
+probably get annoyed with you if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get annoyed with you if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably get annoyed with you if you do
+that too much but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too much but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too much but
+the technology is actually free here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is actually free here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is actually free here's a
+thing that you can offer to your workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can offer to your workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can offer to your workers
+they're going to be two percent or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be two percent or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be two percent or three
+percent more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent more productive
+um that's actually a big deal for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a big deal for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a big deal for a lot
+of companies in terms of the margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies in terms of the margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies in terms of the margins
+often small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often small
+and a much better instrument in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a much better instrument in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a much better instrument in getting
+workers to be more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to be more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers to be more productive
+compared to increasing people's wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to increasing people's wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to increasing people's wages
+because wages obviously need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wages obviously need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wages obviously need to pay
+any questions on that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that and then
+a third and this is sort of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third and this is sort of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third and this is sort of consistent
+with like a model of self-control being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a model of self-control being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a model of self-control being
+really sort of the driver of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the driver of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of the driver of this is
+payday effects predict people's demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday effects predict people's demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday effects predict people's demand
+for commitment i'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for commitment i'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for commitment i'm going to show you
+this in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a second
+but essentially what they find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what they find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially what they find is that
+they're a they're payday effects what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a they're payday effects what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a they're payday effects what do
+i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean by that
+if you plot essentially products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot essentially products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot essentially products
+production over the course of the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production over the course of the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production over the course of the payday
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+so here's on the very right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's on the very right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's on the very right hand side of
+this graph you see people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you see people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph you see people's
+payday productivity compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday productivity compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday productivity compared to the
+productivity on the day after the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity on the day after the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity on the day after the payday
+or seven days before the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven days before the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven days before the payday
+you see people essentially are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people essentially are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see people essentially are more
+productive on payday they produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on payday they produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on payday they produce more
+on paydays compared to like previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to like previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to like previous
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and so what you see essentially is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see essentially is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see essentially is like
+a constant increase towards the day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant increase towards the day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant increase towards the day of
+the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday
+but somebody was asking me previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody was asking me previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somebody was asking me previously
+about quasi-hyperbolic discounting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quasi-hyperbolic discounting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quasi-hyperbolic discounting or
+hyperbolic discounting um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic discounting um
+uh which models is right when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which models is right when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which models is right when you look
+at this graph this actually doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graph this actually doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graph this actually doesn't look
+very much like quasi-hyperbolic discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like quasi-hyperbolic discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like quasi-hyperbolic discount
+it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+looks a lot more like hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more like hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more like hyperbolic
+discounting as in like there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting as in like there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting as in like there's sort of
+like a smooth increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a smooth increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a smooth increase
+there's not like a jump up um uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like a jump up um uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not like a jump up um uh on the
+day of the payday people are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the payday people are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of the payday people are more
+productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+uh but it's rather sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's rather sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's rather sort of more
+consistent with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with uh
+true hyperbolic discounting that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true hyperbolic discounting that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true hyperbolic discounting that's more
+of a detail here that's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detail here that's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detail here that's not that
+important for you but i wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you but i wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you but i wanted to point
+that out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a great question i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a great question i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a great question i think it's
+production so i think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so i think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so i think um
+this is not a this is not a great i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a this is not a great i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a this is not a great i
+think these are units of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are units of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are units of production
+i don't know exactly what the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what the um
+fraction is in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is in terms of
+production uh but it must be like a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh but it must be like a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production uh but it must be like a few
+percent of production i can look this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of production i can look this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of production i can look this up
+uh but it's like units of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's like units of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's like units of production
+which is surely not what you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is surely not what you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is surely not what you want to use
+uh here yeah and so then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here yeah and so then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here yeah and so then um
+so so what we find here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we find here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what we find here is that
+essentially people are more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people are more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially people are more productive
+on paydays compared to the day after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to the day after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to the day after the
+payday or compared to like six days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday or compared to like six days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payday or compared to like six days
+before the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the payday
+um and then we find another graph which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we find another graph which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we find another graph which
+is a quiz nice one which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quiz nice one which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quiz nice one which is to say
+high payday workers or high payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday workers or high payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday workers or high payday
+effect workers are more likely to exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect workers are more likely to exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect workers are more likely to exact
+positive targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets
+what do we what i mean by that is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we what i mean by that is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we what i mean by that is they
+split the sample into workers who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the sample into workers who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the sample into workers who have
+high payday impacts and low paid impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday impacts and low paid impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday impacts and low paid impacts
+that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say
+when you look at the workers and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the workers and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the workers and look at
+like which workers are more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which workers are more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which workers are more productive
+on paydays compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paydays compared to
+on other days you can sort of split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other days you can sort of split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other days you can sort of split the
+sample into two some workers are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample into two some workers are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample into two some workers are much
+more productive on paydays compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive on paydays compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive on paydays compared to
+other days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other days
+some workers are not so what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some workers are not so what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some workers are not so what you see
+here in the graph is you see essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the graph is you see essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the graph is you see essentially
+the blue dots these are workers who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue dots these are workers who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue dots these are workers who have
+high paid impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high paid impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high paid impacts
+these are workers who are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are workers who are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are workers who are much more
+productive on paydays compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on paydays compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on paydays compared to other
+days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days
+and you see the red dots which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the red dots which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the red dots which are
+workers who are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers who are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers who are essentially
+pretty much they have low paid impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much they have low paid impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much they have low paid impacts
+meaning they kind of work the same on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they kind of work the same on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning they kind of work the same on
+paydays versus on other days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays versus on other days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays versus on other days
+and then what they show on the so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they show on the so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they show on the so then
+on the x-axis they show experience this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x-axis they show experience this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x-axis they show experience this
+is like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like essentially
+i think this is the course of the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is the course of the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this is the course of the study
+these are like you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like you know something like
+150 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 days
+they have sort of different uh workdays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sort of different uh workdays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sort of different uh workdays
+in the sample where like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample where like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sample where like essentially
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+uh people get to choose over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people get to choose over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people get to choose over and over
+their targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their targets
+and what you see essentially is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see essentially is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see essentially is that uh
+the blue graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue graph
+the blue dots tend to be a higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue dots tend to be a higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue dots tend to be a higher than
+the red graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red graphs
+meaning that people have high payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that people have high payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that people have high payday
+impacts these are workers of high payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts these are workers of high payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts these are workers of high payday
+effects they're like more productive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects they're like more productive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects they're like more productive on
+paydays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paydays
+they're more likely to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to choose
+positive targets so i should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets so i should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets so i should have said
+on the y-axis you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis you see
+the fraction of people choosing positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people choosing positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of people choosing positive
+targets okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets okay
+so what we see essentially is two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see essentially is two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we see essentially is two things
+one is the blue dots are higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the blue dots are higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the blue dots are higher than the
+red dots meaning that the people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dots meaning that the people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red dots meaning that the people have
+high payday impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high payday impacts
+they are more likely to choose positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are more likely to choose positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are more likely to choose positive
+targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets
+sort of suggesting that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of suggesting that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of suggesting that so the
+underlying reason why people have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying reason why people have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying reason why people have high
+pay the impact is self-control you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the impact is self-control you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay the impact is self-control you're
+more more essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more essentially
+productive on paydays because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on paydays because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive on paydays because you're
+present bias one way or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias one way or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias one way or the other
+and that also then predicts uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also then predicts uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also then predicts uh uh
+whether you choose the target so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you choose the target so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you choose the target so people
+have higher self-control problems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher self-control problems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher self-control problems as
+revealed by the payday effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed by the payday effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed by the payday effects
+those are the people who are more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people who are more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people who are more likely
+to choose positive targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose positive targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose positive targets
+second we also see um that the blue dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we also see um that the blue dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second we also see um that the blue dots
+tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+trending upwards in the graph you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards in the graph you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trending upwards in the graph you see on
+the right the blue dots are higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the blue dots are higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right the blue dots are higher than
+on the left in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left in the graph
+meaning that as people have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that as people have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that as people have more
+experience in the study when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the study when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in the study when they have
+like 100 150 days in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 150 days in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100 150 days in the study
+they're more likely to choose positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to choose positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more likely to choose positive
+targets consistent with some learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets consistent with some learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets consistent with some learning
+about self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about self-control
+over time right so they learn over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time right so they learn over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time right so they learn over time
+that choosing positive targets is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choosing positive targets is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choosing positive targets is a good
+thing for them potentially that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them potentially that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for them potentially that makes
+them more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more productive
+you don't see such a thing for the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see such a thing for the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see such a thing for the red
+dots that seem to be essentially flat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that seem to be essentially flat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that seem to be essentially flat or
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+over time so that was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so that was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so that was a lot of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+are there any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes arguably there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes arguably there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes arguably there's
+lots to do with the salience of the pda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots to do with the salience of the pda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots to do with the salience of the pda
+right so on the payday i have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on the payday i have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on the payday i have to come
+into the office and do the work so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the office and do the work so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the office and do the work so i
+might as well like type a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well like type a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well like type a little longer
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+earn a little more on other days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn a little more on other days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn a little more on other days you
+don't really have that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have that difference
+you're not getting paid so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting paid so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting paid so there are
+other jobs where like you get paid at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs where like you get paid at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other jobs where like you get paid at
+the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day
+every day and then like you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and then like you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day and then like you don't really
+find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the
+paid effects and those dependent jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid effects and those dependent jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid effects and those dependent jobs
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so exactly so there's an issue on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly so there's an issue on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exactly so there's an issue on like
+when you think about these payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about these payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about these payday
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+um what exactly do we learn from that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what exactly do we learn from that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what exactly do we learn from that so
+one way to think about the payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about the payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about the payday
+effects is kind of like the story i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects is kind of like the story i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects is kind of like the story i was
+telling you which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you which is to say
+on days when you come in when you type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on days when you come in when you type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on days when you come in when you type
+when you work you're going to be paid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work you're going to be paid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work you're going to be paid in
+the evening and you work harder because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening and you work harder because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening and you work harder because
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+your reward is closer to you uh to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reward is closer to you uh to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reward is closer to you uh to your
+effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort
+another explanation that you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another explanation that you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another explanation that you were saying
+is like wow what if workers are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like wow what if workers are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like wow what if workers are just
+like liquidity constrained what if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like liquidity constrained what if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like liquidity constrained what if like
+their children are hungry etc and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children are hungry etc and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their children are hungry etc and so on
+so you come in on that day because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you come in on that day because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you come in on that day because you
+want to work you want a paycheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work you want a paycheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work you want a paycheck
+once you show up anyway you might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you show up anyway you might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you show up anyway you might as
+well do some work and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do some work and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do some work and you're going to
+end up being more productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being more productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being more productive
+uh that way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way that's
+surely in part going on that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely in part going on that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely in part going on that's sort of
+two responses to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses to that
+so one response is like well we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one response is like well we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one response is like well we find
+that the workers with high payday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the workers with high payday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the workers with high payday
+impacts are more likely to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are more likely to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts are more likely to choose
+positive targets which sort of suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets which sort of suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive targets which sort of suggests
+there's an underlying issue which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an underlying issue which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an underlying issue which is
+self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control
+problems that sort of like drives both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that sort of like drives both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that sort of like drives both
+the payday effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payday effects and
+sort of the high um the the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the high um the the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the high um the the positive
+targets that people choose to demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that people choose to demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that people choose to demand for
+commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment
+second and more subtle in some ways is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more subtle in some ways is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and more subtle in some ways is
+like people are liquidity constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are liquidity constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are liquidity constrained
+people who don't have cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't have cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who don't have cash
+there's often like a reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often like a reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's often like a reason why they
+don't have cash which is often because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cash which is often because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have cash which is often because
+they haven't saved in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't saved in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't saved in the first place
+now again that's a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again that's a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again that's a little complicated
+but essentially um if somebody's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially um if somebody's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially um if somebody's very
+liquidity constraints never has cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constraints never has cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity constraints never has cash
+often that's coming or the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's coming or the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's coming or the underlying
+reason might be present bias or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason might be present bias or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason might be present bias or some
+form of self-control problems to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of self-control problems to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of self-control problems to start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the reason being that like if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being that like if you really
+had such a value high value of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a value high value of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such a value high value of having
+cash you should just save it and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash you should just save it and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash you should just save it and have it
+in your home or like try to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home or like try to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your home or like try to like
+save money on your bank account and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money on your bank account and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money on your bank account and so
+on so usually we think that when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so usually we think that when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so usually we think that when people
+are really liquidity constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really liquidity constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really liquidity constrained
+often that's an underlying reason of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's an underlying reason of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that's an underlying reason of um
+present bias or some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias or some form of
+self-control problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-control problems
+having said that there's also some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that there's also some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that there's also some other
+reasons why people can't save because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why people can't save because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why people can't save because
+you know it might be they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be they don't have
+access to bank accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to bank accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to bank accounts
+and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so
+let me tell you one more application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you one more application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you one more application and
+let me sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me sort of
+continue with the rest of those um uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the rest of those um uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with the rest of those um uh uh
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+so this is sort of like a classic study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of like a classic study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of like a classic study
+um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact
+done in boston and boston area health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in boston and boston area health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in boston and boston area health
+clubs so this is de la vina and malmedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs so this is de la vina and malmedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs so this is de la vina and malmedia
+and what they did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did is
+they looked at health clubs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at health clubs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked at health clubs and
+different options that people did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that people did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options that people did in
+gyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyms
+when they had sort of choices between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had sort of choices between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had sort of choices between
+the following or the following kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following or the following kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following or the following kind
+which is monthly fees of over 70 dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is monthly fees of over 70 dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is monthly fees of over 70 dollars
+for unlimited use of the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unlimited use of the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unlimited use of the gym
+or a pay-per-visit fee of uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pay-per-visit fee of uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pay-per-visit fee of uh 10
+if you had that option or those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had that option or those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had that option or those two
+options which options would you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which options would you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options which options would you choose
+or why would you choose one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right exactly so like why pay more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so like why pay more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so like why pay more than
+why pick option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why pick option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why pick option
+uh number one if you only go three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one if you only go three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number one if you only go three times
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh when i was teaching the first time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i was teaching the first time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i was teaching the first time i
+was doing exactly that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing exactly that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing exactly that in fact
+um um but exactly as you say sort of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but exactly as you say sort of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um but exactly as you say sort of if
+you make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make like
+if you understand how often you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand how often you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand how often you go to
+the gym uh why choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gym uh why choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gym uh why choose
+option one if you don't go at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one if you don't go at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option one if you don't go at least uh
+seven times there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven times there could be some
+transaction costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction costs
+of the like but surely if you go only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the like but surely if you go only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the like but surely if you go only
+once or twice you should not choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice you should not choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice you should not choose
+option uh one now of course some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh one now of course some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option uh one now of course some people
+might choose option one anyway why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might choose option one anyway why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might choose option one anyway why might
+you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+right so one uh one one option is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one uh one one option is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one uh one one option is like
+essentially change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially change the
+future prices so notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future prices so notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future prices so notice that the
+marginal cost of going to the gym in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of going to the gym in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost of going to the gym in
+option two is like ten dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two is like ten dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option two is like ten dollars
+right every time you go your marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every time you go your marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every time you go your marginal
+cost is ten dollars and option one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is ten dollars and option one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is ten dollars and option one the
+marginal cost is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost is zero
+so what i'm trying to do is change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm trying to do is change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i'm trying to do is change the
+marginal cost in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost in the future
+uh to make it more favorable for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make it more favorable for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make it more favorable for me
+to go what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go what else
+could be going on so one is kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be going on so one is kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be going on so one is kind of they
+could use this as a commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this as a commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use this as a commitment device
+what's another explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah over estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly it could be like essentially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it could be like essentially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it could be like essentially and
+there's two versions of that one version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two versions of that one version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two versions of that one version
+has to do with like beta delta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with like beta delta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with like beta delta or
+present bias which is to say i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias which is to say i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present bias which is to say i'm just
+underestimating my future uh present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating my future uh present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating my future uh present
+bias i think you know my beta is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias i think you know my beta is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias i think you know my beta is like
+one but in fact it's like 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in fact it's like 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but in fact it's like 0.5
+i think i'm gonna go 17 times but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'm gonna go 17 times but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'm gonna go 17 times but in
+fact i'm going only twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i'm going only twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i'm going only twice
+that's one option another option that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option another option that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one option another option that
+was also mentioned earlier was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also mentioned earlier was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also mentioned earlier was about
+like underestimating the cost of future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underestimating the cost of future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like underestimating the cost of future
+exercising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising
+that is to say what often happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say what often happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say what often happens when
+people sign up for the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sign up for the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sign up for the gym
+often they're already at the gym they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they're already at the gym they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often they're already at the gym they're
+like really excited to exercise and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really excited to exercise and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really excited to exercise and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+and they might underestimate how costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might underestimate how costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might underestimate how costly
+it actually is once they sit at home in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is once they sit at home in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is once they sit at home in
+the evening coming back from home from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening coming back from home from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evening coming back from home from
+work and so on they might underestimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so on they might underestimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so on they might underestimate
+how it feels how costly it is for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it feels how costly it is for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it feels how costly it is for them
+to actually exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually exercise
+nothing to do with self-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with self-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with self-control
+specifically but it's just a tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically but it's just a tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically but it's just a tedious
+thing to do they might underestimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do they might underestimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do they might underestimate how
+tired they are and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired they are and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired they are and so on and so forth
+with some form of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some form of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some form of like
+underestimation of the cost that's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimation of the cost that's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimation of the cost that's again
+hard to separate in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to separate in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to separate in many cases
+but that could also be going on so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that could also be going on so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that could also be going on so what
+they find then is people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find then is people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find then is people
+exercise on average 4.3 times a month in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on average 4.3 times a month in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise on average 4.3 times a month in
+the first year that's about 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first year that's about 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first year that's about 17
+per visit and of course you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per visit and of course you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per visit and of course you should be
+choosing uh option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing uh option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing uh option
+two before cancelling consumers go 2.3.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two before cancelling consumers go 2.3.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two before cancelling consumers go 2.3.1
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+three months on average without using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months on average without using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months on average without using
+your gym at all which is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gym at all which is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gym at all which is kind of like
+you know it's even tedious to cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's even tedious to cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's even tedious to cancel the
+gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gym
+and actually go there and i did actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually go there and i did actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually go there and i did actually
+exactly that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that as well
+um so um how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um how do you think about
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi-hyperbolic discounting here well
+so the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gym
+goers would like to exercise a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goers would like to exercise a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goers would like to exercise a lot in
+the future be naive that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future be naive that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future be naive that's what they
+think they will do so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will do so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they will do so you know
+overestimate what they will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate what they will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate what they will do
+to save on gym costs um they buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save on gym costs um they buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save on gym costs um they buy the
+monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly
+membership that's kind of what the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership that's kind of what the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership that's kind of what the naive
+person does when it comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does when it comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does when it comes down to
+exercising their short run inpatient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising their short run inpatient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising their short run inpatient
+kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicks in
+and they don't end up ending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't end up ending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't end up ending the
+membership much that's very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership much that's very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership much that's very much like
+sort of underestimating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of underestimating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of underestimating or
+overestimating their beta or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating their beta or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimating their beta or
+underestimating the self-control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating the self-control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimating the self-control problem
+now what does a sophisticated person do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does a sophisticated person do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what does a sophisticated person do
+we already discussed that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already discussed that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already discussed that as well
+which is they also prefer to exercise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they also prefer to exercise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is they also prefer to exercise a
+lot in the future but they realize they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the future but they realize they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in the future but they realize they
+don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to
+do so later so what they want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so later so what they want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so later so what they want to do is
+they choose the monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose the monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they choose the monthly
+contract as a form of commitment device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract as a form of commitment device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract as a form of commitment device
+in a sense of like making future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense of like making future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense of like making future
+actions uh changing prices in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions uh changing prices in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions uh changing prices in the future
+they make it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it now
+cheaper to exercise compared to sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to exercise compared to sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper to exercise compared to sit at
+home by sort of changing the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home by sort of changing the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home by sort of changing the marginal
+cost in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost in the future
+and they might even be willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might even be willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might even be willing to pay
+for that so they might actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so they might actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so they might actually say
+i know that i'm only going to go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that i'm only going to go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that i'm only going to go like
+three or four times but you know if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four times but you know if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four times but you know if i
+don't choose that contract i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choose that contract i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't choose that contract i'm going to
+only go zero one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go zero one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go zero one times
+and it's worth for me to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth for me to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's worth for me to do that
+so now there's a different version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's a different version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's a different version of
+when which one could do commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when which one could do commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when which one could do commitment
+devices about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices about um
+dealing with temptation which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with temptation which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with temptation which is a very
+clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+bundling of temptations paper by milkman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundling of temptations paper by milkman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundling of temptations paper by milkman
+and others what they did instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others what they did instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others what they did instead of
+offering commitment devices directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering commitment devices directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering commitment devices directly
+what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they
+bundle two things um i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle two things um i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle two things um i told you
+previously about like investment goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously about like investment goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously about like investment goods
+and leisure goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leisure goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leisure goods
+and so investment goods are things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so investment goods are things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so investment goods are things like
+going to the gym that you do not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the gym that you do not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the gym that you do not enough
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+leisure goods are things that you enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure goods are things that you enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure goods are things that you enjoy
+in the present and you might be do too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and you might be do too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the present and you might be do too
+much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of
+of that so now what you can do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so now what you can do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so now what you can do is you
+essentially bundle those things so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially bundle those things so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially bundle those things so what
+they did is they offer people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they offer people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they offer people
+the option to only listen to audiobooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to only listen to audiobooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to only listen to audiobooks
+addictive audiobooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictive audiobooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictive audiobooks
+at the gym and so then you can only sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the gym and so then you can only sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the gym and so then you can only sort
+of do that while you're at the gym and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do that while you're at the gym and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do that while you're at the gym and
+you might come back to the gym not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come back to the gym not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come back to the gym not
+necessarily because you want to exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because you want to exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because you want to exercise
+but because you want to listen to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you want to listen to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you want to listen to your
+audiobook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiobook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiobook
+this can also backfire of a friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can also backfire of a friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can also backfire of a friend of
+mine also in grad school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine also in grad school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine also in grad school
+who was watching lots of tv shows and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was watching lots of tv shows and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was watching lots of tv shows and he
+convinced himself that he can only watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself that he can only watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced himself that he can only watch
+tv shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv shows
+while uh being at the gym so then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh being at the gym so then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh being at the gym so then i
+would be in the office and he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the office and he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the office and he would
+sometimes come back from the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come back from the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes come back from the gym
+totally exhausted because he had watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally exhausted because he had watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally exhausted because he had watched
+like three episodes of certain tv shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three episodes of certain tv shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three episodes of certain tv shows
+uh while being on the treadmill um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while being on the treadmill um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while being on the treadmill um and
+you know so he was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so he was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so he was kind of like
+uh over exercising because of his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over exercising because of his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over exercising because of his uh
+consumption uh his bundling of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh his bundling of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption uh his bundling of uh um
+temptations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptations
+but in this case for for so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case for for so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case for for so you have to
+sort of figure out how to calibrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out how to calibrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of figure out how to calibrate this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but it could be a way of getting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be a way of getting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be a way of getting you
+essentially to by bundling essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to by bundling essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially to by bundling essentially
+pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+and unpleasant things at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unpleasant things at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unpleasant things at different
+points in time by bundling them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time by bundling them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time by bundling them in
+certain ways it might make you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways it might make you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways it might make you sort of
+help you overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you overcome
+two issues at the time which is one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues at the time which is one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues at the time which is one you
+go to the gym more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the gym more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the gym more often
+b you might not sort of watch too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b you might not sort of watch too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b you might not sort of watch too much
+tv if you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv if you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv if you can convince yourself
+to actually follow through they do find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually follow through they do find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually follow through they do find
+in fact bundling of temptation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact bundling of temptation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact bundling of temptation is
+effective until the thanksgiving break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective until the thanksgiving break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective until the thanksgiving break
+when sort of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of everything
+goes downhill in their study okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes downhill in their study okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes downhill in their study okay that's
+all i have for now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i have for now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i have for now i'm going to
+continue on tomorrow with the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on tomorrow with the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on tomorrow with the remaining
+parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of
+time preferences thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bHbWFHMffzE.txt b/bHbWFHMffzE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfa8ecafdfbe9a86c1f952e63b704df257c7a047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bHbWFHMffzE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk a little bit about
+backgrounds again but this time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds again but this time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds again but this time we'll
+see how you can digitally change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can digitally change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can digitally change the
+background now if you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background now if you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background now if you remember from
+previous tutorials we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous tutorials we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous tutorials we discussed
+collecting interesting backgrounds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting interesting backgrounds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting interesting backgrounds to
+use while making the images whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use while making the images whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use while making the images whether
+you're working with a flatbed scanner or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with a flatbed scanner or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with a flatbed scanner or
+a camera but sometimes we're in a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera but sometimes we're in a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camera but sometimes we're in a bit of
+a rush as I was while making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rush as I was while making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rush as I was while making this
+initial image of these two paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial image of these two paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial image of these two paper
+devices at the time I didn't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices at the time I didn't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices at the time I didn't think about
+enhancing the image by including an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancing the image by including an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancing the image by including an
+interesting background maybe to pop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting background maybe to pop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting background maybe to pop out
+the devices visually so after I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices visually so after I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the devices visually so after I made the
+image on the flatbed scanner this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the flatbed scanner this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image on the flatbed scanner this is
+what we got and as we zoom in we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got and as we zoom in we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we got and as we zoom in we see a
+problem a bit of a mess with all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a bit of a mess with all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a bit of a mess with all sorts
+of stuff all over it uh that's the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff all over it uh that's the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff all over it uh that's the price
+I paid for being in a hurry and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paid for being in a hurry and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I paid for being in a hurry and not
+cleaning the glass that day hint hint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the glass that day hint hint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning the glass that day hint hint so
+because of the presence of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the presence of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the presence of all of this
+extraneous material we can't simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous material we can't simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraneous material we can't simply
+select the background with let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the background with let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the background with let's say the
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+wand um and fill in that selected area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand um and fill in that selected area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand um and fill in that selected area
+with a color the algorithm for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color the algorithm for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color the algorithm for that
+selection tool will not select the dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection tool will not select the dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection tool will not select the dirty
+spots and the paint bucket won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and the paint bucket won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots and the paint bucket won't do that
+either you see here that the Paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you see here that the Paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you see here that the Paint
+Bucket filling the background will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bucket filling the background will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bucket filling the background will not
+fill in the dirty bits either so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the dirty bits either so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in the dirty bits either so that's
+not going to work let's undo that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work let's undo that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work let's undo that with
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+Z so what I'm going to wind up doing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so what I'm going to wind up doing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so what I'm going to wind up doing if
+I want to change this background is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to change this background is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to change this background is to
+do it in a different way let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way let me show you
+how we're going to try okay I'll use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to try okay I'll use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to try okay I'll use the
+polygonal lasso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygonal lasso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygonal lasso
+and I'll enlarge this again move it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll enlarge this again move it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll enlarge this again move it over
+and watch I select what is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch I select what is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch I select what is initially
+going to be selecting just the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be selecting just the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be selecting just the two
+devices this will take a bit so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices this will take a bit so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices this will take a bit so we can
+speed up the video a little bit not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the video a little bit not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up the video a little bit not to
+bore you too much although a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore you too much although a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bore you too much although a little
+boredom is good for the soul okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boredom is good for the soul okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boredom is good for the soul okay I'm
+getting there almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting there almost
+there okay here we go so what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay here we go so what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay here we go so what's going on
+on is that I selected in fact actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that I selected in fact actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is that I selected in fact actually a
+couple of things if you really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things if you really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things if you really think
+about it yes I selected the devices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yes I selected the devices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it yes I selected the devices but
+if you go to the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the inverse of the
+selection that means it will invert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that means it will invert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that means it will invert the
+selection to everything other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection to everything other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection to everything other than the
+devices which means the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which means the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices which means the full
+background now that I'm completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background now that I'm completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background now that I'm completely
+selecting the full background I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the full background I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the full background I'm going
+to fill it with the color that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill it with the color that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill it with the color that I
+previously selected it's shown as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously selected it's shown as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously selected it's shown as the
+foreground color at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground color at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreground color at
+100% and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% and here we
+go and the background is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and the background is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and the background is
+filled now I want to show you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled now I want to show you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled now I want to show you a little
+extra which I think is worth thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra which I think is worth thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra which I think is worth thinking
+about I'm going to once again go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm going to once again go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I'm going to once again go to the
+selection menu and invert the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection menu and invert the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection menu and invert the selection
+once again so that we are in fact back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again so that we are in fact back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again so that we are in fact back
+to selecting the devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to selecting the devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to selecting the devices
+I'm going to open up the layers window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to open up the layers window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to open up the layers window
+because I'm going to show you that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to show you that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm going to show you that we're
+working just at this point with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working just at this point with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working just at this point with one
+layer okay here we go here's the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay here we go here's the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer okay here we go here's the layers
+window so remember I first selected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so remember I first selected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so remember I first selected this
+inverted the selection which selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the selection which selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the selection which selected
+the background and inverted it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and inverted it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background and inverted it back
+again to select the devices so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to select the devices so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to select the devices so we are
+back to selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to selecting the
+devices I'm now going to make a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I'm now going to make a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I'm now going to make a layer of
+these devices by copying it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices by copying it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices by copying it that's
+command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command
+C which has just copied the selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which has just copied the selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C which has just copied the selected
+devices and then command V which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then command V which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then command V which has
+pasted what I just copied creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted what I just copied creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasted what I just copied creating
+basically another layer of just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically another layer of just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically another layer of just the
+devices you can't see that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you can't see that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you can't see that because the
+copy layer is identical to the devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy layer is identical to the devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy layer is identical to the devices
+in the original background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original background
+image now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image now what I'm going to do is
+something I think is fun and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think is fun and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I think is fun and and I think
+helpful to the image I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to the image I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to the image I'm going to go to
+layers then layers style now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers then layers style now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers then layers style now remember
+we're talking about what is labeled here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what is labeled here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what is labeled here
+as layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as layer
+one I'm going to create a drop shadow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to create a drop shadow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to create a drop shadow
+which I like you can play around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I like you can play around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I like you can play around with
+the various qualities like angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various qualities like angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various qualities like angle of the
+Shadow distance of the Shadow the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow distance of the Shadow the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow distance of the Shadow the spread
+the size but watch as I change these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size but watch as I change these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size but watch as I change these
+particular characteristics what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular characteristics what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular characteristics what you're
+seeing here is a drop shadow okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is a drop shadow okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing here is a drop shadow okay I'm
+going to say okay and I'm going to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say okay and I'm going to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say okay and I'm going to zoom
+in a little bit to show you what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit to show you what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit to show you what we've
+done created the shadow in that layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done created the shadow in that layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done created the shadow in that layer
+only I'm going to make this new layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm going to make this new layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I'm going to make this new layer
+invisible to show you the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible to show you the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible to show you the difference
+here's how the background the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how the background the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how the background the original
+image looks on its own and here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image looks on its own and here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image looks on its own and here it is
+with the drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drop
+shadow so for me this looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow so for me this looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow so for me this looks a little bit
+more like the initial image uh with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the initial image uh with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the initial image uh with its
+own Shadows on the flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Shadows on the flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own Shadows on the flat
+bed one more thing I'm going to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed one more thing I'm going to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed one more thing I'm going to convert
+the image into a more horizontal image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image into a more horizontal image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image into a more horizontal image
+sometimes you want to add um more space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to add um more space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to add um more space
+either making it more vertical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either making it more vertical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either making it more vertical or
+horizontal to fit a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal to fit a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal to fit a certain
+format so the color with which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so the color with which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format so the color with which we want
+to extend the image is this color that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the image is this color that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the image is this color that
+needs to be in the background box when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in the background box when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in the background box when
+we we increase canvas size okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we increase canvas size okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we increase canvas size okay I'm
+going to go to the image canvas size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the image canvas size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to the image canvas size and
+here I think this might work and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this might work and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think this might work and if it
+doesn't we can add a little more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't we can add a little more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't we can add a little more to
+change the width making the image longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the width making the image longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the width making the image longer
+let's just go let's make it 15 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go let's make it 15 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go let's make it 15 so the
+algorithm will divide the additional 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will divide the additional 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm will divide the additional 5
+in on both sides of the image keeping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on both sides of the image keeping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on both sides of the image keeping in
+mind that the original image is placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the original image is placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the original image is placed
+in the center of that process and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of that process and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of that process and here
+is the revamped image it gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the revamped image it gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the revamped image it gives us a
+little more space on both sides so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more space on both sides so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more space on both sides so the
+last thing I'm going to show you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I'm going to show you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I'm going to show you is a
+just a little bit of labeling so I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of labeling so I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of labeling so I'd
+like to insert a label indicating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to insert a label indicating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to insert a label indicating that
+this area from here to there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area from here to there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area from here to there is a
+centimeter but before we do that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter but before we do that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter but before we do that uh we
+still have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have two
+layers so let's flatten the image so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so let's flatten the image so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so let's flatten the image so
+there we're only working with one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're only working with one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're only working with one layer
+as you see there's only one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see there's only one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see there's only one in the
+window now I'm going to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window now I'm going to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window now I'm going to take our
+line uh trying it in white you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh trying it in white you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh trying it in white you can try
+it in black or whatever color you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in black or whatever color you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in black or whatever color you want
+okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's not
+bad let me undo this that's command z i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad let me undo this that's command z i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad let me undo this that's command z i
+I want the lines to be a little closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the lines to be a little closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want the lines to be a little closer
+to the area that I'm connecting it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area that I'm connecting it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area that I'm connecting it to
+there's one here's another it's okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one here's another it's okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one here's another it's okay um
+we're going to add some text which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add some text which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add some text which I
+think I'm also going to make in white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm also going to make in white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm also going to make in white
+and I'm going to label it let's say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to label it let's say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to label it let's say one
+cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm
+and that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's too
+small let's see it's 18 using your style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small let's see it's 18 using your style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small let's see it's 18 using your style
+let's go to 24 points and see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to 24 points and see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to 24 points and see how that
+looks almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost
+there I'll go back to move it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll go back to move it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'll go back to move it a little
+bit um that should do it yeah I like it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/buEtwpGvQpI.txt b/buEtwpGvQpI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcb863d637bd6b0682890251dd8f2fd4a524850d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buEtwpGvQpI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's get started so we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started so we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started so we spend
+quite a bit of time with graph theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time with graph theory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of time with graph theory in
+the first part of this course and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this course and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this course and today
+I want to move beyond that so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to move beyond that so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to move beyond that so we're
+going to talk about more central topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about more central topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about more central topics
+in additive combinatorics starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in additive combinatorics starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in additive combinatorics starting with
+the Fourier analytic proof of Roth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier analytic proof of Roth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier analytic proof of Roth's
+theorem we discussed Ross theorem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we discussed Ross theorem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we discussed Ross theorem and we
+gave a proof earlier in the course using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a proof earlier in the course using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave a proof earlier in the course using
+similarities graph regularity lemma as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma as
+well as the triangle removal Emma today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the triangle removal Emma today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the triangle removal Emma today
+I want to show you a different approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a different approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a different approach
+to proving Ross theorem that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proving Ross theorem that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to proving Ross theorem that goes
+through Fourier analysis so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Fourier analysis so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Fourier analysis so this is a
+very important proof and it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important proof and it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important proof and it's one of the
+main tools in additive combinatorics let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main tools in additive combinatorics let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main tools in additive combinatorics let
+me remind you what Ross theorem says so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remind you what Ross theorem says so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remind you what Ross theorem says so
+Ross proved in 1953 that if we write our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross proved in 1953 that if we write our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross proved in 1953 that if we write our
+sub-3 off interval and to be the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-3 off interval and to be the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-3 off interval and to be the maximum
+size of a 383 subset of 1 to n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a 383 subset of 1 to n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a 383 subset of 1 to n then
+graph showed that our 3 of n is not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph showed that our 3 of n is not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph showed that our 3 of n is not all
+then okay so in other words if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so in other words if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so in other words if you have
+a positive density subset of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive density subset of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive density subset of the of the
+integers then it must contain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers then it must contain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers then it must contain a
+three-ton or symmetric progression ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-ton or symmetric progression ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-ton or symmetric progression ok so
+what I said is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said is equivalent to this
+statement here so previously we gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so previously we gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here so previously we gave a
+proof using regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should the regularity approaches some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should the regularity approaches some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should the regularity approaches some
+relatives only found the 70s so Roth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives only found the 70s so Roth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives only found the 70s so Roth's
+original proof was true for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proof was true for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proof was true for your
+analysis and we'll see that tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll see that tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and we'll see that tomorrow
+today we'll see a toy version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see a toy version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll see a toy version of this
+proof oh it's not really a toy version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof oh it's not really a toy version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof oh it's not really a toy version
+it is the same ideas but in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same ideas but in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the same ideas but in a slightly
+easier setting that has fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier setting that has fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier setting that has fewer
+technicalities but before showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities but before showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities but before showing you
+that let me just discuss a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just discuss a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me just discuss a bit of
+history around Ross theorem we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history around Ross theorem we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history around Ross theorem we will show
+next time the next lecture will show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time the next lecture will show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time the next lecture will show the
+bound also by regularity we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound also by regularity we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound also by regularity we get some
+bound which is little ol event but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which is little ol event but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which is little ol event but
+because of the use of regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the use of regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the use of regularity lemma
+it's pretty poor dependence we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty poor dependence we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty poor dependence we got
+something like n over log star n next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n over log star n next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n over log star n next
+lecture and basically what's original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and basically what's original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and basically what's original
+proof gives you a bound which is n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof gives you a bound which is n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof gives you a bound which is n over
+log log n so it's a much more reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so it's a much more reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n so it's a much more reasonable
+bound the current best upper bound known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has the form essentially n over log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the form essentially n over log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the form essentially n over log n
+raised to 1 plus little 1 roughly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 1 plus little 1 roughly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to 1 plus little 1 roughly and
+over log N we do not know or even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log N we do not know or even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over log N we do not know or even have
+great guesses on what the answer should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great guesses on what the answer should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great guesses on what the answer should
+be so the best lower bound and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so the best lower bound and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so the best lower bound and this is a
+construction that we saw earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we saw earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that we saw earlier in the
+course due to parent is of the form n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course due to parent is of the form n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course due to parent is of the form n
+over e to the C glued log n it seems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e to the C glued log n it seems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e to the C glued log n it seems it
+may be very difficult to improve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very difficult to improve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very difficult to improve this
+upper bound without some genuine new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound without some genuine new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound without some genuine new
+ideas on the other hand there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the other hand there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the other hand there are some
+evidence that the lower bound might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that the lower bound might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that the lower bound might be
+closer to the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the truth
+in that there are variants of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that there are variants of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that there are variants of the
+wrought problem for which we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrought problem for which we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrought problem for which we know that
+the lower bound is basically the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+what I want to do today is look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is look at a
+variant of this problem in what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of this problem in what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of this problem in what's called
+a finite field model and that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite field model and that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite field model and that basically
+just means we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means we're going to be looking at
+Ross theorem not in the integers but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem not in the integers but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem not in the integers but in
+some finite field vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite field vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some finite field vector space
+specifically F 3 to the M so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically F 3 to the M so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically F 3 to the M so we're going
+to define our sub 3 of this F 2 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define our sub 3 of this F 2 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define our sub 3 of this F 2 to the N
+to be the maximum size of 383 subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this finite field vector space so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite field vector space so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finite field vector space so the
+finite field model is really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field model is really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field model is really useful
+we're going to see this again later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see this again later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see this again later in
+the course as well many of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course as well many of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course as well many of the ideas
+techniques that work for the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that work for the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that work for the real
+problem so to speak many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so to speak many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so to speak many of those
+techniques also work in the finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques also work in the finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques also work in the finite field
+model but they're technically simpler to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but they're technically simpler to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but they're technically simpler to
+execute so this is often you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute so this is often you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute so this is often you see a
+computer that's a sandbox the playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's a sandbox the playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that's a sandbox the playing
+ground for testing out many of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground for testing out many of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground for testing out many of the ideas
+and once you have those ideas then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have those ideas then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have those ideas then you
+can see if you can bring them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if you can bring them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see if you can bring them to the
+integer setting alright and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer setting alright and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer setting alright and this is a
+very successful program and we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful program and we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful program and we'll see in
+the one aspect of what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one aspect of what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one aspect of what happens when we
+do this for this specific problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for this specific problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for this specific problem of
+Ross theorem in F 3 to the N there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem in F 3 to the N there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem in F 3 to the N there are
+some nice interpretations of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice interpretations of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice interpretations of what this
+poem means so so here's a pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem means so so here's a pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem means so so here's a pretty easy
+fact that 4 so in F 3 to the N for 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that 4 so in F 3 to the N for 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that 4 so in F 3 to the N for 3
+elements X Y Z the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X Y Z the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements X Y Z the following
+interpretations of what it means to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of what it means to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations of what it means to be a
+3 AP are equivalent so X Y Z form a 3 AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 AP are equivalent so X Y Z form a 3 AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 AP are equivalent so X Y Z form a 3 AP
+ok so 3 AP means the Y is X plus DZ x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so 3 AP means the Y is X plus DZ x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so 3 AP means the Y is X plus DZ x
+plus 2d equivalently they satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2d equivalently they satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2d equivalently they satisfy this
+equation X minus 2 y plus Z equals to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X minus 2 y plus Z equals to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation X minus 2 y plus Z equals to 0
+ok in F 3 minus 2 is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in F 3 minus 2 is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok in F 3 minus 2 is plus
+one so the same as this even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the same as this even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the same as this even
+nice-looking equation X plus y plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice-looking equation X plus y plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice-looking equation X plus y plus Z
+equals to zero it also turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to zero it also turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to zero it also turns out to be
+the same as saying that XYZ a lie on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that XYZ a lie on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that XYZ a lie on a
+line so they what they are a line so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so they what they are a line so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so they what they are a line so the
+line has three points in F 3 and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has three points in F 3 and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has three points in F 3 and if you
+look at the coordinate that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the coordinate that for every
+eye the eyes coordinate XYZ are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye the eyes coordinate XYZ are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye the eyes coordinate XYZ are all
+distinct or all equal that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct or all equal that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct or all equal that's easy to
+check all these things are equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all these things are equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all these things are equivalent to
+each other and the last one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the last one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and the last one that's a
+nice interpretation in terms of a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice interpretation in terms of a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice interpretation in terms of a game
+that many of you know a set so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you know a set so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you know a set so in the
+game set you have a bunch of cards there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game set you have a bunch of cards there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game set you have a bunch of cards there
+are some number of properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some number of properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some number of properties and
+properties I color the number of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties I color the number of symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties I color the number of symbols
+shape and you want to form a set being 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and you want to form a set being 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and you want to form a set being 3
+cards such that every property they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards such that every property they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards such that every property they're
+all same or all different so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all same or all different so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all same or all different so that's
+exactly this model over here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this model over here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this model over here all right
+so what can we say about this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can we say about this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what can we say about this problem
+what's the size of the maximum subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the maximum subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the maximum subset of
+F 3 to the N without free ap if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 to the N without free ap if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 to the N without free ap if you look
+at the proof that we did earlier in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proof that we did earlier in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the proof that we did earlier in this
+course the one using triangle removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the one using triangle removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the one using triangle removal
+Emma you see the proof works verbatim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma you see the proof works verbatim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma you see the proof works verbatim
+right previously we worked over Z more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right previously we worked over Z more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right previously we worked over Z more
+then now you work over a different group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you work over a different group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you work over a different group
+same proof so triangle removal Emma it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof so triangle removal Emma it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof so triangle removal Emma it
+tells you that this R 3 is always little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this R 3 is always little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this R 3 is always little
+of the size of the space but we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of the space but we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of the space but we would
+like to do better so this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do better so this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do better so this gives you
+something like block star it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like block star it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like block star it's not very
+good dependence so we would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dependence so we would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dependence so we would like to do
+better so what we will show today ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so what we will show today ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so what we will show today ok so
+this theorem is are too bitter to eschew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is are too bitter to eschew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is are too bitter to eschew
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case the water history is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the water history is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the water history is
+somewhat reversed so we'll see fine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reversed so we'll see fine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat reversed so we'll see fine I
+feel toy model but if historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel toy model but if historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel toy model but if historically
+actually came afterwards but you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came afterwards but you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually came afterwards but you'll see
+that the four year and then the D proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the four year and then the D proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the four year and then the D proof
+that was see today it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was see today it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was see today it's basically the
+same proof in the two settings so fr3 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof in the two settings so fr3 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof in the two settings so fr3 we
+will proof abound or just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will proof abound or just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will proof abound or just like that
+okay so much better than them when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so much better than them when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so much better than them when you
+get from the regularity method in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the regularity method in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the regularity method in terms
+of okay so let me talk a bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so let me talk a bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so let me talk a bit more about
+the history of this pump in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this pump in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of this pump in terms of
+what we know in terms of upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know in terms of upper bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know in terms of upper bounds
+and lower bounds so let me say so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bounds so let me say so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lower bounds so let me say so what's
+the best that you might hope for was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that you might hope for was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best that you might hope for was the
+best lower bound is a dell and it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lower bound is a dell and it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lower bound is a dell and it's some
+construction some very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction some very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction some very specific
+construction which gives you a pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction which gives you a pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction which gives you a pound
+that's something like to point to one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like to point to one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like to point to one to
+the end and the upper bound is three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and the upper bound is three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and the upper bound is three to
+the N on the three- little one to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N on the three- little one to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N on the three- little one to the n
+so for a long time it was open whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long time it was open whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a long time it was open whether
+the answer should be basically on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should be basically on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer should be basically on
+roughly like three to the N or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly like three to the N or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly like three to the N or some
+constant less than three to the N an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than three to the N an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant less than three to the N an
+improvement on the upper bound were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on the upper bound were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement on the upper bound were very
+slow and or some very difficult work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and or some very difficult work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow and or some very difficult work
+Stan Nagy that down below just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stan Nagy that down below just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stan Nagy that down below just a little
+bit and then a couple years ago a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then a couple years ago a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then a couple years ago a few
+years ago there was this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there was this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago there was this incredible
+breakthrough where in this paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough where in this paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough where in this paper that
+was just a couple pages long they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a couple pages long they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a couple pages long they
+managed to significantly improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to significantly improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to significantly improve the
+upper bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically 2.76 to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was an incredible breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was an incredible breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was an incredible breakthrough
+that happened just a few years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened just a few years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened just a few years ago and
+we'll talk about this proof in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this proof in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this proof in a couple
+of lectures it turns out this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures it turns out this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures it turns out this proof
+which uses what's now called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses what's now called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uses what's now called the
+polynomial method so not for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial method so not for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial method so not for you
+analytic but a different method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic but a different method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic but a different method
+unfortunately does not seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately does not seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately does not seem to
+generalize to the original ross theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to the original ross theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to the original ross theorem
+in fact you shouldn't expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you shouldn't expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you shouldn't expect it to
+generalize in a straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in a straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize in a straightforward way
+because up there you know that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because up there you know that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because up there you know that you do
+not have a power saving whereas here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a power saving whereas here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a power saving whereas here you
+have a power saving so the exponent goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power saving so the exponent goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a power saving so the exponent goes
+down okay so this is roughly the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so this is roughly the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so this is roughly the history
+of this theorem any questions sir yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem any questions sir yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem any questions sir yeah
+so I'll okay this is known as a crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll okay this is known as a crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll okay this is known as a crew
+left hawk say more about it in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hawk say more about it in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hawk say more about it in a couple
+lectures but this for F 3 is due to LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but this for F 3 is due to LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but this for F 3 is due to LM
+very king high strike but I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very king high strike but I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very king high strike but I'll tell you
+more about it in a couple lectures what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it in a couple lectures what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it in a couple lectures what
+I want to focus on today is the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on today is the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on today is the Fourier
+analytic nature of the proof that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic nature of the proof that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic nature of the proof that gives
+you this up there 3 to the N over N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this up there 3 to the N over N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this up there 3 to the N over N and
+it may seem like a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like a completely different
+topic compared to what we've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic compared to what we've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic compared to what we've been doing
+so far in the course which is more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in the course which is more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far in the course which is more about
+graph theory but I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory but I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory but I want you to think
+about what are the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are the relationships between
+wall wall say today and what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall wall say today and what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall wall say today and what we've seen
+so far and there are lots of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and there are lots of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far and there are lots of connections
+right so even though the proof nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though the proof nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though the proof nice
+superficially look quite different many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially look quite different many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficially look quite different many
+of these ideas about quasi randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas about quasi randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas about quasi randomness
+versus structure will come up and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus structure will come up and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus structure will come up and I want
+to present the proof in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present the proof in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present the proof in a way that
+highlights the similarities between what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the similarities between what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights the similarities between what
+we did previously and this four-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did previously and this four-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did previously and this four-year
+analytic truth so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic truth so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic truth so let's talk about the
+strategy in the proof of the SEM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in the proof of the SEM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy in the proof of the SEM
+radiographed regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiographed regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiographed regular
+our dilemma we had the strategy that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dilemma we had the strategy that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our dilemma we had the strategy that we
+call the energy increment strategy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the energy increment strategy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the energy increment strategy so
+you start you want to find a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you want to find a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you want to find a good
+partition you start doing partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you start doing partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you start doing partitioning
+and you keep track of this thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep track of this thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep track of this thing called
+the energy must go up and every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy must go up and every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy must go up and every step
+cannot go up forever so has a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go up forever so has a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go up forever so has a bounded
+number of steps the strategy for Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps the strategy for Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps the strategy for Ross
+theorem is also an important strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is also an important strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is also an important strategy
+it's a variant of energy increment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a variant of energy increment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a variant of energy increment but
+now density increment so we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now density increment so we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now density increment so we start with a
+set a subset of f2 to the M and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a subset of f2 to the M and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a subset of f2 to the M and we would
+like to understand something about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand something about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand something about its
+structure versus pseudo randomness in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure versus pseudo randomness in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure versus pseudo randomness in a
+way that is similar to when we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is similar to when we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that is similar to when we discussed
+the similar issue for for graphs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar issue for for graphs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar issue for for graphs in
+particular there will be this dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there will be this dichotomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there will be this dichotomy
+that if a is in some sense pseudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a is in some sense pseudo random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if a is in some sense pseudo random
+okay so earlier we saw what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so earlier we saw what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so earlier we saw what it means for
+a graph to be pseudo random so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph to be pseudo random so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph to be pseudo random so now what
+is the mean for a subset of F 3 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for a subset of F 3 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean for a subset of F 3 to the N
+to be pseudo random so we'll address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pseudo random so we'll address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pseudo random so we'll address
+that today if a is pseudo random so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today if a is pseudo random so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today if a is pseudo random so the
+short answer is that it is for a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is that it is for a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer is that it is for a uniform
+in other words all Fourier coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words all Fourier coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words all Fourier coefficients
+small that's what pseudo random will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that's what pseudo random will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that's what pseudo random will
+refer to so then there is a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to so then there is a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to so then there is a counting
+lemma and the counting lemma what in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and the counting lemma what in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and the counting lemma what in
+particular imply that a has lots of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular imply that a has lots of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular imply that a has lots of 3
+ApS ok so then you find your three AP if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ApS ok so then you find your three AP if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ApS ok so then you find your three AP if
+this is not the case then ok so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case then ok so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the case then ok so what's
+the opposite of for a uniform is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of for a uniform is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of for a uniform is that a
+now has some large Fourier coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we'll do is to use this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do is to use this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do is to use this for you
+a coefficient to extract some Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient to extract some Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coefficient to extract some Co
+dimension one affine subspace it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one affine subspace it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one affine subspace it's also
+called a hyperplane where the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hyperplane where the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a hyperplane where the density of
+a goes up significantly if you restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes up significantly if you restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes up significantly if you restrict
+to that hyperplane and you can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that hyperplane and you can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that hyperplane and you can repeat
+this process now restrict to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process now restrict to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process now restrict to this
+hyperplane and ask yourself the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane and ask yourself the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane and ask yourself the same
+question this a will restrict it to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this a will restrict it to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this a will restrict it to this
+hyperplane pseudo random in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane pseudo random in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane pseudo random in which case
+we find a piece or is a restricted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a piece or is a restricted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a piece or is a restricted this
+hyperplane does have a large Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane does have a large Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane does have a large Fourier
+coefficient in which case we restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in which case we restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in which case we restrict
+further and each time you iterate you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and each time you iterate you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and each time you iterate you're
+paying a density increment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a density increment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a density increment and the
+density increment cannot go on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because your total density is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your total density is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your total density is at most
+one so the number of steps must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the number of steps must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the number of steps must be
+bounded so that's the strategy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so that's the strategy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded so that's the strategy so you
+should remind you somewhat of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you somewhat of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remind you somewhat of the energy
+increment strategy from similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment strategy from similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment strategy from similarities
+regularity lemma although there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma although there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma although there are some
+fundamental differences we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental differences we're not doing
+partitioning any questions of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning any questions of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioning any questions of other
+strategy ok I want to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy ok I want to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy ok I want to tell you about
+Fourier analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so probably all of you have seen some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably all of you have seen some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably all of you have seen some
+version of Fourier analysis maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Fourier analysis maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Fourier analysis maybe in
+your calculus class with for you serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus class with for you serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculus class with for you serious
+and whatnot and so you play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and so you play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatnot and so you play with
+formulas and solve some differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and solve some differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and solve some differential
+equations so I want to give you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I want to give you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so I want to give you you know
+more than just a bunch of ways about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a bunch of ways about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just a bunch of ways about
+handling Fourier coefficients a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling Fourier coefficients a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling Fourier coefficients a way to
+think about Fourier analysis so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Fourier analysis so think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about Fourier analysis so think of
+this as a crash course about Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a crash course about Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a crash course about Fourier
+analysis from the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis from the perspective of
+combinatorics and Fourier analysis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and Fourier analysis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and Fourier analysis I
+think it's much easier if you work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's much easier if you work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's much easier if you work in a
+finite group in the finite abelian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite group in the finite abelian group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite group in the finite abelian group
+which is what we're doing here many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're doing here many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're doing here many of
+the technicalities go away so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technicalities go away so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technicalities go away so we'll be
+looking specifically at Fourier analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking specifically at Fourier analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking specifically at Fourier analysis
+in F 3 to the M although three can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F 3 to the M although three can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in F 3 to the M although three can be
+any prime so it's really the same so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any prime so it's really the same so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any prime so it's really the same so the
+main actors in Fourier analysis are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main actors in Fourier analysis are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main actors in Fourier analysis are the
+four-year characters the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year characters the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year characters the Fourier
+characters are denoted gamma sub R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are denoted gamma sub R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters are denoted gamma sub R and
+there are characters on the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are characters on the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are characters on the group
+meaning that there are maps which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there are maps which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that there are maps which
+paternal happen to be homomorphisms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternal happen to be homomorphisms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paternal happen to be homomorphisms for
+the multiplicative group under as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative group under as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative group under as well
+see under multiplication and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see under multiplication and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see under multiplication and they're
+indexed by r which also elements of F 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by r which also elements of F 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by r which also elements of F 3
+to the N so I'm going to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N so I'm going to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N so I'm going to be fairly
+concrete here there are ways to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete here there are ways to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete here there are ways to do this
+more abstractly but I'll be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstractly but I'll be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more abstractly but I'll be fairly
+concrete so it's defined by gamma sub R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete so it's defined by gamma sub R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete so it's defined by gamma sub R
+evaluated on x equals to Omega raise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on x equals to Omega raise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on x equals to Omega raise to
+r dot product X where here Omega is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot product X where here Omega is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot product X where here Omega is a
+third root of unity and the dot is a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third root of unity and the dot is a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third root of unity and the dot is a dot
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the definition of the
+Fourier transform you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform you know that's the
+best definition the for your characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best definition the for your characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best definition the for your characters
+and once you have the Fourier characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have the Fourier characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have the Fourier characters
+you can have this Fourier transform just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define as follows if you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as follows if you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as follows if you start with a
+function let's say a complex valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's say a complex valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function let's say a complex valued
+function on your space then I define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on your space then I define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on your space then I define the
+Fourier transform to be another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform to be another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform to be another function
+like that defined by following formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the formula for the
+Fourier transform it has basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform it has basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform it has basically the
+inner product between F and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between F and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product between F and the
+four-year character and so let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year character and so let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year character and so let me make
+the comment here I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment here I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comment here I think this is
+actually a pretty important comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty important comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a pretty important comment
+about the normalization now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the normalization now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the normalization now when you
+first learn Fourier transforms usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn Fourier transforms usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first learn Fourier transforms usually
+in the reals there are all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reals there are all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reals there are all these
+questions about what number to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what number to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about what number to put in
+the exponent is a 2 pi is a root 2 pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is a 2 pi is a root 2 pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent is a 2 pi is a root 2 pi is
+some other thing and you know somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other thing and you know somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other thing and you know somehow
+one answer is better than the others and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer is better than the others and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer is better than the others and
+the same thing is true here in groups so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true here in groups so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true here in groups so
+we'll stick with the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick with the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stick with the following
+convention and I won't all of you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and I won't all of you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and I won't all of you to
+stick with this convention otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with this convention otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with this convention otherwise
+we'll confuse ourselves to no end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll confuse ourselves to no end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll confuse ourselves to no end
+is that for a finite group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+let me start a new board so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start a new board so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start a new board so the
+convention is that in a finite group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is that in a finite group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention is that in a finite group the
+Fourier transform is defined and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is defined and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is defined and more
+generally anything you do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally anything you do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally anything you do in the
+physical space we always use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space we always use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical space we always use the
+averaging measure don't some always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging measure don't some always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging measure don't some always
+average in the physical space and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the physical space and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the physical space and in the
+frequency space always use some use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space always use some use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space always use some use the
+counting measure keep this in mind any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting measure keep this in mind any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting measure keep this in mind any
+of these questions about normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions about normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these questions about normalization
+if you stick with this convention things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with this convention things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with this convention things
+will become much easier so there won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become much easier so there won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become much easier so there won't
+be any of these questions about when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any of these questions about when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any of these questions about when you
+take the inverse Fourier transform do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse Fourier transform do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse Fourier transform do I
+put an extra factor in in front or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an extra factor in in front or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an extra factor in in front or not
+if you stick with this correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with this correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with this correct
+convention so with that convention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention so with that convention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention so with that convention in
+mind what the Fourier transform really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind what the Fourier transform really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind what the Fourier transform really
+is in your product between F and a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your product between F and a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in your product between F and a for
+your character okay there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your character okay there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your character okay there are some
+important properties of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of the Fourier
+transform so let me go through a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so let me go through a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so let me go through a few of
+the key properties that we'll need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key properties that we'll need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key properties that we'll need the
+first one is pretty easy one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is pretty easy one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is pretty easy one is the
+meaning of the 0th fourier coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the 0th fourier coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the 0th fourier coefficient
+you plug it in and you see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in and you see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug it in and you see that it is
+just the average of F ok so 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average of F ok so 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the average of F ok so 0 the
+coefficient is the average of F the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the average of F the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the average of F the
+second fact goes on there one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second fact goes on there one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second fact goes on there one of two
+names and they're often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and they're often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names and they're often used
+interchangeably clench RL or parsable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it says that if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that if you look at the
+inner product in the physical space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product in the physical space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product in the physical space then
+this in your product is preserved if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your product is preserved if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your product is preserved if you
+take the Fourier transform but now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Fourier transform but now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Fourier transform but now of
+course you're in the frequency space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're in the frequency space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're in the frequency space so
+you should sum instead of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sum instead of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sum instead of doing the
+inner product okay so this identity can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product okay so this identity can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product okay so this identity can
+be proved in a fairly straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved in a fairly straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proved in a fairly straightforward
+way by plugging in what the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by plugging in what the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by plugging in what the definition
+is for the Fourier transform now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the Fourier transform now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the Fourier transform now this is
+a straightforward computation I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straightforward computation I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straightforward computation I'm not
+going to do on the board where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do on the board where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do on the board where that
+highly encouraged to actually do at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encouraged to actually do at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly encouraged to actually do at home
+not just do it once to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do it once to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just do it once to make sure you
+understand how it goes but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it goes but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it goes but there's also
+a more conceptual way to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more conceptual way to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more conceptual way to understand this
+identity and that's because you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that's because you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and that's because you can I
+know this is also important to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is also important to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is also important to you to
+understand what the Fourier transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Fourier transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Fourier transform is
+it's not just some magical formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just some magical formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just some magical formula
+somebody wrote down like this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote down like this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wrote down like this is a very
+natural operation it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operation it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural operation it's because the
+characters the set of characters is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters the set of characters is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters the set of characters is an
+orthonormal basis so then for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so then for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis so then for your
+characters form an orthonormal basis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters form an orthonormal basis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters form an orthonormal basis as
+a result what the Fourier transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result what the Fourier transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result what the Fourier transform is
+is a unitary change of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can check it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check it's very straightforward
+to check that before your character's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that before your character's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check that before your character's
+indeed formal orthonormal basis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed formal orthonormal basis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed formal orthonormal basis because
+well you can evaluate the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can evaluate the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can evaluate the inner product
+between two for your characters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two for your characters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two for your characters so
+remember in the physical space we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the physical space we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the physical space we're
+always doing averaging and so now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing averaging and so now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always doing averaging and so now so
+just write down first what I mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down first what I mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down first what I mean by the
+inner product so that's the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product so that's the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner product so that's the inner
+product and by the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and by the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and by the definition of the
+Fourier character you have that so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier character you have that so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier character you have that so think
+about what this expectation is unless R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this expectation is unless R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this expectation is unless R
+equals to s in which case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to s in which case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to s in which case this
+expectation is 1 ok unless that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is 1 ok unless that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is 1 ok unless that is the
+case you always have some coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you always have some coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you always have some coordinate of
+X in the exponent so as you add which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the exponent so as you add which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in the exponent so as you add which
+over all possibilities they average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possibilities they average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possibilities they average out
+to 0 ok so this calculation shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 ok so this calculation shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 ok so this calculation shows you
+that the for your characters from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the for your characters from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the for your characters from a
+orthonormal basis and the basic fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis and the basic fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis and the basic fact you
+know from linear algebra is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from linear algebra is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from linear algebra is that if we
+do a change of basis if you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a change of basis if you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a change of basis if you do an
+unitary change of basis then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary change of basis then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary change of basis then your
+product is preserved but it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is preserved but it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is preserved but it's like a
+rotation it's the same so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation it's the same so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation it's the same so you're not
+changing the inner product so inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the inner product so inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the inner product so inner
+product is preserved under this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is preserved under this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is preserved under this change
+of basis and that's that's why plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis and that's that's why plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis and that's that's why plants
+are always too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another important thing is what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing is what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing is what's known
+as the Fourier inversion formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Fourier inversion formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Fourier inversion formula the
+Fourier transform tells you how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform tells you how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform tells you how to go
+from a function to be Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a function to be Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a function to be Fourier transform
+or now if you are given the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now if you are given the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now if you are given the Fourier
+transform how do you go back there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform how do you go back there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform how do you go back there's a
+formula which tells you that you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which tells you that you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which tells you that you can go
+back by the following okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by the following okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back by the following okay so that's the
+Fourier inversion formula it allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier inversion formula it allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier inversion formula it allows you
+to to do this inversion and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this inversion and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this inversion and again it's
+one of these formulas where I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these formulas where I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these formulas where I encourage
+you to try it out yourself by plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try it out yourself by plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try it out yourself by plugging
+in the formula and expanding and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula and expanding and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula and expanding and it's
+pretty easy to check it's much easier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to check it's much easier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to check it's much easier in
+the finite field setting by the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field setting by the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field setting by the way so
+if you use the usual Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the usual Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the usual Fourier transform
+on the real line there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real line there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the real line there are some
+technicalities even to prove the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities even to prove the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technicalities even to prove the for
+your inversion but in finite groups it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inversion but in finite groups it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inversion but in finite groups it's
+almost trivial you expand and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial you expand and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost trivial you expand and then you
+will see it's very easy to prove but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's very easy to prove but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see it's very easy to prove but you
+can also see this Fourier inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see this Fourier inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see this Fourier inversion
+formula more conceptually because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula more conceptually because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula more conceptually because you're
+in a unitary change-of-basis so to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a unitary change-of-basis so to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a unitary change-of-basis so to go
+back I'll think about what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I'll think about what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I'll think about what it means
+linear algebra to revert a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra to revert a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra to revert a unitary
+transformation you simply multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you simply multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you simply multiply the
+coefficients with the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+talking all orthonormal change of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking all orthonormal change of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking all orthonormal change of basis
+finally Fourier transform behaves well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Fourier transform behaves well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Fourier transform behaves well
+under convolution so by convolution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under convolution so by convolution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under convolution so by convolution we
+define the convolution of two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the convolution of two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the convolution of two functions
+F and G using following formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so then the claim is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then the claim is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then the claim is that the
+Fourier transform behaves very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform behaves very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform behaves very well
+under convolution it it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under convolution it it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under convolution it it's basically
+multiplicative okay so what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative okay so what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative okay so what this means
+is if I put in so it's point wise true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I put in so it's point wise true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I put in so it's point wise true
+everywhere again very easy proof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere again very easy proof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere again very easy proof because
+I just evaluate the left hand side see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just evaluate the left hand side see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just evaluate the left hand side see
+what plug in the formula for the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plug in the formula for the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plug in the formula for the Fourier
+transform and I find that and now I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and I find that and now I plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and I find that and now I plug
+in the formula for convolution and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula for convolution and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the formula for convolution and so
+now you can do a change of variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not hard to see you eventually end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to see you eventually end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to see you eventually end
+up at the right-hand side okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the right-hand side okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the right-hand side okay so these
+are some of the properties so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the properties so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the properties so there are
+important properties of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties of the Fourier
+transform so this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so this is something that
+whenever you learn about Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you learn about Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you learn about Fourier
+transform you always always see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you always always see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform you always always see these
+few properties and so we'll use them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few properties and so we'll use them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few properties and so we'll use them but
+we'll also need another property that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also need another property that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also need another property that is
+specific to the analysis of three time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the analysis of three time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to the analysis of three time
+arithmetic progressions so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions so what does
+Fourier transform have to do with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform have to do with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform have to do with three
+APs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APs
+so we want to use it to prove roster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use it to prove roster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to use it to prove roster so
+we better have some tool that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better have some tool that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better have some tool that allows us
+to analyze the number of three APs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the number of three APs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the number of three APs and
+here's the key identity relating Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with three a piece and it's that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three a piece and it's that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three a piece and it's that if you
+have three functions and the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three functions and the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three functions and the following
+quantity which relates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three a piece okay so this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a piece okay so this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three a piece okay so this function
+basically counts the number three a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counts the number three a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counts the number three a
+piece if you are F G and H are indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece if you are F G and H are indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece if you are F G and H are indicator
+functions of a set I want to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a set I want to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of a set I want to express
+this formula in terms of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula in terms of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula in terms of the Fourier
+transforms of these functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of these functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of these functions the
+formula turns out to be fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula turns out to be fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula turns out to be fairly simple
+that is simply okay so it's a single sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is simply okay so it's a single sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is simply okay so it's a single sum
+over the arse of F hat of our G hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the arse of F hat of our G hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the arse of F hat of our G hat of
+minus 2r each kind of our you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2r each kind of our you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2r each kind of our you might
+wonder why I put a minus two here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why I put a minus two here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why I put a minus two here this
+minus two is our and it looks certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two is our and it looks certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two is our and it looks certainly
+much nicer with just our in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer with just our in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much nicer with just our in there and
+that is to this formula as written is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to this formula as written is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to this formula as written is
+true for over any group and our proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for over any group and our proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for over any group and our proof
+will show it so it's not really about f3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show it so it's not really about f3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show it so it's not really about f3
+at all but any group that me okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but any group that me okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but any group that me okay so let
+me prove this for you in in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me prove this for you in in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me prove this for you in in a couple of
+different ways so the first proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so the first proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways so the first proof is
+basically a straight forward you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a straight forward you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a straight forward you know no
+thinking involved proof as in we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking involved proof as in we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking involved proof as in we apply
+this formula for using either Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for using either Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for using either Fourier
+inversion or for you or the inverse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion or for you or the inverse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion or for you or the inverse for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+transform and plug it in and expand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and plug it in and expand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and plug it in and expand and
+check so it's worth doing at least this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so it's worth doing at least this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check so it's worth doing at least this
+one so let's let's do this together at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's let's do this together at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's let's do this together at
+least once but this is something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once but this is something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once but this is something that is
+a fairly straightforward computation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly straightforward computation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly straightforward computation the
+left-hand side can be expanded using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side can be expanded using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side can be expanded using for
+your inversion so R 1 F 1/2 R 1 Omega to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inversion so R 1 F 1/2 R 1 Omega to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inversion so R 1 F 1/2 R 1 Omega to
+the minus R 1 dot X sum over R 2 G hat R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R 1 dot X sum over R 2 G hat R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus R 1 dot X sum over R 2 G hat R
+2 Omega to the minus R 2 dot X plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega to the minus R 2 dot X plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega to the minus R 2 dot X plus y
+and then finally some of our 3 H hat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally some of our 3 H hat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally some of our 3 H hat of
+our 3 Omega to the minus R 3 dot X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 3 Omega to the minus R 3 dot X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 3 Omega to the minus R 3 dot X plus
+2y ok so I'm using Fourier inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2y ok so I'm using Fourier inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2y ok so I'm using Fourier inversion
+replace F G and H by their by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace F G and H by their by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace F G and H by their by their
+Fourier transforms sorry there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- ok so now we exchange sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ok so now we exchange sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- ok so now we exchange sums and
+expectations to us switch in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to us switch in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations to us switch in the water
+summation R 1 R 2 R 3 and F hat of R 1 G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation R 1 R 2 R 3 and F hat of R 1 G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation R 1 R 2 R 3 and F hat of R 1 G
+hat of R 2 H half of R 3 and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of R 2 H half of R 3 and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat of R 2 H half of R 3 and you have
+this expectation over x + y + Omega of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation over x + y + Omega of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation over x + y + Omega of X
+dot R 1 plus R 2 sorry talk I can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R 1 plus R 2 sorry talk I can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R 1 plus R 2 sorry talk I can even
+write the X and y separately why Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why dot are two plus two okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why dot are two plus two okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why dot are two plus two okay so just
+rearranging and now you see that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging and now you see that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging and now you see that as you
+take expectation over X this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation over X this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation over X this expectation
+is equal to 1 if r1 plus r2 plus r3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 if r1 plus r2 plus r3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 if r1 plus r2 plus r3 is
+equal to 0 and 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and 0 otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and 0 otherwise
+and likewise the third expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the third expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise the third expectation is
+either 1 or 0 depending on the sums of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 1 or 0 depending on the sums of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 1 or 0 depending on the sums of
+our to and r3 so the only terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to and r3 so the only terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to and r3 so the only terms that
+remain after you take out these zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain after you take out these zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain after you take out these zeros
+are cases where both these two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cases where both these two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cases where both these two equations
+are satisfied and then you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied and then you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are satisfied and then you see that the
+only remaining terms are basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only remaining terms are basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only remaining terms are basically the
+ones given in the sum on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones given in the sum on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones given in the sum on the right hand
+side okay so that's the proof pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so that's the proof pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay so that's the proof pretty
+straightforward you plug in for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you plug in for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you plug in for a
+version I want to show you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version I want to show you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version I want to show you a different
+proof that hopefully will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that hopefully will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that hopefully will be more
+familiar and more conceptual that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and more conceptual that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and more conceptual that
+doesn't involve carrying through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve carrying through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve carrying through this
+calculation even though this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation even though this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation even though this is not a
+little hard calculation but first let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard calculation but first let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard calculation but first let me
+rewrite the formula up there so in F 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the formula up there so in F 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the formula up there so in F 3
+will be convenient and so formula it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be convenient and so formula it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be convenient and so formula it's
+actually slightly easier to interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly easier to interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly easier to interpreting
+F 3 and F 3 the identity says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 and F 3 the identity says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 and F 3 the identity says that if
+you look at the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean so let me give you a second proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so let me give you a second proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean so let me give you a second proof
+that works just in f3 but you can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works just in f3 but you can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works just in f3 but you can modify
+it working other groups but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working other groups but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it working other groups but you have to
+it's particularly nice the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly nice the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly nice the left-hand
+side you see the reference side I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you see the reference side I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you see the reference side I can
+rewrite it as the following form where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it as the following form where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it as the following form where I
+sum over when I take expectation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over when I take expectation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over when I take expectation over
+all triples XYZ that's sum to 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all triples XYZ that's sum to 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all triples XYZ that's sum to 0 because
+the 3 AP is the same as three elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 AP is the same as three elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3 AP is the same as three elements
+free points in the vector space summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free points in the vector space summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free points in the vector space summing
+to zero but now you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but now you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero but now you see that this
+quantity is the same as a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is the same as a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is the same as a convolution
+evaluated at zero so if you extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero so if you extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at zero so if you extend the
+definition of convolution to more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convolution to more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of convolution to more than
+one form or than two functions but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form or than two functions but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form or than two functions but now
+we apply for a inversion and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply for a inversion and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply for a inversion and we find
+that ok so by Fourier inversion you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok so by Fourier inversion you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok so by Fourier inversion you have
+that but now by the identity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now by the identity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now by the identity that
+relates the Fourier transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the Fourier transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the Fourier transform and
+inversion you have that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion you have that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion you have that and that's
+that's the proof because minus two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proof because minus two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proof because minus two are
+the same as are so it's it's shorter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as are so it's it's shorter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as are so it's it's shorter is
+we're using some properties here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using some properties here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using some properties here about
+convolution and yes about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and yes about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and yes about the
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that formula up there is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula up there is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula up there is of course
+related to counting three atps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to counting three atps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to counting three atps because
+if F G and H are all indicators of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F G and H are all indicators of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if F G and H are all indicators of some
+set then the left-hand side is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then the left-hand side is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then the left-hand side is the same
+as basically the number of triples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically the number of triples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as basically the number of triples of
+elements in ape whose sum is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in ape whose sum is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in ape whose sum is equal to
+zero and the right-hand side is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the right-hand side is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the right-hand side is the sum
+of the third power of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third power of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third power of the Fourier
+coefficients and this formula should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and this formula should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and this formula should
+look somewhat familiar because we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat familiar because we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat familiar because we also
+use this kind of formulas back when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this kind of formulas back when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this kind of formulas back when we
+discussed spectral graph theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed spectral graph theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed spectral graph theory and
+remember the third moment of eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the third moment of eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the third moment of eigenvalues
+is the trace of the third power which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trace of the third power which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trace of the third power which
+counts closed walks in a Kayla graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts closed walks in a Kayla graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts closed walks in a Kayla graph so
+this is actually the same formula so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the same formula so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the same formula so so
+in the case if a is symmetric let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case if a is symmetric let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case if a is symmetric let's say
+then this is the same as the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that counts closed walks of length 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a KD graph at the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a KD graph at the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a KD graph at the point of this
+common is just to tell you that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is just to tell you that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is just to tell you that you know
+Fourier transform is somehow it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is somehow it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform is somehow it's not
+this brand new concept that we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new concept that we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brand new concept that we've never
+seen before it is intimately tied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before it is intimately tied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before it is intimately tied to
+many of the things we have seen earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the things we have seen earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the things we have seen earlier
+in this course but in disguise so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course but in disguise so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course but in disguise so it is
+related to the spectral graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the spectral graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the spectral graph theory
+that we discussed at length earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed at length earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we discussed at length earlier in
+this course okay now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course okay now that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course okay now that we have the
+Fourier transform I want to develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform I want to develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform I want to develop some
+machinery to prove RAAS theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to prove RAAS theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to prove RAAS theorem
+following the strategy up there ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the strategy up there ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the strategy up there ok so
+let's take a quick break and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick break and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a quick break and then when
+we come back we'll prove RAAS theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so question is where do we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so question is where do we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so question is where do we use that
+word you in F 3 to the N this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you in F 3 to the N this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word you in F 3 to the N this formula
+here holding every finite abelian group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here holding every finite abelian group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here holding every finite abelian group
+if you use the correct definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the correct definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the correct definition of
+Fourier transform with the averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform with the averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform with the averaging
+normalization so in the other formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so in the other formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so in the other formula
+where you replace -2 by one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you replace -2 by one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you replace -2 by one that
+requires F 3 but you can I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires F 3 but you can I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires F 3 but you can I mean you can
+follow the proof and come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the proof and come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the proof and come up with a
+similar formula for every equation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formula for every equation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar formula for every equation yeah
+so there's a general principle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a general principle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a general principle here
+which I'll discuss more length in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll discuss more length in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll discuss more length in a bit
+that for patterns that are covered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for patterns that are covered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for patterns that are covered by a
+single equation in this case 3 a piece X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single equation in this case 3 a piece X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single equation in this case 3 a piece X
+minus 2y plus Z equal to 0 patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2y plus Z equal to 0 patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2y plus Z equal to 0 patterns that
+can be governed by a single equation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be governed by a single equation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be governed by a single equation can
+be controlled by a Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's begin our proof a four-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's begin our proof a four-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's begin our proof a four-year
+analytic proof of roster I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic proof of roster I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic proof of roster I mean that's
+free to the okay so you're asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to the okay so you're asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to the okay so you're asking about
+the final step where we we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step where we we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final step where we we're talking
+about so I mentioned that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I mentioned that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so I mentioned that there's this
+connection between counting walks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between counting walks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between counting walks and
+graphs and spectral graph theory so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and spectral graph theory so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and spectral graph theory so you
+can check that if you have a sub set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that if you have a sub set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check that if you have a sub set a
+of an abelian group then the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abelian group then the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an abelian group then the Fourier
+transforms of a are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of a are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms of a are exactly the
+eigenvalues of the katy graph okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the katy graph okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of the katy graph okay
+question where is the Fourier analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is the Fourier analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where is the Fourier analysis
+better than the spectral posted so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the spectral posted so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the spectral posted so let's
+see the proof first so there's no graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proof first so there's no graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proof first so there's no graphs
+anymore so we're gonna work inside f2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so we're gonna work inside f2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so we're gonna work inside f2 to
+the M but just like the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M but just like the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M but just like the proof of
+regularity and County we're gonna have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and County we're gonna have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity and County we're gonna have a
+counting number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting number
+okay so all of these are analytic and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these are analytic and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all of these are analytic and at
+this point you know they should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you know they should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you know they should be very
+familiar to you they may have they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you they may have they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you they may have they may
+come in different form they may be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in different form they may be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in different form they may be not
+dressed in different clothing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in different clothing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed in different clothing but it's
+still a counting them so let's see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a counting them so let's see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a counting them so let's see the
+county lemma in this case says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county lemma in this case says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county lemma in this case says that if
+you are in setting of a as 2 to the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in setting of a as 2 to the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in setting of a as 2 to the M
+and I'm going to throughout right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to throughout right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to throughout right the
+density of a as alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let me write okay let me define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me write okay let me define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let me write okay let me define
+this lambda 3/8 to be the function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 3/8 to be the function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda 3/8 to be the function which
+basically counts 3 a piece in a but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counts 3 a piece in a but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counts 3 a piece in a but with
+the averaging normalization so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averaging normalization so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the averaging normalization so this is
+we saw this earlier so the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this earlier so the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw this earlier so the counting
+lemma says that this normalized number 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma says that this normalized number 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma says that this normalized number 3
+piecing a so including trivial three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecing a so including trivial three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecing a so including trivial three
+keys sorry this is a nice analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys sorry this is a nice analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys sorry this is a nice analytic
+expression differs from what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression differs from what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression differs from what you might
+guess based on density alone this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess based on density alone this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess based on density alone this
+difference should be small if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference should be small if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference should be small if all the
+nonzero four-year coefficients of a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero four-year coefficients of a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero four-year coefficients of a are
+small so in this strategy I said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this strategy I said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this strategy I said that if
+to the counting lemma tells you if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counting lemma tells you if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counting lemma tells you if a is
+for a uniform then is a pseudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a uniform then is a pseudo random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a uniform then is a pseudo random
+and this is where it comes in if a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where it comes in if a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where it comes in if a has
+all small Fourier coefficients then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all small Fourier coefficients then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all small Fourier coefficients then you
+have a counting lemma which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a counting lemma which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a counting lemma which tells you
+that the counter base should not be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the counter base should not be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the counter base should not be so
+different from the guess based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the guess based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the guess based on
+density so the proof is very short it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so the proof is very short it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so the proof is very short it's
+based on the identity that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the identity that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the identity that we saw
+earlier the three count of a by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the three count of a by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the three count of a by the
+identity earlier is simply the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity earlier is simply the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity earlier is simply the third
+power of the Fourier transforms all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the Fourier transforms all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the Fourier transforms all of
+these calculations should be reminiscent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations should be reminiscent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations should be reminiscent
+because we've done these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've done these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've done these kind of
+calculations in some form or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in some form or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in some form or another
+earlier in this course so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this course so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in this course so we're going to
+separate out the main term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out the main term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out the main term
+and subsequent terms so the main term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent terms so the main term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subsequent terms so the main term is
+the one corresponding to R equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one corresponding to R equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one corresponding to R equals to
+zero so that's the density and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the density and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that's the density and all the
+other terms I'm going to lump together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms I'm going to lump together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms I'm going to lump together
+into some so we now know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some so we now know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some so we now know that the
+difference we're trying to bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we're trying to bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we're trying to bound is
+upper bounded by the third moment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by the third moment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bounded by the third moment of the
+absolute values of the Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of the Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of the Fourier transform
+and I want upper bound this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want upper bound this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want upper bound this quantity
+here assuming that all of these Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assuming that all of these Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here assuming that all of these Fourier
+coefficients are small we've also done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are small we've also done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are small we've also done
+this kind of calculations before okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of calculations before okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of calculations before okay so
+where have we seen this before we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen this before we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where have we seen this before we saw
+this calculation earlier in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation earlier in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation earlier in the class
+for the three replaced by a four okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three replaced by a four okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three replaced by a four okay so
+in counting four cycles in approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in counting four cycles in approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in counting four cycles in approval
+equivalents or quasi randomness we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents or quasi randomness we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents or quasi randomness we said
+that if all the eigenvalues after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if all the eigenvalues after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if all the eigenvalues after the
+top one are small then you can count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one are small then you can count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top one are small then you can count
+four cycles it's the same proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles it's the same proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cycles it's the same proof and
+remember in that proof there was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in that proof there was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in that proof there was there
+was a important trick where you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a important trick where you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a important trick where you do not
+uniformly bound each term by the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly bound each term by the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly bound each term by the max
+because then you lose you lose by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you lose you lose by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you lose you lose by an
+extra factor of n that you don't want so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor of n that you don't want so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor of n that you don't want so
+you only take out one factor so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only take out one factor so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only take out one factor so you take
+out one factor and you keep the rest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one factor and you keep the rest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one factor and you keep the rest in
+there in fact I can be more generous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in fact I can be more generous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in fact I can be more generous and
+even throw the R equal to zero turn back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even throw the R equal to zero turn back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even throw the R equal to zero turn back
+in and now buy plenty RL so buy plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and now buy plenty RL so buy plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and now buy plenty RL so buy plenty
+all possible this here is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible this here is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible this here is equal to the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+a the indicator function of a square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the indicator function of a square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the indicator function of a square so
+you take this go back to physical space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this go back to physical space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take this go back to physical space
+and that's simply the density so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply the density so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply the density so then
+that proves the theorem okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves the theorem okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proves the theorem okay so the
+moral of the counting lemma is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral of the counting lemma is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral of the counting lemma is the same
+as the one that we've seen before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one that we've seen before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the one that we've seen before we
+discuss graphs if you're in pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss graphs if you're in pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss graphs if you're in pseudo
+random then you have good counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then you have good counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then you have good counting
+and here pseudo random means having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here pseudo random means having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here pseudo random means having
+small fourier coefficients uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fourier coefficients uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fourier coefficients uniformly
+small for your coefficients so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for your coefficients so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small for your coefficients so now let's
+begin the proof of roster the Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the proof of roster the Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the proof of roster the Ross
+theorem proof will have three steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem proof will have three steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem proof will have three steps
+first step we will observe that between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step we will observe that between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step we will observe that between
+a 3 a p3 set then there exists a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 a p3 set then there exists a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 a p3 set then there exists a large
+48 coefficient throughout I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficient throughout I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 coefficient throughout I'm going to
+use uppercase n to denote the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uppercase n to denote the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uppercase n to denote the size of
+the ambient group specifically we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambient group specifically we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambient group specifically we will
+prove the following and also throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the following and also throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the following and also throughout
+a subset of F 3 to the N and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of F 3 to the N and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of F 3 to the N and with
+density alpha so keep this convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density alpha so keep this convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density alpha so keep this convention
+throughout this proof we will show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this proof we will show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this proof we will show that
+if a is 383 and and this at least 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is 383 and and this at least 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is 383 and and this at least 2 to
+the alpha to the minus 2 so n is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha to the minus 2 so n is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha to the minus 2 so n is at
+least somewhat large then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least somewhat large then there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least somewhat large then there exists a
+nonzero R such that the our Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero R such that the our Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero R such that the our Fourier
+coefficient is at least alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is at least alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is at least alpha squared
+over 2 if your 3 AP free then provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 if your 3 AP free then provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 if your 3 AP free then provided
+that you're working in a large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working in a large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're working in a large enough
+ambient space you always have some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient space you always have some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient space you always have some large
+for a coefficient so the proof it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coefficient so the proof it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a coefficient so the proof it's
+essentially it's this claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's this claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's this claim is
+essentially a corollary of counting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a corollary of counting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a corollary of counting them
+up by the counting lemma and using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the counting lemma and using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the counting lemma and using the
+fact that in a three AP through set what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in a three AP through set what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in a three AP through set what
+is the quantity lambda three of a up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity lambda three of a up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity lambda three of a up
+there you only have the trivial three AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you only have the trivial three AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you only have the trivial three AP
+is present so so this quantity lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present so so this quantity lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present so so this quantity lambda
+must then be size of a divided by N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must then be size of a divided by N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must then be size of a divided by N
+squared or alpha over N which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or alpha over N which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or alpha over N which are
+precisely counting a trivial piece okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely counting a trivial piece okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely counting a trivial piece okay
+so by the counting amount then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the counting amount then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the counting amount then we have
+that the upper bound on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the upper bound on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the upper bound on the right hand
+side which we now write alpha max over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which we now write alpha max over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which we now write alpha max over
+non zero ours yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero ours yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero ours yes
+at least alpha cubed minus lambda three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least alpha cubed minus lambda three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least alpha cubed minus lambda three
+term which should be alpha over N so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which should be alpha over N so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which should be alpha over N so
+provided that n is large enough big n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that n is large enough big n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that n is large enough big n is
+large enough then the trivial sweep he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough then the trivial sweep he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough then the trivial sweep he
+should not contribute very much so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not contribute very much so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not contribute very much so I can
+lower bound the right hand side by I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound the right hand side by I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound the right hand side by I say
+alpha 3 alpha cubed over two so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 3 alpha cubed over two so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 3 alpha cubed over two so that you
+deduce the conclusion okay I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce the conclusion okay I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce the conclusion okay I want you to
+think about how this proof is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how this proof is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how this proof is related to
+similarities graph regularity lemma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities graph regularity lemma the
+analogy won't break down at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy won't break down at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy won't break down at some point
+but no we've seen this step before as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no we've seen this step before as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no we've seen this step before as
+well from lack of three a piece you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from lack of three a piece you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from lack of three a piece you
+extract some useful information and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some useful information and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract some useful information and from
+this floor extract some structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this floor extract some structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this floor extract some structure and
+the structure here and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure here and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure here and this is where the
+proof now diverges from that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof now diverges from that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof now diverges from that of
+regularity having a large Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity having a large Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity having a large Fourier
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will now imply a density increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically if you have okay so keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you have okay so keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if you have okay so keeping
+the same convention this before if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same convention this before if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same convention this before if the
+free a coefficient of a R is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free a coefficient of a R is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free a coefficient of a R is at least
+Delta for some nonzero R then a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for some nonzero R then a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for some nonzero R then a has
+density at least alpha plus Delta over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at least alpha plus Delta over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density at least alpha plus Delta over 2
+when restricted to a hyperplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restricted to so if you have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to so if you have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to so if you have a large
+Fourier coefficient then I can pass down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient then I can pass down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient then I can pass down
+to a smaller part of the space where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a smaller part of the space where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a smaller part of the space where the
+density of a goes up significantly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of a goes up significantly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of a goes up significantly to
+see why this is true let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why this is true let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why this is true let's go back to
+the definition of the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the Fourier
+coefficient the Fourier transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the Fourier transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the Fourier transform so
+recall that the Fourier transform is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the Fourier transform is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the Fourier transform is
+given by the following formula where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the following formula where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the following formula where I'm
+looking at this expectation over points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this expectation over points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this expectation over points
+in f2 to the N together with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f2 to the N together with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in f2 to the N together with an
+indicator of a multiplied by this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of a multiplied by this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of a multiplied by this for
+your character and you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your character and you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your character and you see that this
+function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is constant cosets of the hyperplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined by the orthogonal complement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the orthogonal complement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the orthogonal complement of
+our so the value of this dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so the value of this dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our so the value of this dot product is
+is constant on the three hyper planes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant on the three hyper planes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant on the three hyper planes so
+I can rewrite this expectation simply as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this expectation simply as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can rewrite this expectation simply as
+one-third of alpha naught plus l4 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of alpha naught plus l4 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third of alpha naught plus l4 one
+Omega plus alpha 2 Omega squared where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha naught alpha 1 alpha 2 are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha naught alpha 1 alpha 2 are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha naught alpha 1 alpha 2 are the
+densities of a on the three cassettes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our trip so group this expectation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trip so group this expectation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trip so group this expectation into
+these three hyper planes so now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three hyper planes so now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three hyper planes so now you see
+that if this guy is large then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this guy is large then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this guy is large then you
+should expect that alpha naught alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect that alpha naught alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect that alpha naught alpha 1
+and alpha 2 are not all too close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha 2 are not all too close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha 2 are not all too close to
+each other suddenly if they were equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other suddenly if they were equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other suddenly if they were equal
+to each other you should get zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other you should get zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other you should get zero but
+you should not expect them to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not expect them to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should not expect them to be too
+close to each other in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other in particular we
+would want to say that one of them goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to say that one of them goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to say that one of them goes
+up it's much bigger than alpha so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's much bigger than alpha so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's much bigger than alpha so one of
+these there must be much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there must be much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there must be much bigger than
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+that's an elementary inequality with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an elementary inequality with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an elementary inequality with
+something I'm sure I give you five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm sure I give you five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm sure I give you five
+minutes you can figure out but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you can figure out but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you can figure out but let me
+show you a small trick to show this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a small trick to show this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a small trick to show this and
+the reason for this trick is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this trick is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this trick is because the
+next lecture when we look at Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture when we look at Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture when we look at Ross
+theorem over the integers we'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over the integers we'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem over the integers we'll need
+this extra trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the trick here is this we now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick here is this we now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick here is this we now know
+that because of the hypothesis 3 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the hypothesis 3 Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of the hypothesis 3 Delta
+is lower bound to the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower bound to the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower bound to the absolute value of
+alpha naught plus alpha 1 Omega plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha naught plus alpha 1 Omega plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha naught plus alpha 1 Omega plus
+alpha 2 Omega squared and ok so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 Omega squared and ok so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 2 Omega squared and ok so note
+here that the average of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the average of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the average of the three
+alphas is equal to the original alpha by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas is equal to the original alpha by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas is equal to the original alpha by
+definitions of density so this in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of density so this in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of density so this in your
+some I can read right back ok so the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I can read right back ok so the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I can read right back ok so the sum
+of the three groups of unity add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three groups of unity add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three groups of unity add up to
+zero and now I apply triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to extract the terms ok so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the terms ok so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the terms ok so now you
+should already deduce that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should already deduce that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should already deduce that one of the
+alpha ice has to be significantly larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ice has to be significantly larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ice has to be significantly larger
+than alpha and has to be significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than alpha and has to be significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than alpha and has to be significantly
+different but the only three terms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the only three terms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the only three terms one
+of them has to be significantly larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has to be significantly larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has to be significantly larger
+but let me do this one extra trick which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me do this one extra trick which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me do this one extra trick which
+we'll need next time which is that I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need next time which is that I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll need next time which is that I let
+me add an extra term like that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me add an extra term like that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me add an extra term like that which
+sums out to zero but now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums out to zero but now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums out to zero but now you see that
+each summand is always non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one of the so there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the so there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one of the so there exists some
+J such that Delta lower bounds that Jade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J such that Delta lower bounds that Jade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J such that Delta lower bounds that Jade
+summoned and if you look at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summoned and if you look at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summoned and if you look at what that
+means then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means then
+lower bounds the chief summoned some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds the chief summoned some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds the chief summoned some
+particular this sum here should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this sum here should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this sum here should be no
+negative so we obtain a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we obtain a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we obtain a density
+increment on this hyperplane and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment on this hyperplane and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment on this hyperplane and finally
+I want to iterate this density increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to iterate this density increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to iterate this density increment
+so I want to iterate this density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to iterate this density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to iterate this density
+increment so summary so far is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment so summary so far is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment so summary so far is that we
+have so if stat3 with tens to the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if stat3 with tens to the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if stat3 with tens to the alpha
+and at least 2 to the power 5 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least 2 to the power 5 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least 2 to the power 5 to the
+minus 2 then a density at least alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 then a density at least alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 then a density at least alpha
+plus of a squared over 4 on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of a squared over 4 on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of a squared over 4 on some
+hyperplane so you combine step 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane so you combine step 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane so you combine step 1 and
+step 2 we obtain this conclusion well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can now repeat this operation so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now repeat this operation so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now repeat this operation so I can
+repeat by restricting a to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat by restricting a to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat by restricting a to this
+hyperplane a is originally 383 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane a is originally 383 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperplane a is originally 383 I
+restrict it to a hyperplane it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it to a hyperplane it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it to a hyperplane it's still
+383 so I can keep going I can keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+383 so I can keep going I can keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+383 so I can keep going I can keep going
+provided on MySpace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided on MySpace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided on MySpace
+large enough because I still need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough because I still need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough because I still need this
+lower bound on yeah don't forget this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on yeah don't forget this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound on yeah don't forget this
+one here so I can keep going as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so I can keep going as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here so I can keep going as long as
+and is so I'm using n sub J to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is so I'm using n sub J to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is so I'm using n sub J to denote
+what happens after the Jade step I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens after the Jade step I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens after the Jade step I can
+keep going as long as this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going as long as this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going as long as this is still
+satisfying but of course you cannot keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying but of course you cannot keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying but of course you cannot keep
+on going forever because the density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going forever because the density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on going forever because the density is
+bounded right so density cannot exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded right so density cannot exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded right so density cannot exceed
+one so these two walk if you abound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these two walk if you abound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these two walk if you abound on
+the total dimension so let's work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dimension so let's work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dimension so let's work this
+out so let alpha I denote the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let alpha I denote the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let alpha I denote the density
+after step I in this iteration and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after step I in this iteration and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after step I in this iteration and we
+see from over here that you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from over here that you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from over here that you start with
+density alpha and each step you go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density alpha and each step you go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density alpha and each step you go up by
+an increment which is basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increment which is basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an increment which is basically what you
+go up by some increment and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by some increment and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by some increment and you want to
+know if you start with alpha how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you start with alpha how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you start with alpha how many
+steps and most can you take before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and most can you take before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and most can you take before you
+blow out one okay so can you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow out one okay so can you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow out one okay so can you give me
+some pound so what's the maximum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pound so what's the maximum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pound so what's the maximum and
+most how many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that the density cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the density cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that the density cannot
+exceed one use so see that you have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed one use so see that you have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed one use so see that you have at
+most four over alpha squared steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most four over alpha squared steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most four over alpha squared steps
+because density is at most one and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because density is at most one and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because density is at most one and if
+you plug this in you get something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug this in you get something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plug this in you get something which
+is not quite what I stated so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite what I stated so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite what I stated so it turns
+out that if you plug this in you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you plug this in you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you plug this in you find
+that alpha is you find that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alpha is you find that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alpha is you find that the size of
+a is at most three to the N over square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is at most three to the N over square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is at most three to the N over square
+root n okay so let me do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n okay so let me do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n okay so let me do a little bit
+better right so then simply seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right so then simply seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better right so then simply seeing that
+this term here is at least alpha squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is at least alpha squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term here is at least alpha squared
+over four and the point is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and the point is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over four and the point is that when you
+increment you increment faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment you increment faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment you increment faster and
+faster right so I can use that to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right so I can use that to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right so I can use that to give a
+better bound on a number of steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bound on a number of steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better bound on a number of steps and
+here's here's the way to see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's the way to see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's the way to see it so
+starting at alpha and I now ask how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at alpha and I now ask how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at alpha and I now ask how many
+steps do you need to take before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps do you need to take before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps do you need to take before it
+doubles it goes up by alpha squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles it goes up by alpha squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles it goes up by alpha squared over
+four so it doubles after at most four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it doubles after at most four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so it doubles after at most four
+over alpha steps and at which point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha steps and at which point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha steps and at which point this
+alpha new alpha becomes at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha new alpha becomes at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha new alpha becomes at least the
+original twice the original alpha but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original twice the original alpha but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original twice the original alpha but
+now you keep going how many times does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you keep going how many times does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you keep going how many times does
+it take to double again to alpha because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to double again to alpha because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to double again to alpha because
+the Alpha became twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so doubles again after almost two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doubles again after almost two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doubles again after almost two over
+alpha steps and then you keep going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha steps and then you keep going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha steps and then you keep going the
+next iteration is one over alpha so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iteration is one over alpha so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iteration is one over alpha so in
+total right so you see that we must stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after and most eight over alpha steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and most eight over alpha steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and most eight over alpha steps
+it's the number of times it doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of times it doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of times it doubles
+actually decreases by at least half each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we know that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we know that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we know that we see
+that the so you keep on going so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so you keep on going so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so you keep on going so you
+must stop after most eight over alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stop after most eight over alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must stop after most eight over alpha
+steps what is the final density when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps what is the final density when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps what is the final density when you
+have to stop okay so whenever you force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop okay so whenever you force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop okay so whenever you force
+to stop you are forced to stop if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop you are forced to stop if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop you are forced to stop if you
+run out of space okay so you're forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space okay so you're forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space okay so you're forced
+to stop we run out of space so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop we run out of space so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop we run out of space so if the
+process terminates after M steps so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process terminates after M steps so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process terminates after M steps so we
+are at density alpha M so then the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+final space sub space size less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final space sub space size less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final space sub space size less than two
+to the alpha M to the raise to minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alpha M to the raise to minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alpha M to the raise to minus two
+which is okay so now I use this bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay so now I use this bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay so now I use this bound
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the initial n is upper bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the initial n is upper bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the initial n is upper bounded by
+what so how many steps did you take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so how many steps did you take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so how many steps did you take you
+took a most 8 over alpha steps each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a most 8 over alpha steps each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a most 8 over alpha steps each of
+those steps you pass down to Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps you pass down to Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps you pass down to Co
+dimension one you lose the dimension for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one you lose the dimension for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension one you lose the dimension for
+each step and the final subspace has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step and the final subspace has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step and the final subspace has at
+least this has the most that many that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this has the most that many that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this has the most that many that
+much space so the final dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space so the final dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much space so the final dimension is
+this basically block one over alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically block one over alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically block one over alpha so
+put them together we see that the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together we see that the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them together we see that the size
+of the space fortunately is at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space fortunately is at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space fortunately is at most one
+over alpha think there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha think there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over alpha think there should be a
+lowercase n so the dimension then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase n so the dimension then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase n so the dimension then that's
+the conclusion the density alpha is Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion the density alpha is Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion the density alpha is Big
+O of 1 over ok that proves the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O of 1 over ok that proves the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O of 1 over ok that proves the main
+theorem for today so brass theorem over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for today so brass theorem over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for today so brass theorem over
+F 3 to the N ok so we went through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 to the N ok so we went through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F 3 to the N ok so we went through this
+free analytic proof next lecture we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free analytic proof next lecture we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free analytic proof next lecture we will
+see the same proof again but done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same proof again but done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the same proof again but done in the
+integers for interval and there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers for interval and there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers for interval and there there
+are some difficulties that we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some difficulties that we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some difficulties that we don't see
+over here because in the finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because in the finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because in the finite field
+space in the finite field model there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the finite field model there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the finite field model there's
+this very nice idea of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice idea of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nice idea of looking at
+subspaces so looking at hyper planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so looking at hyper planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces so looking at hyper planes
+each fourier coefficient get you down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fourier coefficient get you down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each fourier coefficient get you down to
+one dimension less but when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension less but when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension less but when you're
+working in the integers there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the integers there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the integers there are no
+subspaces you can use ok so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces you can use ok so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces you can use ok so we'll be
+looking at ways to get around the lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ways to get around the lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ways to get around the lack
+of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sub
+faces and this is why I said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and this is why I said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and this is why I said in the
+beginning that the finite field model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the finite field model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that the finite field model is
+often a very good playground for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a very good playground for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a very good playground for for
+additive combinatorics type techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive combinatorics type techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive combinatorics type techniques
+especially for a analytic techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for a analytic techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for a analytic techniques
+because in the additive in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the additive in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the additive in all of these
+techniques they just come out to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques they just come out to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques they just come out to be much
+cleaner if you're working in a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner if you're working in a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner if you're working in a finite
+field setting nice subspaces you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field setting nice subspaces you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field setting nice subspaces you have
+Fourier transform in a very clean way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform in a very clean way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform in a very clean way
+the Fourier transform always takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform always takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourier transform always takes in
+this case one of three values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case one of three values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case one of three values
+everything's very clean everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's very clean everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's very clean everything's
+very simple and you get a C the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and you get a C the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple and you get a C the idea
+here you can see this density increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see this density increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see this density increment
+argument but once you understand those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but once you understand those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but once you understand those
+ideas and you're willing to do more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you're willing to do more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you're willing to do more in
+more work then oftentimes you can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work then oftentimes you can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work then oftentimes you can bring
+those ideas to other settings to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas to other settings to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ideas to other settings to other
+abelian groups to the integers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelian groups to the integers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelian groups to the integers for
+instance but with more work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but with more work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but with more work in the
+there's some extra ingredients that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some extra ingredients that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some extra ingredients that you
+need to use I mentioned that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use I mentioned that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to use I mentioned that there was a
+pound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound
+okay so initially so okay so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so initially so okay so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so initially so okay so next time
+we'll see that next time we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that next time we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that next time we'll see what
+happens over the integers any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over the integers any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens over the integers any questions
+yes okay great so questions why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay great so questions why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay great so questions why the
+process must stop after at most 8 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must stop after at most 8 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must stop after at most 8 over
+alpha steps so you know that the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha steps so you know that the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha steps so you know that the density
+doubles after this many steps doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles after this many steps doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles after this many steps doubles
+again after that many steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after that many steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after that many steps so
+eventually if it keeps on doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if it keeps on doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually if it keeps on doubling
+cannot keep on doubling forever right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot keep on doubling forever right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot keep on doubling forever right so
+this process cannot keep on doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process cannot keep on doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process cannot keep on doubling
+forever so it must stop so cannot double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more than log base 2 of 1 over alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than log base 2 of 1 over alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than log base 2 of 1 over alpha
+times ok and that point you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ok and that point you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ok and that point you you have to
+stop so how many steps have you taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so how many steps have you taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop so how many steps have you taken
+well you sum this geometric series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you sum this geometric series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you sum this geometric series so
+this sound and the next thing is now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sound and the next thing is now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sound and the next thing is now you
+sum this geometric series and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this geometric series and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum this geometric series and that
+geometric series sums to 8 over alpha ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series sums to 8 over alpha ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series sums to 8 over alpha ok
+so let's finish it so next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's finish it so next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's finish it so next time we'll
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+raus proof of Roth's theorem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cZkKaqj9K1U.txt b/cZkKaqj9K1U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cee18dcb875ea1f737661b2d2516aa0d597e3a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cZkKaqj9K1U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at a time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at a time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at a time in
+three was how long ago did you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was how long ago did you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was how long ago did you read
+ahead two weeks ago okay so whatever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead two weeks ago okay so whatever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead two weeks ago okay so whatever was
+online was different from what it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online was different from what it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online was different from what it is now
+but but if you just read like the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you just read like the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you just read like the one
+line this description it's that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this description it's that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this description it's that but it
+is not but all the text that we wrote up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not but all the text that we wrote up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not but all the text that we wrote up
+comes completely changed so this is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes completely changed so this is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes completely changed so this is say
+what is mostly rearranged mostly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is mostly rearranged mostly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is mostly rearranged mostly to
+scheduling rather than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling rather than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling rather than the actual
+readings I don't think we introduce any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I don't think we introduce any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings I don't think we introduce any
+new reading example maybe April 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reading example maybe April 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new reading example maybe April 7th
+which is Gonzalo Frasca I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Gonzalo Frasca I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Gonzalo Frasca I know that
+that's been on our website for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been on our website for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been on our website for a while
+now there so I yeah so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there so I yeah so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there so I yeah so I don't know if
+you've seen that one goes all the Frasca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen that one goes all the Frasca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen that one goes all the Frasca
+simulation 101 it's like a web or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation 101 it's like a web or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation 101 it's like a web or a
+series of web pages is online only yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of web pages is online only yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of web pages is online only yeah
+yeah okay all right so and you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so and you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay all right so and you better
+read it so I am just doing this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it so I am just doing this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it so I am just doing this because
+people are so cutting things up so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are so cutting things up so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are so cutting things up so I
+figured about this long so assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured about this long so assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured about this long so assignment
+three is going to be about applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is going to be about applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is going to be about applying
+everything that you've learned so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you've learned so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you've learned so far
+remember Simon 1 was kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Simon 1 was kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Simon 1 was kind of just
+getting used to the discipline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to the discipline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting used to the discipline of
+iterating a prototyping of iterating I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating a prototyping of iterating I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating a prototyping of iterating I
+feel that you've all shown like a lot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you've all shown like a lot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you've all shown like a lot a
+lot of good experience and and and skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good experience and and and skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good experience and and and skill
+in doing this one thing while I saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this one thing while I saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this one thing while I saw
+those presentations a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those presentations a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those presentations a reminder
+me that we actually have notes about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that we actually have notes about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that we actually have notes about all
+their individual write-ups that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual write-ups that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their individual write-ups that I should
+copy and paste into into the grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste into into the grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste into into the grading
+section of the seller website oh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the seller website oh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the seller website oh great
+that'll be super awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be super awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be super awesome
+you know I just I just I just felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just I just I just felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I just I just I just felt
+pulled out to do that step so you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out to do that step so you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled out to do that step so you mean
+you're also getting a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also getting a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also getting a little bit more
+detailed feedback on on your individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed feedback on on your individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed feedback on on your individual
+write-ups but in terms of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-ups but in terms of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-ups but in terms of the game
+designs things are coming along pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs things are coming along pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs things are coming along pretty
+well and if you want more feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and if you want more feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and if you want more feedback on
+the individual elements of each game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual elements of each game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual elements of each game
+that you've worked on in the past we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've worked on in the past we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've worked on in the past we can
+totally give that to you I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally give that to you I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally give that to you I'm just
+guessing a lot of you are probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing a lot of you are probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing a lot of you are probably more
+eager to just move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to just move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to just move on to the next
+project right yeah so so so I can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right yeah so so so I can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right yeah so so so I can talk
+about that this assignment one was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this assignment one was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this assignment one was about
+this the the skill of prototyping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the skill of prototyping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the skill of prototyping and
+iterating assignment two was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating assignment two was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating assignment two was about
+trying to come up with from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with from some
+holistic aesthetic experience an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic aesthetic experience an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holistic aesthetic experience an
+assignment three we're asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment three we're asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment three we're asking you to
+apply that to the end of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the end of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that to the end of trying to
+depicts out the perspective of somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts out the perspective of somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts out the perspective of somebody
+who lived on this in the real world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived on this in the real world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived on this in the real world that
+person could be a very specific person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could be a very specific person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could be a very specific person
+like I'm going to bring up some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to bring up some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going to bring up some examples
+here manager 2008 specifically states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here manager 2008 specifically states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here manager 2008 specifically states
+that you are the campaign managers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are the campaign managers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are the campaign managers of
+either by King Audie Obama techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by King Audie Obama techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by King Audie Obama techniques
+that you are that's that's one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are that's that's one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are that's that's one person
+now the the powers of what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the powers of what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the powers of what you have in
+this game it really is like a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game it really is like a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game it really is like a whole
+network of cutoff campaigners but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of cutoff campaigners but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of cutoff campaigners but yeah
+like the person who is calling the shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person who is calling the shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the person who is calling the shots
+you are trying to win you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to win you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are trying to win you are trying to
+win the electoral college through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the electoral college through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the electoral college through this
+we probably don't have time to play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably don't have time to play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we probably don't have time to play this
+but anyone wants to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyone wants to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyone wants to take a look at
+what's in here all the bits the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in here all the bits the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in here all the bits the way how
+how each state is represented how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how each state is represented how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how each state is represented how the
+United States is represented the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is represented the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is represented the thing
+that the fact that you are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fact that you are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fact that you are basically
+just trying to win points among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to win points among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to win points among
+demographics by raising confident issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics by raising confident issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics by raising confident issues
+you know that's that's all this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's all this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's that's all this game is
+about it's like putting you in the shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's like putting you in the shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's like putting you in the shoes
+of a very specific person who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very specific person who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very specific person who like
+actually existed in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and alternatives will be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alternatives will be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alternatives will be something like
+tulip mania 1637 which is a game about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tulip mania 1637 which is a game about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tulip mania 1637 which is a game about
+anyone here about the great tulip crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here about the great tulip crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone here about the great tulip crash
+of 1637 in the netherlands one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1637 in the netherlands one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1637 in the netherlands one of the
+first bubble markets you know who's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bubble markets you know who's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bubble markets you know who's the
+bubble the bubble markets you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble the bubble markets you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble the bubble markets you've got to
+have heard about it in the past four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about it in the past four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard about it in the past four
+years eight years 2008 was a real long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years eight years 2008 was a real long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years eight years 2008 was a real long
+time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago
+jeez okay oh yeah I read those articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeez okay oh yeah I read those articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeez okay oh yeah I read those articles
+too so this is about you know prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so this is about you know prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so this is about you know prices of
+tulips flowers being driven up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tulips flowers being driven up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tulips flowers being driven up by
+speculation the to horrendous amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation the to horrendous amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation the to horrendous amounts
+and trying to be smart and exiting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be smart and exiting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to be smart and exiting at
+the right time and often not being quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time and often not being quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time and often not being quite
+quite quite pulling it off at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite pulling it off at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite pulling it off at the right
+time and losing your shirt in a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and losing your shirt in a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and losing your shirt in a process
+and this so did this game puts you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so did this game puts you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so did this game puts you in
+issues of a speculator someone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of a speculator someone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of a speculator someone who is
+trying to play this market at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play this market at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play this market at that time
+when the market is behaving in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the market is behaving in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the market is behaving in this very
+very ball fall at how incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ball fall at how incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ball fall at how incredible
+increases and yet even faster crashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and yet even faster crashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases and yet even faster crashes
+it's actually designed by a professor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually designed by a professor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually designed by a professor in
+Syracuse University Scott Nicholson who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syracuse University Scott Nicholson who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syracuse University Scott Nicholson who
+runs parking with Scott and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parking with Scott and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parking with Scott and it's pretty
+awesome i if you like playing it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome i if you like playing it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome i if you like playing it you can
+see the little tokens little flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the little tokens little flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the little tokens little flower
+heads and you get to do things like try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and you get to do things like try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and you get to do things like try
+to convince buyers to buy at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince buyers to buy at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince buyers to buy at a higher
+price than what you had originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price than what you had originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price than what you had originally
+bought it at things like that yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it at things like that yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it at things like that yes I
+chose three games so what we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose three games so what we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose three games so what we're asking
+you to do is choose a real-world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is choose a real-world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is choose a real-world
+historical political cultural economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical political cultural economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical political cultural economic
+situation so you might be choosing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so you might be choosing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so you might be choosing some
+problematic situations like the conquest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic situations like the conquest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic situations like the conquest
+of Africa by year your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Africa by year your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Africa by year your
+so it's a game about African exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a game about African exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a game about African exploration
+during the 19th century it's made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 19th century it's made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the 19th century it's made in the
+70s they tried to be less problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s they tried to be less problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s they tried to be less problematic
+but they were not entirely successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were not entirely successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were not entirely successful
+because of the press though the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the press though the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the press though the point of
+view of this game is entirely of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this game is entirely of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of this game is entirely of the
+European explorer entering this this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European explorer entering this this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European explorer entering this this you
+know forbidden Africa and finding things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forbidden Africa and finding things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forbidden Africa and finding things
+there basically finding Zulu tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there basically finding Zulu tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there basically finding Zulu tribes
+which were not all throughout Africa of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not all throughout Africa of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not all throughout Africa of
+course and finding other explorers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and finding other explorers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and finding other explorers who
+had died there previously biblical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had died there previously biblical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had died there previously biblical
+things like King Solomon's Mines things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like King Solomon's Mines things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like King Solomon's Mines things
+like that but the mechanically it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but the mechanically it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but the mechanically it is an
+interesting way to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to talk about
+exploration not so much about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration not so much about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration not so much about the the
+bigger issues around what on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger issues around what on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger issues around what on what
+imperialism was what that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism was what that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism was what that kind of
+conquest was if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquest was if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquest was if you're thinking about
+doing a live-action game we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a live-action game we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a live-action game we've got a
+couple of different versions of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different versions of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different versions of how to
+do live-action games this give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do live-action games this give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do live-action games this give you a
+live-action role-playing game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action role-playing game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action role-playing game
+to be a party game a conversation game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a party game a conversation game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a party game a conversation game
+this is a book called heads of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a book called heads of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a book called heads of states
+nine short games about tyrants we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine short games about tyrants we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine short games about tyrants we've got
+I haven't played many of these yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't played many of these yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't played many of these yet but
+we've got basically the first game here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got basically the first game here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got basically the first game here
+is called coup d'etat basically why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called coup d'etat basically why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called coup d'etat basically why are
+dictators what they are how did they how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators what they are how did they how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictators what they are how did they how
+do they become a dictator in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they become a dictator in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they become a dictator in this case
+Gaddafi's Idol idolization an Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaddafi's Idol idolization an Egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaddafi's Idol idolization an Egyptian
+president kamal nasser reading masters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president kamal nasser reading masters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president kamal nasser reading masters
+philosophy or the revolution thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy or the revolution thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy or the revolution thinking
+about plots against the egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plots against the egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plots against the egyptian
+monarchy but also entering into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy but also entering into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy but also entering into the
+military academy in benghazi in 1963 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military academy in benghazi in 1963 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military academy in benghazi in 1963 and
+then having other officers in training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having other officers in training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having other officers in training
+with him organizing the the group that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him organizing the the group that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him organizing the the group that's
+gonna overthrow the pro-western libyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna overthrow the pro-western libyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna overthrow the pro-western libyan
+monarchy basically you're your dictators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy basically you're your dictators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy basically you're your dictators
+in school learning how to be future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school learning how to be future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school learning how to be future
+leaders in one of these games so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in one of these games so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in one of these games so with
+this this book is trying to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this book is trying to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this book is trying to do is try to
+give you multiple different viewpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you multiple different viewpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you multiple different viewpoints
+of of tyranny and of those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of tyranny and of those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of tyranny and of those kind of
+problematic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic things
+there's communism in here there's maoism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communism in here there's maoism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communism in here there's maoism
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+I came about the disappearances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came about the disappearances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came about the disappearances of
+people so you're thinking about making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you're thinking about making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so you're thinking about making a
+game about Argentina in the 70s good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about Argentina in the 70s good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about Argentina in the 70s good
+luck but they tried it so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck but they tried it so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck but they tried it so you can see
+what they did and then another version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did and then another version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did and then another version
+so dog-eat-dog is a game about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dog-eat-dog is a game about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dog-eat-dog is a game about
+imperialism I'm in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism I'm in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialism I'm in particular the
+assimilation of Pacific Islands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation of Pacific Islands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assimilation of Pacific Islands the
+great thing about this game is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about this game is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing about this game is you're
+you've got people who are acting as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got people who are acting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got people who are acting as the
+the new colonizers but you've also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new colonizers but you've also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new colonizers but you've also got
+people who are acting as the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are acting as the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are acting as the native
+populace and the different interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populace and the different interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populace and the different interactions
+that happens in there so basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in there so basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in there so basically if
+you're tried you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tried you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're tried you want to do something
+that's coming to what's trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming to what's trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming to what's trying to do
+something more serious if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more serious if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more serious if you're trying
+to do something with more of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something with more of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something with more of a a
+problematic town you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic town you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic town you might want to
+consider having multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider having multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider having multiple different
+perspectives we're saying a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives we're saying a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives we're saying a single
+person's perspective but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's perspective but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's perspective but at least
+understanding like what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding like what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding like what the other
+different perspectives are of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives are of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives are of the people
+who are inside of that system it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are inside of that system it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are inside of that system it's just
+good to take account of if every player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to take account of if every player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to take account of if every player
+is taking on the perspective of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking on the perspective of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking on the perspective of a single
+person that's okay even if different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's okay even if different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's okay even if different
+players in the same game are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the same game are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in the same game are taking
+different perspectives I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives I think that
+might complicate things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might complicate things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might complicate things a little bit
+because again you end up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again you end up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again you end up in the
+situation where you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you're designing
+basically two very different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two very different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two very different kinds of
+games that all that interacts but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that all that interacts but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that all that interacts but some
+of you have had experiences with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had experiences with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had experiences with an
+inmate at work so it's certainly not out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmate at work so it's certainly not out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmate at work so it's certainly not out
+of the question I probably don't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question I probably don't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the question I probably don't want it
+is a situation where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a situation where you are
+simultaneously two people right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously two people right now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously two people right now it's
+like I am controlling the survivors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I am controlling the survivors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I am controlling the survivors and
+a zombie simultaneously you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zombie simultaneously you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zombie simultaneously you know that's
+that's a little bit weird yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is and then we're gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and then we're gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and then we're gonna talk about
+them yeah yes maybe there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah yes maybe there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah yes maybe there are multiple
+players playing I think the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players playing I think the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players playing I think the biggest
+focus is the system right yeah it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is the system right yeah it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus is the system right yeah it should
+be less about the individual person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less about the individual person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less about the individual person
+because the epaulette that perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the epaulette that perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the epaulette that perspective
+of that person but more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person but more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that person but more about the
+conditions in which that person that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which that person that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in which that person that's
+not like 18 xxxx yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like 18 xxxx yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like 18 xxxx yeah
+and that's that's that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's that's where
+ostensibly and a lot of the 18 X s games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly and a lot of the 18 X s games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly and a lot of the 18 X s games
+your actual role is one of a robber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual role is one of a robber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your actual role is one of a robber
+baron you know a cap off a capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron you know a cap off a capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baron you know a cap off a capitalist
+who lived in the eighteen hundreds who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in the eighteen hundreds who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in the eighteen hundreds who
+owns shares and multiple companies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns shares and multiple companies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns shares and multiple companies you
+don't you're not really the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're not really the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you're not really the president of
+a single company but you may take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single company but you may take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single company but you may take on
+that role somewhere in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role somewhere in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role somewhere in the middle of the
+game but your role is not defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but your role is not defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but your role is not defined by
+being president your role is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being president your role is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being president your role is being
+defined as being person with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as being person with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as being person with a lot of
+money in 1800 you know and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in 1800 you know and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in 1800 you know and trying to
+increase that wealth through yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that wealth through yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that wealth through yes
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+just because you may pick your game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you may pick your game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you may pick your game to
+make a game more about a serious topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game more about a serious topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a game more about a serious topic
+doesn't necessarily mean your game needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean your game needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean your game needs
+to be you know tell or you know somber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how about if you click crunch I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if you click crunch I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how about if you click crunch I
+bought it in a day one I think off glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it in a day one I think off glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought it in a day one I think off glass
+no to put two percent card game you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no to put two percent card game you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no to put two percent card game you are
+a CEO of a bank you are trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CEO of a bank you are trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CEO of a bank you are trying to get
+out of the bank with as big as logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bank with as big as logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the bank with as big as logic
+loading parachute as you possibly can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading parachute as you possibly can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading parachute as you possibly can to
+hell with the health of the bank itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell with the health of the bank itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell with the health of the bank itself
+this game encourages you to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game encourages you to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game encourages you to you know to
+take advantage of the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the government's
+generosity in bailing you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity in bailing you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generosity in bailing you out
+it encourages you to hike cards on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it encourages you to hike cards on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it encourages you to hike cards on your
+body to sort of secret secret funds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body to sort of secret secret funds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body to sort of secret secret funds into
+your own personal wealth to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own personal wealth to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own personal wealth to be able to
+take money out of your bank and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take money out of your bank and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take money out of your bank and put it
+into your own personal account so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your own personal account so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your own personal account so that
+it becomes you know your fortune rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes you know your fortune rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes you know your fortune rather
+than the bank's fortune to take really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bank's fortune to take really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bank's fortune to take really
+really risky took to to make really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risky took to to make really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really risky took to to make really
+risky loans that may never pay out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky loans that may never pay out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky loans that may never pay out and
+it's you know it came out in 2009 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it came out in 2009 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it came out in 2009 so you
+can understand why this game with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand why this game with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand why this game with me
+this this company terrible games is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this company terrible games is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this company terrible games is a
+basically makes satirical games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes satirical games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically makes satirical games that
+comment on viewable situations but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on viewable situations but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on viewable situations but this
+was very very clearly you are a banker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very clearly you are a banker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very clearly you are a banker
+that is a satirical version of a banker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a satirical version of a banker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a satirical version of a banker
+they have another game called the war on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another game called the war on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another game called the war on
+terror which I did not bring up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror which I did not bring up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror which I did not bring up because
+it's a little bit unclear who you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit unclear who you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit unclear who you are in
+that game you know you're supposedly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game you know you're supposedly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game you know you're supposedly a
+world power but are you the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world power but are you the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world power but are you the president
+are you the government I sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you the government I sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you the government I sort of like
+all of the government at once or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the government at once or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the government at once or some
+sort of media construction of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of media construction of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of media construction of what that
+that country is because you got Brent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that country is because you got Brent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that country is because you got Brent
+you can get branded as evil for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get branded as evil for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get branded as evil for instance
+and either way it is balaclava 20 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either way it is balaclava 20 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either way it is balaclava 20 people
+on it but then but you know but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but then but you know but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but then but you know but then
+that that means you that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means you that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means you that doesn't
+actually change your role in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change your role in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change your role in the game
+which is actually part of the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually part of the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually part of the point of
+that game the point is that whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game the point is that whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game the point is that whether you
+are terrorists are state or not you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrorists are state or not you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terrorists are state or not you kind
+of all engage in the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all engage in the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all engage in the same sort of
+activities anyway just be incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities anyway just be incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities anyway just be incredibly
+evil just let me do it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil just let me do it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil just let me do it a little bit more
+infinity anyway that games not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity anyway that games not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity anyway that games not a great
+example of what we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what we're looking for
+because who you are in the game is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because who you are in the game is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because who you are in the game is not
+quite well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a two-player game specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two-player game specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a two-player game specifically
+campaign manager 2008 again a two-player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign manager 2008 again a two-player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign manager 2008 again a two-player
+game mania has a range it really depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mania has a range it really depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game mania has a range it really depends
+on your ability as a game designer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your ability as a game designer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your ability as a game designer to
+design for four different people but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for four different people but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for four different people but for
+this assignment in particular we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment in particular we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assignment in particular we are
+asking for two to four people but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for two to four people but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for two to four people but a
+specific number so you can design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific number so you can design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific number so you can design a
+two-player game and three play a game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game and three play a game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game and three play a game or
+a four player game but don't make a ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four player game but don't make a ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four player game but don't make a ray
+you don't need to make your game two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to make your game two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to make your game two
+playable by a range and that Mesa can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable by a range and that Mesa can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playable by a range and that Mesa can
+tune it very specifically for a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune it very specifically for a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune it very specifically for a fixed
+number of players the gentleman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of players the gentleman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of players the gentleman of the
+South Sandwich Islands is an absurd game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Sandwich Islands is an absurd game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Sandwich Islands is an absurd game
+of logic discovered in 1821 which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic discovered in 1821 which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic discovered in 1821 which is not
+true at all it was really kick started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at all it was really kick started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true at all it was really kick started
+as a project about three years ago four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a project about three years ago four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a project about three years ago four
+years ago maybe yeah this is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago maybe yeah this is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago maybe yeah this is interesting
+because this is not this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not this is probably
+right at the edge of what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the edge of what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the edge of what I will
+consider acceptable for for fall class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider acceptable for for fall class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider acceptable for for fall class
+because this is a game about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a game about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a game about sort of
+fantastical courtship where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastical courtship where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastical courtship where you are
+trying where you are two gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying where you are two gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying where you are two gentlemen
+trying to win the affection of ladies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to win the affection of ladies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to win the affection of ladies
+who are walking around this island but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are walking around this island but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are walking around this island but
+and also there are the what's the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there the handlers yes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there the handlers yes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there the handlers yes but the
+chaperones are also following them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones are also following them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperones are also following them
+around and trying to get them alone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and trying to get them alone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and trying to get them alone so
+that you can have a quiet talk with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a quiet talk with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have a quiet talk with them
+kind of the game of Jane Austen now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the game of Jane Austen now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the game of Jane Austen now you
+also know crossroads writing about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know crossroads writing about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know crossroads writing about some
+you know sort of the social situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the social situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of the social situation
+but every single character that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every single character that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every single character that she
+wrote about was fictional but the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about was fictional but the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about was fictional but the world
+that she was writing about is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was writing about is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she was writing about is at least
+plausible and it's basing his heart if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible and it's basing his heart if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible and it's basing his heart if
+we can so you want to look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so you want to look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can so you want to look at something
+and make the game set in Dickens Oliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the game set in Dickens Oliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the game set in Dickens Oliver
+Twist or something like that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twist or something like that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twist or something like that you can you
+you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could be
+the individual people in the setting do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual people in the setting do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual people in the setting do
+pay some line on to how how grounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some line on to how how grounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some line on to how how grounded in
+reality those things were the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality those things were the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality those things were the more
+grounded di reality the more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded di reality the more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded di reality the more different
+sources you can pull out to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources you can pull out to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources you can pull out to for
+inspiration if it's just like well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration if it's just like well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration if it's just like well this
+was just the fantastical invention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the fantastical invention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just the fantastical invention of
+one person in this game or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in this game or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person in this game or something
+like that you know then well then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know then well then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know then well then you'll
+only have awesome Scott Card's writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have awesome Scott Card's writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have awesome Scott Card's writing
+as a as a reference whereas for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a reference whereas for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a reference whereas for like
+Jane Austen well you can actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane Austen well you can actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jane Austen well you can actually look
+at real historical stuff to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at real historical stuff to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at real historical stuff to be able to
+get more ideas about how that social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more ideas about how that social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more ideas about how that social
+system works and we should attain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works and we should attain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works and we should attain
+Austen's books at actually social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austen's books at actually social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austen's books at actually social
+systems and and incredibly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and incredibly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and and incredibly complicated
+but this game is really just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this game is really just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this game is really just about
+walking across bridges and in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking across bridges and in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking across bridges and in a very
+small island so it's a sort of a holiday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small island so it's a sort of a holiday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small island so it's a sort of a holiday
+island you're just trying to get quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island you're just trying to get quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island you're just trying to get quiet
+talks with ladies yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I don't want a game that takes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't want a game that takes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I don't want a game that takes more
+than four people to play that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four people to play that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than four people to play that first
+degree it's trying to get more yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree it's trying to get more yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree it's trying to get more yeah you
+will be getting your grade in August if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be getting your grade in August if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be getting your grade in August if
+you give me a game that requires six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a game that requires six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a game that requires six
+people yeah it's like I could get I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah it's like I could get I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah it's like I could get I have
+many people in a movie why it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in a movie why it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in a movie why it's easier
+to test if you're a teacher you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if you're a teacher you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test if you're a teacher you know at
+least the same size of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the same size of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the same size of the game
+something to think about this agency not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about this agency not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to think about this agency not
+just how does the world look like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how does the world look like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how does the world look like to
+that person like for instance in source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person like for instance in source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person like for instance in source
+of the Nile you are you know colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nile you are you know colonial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Nile you are you know colonial
+European power for the most part right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European power for the most part right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European power for the most part right
+and and you're seeing you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're seeing you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're seeing you see the
+continent of Africa as this resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent of Africa as this resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent of Africa as this resource
+which land to grab the stuff out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which land to grab the stuff out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which land to grab the stuff out of
+that's the perspective but then what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the perspective but then what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the perspective but then what are
+the verbs what are the things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs what are the things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verbs what are the things you can do
+in that context in Kalika you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context in Kalika you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that context in Kalika you are in
+communist Poland in the 1980s what polio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communist Poland in the 1980s what polio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communist Poland in the 1980s what polio
+print yeah and the only thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print yeah and the only thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print yeah and the only thing that you
+can do is stand in line for rationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is stand in line for rationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is stand in line for rationed
+goods but what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods but what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods but what you can do is you can
+affect your place in line by let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your place in line by let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your place in line by let's see
+carrying around a cute baby is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying around a cute baby is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying around a cute baby is one of
+them that sound here I believe it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that sound here I believe it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that sound here I believe it can
+knock somebody's head off yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock somebody's head off yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock somebody's head off yeah you can
+you you can change your your your which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can change your your your which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can change your your your which
+line they're standing on so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they're standing on so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line they're standing on so maybe
+instead of waiting for dry goods you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting for dry goods you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of waiting for dry goods you're
+waiting for furniture that sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for furniture that sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for furniture that sort of thing
+it's kind of neat because all the goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of neat because all the goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of neat because all the goods
+that we actually have in here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually have in here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually have in here are
+actually pictures of the actual rationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pictures of the actual rationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pictures of the actual rationed
+goods that were that were available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that were that were available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that were that were available in
+Poland in 1980s in fact this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland in 1980s in fact this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland in 1980s in fact this was a
+project that was funded by some Polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was funded by some Polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was funded by some Polish
+Historical Institute but the only agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Historical Institute but the only agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Historical Institute but the only agency
+that you have in this game is which line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in this game is which line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in this game is which line
+are you standing in and we're in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you standing in and we're in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you standing in and we're in line
+are you standing because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you standing because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you standing because that's the
+perspective that you want to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that you want to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that you want to get get
+across to you and so your whole game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to you and so your whole game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across to you and so your whole game is
+all about jockeying for position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about jockeying for position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about jockeying for position and
+it's actually a pretty well designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty well designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a pretty well designed
+game we played a few times and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we played a few times and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we played a few times and that has
+both the perspective of this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the perspective of this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the perspective of this is what the
+world looks like the world looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like the world looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like the world looks like a
+bunch of lines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines for
+goods to me as someone who lives in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to me as someone who lives in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods to me as someone who lives in that
+world it's a kind of satirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a kind of satirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a kind of satirical
+light-hearted tone about it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-hearted tone about it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-hearted tone about it but it's
+grounded in reality and and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in reality and and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded in reality and and the only
+thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can do
+what what what what can I do about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what can I do about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what what can I do about this
+world that's going to give me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's going to give me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's going to give me some
+interesting decisions to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting decisions to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting decisions to make
+right and it's going to be wished I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's going to be wished I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's going to be wished I knew
+I don't want to wait for Tammany Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to wait for Tammany Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to wait for Tammany Hall
+again historical remember which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again historical remember which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again historical remember which which
+decade this is set in dough I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade this is set in dough I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade this is set in dough I think I
+think that that sounds right some way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that sounds right some way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that sounds right some way in
+the rules they mention it and it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules they mention it and it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules they mention it and it's about
+Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan
+it's about ruling New York where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about ruling New York where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about ruling New York where this is
+a game of backstabbing corruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game of backstabbing corruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game of backstabbing corruption
+temporary alliances and you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary alliances and you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary alliances and you're basically
+just running for mayor and if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running for mayor and if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just running for mayor and if you can't
+get mayor you're running for other city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mayor you're running for other city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mayor you're running for other city
+offices turns out that actually as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices turns out that actually as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices turns out that actually as soon
+as you become me you have just a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you become me you have just a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you become me you have just a giant
+target painted on your back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target painted on your back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target painted on your back and
+everybody else who's in other positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else who's in other positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else who's in other positions
+that you can come chief of police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can come chief of police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can come chief of police
+precinct to precinct chairman you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precinct to precinct chairman you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precinct to precinct chairman you are
+you you you then abuse those powers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you then abuse those powers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you then abuse those powers to
+sort of place new immigrants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of place new immigrants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of place new immigrants in
+different worlds and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds and change the
+demographic makeup of different words in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic makeup of different words in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic makeup of different words in
+of different boroughs in New York to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different boroughs in New York to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different boroughs in New York to be
+able to change that we have the vote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change that we have the vote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change that we have the vote the
+object of the game is victory points for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the game is victory points for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of the game is victory points for
+the most part but the victory points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part but the victory points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part but the victory points you
+can get it by becoming mayor but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it by becoming mayor but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get it by becoming mayor but then
+yeah I'm not staying here for long uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not staying here for long uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not staying here for long uh
+you know that and this is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and this is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that and this is really just
+you were able to coerce people to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to coerce people to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were able to coerce people to come
+to various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to various
+you're trying to get the vote out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get the vote out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get the vote out so
+that you need two things and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need two things and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need two things and they had
+people who were forcing people to voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were forcing people to voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were forcing people to voting
+booths to vote or doing things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booths to vote or doing things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booths to vote or doing things like you
+know having free food if you keen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having free food if you keen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having free food if you keen on
+things like that you can possibly evict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can possibly evict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can possibly evict
+people from boroughs and move them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from boroughs and move them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from boroughs and move them into
+it and move them into other boroughs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and move them into other boroughs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and move them into other boroughs to
+create you know get not not ghettos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you know get not not ghettos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you know get not not ghettos
+whatever with one one right thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever with one one right thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever with one one right thinking
+yeah this is all stuff like exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is all stuff like exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is all stuff like exercise
+this districts right but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this districts right but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this districts right but instead of
+changing their minds they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their minds they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing their minds they're actually
+moving people yeah yeah because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving people yeah yeah because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving people yeah yeah because you know
+if you're chief of polices you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're chief of polices you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're chief of polices you can't
+just like grab people and pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like grab people and pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like grab people and pull them
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+you can't throw them off New York so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't throw them off New York so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't throw them off New York so you
+know that's that's that's the view yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's that's the view yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's that's the view yeah
+but that's the that's the perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the that's the perspectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the that's the perspectives
+they're trying to place this abuse yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to place this abuse yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to place this abuse yeah
+they're asking they they are saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking they they are saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking they they are saying that
+in this in this hero if you have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this hero if you have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this hero if you have one of
+these people you are actively engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you are actively engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people you are actively engaging
+in the abuse of power you know to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abuse of power you know to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the abuse of power you know to sort
+of play with the lives of immigrants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with the lives of immigrants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with the lives of immigrants so
+yeah you know it's turns out that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know it's turns out that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know it's turns out that it's
+you know just more of a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just more of a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just more of a game of
+territory and when you actually play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and when you actually play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory and when you actually play the
+game you are you are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you are you are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you are you are looking at
+Manhattan as a salsa as a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan as a salsa as a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan as a salsa as a bunch of
+resources that you're moving around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that you're moving around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that you're moving around but
+then the the but but it's very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the but but it's very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the but but it's very specific
+perspective and you know imagine I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and you know imagine I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and you know imagine I think
+the game is played over a period of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played over a period of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played over a period of 16
+years which is a 1660 insurance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years which is a 1660 insurance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years which is a 1660 insurance or
+something like that so check it out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so check it out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so check it out when
+you get a chance any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a chance any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a chance any questions about
+assignment 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one little wrinkle is on April 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one little wrinkle is on April 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one little wrinkle is on April 16th
+which is just two weeks from now we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just two weeks from now we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just two weeks from now we want
+you to come in here and give us a pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come in here and give us a pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to come in here and give us a pitch
+presentation on on what you've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on on what you've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on on what you've decided
+to do with your project you know we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with your project you know we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with your project you know we want
+to see a concise description of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a concise description of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a concise description of how you
+expect it to be played at least you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be played at least you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be played at least you know
+two weeks into the project well what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks into the project well what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks into the project well what you
+decided so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided so far
+maybe I starting experience that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I starting experience that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I starting experience that you
+want to create so you want to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create so you want to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create so you want to tell us
+what kind of feel you want to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of feel you want to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of feel you want to get out
+whose perspective this is what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose perspective this is what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose perspective this is what sort of
+agency that you're likely to have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency that you're likely to have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency that you're likely to have in the
+game very important to tell us where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game very important to tell us where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game very important to tell us where
+you're drawing your historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing your historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing your historical
+references from it was a history game or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references from it was a history game or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references from it was a history game or
+way of drawing information from it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of drawing information from it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of drawing information from it's a
+contemporary game what are you using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary game what are you using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary game what are you using to
+inform this thing your your experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform this thing your your experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform this thing your your experience
+now you could theoretically all make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could theoretically all make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could theoretically all make a
+game about being an MIT student at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about being an MIT student at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about being an MIT student at MIT
+in 2014 that's AI great to say I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2014 that's AI great to say I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2014 that's AI great to say I'm gonna
+encourage you to think a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think a little bit more
+than that you know because yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you know because yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you know because yeah you
+don't need any additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any additional information
+and that's why it's kind of boring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's kind of boring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's kind of boring to
+get that degree you can draw inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that degree you can draw inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that degree you can draw inspiration
+from other games but also you know books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other games but also you know books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other games but also you know books
+websites news articles you know if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites news articles you know if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites news articles you know if not
+just Wikipedia but we Wikipedia can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Wikipedia but we Wikipedia can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Wikipedia but we Wikipedia can be a
+useful resource to find other stuff now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful resource to find other stuff now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful resource to find other stuff now
+but we want you to give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want you to give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want you to give that
+presentation as if you were seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as if you were seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as if you were seeking
+greenlight as if you were going to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenlight as if you were going to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenlight as if you were going to a
+publisher saying please give me money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher saying please give me money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher saying please give me money to
+be able to continue work on this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to continue work on this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to continue work on this game
+we're not going to sums you down we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to sums you down we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to sums you down we're
+not going to cancel your project but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to cancel your project but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to cancel your project but we
+are going to give you feedback both on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you feedback both on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you feedback both on
+how you can improve the project on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can improve the project on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can improve the project on what
+we've heard but also on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard but also on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard but also on your
+presentation skills that's there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation skills that's there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation skills that's there's going
+to be one of the few times is that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the few times is that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the few times is that's why
+we're talking specifically about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking specifically about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking specifically about how you
+deliver the presentation because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the presentation because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver the presentation because you
+might have to do that one day and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do that one day and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do that one day and there
+are other classes especially CMS 610
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other classes especially CMS 610
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other classes especially CMS 610
+where you will get a lot of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will get a lot of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will get a lot of practice
+doing pitching so this is a little taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pitching so this is a little taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pitching so this is a little taste
+of that if you want to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you want to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that if you want to be able to get
+more practice I encourage you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practice I encourage you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more practice I encourage you to look at
+that class make sure everything else at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class make sure everything else at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class make sure everything else at
+the end of the semester you're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester you're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester you're gonna do
+the same sort of five-minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of five-minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sort of five-minute
+presentation you gave today we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you gave today we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you gave today we expect
+change logs we expect with a one-page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change logs we expect with a one-page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change logs we expect with a one-page
+the one-page write-up the one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-page write-up the one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-page write-up the one big
+difference is that that all everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that that all everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that that all everything
+needs to be handed in on at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be handed in on at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be handed in on at the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+previously you could hand in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously you could hand in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously you could hand in your
+write-up the following week I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-up the following week I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-up the following week I believe
+that's the case for this assignment yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case for this assignment yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case for this assignment yeah
+we can't do that for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that for the final
+assignment in in a my team-based because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in in a my team-based because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in in a my team-based because
+of MIT course once we recreate you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT course once we recreate you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT course once we recreate you can't
+hand in anything later in it at all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in anything later in it at all use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in anything later in it at all use
+the class can't ask you to hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class can't ask you to hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class can't ask you to hand in
+anything later than that so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything later than that so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything later than that so everything
+is due on May 14th finally we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due on May 14th finally we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due on May 14th finally we have a
+bunch of guest lectures that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of guest lectures that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of guest lectures that will be
+coming in this is this is starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this is this is starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in this is this is starting to
+segue into what do you do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue into what do you do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segue into what do you do with the
+information that you're getting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you're getting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that you're getting in this
+class after this class is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after this class is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after this class is over
+April 9th exactly a week from now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 9th exactly a week from now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 9th exactly a week from now will
+be the gaming critical people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the gaming critical people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the gaming critical people who
+actually a collection of people here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a collection of people here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a collection of people here in
+Cambridge who make more games and card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge who make more games and card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge who make more games and card
+games for retail but have been funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for retail but have been funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for retail but have been funded
+through a range of different sources all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a range of different sources all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a range of different sources all
+the way from traditional publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from traditional publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way from traditional publishing
+model to Kickstarter and they all talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to Kickstarter and they all talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to Kickstarter and they all talk
+about their experiences of what it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences of what it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their experiences of what it took
+to be able to take these ideas into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take these ideas into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to take these ideas into
+something that people could buy off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people could buy off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that people could buy off the
+shelf we also have another guest lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf we also have another guest lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf we also have another guest lecture
+from the Geneva University of Art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Geneva University of Art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Geneva University of Art and
+Design these are mostly masters students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design these are mostly masters students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design these are mostly masters students
+and people who've recently graduated her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who've recently graduated her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who've recently graduated her
+master's program so I'm going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's program so I'm going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's program so I'm going to go into
+a design school that is thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design school that is thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design school that is thinking about
+gameplay now mostly tech designs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay now mostly tech designs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay now mostly tech designs so
+they're like the digital games for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the digital games for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like the digital games for the
+most part but because it's an art school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part but because it's an art school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part but because it's an art school
+there are actually pretty broad minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually pretty broad minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually pretty broad minor
+and what happens in the computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in the computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens in the computer and
+what happens outside of the computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens outside of the computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens outside of the computer so
+that should be fairly interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be fairly interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be fairly interesting
+they're going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to talk a little bit about
+their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes but yo what we coming in May seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but yo what we coming in May seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes but yo what we coming in May seventh
+he is a theorist he actually currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a theorist he actually currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a theorist he actually currently
+teaches at a number of places including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches at a number of places including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches at a number of places including
+the including New York University he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the including New York University he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the including New York University he
+uses he's sharing a mic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses he's sharing a mic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses he's sharing a mic
+is probably best known among game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably best known among game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably best known among game
+scholars for writing his books on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars for writing his books on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars for writing his books on the
+art of failure a casual revolution how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of failure a casual revolution how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of failure a casual revolution how
+how for you these are the three books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for you these are the three books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for you these are the three books
+are about games and how design not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about games and how design not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about games and how design not not
+so much how designers think about games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much how designers think about games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much how designers think about games
+but how to analyze games from sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to analyze games from sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how to analyze games from sort of a
+certain abstract perspective read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain abstract perspective read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain abstract perspective read the
+whole MIT press if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole MIT press if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole MIT press if you're interested in
+those books please feel free to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those books please feel free to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those books please feel free to check
+out to check out our library in a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to check out our library in a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to check out our library in a game
+lab I'll be happy to to let you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I'll be happy to to let you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I'll be happy to to let you have a
+look that really really easy reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that really really easy reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that really really easy reads
+because he believes and padding out his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he believes and padding out his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he believes and padding out his
+books of images so don't well he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of images so don't well he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of images so don't well he has
+told us this very specifically is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us this very specifically is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us this very specifically is like
+well I could write about half as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could write about half as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could write about half as much
+and then just have large images and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just have large images and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just have large images and and
+the book becomes bigger but he he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book becomes bigger but he he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book becomes bigger but he he also
+makes games and he'll be here to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes games and he'll be here to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes games and he'll be here to talk
+not only talk about his current work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only talk about his current work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only talk about his current work and
+what he's working on right now but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's working on right now but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's working on right now but also
+play test games on missile and give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test games on missile and give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test games on missile and give you
+some feedback because he's fought here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback because he's fought here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feedback because he's fought here
+before he's been part of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he's been part of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he's been part of this class
+before couple of years ago so please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before couple of years ago so please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before couple of years ago so please
+don't miss any of the guest lectures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss any of the guest lectures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss any of the guest lectures the
+great folks and give you an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great folks and give you an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great folks and give you an idea of what
+you could do if you want to go to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do if you want to go to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do if you want to go to design
+school if you want to go into academia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school if you want to go into academia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school if you want to go into academia
+if you want to make your own games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make your own games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to make your own games and
+publish them and work make commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish them and work make commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish them and work make commercial
+product and this gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and this gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and this gives you some
+perspective from what you can do okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective from what you can do okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective from what you can do okay so
+alright whose kids are actually ready at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright whose kids are actually ready at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright whose kids are actually ready at
+this point sign everyone is ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point sign everyone is ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point sign everyone is ready
+awesome let's play chess game
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dU40AvBURDQ.txt b/dU40AvBURDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77cef1e98794ae6a555a640d4389e79ab78f0bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dU40AvBURDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8058 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Eric and I have been tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Eric and I have been tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Eric and I have been tag
+teaming this lecturing this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming this lecturing this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaming this lecturing this class so
+we're going to split this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to split this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to split this
+lecture so I get to do uh the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I get to do uh the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I get to do uh the first uh
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+minutes no I I get I get to do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes no I I get I get to do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes no I I get I get to do the first
+uh 20 minutes or so uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 20 minutes or so uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 20 minutes or so uh talking about
+some of my research in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my research in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my research in parallel
+architecture and Eric's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and Eric's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and Eric's going to talk
+about a bunch of things that he's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a bunch of things that he's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a bunch of things that he's been
+up to over the years in an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to over the years in an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to over the years in an algorithm
+design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and
+Analysis so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started when was the first uh PC built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when was the first uh PC built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started when was the first uh PC built
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no the first personal computer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no the first personal computer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no the first personal computer was
+1981 the not the first computer right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 the not the first computer right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1981 the not the first computer right so
+um all of you know about uh Intel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of you know about uh Intel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of you know about uh Intel and
+Microsoft and IBM and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft and IBM and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft and IBM and so
+on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh
+Intel's you know gift to humankind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel's you know gift to humankind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel's you know gift to humankind is
+the x86 architecture though some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x86 architecture though some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x86 architecture though some people
+would argue that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that point
+but and the x86 architecture was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the x86 architecture was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and the x86 architecture was in
+invented in 1981 and was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1981 and was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented in 1981 and was part of the
+first PC that provided the horse power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first PC that provided the horse power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first PC that provided the horse power
+for the first PC the IBM PC and it ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first PC the IBM PC and it ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first PC the IBM PC and it ran
+at 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 5
+megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and x86 has been around you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and x86 has been around you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and x86 has been around you still
+can buy x86 computers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy x86 computers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy x86 computers the
+8486 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8486 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8486 in
+1989 ran at 25 MHz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 ran at 25 MHz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 ran at 25 MHz
+so you can see a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see a trend
+here and the 8486 as it turns out ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the 8486 as it turns out ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the 8486 as it turns out ended
+up being called the i486 because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being called the i486 because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being called the i486 because there
+was a code ruling that said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a code ruling that said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a code ruling that said that you
+couldn't trademark numbers and so Intel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't trademark numbers and so Intel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't trademark numbers and so Intel
+at that point decided to start naming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point decided to start naming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point decided to start naming
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+processors so the Pentium which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so the Pentium which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors so the Pentium which is one
+of the more famous Intel processors was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more famous Intel processors was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more famous Intel processors was
+built and came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and came out in
+1993 and the clock speed went up to 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 and the clock speed went up to 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 and the clock speed went up to 66
+MHz back in the early '90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz back in the early '90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MHz back in the early '90s
+and since this was just such a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this was just such a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this was just such a cool
+name Intel continued to call its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Intel continued to call its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Intel continued to call its
+processors Pentium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors Pentium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors Pentium
+and the Pentium 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Pentium 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Pentium 4 in
+2000 had this incredibly deep pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 had this incredibly deep pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 had this incredibly deep pipeline
+where you broke up the computation into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you broke up the computation into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you broke up the computation into
+a bunch of stages in fact it had a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stages in fact it had a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of stages in fact it had a 30
+stage Pipeline and so the clock speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Pipeline and so the clock speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Pipeline and so the clock speed
+went up all the way to 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up all the way to 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up all the way to 1.5
+GHz the Pentium was famous for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GHz the Pentium was famous for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GHz the Pentium was famous for many
+things including a couple of bugs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including a couple of bugs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things including a couple of bugs in the
+floating Point pipeline where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point pipeline where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating Point pipeline where
+division in particular Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division in particular Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division in particular Corner
+cases wasn't done correctly and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases wasn't done correctly and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases wasn't done correctly and there
+was also this bug called the f00 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also this bug called the f00 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also this bug called the f00 F
+bug which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug which
+allowed a malicious program to crash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a malicious program to crash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a malicious program to crash the
+entire system regardless of whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system regardless of whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system regardless of whether it
+had administrative privileges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had administrative privileges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had administrative privileges or
+not but the Pentium was obviously very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but the Pentium was obviously very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but the Pentium was obviously very
+successful lot of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful lot of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful lot of machine
+sold and it felt like it was only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and it felt like it was only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and it felt like it was only going
+to be a matter of time before we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a matter of time before we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a matter of time before we got to
+tens of gigahertz the way things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of gigahertz the way things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of gigahertz the way things were
+going as you can see this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as you can see this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as you can see this is a pretty
+steep growth from 5 MHz to 25 to 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep growth from 5 MHz to 25 to 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep growth from 5 MHz to 25 to 1.5
+gahz in the space of about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz in the space of about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz in the space of about 20
+years um as it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um as it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um as it turns
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+after the Pentium D which came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Pentium D which came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Pentium D which came out in
+2005 where the clock speed peaked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 where the clock speed peaked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 where the clock speed peaked at
+about 3.2 GHz clock frequency stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3.2 GHz clock frequency stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3.2 GHz clock frequency stopped
+increasing and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and what you see
+now are things that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are things that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are things that correspond to
+multiple processors on a chip so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processors on a chip so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processors on a chip so for
+example the quad cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the quad cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the quad cord
+Zeon came out in 2008 you can still buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeon came out in 2008 you can still buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeon came out in 2008 you can still buy
+it only runs at 3 GHz which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only runs at 3 GHz which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only runs at 3 GHz which is
+basically about the same as the Pentium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about the same as the Pentium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about the same as the Pentium
+D Ram each of these has a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Ram each of these has a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Ram each of these has a range of
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+and Beyond about 2005 the clock speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond about 2005 the clock speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond about 2005 the clock speed of
+processors that you can buy is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you can buy is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors that you can buy is kind of
+saturated at at about 3 GHz and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated at at about 3 GHz and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated at at about 3 GHz and the way
+you're getting performance is by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting performance is by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting performance is by putting
+multiple processors on the chip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processors on the chip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple processors on the chip and
+people use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use the term
+cores synonymously with processors so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores synonymously with processors so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores synonymously with processors so a
+quad core means that they're in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad core means that they're in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quad core means that they're in effect
+four x86 processors on the same silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four x86 processors on the same silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four x86 processors on the same silicon
+integrated circuit and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit and they're
+interconnected together and they talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected together and they talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected together and they talk to
+memory and you have essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you have essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you have essentially a
+parallel processor on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processor on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel processor on a single
+chip and a single user potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and a single user potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and a single user potentially
+running many programs is using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running many programs is using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running many programs is using this
+system and you have dual core processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you have dual core processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you have dual core processors
+on your laptops and so the scale now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your laptops and so the scale now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your laptops and so the scale now is
+or the metric now I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the metric now I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the metric now I should say
+is how many cores do you have on a chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many cores do you have on a chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how many cores do you have on a chip
+and people are predicting that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are predicting that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people are predicting that we're
+going to have a th000 cores by 2020 on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a th000 cores by 2020 on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a th000 cores by 2020 on a
+chip so this brings us to the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so this brings us to the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so this brings us to the problem of
+how do we use parallelism so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use parallelism so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use parallelism so there's a
+lot of work on Parallel algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on Parallel algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of work on Parallel algorithms
+there's also work in building Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also work in building Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also work in building Hardware
+such that algorithms can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that algorithms can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that algorithms can sort of
+automatically be paralyzed while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically be paralyzed while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically be paralyzed while they're
+running in Hardware so they can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in Hardware so they can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in Hardware so they can run
+faster and so on and so forth so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and so on and so forth so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and so on and so forth so some of
+my research is in parallel architectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is in parallel architectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research is in parallel architectures
+some of it is in parallel algorithms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is in parallel algorithms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is in parallel algorithms I
+want to give you a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a sense of what the
+problems are in building parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are in building parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are in building parallel
+architectures and in particular I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and in particular I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and in particular I'll
+start with a canonical system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a canonical system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a canonical system that
+corresponds to let's say this quad core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to let's say this quad core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to let's say this quad core
+system and so you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and so you have four
+processors on this single integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors on this single integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors on this single integrated
+circuit so that signifies that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that signifies that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so that signifies that and
+typically you have a lot of fast static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have a lot of fast static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you have a lot of fast static
+Random Access Memory SRAM on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random Access Memory SRAM on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Random Access Memory SRAM on the same
+chip so typically megabytes of of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so typically megabytes of of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so typically megabytes of of memory
+on the Chip And gigabytes of memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Chip And gigabytes of memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Chip And gigabytes of memory in
+Dam which are separate modules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam which are separate modules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam which are separate modules that are
+connected via a high-speed bus off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected via a high-speed bus off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected via a high-speed bus off the
+chip so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip so
+that's there usually many dram modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there usually many dram modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there usually many dram modules
+they're called dims uh if you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called dims uh if you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called dims uh if you might have
+heard that term so the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that term so the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard that term so the connection
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the processors and the SRAM is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processors and the SRAM is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processors and the SRAM is typically
+very fast it's on chip things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast it's on chip things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast it's on chip things being
+clocked at at gahz and when you go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocked at at gahz and when you go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocked at at gahz and when you go off
+chip you're down to a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip you're down to a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip you're down to a few hundred
+megaherz so typically in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megaherz so typically in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megaherz so typically in order of
+magnitude less speed but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less speed but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude less speed but you're
+accessing much more memory so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing much more memory so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing much more memory so this is
+really gigabytes and this is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gigabytes and this is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gigabytes and this is at the
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+megabytes if you see this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes if you see this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes if you see this picture
+here if you think about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you think about the number of
+processors increasing from four to 8 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors increasing from four to 8 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors increasing from four to 8 to
+16 in all the way say to hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 in all the way say to hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 in all the way say to hundreds of
+processors um you can see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors um you can see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors um you can see that there's
+going to be a bottleneck associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bottleneck associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a bottleneck associated with
+accessing the memory the big problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the memory the big problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the memory the big problem is
+you can't possibly build memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't possibly build memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't possibly build memory that
+serves hundreds of requests in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves hundreds of requests in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves hundreds of requests in parallel
+if you try and make a large SRAM which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try and make a large SRAM which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try and make a large SRAM which
+is megabytes long the number of ports in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is megabytes long the number of ports in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is megabytes long the number of ports in
+the SRAM read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ports is you know roughly of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports is you know roughly of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports is you know roughly of the order
+of four and after that it's kind of hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four and after that it's kind of hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four and after that it's kind of hard
+to build right so this architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build right so this architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build right so this architecture
+isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going
+to be sustainable Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sustainable Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sustainable Beyond
+48 maybe 16 cores so typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 maybe 16 cores so typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 maybe 16 cores so typically what
+people build is or people are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people build is or people are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people build is or people are trying to
+build in Academia is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in Academia is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build in Academia is something that
+corresponds to a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a distributed
+architecture on the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture on the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture on the chip
+where you have processors and memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have processors and memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have processors and memory in
+tiles so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have essentially something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have essentially something like this
+where you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could imagine
+having literally 100 processors on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having literally 100 processors on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having literally 100 processors on a
+chip that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that correspond
+to an implementation where you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an implementation where you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an implementation where you build
+tiles where you have a processor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles where you have a processor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles where you have a processor that's
+doing the computation and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the computation and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the computation and you have
+memory and it's sometimes called cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it's sometimes called cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it's sometimes called cache
+memory but there's multiple levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but there's multiple levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but there's multiple levels of
+caches typically that are attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches typically that are attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches typically that are attached to
+each of these processors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these processors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these processors and
+the space between the processor tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space between the processor tiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space between the processor tiles
+is reserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reserved
+for interconnect or for wires that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for interconnect or for wires that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for interconnect or for wires that
+connect these processors up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these processors up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect these processors up and so
+there's research that goes on in routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's research that goes on in routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's research that goes on in routing
+algorithms how do you figure out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms how do you figure out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms how do you figure out if
+these processors want to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors want to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors want to talk to each
+other um what the best way of routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um what the best way of routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um what the best way of routing
+the messages are you want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages are you want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages are you want to find the
+shortest path in this case the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path in this case the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path in this case the weight
+corresponds to the congestion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the congestion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the congestion that's
+associated with each of these channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of these channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each of these channels
+that you have and people actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and people actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have and people actually use
+algorithms like weighted shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms like weighted shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms like weighted shortest paths
+in Hardware to determine what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hardware to determine what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Hardware to determine what the best
+way of getting from here to there is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting from here to there is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of getting from here to there is it
+may not be this way it may be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be this way it may be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be this way it may be going
+around the chip simply because that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chip simply because that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chip simply because that path
+the latter one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latter one is less
+congested um the other issue that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested um the other issue that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested um the other issue that comes
+up has to do with um how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up has to do with um how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up has to do with um how long it takes
+to go across the chip and come back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go across the chip and come back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go across the chip and come back so
+if this processor wants to access its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this processor wants to access its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this processor wants to access its
+local memory that's typically typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local memory that's typically typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local memory that's typically typically
+pretty simple or fast but if it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple or fast but if it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple or fast but if it wants to
+access remote memory and it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access remote memory and it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access remote memory and it's quite
+possible that it's sharing some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it's sharing some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that it's sharing some data
+with a different thread running on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different thread running on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different thread running on a
+different processor so typically there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processor so typically there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processor so typically there's
+a program running on this processor some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program running on this processor some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program running on this processor some
+sometimes called a thread and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a thread and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a thread and this
+program may share data with a with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program may share data with a with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program may share data with a with with
+a different program which is running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different program which is running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different program which is running on
+on this processor or it may just require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this processor or it may just require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this processor or it may just require
+a lot more space and what this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more space and what this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more space and what this program
+has to do is is make a request all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do is is make a request all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do is is make a request all the
+way to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to this
+processor um and this particular cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor um and this particular cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor um and this particular cache
+in this processor and then it gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this processor and then it gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this processor and then it gets the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+back so what you see here is a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so what you see here is a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so what you see here is a round
+trip access that goes across the Chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip access that goes across the Chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip access that goes across the Chip
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+this distance if it's large could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance if it's large could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance if it's large could take
+tens of Cycles so typically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of Cycles so typically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of Cycles so typically it's a
+single cycle to access local memory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cycle to access local memory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cycle to access local memory the
+fastest local memory called the L1 cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest local memory called the L1 cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest local memory called the L1 cache
+but it could take tens of Cycles to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could take tens of Cycles to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could take tens of Cycles to go
+send a message across the chip and tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message across the chip and tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message across the chip and tens
+of Cycles to get the data back so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cycles to get the data back so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cycles to get the data back so the
+bottleneck really in parallel processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck really in parallel processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck really in parallel processing
+from a standpoint of communication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of communication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a standpoint of communication is
+this routing of messages and getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this routing of messages and getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this routing of messages and getting the
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+back one of the things that my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one of the things that my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one of the things that my research
+group is doing is looking at the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is doing is looking at the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is doing is looking at the notion
+of migrating computation as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of migrating computation as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of migrating computation as opposed to
+data we call it execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we call it execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we call it execution
+migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration
+where you could you could say suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could you could say suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could you could say suppose I
+have a processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a processor
+running a particular program out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a particular program out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a particular program out here
+and if this program wanted to access a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this program wanted to access a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this program wanted to access a
+remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote
+memory then rather than doing what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then rather than doing what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory then rather than doing what I
+just showed you there send a message get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you there send a message get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you there send a message get
+the data back you could imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data back you could imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data back you could imagine that you
+could migrate the program itself and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could migrate the program itself and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could migrate the program itself and in
+particular you think of it as migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you think of it as migrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you think of it as migrating
+the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of the
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+from this processor to this one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this processor to this one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this processor to this one and so
+what is the context for those of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the context for those of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the context for those of you in
+who have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have taken
+64 probably know what this is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 probably know what this is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 probably know what this is but
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+simply where you are in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply where you are in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply where you are in terms of
+executing your program and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing your program and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing your program and that's
+typically given to you by our program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically given to you by our program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically given to you by our program
+counter and your current state of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and your current state of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter and your current state of your
+register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register
+file and a few other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and a few other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and a few other things
+including uh cache memory and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh cache memory and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh cache memory and so on and
+so forth so the advantage with execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so the advantage with execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so the advantage with execution
+migration is that it's a oneway trip as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration is that it's a oneway trip as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration is that it's a oneway trip as
+opposed to a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip
+um you don't have to send a message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to send a message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to send a message and
+get the data back which would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data back which would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the data back which would be two
+messages if you will one in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages if you will one in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages if you will one in the case of
+the address and the other for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address and the other for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the address and the other for the data
+but you migrate your execution and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you migrate your execution and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you migrate your execution and you
+run since you have computation out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run since you have computation out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run since you have computation out here
+you can run on this remote processor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run on this remote processor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run on this remote processor uh
+so that's one of the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of the advantages of
+execution migration one of the downsides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution migration one of the downsides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution migration one of the downsides
+of it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that
+this is can be multiple kilo bytes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is can be multiple kilo bytes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is can be multiple kilo bytes or
+kilobits and it could be significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobits and it could be significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobits and it could be significantly
+more in terms of size or in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in terms of size or in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in terms of size or in terms of
+bits than the data that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits than the data that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits than the data that you want to
+access so there's a bit of there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so there's a bit of there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access so there's a bit of there's a
+trade-off here and then when anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off here and then when anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off here and then when anytime you
+have a trade-off well you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trade-off well you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a trade-off well you can think of
+an algorithm to try and find the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm to try and find the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm to try and find the optimal
+trade-off so this is the context for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off so this is the context for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off so this is the context for the
+particular optimization problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular optimization problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular optimization problem that we
+need to solve here that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve here that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve here that corresponds to
+really dis deciding when you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dis deciding when you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dis deciding when you want to do
+data migration and when you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data migration and when you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data migration and when you want to do
+execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution
+migration right there's a choice um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration right there's a choice um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration right there's a choice um at
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+level um it's a round trip to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um it's a round trip to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um it's a round trip to get the
+data so you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you're really
+traveling longer twice as long or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling longer twice as long or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling longer twice as long or the
+distance is twice as much but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is twice as much but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is twice as much but it's
+possible that the amount of state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the amount of state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that the amount of state that
+you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to
+move in terms of taking your context if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in terms of taking your context if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in terms of taking your context if
+you're a spr and moving across the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a spr and moving across the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a spr and moving across the chip
+could be large enough that it offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be large enough that it offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be large enough that it offsets
+the advantage of the shorter distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of the shorter distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of the shorter distance
+all right so we can set this up as an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can set this up as an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can set this up as an an
+optimization problem so now we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem so now we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem so now we're in the
+realm of we moved from 64 to 66 here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of we moved from 64 to 66 here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of we moved from 64 to 66 here in
+the last couple of seconds so assume we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of seconds so assume we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of seconds so assume we
+know or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predict the axis pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a program and you can do this people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program and you can do this people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program and you can do this people
+build these things in Hardware prefetch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these things in Hardware prefetch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build these things in Hardware prefetch
+engines branch predictors and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines branch predictors and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines branch predictors and so on
+they're in the the x86 machines and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the the x86 machines and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in the the x86 machines and you
+can tell especially if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell especially if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell especially if you're going
+through a loop over and over you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a loop over and over you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a loop over and over you can
+make this prediction but so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this prediction but so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this prediction but so you have
+some amount of look ahead and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of look ahead and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of look ahead and you know
+that uh M1 through MN are the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh M1 through MN are the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh M1 through MN are the memory
+accesses that this program is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses that this program is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses that this program is going to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+and these are the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addresses and I'm going to think about P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and I'm going to think about P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and I'm going to think about P
+of M1 P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M1 P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M1 P of
+M2 P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 P of
+MN as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN as the the
+processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor
+caches for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caches for each
+Mi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi
+so what might be the case in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what might be the case in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what might be the case in a simple
+example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is
+you you want to access memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to access memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to access memory in
+processor one you're sitting there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor one you're sitting there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor one you're sitting there you
+want to access memory in processor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access memory in processor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to access memory in processor one
+and then the next one you want to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one you want to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one you want to access
+memory and processor to and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and processor to and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and processor to and so on and so
+forth so you might see something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so you might see something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so you might see something like
+that so the sequence of memory addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sequence of memory addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the sequence of memory addresses
+um if you're sitting on processor one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're sitting on processor one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're sitting on processor one
+this first one is local and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first one is local and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first one is local and then after
+that you want to access processor 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to access processor 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to access processor 2's
+memory because you're sharing data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because you're sharing data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory because you're sharing data with
+it then you're back home again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you're back home again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you're back home again to
+processor one and so on and so forth all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor one and so on and so forth all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor one and so on and so forth all
+right um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so
+that's one example of a setup and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example of a setup and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one example of a setup and we can
+think about the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the cost of
+migration as if you want to go from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration as if you want to go from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration as if you want to go from s to
+d as being a function of the distance s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as being a function of the distance s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d as being a function of the distance s
+comma D plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma D plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma D plus some
+constant which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which
+is proportional to the uh the Contex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the uh the Contex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the uh the Contex
+size and that context size we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and that context size we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and that context size we're going
+to assume is fixed for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume is fixed for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume is fixed for a particular
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+it may change for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may change for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may change for different
+architectures but if it's a few kilobits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures but if it's a few kilobits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures but if it's a few kilobits
+um then there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's going to be some
+overhead associated with putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead associated with putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead associated with putting the
+context onto the network and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context onto the network and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context onto the network and it's a
+sizable overhead that needs to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizable overhead that needs to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizable overhead that needs to be taken
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+account that's the cost of migration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's the cost of migration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's the cost of migration the
+cost of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of an
+access S comma D is twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access S comma D is twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access S comma D is twice the
+distance between s and d and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between s and d and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between s and d and it's
+typically a just a word that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a just a word that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a just a word that you want to
+access 32 bit 6 four Bits And so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access 32 bit 6 four Bits And so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access 32 bit 6 four Bits And so there's
+no additional overhead associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no additional overhead associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no additional overhead associated with
+data access so there you go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data access so there you go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data access so there you go you
+have uh the formulation of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the formulation of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the formulation of the problem
+you have the tradeoff written where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the tradeoff written where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the tradeoff written where the
+cost of migration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of migration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of migration
+has just the distance but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just the distance but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just the distance but it has a
+constant factor and you got twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor and you got twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant factor and you got twice the
+distance here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here for the
+access right now if s equals D and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access right now if s equals D and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access right now if s equals D and I
+want to write this down U you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this down U you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write this down U you have a
+local access and and the cost is assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access and and the cost is assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access and and the cost is assumed
+to be zero right you could change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero right you could change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero right you could change that
+this is now we're in the realm of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now we're in the realm of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now we're in the realm of of
+theory and symbols so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and symbols so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and symbols so you can do
+whatever you want um but given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want um but given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want um but given those
+equations our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations our
+problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+migrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize
+total memory access cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in our example there suppose we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our example there suppose we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our example there suppose we had
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+P2 P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc and let's say you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P1 this first one would be a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 this first one would be a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 this first one would be a local
+access and then you may decide that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and then you may decide that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access and then you may decide that you
+want to migrate to P2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in which case you get this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which case you get this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in which case you get this is a
+local axis as well so is this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local axis as well so is this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local axis as well so is this one right
+here you might want to migrate to P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you might want to migrate to P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you might want to migrate to P1
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P1 so this becomes a local access that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 so this becomes a local access that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 so this becomes a local access that's
+a local access they're all essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local access they're all essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local access they're all essentially
+free and then if you just stay at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and then if you just stay at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and then if you just stay at P1
+over here you may end up doing remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you may end up doing remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you may end up doing remote
+accesses to P3 and P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses to P3 and P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses to P3 and P2
+respectively and so you have a cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and so you have a cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and so you have a cost of
+migration cost of migration and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration cost of migration and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration cost of migration and the cost
+of two remote accesses all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two remote accesses all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two remote accesses all right
+so that's the setup how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the setup how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the setup how are we going to
+solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem are we going to use dyra are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are we going to use dyra are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are we going to use dyra are we
+going to use belman Ford are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use belman Ford are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use belman Ford are we going to
+use balance search trees are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use balance search trees are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use balance search trees are we going to
+use hash functions what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hash functions what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use hash functions what are we going to
+use dynamic programming all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dynamic programming all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dynamic programming all
+together dynamic programming all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together dynamic programming all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together dynamic programming all right
+we're going to use dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use dynamic programming
+to solve this problem okay uh good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem okay uh good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem okay uh good so
+Eric thought brought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric thought brought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric thought brought you
+something where are the erasers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where are the erasers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where are the erasers yeah
+where are the erasers I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the erasers I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the erasers I think they're
+fallen down here all right let's uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen down here all right let's uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen down here all right let's uh let
+me um bail out and use this while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um bail out and use this while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um bail out and use this while you
+find the erasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the erasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the erasers
+um so program at P1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so program at P1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so program at P1 which is the
+processor initially okay I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor initially okay I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor initially okay I'm just going
+to set up this DP problem let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up this DP problem let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up this DP problem let's assume
+that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processors equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors equals
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+um now what are the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems the you could do this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the you could do this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems the you could do this many
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ways let's go ahead and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways let's go ahead and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways let's go ahead and use
+prefixes and so DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and so DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and so DP
+kp1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kp1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kp1 is the
+cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the
+optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix
+M1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 through
+MK of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accesses when the program starts at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses when the program starts at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses when the program starts at P1
+and ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+Pi so that's my sub problem I want to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so that's my sub problem I want to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi so that's my sub problem I want to I
+want to know as I build this up um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know as I build this up um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know as I build this up um what
+is the optimal way that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal way that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal way that I'm going to
+choose between migrations and accesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between migrations and accesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between migrations and accesses
+for the first k memory axises assuming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first k memory axises assuming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first k memory axises assuming a
+starting point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P1 and ending at some some pi and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and ending at some some pi and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 and ending at some some pi and I need
+to build up these sub problems and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up these sub problems and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up these sub problems and I
+want to grow them okay so let's go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow them okay so let's go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow them okay so let's go ahead
+and set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and set this
+up um what I want to do now is figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um what I want to do now is figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um what I want to do now is figure
+out DP k+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out DP k+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out DP k+ one
+PJ and assuming I have all of the kpis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and assuming I have all of the kpis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and assuming I have all of the kpis
+computed and how many sub problems do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and how many sub problems do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and how many sub problems do I
+have how many sub problems do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many sub problems do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how many sub problems do I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+total look at this and tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total look at this and tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total look at this and tell me what the
+ranges of the possibilities are so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of the possibilities are so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges of the possibilities are so how
+many sub problems would I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone y n * uh Q yep right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone y n * uh Q yep right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone y n * uh Q yep right so you have
+n * Q sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+so um you've set this up for up until K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you've set this up for up until K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you've set this up for up until K
+and for all of the pis now what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all of the pis now what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all of the pis now what you have
+to do is essentially say well DP of k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially say well DP of k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is essentially say well DP of k +
+1 PJ is going to be K PJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Plus cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus cost
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+access PJ P of MK +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access PJ P of MK +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access PJ P of MK +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if PJ is not equal to P of MK + 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if PJ is not equal to P of MK + 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if PJ is not equal to P of MK + 1 right
+so there's going to be two cases I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be two cases I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be two cases I'll
+just write this out and I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this out and I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write this out and I'll explain
+it but the first case corresponds to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the first case corresponds to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the first case corresponds to if
+the new memory access is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new memory access is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new memory access is not in the
+processor cache corresponding to PJ then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor cache corresponding to PJ then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor cache corresponding to PJ then
+what you have what you could do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have what you could do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have what you could do is um
+use the optimum value where you end at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the optimum value where you end at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the optimum value where you end at
+PJ and simply do a remote access uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and simply do a remote access uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PJ and simply do a remote access uh that
+corresponds to accessing MK + one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to accessing MK + one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to accessing MK + one so
+that's one case the other case is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the minimum
+solution Optimum solution corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Optimum solution corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Optimum solution corresponding
+to ending at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi and do a migration you have caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and do a migration you have caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and do a migration you have caused a
+migration from PI to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration from PI to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration from PI to
+PJ and you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want to go to P of MK + 1 the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go to P of MK + 1 the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go to P of MK + 1 the the
+processor corresponding to P of MK + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor corresponding to P of MK + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor corresponding to P of MK + 1
+so that's this that's the setup for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this that's the setup for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's this that's the setup for this
+Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic
+program um what you've done is created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um what you've done is created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program um what you've done is created a
+sub problem it's Optimum and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problem it's Optimum and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub problem it's Optimum and then you
+have you look at the two two cases do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you look at the two two cases do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you look at the two two cases do
+you want to go migrate and and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go migrate and and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go migrate and and do a
+local access that's this case over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access that's this case over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access that's this case over here
+right migrate to the processor and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right migrate to the processor and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right migrate to the processor and do a
+local access there that would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access there that would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local access there that would be this
+case and in this case you stay where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and in this case you stay where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and in this case you stay where you
+are and do a remote access and um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and do a remote access and um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and do a remote access and um in the
+case of migration you could end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of migration you could end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of migration you could end
+up uh choosing different initial points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh choosing different initial points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh choosing different initial points
+starting points corresponding to the pis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting points corresponding to the pis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting points corresponding to the pis
+and you have to run through all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to run through all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to run through all of those
+all right so what's the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the cost
+of a sub problem or the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub problem or the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sub problem or the running time of
+of computing one of these things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing one of these things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing one of these things it's
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+q and so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+is NQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is NQ
+s all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all
+right it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a little
+uh review of uh DP um I'm GNA stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh review of uh DP um I'm GNA stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh review of uh DP um I'm GNA stop here
+and and let Eric take over um just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let Eric take over um just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and let Eric take over um just in
+closing um while this you know makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing um while this you know makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing um while this you know makes
+some assumptions it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions it's actually
+fairly close to what we're building in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly close to what we're building in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly close to what we're building in
+Hardware this type of analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware this type of analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware this type of analysis is
+something that we have to do in Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have to do in Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we have to do in Hardware
+my research group is building a 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research group is building a 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research group is building a 128
+processor M machine that we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor M machine that we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor M machine that we call the
+execution migration machine and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution migration machine and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution migration machine and it does
+exactly what I've described to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I've described to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I've described to you
+decide whether to do a remote access or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to do a remote access or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to do a remote access or
+to do a migration based on this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a migration based on this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a migration based on this kind of
+analys is all right so hand it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analys is all right so hand it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analys is all right so hand it over to
+Eric mic all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric mic all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric mic all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh so I have a few things to uh tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I have a few things to uh tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I have a few things to uh tell you
+a little bit about shy talked about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about shy talked about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about shy talked about one
+Topic in detail I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in detail I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in detail I'm going to talk about
+many topics in less detail as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many topics in less detail as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many topics in less detail as I said
+shallowly um and the these are my main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallowly um and the these are my main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallowly um and the these are my main
+areas of research I do geometry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of research I do geometry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of research I do geometry in
+particular folding and data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular folding and data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular folding and data structures
+graphs and recreational algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and recreational algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and recreational algorithms
+that's the really fun stuff and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really fun stuff and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the really fun stuff and a lot of
+these have corresponding courses if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have corresponding courses if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have corresponding courses if
+you're interested in more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in more about this
+stuff computational geometry in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff computational geometry in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff computational geometry in general
+is uh oh I'm not going to remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oh I'm not going to remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh oh I'm not going to remember all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+numbers eight 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers eight 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers eight 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6850 that's a class I don't teach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6850 that's a class I don't teach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6850 that's a class I don't teach uh
+folding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding is
+6849 uh data structures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6849 uh data structures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6849 uh data structures is
+6851 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6851 and
+graphs was being taught this semester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs was being taught this semester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs was being taught this semester in
+parallel with this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with this class
+6889 and recreational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6889 and recreational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6889 and recreational
+algorithms isn't fully covered but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms isn't fully covered but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms isn't fully covered but you
+could check out SP 268 which was offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check out SP 268 which was offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check out SP 268 which was offered
+last semester and especially for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester and especially for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last semester and especially for those
+watching at home in on MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching at home in on MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching at home in on MIT open
+courseware uh this class all the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh this class all the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh this class all the video
+lectures are online for free uh 6851
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are online for free uh 6851
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are online for free uh 6851
+will do that next semester and 6889 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that next semester and 6889 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do that next semester and 6889 are
+all online right now and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all online right now and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all online right now and there's some
+lecture notes for SP 268 on open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for SP 268 on open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes for SP 268 on open
+courseware so uh there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so uh there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware so uh there's a lot of
+material here and in particular the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here and in particular the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here and in particular the the
+obvious next class for you to be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious next class for you to be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious next class for you to be taking
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+6046 but why should you be taking 6046
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 but why should you be taking 6046
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6046 but why should you be taking 6046
+because then you can take all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can take all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you can take all these
+exciting classes and many others about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting classes and many others about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting classes and many others about
+algorithms there's a complete list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms there's a complete list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms there's a complete list of
+follow-on classes in the lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-on classes in the lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-on classes in the lecture notes
+uh which are online and there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are online and there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are online and there there's a
+ton of I mean there's so much research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of I mean there's so much research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of I mean there's so much research
+in algorithms it's a really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algorithms it's a really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in algorithms it's a really exciting
+area this is just the beginning just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area this is just the beginning just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area this is just the beginning just the
+taste and I want to show you where very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and I want to show you where very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste and I want to show you where very
+exciting places it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first topic I'll tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first topic I'll tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first topic I'll tell you a
+little bit about maybe the most fun is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about maybe the most fun is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about maybe the most fun is
+geometric folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms this the title of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this the title of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this the title of a a
+textbook and the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and the class
+6849 uh and in general well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6849 uh and in general well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6849 uh and in general well there's a
+lot of different kinds of folding in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different kinds of folding in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different kinds of folding in the
+world but maybe the most accessible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but maybe the most accessible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but maybe the most accessible and
+fun is origami so you have on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is origami so you have on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is origami so you have on the one
+hand a piece of paper and you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a piece of paper and you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand a piece of paper and you'd like to
+turn it into some crazy threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into some crazy threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it into some crazy threedimensional
+shape which I'm not going to try to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape which I'm not going to try to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape which I'm not going to try to draw
+here I don't know you want to fold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know you want to fold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know you want to fold a
+giraff or you want to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraff or you want to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giraff or you want to make some
+geometric sculpture how do you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sculpture how do you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sculpture how do you do this
+so usually you put some creases into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually you put some creases into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually you put some creases into the
+piece of paper some reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper some reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper some reasonable
+way uh and one of the questions is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and one of the questions is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh and one of the questions is sort
+of what are the rules for putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the rules for putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are the rules for putting
+creases into a piece of paper when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creases into a piece of paper when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creases into a piece of paper when is
+that possible and then you'd like to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible and then you'd like to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that possible and then you'd like to uh
+fold it into that shape so there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold it into that shape so there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold it into that shape so there're
+really two big problems here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two big problems here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two big problems here one is
+um I guess you call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foldability and this is what you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foldability and this is what you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foldability and this is what you do if
+you practice origami in the typical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you practice origami in the typical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you practice origami in the typical way
+you get you get origami diagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get origami diagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get you get origami diagrams and
+they say fold this you're like oh gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say fold this you're like oh gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say fold this you're like oh gosh
+it takes you hours to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes you hours to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes you hours to figure out how to
+fold something especially if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold something especially if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold something especially if they just
+gave you a crease pattern how do you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a crease pattern how do you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a crease pattern how do you can
+you even tell does it fold into anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even tell does it fold into anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you even tell does it fold into anything
+first of all and then if so how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and then if so how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all and then if so how do I do
+it um that problem uh folding a crease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that problem uh folding a crease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um that problem uh folding a crease
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and understanding what crease patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding what crease patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding what crease patterns
+are valid unfortunately is NP complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid unfortunately is NP complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid unfortunately is NP complete
+so there's no good way to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no good way to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no good way to really
+understand that so origami is is hard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that so origami is is hard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that so origami is is hard uh
+in some sense the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the more interesting
+Direction though is the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction though is the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction though is the reverse
+Direction which I would call origami
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which I would call origami
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction which I would call origami
+design I have an intended 3D shape I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I have an intended 3D shape I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design I have an intended 3D shape I
+want to design How can I come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to design How can I come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to design How can I come up with
+how can I as an algorithm convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I as an algorithm convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I as an algorithm convert that
+3D shape into a crease pattern that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D shape into a crease pattern that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D shape into a crease pattern that does
+fold that's guaranteed to fold into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that's guaranteed to fold into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold that's guaranteed to fold into that
+3D shape and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D shape and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D shape and that's actually
+solvable so design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier and there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and there's all sorts of
+different versions of the design problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of the design problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions of the design problem
+uh some of them you can solve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them you can solve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them you can solve in
+polinomial time some of them you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time some of them you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time some of them you can't
+if you really want sort of optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want sort of optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want sort of optimal
+design that can be empty complete again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that can be empty complete again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that can be empty complete again
+but in particular uh there's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular uh there's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular uh there's a way to
+fold uh any 3D shape you want so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold uh any 3D shape you want so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold uh any 3D shape you want so there's
+an algorithm the coolest one right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm the coolest one right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm the coolest one right now
+is called orgamis it's free software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called orgamis it's free software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called orgamis it's free software
+online by tomachi and you give it a 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online by tomachi and you give it a 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online by tomachi and you give it a 3D
+model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of a
+polyhedron and it outputs a giant crease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron and it outputs a giant crease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyhedron and it outputs a giant crease
+pattern on a square piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on a square piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern on a square piece of paper that
+folds into that 3D polyhedron and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds into that 3D polyhedron and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds into that 3D polyhedron and it's
+reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably
+practical and he's folded tons of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and he's folded tons of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical and he's folded tons of models
+in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way
+um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see show you some other things uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see show you some other things uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see show you some other things uh here's
+a simple example of a geometric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example of a geometric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple example of a geometric uh
+origami model so this is folded from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origami model so this is folded from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origami model so this is folded from a
+square of paper with uh concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of paper with uh concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of paper with uh concentric
+squares as creases alternating Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares as creases alternating Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares as creases alternating Mountain
+and Valley so you can see Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Valley so you can see Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Valley so you can see Mountain
+Valley Mountain Valley also fold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley Mountain Valley also fold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley Mountain Valley also fold the
+diagonals it's very easy to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals it's very easy to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals it's very easy to make and
+what's funny what's cool about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny what's cool about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's funny what's cool about it is
+that when you put all those creases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you put all those creases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you put all those creases in
+it pops into this 3D shape which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pops into this 3D shape which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pops into this 3D shape which for
+many years people conjectured was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years people conjectured was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years people conjectured was a
+hyperbolic parabol this design is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic parabol this design is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic parabol this design is one of
+the earliest geometric origami designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest geometric origami designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earliest geometric origami designs
+it goes back to the late 20s in the bow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back to the late 20s in the bow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back to the late 20s in the bow
+house uh School of Design and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh School of Design and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house uh School of Design and it's it's
+very cool people have folded them a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool people have folded them a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool people have folded them a lot
+I've personally folded thousands of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've personally folded thousands of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've personally folded thousands of them
+uh for sculpture and things we also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sculpture and things we also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for sculpture and things we also do a
+lot of algorithmic sculpture uh which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of algorithmic sculpture uh which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of algorithmic sculpture uh which I
+won't talk about in detail here but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't talk about in detail here but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't talk about in detail here but uh
+we discovered two years ago that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered two years ago that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered two years ago that this
+does not exist it is impossible to fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist it is impossible to fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist it is impossible to fold
+a square piece of paper with this crease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square piece of paper with this crease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square piece of paper with this crease
+pattern that was a bit of a surprise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that was a bit of a surprise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern that was a bit of a surprise and
+it's kind of fun to make things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun to make things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun to make things that
+don't exist so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't exist so what is
+this well uh somehow physics physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh somehow physics physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh somehow physics physical
+world is is differing from The Real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is is differing from The Real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is is differing from The Real
+World now some ways it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World now some ways it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World now some ways it might be
+differing are that the uh these creases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing are that the uh these creases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing are that the uh these creases
+might not be creases in the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be creases in the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be creases in the technical
+sense a crease is a place that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a crease is a place that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a crease is a place that should be
+non-differentiable so maybe they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-differentiable so maybe they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-differentiable so maybe they're kind
+of rounding it out and then who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rounding it out and then who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rounding it out and then who knows
+what's happening then kind of all bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening then kind of all bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening then kind of all bets
+are off another possibility what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off another possibility what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off another possibility what I think
+is happening is that there extra creases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening is that there extra creases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening is that there extra creases
+in here that you don't see they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that you don't see they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that you don't see they're very
+small if you look especially at like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if you look especially at like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if you look especially at like the
+the Ed the raw edge here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ed the raw edge here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ed the raw edge here and that
+profile it's a little bit wavy and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile it's a little bit wavy and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile it's a little bit wavy and it's
+conceivable there's some points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable there's some points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable there's some points here
+that look non-differentiable to me and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look non-differentiable to me and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look non-differentiable to me and I
+always thought that was just I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought that was just I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought that was just I wasn't
+folding it well enough but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding it well enough but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding it well enough but in fact
+something like that has to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that has to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that has to happen and
+that's my conjecture is if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my conjecture is if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my conjecture is if you look at
+this under microscope which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under microscope which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under microscope which we haven't
+done yet there are little creases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet there are little creases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet there are little creases that
+are are so shallow they're hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are so shallow they're hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are so shallow they're hard to see
+but are there and the theorem says they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are there and the theorem says they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are there and the theorem says they
+have some creases have to be there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some creases have to be there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some creases have to be there it is
+possible to fold this with extra creases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to fold this with extra creases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to fold this with extra creases
+but not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not with
+these okay so get rid of that uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay so get rid of that uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay so get rid of that uh on the
+other hand if you do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you do the same thing with
+concentric circular creases this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric circular creases this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentric circular creases this is a
+little harder to unfold it really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to unfold it really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to unfold it really wants
+to be in this kind of pringle shape um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this kind of pringle shape um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in this kind of pringle shape um
+this also is from the bow house uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also is from the bow house uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also is from the bow house uh it's
+a little harder to fold concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little harder to fold concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little harder to fold concentric
+circles but this we think does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles but this we think does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles but this we think does
+exist uh can't prove it yet so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh can't prove it yet so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist uh can't prove it yet so we've
+done a lot of sculpture based on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of sculpture based on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of sculpture based on on
+these guys uh what what else do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh what what else do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh what what else do I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+say a yeah another demo so here's a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a yeah another demo so here's a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a yeah another demo so here's a fun
+problem this is a magic trick goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a magic trick goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is a magic trick goes back
+to Houdini and others so imagine I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Houdini and others so imagine I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Houdini and others so imagine I take
+a rectangle of paper and then I fold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangle of paper and then I fold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangle of paper and then I fold it
+flat and take my scissors it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and take my scissors it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and take my scissors it's not
+strict origami here and I make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict origami here and I make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict origami here and I make one
+complete straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut okay in this case I get two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut okay in this case I get two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut okay in this case I get two pieces
+and I unfold the pieces and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I unfold the pieces and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I unfold the pieces and the question
+is what shapes can I get out of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what shapes can I get out of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what shapes can I get out of those
+pieces so in this casee I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so in this casee I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so in this casee I get a
+swan you're not impressed so I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swan you're not impressed so I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swan you're not impressed so I'll do
+another one uh make one straight cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one uh make one straight cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one uh make one straight cut
+these are on my web page if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are on my web page if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are on my web page if you want to
+impress all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friends uh and you could take the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends uh and you could take the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends uh and you could take the class
+if you want to know how it's done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how it's done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to know how it's done this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh this example has a line of symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this example has a line of symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this example has a line of symmetry
+you get a little angelfish okay uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little angelfish okay uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little angelfish okay uh I
+only have one more example I hope you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one more example I hope you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one more example I hope you're
+you'll be impressed uh this is very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be impressed uh this is very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be impressed uh this is very hard
+to fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold
+it was a it was an MIT Spotlight picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a it was an MIT Spotlight picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a it was an MIT Spotlight picture
+at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some
+point and it's even harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's even harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's even harder to
+cut straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cut so this should be the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so this should be the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so this should be the MIT
+logo all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the theorem is there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the theorem is there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the theorem is there's an
+algorithm given any set of polygons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm given any set of polygons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm given any set of polygons in
+the plane you can fold make one straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you can fold make one straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you can fold make one straight
+cut get exactly those polygons there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut get exactly those polygons there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut get exactly those polygons there's
+some limits in practice because of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limits in practice because of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limits in practice because of paper
+thickness but in theory you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but in theory you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but in theory you can do
+everything all right fun stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all right fun stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything all right fun stuff
+um yeah I don't think I have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't think I have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I don't think I have time to
+talk about self assembly let me talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about self assembly let me talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about self assembly let me talk a
+little bit about data structures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about data structures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about data structures because
+conveniently sery Drew this diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently sery Drew this diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently sery Drew this diagram for
+me and I have the exact same diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I have the exact same diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and I have the exact same diagram the
+left one though I'm oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the models of computation we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the models of computation we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the models of computation we've used
+in this class are pretty simple we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class are pretty simple we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class are pretty simple we have
+in particular the word Ram you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the word Ram you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the word Ram you can read
+a word you can add two words do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word you can add two words do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word you can add two words do whatever
+you want with constant number of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with constant number of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with constant number of words
+send them out to main memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them out to main memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them out to main memory
+everything's the same amount of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same amount of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the same amount of time I
+mean it's all a constant anyway so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's all a constant anyway so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's all a constant anyway so who
+cares except there's this issue in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares except there's this issue in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares except there's this issue in real
+computers and it gets even worse with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and it gets even worse with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and it gets even worse with
+parallel but let's stick to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but let's stick to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel but let's stick to uh
+sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential
+old-fashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned
+computers uh so you have this slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers uh so you have this slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers uh so you have this slow
+bottleneck between main memory and cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck between main memory and cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck between main memory and cash
+cash is really fast think of this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash is really fast think of this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash is really fast think of this is a
+really fat pipe and this is a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fat pipe and this is a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fat pipe and this is a very thin
+pipe what do we do we'd like to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what do we do we'd like to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe what do we do we'd like to always
+work with things in cash but that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with things in cash but that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with things in cash but that's kind
+of difficult uh at some point you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult uh at some point you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult uh at some point you run
+out of space you got to go to main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of space you got to go to main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of space you got to go to main
+memory and maybe to disk other levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and maybe to disk other levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and maybe to disk other levels of
+the memory hierarchy so what systems do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy so what systems do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory hierarchy so what systems do
+is when you fetch something from memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you fetch something from memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you fetch something from memory
+you don't just get one word you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just get one word you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just get one word you get an
+entire cach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cach
+line and cach lines are getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and cach lines are getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and cach lines are getting bigger
+and bigger but these happen memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger but these happen memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger but these happen memory
+transfers happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blocks when you're going to a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory so let's say B is the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so let's say B is the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so let's say B is the size of a
+block there is another model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there is another model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block there is another model of
+computation that's sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that's sort of more
+sophisticated than the word Rand says uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the word Rand says uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than the word Rand says uh
+how should my running time depend on B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should my running time depend on B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should my running time depend on B
+how many memory transfers do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many memory transfers do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many memory transfers do I need to
+do as a function of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a function of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do as a function of B and
+N and so for example if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and so for example if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and so for example if you want to do
+search normally we think of doing binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search normally we think of doing binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search normally we think of doing binary
+search that takes log and aises if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that takes log and aises if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search that takes log and aises if
+everything is uniform but with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uniform but with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is uniform but with this
+asymmetry and if you're reading in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and if you're reading in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry and if you're reading in
+entire blocks if you do it right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blocks if you do it right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire blocks if you do it right you can
+do it in uh log base B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in uh log base B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in uh log base B of
+n instead of log base 2 this is counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n instead of log base 2 this is counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n instead of log base 2 this is counting
+memory transfers not computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers not computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory transfers not computation
+computation here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation here is
+free it's a little weird but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it's a little weird but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free it's a little weird but you get
+used to it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to it uh
+sorting another classic just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting another classic just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting another classic just to give you
+an idea of how this gets a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how this gets a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how this gets a little
+complicated you get n / btimes log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you get n / btimes log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you get n / btimes log base
+C of n / B C is the number of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of n / B C is the number of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of n / B C is the number of blocks
+that fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit in
+here so there's C different blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's C different blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so there's C different blocks that
+fit in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in your
+cache that's the optimal way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache that's the optimal way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache that's the optimal way to sort
+upper and lower bounds In the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower bounds In the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower bounds In the comparison
+model uh just to give you a flavor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh just to give you a flavor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh just to give you a flavor and
+there's a whole study of algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole study of algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole study of algorithms that
+do this what's really cool is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what's really cool is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this what's really cool is you can
+achieve these bounds even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these bounds even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these bounds even if you don't
+know what B is and if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what B is and if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what B is and if you don't know
+what c is there's one algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what c is there's one algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what c is there's one algorithm that
+whatever the architecture is underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the architecture is underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the architecture is underlying
+it will still achieve the same bound as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still achieve the same bound as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still achieve the same bound as
+they're called cach oblivious algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called cach oblivious algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called cach oblivious algorithms
+and they were invented here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were invented here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were invented here at
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+um yeah I think I W to all right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think I W to all right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think I W to all right this is
+this is too much fun to pass up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too much fun to pass up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too much fun to pass up on the
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ram there's this problem which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram there's this problem which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ram there's this problem which we've
+dealt with several times what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with several times what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with several times what if you
+want to uh maintain a dynamic set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh maintain a dynamic set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh maintain a dynamic set of
+elements integers I want to do insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements integers I want to do insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements integers I want to do insert
+delete predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete predecessor
+successor okay this is what binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay this is what binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor okay this is what binary
+search trees do but you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees do but you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search trees do but you can do
+better uh if we have integers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers uh in the range 0 to uus 1 so U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers uh in the range 0 to uus 1 so U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers uh in the range 0 to uus 1 so U
+is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of the
+universe then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe then
+uh we can achieve we already know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can achieve we already know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can achieve we already know how to
+do log n but you can do two bounds one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do log n but you can do two bounds one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do log n but you can do two bounds one
+is log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is log log
+U this is a data structure called Venom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a data structure called Venom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a data structure called Venom
+deas and you can also do and it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deas and you can also do and it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deas and you can also do and it's in
+clrs if you're interested you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clrs if you're interested you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clrs if you're interested you can also
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+log log n divided log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n divided log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n divided log log
+U this is a data structure called Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a data structure called Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a data structure called Fusion
+trees and it's an advanced data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and it's an advanced data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees and it's an advanced data
+structure 6 851 if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 6 851 if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure 6 851 if you're
+interested and you can take the Min of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and you can take the Min of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and you can take the Min of
+those two these are that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two these are that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two these are that's essentially
+the best possible this is a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible this is a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible this is a matching
+lower bound that that's all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound that that's all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound that that's all you can
+achieve and so just to State it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and so just to State it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and so just to State it in terms
+in terms that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms that you
+know just normal n bounds you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just normal n bounds you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just normal n bounds you take the
+Min of those two things they are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of those two things they are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min of those two things they are always
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most Square < TK log n / log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n compare that with log n it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n compare that with log n it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n compare that with log n it's way
+better a whole square root better and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a whole square root better and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a whole square root better and a
+little tiny savings better and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny savings better and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny savings better and this is
+optimal it's a function of n that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's a function of n that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal it's a function of n that's the
+best you can do for the predecessor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do for the predecessor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do for the predecessor
+problem so pretty crazy stuff it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so pretty crazy stuff it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so pretty crazy stuff it's a
+very complicated data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated data structures
+probably completely impractical but hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably completely impractical but hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably completely impractical but hey
+they're theoretically pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're theoretically pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're theoretically pretty cool
+um tell you a little bit about graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms we've seen a lot of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we've seen a lot of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we've seen a lot of graph
+algorithms in this class one way to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class one way to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms in this class one way to make
+them new and fun again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them new and fun again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them new and fun again
+is to suppose your graph is planer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to suppose your graph is planer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to suppose your graph is planer or
+almost planer meaning you can draw it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost planer meaning you can draw it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost planer meaning you can draw it in
+two Dimensions without any Crossings as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions without any Crossings as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions without any Crossings as
+you might get from a graph that's drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get from a graph that's drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get from a graph that's drawn
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+earth uh like a road Network or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh like a road Network or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth uh like a road Network or
+something with with no or few overpasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with with no or few overpasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with with no or few overpasses
+then you can do things a lot better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do things a lot better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do things a lot better for
+example you can do the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can do the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you can do the equivalent of
+Dyer's algorithm so non- negative weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm so non- negative weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dyer's algorithm so non- negative weight
+shortest paths in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time that's not so impressive because D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's not so impressive because D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's not so impressive because D
+is like number of edges so here I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like number of edges so here I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like number of edges so here I mean
+number of vertices it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices it doesn't really
+matter with planer graphs and we had e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with planer graphs and we had e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with planer graphs and we had e
+log V this you can write e here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V this you can write e here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V this you can write e here if you
+prefer it's only a log savings more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer it's only a log savings more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer it's only a log savings more
+impressive is you can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive is you can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive is you can do it with
+negative weights the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights the equivalent of
+belman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ford in uh almost linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so some log factors log squ n divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so some log factors log squ n divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so some log factors log squ n divid
+by log log n it's the best bound known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log log n it's the best bound known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by log log n it's the best bound known
+to date that's a result from last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date that's a result from last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to date that's a result from last year
+so it's still work in progress uh if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still work in progress uh if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still work in progress uh if and
+if you're interested in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in this kind of
+stuff you should check out the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you should check out the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you should check out the videos
+for the class we just taught 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class we just taught 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class we just taught 6
+889 and recreational algorithms I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+889 and recreational algorithms I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+889 and recreational algorithms I've
+actually already told you about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already told you about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already told you about a lot of
+these like uh algorithms for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like uh algorithms for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like uh algorithms for solving
+Rubik's Cube and N squ divided by log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube and N squ divided by log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube and N squ divided by log n
+steps that was a paper this year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that was a paper this year uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that was a paper this year uh
+Tetris is MP complete whole bunch of MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris is MP complete whole bunch of MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris is MP complete whole bunch of MP
+completeness and X time completeness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and X time completeness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness and X time completeness and
+so on results for games uh other fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on results for games uh other fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on results for games uh other fun
+stuff like balloon twisting algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like balloon twisting algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like balloon twisting algorithms
+for design in how to balloon twist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design in how to balloon twist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for design in how to balloon twist a
+given polyhedron uh optimally using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polyhedron uh optimally using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polyhedron uh optimally using the
+fewest balloons algorithmic magic tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest balloons algorithmic magic tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest balloons algorithmic magic tricks
+there's tons of stuff out there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tons of stuff out there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's tons of stuff out there it's
+really fun I should teach a class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun I should teach a class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun I should teach a class about
+some of those things but I haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those things but I haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those things but I haven't yet
+um the last thing we wanted to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing we wanted to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing we wanted to do is
+together and uh it has to do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and uh it has to do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and uh it has to do with these
+these uh getting rid of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh getting rid of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh getting rid of these these
+cushion getting rid of these damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion getting rid of these damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion getting rid of these damn
+cushions we have so many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions we have so many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions we have so many of these
+cushions just got to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions just got to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushions just got to get rid of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+all right that's two freebies we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's two freebies we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's two freebies we going
+to yeah that was you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah that was you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah that was you're going to have to
+pay for these Christian you he's kidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for these Christian you he's kidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for these Christian you he's kidding
+he's kidding actually we're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kidding actually we're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's kidding actually we're having
+trouble we're having trouble giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble we're having trouble giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble we're having trouble giving them
+away because I don't know some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because I don't know some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because I don't know some people
+seem to not like them very much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to not like them very much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to not like them very much and
+neither do we so uh we we wanted to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither do we so uh we we wanted to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither do we so uh we we wanted to give
+you some motivation for why why you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some motivation for why why you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some motivation for why why you why
+you really need some of these cushions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need some of these cushions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need some of these cushions
+right all right so so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so so we actually
+prepared a top 10 list yeah this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a top 10 list yeah this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a top 10 list yeah this is this
+is the top 10 users of 66 cushions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top 10 users of 66 cushions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the top 10 users of 66 cushions okay
+and we're going to alternate here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to alternate here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to alternate here so
+number 10 uh you can sit on it and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 10 uh you can sit on it and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 10 uh you can sit on it and get
+guaranteed inspiration in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed inspiration in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed inspiration in constant
+time don't forget to bring one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time don't forget to bring one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time don't forget to bring one for the
+final exam highly recommended uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam highly recommended uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final exam highly recommended uh number
+nine all right you can use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right you can use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine all right you can use it as a
+frisbee you've seen that before except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee you've seen that before except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee you've seen that before except
+you cut you cut it into a circle you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut you cut it into a circle you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cut you cut it into a circle you cut
+it into a circle and it works really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a circle and it works really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a circle and it works really
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay we had fun with the band saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had fun with the band saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had fun with the band saw last
+night number eight number eight uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night number eight number eight uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night number eight number eight uh you
+can sell it as a limited edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell it as a limited edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sell it as a limited edition
+collectible on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectible on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectible on
+eBay it's never ever going to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay it's never ever going to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay it's never ever going to be made
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+soed this in five years 10 years yeah at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soed this in five years 10 years yeah at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soed this in five years 10 years yeah at
+least five bucks I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five bucks I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five bucks I don't know
+right number seven number seven okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number seven number seven okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number seven number seven okay so
+if you had two of these you could stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two of these you could stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had two of these you could stick
+them like this and remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like this and remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like this and remove the
+branding and use it as a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding and use it as a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branding and use it as a regular
+cushion no one will ever know you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion no one will ever know you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cushion no one will ever know you took
+this class that's great you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that's great you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class that's great you just need
+two motivation to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two motivation to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two motivation to have
+multiple number six number six uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple number six number six uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple number six number six uh it's a
+holiday conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday conversation
+starter and conversation stopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly all right number five ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly all right number five ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly all right number five ASM
+totically optimal we had to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically optimal we had to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically optimal we had to use that
+term of course acoustic paneling yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of course acoustic paneling yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of course acoustic paneling yeah
+this a suggestion from a student you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a suggestion from a student you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a suggestion from a student you
+just need a lot of them that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need a lot of them that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need a lot of them that's right
+this would be great for piano guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be great for piano guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be great for piano guitar
+fingering practice you know you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering practice you know you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingering practice you know you're doing
+your DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DP
+D all right number four number four you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D all right number four number four you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D all right number four number four you
+can use it as target practice for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as target practice for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as target practice for your
+next lar session that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right whoa whoa Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whoa whoa Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whoa whoa Miss
+fire a I'm missing you haven't hit me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet all right finally got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right number three all right 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right number three all right 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right number three all right 10
+years from now it might be all you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now it might be all you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now it might be all you'll
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about6 you in truth you might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about6 you in truth you might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about6 you in truth you might also
+remember this top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this top 10
+list all right number two number two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list all right number two number two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list all right number two number two you
+can use it as your uh final exam cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as your uh final exam cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as your uh final exam cheat
+sheet this is a new rule instead of 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet this is a new rule instead of 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet this is a new rule instead of 8
+and 1 half by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 half by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 half by
+11 you could bring in uh the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 you could bring in uh the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 you could bring in uh the appropriate
+number of cushions and the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cushions and the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cushions and the number one
+number one use for A6 cushion three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one use for A6 cushion three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one use for A6 cushion three
+words okay Cupid profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture all right well don't use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right well don't use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right well don't use this
+seat sheet but come to the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat sheet but come to the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat sheet but come to the final exam
+and good luck thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fEXkGiLYDug.txt b/fEXkGiLYDug.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6722bcd25a36080f206ecb659b4ba0563538ff47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fEXkGiLYDug.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the graph shows on the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph shows on the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph shows on the horizontal axis
+the percentage of questions answered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of questions answered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of questions answered and
+on the vertical axis the percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis the percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis the percentage of
+answers that were correct when Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that were correct when Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that were correct when Watson
+started they the graph that shows its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started they the graph that shows its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started they the graph that shows its
+performance is shown here in 2007 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is shown here in 2007 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is shown here in 2007 we
+have we observed that the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we observed that the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we observed that the performance of
+Watson improved and it is on there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson improved and it is on there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson improved and it is on there and
+then successively from 2008 may 2 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see the successive improvement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the successive improvement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the successive improvement of
+hwachun in this graph that saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hwachun in this graph that saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hwachun in this graph that saw the
+trade-off between questions answered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between questions answered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between questions answered and
+precision this is the area of the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision this is the area of the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision this is the area of the best
+human players observe that they answer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human players observe that they answer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human players observe that they answer a
+high number of questions and they answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number of questions and they answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high number of questions and they answer
+a very high number of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high number of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high number of questions
+correctly so it was at that time 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so it was at that time 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so it was at that time 2010
+that the people that control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people that control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people that control the
+decision decided that Watson is ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decided that Watson is ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision decided that Watson is ready to
+enter the competition so the game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the competition so the game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the competition so the game was
+scheduled for February 2011 two games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled for February 2011 two games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduled for February 2011 two games
+were played and the winner would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were played and the winner would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were played and the winner would be the
+contention with the highest winnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention with the highest winnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contention with the highest winnings
+over the two games once we got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two games once we got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two games once we got into the
+game it was nerve-racking frankly Brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it was nerve-racking frankly Brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it was nerve-racking frankly Brad
+if you're ready make your first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ready make your first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're ready make your first choice
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+point or a belief read what is a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or a belief read what is a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or a belief read what is a view
+yes after the first clue of game which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes after the first clue of game which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes after the first clue of game which
+Brad won I had just this horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad won I had just this horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad won I had just this horrible
+feeling at that moment that he was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling at that moment that he was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling at that moment that he was as
+good as everyone said he was and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as everyone said he was and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as everyone said he was and he was
+just gonna run the whole board on us my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna run the whole board on us my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna run the whole board on us my
+alternate meanings 400 four letter word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate meanings 400 four letter word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate meanings 400 four letter word
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+Watson won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson won
+shoo you are right we actually took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoo you are right we actually took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoo you are right we actually took the
+lead we were ahead of them but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead we were ahead of them but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead we were ahead of them but then we
+start getting some questions wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting some questions wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting some questions wrong
+Watson what is leg no I'm sorry I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson what is leg no I'm sorry I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson what is leg no I'm sorry I can't
+accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that
+what is 1920s know what is cheek no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 1920s know what is cheek no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 1920s know what is cheek no
+sorry right what it's class class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right what it's class class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry right what it's class class you
+got it Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it Watson
+what is Soren Soren is right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Soren Soren is right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Soren Soren is right and that
+puts you into a tie for the lead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you into a tie for the lead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you into a tie for the lead with
+Brad a lot of people were feeling good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad a lot of people were feeling good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad a lot of people were feeling good
+because once and held his own and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once and held his own and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once and held his own and you
+know was doing pretty well but I want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was doing pretty well but I want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was doing pretty well but I want it
+to be winning so close for comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be winning so close for comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be winning so close for comfort
+ken you're in third place that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ken you're in third place that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ken you're in third place that means you
+go first in double jeopardy the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first in double jeopardy the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first in double jeopardy the double
+jeopardy round of the first game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy round of the first game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy round of the first game I
+thought was phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was phenomenal
+what's my terror Watson who is Franz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my terror Watson who is Franz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my terror Watson who is Franz
+Liszt you are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liszt you are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liszt you are right
+what is violin but who is the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is violin but who is the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is violin but who is the church
+lady yes Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady yes Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady yes Watson
+what is narcolepsy you are right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is narcolepsy you are right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is narcolepsy you are right and
+with that you move to 36,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the first game we have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first game we have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first game we have a pretty
+good commanding lead but we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good commanding lead but we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good commanding lead but we've seen
+enough jeopardy to know that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough jeopardy to know that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough jeopardy to know that this is not
+a lockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the deciding game in the IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the deciding game in the IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the deciding game in the IBM
+challenge here on Jeopardy the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here on Jeopardy the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge here on Jeopardy the second
+game was a whole other story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a whole other story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was a whole other story
+we struggled some at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we struggled some at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we struggled some at the beginning
+actors who direct for a thousand a Bronx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors who direct for a thousand a Bronx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors who direct for a thousand a Bronx
+Tale brat who is Robert De Niro correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tale brat who is Robert De Niro correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tale brat who is Robert De Niro correct
+that was an awful category because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an awful category because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an awful category because
+Watson got every single one right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson got every single one right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson got every single one right but
+was just a little too slow Washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a little too slow Washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a little too slow Washington
+you got him Ken and bread were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got him Ken and bread were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got him Ken and bread were getting
+the answer in a second rocky two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in a second rocky two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer in a second rocky two three
+and four Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four Fred
+it was Sylvester Stallone correct even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Sylvester Stallone correct even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was Sylvester Stallone correct even
+with you know twenty eight hundred cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know twenty eight hundred cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know twenty eight hundred cores
+it took us two and a half seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took us two and a half seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took us two and a half seconds or
+three seconds and that just gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seconds and that just gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three seconds and that just gives you a
+sense of how incredible the human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how incredible the human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how incredible the human brain
+is how quickly could understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how quickly could understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how quickly could understand the
+category what's being asked boom and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category what's being asked boom and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category what's being asked boom and get
+the answer who is Sean Patton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer who is Sean Patton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer who is Sean Patton
+right ken was doing very well and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ken was doing very well and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ken was doing very well and the
+risk was Ken gets a Daily Double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk was Ken gets a Daily Double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk was Ken gets a Daily Double
+that's big it's a right he's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big it's a right he's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big it's a right he's gonna be
+well ahead and then with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ahead and then with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ahead and then with that kind of
+lead going to Final Jeopardy if he bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead going to Final Jeopardy if he bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead going to Final Jeopardy if he bets
+enough he could end up winning the match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he could end up winning the match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he could end up winning the match
+a camel is a horse designed by this Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camel is a horse designed by this Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a camel is a horse designed by this Ken
+what's a committee good familiar sayings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a committee good familiar sayings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a committee good familiar sayings
+for two thousand we've got to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two thousand we've got to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two thousand we've got to find that
+last Daily Double we've got to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Daily Double we've got to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Daily Double we've got to find that
+last Daily Double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Daily Double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Daily Double
+I was nail-biting I mean it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was nail-biting I mean it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was nail-biting I mean it was just
+intense because these guys were good Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense because these guys were good Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense because these guys were good Ken
+where's the brain brain yes was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the brain brain yes was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the brain brain yes was a
+crucial moment in the game there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial moment in the game there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial moment in the game there are
+still a Daily Double on the board and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a Daily Double on the board and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a Daily Double on the board and it
+was starting to become pretty clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting to become pretty clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was starting to become pretty clear that
+it was in the illegal hues category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the illegal hues category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the illegal hues category
+let's go to legal ease for 1200 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to legal ease for 1200 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to legal ease for 1200 this
+person is appointed by a testator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is appointed by a testator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is appointed by a testator to
+carry out the directions and requests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the directions and requests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the directions and requests in
+his will Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his will Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his will Watson
+what is executor right same category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is executor right same category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is executor right same category
+1600 and sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thousand on when I knew it's over let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand on when I knew it's over let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand on when I knew it's over let us
+look at the results of the game looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the results of the game looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the results of the game looking
+at these numbers it is fair to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these numbers it is fair to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these numbers it is fair to say that
+Watson's victory over the two best human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's victory over the two best human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's victory over the two best human
+players has been a decisive one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players has been a decisive one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players has been a decisive one in the
+first day Watson's winnings were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day Watson's winnings were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day Watson's winnings were more
+than double the sum of the winnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double the sum of the winnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double the sum of the winnings of
+both players and in the second day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players and in the second day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both players and in the second day it
+was more than their sum over all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than their sum over all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more than their sum over all the the
+winning so for watchin were almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning so for watchin were almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning so for watchin were almost
+double the sum of the winnings of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the sum of the winnings of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the sum of the winnings of both
+players a rather decisive victory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players a rather decisive victory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players a rather decisive victory so
+what's net for next for watchin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's net for next for watchin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's net for next for watchin so
+watchin is ideally suited to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watchin is ideally suited to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watchin is ideally suited to answer
+questions which cover a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which cover a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which cover a wide range of
+material and often have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and often have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and often have to deal with
+inconsistent or incomplete information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent or incomplete information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent or incomplete information
+this makes it particularly appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it particularly appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it particularly appropriate
+for applications like medicine note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for applications like medicine note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for applications like medicine note that
+the amount of medical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of medical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of medical information
+available is doubling every 5 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is doubling every 5 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is doubling every 5 years and
+a lot of the data is unstructured as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the data is unstructured as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the data is unstructured as a
+result watchin has been utilized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result watchin has been utilized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result watchin has been utilized for
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+course of treatment and Warren has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of treatment and Warren has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of treatment and Warren has been
+in discussions with MD Anderson in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions with MD Anderson in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in discussions with MD Anderson in
+Memorial sloan-kettering cancer centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial sloan-kettering cancer centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Memorial sloan-kettering cancer centers
+to apply the Watson technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the Watson technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the Watson technology for
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer diagnosis and selecting the best
+course of treatment so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of treatment so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of treatment so what is the
+analytics edge of watchin first we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics edge of watchin first we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics edge of watchin first we have
+observed that the major technology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that the major technology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that the major technology of
+Warren is to combine many algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren is to combine many algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren is to combine many algorithms
+that increase the accuracy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase the accuracy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase the accuracy and the
+confidence of the overall outcome any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence of the overall outcome any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence of the overall outcome any
+one of these albums would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these albums would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these albums would not have
+worked but the combination gives watchon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but the combination gives watchon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked but the combination gives watchon
+a considerable edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a considerable edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a considerable edge
+the second important observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second important observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second important observation that
+gives watch on an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives watch on an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives watch on an edge
+is that it approaches the problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it approaches the problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it approaches the problem in a
+very different way than how a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different way than how a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different way than how a human
+approaches the problem a key aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the problem a key aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches the problem a key aspect of
+the technology is hypothesis generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is hypothesis generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is hypothesis generation
+and then using different and distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using different and distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using different and distinct
+algorithms to explore these hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to explore these hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to explore these hypotheses
+and combining them it leads to answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining them it leads to answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and combining them it leads to answers
+that provide an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide an edge
+finally and quite importantly Wharton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally and quite importantly Wharton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally and quite importantly Wharton
+has a considerable ability to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a considerable ability to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a considerable ability to deal with
+massive amounts of data often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of data often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of data often in
+unstructured form in the vast majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured form in the vast majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured form in the vast majority
+of the data 90% of it is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data 90% of it is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data 90% of it is in fact
+unstructured so the combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured so the combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured so the combination of these
+ideas give Warren a significant edge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas give Warren a significant edge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas give Warren a significant edge it
+is no accident that iBM has invested so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no accident that iBM has invested so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no accident that iBM has invested so
+far more than twenty four billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far more than twenty four billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far more than twenty four billion
+dollars to invest in Horsham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to invest in Horsham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to invest in Horsham
+technologies and it has created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and it has created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and it has created a
+company within IBM called Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company within IBM called Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company within IBM called Watson
+solutions whose key objective is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions whose key objective is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions whose key objective is to
+apply the quatrain technology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the quatrain technology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the quatrain technology and the
+edge decree age to a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge decree age to a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge decree age to a variety of
+verticals one of which is medicine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fkiWQZPOHXk.txt b/fkiWQZPOHXk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..284f1b1edfb23ca92cb8451fad1e20d55015ee7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fkiWQZPOHXk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's uh let's start so by now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start so by now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start so by now uh
+you know the is Mo and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the is Mo and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the is Mo and if you don't
+fully control it please spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully control it please spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully control it please spend a lot of
+time on it um as I said two third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on it um as I said two third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on it um as I said two third of
+your quiz will be about that but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quiz will be about that but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quiz will be about that but uh
+we're going to start adding a few it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start adding a few it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start adding a few it's a
+very basic model but still H we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic model but still H we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic model but still H we can
+squeeze a lot of insight from it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze a lot of insight from it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze a lot of insight from it and uh
+and there are some very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some very natural
+extensions that that I think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that that I think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that that I think we should
+also go over and and cover because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go over and and cover because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also go over and and cover because uh
+again they have a high return in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have a high return in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have a high return in terms
+of investment to to knowledge you acquir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investment to to knowledge you acquir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investment to to knowledge you acquir
+from them and today I want to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and today I want to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them and today I want to extend
+this islm model along two realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this islm model along two realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this islm model along two realistic
+Dimensions the first one ER is H is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the first one ER is H is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions the first one ER is H is to
+make a distinction between nominal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a distinction between nominal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a distinction between nominal and
+real interest rate now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate now
+nominal up to now since we assume in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal up to now since we assume in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal up to now since we assume in the
+mod since we assume that prices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod since we assume that prices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod since we assume that prices were
+completely fixed constant there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed constant there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fixed constant there's no
+inflation and then there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and then there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and then there is no
+distinction between nominal and real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between nominal and real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between nominal and real
+interest rates but needless to say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates but needless to say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates but needless to say we
+live in an environment with inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in an environment with inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in an environment with inflation is
+positive typically not always but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive typically not always but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive typically not always but
+typically and in fact nowadays we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and in fact nowadays we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and in fact nowadays we're
+having very high inflation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very high inflation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very high inflation and that's
+part of one of the big macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of one of the big macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of one of the big macroeconomic
+headaches that we have at this moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches that we have at this moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headaches that we have at this moment is
+the very high inflation rate we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very high inflation rate we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very high inflation rate we're
+experiencing now we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing now we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing now we're not going to talk
+about the determination of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the determination of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the determination of inflation
+until later in the course I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later in the course I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later in the course I'm going to
+start talking about that in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about that in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about that in the next
+lecture and it will not be part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it will not be part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it will not be part of your
+quiz though sorry not in the next next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz though sorry not in the next next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz though sorry not in the next next
+week but will not be part of your of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but will not be part of your of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but will not be part of your of of
+your quiz it will be very important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quiz it will be very important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quiz it will be very important part
+of quiz to but not of quiz one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quiz to but not of quiz one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quiz to but not of quiz one but I
+still can we can still say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can we can still say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can we can still say a few things
+about what happens to the framework we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens to the framework we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens to the framework we
+have conditional or taking as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditional or taking as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditional or taking as a
+parameter inflation we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter inflation we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter inflation we're not going to
+determine inflation the M but we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine inflation the M but we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine inflation the M but we say
+well what happens is inflation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is inflation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is inflation is not
+really zero more importantly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really zero more importantly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really zero more importantly what
+happens if people don't expect inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if people don't expect inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if people don't expect inflation
+to be really zero and and and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really zero and and and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really zero and and and we'll see
+how that modifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that modifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that modifies the
+analysis the second the second extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the second the second extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the second the second extension
+is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that
+that you know we simplify financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we simplify financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we simplify financial
+markets enormously and and and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets enormously and and and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets enormously and and and the and
+we targeted we customiz it to we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we targeted we customiz it to we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we targeted we customiz it to we could
+have simplified along many dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simplified along many dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have simplified along many dimensions
+but the simplification that we had is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the simplification that we had is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the simplification that we had is we
+look at something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at something that
+that that is closest to what central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is closest to what central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is closest to what central
+banks do in setting monetary policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks do in setting monetary policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks do in setting monetary policy and
+that's really the trade between cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the trade between cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the trade between cash
+deposit at the central bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit at the central bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit at the central bank and
+bonds US government bonds in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds US government bonds in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds US government bonds in the case of
+the US typically of very short maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US typically of very short maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US typically of very short maturity
+and that's what we had in mind H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we had in mind H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we had in mind H and
+that's that's the way we determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the way we determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the way we determine the
+interest rate now needless to say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate now needless to say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate now needless to say there
+are many many interest rates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many interest rates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many interest rates in the
+economy different duration you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy different duration you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy different duration you know one
+year rate twoe rate three 10 30 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year rate twoe rate three 10 30 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year rate twoe rate three 10 30 year
+rates some countries have 100 Year rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates some countries have 100 Year rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates some countries have 100 Year rates
+er er but there is also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er er but there is also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er er but there is also another
+dimension which is very important as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is very important as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is very important as the
+want to highlight there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to highlight there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to highlight there which is
+riskiness US Treasury bonds especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness US Treasury bonds especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness US Treasury bonds especially
+of short duration are riskless assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of short duration are riskless assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of short duration are riskless assets
+there no risk associated to it now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no risk associated to it now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no risk associated to it now we
+have a little event with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little event with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little event with the with the
+dead ceiling fight in in that may happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ceiling fight in in that may happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead ceiling fight in in that may happen
+in August September but I mean nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in August September but I mean nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in August September but I mean nobody's
+really concerned that something major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned that something major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned that something major
+will happen except for a few disruptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen except for a few disruptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen except for a few disruptions
+for a few days let's hope that's true up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few days let's hope that's true up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a few days let's hope that's true up
+to now if you look at all the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now if you look at all the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now if you look at all the risk
+markets there behaving as nothing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets there behaving as nothing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets there behaving as nothing will
+happen there um but but corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there um but but corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there um but but corporations
+don't typically borrow at those rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't typically borrow at those rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't typically borrow at those rates
+Corporation issue their own bonds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation issue their own bonds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation issue their own bonds or
+take loans from the banks and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take loans from the banks and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take loans from the banks and those
+bonds often have a risk premium that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds often have a risk premium that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds often have a risk premium that is
+they're equal to the safe interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to the safe interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal to the safe interest rate
+the treasury rate if you want plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury rate if you want plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury rate if you want plus
+something else okay and and and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay and and and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else okay and and and so that
+you can anticipate that that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can anticipate that that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can anticipate that that will be
+important because interest rate enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because interest rate enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because interest rate enter
+into our islm analysis precisely through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our islm analysis precisely through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our islm analysis precisely through
+the borrowing cost of firms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrowing cost of firms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the borrowing cost of firms in the
+investment function so if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function so if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment function so if there is a
+wtge there if there's a spread between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtge there if there's a spread between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wtge there if there's a spread between
+what the rate we been talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate we been talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the rate we been talking about and
+the rate at which firms can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which firms can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which firms can actually
+borrow then that W will matter okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow then that W will matter okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow then that W will matter okay and
+uh and so that's that's what we're want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's that's what we're want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so that's that's what we're want
+to do so we're going to introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so we're going to introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so we're going to introduce this
+I'm want to explain what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm want to explain what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm want to explain what these things
+are and then I'm going to modify our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then I'm going to modify our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then I'm going to modify our
+islm model to take into consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm model to take into consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm model to take into consideration
+these extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extensions
+okay H so what is the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H so what is the nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H so what is the nominal interest
+rate well we have been talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well we have been talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well we have been talking about the
+nominal interest rate we which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate we which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate we which we
+typically denote by little I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically denote by little I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically denote by little I is the
+interest rate in terms of dollars say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of dollars say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of dollars say if
+the interest rate is 10% no you buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is 10% no you buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is 10% no you buy a
+bond today that Bond will give you 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond today that Bond will give you 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond today that Bond will give you 10%
+of whatever amount of money you invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever amount of money you invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever amount of money you invest
+in the bond at the end of the year say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bond at the end of the year say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bond at the end of the year say
+it's a onee b okay that's a nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a onee b okay that's a nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a onee b okay that's a nominal
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+rate um so if you buy 100 in bonds today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um so if you buy 100 in bonds today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um so if you buy 100 in bonds today
+and the interest rate is 10 the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate is 10 the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate is 10 the nominal
+interest rate 10% you receive $10 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate 10% you receive $10 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate 10% you receive $10 of
+interest payments one year from now $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest payments one year from now $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest payments one year from now $10
+of Interest payment okay a real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest payment okay a real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest payment okay a real interest
+rate is the interest rate in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the interest rate in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is the interest rate in terms of a
+basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket of
+goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods
+okay so the CPI or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the CPI or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the CPI or something like that
+will will be important in that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will be important in that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will be important in that okay
+exante that is at the moment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exante that is at the moment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exante that is at the moment in which
+you decided were to invest in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided were to invest in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided were to invest in the real
+Bond or the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond or the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond or the nominal
+Bond the difference between the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond the difference between the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond the difference between the two the
+main difference there are other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difference there are other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difference there are other issues
+that have to do with Reem I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with Reem I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to do with Reem I'm not going
+to talk about but the main difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about but the main difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about but the main difference
+between these two is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is expected
+inflation okay in other words if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay in other words if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay in other words if you
+expect no inflation then the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect no inflation then the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect no inflation then the distinction
+between goods that is if you expect P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between goods that is if you expect P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between goods that is if you expect P to
+remain constant the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain constant the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain constant the distinction between
+an interest rate in dollars or in h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate in dollars or in h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate in dollars or in h
+Goods is inexistent they're the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods is inexistent they're the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods is inexistent they're the same but
+if you expect inflation then that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expect inflation then that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you expect inflation then that's not
+the case because the goods are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because the goods are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case because the goods are going to
+become more expensive over time and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more expensive over time and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more expensive over time and if
+the goods become more expensive over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods become more expensive over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goods become more expensive over
+time that means something that pays you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means something that pays you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means something that pays you
+in dollars is paying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollars is paying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollars is paying you
+more per equal units so if the r little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more per equal units so if the r little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more per equal units so if the r little
+r which is the interest rate is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r which is the interest rate is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r which is the interest rate is equal to
+I and you expect inflation to be 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and you expect inflation to be 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and you expect inflation to be 10%
+really you're expecting the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you're expecting the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you're expecting the real
+instrument to pay you 10% more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to pay you 10% more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument to pay you 10% more than the
+other that cannot happen in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that cannot happen in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that cannot happen in equilibrium
+but that's what it means no because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what it means no because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what it means no because one
+is paying you in dollars and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paying you in dollars and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paying you in dollars and the other
+one is paying you in Goods that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is paying you in Goods that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is paying you in Goods that will be
+10% more expensive next year okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% more expensive next year okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% more expensive next year okay
+good so why do we care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so why do we care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so why do we care about this
+distinction between nominal and real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between nominal and real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between nominal and real
+interest rate well because the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate well because the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate well because the private
+sector ER important decisions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector ER important decisions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector ER important decisions of the
+private sector like the purchase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector like the purchase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector like the purchase of
+durable goods for consumers we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable goods for consumers we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+durable goods for consumers we're not
+modeling that in this course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that in this course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that in this course but
+investment in the case of phisical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the case of phisical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the case of phisical
+investment not Financial investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not Financial investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment not Financial investment
+phisical investment depends on real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phisical investment depends on real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phisical investment depends on real
+rates not nominal rates okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates not nominal rates okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates not nominal rates okay so what
+what what determines whether H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what determines whether H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what determines whether H the
+opportunity cost of a real investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost of a real investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost of a real investment is
+high or low is the real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low is the real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high or low is the real interest rate
+not the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate why do you think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case why do you think it's the real not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why do you think it's the real not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case why do you think it's the real not
+the nominal interest rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matters not really I mean most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters not really I mean most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters not really I mean most of the
+borrowing in the US is done in nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing in the US is done in nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing in the US is done in nominal
+rates so it has to come from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so it has to come from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so it has to come from something
+else why why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else why why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else why why do you
+invest you invest to produce more Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest you invest to produce more Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest you invest to produce more Goods
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+future so if those goods are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if those goods are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if those goods are going to be
+more expensive in the future because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive in the future because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive in the future because of
+inflation then what matters to you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then what matters to you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then what matters to you is
+the difference between the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the cost of
+borrowing and what you'll get for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and what you'll get for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and what you'll get for those
+goods and the goods are going to be 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and the goods are going to be 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and the goods are going to be 10%
+more expensive so what really matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive so what really matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive so what really matter is
+the net for you you know if then if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net for you you know if then if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net for you you know if then if in
+other words if the real interest remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if the real interest remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if the real interest remains
+constant and now you give me interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now you give me interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now you give me interest
+rates are 10% higher but you also tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are 10% higher but you also tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are 10% higher but you also tell
+me that the goods I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the goods I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the goods I'm going to be
+selling are going to be 10% more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling are going to be 10% more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling are going to be 10% more
+expensive I I don't change my decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive I I don't change my decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive I I don't change my decision
+if it was a good project with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a good project with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a good project with zero
+inflation it's also a good project with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation it's also a good project with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation it's also a good project with
+10 10% inflation that hasn't changed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10% inflation that hasn't changed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10% inflation that hasn't changed I
+tell you 30% the same thing no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you 30% the same thing no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you 30% the same thing no because
+I'm going to be investing now in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be investing now in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be investing now in order
+to get things are going to be 30% more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things are going to be 30% more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get things are going to be 30% more
+expensive a year from now so the de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a year from now so the de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive a year from now so the de
+ision that doesn't depend on that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ision that doesn't depend on that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ision that doesn't depend on that so
+that's the reason the real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason the real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason the real interest rate
+is what you really care about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you really care about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you really care about in the
+case of real investment and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of real investment and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of real investment and remember
+we're talking about real investment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about real investment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about real investment at
+the aggregate level obious can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level obious can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level obious can make a
+difference at the level of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at the level of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at the level of individual
+Goods because you know when inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because you know when inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods because you know when inflation
+goes up not every Goods price go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up not every Goods price go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up not every Goods price go up by
+the same amount some some goods go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount some some goods go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount some some goods go up by
+more some some Goods prices go up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some some Goods prices go up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more some some Goods prices go up by
+less but on average it's what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but on average it's what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but on average it's what I just
+said so let's let's try to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so let's let's try to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so let's let's try to look at this
+equivalence more formally how to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence more formally how to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence more formally how to derive
+the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+well in I said not in the US but in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in I said not in the US but in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in I said not in the US but in many
+places you do re borrow in real terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you do re borrow in real terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you do re borrow in real terms
+for example in in Chile we have a a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in in Chile we have a a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in in Chile we have a a unit
+of account because we had very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account because we had very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of account because we had very high
+inflation many years back which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation many years back which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation many years back which is
+called unid fomento and that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called unid fomento and that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called unid fomento and that in that
+unit of account is indexed to inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of account is indexed to inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of account is indexed to inflation
+okay so you borrow you know uh $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you borrow you know uh $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you borrow you know uh $10
+million equivalent in a formento and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million equivalent in a formento and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million equivalent in a formento and
+those 10 million pesos equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 10 million pesos equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 10 million pesos equivalent
+formento that means the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formento that means the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formento that means the interest rate is
+is indexed to that but in the US that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indexed to that but in the US that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indexed to that but in the US that
+happens very rarely the US government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very rarely the US government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens very rarely the US government
+does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does do
+that it's called tips so so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called tips so so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's called tips so so you have
+nominal bonds the great majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal bonds the great majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal bonds the great majority of the
+US Treasury bonds are nominal bonds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Treasury bonds are nominal bonds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Treasury bonds are nominal bonds but
+there are also some real bonds and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also some real bonds and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also some real bonds and those
+are indexed to inflation but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indexed to inflation but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indexed to inflation but but but
+firms very rarely can issue Bonds in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms very rarely can issue Bonds in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms very rarely can issue Bonds in the
+US that are in real terms okay that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that are in real terms okay that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that are in real terms okay that's so
+let's sometimes this is even a so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sometimes this is even a so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sometimes this is even a so but
+the point the reason I I made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the reason I I made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the reason I I made that
+clarification here is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification here is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification here is I'm going to
+derive the real interest rate but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the real interest rate but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the real interest rate but that
+doesn't mean that the instrument exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the instrument exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that the instrument exists
+you know I'm saying given a nominal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm saying given a nominal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm saying given a nominal rate
+that I see out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see out
+there how do I construct a real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how do I construct a real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how do I construct a real interest
+rate from that nominal interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate from that nominal interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate from that nominal interest rate
+that's what I want to hear it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to hear it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to hear it doesn't
+mean that there's an instrument that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's an instrument that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's an instrument that is
+traded in in real terms but when I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded in in real terms but when I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded in in real terms but when I go to
+the the bank as a firm and I borrow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bank as a firm and I borrow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bank as a firm and I borrow a
+10% nominal I need to calculate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% nominal I need to calculate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% nominal I need to calculate well
+what does that imply in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that imply in real
+terms and that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and that's what I'm going to
+illustrate now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate now okay
+so good so or maybe I shouldn't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good so or maybe I shouldn't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good so or maybe I shouldn't use the
+word good since we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word good since we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word good since we're going to do this
+so what we want to pin down this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to pin down this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to pin down this this
+this real interest rate R okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real interest rate R okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real interest rate R okay so the
+real interest rate in terms of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate in terms of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate in terms of goods
+means if I borrow say one unit or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I borrow say one unit or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I borrow say one unit or if I
+buy a a an instrument that if I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a a an instrument that if I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a a an instrument that if I spend
+one unit of the good the aggregate good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of the good the aggregate good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unit of the good the aggregate good
+in a bond then I I receive one plus RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bond then I I receive one plus RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bond then I I receive one plus RT
+units of goods H one year from now then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of goods H one year from now then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of goods H one year from now then
+RT is the real interest rate no it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT is the real interest rate no it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT is the real interest rate no it's an
+interest rate in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of
+goods now suppose that that I go this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now suppose that that I go this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now suppose that that I go this
+route instead say okay that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route instead say okay that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route instead say okay that's what I
+want to get to but um let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to but um let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to but um let me do it
+through the only instrument I have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the only instrument I have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the only instrument I have say
+the nominal interest rate the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate the nominal
+bonds so if I buy one unit of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so if I buy one unit of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so if I buy one unit of goods
+today that means I'm really buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that means I'm really buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that means I'm really buying
+PT dollars in that Bond okay PT is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT dollars in that Bond okay PT is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT dollars in that Bond okay PT is the
+deflator we have we have PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflator we have we have PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflator we have we have PT
+dollars well PT dollars invested in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars well PT dollars invested in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars well PT dollars invested in a
+nominal Bond will give me 1 plus it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Bond will give me 1 plus it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Bond will give me 1 plus it the
+nominal interest rate times those PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate times those PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate times those PT
+dollars okay so say the price index here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay so say the price index here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay so say the price index here
+is is two then uh and the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is two then uh and the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is two then uh and the interest rate
+is 10 the nominal interest rate 10% then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 the nominal interest rate 10% then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 the nominal interest rate 10% then
+next period I get a two * 1.1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period I get a two * 1.1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period I get a two * 1.1 okay
+that's the number of dollars I get now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of dollars I get now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of dollars I get now
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+still I cannot compare this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I cannot compare this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I cannot compare this with the
+with this up here because at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this up here because at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this up here because at this point
+I have dollars and really I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have dollars and really I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have dollars and really I want to
+convert it into Goods I want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into Goods I want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into Goods I want to go from
+Goods to Goods so how do I convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to Goods so how do I convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to Goods so how do I convert
+dollars into Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I divide by the price of the goods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by the price of the goods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by the price of the goods but
+not here by the price of the goods at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here by the price of the goods at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here by the price of the goods at t
+plus one because I'm going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because I'm going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one because I'm going to get this
+amount of dollars at t+1 one year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dollars at t+1 one year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of dollars at t+1 one year from
+now I have to divide by the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to divide by the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to divide by the price of
+goods at t+ one in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods at t+ one in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods at t+ one in order to get the
+number of goods I'm getting a t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goods I'm getting a t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goods I'm getting a t plus one
+so I have to divide by p+ one but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to divide by p+ one but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to divide by p+ one but the
+problem is that time T I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that time T I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that time T I don't know what
+pt+ one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt+ one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pt+ one will
+be okay the best I can do and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay the best I can do and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay the best I can do and here's
+where I'm I'm simplifying things a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm I'm simplifying things a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm I'm simplifying things a lot
+is to is to have an expectation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to have an expectation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to have an expectation of what
+the price level will be one year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price level will be one year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price level will be one year from
+now so the best I can do when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the best I can do when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the best I can do when I want to
+compare things today whether I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things today whether I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things today whether I want to
+go this way or that way is to a er use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way or that way is to a er use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way or that way is to a er use
+suspected price here okay so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspected price here okay so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspected price here okay so these two
+things are equivalent in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent in the sense that
+they require exactly the same investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require exactly the same investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they require exactly the same investment
+I'm now I'm going this way and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm going this way and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm going this way and then in
+expectation at least these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation at least these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation at least these two things
+are also equivalent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also equivalent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also equivalent okay
+because this is what I'm going to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what I'm going to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what I'm going to get in
+terms of goods from having invested a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of goods from having invested a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of goods from having invested a
+good this what I expect to get in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this what I expect to get in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this what I expect to get in terms
+of goods but I'm ignoring all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods but I'm ignoring all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods but I'm ignoring all that
+uncertainty around that H and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty around that H and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty around that H and this is
+what I get if I go directly the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get if I go directly the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get if I go directly the route
+the the Goods Route and and this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Goods Route and and this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Goods Route and and this is two
+things are to be equal by indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are to be equal by indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are to be equal by indifference
+okay I if I two things give me the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I if I two things give me the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I if I two things give me the same
+they have to be priced equally they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be priced equally they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be priced equally they have
+to have the same price and so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same price and so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same price and so these two
+things have to be the same because here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to be the same because here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have to be the same because here
+I'm going from Goods to Goods here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going from Goods to Goods here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going from Goods to Goods here I'm
+going through this channel but also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this channel but also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this channel but also from
+Goods to Goods these two things should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to Goods these two things should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods to Goods these two things should
+give us more or less the same return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more or less the same return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more or less the same return
+okay and we're going to assume strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to assume strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to assume strictly
+that they give us the same expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they give us the same expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they give us the same expected
+return okay so this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return okay so this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return okay so this relationship
+holds is this di clear diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds is this di clear diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds is this di clear diagram
+clear okay good because what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay good because what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay good because what I'm going
+to do now is I'm going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is I'm going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is I'm going to take this
+expression here and play with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little so we arve in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so we arve in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little so we arve in the previous slide
+to the conclusion that 1 plus the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that 1 plus the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that 1 plus the real
+interest rate is equal to 1 plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is equal to 1 plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is equal to 1 plus plus
+the nominal interest rate time PT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate time PT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal interest rate time PT over
+PT + one expected I'm going to denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT + one expected I'm going to denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PT + one expected I'm going to denote
+expected inflation the inflation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation the inflation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation the inflation we
+expect the change in the the the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the change in the the the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the change in the the the log
+change in the price level or the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the price level or the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the price level or the rate of
+change of the price level from year T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the price level from year T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the price level from year T to
+year t+1 as Pi e t+1 is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year t+1 as Pi e t+1 is equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year t+1 as Pi e t+1 is equal to that
+okay so this is expected inflation at t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is expected inflation at t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is expected inflation at t+
+one see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one see
+that well do a little algebra and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well do a little algebra and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well do a little algebra and I can
+rewrite this guy here as 1 plus expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this guy here as 1 plus expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this guy here as 1 plus expected
+inflation between t and t plus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation between t and t plus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation between t and t plus one okay
+I just I just replace this for one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I just replace this for one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I just replace this for one one
+over 1+ pi+ one okay just algebra I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ pi+ one okay just algebra I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ pi+ one okay just algebra I got
+that so now I have relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I have relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now I have relationship and
+these things if they if this interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if they if this interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if they if this interest
+rate is not too high this in expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is not too high this in expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is not too high this in expected
+inflation is not too high not too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is not too high not too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is not too high not too large
+as it happens in most countries but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it happens in most countries but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it happens in most countries but a
+few around the world then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few around the world then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few around the world then this is
+approximate implies approximately that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate implies approximately that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate implies approximately that
+the real interest rate is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate is approximately
+equal to the nominal interest rate minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the nominal interest rate minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the nominal interest rate minus
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+inflation okay I'm just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay I'm just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay I'm just taking
+approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay and that's is an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and that's is an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and that's is an intuitive
+expression the real interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the real interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the real interest rate is
+equal to the nominal rate minus expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the nominal rate minus expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the nominal rate minus expected
+inflation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if the interest rate is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the interest rate is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the interest rate is is
+6% and expected inflation is 3% well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% and expected inflation is 3% well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% and expected inflation is 3% well the
+real interest rate is only 3% okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is only 3% okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is only 3% okay in
+terms of good you're going to get 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of good you're going to get 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of good you're going to get 3%
+less because that's inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less because that's inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less because that's inflation
+rate good or if you're borrowing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate good or if you're borrowing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate good or if you're borrowing in
+terms of your borrowing cost well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of your borrowing cost well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of your borrowing cost well it's
+going to cost you 3% less effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost you 3% less effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost you 3% less effectively
+because the goods you're going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the goods you're going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the goods you're going to be in
+selling out of your investment are Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling out of your investment are Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling out of your investment are Al
+are going to be 3% more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be 3% more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be 3% more expensive
+good so look this is what happened I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so look this is what happened I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so look this is what happened I'm
+showing you what happened around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what happened around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what happened around the
+years of the Great Recession remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Great Recession remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of the Great Recession remember
+the Great Recession happened 20 end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession happened 20 end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great Recession happened 20 end of
+2008 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 2009
+2010 several things you can see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 several things you can see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 several things you can see in this
+picture ER the white line here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture ER the white line here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture ER the white line here is the
+nominal interest rate and the yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate and the yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate and the yellow is
+the real interest rate in the US okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate in the US okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest rate in the US okay
+and and this is a since in the US you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a since in the US you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a since in the US you
+can actually trade real and nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually trade real and nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually trade real and nominal
+bonds the difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds the difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds the difference between these two
+is expected inflation okay as as priced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected inflation okay as as priced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected inflation okay as as priced
+by financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by financial
+markets they're called in the US they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're called in the US they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're called in the US they're
+called inflation break evens these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inflation break evens these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called inflation break evens these are
+swaps inflation swaps okay inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps inflation swaps okay inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swaps inflation swaps okay inflation
+break evens but anyways so several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break evens but anyways so several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break evens but anyways so several
+things you can see in this picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can see in this picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can see in this picture the
+first one is that typically typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that typically typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that typically typically
+the unless you're in Japan probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unless you're in Japan probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unless you're in Japan probably the
+the the the white line that is a nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the white line that is a nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the white line that is a nominal
+rate is above the orange line which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is above the orange line which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is above the orange line which is
+or the yellow line which is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the yellow line which is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the yellow line which is the real
+interest rate why do you think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate why do you think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate why do you think that's
+the case or what does it tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case or what does it tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case or what does it tell
+you the fact that on average sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the fact that on average sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the fact that on average sort of
+er the nominal interest rate is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er the nominal interest rate is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er the nominal interest rate is above
+the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real interest
+rate yeah on average in most advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah on average in most advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah on average in most advanced
+economies and even more so in Emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and even more so in Emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies and even more so in Emerging
+Markets inflation is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markets inflation is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markets inflation is positive and
+therefore people expect inflation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore people expect inflation to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore people expect inflation to be
+positive okay yeah in Japan went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay yeah in Japan went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive okay yeah in Japan went through
+these long periods of deflation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long periods of deflation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these long periods of deflation but
+that's a rarity that was an anomaly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rarity that was an anomaly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rarity that was an anomaly what
+was going on in Japan but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in Japan but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on in Japan but you see
+something else here there's an episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else here there's an episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else here there's an episode
+very clearly when the opposite was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly when the opposite was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly when the opposite was
+holding no when the real interet went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding no when the real interet went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding no when the real interet went
+much higher than the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than the nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than the nominal interest
+rate and this is despite the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is despite the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and this is despite the fact that
+you see even they cross in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see even they cross in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see even they cross in opposite
+direction here there was a sharp decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here there was a sharp decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction here there was a sharp decline
+in the nominal interest rate and a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nominal interest rate and a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nominal interest rate and a sharp
+rise in the real interest rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in the real interest rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise in the real interest rate what
+happened what was happening there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all forget about the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all forget about the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all forget about the picture
+what was happening around 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening around 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was happening around 2008
+2009 the Great Recession okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 the Great Recession okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 the Great Recession okay so that's
+one observation typically especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observation typically especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one observation typically especially
+modern recession certainly recessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern recession certainly recessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern recession certainly recessions
+caused by financial crisis as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by financial crisis as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by financial crisis as this one
+was a a um real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a um real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a um real interest
+go above nominal interest rate can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go above nominal interest rate can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go above nominal interest rate can go
+above nominal interest rates what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above nominal interest rates what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above nominal interest rates what does
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+mean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of
+inflation I mean remember what the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation I mean remember what the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation I mean remember what the FED
+is setting is this is this one more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is setting is this is this one more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is setting is this is this one more or
+less this I think is a one-ear rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less this I think is a one-ear rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less this I think is a one-ear rate so
+it's not exactly what the FED said but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly what the FED said but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exactly what the FED said but
+more or less okay so why do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less okay so why do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less okay so why do you think
+the FED cut interest rate there very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED cut interest rate there very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED cut interest rate there very
+aggressively yeah we were in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively yeah we were in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively yeah we were in the middle
+of a big financial crisis so we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big financial crisis so we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big financial crisis so we wanted
+to boost the economy no so interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boost the economy no so interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boost the economy no so interest rate
+and this is when you map it into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is when you map it into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is when you map it into into
+the very short rate this is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short rate this is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very short rate this is effectively
+they hit the zero lower bound they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit the zero lower bound they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit the zero lower bound they
+couldn't lower it more they lower it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't lower it more they lower it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't lower it more they lower it as
+much as they could and that was it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they could and that was it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they could and that was it so
+what must have happened for this real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must have happened for this real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what must have happened for this real
+interest rate to go up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crazy how can it be there the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy how can it be there the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy how can it be there the FED
+Bringing Down the nominal interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bringing Down the nominal interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bringing Down the nominal interest rate
+and the real rate boom jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real rate boom jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real rate boom jumps
+up expected inflation went down and L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up expected inflation went down and L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up expected inflation went down and L so
+what I was saying is in expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying is in expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was saying is in expected
+inflation is typically positive in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is typically positive in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is typically positive in in in
+sort of developed economies around 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of developed economies around 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of developed economies around 2%
+two and a half perc that's the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half perc that's the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half perc that's the type of
+numbers but in deep recessions it can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but in deep recessions it can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but in deep recessions it can go
+even negative okay and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even negative okay and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even negative okay and that's what
+happen there is the expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is the expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen there is the expected inflation
+as extracted from inflation break evens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as extracted from inflation break evens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as extracted from inflation break evens
+from these swaps and you see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these swaps and you see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these swaps and you see you know
+typically it's around 2% and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's around 2% and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's around 2% and so on
+because that's more or less the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's more or less the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's more or less the the the
+FED inflation Target in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED inflation Target in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED inflation Target in the US
+okay but during this episode here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but during this episode here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but during this episode here we
+enter into a very deflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into a very deflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into a very deflationary
+episode expected inflation close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode expected inflation close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode expected inflation close to
+minus 4% that was very deflationary was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4% that was very deflationary was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4% that was very deflationary was
+very scary deflations can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary deflations can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary deflations can be very
+complicated objects to deal with ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects to deal with ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects to deal with ER
+we'll say more about that later okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say more about that later okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say more about that later okay but
+that's that's what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what happened
+there good so that's that's nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good so that's that's nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good so that's that's nominal
+versus real interest rate now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus real interest rate now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus real interest rate now let me
+talk about credit spread and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about credit spread and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about credit spread and then we're
+going to put everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put everything together
+so most bonds issued by corporations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most bonds issued by corporations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most bonds issued by corporations are
+risky they are not us Treasures are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky they are not us Treasures are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky they are not us Treasures are as
+safe as it gets that's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe as it gets that's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe as it gets that's consider the
+safest Assets in the world together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest Assets in the world together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safest Assets in the world together with
+German bond market bonds you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German bond market bonds you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German bond market bonds you know
+government bonds and SS and there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bonds and SS and there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bonds and SS and there are a
+few but but the US in terms of liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but but the US in terms of liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few but but the US in terms of liquidity
+everything is the Premier safe asset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the Premier safe asset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is the Premier safe asset in
+the world okay but most corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world okay but most corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world okay but most corporations
+don't issue at those rates they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't issue at those rates they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't issue at those rates they have to
+pay a premium because they're not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a premium because they're not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a premium because they're not as
+safe as as those as the treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe as as those as the treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe as as those as the treasury
+instrument so let me call that the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so let me call that the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so let me call that the real
+interest rate paid by this uh bonds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate paid by this uh bonds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate paid by this uh bonds by
+issues by firms on average be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues by firms on average be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues by firms on average be equal to
+the safe real interest rate plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe real interest rate plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe real interest rate plus a
+premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium
+XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the point and is important is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point and is important is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point and is important is that
+this risk premium moves a lot over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk premium moves a lot over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this risk premium moves a lot over the
+business cycle especially when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle especially when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cycle especially when you have
+a financial crisis you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial crisis you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial crisis you know people
+really want to run away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to run away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to run away from
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+now and and and so it tends to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and and so it tends to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and and and so it tends to be higher
+during recessions especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recessions especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recessions especially when
+recessions are caused by financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions are caused by financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions are caused by financial
+crisis and things of that kind now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and things of that kind now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and things of that kind now why
+do we care about the risk premium again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care about the risk premium again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care about the risk premium again
+because important private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because important private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because important private sector
+decisions depend on that real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions depend on that real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions depend on that real interest
+rate on the on on the on the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on the on on the on the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate on the on on the on the risk
+adjusted interest rate okay if a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted interest rate okay if a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted interest rate okay if a firm
+has lots of credibility problems and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of credibility problems and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of credibility problems and is
+considered very risky the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered very risky the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered very risky the cost of
+borrowing is going to be very high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing is going to be very high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing is going to be very high and
+therefore it's going to have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to have to have a
+higher threshold for any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher threshold for any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher threshold for any physical
+investment no it's more costly for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment no it's more costly for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment no it's more costly for that
+firm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to
+borrow so that's a reason to worry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow so that's a reason to worry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow so that's a reason to worry so
+the risk premium is that X there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk premium is that X there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk premium is that X there is
+determined by two things essentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by two things essentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by two things essentially in
+in the case of bonds there's also risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of bonds there's also risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of bonds there's also risk
+premiums in equity but in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums in equity but in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums in equity but in the case of
+bonds one thing is the priority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds one thing is the priority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds one thing is the priority of
+theault I mean it may be that the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault I mean it may be that the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault I mean it may be that the firm
+doesn't honor those BS and defaults on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't honor those BS and defaults on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't honor those BS and defaults on
+them okay so one thing is a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so one thing is a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so one thing is a primary
+default the other one is the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default the other one is the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default the other one is the degree of
+risk aversion of bone bone holders there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion of bone bone holders there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion of bone bone holders there
+are sometime times in which you say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometime times in which you say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometime times in which you say look
+I don't want to hold any risk here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to hold any risk here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to hold any risk here or
+very little risk because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little risk because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little risk because you know
+everything looks very complicated to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks very complicated to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks very complicated to me
+I rather go safe I go to treasury bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rather go safe I go to treasury bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I rather go safe I go to treasury bonds
+I don't want this stuff so those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want this stuff so those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want this stuff so those two
+reasons make that spread grow the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons make that spread grow the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons make that spread grow the second
+reason on average to me is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason on average to me is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason on average to me is the most
+important reason but it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason but it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reason but it's easier to
+model all this stuff as a priority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all this stuff as a priority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all this stuff as a priority of
+the fault so that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault so that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault so that's what I'm going to
+assuming what I'm going to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming what I'm going to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming what I'm going to do here is
+I'm going to ignore this the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ignore this the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ignore this the degree of
+risk aversion of bond holders and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion of bond holders and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion of bond holders and I'm
+going to just concentrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just concentrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just concentrate on the
+probability of theault of a bond but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault of a bond but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault of a bond but in
+a sense you can model both as the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you can model both as the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense you can model both as the same
+because you can think of risk aversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of risk aversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of risk aversion
+as somebody exaggerating the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody exaggerating the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody exaggerating the probability
+of the fault of a bond if I if I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault of a bond if I if I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault of a bond if I if I get
+very nervous about investing in Risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nervous about investing in Risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nervous about investing in Risky
+stuff there is some true probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is some true probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff there is some true probability of
+the fault that some agenci is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault that some agenci is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault that some agenci is
+calculating out there but if I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating out there but if I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating out there but if I'm very
+nervous about that I may as well put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about that I may as well put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous about that I may as well put a
+markup say well you know these guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup say well you know these guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup say well you know these guys have
+messed up in the past they may think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up in the past they may think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messed up in the past they may think
+that the probility def fall of this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probility def fall of this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probility def fall of this bond
+is 5% during the next year I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% during the next year I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% during the next year I'm going to
+treat it as 10% okay because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as 10% okay because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as 10% okay because I want to
+penalize for the risk I'm incurring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize for the risk I'm incurring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize for the risk I'm incurring so
+so think of this P here as a probity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of this P here as a probity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of this P here as a probity of
+theault but as perceived by in you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault but as perceived by in you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault but as perceived by in you don't
+know the what is the true probity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the what is the true probity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the what is the true probity of
+theault that's a abstract concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault that's a abstract concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault that's a abstract concept
+no but it's whatever you use in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but it's whatever you use in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but it's whatever you use in your
+investment decisions that I'm modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions that I'm modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment decisions that I'm modeling
+here so by the same principle we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so by the same principle we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so by the same principle we had
+before between nominal and real bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before between nominal and real bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before between nominal and real bonds
+what we need to have is is I need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have is is I need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to have is is I need to be
+different in equilibrium I need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in equilibrium I need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in equilibrium I need to be
+different between H investing in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between H investing in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between H investing in in in
+treasury bonds the safe bonds that pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bonds the safe bonds that pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bonds the safe bonds that pay
+an interest RT and investing in Risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest RT and investing in Risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest RT and investing in Risky
+bonds that are paying an interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are paying an interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that are paying an interest rate
+RF which is greater than a RT no so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF which is greater than a RT no so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF which is greater than a RT no so I
+have to be indiffer between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be indiffer between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be indiffer between these two
+things and the and the the spread here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the and the the spread here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the and the the spread here
+will have to adjust so I'm indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to adjust so I'm indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to adjust so I'm indifferent
+between these two things indeed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things indeed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things indeed it's
+obvious if the probability of default is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious if the probability of default is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious if the probability of default is
+greater than zero that this RF is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero that this RF is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero that this RF is going
+to have to be greater than R because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be greater than R because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be greater than R because
+otherwise I don't you know I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I don't you know I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I don't you know I don't want
+to invest in a bond that pays me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in a bond that pays me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in a bond that pays me the
+same as that and on top of that I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that and on top of that I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that and on top of that I I I
+can experience a default occasion don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience a default occasion don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can experience a default occasion don't
+get my money back okay so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my money back okay so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my money back okay so what we have
+here this indifference condition means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this indifference condition means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this indifference condition means
+okay during the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay during the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay during the next
+year there's a probability to the fall p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there's a probability to the fall p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there's a probability to the fall p
+that means with probability one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means with probability one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means with probability one minus P
+I'm going to get this High interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this High interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this High interest rate
+I'm going to get my money back I invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get my money back I invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get my money back I invest
+one in a bond I get my money back plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a bond I get my money back plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in a bond I get my money back plus
+an interest rate Which is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate Which is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interest rate Which is higher than
+the safe interest rate is our F okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe interest rate is our F okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safe interest rate is our F okay
+that's a good thing against that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing against that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing against that is
+there's a probability that the bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability that the bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability that the bone
+there's a default and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a default and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a default and I'm going to
+assume always in practice there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume always in practice there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume always in practice there is some
+recovery of a bone which is much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery of a bone which is much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery of a bone which is much less
+than the principal I'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the principal I'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the principal I'm going to assume
+it's zero okay so if p is positive as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero okay so if p is positive as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero okay so if p is positive as I
+said before then it better be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before then it better be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before then it better be the case
+that this f is greater than R otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this f is greater than R otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this f is greater than R otherwise
+I'm not going to invest anything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to invest anything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to invest anything in the
+risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky
+Bond so I'm going to replace just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so I'm going to replace just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond so I'm going to replace just this
+RF by RT plus X just to calculate XT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF by RT plus X just to calculate XT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF by RT plus X just to calculate XT and
+you can solve this out here and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve this out here and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve this out here and you get
+that this risk premium is XT is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this risk premium is XT is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this risk premium is XT is an
+increasing function of P okay naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of P okay naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of P okay naturally
+if this if I perceive bonds to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if I perceive bonds to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this if I perceive bonds to be more
+likely to default and when I require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to default and when I require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to default and when I require a
+higher compensation if the bond doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher compensation if the bond doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher compensation if the bond doesn't
+default okay and that's what we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay and that's what we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay and that's what we we have
+here now during what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now during what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now during what happens is that
+during severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during severe
+recessions actual defaults go up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions actual defaults go up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions actual defaults go up so the
+probability of theault objectively goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault objectively goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault objectively goes
+up and people get a lot more scared also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and people get a lot more scared also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and people get a lot more scared also
+that this will happen and so P tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will happen and so P tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will happen and so P tends to
+go up a lot okay so during SE severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up a lot okay so during SE severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up a lot okay so during SE severe
+recessions but is is always almost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions but is is always almost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions but is is always almost in
+recession but especially in severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession but especially in severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession but especially in severe
+recessions P can rise a lot okay it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions P can rise a lot okay it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessions P can rise a lot okay it can
+rise a lot R may fall or not we shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise a lot R may fall or not we shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise a lot R may fall or not we shall
+see but but this stuff dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but but this stuff dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but but this stuff dominates
+actually okay so this credit this x can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay so this credit this x can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay so this credit this x can
+move up a lot during recessions and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up a lot during recessions and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up a lot during recessions and in
+fact if I show you what happened during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I show you what happened during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I show you what happened during
+the gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gr
+recession same episode as before there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession same episode as before there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession same episode as before there
+you have it this is our X really okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it this is our X really okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it this is our X really okay
+look how it jump during 2008 okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how it jump during 2008 okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how it jump during 2008 okay so uh
+the average and this is for I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and this is for I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and this is for I think it's
+high yield I think but it's not junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield I think but it's not junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield I think but it's not junk
+it's high yield though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high yield though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's high yield though
+ER I think it's a it's a it's a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER I think it's a it's a it's a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER I think it's a it's a it's a weighted
+average of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of things
+but think of this as the median bond out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of this as the median bond out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of this as the median bond out
+there corporate bond ER it had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there corporate bond ER it had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there corporate bond ER it had to pay
+20% more than a treasury bond okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% more than a treasury bond okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% more than a treasury bond okay so
+big difference if you are in the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference if you are in the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference if you are in the private
+sector and wanted to borrow than if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and wanted to borrow than if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and wanted to borrow than if the
+government wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government wanted to
+borrow big thing this was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow big thing this was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow big thing this was a big
+issue good now it's all almost always oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue good now it's all almost always oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue good now it's all almost always oh
+but that level this is high yield H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that level this is high yield H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that level this is high yield H so
+you see typically because this high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see typically because this high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see typically because this high
+yield these are not the the primest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield these are not the the primest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield these are not the the primest
+companies H they have a vary of default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies H they have a vary of default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies H they have a vary of default
+there's a risk out there they typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk out there they typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a risk out there they typically
+have to pay a spread 3% 4% things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay a spread 3% 4% things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay a spread 3% 4% things like
+that but during severe events that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but during severe events that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but during severe events that can
+go very very high so if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very very high so if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very very high so if you're a
+corporation and you're trying to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and you're trying to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and you're trying to borrow
+here it's going to be pretty difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to be pretty difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to be pretty difficult
+to borrow that's the point okay not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow that's the point okay not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow that's the point okay not a
+good time to invest in that sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to invest in that sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time to invest in that sense it's
+going to be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expensive so that takes me to the slm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so that takes me to the slm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive so that takes me to the slm
+mod I want to sort of now bring in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod I want to sort of now bring in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod I want to sort of now bring in these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ingredients so the two modifications I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients so the two modifications I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients so the two modifications I
+introduce are relevant for the is the LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce are relevant for the is the LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce are relevant for the is the LM
+doesn't change the Central Bank keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the Central Bank keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the Central Bank keeps
+setting the nominal interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the nominal interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the nominal interest rate and
+that's what it does okay so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does okay so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does okay so that's not
+changing and that's the target of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and that's the target of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and that's the target of the
+Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank
+the the Central Bank may decide to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Central Bank may decide to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Central Bank may decide to react
+to things that happen in expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that happen in expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that happen in expected
+inflation and cre spread but the LM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and cre spread but the LM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and cre spread but the LM is
+is the same as it used to be in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as it used to be in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as it used to be in the book
+at some point make the book makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point make the book makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point make the book makes a
+simplification and it starts setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and it starts setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and it starts setting the
+interest rate in terms of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate in terms of the real
+interest rate I think that's a bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I think that's a bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate I think that's a bad idea
+so I'm not going to do that okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to do that okay I'm
+going to keep our is our LM as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep our is our LM as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep our is our LM as it was
+but now with this extensions we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with this extensions we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now with this extensions we have to
+modify well the only place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify well the only place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify well the only place where
+interest rate enters for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate enters for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate enters for us
+which is in the investment function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the investment function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the investment function and
+so the investment function now is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the investment function now is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the investment function now is not a
+function of the nominal interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the nominal interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the nominal interest rate
+it's a function of the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function of the real interest
+rate adjusted by credit risk because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate adjusted by credit risk because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate adjusted by credit risk because
+that's the relevant opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relevant opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the relevant opportunity cost of
+that's a real cost of borrowing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real cost of borrowing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a real cost of borrowing if you
+will of firms when they want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of firms when they want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will of firms when they want to invest
+okay so that's a modification now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a modification now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a modification now for
+this part of the course as I said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course as I said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course as I said I'm
+going to take this as two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this as two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this as two new
+parameters we're not going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we're not going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we're not going to look at
+equilibrium determination of that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium determination of that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium determination of that when
+we get into the next part of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into the next part of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get into the next part of the course
+then we're never going to do much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're never going to do much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're never going to do much about
+that but yes about this but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yes about this but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but yes about this but for now
+these are just two new parameters so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just two new parameters so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just two new parameters so in
+our equilibrium in lecture three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium in lecture three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium in lecture three in the
+goods market equilibrium now we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods market equilibrium now we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods market equilibrium now we have two
+more parameters expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parameters expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parameters expected
+inflation and in the remember the ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and in the remember the ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and in the remember the ZZ
+curve where we have GT interest rate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve where we have GT interest rate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve where we have GT interest rate all
+those things has constant well now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things has constant well now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things has constant well now we
+have two new parameters expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two new parameters expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two new parameters expected
+inflation and the credited spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the credited spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the credited spread
+okay so that's it that's lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it that's lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's it that's lecture three
+now so what I'm showing you here is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what I'm showing you here is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what I'm showing you here is what
+happened in lecture three if the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in lecture three if the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in lecture three if the credit
+spreads comes down or expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads comes down or expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads comes down or expected inflation
+Rises for any given nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises for any given nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises for any given nominal interest
+rate okay then that shift the ZZ curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay then that shift the ZZ curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay then that shift the ZZ curve
+up why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and sorry and if aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sorry and if aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and sorry and if aggregate demand
+goes up then the multiply it kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up then the multiply it kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up then the multiply it kicks in
+and we end up with an expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with an expansion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with an expansion in
+output so I'm saying for a given nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I'm saying for a given nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so I'm saying for a given nominal
+interest rate if now expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate if now expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate if now expected inflation
+goes up or H the credit spreads spreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or H the credit spreads spreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or H the credit spreads spreads
+go down then we that's act acts almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down then we that's act acts almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down then we that's act acts almost
+like an expansionary monetary policy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an expansionary monetary policy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an expansionary monetary policy you
+see you get an expansion in aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you get an expansion in aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you get an expansion in aggregate
+demand yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for RIS deine they can they can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RIS deine they can they can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RIS deine they can they can borrow
+exactly that's it yes because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's it yes because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's it yes because of
+borrowing went up for down for firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing went up for down for firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing went up for down for firms
+okay so that's what I'm saying those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I'm saying those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I'm saying those two
+things operate almost as monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things operate almost as monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things operate almost as monetary policy
+that is not been done by the fed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not been done by the fed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not been done by the fed by the
+way by the central bank but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by the central bank but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way by the central bank but they have
+the same effect because that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect because that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect because that's the way
+they enter they enter exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter they enter exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they enter they enter exactly the same
+as as an interest rate so saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as an interest rate so saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as an interest rate so saying that
+this guy is going up or this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going up or this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going up or this guy is
+going down leads to the same analysis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down leads to the same analysis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down leads to the same analysis as
+as as when we lower I because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as when we lower I because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as when we lower I because they're
+identical they enter exactly in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they enter exactly in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they enter exactly in the same
+place no so what I showed you here I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place no so what I showed you here I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place no so what I showed you here I had
+done diagrams like this before that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done diagrams like this before that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done diagrams like this before that's
+what you get when you lower the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get when you lower the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get when you lower the interest
+rate well the the two shocks I describ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well the the two shocks I describ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate well the the two shocks I describ
+is effectively like lowering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively like lowering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is effectively like lowering the
+interest rate that is the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that is the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that is the relevant
+interest rate for a a the firms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for a a the firms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate for a a the firms because
+lower CR spreads higher expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower CR spreads higher expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower CR spreads higher expected
+inflation means lower re interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation means lower re interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation means lower re interest rate
+okay now the the episode I describe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the episode I describe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the episode I describe you
+in in in in during the global financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in during the global financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in during the global financial
+crisis was exact opposite of this no in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis was exact opposite of this no in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis was exact opposite of this no in
+the global financial crisis we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global financial crisis we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global financial crisis we had this
+x boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x boom
+jumping and I had shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping and I had shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping and I had shown you
+before that expected inflation came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that expected inflation came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that expected inflation came down
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+lot okay remember expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay remember expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay remember expected inflation
+came down a lot when negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down a lot when negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down a lot when negative
+no from around 2% to minus four that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no from around 2% to minus four that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no from around 2% to minus four that's a
+big shock for the real cost of borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shock for the real cost of borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shock for the real cost of borrowing
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms
+and the X went up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X went up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the X went up like
+crazy that's the reason in the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy that's the reason in the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy that's the reason in the global
+financial crisis what we got is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis what we got is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis what we got is exactly
+the opposite of this we got a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of this we got a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite of this we got a massive
+shift down in the zzer for the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift down in the zzer for the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift down in the zzer for the reasons
+we just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just described
+okay because this again this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this again this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this again this is the case
+for x going down or Pi going up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x going down or Pi going up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x going down or Pi going up in the
+global financial crisis we' got exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis we' got exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis we' got exactly
+the opposite and in massive amounts no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and in massive amounts no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite and in massive amounts no
+massive increase in X massive decline in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive increase in X massive decline in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive increase in X massive decline in
+expected inflation so it's exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation so it's exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation so it's exact
+opposite of this and in a much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this and in a much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of this and in a much larger
+scale that was a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that was a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that was a massive
+shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so that's the case I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the case I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the case I was just
+describing that's what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that's what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that's what happened in the
+global financial crisis so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global financial crisis so the first
+thing is so if x goes up as it did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is so if x goes up as it did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is so if x goes up as it did in
+the global financial crisis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global financial crisis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global financial crisis and the
+Great Recession I I by the way when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession I I by the way when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession I I by the way when I
+say the global financial crisis or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the global financial crisis or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the global financial crisis or the
+Great Recession those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession those are the same
+episode end up being it started from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode end up being it started from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode end up being it started from a
+financial crisis and it turned out ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and it turned out ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and it turned out ended
+up being a recession everywhere and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a recession everywhere and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a recession everywhere and a
+financial crisis everywhere as well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis everywhere as well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis everywhere as well okay
+but uh anyway so what I just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway so what I just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh anyway so what I just described
+is this is the in the islm space the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the in the islm space the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the in the islm space the is
+is shifting inwards a lot no for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifting inwards a lot no for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shifting inwards a lot no for any
+given nominal interest rate if x goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given nominal interest rate if x goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given nominal interest rate if x goes up
+a lot that means there is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that means there is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot that means there is less
+investment and that means that the LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and that means that the LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and that means that the LM
+shift to the sorry the is shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the sorry the is shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to the sorry the is shift to the
+left okay and the same would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay and the same would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay and the same would happen if
+there's a fallen expected inflation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fallen expected inflation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fallen expected inflation so
+for the great session we had two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the great session we had two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the great session we had two reasons
+why this thing move inward a lot one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing move inward a lot one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this thing move inward a lot one
+expected inflation came down and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation came down and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation came down and the
+other one X went up a lot massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one X went up a lot massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one X went up a lot massive
+movement to the left now what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement to the left now what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement to the left now what do you
+think a central bank should do face with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a central bank should do face with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a central bank should do face with
+a situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like
+this drop interest rate no why you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drop interest rate no why you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drop interest rate no why you you
+do that because this shocks enter like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because this shocks enter like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that because this shocks enter like
+negative interest rate like shocks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative interest rate like shocks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative interest rate like shocks to
+the interest rate effectively it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate effectively it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate effectively it's like
+you had increased the interest rate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had increased the interest rate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had increased the interest rate a
+lot and so the central bank will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so the central bank will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and so the central bank will try to
+offset that by lowering the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that by lowering the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset that by lowering the interest
+rate what problem May the Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what problem May the Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what problem May the Central Bank
+face in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah reaching the zero lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah reaching the zero lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah reaching the zero lower bound
+effective lower one liquidity trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective lower one liquidity trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective lower one liquidity trap
+exactly it's a limit of how much you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's a limit of how much you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's a limit of how much you can
+do and I show you that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I show you that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I show you that that's what
+happened really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened really
+here you see if effectively this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see if effectively this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see if effectively this is like
+it's the reason looks so flat it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the reason looks so flat it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the reason looks so flat it doesn't
+move is because it's against a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is because it's against a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move is because it's against a lower
+bound it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it cannot
+move let me tell you a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move let me tell you a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move let me tell you a little bit about
+what is happening now so this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening now so this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is happening now so this is now
+remember the other one was for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other one was for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other one was for the
+period from 2008 to 2013 I show you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from 2008 to 2013 I show you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from 2008 to 2013 I show you now
+I'm shifting everything by 10 years okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shifting everything by 10 years okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shifting everything by 10 years okay
+so still you see on average the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still you see on average the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so still you see on average the the the
+the white line which is the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white line which is the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the white line which is the nominal
+interest rate is above the um the Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is above the um the Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is above the um the Orange
+Line the Orange Line the yellow line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line the Orange Line the yellow line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line the Orange Line the yellow line
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+um the real interest rate why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yeah yeah posi inflation posit INF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah posi inflation posit INF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah posi inflation posit INF
+expected inflation but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation but they're
+correlated when inflation is on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated when inflation is on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated when inflation is on average
+positive then expected inflation is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then expected inflation is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then expected inflation is also
+an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average
+positive there's an exception there why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive there's an exception there why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive there's an exception there why
+is that what when does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen there's one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the real interest rate went above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real interest rate went above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real interest rate went above
+the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+sorry recession yeah exactly the covid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry recession yeah exactly the covid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry recession yeah exactly the covid
+recession so as I said before that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so as I said before that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so as I said before that was a
+massive shock a scary shock and initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive shock a scary shock and initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive shock a scary shock and initial
+reaction of expected inflation was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of expected inflation was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction of expected inflation was to
+come down enormously and that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down enormously and that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down enormously and that's so
+that's what we saw and also see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we saw and also see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we saw and also see that
+this biggest step here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this biggest step here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this biggest step here in the in the
+nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest
+rate and then flat so what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then flat so what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then flat so what do you think
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+there yep again they went all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yep again they went all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yep again they went all the way
+down at to at the maximum they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at to at the maximum they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at to at the maximum they could do
+they said the the shortterm interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said the the shortterm interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said the the shortterm interest
+rate to zero effectively effect it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to zero effectively effect it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to zero effectively effect it's not
+exactly zero but to zero and they stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but to zero and they stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly zero but to zero and they stay
+there for a very long period of time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a very long period of time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for a very long period of time now
+why do you think and this I think help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think and this I think help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think and this I think help a
+lot the recovery of the US economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot the recovery of the US economy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot the recovery of the US economy and
+it also a a a big reason for the rally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also a a a big reason for the rally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also a a a big reason for the rally
+that you saw in the equity Market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in the equity Market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you saw in the equity Market in
+2021 you can see in this picture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 you can see in this picture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2021 you can see in this picture which
+is this notice that the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notice that the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this notice that the real interest
+rate went very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low you see that the real interest went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you see that the real interest went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low you see that the real interest went
+very very low that's a reason Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low that's a reason Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low that's a reason Equity
+markets were flying I mean you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets were flying I mean you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets were flying I mean you have
+effectively very low real interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively very low real interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively very low real interest rates
+so what happened there how did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened there how did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happened there how did that
+happened what must have happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what must have happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened what must have happened in this
+episode yeah the central bank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode yeah the central bank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode yeah the central bank was
+putting injecting everything possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting injecting everything possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting injecting everything possible to
+it but even more than monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but even more than monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but even more than monetary policy
+conventional monetary but but what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary but but what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary but but what can
+prod what is the reason let me say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod what is the reason let me say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod what is the reason let me say this
+wedge reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what is the what is that W as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the what is that W as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the what is that W as a
+matter of accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of accounting
+expected inflation yeah it's expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation yeah it's expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation yeah it's expected
+inflation so this tells you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so this tells you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so this tells you this
+interest was at zero the real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest was at zero the real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest was at zero the real interest
+was at at minus four here it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at at minus four here it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at at minus four here it means that
+expected inflation must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation must have been
+4% okay that means so we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% okay that means so we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% okay that means so we had a
+combination in which the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in which the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in which the nominal
+interest remain at zero but inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest remain at zero but inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest remain at zero but inflation
+was high which is not the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was high which is not the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was high which is not the typical
+combination we get in recessions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we get in recessions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we get in recessions like
+the previous one demand recessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one demand recessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous one demand recessions
+financial crisis where inflation is goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis where inflation is goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis where inflation is goes
+down when you are in a recession this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when you are in a recession this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down when you are in a recession this
+was a different shock and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a different shock and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a different shock and after the
+initial shock we got lots of bottlenecks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial shock we got lots of bottlenecks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial shock we got lots of bottlenecks
+on the supply side of the economy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side of the economy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side of the economy which
+we don't have a good mod yet later we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a good mod yet later we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a good mod yet later we
+want to have to model here and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to model here and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have to model here and when you
+have prod in the supply side you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prod in the supply side you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have prod in the supply side you can get
+a situation which it feels recessionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation which it feels recessionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation which it feels recessionary
+because there's low activity and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's low activity and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's low activity and so on
+but inflation is high and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inflation is high and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inflation is high and that's exactly
+what we had here okay the inflation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here okay the inflation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here okay the inflation was
+high now at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high now at some
+point H you know for a while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point H you know for a while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point H you know for a while we
+tolerated this inflation thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerated this inflation thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerated this inflation thinking that
+this was going to be a transitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be a transitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to be a transitory
+phenomenon and so on but then it began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and so on but then it began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and so on but then it began
+to last for too long okay and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last for too long okay and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last for too long okay and when it
+began to last for too long then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to last for too long then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to last for too long then the the
+FED reacted and that's when you see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED reacted and that's when you see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED reacted and that's when you see they
+began to hike interest rate okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to hike interest rate okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to hike interest rate okay and
+they began to hike interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to hike interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to hike interest rate and
+that initially didn't do much er er to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initially didn't do much er er to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initially didn't do much er er to
+the real rates because expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real rates because expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real rates because expected
+inflation kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation kept
+rising and then eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and then eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and then eventually they
+convinced everyone that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced everyone that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced everyone that they were
+serious about this and so real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about this and so real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about this and so real interest
+rate began to H rise a lot here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate began to H rise a lot here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate began to H rise a lot here and
+that's when the equity Market Collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the equity Market Collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the equity Market Collapse
+by the way you don't know that yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you don't know that yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way you don't know that yet but
+I'm going to talk about Equity Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about Equity Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about Equity Market
+later on but but I believe me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but but I believe me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on but but I believe me that's
+what essentially brought down the NASDAQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what essentially brought down the NASDAQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what essentially brought down the NASDAQ
+for sure primarily and all these M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure primarily and all these M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure primarily and all these M
+stocks and all that well that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and all that well that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and all that well that's that's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay um what about today well Houston we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what about today well Houston we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what about today well Houston we
+have a problem because because you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem because because you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem because because you see
+the FED keeps Rising interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED keeps Rising interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED keeps Rising interest rate and
+inflation is not coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is not coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is not coming
+down as much as we expected in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as much as we expected in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as much as we expected in fact
+expected inflation initially looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation initially looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation initially looked like
+what's going to decline and and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to decline and and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to decline and and now it's
+beginning to pick up again so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to pick up again so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to pick up again so you have a
+situation here where the FED wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here where the FED wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here where the FED wants to be
+restrictive but the real interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive but the real interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive but the real interest is
+declining not going up that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining not going up that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining not going up that's a problem
+okay it's a problem that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a problem that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a problem that's that's what
+is happening at this very moment fed has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening at this very moment fed has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening at this very moment fed has
+a big problem because of that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big problem because of that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big problem because of that they're
+trying to tighten interest rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tighten interest rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tighten interest rate but
+Financial conditions are relaxing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial conditions are relaxing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial conditions are relaxing in a
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+because of an increase in expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an increase in expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an increase in expected
+inflation and even credit spreads were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and even credit spreads were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and even credit spreads were
+declining like so here is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining like so here is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining like so here is what I just
+said in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in terms of
+inflation ER expected inflation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation ER expected inflation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation ER expected inflation and you
+see here the big collapse during covid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the big collapse during covid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here the big collapse during covid
+early on in covid but then it recovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in covid but then it recovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on in covid but then it recovered
+very strongly and went very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly and went very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly and went very
+high and and actually the middle of 2022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and and actually the middle of 2022
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and and actually the middle of 2022
+it really went up a lot and that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really went up a lot and that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really went up a lot and that's when
+the FED really got a scar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED really got a scar and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED really got a scar and that's
+when they began to increase interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they began to increase interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they began to increase interest
+rate by 75 basis points in in a hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by 75 basis points in in a hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate by 75 basis points in in a hurry
+okay and this is what you see recently I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what you see recently I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what you see recently I
+told you that we have a problem now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that we have a problem now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that we have a problem now
+because expected inflation they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because expected inflation they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because expected inflation they they
+were able there a famous conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able there a famous conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able there a famous conference
+Jackson happens in Jackson Hall ER and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson happens in Jackson Hall ER and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson happens in Jackson Hall ER and
+it's famous mostly because ER you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's famous mostly because ER you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's famous mostly because ER you know
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+Central chairs of presidents of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central chairs of presidents of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central chairs of presidents of central
+banks governors of central banks around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks governors of central banks around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks governors of central banks around
+the world sort of meet for a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world sort of meet for a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world sort of meet for a few days
+there but there is one speech that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is one speech that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there is one speech that
+everyone looks at which is a speech of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone looks at which is a speech of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone looks at which is a speech of
+the of the um chair of the US Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the um chair of the US Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the um chair of the US Central
+Bank the FED okay and they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank the FED okay and they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank the FED okay and they were very
+worried that that conference happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that that conference happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that that conference happened
+around here and they were very worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and they were very worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here and they were very worried
+because suspected inflation was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suspected inflation was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suspected inflation was just
+exploding I mean 6% or so that's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding I mean 6% or so that's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding I mean 6% or so that's those
+are unheard of numbers for the us since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unheard of numbers for the us since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unheard of numbers for the us since
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+80s and and so they came up with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and and so they came up with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s and and so they came up with a very
+tough speech very Hwy speech saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough speech very Hwy speech saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough speech very Hwy speech saying look
+this is unacceptable we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unacceptable we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is unacceptable we're going to do
+whatever it takes to bring this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes to bring this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it takes to bring this stuff
+down and and and they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and and they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and and and they were very
+successful persuading people in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful persuading people in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful persuading people in fact
+expected inflation began to decline a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation began to decline a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation began to decline a
+lot very quickly which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot very quickly which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot very quickly which is one of the
+reasons you see real rates Rising very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you see real rates Rising very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons you see real rates Rising very
+fast in fact faster than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in fact faster than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast in fact faster than than the
+nominal rates because nominal rates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rates because nominal rates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rates because nominal rates were
+rising and on top of that expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and on top of that expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising and on top of that expected
+inflation began to plummet and that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation began to plummet and that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation began to plummet and that led
+to a very sharp rise in real interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very sharp rise in real interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very sharp rise in real interest
+rate and the collapse in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the collapse in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and the collapse in the stock
+market as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what about credit spreads in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about credit spreads in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what about credit spreads in in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+episode ER well here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode ER well here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode ER well here you
+see we had during the covid shock again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we had during the covid shock again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we had during the covid shock again
+we got a Bigg Spike here it was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a Bigg Spike here it was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a Bigg Spike here it was not as
+large as in in the other one which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as in in the other one which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as in in the other one which was a
+financial crisis per se but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis per se but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis per se but it was a
+very large Spike and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Spike and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large Spike and then eventually
+sort of came down and it came down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came down and it came down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of came down and it came down a lot
+that's again when you're seeing rallying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again when you're seeing rallying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again when you're seeing rallying
+and all the markets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the markets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the markets and so
+on H but then began to go up and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on H but then began to go up and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on H but then began to go up and and
+again here we began to a problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we began to a problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here we began to a problem because
+the fair wanted to tighten and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair wanted to tighten and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair wanted to tighten and this
+credit spreads were coming down this got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spreads were coming down this got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spreads were coming down this got
+this is I think I did this on Sunday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think I did this on Sunday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think I did this on Sunday or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+so today's 27 yeah I did it yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's 27 yeah I did it yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's 27 yeah I did it yesterday
+there it is okay so so this this pickup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is okay so so this this pickup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is okay so so this this pickup
+here is very recent this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is very recent this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is very recent this last
+week but great spreads were declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but great spreads were declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but great spreads were declining
+and that again goes against to to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again goes against to to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that again goes against to to what
+the FED wants to do which is to tighten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED wants to do which is to tighten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED wants to do which is to tighten
+Financial conditions for firms okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial conditions for firms okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial conditions for firms okay now
+ER as I said before central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER as I said before central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER as I said before central banks
+typically intervene only the monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically intervene only the monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically intervene only the monetary
+policy they they involves very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy they they involves very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy they they involves very short
+duration treasury bonds so their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration treasury bonds so their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration treasury bonds so their own
+bonds okay the bonds of that government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay the bonds of that government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay the bonds of that government
+in most places like that but this shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most places like that but this shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most places like that but this shock
+was so disconcerting and so large and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so disconcerting and so large and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so disconcerting and so large and it
+did affect corporations a lot no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did affect corporations a lot no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did affect corporations a lot no because
+you get imagine you are in the irland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get imagine you are in the irland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get imagine you are in the irland
+industry and then suddenly you get covid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and then suddenly you get covid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and then suddenly you get covid
+so really was a a major shock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really was a a major shock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really was a a major shock to
+corporate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate to
+corporations and um so they went beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and um so they went beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and um so they went beyond
+traditional conventional monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional conventional monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional conventional monetary policy
+they certainly something that had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certainly something that had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certainly something that had done
+already in the global financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the global financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the global financial crisis
+they began to buy sort of very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to buy sort of very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to buy sort of very long
+duration US Treasury bonds so 10 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration US Treasury bonds so 10 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration US Treasury bonds so 10 year
+bonds and so on treasur but they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and so on treasur but they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and so on treasur but they went
+beyond that and they created a facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and they created a facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that and they created a facility
+to buy corporate bonds okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy corporate bonds okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy corporate bonds okay that
+facility was meant to deal with XS okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility was meant to deal with XS okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility was meant to deal with XS okay
+you're getting a huge huge X shock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a huge huge X shock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a huge huge X shock and
+they went directly to that to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went directly to that to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went directly to that to try to
+bring that X shock down why do they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that X shock down why do they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that X shock down why do they want
+to do that well because of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well because of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well because of the reasons
+we have explained here H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have explained here H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have explained here H you
+know that amounted the X shock which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that amounted the X shock which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that amounted the X shock which
+came together with expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together with expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came together with expected inflation
+coming down amount of big shift there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down amount of big shift there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down amount of big shift there
+they did all they could with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all they could with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did all they could with
+conventional monetary policy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary policy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional monetary policy they
+brought this down so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this down so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this down so you can think of
+their policies of intervention it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policies of intervention it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their policies of intervention it's
+called they're called large scale asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called they're called large scale asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called they're called large scale asset
+purchases that's a generic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases that's a generic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchases that's a generic number of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well what they were trying to do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they were trying to do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what they were trying to do really
+is to act on those interest rates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to act on those interest rates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to act on those interest rates that
+do not show up in the LM that show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not show up in the LM that show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not show up in the LM that show up in
+here know x x is a parameter of here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here know x x is a parameter of here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here know x x is a parameter of here if
+I go out there and I buy a a corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go out there and I buy a a corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go out there and I buy a a corporate
+bonds then I'm reducing X which is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds then I'm reducing X which is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds then I'm reducing X which is a way
+of Shifting the yes back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Shifting the yes back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Shifting the yes back okay
+corporations can borrow more cheaply if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations can borrow more cheaply if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations can borrow more cheaply if
+the government is buying their bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is buying their bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is buying their bonds
+that's the whole idea in in in in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea in in in in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole idea in in in in Japan
+they even bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they even bought
+Equity okay the Equity interventions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity okay the Equity interventions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity okay the Equity interventions in
+the equity market so happened in Hong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity market so happened in Hong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity market so happened in Hong
+Kong in 1997 there was a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong in 1997 there was a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong in 1997 there was a massive
+intervention in the equity Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the equity Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention in the equity Market
+typically central banks don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically central banks don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically central banks don't do that
+but when situations get desperate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when situations get desperate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when situations get desperate and
+and you are against the zero lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are against the zero lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are against the zero lower bound
+so you you lost your conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you lost your conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you lost your conventional
+monetary tool ER they tend to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary tool ER they tend to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary tool ER they tend to be a
+little more creative and and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more creative and and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more creative and and that's what
+they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing okay any questions that's it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay any questions that's it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing okay any questions that's it for
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+from the yeah you have a question could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the yeah you have a question could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the yeah you have a question could
+you put X into like more tangible terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put X into like more tangible terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put X into like more tangible terms
+I think I'm still sort of like trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm still sort of like trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm still sort of like trying to
+figure out what a create spr for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what a create spr for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what a create spr for example
+a uh if if boing I don't think Bo is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if if boing I don't think Bo is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if if boing I don't think Bo is a
+high yield maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield maybe maybe
+ER well let's say boing it's okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER well let's say boing it's okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER well let's say boing it's okay if
+boing borrows they're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boing borrows they're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boing borrows they're not going to be
+able to borrow the say that the 10e rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow the say that the 10e rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow the say that the 10e rate
+I'm showing it here in 10e rate spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing it here in 10e rate spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing it here in 10e rate spread
+the 10e rate the us at this moment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10e rate the us at this moment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10e rate the us at this moment is
+you know close to 4% if boing wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know close to 4% if boing wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know close to 4% if boing wants to
+borrow 10 years he's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow 10 years he's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow 10 years he's not going to be
+able to borrow at 4% they going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow at 4% they going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to borrow at 4% they going to have
+to borrow at 7% so there's a 3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow at 7% so there's a 3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow at 7% so there's a 3%
+difference that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that's
+X that's X that's great SP spread which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's X that's great SP spread which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X that's X that's great SP spread which
+is linked to the perceived probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linked to the perceived probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linked to the perceived probability
+of the fault I said it's more than it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault I said it's more than it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fault I said it's more than it's
+perceived when you say perceive is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived when you say perceive is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived when you say perceive is is
+the say the actual probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say the actual probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say the actual probability of
+theault who who knows who can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault who who knows who can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theault who who knows who can measure
+that there are again agencies that try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are again agencies that try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are again agencies that try
+to meure measure them plus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meure measure them plus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meure measure them plus whatever
+extra risk premium you want to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra risk premium you want to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra risk premium you want to put on
+top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Rel reliability of americ yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel reliability of americ yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rel reliability of americ yeah how
+unattractive it looks to lend to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattractive it looks to lend to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattractive it looks to lend to a
+corporate versus lending to the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate versus lending to the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate versus lending to the US
+government and when this LM is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and when this LM is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and when this LM is very high
+it looks very unattractive to lend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very unattractive to lend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very unattractive to lend to
+corporations and therefore you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and therefore you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and therefore you need to
+be compensated a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g5v-NvNoJQQ.txt b/g5v-NvNoJQQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e66ea9db08ea5adfec870b8a576fc0fd925b9958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g5v-NvNoJQQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14224 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lecture
+is going to continue on the lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to continue on the lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to continue on the lecture that
+you saw on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw on tuesday
+which was introducing you to causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introducing you to causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introducing you to causal
+inference so the causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so the causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so the causal inference
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+which we which we're studying in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we which we're studying in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we which we're studying in this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+is a really simplistic one from a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really simplistic one from a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really simplistic one from a causal
+graph perspective there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph perspective there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph perspective there are
+three sets of variables of interest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of variables of interest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sets of variables of interest uh
+everything you know about an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know about an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know about an individual
+or patient which we're calling x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or patient which we're calling x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or patient which we're calling x
+uh over here um an intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over here um an intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over here um an intervention
+uh or action uh which for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or action uh which for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or action uh which for today's
+lecture we're going to suppose that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to suppose that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to suppose that it's
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+zero or one so a binary intervention you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one so a binary intervention you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one so a binary intervention you
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+take it or don't and an outcome why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it or don't and an outcome why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it or don't and an outcome why
+and what makes this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what makes this problem of
+understanding the impact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the impact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the impact of the
+intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+on the outcome challenging is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outcome challenging is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outcome challenging is that we
+have to make that inference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make that inference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make that inference from
+observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data
+where we don't have the ability at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't have the ability at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't have the ability at least
+not in medicine we typically don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in medicine we typically don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in medicine we typically don't have
+the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability
+to make uh interventions actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh interventions actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make uh interventions actively
+interventions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions and
+the goal of what we will be discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of what we will be discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of what we will be discussing
+in this course is about how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course is about how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course is about how to take
+data that was collected from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that was collected from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that was collected from the
+practice of medicine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of medicine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of medicine where
+actions their interventions were taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions their interventions were taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions their interventions were taken
+and then use that to infer the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that to infer the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that to infer the something
+about the causal effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the causal effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the causal effect
+and obviously there are also randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously there are also randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously there are also randomized
+control trials where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trials where one
+intentionally does randomize um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally does randomize um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally does randomize um but
+but the focus of today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the focus of today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the focus of today's lecture is
+going to be using observational data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using observational data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using observational data
+already collected data to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already collected data to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already collected data to try to make
+these conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conclusions
+so we introduced the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduced the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we introduced the language of
+potential outcomes on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes on tuesday
+potential outcomes is the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes is the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes is the mathematical
+framework for trying to answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for trying to answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for trying to answer these
+questions then with that definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions then with that definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions then with that definition of
+potential outcomes we can define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes we can define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcomes we can define the
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+average treatment effect which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect which is the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+y1 and y0 for the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 for the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 for the individual
+x i um so you'll notice here that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i um so you'll notice here that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i um so you'll notice here that i have
+tatian so i'm treating the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tatian so i'm treating the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tatian so i'm treating the potential
+outcome as a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome as a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome as a random variable
+in case there might be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case there might be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case there might be some
+stochasticity so sometimes maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity so sometimes maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochasticity so sometimes maybe if you
+were to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to give
+someone a treatment it works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a treatment it works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone a treatment it works and
+sometimes it doesn't so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't so that's what the
+expectation is accounting for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is accounting for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is accounting for any
+questions before i move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so with respect to um this definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with respect to um this definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with respect to um this definition of
+conditional average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional average treatment effect
+then you could ask well what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could ask well what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could ask well what would
+happen an aggregate for the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen an aggregate for the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen an aggregate for the population
+and you can compute that by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can compute that by taking the
+average of the conditional average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the conditional average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the conditional average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+uh over all the individuals so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over all the individuals so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over all the individuals so that's
+just this expectation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this expectation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this expectation with respect to
+now p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now p of x
+now critically this distribution p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now critically this distribution p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now critically this distribution p of x
+you should think about as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should think about as the
+distribution of everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of everyone
+that exists um in your in in your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists um in your in in your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exists um in your in in your data
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+some of those individuals might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those individuals might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those individuals might have
+received treatment one in the past some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one in the past some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one in the past some
+of them might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them might have
+re received treatment zero but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re received treatment zero but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re received treatment zero but when we
+asked this question about the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked this question about the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked this question about the average
+treatment effect we're asking for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect we're asking for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect we're asking for both
+of those populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those populations
+what would have been the effect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been the effect what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have been the effect what
+would have been the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the difference of
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+how did they receive treatment one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they receive treatment one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they receive treatment one minus
+had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the
+risk you keep material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you keep material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk you keep material
+now i wanted to take this opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i wanted to take this opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i wanted to take this opportunity to
+start thinking a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking a little bit bigger
+picture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture about
+how causal inference uh play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how causal inference uh play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how causal inference uh play
+can be important in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be important in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be important in a variety of
+societal questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal questions
+um and uh and so i'd like to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and so i'd like to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and so i'd like to now
+spend just a couple of minutes thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend just a couple of minutes thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend just a couple of minutes thinking
+with you about what some causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you about what some causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you about what some causal
+questions might be that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions might be that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions might be that we need
+urgently need to answer about the coping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgently need to answer about the coping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgently need to answer about the coping
+19 pandemic and as you try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 pandemic and as you try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 pandemic and as you try to think
+through this these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this these questions
+i want you to have this causal graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have this causal graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have this causal graph in
+mind right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right so there
+is the the general population there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the general population there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the general population there is
+some action that you want to perform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some action that you want to perform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some action that you want to perform and
+the and the whole notion of of uh causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the whole notion of of uh causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the whole notion of of uh causal
+inference is assessing the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference is assessing the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference is assessing the effective
+action on some outcome of interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on some outcome of interest so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action on some outcome of interest so
+in trying to give the answer to my or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to give the answer to my or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to give the answer to my or
+and various answers to my questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various answers to my questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various answers to my questions of
+what are some called inference questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some called inference questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some called inference questions
+of relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relevance to
+the current uh pandemic i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current uh pandemic i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current uh pandemic i want you to
+try to frame your answers in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to frame your answers in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to frame your answers in terms of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+x t's and y's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t's and y's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t's and y's um it's
+also obviously very hard to answer using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obviously very hard to answer using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obviously very hard to answer using
+the types of techniques that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of techniques that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of techniques that we will be
+discussing in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in this course
+and partly because the techniques that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly because the techniques that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly because the techniques that
+i'm focusing on are very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm focusing on are very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm focusing on are very much
+data driven techniques that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven techniques that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data driven techniques that said
+the general framework that uh that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general framework that uh that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general framework that uh that i've
+introduced on tuesday for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced on tuesday for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced on tuesday for
+covariate adjustment um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment um of
+come up with a model and use that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a model and use that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a model and use that model
+to make a prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a prediction
+um and the and the assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the and the assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the and the assumptions that
+underlie that in terms of well where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlie that in terms of well where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlie that in terms of well where is
+that model coming from if you're fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model coming from if you're fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model coming from if you're fitting
+the parameters from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters from data
+having to have common supports in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to have common supports in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to have common supports in order
+to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+um have any trust in the down downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have any trust in the down downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have any trust in the down downstream
+conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions
+those underlying assumptions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying assumptions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those underlying assumptions and the
+general premises will still hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general premises will still hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general premises will still hold
+but here obviously when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here obviously when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here obviously when it comes to
+something like social distancing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like social distancing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like social distancing they're
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+um network effects and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um network effects and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um network effects and so
+whereas up until now we've been making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas up until now we've been making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas up until now we've been making
+the assumption of what was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of what was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption of what was called
+satva it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satva it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satva it was a
+assumption that i i probably didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that i i probably didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that i i probably didn't even
+talk about in tuesday's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in tuesday's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in tuesday's lecture
+but intuitively what's what the satsva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but intuitively what's what the satsva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but intuitively what's what the satsva
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+says is that each of your training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that each of your training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that each of your training
+examples are independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are independent of each other
+and that might make sense when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might make sense when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might make sense when you think
+about you know give a pedicab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know give a pedicab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know give a pedicab
+patient and medication or not but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and medication or not but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and medication or not but it
+certainly doesn't make sense when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doesn't make sense when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly doesn't make sense when you
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+social distancing type measures where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distancing type measures where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distancing type measures where if
+some people social distance but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people social distance but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people social distance but other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+don't it has obviously a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it has obviously a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it has obviously a very different
+impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on
+on society so one needs a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on society so one needs a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on society so one needs a different
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+of models to try to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models to try to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models to try to think about that
+which have to relax that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to relax that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have to relax that
+assumption so those were all really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so those were all really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so those were all really good
+answers to my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to my uh
+to my question um and in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my question um and in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my question um and in some sense
+now so there's the epidemiological type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's the epidemiological type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so there's the epidemiological type
+questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we
+last spoke about but the first few set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spoke about but the first few set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spoke about but the first few set
+of questions about really how does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about really how does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions about really how does one
+treat patients with um who have kovid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat patients with um who have kovid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat patients with um who have kovid
+are the types of questions that only now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the types of questions that only now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the types of questions that only now
+we can really start to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really start to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can really start to answer
+now unfortunately because we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately because we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now unfortunately because we're starting
+to get a lot of data in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of data in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a lot of data in the united
+states and internationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and internationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and internationally
+and so for for example my own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for for example my own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for for example my own personal
+research group we're starting to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group we're starting to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research group we're starting to really
+scale up our research on these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up our research on these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up our research on these types of
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+now um one very simplified example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one very simplified example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um one very simplified example
+that i wanted to give of how a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i wanted to give of how a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i wanted to give of how a causal
+inference lens can be useful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference lens can be useful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference lens can be useful here
+is by trying to understand case fatality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by trying to understand case fatality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by trying to understand case fatality
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+so for example in italy it was reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in italy it was reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in italy it was reported
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+4.3 percent of individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.3 percent of individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.3 percent of individuals who
+who had this condition passed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had this condition passed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had this condition passed away
+whereas in china it was reported that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in china it was reported that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in china it was reported that
+2.3 percent of individuals who had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 percent of individuals who had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.3 percent of individuals who had this
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+passed away now you might ask based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away now you might ask based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away now you might ask based on
+just those two numbers is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those two numbers is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those two numbers is something
+different about china for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about china for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about china for example
+might it be that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it be that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might it be that the way
+the way that uh kovit is being managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that uh kovit is being managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that uh kovit is being managed
+in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in china
+is is better than in italy you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is better than in italy you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is better than in italy you might
+also wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wonder
+if um if the strain of the disease might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if the strain of the disease might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um if the strain of the disease might
+be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different
+between uh china and italy so perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh china and italy so perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh china and italy so perhaps
+there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some
+mutations uh since uh since since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations uh since uh since since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations uh since uh since since the
+left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left one
+um but if you dig a little bit deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you dig a little bit deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you dig a little bit deeper
+you see that if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that if you plot
+case fatality rates by age group and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case fatality rates by age group and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case fatality rates by age group and you
+get this plot that i'm showing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this plot that i'm showing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this plot that i'm showing over here
+and you see that if you compare italy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that if you compare italy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that if you compare italy
+which is the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the orange
+to china which is blue now stratified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to china which is blue now stratified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to china which is blue now stratified by
+age range you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age range you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age range you see that
+for every single age range the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single age range the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single age range the
+percentage of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of um
+of of of death um deaths is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of death um deaths is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of death um deaths is
+lower in italy than in china which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in italy than in china which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in italy than in china which would
+seem to be a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be a contradiction
+with what we saw with the aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we saw with the aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we saw with the aggregate
+numbers where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where we see
+that uh the the case fatality rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the case fatality rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the the case fatality rate in
+italy is higher than in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy is higher than in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy is higher than in china
+and so the reason why this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason why this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the reason why this can happen
+has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with
+um with the fact that the populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the fact that the populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the fact that the populations
+are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different
+and by the way this paradox goes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this paradox goes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this paradox goes by the
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+of simpson's paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simpson's paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simpson's paradox
+so if you dig a bit deeper you see then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you dig a bit deeper you see then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you dig a bit deeper you see then
+that if you're to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're to look at
+well what is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the distribution of
+individuals in china and italy that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have been reported to have kovid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been reported to have kovid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been reported to have kovid
+you see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in
+italy it's much more highly weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy it's much more highly weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+italy it's much more highly weighted
+towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+these older age ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these older age ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these older age ages
+and if you then combine that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you then combine that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you then combine that with
+the total number of cases you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of cases you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of cases you get
+you get to these discrepancies um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to these discrepancies um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to these discrepancies um so it
+now fully explains these two numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fully explains these two numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fully explains these two numbers in
+the in the plot that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plot that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plot that you see
+now if we were to try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we were to try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we were to try to think about
+this bit more formally we would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit more formally we would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit more formally we would try to
+formalize it in terms of following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize it in terms of following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize it in terms of following
+causal graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph
+and so here um we have the same notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here um we have the same notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here um we have the same notions
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x t and y where x is uh the age of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and y where x is uh the age of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and y where x is uh the age of an
+individual who has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual who has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual who has been
+diagnosed with uh with kovid t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with uh with kovid t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed with uh with kovid t
+is now country so we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now country so we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now country so we're going to think
+about the uh the intervention here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh the intervention here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh the intervention here as
+sort of transporting ourselves from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transporting ourselves from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transporting ourselves from
+china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china
+to italy so thinking about changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to italy so thinking about changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to italy so thinking about changing the
+environment altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment altogether
+and why is the outcome on an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is the outcome on an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is the outcome on an individual
+level basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level basis
+and so the formal question that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the formal question that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the formal question that one
+might want to ask is about the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to ask is about the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to ask is about the causal
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact
+of changing the country on the outcome y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing the country on the outcome y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of changing the country on the outcome y
+now for this particular causal question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this particular causal question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this particular causal question
+this causal graph that i'm drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this causal graph that i'm drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this causal graph that i'm drawing here
+is the wrong one and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wrong one and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wrong one and in fact
+the right causal graph probably has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right causal graph probably has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right causal graph probably has an
+edge that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge that goes from
+t to x in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to x in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t to x in particular
+the distribution of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of individuals
+in the country is obviously a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country is obviously a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country is obviously a function
+of the country not the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country not the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country not the other way around
+um but despite the fact that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but despite the fact that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but despite the fact that there is
+that one that difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that difference in
+directionality all of the techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality all of the techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality all of the techniques
+that we've been teaching you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been teaching you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been teaching you in this
+course are still applicable for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are still applicable for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are still applicable for trying
+to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask
+um a causal question about the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a causal question about the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a causal question about the impact of
+intervening on on a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening on on a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening on on a country
+um and that's really because the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's really because the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's really because the um
+uh in some sense these two distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some sense these two distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some sense these two distributions
+at an observational level are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an observational level are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an observational level are equivalent
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and if you want to dig a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to dig a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to dig a little bit
+deeper into this example and and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into this example and and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into this example and and i
+guess i want to stress that as a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i want to stress that as a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i want to stress that as a just
+for educational purposes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educational purposes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educational purposes um
+uh i don't read anything into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't read anything into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't read anything into these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+uh i i would go to this collab notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i would go to this collab notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i would go to this collab notebook
+after the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the course so
+um so all of this was just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of this was just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of this was just a little bit
+of setup to help frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of setup to help frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of setup to help frame
+where causal inference shows up in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where causal inference shows up in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where causal inference shows up in uh
+and some things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that we've been
+thinking and and really very worried and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and and really very worried and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and and really very worried and
+stressed about ourselves personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed about ourselves personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed about ourselves personally
+recently um and i want to now shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and i want to now shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um and i want to now shift
+gears to starting to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears to starting to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears to starting to get back to the
+course material and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course material and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course material and and
+in particular i want to start today's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i want to start today's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular i want to start today's um
+more theoretical parts of the lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more theoretical parts of the lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more theoretical parts of the lecture is
+by returning to covariate adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by returning to covariate adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by returning to covariate adjustment
+which we ended on on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we ended on on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we ended on on tuesday
+in covert adjustment one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in covert adjustment one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in covert adjustment one um
+will use a machine learning approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use a machine learning approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use a machine learning approach to
+learn some model which i'll call f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some model which i'll call f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some model which i'll call f so
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+you can imagine a black box machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a black box machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a black box machine
+learning algorithm which takes the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm which takes the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm which takes the input
+both x and t so x are your covariates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both x and t so x are your covariates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both x and t so x are your covariates of
+the individual that are going to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual that are going to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual that are going to receive
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the treatment and t is that treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment and t is that treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment and t is that treatment
+decision which for today's lecture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which for today's lecture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision which for today's lecture you
+can just assume is binary zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just assume is binary zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just assume is binary zero one
+and uses those together now to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses those together now to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses those together now to predict
+the outcome y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome y
+now what we showed in tuesday that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we showed in tuesday that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we showed in tuesday that is
+was that under ignorability where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that under ignorability where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that under ignorability where
+ignorability remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorability remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorability remember
+was the assumption of no hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the assumption of no hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the assumption of no hidden
+confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding
+then the conditional average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conditional average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the conditional average treatment
+effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um
+could be defined uh as just a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be defined uh as just a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be defined uh as just a difference
+could be could be computed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be computed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be computed as
+the expectation of y one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of y one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of y one now
+condition on t equals one so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on t equals one so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on t equals one so this is the
+piece that i've added in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that i've added in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that i've added in here and
+minus the the expectation of y zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the the expectation of y zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the the expectation of y zero now
+conditioned on t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on t equals zero
+and it's that conditioning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that conditioning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that conditioning which is
+really important because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because that's what
+enables you to estimate why one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to estimate why one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables you to estimate why one
+from data where treatment one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data where treatment one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data where treatment one was
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+whereas you never get to observe why one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you never get to observe why one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you never get to observe why one
+in data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in data
+when treatment zero was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when treatment zero was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when treatment zero was what was
+performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed
+so we have this formula and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this formula and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this formula and after
+fitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting that
+model f one could then use it to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model f one could then use it to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model f one could then use it to try to
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+kate by just taking that learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate by just taking that learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate by just taking that learned
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+plugging in the the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the the number one
+for the treatment variable uh in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the treatment variable uh in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the treatment variable uh in order
+to get your estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your estimate of
+this expectation and then plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation and then plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation and then plugging in
+the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+zero for the treatment variable when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the treatment variable when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for the treatment variable when you
+want to get your estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get your estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get your estimate of
+this distribution of this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution of this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution of this expectation
+taking the difference between those then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference between those then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the difference between those then
+gives you your estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you your estimate of the
+conditional average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so that's the approach and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's the approach and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's the approach and what we
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+talk about so much was the modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so much was the modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about so much was the modeling
+choices of what should your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of what should your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of what should your function
+class be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class be
+so this is going to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to turn out to be
+really important and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and really
+the punch line of the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line of the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line of the next several
+slides is going to be a major difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is going to be a major difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides is going to be a major difference
+in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy
+between machine learning and statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between machine learning and statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between machine learning and statistics
+and between prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between prediction
+and causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's now consider the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now consider the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now consider the following
+simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+where i'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm going to assume that
+the ground truth in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth in the real world
+has that the potential outcome y t of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that the potential outcome y t of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that the potential outcome y t of x
+where t again is that is the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where t again is that is the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where t again is that is the treatment
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+um some simple linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some simple linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some simple linear model
+involving the covariate x and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the covariate x and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the covariate x and the
+treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatments
+t the treatment t so in this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the treatment t so in this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the treatment t so in this very simple
+setting i'm going to assume that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting i'm going to assume that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting i'm going to assume that we just
+have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+feature or covariate for the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature or covariate for the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature or covariate for the individual
+which is their age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is their age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is their age
+i'm going to assume that this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume that this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume that this model
+doesn't have any terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any terms
+with an interaction between x and t so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an interaction between x and t so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an interaction between x and t so
+it's fully linear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully linear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully linear and
+x and t so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t so
+this is an assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an assumption about the
+true potential outcomes and what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true potential outcomes and what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true potential outcomes and what we'll
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+over the next couple of slides is think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of slides is think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the next couple of slides is think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+what would happen if you now modeled y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you now modeled y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen if you now modeled y
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+so modeling it with some function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so modeling it with some function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so modeling it with some function f
+where f was let's say a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f was let's say a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f was let's say a linear function
+versus a non-linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a non-linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a non-linear function
+if f took this form or a different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f took this form or a different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f took this form or a different form
+and by the way i'm going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way i'm going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way i'm going to assume that
+the noise here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise here
+epsilon t can be arbitrary but that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon t can be arbitrary but that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon t can be arbitrary but that it
+has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero
+mean so let's get started by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so let's get started by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so let's get started by trying to
+estimate what the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the true
+kate is or conditional average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate is or conditional average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate is or conditional average treatment
+effect for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for this
+uh for this potential outcome model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this potential outcome model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this potential outcome model
+well just by definition the case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just by definition the case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just by definition the case is the
+expectation of y one minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y one minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of y one minus y
+zero we're going to take this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to take this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're going to take this formula
+and we're going to plug it in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to plug it in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to plug it in for
+um for the first term using t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the first term using t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the first term using t
+equals one and that's why you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that's why you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and that's why you get this
+term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term over here
+with a gamma and the gamma is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gamma and the gamma is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gamma and the gamma is because
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+t is equal to one we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is equal to one we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is equal to one we're also going to
+take this and we're going to plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and we're going to plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this and we're going to plug it in
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+now this term over here where t is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this term over here where t is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this term over here where t is equal
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+and when t is equal to zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when t is equal to zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when t is equal to zero then the
+gamma term just disappears and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma term just disappears and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma term just disappears and so what
+you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get
+beta x plus epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta x plus epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta x plus epsilon zero
+all right so all i've done so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so all i've done so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so all i've done so far is
+plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the
+y1 and y0 according to the assumed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 according to the assumed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 according to the assumed form
+but notice now that there's some terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice now that there's some terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice now that there's some terms
+that cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancel out
+in particular the beta x term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the beta x term over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the beta x term over here
+cancels out with a beta x term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out with a beta x term over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out with a beta x term over here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+because epsilon one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because epsilon one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because epsilon one has
+a zero mean and epsilon zero also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero mean and epsilon zero also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero mean and epsilon zero also has a
+zero mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean
+the only thing left is that gamma term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing left is that gamma term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing left is that gamma term
+an expectation of a constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of a constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of a constant is
+obviously that constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that constant
+and so what we conclude from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we conclude from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we conclude from this is
+that the kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kate
+value is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the average treatment effect which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the average treatment effect which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the average treatment effect which
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+average of kate over all individuals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of kate over all individuals x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of kate over all individuals x
+will then also be gamma obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then also be gamma obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then also be gamma obviously
+okay so we've done something pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've done something pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've done something pretty
+interesting here we started from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here we started from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here we started from the
+assumption that the true potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the true potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that the true potential
+outcome model is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome model is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome model is linear
+and what we concluded is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we concluded is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we concluded is that the
+average treatment effect is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect is precisely
+the coefficient of the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of the treatment
+variable in this linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what that what that means is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that what that means is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that what that means is that if
+what you're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're interested in is
+causal inference and suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference and suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference and suppose that
+we were lucky enough to know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were lucky enough to know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were lucky enough to know that the
+true model were linear and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true model were linear and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true model were linear and so we
+attempted to fit some function f which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to fit some function f which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to fit some function f which
+had precisely the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had precisely the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had precisely the same form
+we get some beta hats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get some beta hats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get some beta hats and
+some gamma hats out from the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gamma hats out from the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gamma hats out from the learning
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+all we need to do is look at that gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is look at that gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is look at that gamma
+hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat
+in order to conclude something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to conclude something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to conclude something about the
+average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average treatment effect
+no need to do this complicated thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to do this complicated thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to do this complicated thing of
+plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in
+um to estimate kate um and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to estimate kate um and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to estimate kate um and again the
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+it's such a trivial conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a trivial conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a trivial conclusion is
+because of our assumption of linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumption of linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of our assumption of linearity
+now what that also means is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that also means is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what that also means is that if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+errors in learning in particular suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in learning in particular suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in learning in particular suppose
+for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that
+you are estimating your gamma hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are estimating your gamma hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are estimating your gamma hat
+wrongly then that means you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly then that means you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrongly then that means you're also
+going to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting
+wrong your estimates of your condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong your estimates of your condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong your estimates of your condition
+of your conditional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your conditional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your conditional and
+average treatment effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a question here which i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question here which i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question here which i was
+lucky enough to see that says what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky enough to see that says what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky enough to see that says what does
+gamma represent in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma represent in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma represent in terms of the
+medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication
+um thank you for that question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thank you for that question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thank you for that question so
+gamma is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well literally speaking gamma tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well literally speaking gamma tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well literally speaking gamma tells you
+the conditional average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional average treatment effect
+meaning um if you were to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning um if you were to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning um if you were to give
+the treatment versus not giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment versus not giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment versus not giving the
+treatment how that affects the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment how that affects the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment how that affects the outcome
+think about the outcome of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the outcome of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the outcome of interest
+being the patient's blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the patient's blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the patient's blood pressure
+there being confounding potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being confounding potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being confounding potential
+confounding factor of the patient's age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding factor of the patient's age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding factor of the patient's age
+and t being one of two different blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t being one of two different blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t being one of two different blood
+pressure measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure measurements
+if gamma is um positive then it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gamma is um positive then it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if gamma is um positive then it means
+that treatment one is more effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment one is more effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment one is more effect
+treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one
+increases the patient's blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the patient's blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the patient's blood pressure
+relative to treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to treatment zero
+and if a gamma is negative it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a gamma is negative it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a gamma is negative it means that
+that treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that treatment one
+decreases the patient's blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the patient's blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases the patient's blood pressure
+relative to treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if one so in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one so in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one so in machine learning
+oh uh sorry there's another chat ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh sorry there's another chat ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh uh sorry there's another chat ah
+thank you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you good
+um so in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in machine learning
+i typically tell my students don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i typically tell my students don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i typically tell my students don't
+attempt to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to interpret
+your coefficients or at least don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coefficients or at least don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coefficients or at least don't
+interpret them too much don't put too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them too much don't put too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them too much don't put too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+um weight into them and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um weight into them and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um weight into them and that's because
+when you're learning very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're learning very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're learning very high
+dimensional models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional models
+there could be a lot of redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a lot of redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a lot of redundancy
+between your features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your features
+but when you talk to statisticians often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you talk to statisticians often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you talk to statisticians often
+they pay really close attention to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay really close attention to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay really close attention to their
+coefficients and they try to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they try to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and they try to interpret
+those coefficients often with the causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients often with the causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those coefficients often with the causal
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+and when i first got it started in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i first got it started in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i first got it started in this
+field i couldn't understand why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field i couldn't understand why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field i couldn't understand why are they
+paying attention to those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to those coefficients
+so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much
+why are they coming up with these causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they coming up with these causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are they coming up with these causal
+hypotheses based on which coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses based on which coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses based on which coefficients
+are positive which are the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive which are the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive which are the negative
+and this is the answer it really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the answer it really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the answer it really comes
+down to in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to in a
+in turn an interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn an interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn an interpretation of the
+prediction problem in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction problem in terms of
+the feature of relevance being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature of relevance being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feature of relevance being a
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+it that treatment being linear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that treatment being linear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that treatment being linear with
+respect to the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the potential outcome
+and then looking at the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking at the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking at the coefficient of
+the treatment as telling you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment as telling you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment as telling you something
+about the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the average
+treatment effect of that intervention or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of that intervention or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of that intervention or
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+moreover that also tells us why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover that also tells us why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover that also tells us why it's
+often very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very important
+to look at confidence intervals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at confidence intervals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at confidence intervals so
+so one might want to know okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one might want to know okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one might want to know okay we have
+some small data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small data set
+we get some estimate of uh of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get some estimate of uh of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get some estimate of uh of uh
+of gamma hat but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma hat but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma hat but what
+if you had a different data set so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a different data set so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a different data set so what
+happens if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you had
+a new sample of this 100 data points how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new sample of this 100 data points how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new sample of this 100 data points how
+would your estimated gamma hat vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your estimated gamma hat vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would your estimated gamma hat vary
+and so you might be interested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might be interested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you might be interested for
+example in confidence intervals like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in confidence intervals like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in confidence intervals like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that says that gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that says that gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that says that gamma
+hat is between let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is between let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat is between let's say
+um is let's say between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is let's say between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is let's say between
+you know uh one and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh one and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh one and let's say
+maybe uh 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh 0.5
+with probability uh 0.95 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability uh 0.95 that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability uh 0.95 that would be
+an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a
+a confidence interval around gamma hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confidence interval around gamma hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confidence interval around gamma hat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and such a confidence interval then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such a confidence interval then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such a confidence interval then
+gives you a constant confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a constant confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a constant confidence interval
+around the coefficients then gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the coefficients then gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the coefficients then gives you
+confidence intervals around the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals around the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals around the average
+treatment effect via this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect via this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect via this analysis
+so the second observation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second observation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second observation is
+what happens if the true model isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the true model isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the true model isn't
+linear but we hadn't realized that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but we hadn't realized that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but we hadn't realized that as a
+modeler and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeler and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeler and we had
+just assumed that well you know a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that well you know a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assumed that well you know a linear
+model is probably good enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is probably good enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is probably good enough and
+maybe even a linear model gets pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a linear model gets pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a linear model gets pretty
+good prediction performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good prediction performance
+well let's look at sort of the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at sort of the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's look at sort of the extreme
+example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+let's now assume that the tr the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now assume that the tr the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's now assume that the tr the true
+data generating process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data generating process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data generating process
+instead of being just beta x plus gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being just beta x plus gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of being just beta x plus gamma
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+we're going to add in now a new term um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add in now a new term um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to add in now a new term um
+delta times x squared now this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta times x squared now this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta times x squared now this is sort
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+this is the most naive extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most naive extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most naive extension
+of the original linear model that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original linear model that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original linear model that you
+can imagine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine because
+i'm not even adding any interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even adding any interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not even adding any interaction
+terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms like
+you know 10 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 times x
+t so no interaction terms involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so no interaction terms involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so no interaction terms involving
+treatment and covariate treatment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and covariate treatment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and covariate treatment is
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+the potential outcome is still linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome is still linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential outcome is still linear in
+treatment we're just adding a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment we're just adding a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment we're just adding a single
+non-linear term involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear term involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linear term involving
+one of the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the features
+now if you compute the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you compute the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you compute the average treatment
+effect via the same analysis we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect via the same analysis we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect via the same analysis we did
+before you'll again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you'll again
+find our treatment effect is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our treatment effect is gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our treatment effect is gamma
+let's suppose now that we hadn't known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose now that we hadn't known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose now that we hadn't known
+that there was that delta x squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was that delta x squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was that delta x squared term
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+and we hypothesized that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hypothesized that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hypothesized that the potential
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+um was given to you by this linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was given to you by this linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was given to you by this linear model
+involving x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving x and t
+and i'm going to use y hat denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use y hat denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to use y hat denote that
+that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+function family that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function family that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function family that we're going to be
+fitting so we now fit that beta hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting so we now fit that beta hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting so we now fit that beta hat and
+gamma hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat
+and if you had infinite data drawn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had infinite data drawn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you had infinite data drawn from
+this true generating process which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true generating process which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this true generating process which is
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+unknown what one can show is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown what one can show is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown what one can show is that the
+gamma hat that you would estimate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat that you would estimate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat that you would estimate using
+any reasonable estimator like a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reasonable estimator like a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reasonable estimator like a least
+squares estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares estimator
+is actually equal to gamma the true ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to gamma the true ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to gamma the true ate
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+plus delta times this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta times this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta times this term
+and notice that this term does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that this term does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that this term does not
+depend on beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on beta
+or gamma what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gamma what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or gamma what this means is
+depending on delta your gamma hat could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on delta your gamma hat could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on delta your gamma hat could
+be made arbitrarily large or arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made arbitrarily large or arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made arbitrarily large or arbitrarily
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+so for example if delta is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if delta is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if delta is very large
+gamma hat might become positive when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat might become positive when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma hat might become positive when
+gamma might have been negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma might have been negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma might have been negative and so
+your conclusions about the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions about the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conclusions about the average
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+effect could be completely wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect could be completely wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect could be completely wrong
+and this should scare you right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should scare you right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this should scare you right this is
+the thing which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing which makes
+using covariate adjustment so dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using covariate adjustment so dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using covariate adjustment so dangerous
+which is that if you're making the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if you're making the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if you're making the wrong
+assumptions about the true potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the true potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about the true potential
+outcomes you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes you could get
+very very wrong conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very wrong conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very wrong conclusions
+so because of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of that one
+typically wants to live in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically wants to live in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically wants to live in a world where
+you don't have to make many assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to make many assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to make many assumptions
+about the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form
+so that you can try to fit the data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can try to fit the data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can try to fit the data as
+well as possible so here you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as possible so here you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as possible so here you see that
+there's this nonlinear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nonlinear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this nonlinear term
+well obviously if you had used some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously if you had used some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously if you had used some
+nonlinear modeling algorithm like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear modeling algorithm like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear modeling algorithm like a
+neural network or maybe a random forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network or maybe a random forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network or maybe a random forest
+then it would have the potential to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would have the potential to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would have the potential to fit
+that nonlinear function and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nonlinear function and then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nonlinear function and then maybe
+wouldn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get
+caught in this in the same trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in this in the same trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught in this in the same trap
+and there are a variety of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of machine
+learning algorithms that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that have been
+applied to causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to causal inference
+um everything from random forests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything from random forests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everything from random forests and
+bayesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bayesian
+additive regression trees to algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive regression trees to algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive regression trees to algorithms
+like gaussian processes and jupiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaussian processes and jupiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaussian processes and jupiter
+networks i'll just briefly highlight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks i'll just briefly highlight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks i'll just briefly highlight the
+last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two
+so gaussian processes are very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gaussian processes are very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gaussian processes are very often
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to
+model continuous valued potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model continuous valued potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model continuous valued potential
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+and a couple of ways in which they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of ways in which they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of ways in which they can
+be done so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done so for example
+um one class of models might treat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one class of models might treat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one class of models might treat uh
+y1 and y0 as two separate gelding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 as two separate gelding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y0 as two separate gelding
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes
+and fit those two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit those two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit those two um
+to the data a different approach shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data a different approach shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data a different approach shown
+on the right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right here
+would be to treat uh would be to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to treat uh would be to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to treat uh would be to treat
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+why as um treat x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as um treat x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why as um treat x and t
+as treat t as an additional covariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as treat t as an additional covariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as treat t as an additional covariate
+so now you have x and t as your features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have x and t as your features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have x and t as your features
+and fit a gaussian process for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit a gaussian process for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fit a gaussian process for that
+joint model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when it comes to neural networks no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to neural networks no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to neural networks no
+networks had had been used in cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks had had been used in cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks had had been used in cultural
+imprints going back about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprints going back about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imprints going back about
+20 30 years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 30 years but
+but really started catching on um a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really started catching on um a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really started catching on um a few
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+um with a paper that i wrote in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a paper that i wrote in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a paper that i wrote in my in my
+group as being one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group as being one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group as being one of the earliest
+papers from this recent generation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers from this recent generation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers from this recent generation of
+using neural networks for causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using neural networks for causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using neural networks for causal
+inference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference and
+one of the things that we found to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we found to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that we found to work
+very effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effectively
+is to use a joint model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a joint model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a joint model
+for predicting the causal effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting the causal effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting the causal effect so
+we're going to be learning a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be learning a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be learning a model that
+takes as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes as an
+f that takes an input um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that takes an input um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that takes an input um
+x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and t
+and has to predict why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has to predict why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has to predict why
+and the advantage of that is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage of that is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage of that is that it's
+going to allow us to share parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to share parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to allow us to share parameters
+across your t equals 1 and t equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across your t equals 1 and t equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across your t equals 1 and t equals 0
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples
+but rather than feeding in x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than feeding in x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than feeding in x and t
+in your first layer of your neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your first layer of your neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your first layer of your neural
+network we're only going to feed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network we're only going to feed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network we're only going to feed in
+x in the fir in in the initial layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the fir in in the initial layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the fir in in the initial layer of
+the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+and we're going to learn a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to learn a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to learn a shared
+representation which is going to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is going to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is going to be used
+for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both
+predicting t equals zero and t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting t equals zero and t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting t equals zero and t equals
+one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then
+for predicting t zero for predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting t zero for predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting t zero for predicting
+when t is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when t is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when t is equal to zero
+we use um a different head from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use um a different head from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use um a different head from
+predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting
+t equals one so um f zero is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one so um f zero is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one so um f zero is a function
+that concatenates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concatenates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concatenates this
+these shared layers with several new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shared layers with several new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shared layers with several new
+layers used to predict uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers used to predict uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers used to predict uh
+for for when t is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when t is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when t is equal to zero and
+analogously for one and we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogously for one and we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogously for one and we found that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh that architecture works substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that architecture works substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that architecture works substantially
+better than the naive architectures when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the naive architectures when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the naive architectures when
+doing causal inference on several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing causal inference on several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing causal inference on several
+different benchmark data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different benchmark data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different benchmark data sets
+now the last thing i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing i want to talk about
+when it uh for covariate adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it uh for covariate adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it uh for covariate adjustment
+before i move on to a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i move on to a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i move on to a new set of
+techniques um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques um
+is a method called matching that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a method called matching that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a method called matching that is
+intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively
+very pleasing um it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleasing um it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleasing um it's a very
+see would seem to be a really natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see would seem to be a really natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see would seem to be a really natural
+approach to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to do
+causal inference and at first glance may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference and at first glance may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal inference and at first glance may
+look like it has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it has nothing to do with
+covariate adjustment technique what i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment technique what i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment technique what i'll
+do now is i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is i'm going to
+first introduce you to the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduce you to the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introduce you to the matching
+technique and then i will show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and then i will show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and then i will show you that
+it actually is precisely identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is precisely identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is precisely identical to
+query adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query adjustment
+um with a particular assumption of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a particular assumption of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with a particular assumption of what
+the functional family for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional family for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional family for f
+is so not gaussian browsers is not deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so not gaussian browsers is not deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so not gaussian browsers is not deep
+no networks but it'll be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no networks but it'll be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no networks but it'll be something
+else so before i get into that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so before i get into that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so before i get into that what is
+matching as a technique for causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching as a technique for causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching as a technique for causal
+inference well the key idea of matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference well the key idea of matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference well the key idea of matching
+is to use each individual's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use each individual's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use each individual's
+twin to try to get some intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin to try to get some intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin to try to get some intuition about
+what their potential outcome might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their potential outcome might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their potential outcome might have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+so um i created these slides a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i created these slides a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um i created these slides a few years
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+uh when president obama was in office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when president obama was in office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when president obama was in office
+and you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might imagine
+um you know this is the the actual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is the the actual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is the the actual uh
+president obama who did go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president obama who did go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president obama who did go to
+law school you might imagine who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law school you might imagine who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law school you might imagine who
+might have been that other president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been that other president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been that other president
+you know what would president obama have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would president obama have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would president obama have
+been like had he not gone to law school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like had he not gone to law school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been like had he not gone to law school
+but let's say gone to business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say gone to business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say gone to business school
+so you can now imagine trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now imagine trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can now imagine trying to find
+your data is at someone else who looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data is at someone else who looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data is at someone else who looks
+just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+uh barack obama but who instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh barack obama but who instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh barack obama but who instead of going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+law school went to business school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law school went to business school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law school went to business school and
+then you would then ask the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would then ask the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would then ask the following
+question for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for example
+um would this individual have gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would this individual have gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would this individual have gone to
+become a president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a president
+had he gone to law school versus had he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had he gone to law school versus had he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had he gone to law school versus had he
+gone to business school if you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to business school if you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to business school if you find
+someone else who's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else who's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else who's just like
+barack obama who went to business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barack obama who went to business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barack obama who went to business school
+looked to see did that person become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked to see did that person become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked to see did that person become
+president eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president eventually
+that would in some sense give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in some sense give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in some sense give you that
+counter factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual
+obviously this is a contrived example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is a contrived example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is a contrived example
+because uh you would never get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you would never get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you would never get the
+sample size to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size to see that
+so that's the general idea and and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea and and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea and and now
+i'll show it to you in a picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show it to you in a picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show it to you in a picture so
+here now we have two covariates or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we have two covariates or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now we have two covariates or
+features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+a patient's age and their charleston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient's age and their charleston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient's age and their charleston
+chromabidity index and this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromabidity index and this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromabidity index and this is some
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+of how many uh what types of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how many uh what types of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how many uh what types of conditions
+or comorbidities the patient might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comorbidities the patient might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comorbidities the patient might have
+like do they have diabetes do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do they have diabetes do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do they have diabetes do they have
+hypertension and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension and so on
+and notably what i'm what i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notably what i'm what i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notably what i'm what i'm not
+showing you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you here
+is the outcome y all i'm showing you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the outcome y all i'm showing you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the outcome y all i'm showing you are
+the original data points and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data points and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data points and what
+treatment did they receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment did they receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment did they receive
+so blue are the individuals who received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blue are the individuals who received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so blue are the individuals who received
+the control treatment or t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control treatment or t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control treatment or t
+was zero and red are the individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero and red are the individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was zero and red are the individuals who
+received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received
+treatment one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one so
+you can imagine trying to find nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine trying to find nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine trying to find nearest
+neighbors for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors for example the
+nearest neighbor to this data point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor to this data point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor to this data point over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is this blue point over here and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue point over here and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue point over here and so you
+wanted if you wanted to know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted to know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted to know okay
+well what we observe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we observe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we observe some
+y one for this individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one for this individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one for this individual
+we observed some y zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed some y zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed some y zero
+for this individual and if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this individual and if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this individual and if you wanted to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+well what would have happened to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would have happened to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what would have happened to this
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+if they had received treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had received treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had received treatment zero
+instead of treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of treatment one
+well you could just look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could just look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could just look at what
+happened to this blue point and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this blue point and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this blue point and say okay
+that's what would have happened to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what would have happened to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what would have happened to this
+red point because they're very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red point because they're very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red point because they're very close to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+any questions about what matching would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what matching would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about what matching would
+do before i define it formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before i define it formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do before i define it formally
+all right i'll uh yep okay good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'll uh yep okay good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'll uh yep okay good one
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if the nearest neighbor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the nearest neighbor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the nearest neighbor is
+extremely far away okay that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely far away okay that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely far away okay that's a great
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+so you can imagine that you have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that you have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that you have one
+red data point over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red data point over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red data point over here
+and no blue data points nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no blue data points nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no blue data points nearby
+the matching approach wouldn't work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching approach wouldn't work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching approach wouldn't work very
+well so this data point the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this data point the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this data point the nearest
+neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+is this blue point over here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue point over here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this blue point over here which
+intuitively is very far from this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is very far from this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively is very far from this red
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and so um if we were to estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um if we were to estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um if we were to estimate this
+red point's counterfactual using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red point's counterfactual using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red point's counterfactual using that
+blue point we're likely to get a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue point we're likely to get a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue point we're likely to get a very
+bad estimate and in fact that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad estimate and in fact that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad estimate and in fact that is going
+to be one of the challenges of matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the challenges of matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one of the challenges of matching
+based approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches
+it's going to work really well in a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work really well in a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work really well in a high
+dimensional setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional setting
+where um where you can imagine or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where you can imagine or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um where you can imagine or sorry
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+large sample it's going to work very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample it's going to work very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample it's going to work very
+well in a large sample setting where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a large sample setting where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a large sample setting where you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+hope that you're likely to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you're likely to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that you're likely to observe
+a counterfactual for every individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterfactual for every individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a counterfactual for every individual
+and it won't work well if you have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't work well if you have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it won't work well if you have very
+limited data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited data
+and of course all this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course all this is going to be
+subject to the assumption of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the assumption of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the assumption of common
+support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support
+so one question is about how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is about how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is about how does that
+translate into high dimensions the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into high dimensions the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate into high dimensions the short
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+not very well we'll get back to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very well we'll get back to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very well we'll get back to that in
+a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+can a single data point appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a single data point appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can a single data point appear in
+multiple matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple matchings
+um yes uh and i will i'll define in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes uh and i will i'll define in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes uh and i will i'll define in just
+a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+uh how and why it won't be a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how and why it won't be a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how and why it won't be a strict
+matching um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching um
+are we trying to find a counter factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we trying to find a counter factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we trying to find a counter factual
+for each treated observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each treated observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each treated observation
+for or one for each control observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for or one for each control observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for or one for each control observation
+i'll answer that in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll answer that in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll answer that in just a second
+and finally is it common for medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally is it common for medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally is it common for medical
+data sets to find such matching pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets to find such matching pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets to find such matching pairs
+i'm going to reinterpret that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to reinterpret that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to reinterpret that question
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+saying is this technique used often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is this technique used often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is this technique used often in
+medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+and the answer is yes it's used all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes it's used all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes it's used all the
+time in clinical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in clinical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in clinical research
+despite the fact that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that um
+biostatisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatisticians
+for quite a few years now have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years now have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for quite a few years now have been
+trying to argue that folks should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to argue that folks should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to argue that folks should not
+use this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique
+for reasons that you'll see shortly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that you'll see shortly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasons that you'll see shortly so
+it's widely used it's very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely used it's very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely used it's very intuitive
+which is why i'm teaching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i'm teaching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why i'm teaching it
+and it's going to fit into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to fit into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to fit into a very
+general framework as you'll see in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general framework as you'll see in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general framework as you'll see in just
+a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment
+which will give you the natural solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you the natural solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you the natural solution
+for the problems i'm going to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problems i'm going to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the problems i'm going to erase
+so moving on and then i'll return to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on and then i'll return to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving on and then i'll return to any
+remaining questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here i'll define uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'll define uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'll define uh one of
+what one way of doing counterfactual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one way of doing counterfactual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one way of doing counterfactual
+inference using matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference using matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference using matching
+and it's going to start of course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to start of course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to start of course by
+assuming that we have some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have some distance
+metric d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric d
+between individuals then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between individuals then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between individuals then
+we're going to say for each individual i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say for each individual i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say for each individual i
+let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let
+j of i be the other individual j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of i be the other individual j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j of i be the other individual j
+obviously different from i who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously different from i who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously different from i who is
+closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest
+to i but critically closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i but critically closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i but critically closest
+but has a different treatment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has a different treatment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has a different treatment so
+where ti is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ti is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where ti is different
+from tj okay and again i'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tj okay and again i'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tj okay and again i'm assuming
+binary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary so
+so that tj is either zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tj is either zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tj is either zero or one
+with that definition then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that definition then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that definition then we're going to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+that the estimate we're going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the estimate we're going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the estimate we're going to define
+our estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate
+of the conditional average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditional average treatment
+effect for an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for an individual
+is whatever their actual observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever their actual observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever their actual observed
+outcome was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome was
+this i'm going to give for an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm going to give for an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm going to give for an individual
+that actually received treatment one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually received treatment one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually received treatment one so
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+y one and the reason it's y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one and the reason it's y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one and the reason it's y i
+um minus the imputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus the imputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um minus the imputed
+counter factual corresponding to t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual corresponding to t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual corresponding to t is
+equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero
+and the way we get that computed down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we get that computed down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we get that computed down to
+counter factual is by trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual is by trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual is by trying to find
+that nearest neighbor who received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nearest neighbor who received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nearest neighbor who received
+treatment to zero instead of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to zero instead of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to zero instead of treatment
+one and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and looking at
+their y and obviously if t i is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their y and obviously if t i is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their y and obviously if t i is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+then we're going to use the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use the observed
+y i now over here instead of over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i now over here instead of over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y i now over here instead of over there
+because it corresponds to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it corresponds to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it corresponds to y
+zero and where we need to impute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and where we need to impute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and where we need to impute
+y one um capital y one the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one um capital y one the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y one um capital y one the potential
+outcome y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome y1
+we're going to use the observed outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the observed outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the observed outcome
+from the nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nearest neighbor
+of individual i who received treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual i who received treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual i who received treatment
+1 instead of 0. all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 instead of 0. all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 instead of 0. all right so this
+mathematically is what i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is what i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is what i mean
+by our matching based estimator and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our matching based estimator and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our matching based estimator and this
+also should answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also should answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also should answer the question
+one of the questions which was raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions which was raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions which was raised
+which is does it do you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is does it do you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is does it do you really need to
+have a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a matching
+or could a data point be used uh could a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could a data point be used uh could a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could a data point be used uh could a
+data point be matched to multiple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point be matched to multiple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point be matched to multiple other
+data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+and indeed here you see that answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed here you see that answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed here you see that answer that
+last question is yes because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question is yes because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last question is yes because you could
+have a setting where for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a setting where for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a setting where for example
+there are um two red points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um two red points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um two red points here
+and i can't draw blue but i'll just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't draw blue but i'll just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can't draw blue but i'll just use
+a square for what i would have drawn as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square for what i would have drawn as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square for what i would have drawn as
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+and then everything else is very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything else is very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything else is very far
+away and for both of these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and for both of these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and for both of these red
+points this blue point is the uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this blue point is the uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points this blue point is the uh is the
+closest neighbor so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbor so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbor so both of
+both of the counterfactual estimates um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the counterfactual estimates um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the counterfactual estimates um
+for these two points would be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two points would be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two points would be using the
+same blue point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same blue point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same blue point
+so that's the answer to that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer to that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the answer to that question
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i'm just going to rewrite this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to rewrite this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to rewrite this in a
+little bit more convenient form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more convenient form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more convenient form so
+i'll take this formula shown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take this formula shown over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take this formula shown over here
+and you can rewrite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can rewrite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can rewrite that
+as y i minus yji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y i minus yji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y i minus yji
+but you have to just flip the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to just flip the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to just flip the sign
+depending on whether ti is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether ti is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether ti is equal to one
+or zero and so that's what this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero and so that's what this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero and so that's what this term is
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+um if ti is equal to one then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if ti is equal to one then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if ti is equal to one then this
+evaluates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to
+one if ti is equal to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if ti is equal to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if ti is equal to zero this
+evaluates to minus one it flips the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to minus one it flips the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates to minus one it flips the sign
+so now that we have the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that we have the definition of
+kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kate
+we can get the debt we can now easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the debt we can now easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the debt we can now easily
+estimate the average treatment effect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the average treatment effect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the average treatment effect by
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+averaging these kates over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging these kates over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging these kates over all the
+individuals in your data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in your data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in your data set
+um so this is now the definition of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is now the definition of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is now the definition of how
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do one nearest neighbor matching any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one nearest neighbor matching any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one nearest neighbor matching any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one question is do we ever use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is do we ever use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is do we ever use the
+metric d to weight how much we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric d to weight how much we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric d to weight how much we would
+quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote unquote
+trust the matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the matching
+um that's a good question so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question so uh
+what um what hannah's asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um what hannah's asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um what hannah's asking is
+could it you know what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it you know what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it you know what happens if you
+have for example very many nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example very many nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example very many nearest
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+or another what happens if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another what happens if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another what happens if you have some
+nearest neighbors that are really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors that are really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors that are really close
+some that are really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are really far
+you know might imagine trying to weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might imagine trying to weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know might imagine trying to weight
+uh your nearest neighbors by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your nearest neighbors by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your nearest neighbors by the
+distance from the data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the data point
+um and and you can imagine even doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you can imagine even doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you can imagine even doing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh you can even imagine coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can even imagine coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can even imagine coming up with
+an estimator which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator which might
+discount certain data points if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount certain data points if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount certain data points if they
+don't have nearest neighbors near them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nearest neighbors near them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nearest neighbors near them
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+um by the corresponding waiting factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the corresponding waiting factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the corresponding waiting factor
+yes that's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a good idea
+yes you can come up with a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can come up with a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can come up with a consistent
+estimator of the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the average treatment
+effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you
+through such an idea um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through such an idea um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through such an idea um there are
+probably a few hundred papers written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few hundred papers written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a few hundred papers written
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+and that's all i have to say about it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i have to say about it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all i have to say about it um
+so there's lots of variants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of variants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of variants of this
+and they all end up having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all end up having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all end up having the same
+theoretical justification that i'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical justification that i'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical justification that i'm about
+to give in the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give in the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give in the next slide
+so um one of the advantages of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um one of the advantages of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um one of the advantages of of
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+is that you get some interpretability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get some interpretability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get some interpretability so
+if i was to ask you well what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was to ask you well what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was to ask you well what's the
+reason why you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you tell me
+that this treatment is going to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this treatment is going to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this treatment is going to work for
+john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john
+well someone could respond well i used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well someone could respond well i used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well someone could respond well i used
+this technique and i found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique and i found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique and i found that the
+nearest neighbor to john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor to john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor to john
+was this was anna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was anna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was anna
+and this is what and anna took the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what and anna took the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what and anna took the this
+other treatment from john and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other treatment from john and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other treatment from john and this is
+what happened for anna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened for anna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened for anna
+and that's why i conjecture that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i conjecture that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why i conjecture that for
+john the difference between y y1 and y0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john the difference between y y1 and y0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john the difference between y y1 and y0
+is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows
+and so then that can be criticized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that can be criticized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that can be criticized so
+for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a
+clinician who has some domain expert can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician who has some domain expert can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician who has some domain expert can
+look at anna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at anna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at anna look at
+john and say oh wait a second these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john and say oh wait a second these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john and say oh wait a second these two
+individuals are really different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are really different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are really different from
+one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another
+let's say the treatment for example had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the treatment for example had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the treatment for example had
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+um something which was gender specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something which was gender specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something which was gender specific
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then taking two individuals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking two individuals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking two individuals that are
+comparing two individuals which are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two individuals which are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing two individuals which are of
+different genders are obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genders are obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genders are obviously not
+going to be comparable to another and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be comparable to another and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be comparable to another and so
+that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would
+then the domain expert would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the domain expert would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the domain expert would be able to
+would be able to reject that conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to reject that conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to reject that conclusion
+and say no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no uh
+i don't trust any of the statistics go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't trust any of the statistics go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't trust any of the statistics go
+back to the drawing board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the drawing board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the drawing board
+and so that type of interpretive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that type of interpretive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that type of interpretive
+interpretability is is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability is is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretability is is is very
+attractive the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive the second
+aspect of this which is very attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this which is very attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this which is very attractive
+is that it's a non-parametric method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a non-parametric method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's a non-parametric method
+non-parametric in the same way in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric in the same way in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric in the same way in that
+neural networks or random forests or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks or random forests or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural networks or random forests or
+non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric
+so um this does not rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this does not rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this does not rely
+on any strong assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any strong assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any strong assumption about the
+parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric
+form of the potential outcomes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the potential outcomes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the potential outcomes on the
+other hand this approach is very reliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this approach is very reliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand this approach is very reliant
+on underlying metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on underlying metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on underlying metric
+if your distance function is a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your distance function is a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your distance function is a poor
+distance function then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance function then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance function then it's going to
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+poor results and moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor results and moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor results and moreover
+um it could be very much misled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be very much misled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could be very much misled by
+features that don't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that don't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that don't affect
+uh that outcome which is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that outcome which is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that outcome which is not necessarily
+a property that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property that we want
+now here's that final slide that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's that final slide that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's that final slide that makes
+the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connection
+matching is equivalent to covariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is equivalent to covariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is equivalent to covariate
+adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment
+it's exactly the same it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same it's an
+instantiation of covariate adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation of covariate adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation of covariate adjustment
+with a particular functional family for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular functional family for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a particular functional family for
+f so rather than assuming that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so rather than assuming that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so rather than assuming that your
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+f that black box is a linear function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that black box is a linear function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that black box is a linear function or
+a neural network or random forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neural network or random forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neural network or random forest
+or a bayesian additive regression tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bayesian additive regression tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bayesian additive regression tree
+we're going to assume that that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that that function
+takes the form of a nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the form of a nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the form of a nearest neighbor
+classifier in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier in particular
+we'll say that y hat of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that y hat of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say that y hat of one
+that the function for predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function for predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the function for predicting the
+potential outcome y hat one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome y hat one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome y hat one
+is given to you by finding the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you by finding the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to you by finding the nearest
+neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor
+of um of the data point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of the data point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of the data point x
+um according to the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um according to the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um according to the data set
+of individuals that receive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals that receive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individuals that receive treatment
+one and same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and same thing
+for y hat zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y hat zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y hat zero
+and so um that then allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um that then allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um that then allows us to
+actually prove some properties of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove some properties of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove some properties of of of
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+um so for example if you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example if you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so for example if you remember from
+i think i i mentioned in in tuesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i mentioned in in tuesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i mentioned in in tuesday's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+that this covariate adjustment approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this covariate adjustment approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this covariate adjustment approach
+under the assumptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumptions of
+overlap and under the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and under the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and under the assumptions
+of um no hidden confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um no hidden confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um no hidden confounding
+and that you can that your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can that your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you can that your function
+family for potential outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family for potential outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family for potential outcome is
+sufficiently rich that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently rich that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently rich that you can actually
+fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the
+underlying model then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying model then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying model then you're going to
+get correct estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get correct estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get correct estimates of
+your conditional average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conditional average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conditional average treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+now one can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one can show
+that uh a one nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a one nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a one nearest
+a a nearest neighbor algorithm is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a nearest neighbor algorithm is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a nearest neighbor algorithm is not in
+generally a consistent algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a consistent algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a consistent algorithm and
+what that means is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that if you have
+um a small number of samples you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a small number of samples you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a small number of samples you're
+going to be getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be getting
+biased estimate your function f might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased estimate your function f might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased estimate your function f might in
+general be a biased estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be a biased estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be a biased estimate
+now we can conclude from that that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can conclude from that that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can conclude from that that if we
+were to use one nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use one nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use one nearest neighbor
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+for for inferring average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for inferring average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for inferring average treatment
+effect that in general it could give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that in general it could give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that in general it could give us
+a biased estimate of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biased estimate of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biased estimate of the average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+however in the limit of infinite data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the limit of infinite data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the limit of infinite data
+um one nearest neighbor algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one nearest neighbor algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one nearest neighbor algorithms are
+guaranteed to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be able to
+fit the underlying function family that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the underlying function family that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the underlying function family that
+is to say that bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that bias
+goes to zero in the in the limit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero in the in the limit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero in the in the limit of a
+large amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of data
+and thus we can immediately draw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus we can immediately draw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus we can immediately draw from
+that literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that literature
+uh in causal inference sorry from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in causal inference sorry from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in causal inference sorry from that
+literature and machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and machine learning
+uh to obtain theoretical results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to obtain theoretical results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to obtain theoretical results for
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+for causal inference and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for causal inference and so that's
+that's all i want to say about matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i want to say about matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i want to say about matching
+and its connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its connection to
+uh to query adjustment and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to query adjustment and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to query adjustment and really the
+punch line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punch line is
+uh think think about matching just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think think about matching just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think think about matching just as
+another type of career adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of career adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of career adjustment
+one which uses a nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which uses a nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which uses a nearest neighbor
+function family um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function family um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function family um
+and thus should be compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus should be compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus should be compared to other
+approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches
+um to uh to cover adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to cover adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh to cover adjustment
+such as for example using machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as for example using machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as for example using machine
+learning algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms that
+are designed to be interpretable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to be interpretable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed to be interpretable
+so the last part of this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last part of this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the last part of this lecture is
+going to be introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be introducing
+a a second approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a second approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a second approach
+for inferring conditional average for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inferring conditional average for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inferring conditional average for
+inferring average treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring average treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferring average treatment effect
+that is known as the propensity score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as the propensity score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is known as the propensity score
+method and this is going to be a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this is going to be a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and this is going to be a real
+shift it's going to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it's going to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it's going to be a different
+estimator from the covert adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so as i mentioned it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so as i mentioned it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so as i mentioned it's going to be
+used for estimating average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for estimating average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for estimating average treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+and problem set four you're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem set four you're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem set four you're going to see
+how you can use the same sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can use the same sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can use the same sorts of
+techniques i'll tell you about now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques i'll tell you about now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques i'll tell you about now for
+also estimating conditional average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also estimating conditional average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also estimating conditional average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+um but that won't be obvious just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that won't be obvious just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but that won't be obvious just from
+today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture
+so the key intuition for preventivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key intuition for preventivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key intuition for preventivity
+propensity score method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score method
+is to think back to what would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think back to what would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think back to what would have
+happened if you had a randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if you had a randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if you had a randomized control
+trial a randomized control trial again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial a randomized control trial again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial a randomized control trial again
+um you get some you get choice over what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get some you get choice over what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get some you get choice over what
+and what treatment to give each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what treatment to give each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what treatment to give each
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+so you might imagine flipping a coin if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine flipping a coin if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine flipping a coin if
+it's heads giving them treatment one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heads giving them treatment one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heads giving them treatment one if
+it's tails giving them treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tails giving them treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tails giving them treatment zero
+so given data from a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given data from a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given data from a randomized
+controlled trial then there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial then there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial then there's a really
+simple estimator shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple estimator shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple estimator shown here
+for the average treatment effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the average treatment effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the average treatment effect you
+just sum up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sum up
+the uh values of y for the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh values of y for the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh values of y for the individuals
+that receive treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that receive treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that receive treatment one
+divided by n one which is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n one which is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n one which is the number of
+individuals that receive treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that receive treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals that receive treatment one
+so this is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the average
+outcome for all people who got treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for all people who got treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for all people who got treatment
+one and you just subtract from that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you just subtract from that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you just subtract from that the
+average outcome for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average outcome for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average outcome for all
+individuals who receive treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who receive treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who receive treatment zero
+and that can be easily shown to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be easily shown to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be easily shown to be
+an unbiased estimator of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbiased estimator of the average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+had your data come from a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your data come from a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had your data come from a randomized
+control trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control trial
+so the key idea of a propensity score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key idea of a propensity score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key idea of a propensity score
+method is to turn an observational study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to turn an observational study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is to turn an observational study
+into something that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that looks like a
+randomized controlled trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized controlled trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized controlled trial
+via re-weighting of the data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via re-weighting of the data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via re-weighting of the data points
+so here's the picture i want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the picture i want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the picture i want you to have
+in mind again here i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind again here i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind again here i am
+not showing you outcomes i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing you outcomes i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not showing you outcomes i'm just
+showing you the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you the features
+x that's what the data points are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's what the data points are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's what the data points are and
+the treatments that were given to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatments that were given to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatments that were given to them
+um the x the t's and the t's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the x the t's and the t's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the x the t's and the t's in this
+case are being denoted by the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are being denoted by the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are being denoted by the color of
+the dots so red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots so red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dots so red
+is t equals one blue is t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t equals one blue is t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t equals one blue is t equals zero
+and my apologies in advance for anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my apologies in advance for anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my apologies in advance for anyone
+who's colorblind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the key challenge when working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key challenge when working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key challenge when working with
+observational study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational study
+is that there might be bias in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there might be bias in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there might be bias in terms of
+who receives treatment zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receives treatment zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receives treatment zero
+versus who receives treatment one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus who receives treatment one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus who receives treatment one if
+this was a randomized control tile then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a randomized control tile then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a randomized control tile then
+you would expect to see the reds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see the reds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect to see the reds and the
+blues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blues
+all intermixed equally with one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intermixed equally with one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intermixed equally with one another
+but as you can see here in this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see here in this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you can see here in this data set
+there are very many more people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very many more people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very many more people who
+received very more young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received very more young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received very more young people
+who received treatment zero than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who received treatment zero than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who received treatment zero than
+received treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received treatment one
+said differently if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said differently if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said differently if you look at the
+distribution over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over x
+conditioned on t equals zero in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on t equals zero in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned on t equals zero in the data
+it's different from the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different from the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different from the condition
+the distribution over x conditioned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution over x conditioned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution over x conditioned on
+the people who receive treatment of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who receive treatment of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who receive treatment of one
+so what the propensity score method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the propensity score method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the propensity score method is
+going to do is going to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is going to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is going to recognize that
+there is a difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a difference between these two
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+and it's going to re-weight data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to re-weight data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to re-weight data points
+so that an aggregate it looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that an aggregate it looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that an aggregate it looks like in
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+one region so for example imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region so for example imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one region so for example imagine
+looking at this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this region
+that there's roughly the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's roughly the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's roughly the same number of
+red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and blue
+data points where you know if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points where you know if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points where you know if you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+blowing up this red data point here i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up this red data point here i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up this red data point here i've
+made it very big you can think of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it very big you can think of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it very big you can think of being
+many many red data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many red data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many red data points
+of the corresponding weight if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corresponding weight if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the corresponding weight if you look
+over here see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here see again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here see again
+there's a roughly same number of red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a roughly same number of red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a roughly same number of red and
+blue same amount of red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue same amount of red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue same amount of red and blue
+mass as well so if we can find some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as well so if we can find some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass as well so if we can find some way
+to increase or decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase or decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase or decrease
+the weight associated shaded point such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight associated shaded point such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight associated shaded point such
+that now it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now it looks like
+the two uh distributions those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh distributions those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh distributions those who
+receive treatment 1 and those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment 1 and those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment 1 and those who
+receive treatment 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment 0
+look like they came from the look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they came from the look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they came from the look like
+now they have the same distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have the same distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they have the same distribution
+weighted distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted distribution
+then we're going to be in business so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to be in business so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to be in business so
+we're going to search for those weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to search for those weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to search for those weights
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+that have that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have that property
+so to do that we need to introduce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that we need to introduce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do that we need to introduce one
+new concept which is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concept which is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concept which is known as the
+propensity score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score
+the preventive score is given to you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive score is given to you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive score is given to you by
+the probability that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that t
+equals one given x here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one given x here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one given x here again
+we're going to use machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use machine learning
+whereas in covariate adjustment we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in covariate adjustment we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in covariate adjustment we use
+machine learning to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning to predict
+y conditioned on x comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y conditioned on x comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y conditioned on x comma
+t that's what covariate adjustment did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that's what covariate adjustment did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t that's what covariate adjustment did
+here we're going to be ignoring y all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be ignoring y all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to be ignoring y all
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+we're just going to take x as input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take x as input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to take x as input and
+we're going to be predicting t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be predicting t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be predicting t
+so you can imagine using logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine using logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine using logistic
+regression giving your covariance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression giving your covariance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression giving your covariance to
+predict which treatment any given data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict which treatment any given data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict which treatment any given data
+point came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point came from
+here you're using the full data set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're using the full data set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're using the full data set of
+course to make that prediction so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make that prediction so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make that prediction so we're
+looking at both x's both you know both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at both x's both you know both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at both x's both you know both
+data points where t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points where t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points where t
+equals one and t equals zero t is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and t equals zero t is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one and t equals zero t is your
+label for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label for this
+then what we're going to do is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do is given
+that learned propensity score so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned propensity score so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that learned propensity score so we take
+we take your data set you first learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take your data set you first learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take your data set you first learn
+the propensity to score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity to score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity to score
+then we're going to re-weight the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to re-weight the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to re-weight the data
+points according to the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points according to the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points according to the inverse of the
+propensity score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity score
+and you might ask this looks familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask this looks familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might ask this looks familiar
+right this whole notion of re-weighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this whole notion of re-weighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this whole notion of re-weighting
+data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points
+this whole notion of trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole notion of trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole notion of trying to figure
+out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which
+quote-unquote data set a data point came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote data set a data point came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote data set a data point came
+from the data set of individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data set of individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the data set of individuals who
+receive treatment one or the data set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment one or the data set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment one or the data set of
+individuals who receive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who receive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals who receive treatment
+treatment zero that sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero that sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment zero that sounds really
+familiar and it's because it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and it's because it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar and it's because it's exactly
+what you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in
+lecture 10 when we talked about data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 10 when we talked about data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture 10 when we talked about data set
+shift and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and in fact
+this whole entire method as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole entire method as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole entire method as you'll
+develop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in
+problem set four is a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set four is a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set four is a special case of
+of learning under data set shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning under data set shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning under data set shift
+so here now is the propensity score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here now is the propensity score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here now is the propensity score
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+we take our data set which have samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take our data set which have samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take our data set which have samples
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x t and y where y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and y where y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t and y where y
+of y y of course tells you the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y y of course tells you the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y y of course tells you the potential
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+corresponding to the treatment t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the treatment t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the treatment t
+we're going to use any machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use any machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use any machine learning
+method or to estimate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method or to estimate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method or to estimate um
+this this model that can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this model that can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this model that can give you
+probability of treatment given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of treatment given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of treatment given x
+now critically we need a probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now critically we need a probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now critically we need a probability for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we're not trying to do classification we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to do classification we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to do classification we
+need an actual probability and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an actual probability and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an actual probability and so if you
+remember back to previous lectures when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back to previous lectures when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back to previous lectures when
+we spoke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke about
+about calibration about the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about calibration about the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about calibration about the ability to
+accurately predict probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately predict probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately predict probabilities
+that is going to be really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be really important
+here and so for example to use a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so for example to use a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so for example to use a deep
+a deep neural network in order to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep neural network in order to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deep neural network in order to in
+order to predict in order to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to predict in order to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to predict in order to estimate
+the preventive scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive scores
+deep neural networks are well known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks are well known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural networks are well known to
+not be calibrated well calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be calibrated well calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be calibrated well calibrated
+and so one would have to use one of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one would have to use one of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one would have to use one of a
+number of new methods that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new methods that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of new methods that have been
+recently developed to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently developed to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently developed to make
+the output of deep learning calibrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of deep learning calibrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of deep learning calibrate in
+order to use this type of technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use this type of technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to use this type of technique
+so after finishing step one now that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after finishing step one now that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after finishing step one now that you
+have a model that can allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model that can allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model that can allow you to
+estimate the preventive score for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the preventive score for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the preventive score for every
+data point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point x
+we now can take those take and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now can take those take and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now can take those take and estimate
+your average treatment effect with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average treatment effect with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your average treatment effect with the
+following formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following formula
+it's one over n of the sum over the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one over n of the sum over the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one over n of the sum over the data
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+where the data points corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data points corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data points corresponding to
+the treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment one
+of y i that part is identical to before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y i that part is identical to before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y i that part is identical to before
+but what you see now is that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see now is that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see now is that we're going
+to divide it by the propensity score and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide it by the propensity score and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide it by the propensity score and
+so this denominator that's the new piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this denominator that's the new piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this denominator that's the new piece
+here that's the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the inverse of the
+parenthesis score is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis score is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis score is precisely the
+weighting that we were referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting that we were referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting that we were referring to
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+and the same thing happens over here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing happens over here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing happens over here for
+ti equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti equals 0.
+now let's try to get some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to get some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to get some intuition
+about this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this formula
+um and i like trying to get intuition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i like trying to get intuition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i like trying to get intuition by
+looking at a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a special case
+so the simple special case that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simple special case that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simple special case that we might
+be familiar with is that of a randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with is that of a randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be familiar with is that of a randomized
+controlled trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled trial
+where because you're flipping a coin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because you're flipping a coin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because you're flipping a coin and
+each data point either gets treatment 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point either gets treatment 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each data point either gets treatment 0
+or triple 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple 1
+then the propensity score is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the propensity score is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the propensity score is precisely
+deterministically equal to 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically equal to 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically equal to 0.5
+so let's take this now no machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this now no machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take this now no machine
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+done here let's just plug it in to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here let's just plug it in to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here let's just plug it in to see
+if we get back the formula that i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get back the formula that i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get back the formula that i showed
+you earlier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you earlier for
+the estimate of the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate of the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate of the average treatment
+effect in a randomized control trial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in a randomized control trial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in a randomized control trial so
+we plug that in over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that in over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that in over there
+this is now this now becomes 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now this now becomes 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now this now becomes 0.5
+and plug that in over here this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug that in over here this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug that in over here this also
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+0.5 um and then what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 um and then what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 um and then what we're going to do
+is we're just going to take that 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're just going to take that 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're just going to take that 0.5
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+bring that out and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that out and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that out and this is going to
+become a 2 over here and same a 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a 2 over here and same a 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a 2 over here and same a 2 over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get to the following formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to the following formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to the following formula
+which is if you were to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you were to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you were to compare
+to the formula from a few slides ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formula from a few slides ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the formula from a few slides ago
+it's almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost identical
+except that a few slightly go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that a few slightly go over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that a few slightly go over here
+i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had
+1 over n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n1
+and over here i had 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here i had 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here i had 1
+over n0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these two are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these two are two different
+estimators for the same thing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators for the same thing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators for the same thing and the
+reason why you could see the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you could see the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you could see the same thing
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um in a randomized controlled trial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a randomized controlled trial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a randomized controlled trial the
+number of individuals that receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals that receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals that receive
+treatment one is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one is on
+average and over two similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and over two similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and over two similarly the
+number of individuals return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals return
+zero are on average and over two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero are on average and over two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero are on average and over two so
+um if you were to um that n over 2 sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you were to um that n over 2 sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you were to um that n over 2 sort
+of cancel cancels out with this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancel cancels out with this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancel cancels out with this two
+where n is what gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is what gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is what gets to
+a correct estimator so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correct estimator so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correct estimator so this is a
+slightly different estimator but nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different estimator but nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different estimator but nearly
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+to the to the one that i showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the one that i showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the one that i showed you
+earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and
+and and by this argument is a consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by this argument is a consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by this argument is a consistent
+estimator of the average treatment in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the average treatment in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator of the average treatment in a
+randomized control trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so any any questions before i uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any any questions before i uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any any questions before i uh try to
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive
+this formula for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um one student asks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um one student asks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um one student asks uh
+so the propensity score is the quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the propensity score is the quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the propensity score is the quote
+unquote bias of how likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote bias of how likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote bias of how likely
+people are assigned to y equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are assigned to y equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are assigned to y equal to uh
+t equals one or t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one or t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one or t equals zero
+yes that's exactly right so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's exactly right so if you were
+to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine
+um taking an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taking an individual
+where um this probability for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um this probability for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um this probability for that
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+is let's say very close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say very close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's say very close to one
+it means that there are very few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there are very few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that there are very few other
+people in the data set who receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the data set who receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the data set who receive
+treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment one
+they're sort of if they're a red data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of if they're a red data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of if they're a red data
+point in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in a
+sea of of blue data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of of blue data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sea of of blue data points
+and by dividing by that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by dividing by that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by dividing by that we're going to
+be trying to remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trying to remove that
+bias and that's exactly right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and that's exactly right thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias and that's exactly right thank you
+for that question are there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i really appreciate the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i really appreciate the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i really appreciate the questions
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+via the chat window so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the chat window so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the chat window so thank you
+all right so let's let's now uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's now uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's let's now uh try to
+drive this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall the definition of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the definition of average
+treatment effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect um
+and for those who are paying very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those who are paying very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those who are paying very close
+attention you might notice that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you might notice that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you might notice that i
+removed the expectation over y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the expectation over y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed the expectation over y1
+and for this derivation that i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this derivation that i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this derivation that i'm going
+to give you i'm going to suppose i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you i'm going to suppose i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you i'm going to suppose i'm
+going to assume that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the potential
+outcomes are all deterministic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are all deterministic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are all deterministic because
+it makes the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes the math
+easier but is without much of generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but is without much of generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but is without much of generality
+so the average treatment effect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average treatment effect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average treatment effect is the
+expectation with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation with respect to
+all individuals of the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all individuals of the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all individuals of the potential outcome
+y1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 minus
+the expectation with respect to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation with respect to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation with respect to all
+individuals with potential outcome y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with potential outcome y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals with potential outcome y
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so this term over here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term over here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term over here is going to be
+our estimate of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate of that
+and this term over here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term over here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term over here is going to be
+our estimate of this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate of this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate of this expectation
+so naively if you were to just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively if you were to just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so naively if you were to just take the
+observed data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data
+it would allow you to compute if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would allow you to compute if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would allow you to compute if you for
+example just average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just average
+the values of of y for the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of of y for the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of of y for the individuals
+who receive treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receive treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who receive treatment one
+that would give you this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you this expectation
+that i'm showing on the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm showing on the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm showing on the bottom here
+i want you to compare that to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to compare that to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to compare that to the one
+that's actually needed in the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually needed in the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually needed in the average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+whereas over here is an expectation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas over here is an expectation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas over here is an expectation with
+respect to individuals that receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to individuals that receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to individuals that receive
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+one up here this was an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here this was an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up here this was an expectation
+inspected into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspected into
+all individuals but the thing inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all individuals but the thing inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all individuals but the thing inside the
+explanation is exactly identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is exactly identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation is exactly identical
+and that's the key point that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the key point that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the key point that we're
+going to work with which is that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with which is that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with which is that we want
+an expectation with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation with respect to a
+different distribution than the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distribution than the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distribution than the one that
+we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have
+and again this should be ring bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this should be ring bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this should be ring bells
+because this sounds very very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sounds very very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sounds very very familiar
+to the data set shift story that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data set shift story that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data set shift story that we
+talked about a few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a few lectures ago
+so i'm going to show you how to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you how to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to show you how to derive
+an estimator for just this first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator for just this first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimator for just this first term
+and the second term is obviously going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term is obviously going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second term is obviously going
+to be identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identical
+so let's start out with the following uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out with the following uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's start out with the following uh
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+p of x given t times p of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x given t times p of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x given t times p of t
+is equal to p of x times p of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p of x times p of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p of x times p of t
+given x so what i've just done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x so what i've just done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given x so what i've just done here is
+use two different formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two different formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two different formulas
+for um for the rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for the rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for the rule of
+um for for a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for a joint
+distribution and then i've divided by p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then i've divided by p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then i've divided by p
+of t given x in order to get the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t given x in order to get the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t given x in order to get the formula
+that i showed you a second ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you a second ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i showed you a second ago
+i'm not going to attempt to erase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to attempt to erase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to attempt to erase it
+i'll leave that out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave that out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave that out there
+so the next thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing we're going to do is
+we're going to say okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say okay um
+if we were to compute an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to compute an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to compute an expectation
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+p of x given t equals one and if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x given t equals one and if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x given t equals one and if we were
+to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now
+take the value that we observe y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the value that we observe y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the value that we observe y
+one which we can which we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which we can which we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which we can which we can get
+observations for for all individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for for all individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations for for all individuals who
+receive treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive treatment one
+and if we were to reweight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to reweight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we were to reweight this
+observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+by this ratio where remember this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this ratio where remember this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this ratio where remember this ratio
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+showed up in the in in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up in the in in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up in the in in the previous
+bullet point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet point then
+um what i'm gonna show you in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm gonna show you in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what i'm gonna show you in just a
+moment is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment is that
+this is equal to the quantity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the quantity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the quantity that we
+actually wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted
+um well why is that well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well why is that well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well why is that well if you
+um if you expand this expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you expand this expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you expand this expectation
+this expectation is an integral with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation is an integral with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation is an integral with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+p of x conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of x conditioned
+on t equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times the thing inside the brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the thing inside the brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the thing inside the brackets
+and because we know that p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we know that p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because we know that p of
+because we know from up here that p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from up here that p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from up here that p of x
+condition on t equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on t equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on t equals one
+times p of t equals one divided by p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times p of t equals one divided by p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times p of t equals one divided by p of
+t equals one condition on x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one condition on x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t equals one condition on x
+is equal to p of x this whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p of x this whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to p of x this whole thing is
+going to be equal to an integral times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to an integral times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to an integral times
+of p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of
+x times times y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times times y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times times y1
+which is precisely the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely the definition of the
+expectation that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that we want
+right so this was a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this was a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this was a very simple
+derivation to show you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation to show you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation to show you that the
+reweighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reweighting
+gets you what you need now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you what you need now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you what you need now we can
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+this expectation empirically as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation empirically as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation empirically as follows
+the estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate
+the we're going to now sum over all data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're going to now sum over all data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're going to now sum over all data
+points that receive treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that receive treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that receive treatment one
+we're going to take an average so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take an average so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take an average so we're
+dividing by the number of data points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of data points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the number of data points or
+z treatment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z treatment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z treatment one
+for p of t equals one we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p of t equals one we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p of t equals one we're just going
+to use the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the empirical
+estimate of how many individuals receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how many individuals receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how many individuals receive
+treatment 1 in the data set divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 1 in the data set divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment 1 in the data set divided by
+the total number of individuals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of individuals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of individuals in the
+data set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set that's
+n1 divided by n and for the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 divided by n and for the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 divided by n and for the denominator
+p of t equals one condition on x we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of t equals one condition on x we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of t equals one condition on x we just
+plug in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in now
+the propensity score which we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity score which we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propensity score which we had
+previously estimated and we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously estimated and we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously estimated and we're done
+and so that now is our estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that now is our estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that now is our estimate for
+the first term in the average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the average treatment
+effect and you could do that now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you could do that now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you could do that now let's
+leave for ti equals zero and i've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for ti equals zero and i've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for ti equals zero and i've shown
+you the full proof of why this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the full proof of why this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the full proof of why this is an
+unbiased estimator for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator for um
+for average human effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for average human effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for average human effect so
+i'm going to be concluding now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be concluding now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to be concluding now in the
+next few minutes um first i just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few minutes um first i just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few minutes um first i just wanted
+to comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment
+on what we just saw so we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we just saw so we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what we just saw so we saw
+a different way to estimate the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way to estimate the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way to estimate the average
+treatment effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect
+which only required estimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only required estimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only required estimating the
+propensity to score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propensity to score
+in particular we never had to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we never had to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we never had to use a
+model to predict why in this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to predict why in this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to predict why in this approach
+for estimating the average human effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimating the average human effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimating the average human effect
+and that's a good thing and a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a good thing and a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a good thing and a bad thing
+um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a
+good thing because uh if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing because uh if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing because uh if you had
+uh errors in estimating your model y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh errors in estimating your model y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh errors in estimating your model y
+as i showed you in the very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i showed you in the very beginning of
+today's lecture that could have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture that could have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture that could have a very
+big impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big impact
+on your estimate of your retrieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your estimate of your retrieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your estimate of your retrieval
+effect and so that doesn't show up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and so that doesn't show up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and so that doesn't show up here
+on the other hand this has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this has its own
+disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages
+so for example the propensity score is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the propensity score is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the propensity score is
+going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really
+really affected by lack of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected by lack of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected by lack of overlap
+because when you have lack of overlap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have lack of overlap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have lack of overlap it
+means there are some data points where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there are some data points where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there are some data points where
+the preventive score is very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive score is very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preventive score is very close to
+zero or very close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or very close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or very close to one
+and that really leads to very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really leads to very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that really leads to very large
+variance in your estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in your estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in your estimators
+and a very common trick which is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very common trick which is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very common trick which is used to
+try to address that concern is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address that concern is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to address that concern is known as
+clipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipping
+where you simply clip the propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you simply clip the propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you simply clip the propensity
+score so they're always bounded away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so they're always bounded away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score so they're always bounded away
+from zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero and one
+but that's really just a heuristic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really just a heuristic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really just a heuristic and
+it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+of course then lead to biased estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then lead to biased estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then lead to biased estimates
+of the average human effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average human effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average human effect
+so there's a whole family of of causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole family of of causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a whole family of of causal
+inference algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference algorithms
+that attempt to use ideas from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attempt to use ideas from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that attempt to use ideas from both
+covariate adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariate adjustment
+and inverse propensity weighting and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inverse propensity weighting and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inverse propensity weighting and for
+example there's a method called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a method called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's a method called
+doubly robust estimators and we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly robust estimators and we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly robust estimators and we'll try
+to provide a citation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a citation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide a citation for
+uh for those estimators in the scribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those estimators in the scribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for those estimators in the scribe
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+and these doubly robust estimators are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these doubly robust estimators are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these doubly robust estimators are a
+different form of estimators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form of estimators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form of estimators that
+actually bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bring in
+both of these techniques together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these techniques together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these techniques together and
+they have a really nice property which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a really nice property which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a really nice property which
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+if either one of them fail you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either one of them fail you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if either one of them fail you still get
+valid estimates of average treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimates of average treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid estimates of average treatment
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+i'm going to skip this and just jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip this and just jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to skip this and just jump to
+the summary now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summary now
+which is that we've presented two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we've presented two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we've presented two
+different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches
+for work calls or inference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work calls or inference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work calls or inference from
+observational data covariate adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data covariate adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational data covariate adjustment
+and propensity score based methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and propensity score based methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and propensity score based methods and
+both of these i need to stress are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these i need to stress are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these i need to stress are
+only going to give you valid results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to give you valid results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to give you valid results
+under the assumptions we outlined in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumptions we outlined in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the assumptions we outlined in the
+previous lecture for example that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture for example that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture for example that your
+causal graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal graph
+is correct critically that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct critically that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct critically that there's no
+unobserved confounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved confounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobserved confounding
+and second that you have overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second that you have overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second that you have overlap
+between your two treatment classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your two treatment classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your two treatment classes and
+third if you're using a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're using a non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using a non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're using a non-parametric
+regression approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression approach
+overlap is extremely important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap is extremely important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap is extremely important because
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+overlap your model is undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap your model is undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap your model is undefined
+in regions of space and thus as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regions of space and thus as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regions of space and thus as a result
+um you have no way of verifying if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have no way of verifying if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have no way of verifying if your
+extrapolations are correct and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations are correct and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations are correct and so one
+has to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to use
+trust in the model in the model which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the model in the model which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust in the model in the model which is
+not something we really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something we really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something we really like
+um and in propensity score methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in propensity score methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in propensity score methods
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+is very important because if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important because if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important because if you don't
+have that you get inverse propensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you get inverse propensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you get inverse propensity
+scores that are either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that are either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores that are either
+which are infinite um and and lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are infinite um and and lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are infinite um and and lead to
+extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high
+variance estimators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance estimators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance estimators so
+in the end of the slides which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the slides which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end of the slides which will be
+post which already posted online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post which already posted online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post which already posted online
+i include some references that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i include some references that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i include some references that i
+strongly encourage folks to follow up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly encourage folks to follow up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly encourage folks to follow up on
+um first references to two recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first references to two recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first references to two recent
+workshops that have been held in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops that have been held in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops that have been held in the
+machine learning community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning community
+so that you can get a sense of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can get a sense of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can get a sense of what the
+latest and greatest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest and greatest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest and greatest uh
+in terms of research and causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of research and causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of research and causal
+inference are um a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference are um a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference are um a book
+two different books on causal inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different books on causal inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different books on causal inference
+that you can download for free from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can download for free from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can download for free from mit
+and finally some papers that i think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally some papers that i think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally some papers that i think are
+really interesting particularly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting particularly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting particularly of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+potentially to course projects um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially to course projects um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially to course projects um so we
+are at time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at time now
+um i will hang around for a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i will hang around for a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i will hang around for a few minutes
+after lecture as i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture as i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after lecture as i would
+normally um but i'm going to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally um but i'm going to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally um but i'm going to stop the
+recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording
+of the lecture
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gCIxvunjqf0.txt b/gCIxvunjqf0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2502d9265b548357a8a0054e2845a581b6baf1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gCIxvunjqf0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay I guess it's 5 after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I guess it's 5 after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay I guess it's 5 after
+the official starting time for an MIT uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official starting time for an MIT uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the official starting time for an MIT uh
+class welcome to 18821 the uh project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class welcome to 18821 the uh project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class welcome to 18821 the uh project
+laboratory in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's a lot of people involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of people involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of people involved in
+this course and I'd like to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and I'd like to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and I'd like to begin by
+introducing uh some of them to you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing uh some of them to you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing uh some of them to you uh
+I'm Hayes Miller I'm leading the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Hayes Miller I'm leading the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Hayes Miller I'm leading the course
+This this term I'm a professor here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this term I'm a professor here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this term I'm a professor here uh
+also working on the course is Nat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also working on the course is Nat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also working on the course is Nat
+Stapleton uh Nat is an instructor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stapleton uh Nat is an instructor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stapleton uh Nat is an instructor here
+at postto uh and has good teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at postto uh and has good teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at postto uh and has good teaching
+experience and uh Saul Glassman graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and uh Saul Glassman graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and uh Saul Glassman graduate
+student uh in the course in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh in the course in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student uh in the course in the in in
+the math department um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department um
+they will work with you on the projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will work with you on the projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will work with you on the projects
+uh I'll explain that in more detail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll explain that in more detail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll explain that in more detail in a
+in a few minutes and we also have Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes and we also have Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes and we also have Susan
+Ruff and in the back Susan uh is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ruff and in the back Susan uh is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ruff and in the back Susan uh is from
+the writing office here she's worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing office here she's worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writing office here she's worked on
+this course uh longer than anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course uh longer than anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course uh longer than anybody else
+uh keeps a lot of the stability in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeps a lot of the stability in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keeps a lot of the stability in it
+and she she'll help you with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she she'll help you with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she she'll help you with your
+writing and with your presentations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and with your presentations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and with your presentations uh
+throughout the term what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term what I'm going to do
+today is uh try to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh try to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is uh try to describe the
+structure of the course what the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course what the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the course what the course
+is about what the goals of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what the goals of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about what the goals of the course
+are uh then um we'll break up into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh then um we'll break up into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh then um we'll break up into your
+teams uh here in the classroom and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams uh here in the classroom and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams uh here in the classroom and uh
+discuss the first project that you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the first project that you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the first project that you'll do
+so many of you have written with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of you have written with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many of you have written with
+proposals of your first project I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals of your first project I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals of your first project I want
+to complete the process of approving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the process of approving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the process of approving
+those projects uh and get started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those projects uh and get started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those projects uh and get started and
+get you started on working on them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you started on working on them um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you started on working on them um
+you also are assigned to one of us as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also are assigned to one of us as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also are assigned to one of us as a
+mentor for that first project and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor for that first project and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor for that first project and so uh
+you should make the acquaintance of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make the acquaintance of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should make the acquaintance of your
+Mentor hopefully set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor hopefully set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor hopefully set up a
+uh first meeting with them later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first meeting with them later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first meeting with them later this
+week to discuss what the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to discuss what the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to discuss what the beginning of
+the project work is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project work is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project work is going to
+be so um I have these H this handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so um I have these H this handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so um I have these H this handout
+that uh has some basic information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has some basic information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh has some basic information about
+the course and how it's graded and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and how it's graded and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and how it's graded and all
+that stuff and I'll just pass pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff and I'll just pass pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff and I'll just pass pass this
+around let me uh just give this to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let me uh just give this to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let me uh just give this to you
+actually would you like to hand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would you like to hand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually would you like to hand this
+back and I'll give this to you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I'll give this to you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and I'll give this to you and you
+can pass this back on this end thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass this back on this end thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass this back on this end thank you
+I suppose I should keep one of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself well in this department in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself well in this department in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself well in this department in every
+math department uh courses can do a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department uh courses can do a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math department uh courses can do a a
+terrific job uh setting up some piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific job uh setting up some piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific job uh setting up some piece of
+mathematics making it seem totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics making it seem totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics making it seem totally
+reasonable totally logical like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable totally logical like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable totally logical like um
+anybody could have thought of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody could have thought of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody could have thought of the
+contents of that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that subject
+like the theorems and the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the theorems and the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the theorems and the definitions
+are the most natural thing in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most natural thing in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most natural thing in the world
+or the approaches to some problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the approaches to some problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the approaches to some problem in
+physical mathematics is the most natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mathematics is the most natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mathematics is the most natural
+thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the
+world of course that wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of course that wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of course that wasn't the
+experience of the people who invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the people who invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the people who invented
+the work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work at
+all quite the contrary they spent uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all quite the contrary they spent uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all quite the contrary they spent uh a
+lot of their effort in doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of their effort in doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of their effort in doing the
+mathematical research that we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical research that we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical research that we learn
+about in classes now they spent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in classes now they spent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in classes now they spent in a
+state of complete confusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of complete confusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of complete confusion and
+frustration uh going up one dark alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh going up one dark alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh going up one dark alley
+and finding a dead end uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding a dead end uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding a dead end uh
+uh and generally uh uh being annoyed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and generally uh uh being annoyed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and generally uh uh being annoyed and
+frustrating research is is a frustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating research is is a frustrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating research is is a frustrating
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um error prone Endeavor and um but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um error prone Endeavor and um but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um error prone Endeavor and um but that
+is the way mathematics is created and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way mathematics is created and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way mathematics is created and so
+really this course uh it tries to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this course uh it tries to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this course uh it tries to give
+you some of the experience of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the experience of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the experience of uh
+creating mathematics of what it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating mathematics of what it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating mathematics of what it was like
+that when the mathematics that you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the mathematics that you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the mathematics that you learn
+about in other courses was created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in other courses was created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in other courses was created by
+creating some of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some of your own
+mathematics I like the analogy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics I like the analogy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics I like the analogy that
+Andrew WS uh gave of what it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew WS uh gave of what it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew WS uh gave of what it's like to
+do mathematical research um somebody was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mathematical research um somebody was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do mathematical research um somebody was
+asking him what it was like to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking him what it was like to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking him what it was like to solve the
+phma conjecture and he said well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phma conjecture and he said well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phma conjecture and he said well it's
+like you're in this mansion and you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're in this mansion and you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're in this mansion and you come
+into a new room and it's completely dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new room and it's completely dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a new room and it's completely dark
+the shutters are closed the lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutters are closed the lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shutters are closed the lights are
+off it's completely dark in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's completely dark in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's completely dark in this room
+you walk in you stumble around tripping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk in you stumble around tripping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk in you stumble around tripping
+over tables bumping into couches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tables bumping into couches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tables bumping into couches
+wander around like this and this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around like this and this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around like this and this process
+goes on for months you slowly discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on for months you slowly discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on for months you slowly discover
+decide where the various bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the various bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide where the various bits of
+furniture are but you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture are but you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furniture are but you're really
+operating blind and this goes on for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating blind and this goes on for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating blind and this goes on for a
+long time maybe six months later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time maybe six months later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time maybe six months later you
+finally find the light switch on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally find the light switch on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally find the light switch on the
+wall turn it on and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall turn it on and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall turn it on and everything is
+revealed for you and you see the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed for you and you see the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealed for you and you see the things
+you were stumbling into uh as they as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were stumbling into uh as they as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were stumbling into uh as they as
+they really are um and that moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really are um and that moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really are um and that moment of
+Enlightenment is uh what a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enlightenment is uh what a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enlightenment is uh what a lot of what
+makes mathematical research really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mathematical research really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mathematical research really uh
+exciting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting and
+worthwhile so I'm not sure we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so I'm not sure we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile so I'm not sure we'll have
+quite that uh level of Enlightenment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that uh level of Enlightenment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that uh level of Enlightenment in
+the projects that we work on but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects that we work on but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects that we work on but uh but
+that is the goal to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the goal to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the goal to give you some
+experience of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the
+frustration uh and uh kind of feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh and uh kind of feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh and uh kind of feeling of
+blindness feeling that there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness feeling that there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindness feeling that there's so much
+out there in our mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in our mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in our mathematical
+environment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that's
+unknown and then to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and then to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and then to the extent that
+we're we luck into it uh have that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we luck into it uh have that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we luck into it uh have that sense
+of Enlightenment and seeing seeing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Enlightenment and seeing seeing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Enlightenment and seeing seeing uh
+the reality of some mathematical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation so um the class uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so um the class uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so um the class uh in the in
+the class the class has 27 students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the class has 27 students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class the class has 27 students in
+it who are registered are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it who are registered are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it who are registered are there any
+people who are not registered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not registered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not registered in the
+class here I was told there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class here I was told there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class here I was told there might be
+some people who are not registered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who are not registered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who are not registered in
+the class everybody's here okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class everybody's here okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class everybody's here okay okay
+that simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifies
+everything um you've been broken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um you've been broken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um you've been broken into
+teams of three I think you know know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of three I think you know know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of three I think you know know
+your teammates um each team will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teammates um each team will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your teammates um each team will be
+assigned will do three projects each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned will do three projects each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned will do three projects each
+team will do three projects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team will do three projects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team will do three projects in the
+course of the term and for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the term and for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the term and for each of those
+projects you'll be assigned a mentor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you'll be assigned a mentor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you'll be assigned a mentor who
+will be uh either Nat or Saul or me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh either Nat or Saul or me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh either Nat or Saul or me and
+the mentors will rotate around so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mentors will rotate around so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mentors will rotate around so we'll
+all each of us will see each of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all each of us will see each of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all each of us will see each of you in
+the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of the
+term um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh we'll we'll fix a first project today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll we'll fix a first project today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll we'll fix a first project today
+I hope you've had a chance to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've had a chance to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you've had a chance to look at
+them over the weekend and um and get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over the weekend and um and get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them over the weekend and um and get an
+idea of what you want to work on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you want to work on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you want to work on some of
+you have already made a choice uh um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already made a choice uh um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already made a choice uh um no
+two teams will work on the same project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two teams will work on the same project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two teams will work on the same project
+there are about 44 projects up there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 44 projects up there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 44 projects up there I
+just added another one to the list last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added another one to the list last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added another one to the list last
+night uh that might continue to grow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night uh that might continue to grow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night uh that might continue to grow a
+little bit over the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit over the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit over the term
+are the same projects for all like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same projects for all like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same projects for all like is
+this list for all three chunks or yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list for all three chunks or yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list for all three chunks or yes
+this list is for all three chunks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list is for all three chunks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list is for all three chunks so
+you'll pick another project from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick another project from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick another project from the
+same list for the second and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same list for the second and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same list for the second and for the
+third projects and so by the end you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third projects and so by the end you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third projects and so by the end you
+might be picking projects which are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be picking projects which are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be picking projects which are a
+little bit outside of your uh comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit outside of your uh comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit outside of your uh comfort
+zone but I think that's probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone but I think that's probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone but I think that's probably a good
+thing too to experience uh a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too to experience uh a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing too to experience uh a part of
+mathematics that's a little bit outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that's a little bit outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that's a little bit outside
+of where you um where you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you um where you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you um where you feel
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+native but I think there are enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native but I think there are enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native but I think there are enough
+projects to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to go around
+so um you know these these these so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know these these these so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know these these these so a
+lot of things to say about this your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things to say about this your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things to say about this your
+Mentor uh has had a lot of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor uh has had a lot of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor uh has had a lot of experience
+doing mathematical research but almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing mathematical research but almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing mathematical research but almost
+surely not in the subject that any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely not in the subject that any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely not in the subject that any of
+your projects will be on so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects will be on so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects will be on so they're not
+experts in the in the in the topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the in the in the topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the in the in the topic that
+you'll be thinking about and working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be thinking about and working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be thinking about and working on
+they can only help you do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only help you do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only help you do the the
+research part of it they can only help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research part of it they can only help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research part of it they can only help
+you uh with the research process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh with the research process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh with the research process
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+uh um so and moreover each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so and moreover each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so and moreover each one of these
+projects is designed to lead in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is designed to lead in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects is designed to lead in a
+variety of different possible directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different possible directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different possible directions
+and I've always been amazed uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've always been amazed uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've always been amazed uh every
+every uh time I've taught this course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh time I've taught this course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every uh time I've taught this course uh
+students take projects uh in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students take projects uh in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students take projects uh in some
+unexpected Direction so uh there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected Direction so uh there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected Direction so uh there may
+have been a lesson a mathematical lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lesson a mathematical lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lesson a mathematical lesson
+that uh stimulated the creation of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh stimulated the creation of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh stimulated the creation of one
+of of of a project but that may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a project but that may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a project but that may not be
+where the team who works on it winds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the team who works on it winds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the team who works on it winds up
+taking the project this is fine this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the project this is fine this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the project this is fine this is
+the way mathematics is done this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way mathematics is done this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way mathematics is done this is the
+way mathematics is created people take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way mathematics is created people take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way mathematics is created people take
+things in New Directions according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in New Directions according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in New Directions according to
+their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own
+interests so in this course not only are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests so in this course not only are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests so in this course not only are
+there no well-defined answers there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no well-defined answers there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no well-defined answers there
+aren't even any well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even any well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't even any well-defined
+questions and part of what you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and part of what you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and part of what you'll be
+doing is trying to find in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to find in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is trying to find in in the
+project in each one of these projects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in each one of these projects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in each one of these projects a
+piece a piece of the project a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece a piece of the project a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece a piece of the project a piece of
+that mathematical Terrain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematical Terrain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematical Terrain which
+interests you and which you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you and which you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests you and which you think you
+can make some progress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some progress in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make some progress in
+understanding so the way the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so the way the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding so the way the way that
+understanding goes often um you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding goes often um you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding goes often um you'll be
+working with a computer I think every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a computer I think every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a computer I think every
+team has someone who's expressed uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team has someone who's expressed uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team has someone who's expressed uh uh
+uh familiarity with computers actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh familiarity with computers actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh familiarity with computers actually
+the situation now is very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now is very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation now is very different than
+it was 10 years ago almost everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 10 years ago almost everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was 10 years ago almost everybody
+seems to have have pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have have pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have have pretty good
+computational experience that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational experience that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational experience that's often
+useful it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's not
+essential some of the projects lend El
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential some of the projects lend El
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential some of the projects lend El
+to uh com computational experiments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh com computational experiments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh com computational experiments uh
+some less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some less
+so uh but that's often part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but that's often part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but that's often part of the
+exploration that goes on when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration that goes on when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration that goes on when you think
+about one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one of these
+projects um another thing that uh is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um another thing that uh is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects um another thing that uh is out
+there is the literature the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the literature the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the literature the mathematical
+literature these projects don't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature these projects don't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature these projects don't exist in
+a vacuum and part of math research is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum and part of math research is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum and part of math research is
+scanning the literature and so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the literature and so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning the literature and so um that's
+fine if you want to look at what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you want to look at what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if you want to look at what's known
+out there in something that seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in something that seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there in something that seems to be
+related to the project at hand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the project at hand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the project at hand that's
+fine but um but um the the truth is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but um but um the the truth is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but um but um the the truth is that
+the more you can find out on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you can find out on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you can find out on your own
+the more fun you'll have what I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fun you'll have what I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more fun you'll have what I don't
+want is a review of the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a review of the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a review of the literature
+that's not what any of these projects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what any of these projects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what any of these projects is
+about so any aspect of this of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so any aspect of this of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so any aspect of this of these
+projects that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you can find
+um whether or not it's represented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether or not it's represented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whether or not it's represented in
+the literature you can treat it as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature you can treat it as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature you can treat it as your
+own develop it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own develop it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own develop it on your
+own it's much more fun to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own it's much more fun to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own it's much more fun to discover
+things on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on your own
+so I don't um so it's not illegal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't um so it's not illegal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't um so it's not illegal to
+scan the literature I don't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the literature I don't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan the literature I don't particularly
+recommend it but it it is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but it it is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it but it it is part of the
+picture it's something you may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's something you may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's something you may want to
+do now uh there's two exceptions I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now uh there's two exceptions I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now uh there's two exceptions I guess
+to this General thing one is every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this General thing one is every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this General thing one is every one
+of these projects was designed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects was designed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects was designed by
+somebody on the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the MIT
+faculty and so uh you may you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and so uh you may you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and so uh you may you should
+feel free to go knock on doors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to go knock on doors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to go knock on doors of
+relevant faculty members and um say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant faculty members and um say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant faculty members and um say you
+know I'm I'm thinking about this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm I'm thinking about this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm I'm thinking about this project
+uh is there anything any and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there anything any and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is there anything any and I think
+maybe things are going to work like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe things are going to work like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe things are going to work like this
+can you give me any any uh guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me any any uh guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me any any uh guidance
+here it's a great way to it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a great way to it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a great way to it's a great
+opening line to uh make the acquaintance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening line to uh make the acquaintance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening line to uh make the acquaintance
+of Faculty uh your Mentor can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Faculty uh your Mentor can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Faculty uh your Mentor can help you
+decide which faculty member to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which faculty member to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which faculty member to approach
+if you want one I'm not going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want one I'm not going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want one I'm not going to tell
+you which faculty member created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which faculty member created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which faculty member created the
+problems but you'll get the general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you'll get the general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you'll get the general uh
+you know the general areas and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general areas and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general areas and your
+Mentor can help you with that so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor can help you with that so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor can help you with that so in a
+way it's an introduction to The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's an introduction to The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's an introduction to The Faculty
+as well it's a uh an entree into talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's a uh an entree into talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well it's a uh an entree into talking
+about math with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faculty the other uh exception to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty the other uh exception to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty the other uh exception to sort
+of an open policy is one the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open policy is one the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an open policy is one the one thing
+you're not allowed to do is consult past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to do is consult past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to do is consult past
+papers on on these projects this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on on these projects this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on on these projects this course
+has been around for 10 years now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around for 10 years now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been around for 10 years now there's
+a lot of people have worked on it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have worked on it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have worked on it a lot
+of your uh uh have a lot of other MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your uh uh have a lot of other MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your uh uh have a lot of other MIT
+students have worked on these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have worked on these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have worked on these projects
+over the years please don't consult with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years please don't consult with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years please don't consult with
+them don't look at past papers if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't look at past papers if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't look at past papers if you
+have access to them because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to them because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to them because you're going
+to want to take the project in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to take the project in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to take the project in your own
+Direction anyway and it's just better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction anyway and it's just better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction anyway and it's just better
+not to get involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so um this process of thinking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um this process of thinking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um this process of thinking up
+good questions and do trying to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions and do trying to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good questions and do trying to answer
+them that's what mathematical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's what mathematical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's what mathematical research
+is about it's difficult uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about it's difficult uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about it's difficult uh it's
+exhausting it's time consuming it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausting it's time consuming it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhausting it's time consuming it's a
+lab class it's going to be timec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab class it's going to be timec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab class it's going to be timec
+consuming for you uh it's difficult uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming for you uh it's difficult uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming for you uh it's difficult uh
+and uh in order to keep your keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in order to keep your keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in order to keep your keep your
+spirits up uh there are various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirits up uh there are various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirits up uh there are various things
+you can do one thing that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do one thing that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do one thing that many people
+have found useful is keeping a notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found useful is keeping a notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found useful is keeping a notebook
+keep your own notebook of the insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your own notebook of the insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your own notebook of the insights
+that you have of the thing you tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have of the thing you tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have of the thing you tried
+today of the frustration that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today of the frustration that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today of the frustration that you
+encountered of the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered of the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered of the thing that you
+realize that you thought you'd proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that you thought you'd proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that you thought you'd proved
+yesterday but now you realize is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but now you realize is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but now you realize is wrong
+that's progress discovering you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's progress discovering you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's progress discovering you've made
+a mistake is progress it may not feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake is progress it may not feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake is progress it may not feel
+like it at the time but if you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it at the time but if you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it at the time but if you write it
+down in your notebook you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in your notebook you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in your notebook you'll see that
+you know more today than you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more today than you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more today than you did
+yesterday it's a nice feeling uh a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday it's a nice feeling uh a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday it's a nice feeling uh a lot
+of a lot of working mathematicians use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of working mathematicians use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of working mathematicians use a
+sort of research or laboratory notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of research or laboratory notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of research or laboratory notebook
+uh to record their thoughts and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to record their thoughts and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to record their thoughts and keep
+keep them in order and to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them in order and to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them in order and to give
+themselves a sense that they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a sense that they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a sense that they're making
+progress even when it doesn't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress even when it doesn't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress even when it doesn't feel like
+they they are and it can be also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are and it can be also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are and it can be also useful
+to you when it comes time to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you when it comes time to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you when it comes time to write the
+paper because you'll have uh some record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper because you'll have uh some record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper because you'll have uh some record
+of what what what happened and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what what happened and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what what happened and what you
+decided to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to be
+true so that bring brings me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that bring brings me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so that bring brings me to the
+paper so each one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so each one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so each one of these three
+projects that you'll work on will result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you'll work on will result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you'll work on will result
+in a paper written by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper written by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper written by the
+team uh you'll probably want to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh you'll probably want to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team uh you'll probably want to divide
+the work of writing a paper into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of writing a paper into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of writing a paper into um
+sections and each me team member will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and each me team member will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections and each me team member will
+probably want to write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably want to write uh
+uh a third roughly of the of the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a third roughly of the of the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a third roughly of the of the paper
+uh but the team as a whole is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the team as a whole is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the team as a whole is really
+responsible for the coherence uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the coherence uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the coherence uh and uh
+pointedness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointedness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointedness of the
+paper um the paper should be uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um the paper should be uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper um the paper should be uh in the
+standard format that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard format that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard format that you see in
+mathematical literature it's a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical literature it's a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical literature it's a journal
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+format uh this may not be familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format uh this may not be familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format uh this may not be familiar to
+you or maybe it is uh but in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or maybe it is uh but in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or maybe it is uh but in any case
+there are some examples up on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some examples up on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some examples up on the course
+website so there's an example of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so there's an example of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website so there's an example of a a
+prizewinning paper uh with annotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizewinning paper uh with annotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizewinning paper uh with annotations
+on the side that that point out the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side that that point out the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side that that point out the cool
+choices which the author made in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which the author made in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which the author made in uh
+presenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the
+mathematics um and there's an there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um and there's an there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics um and there's an there's at
+least one essay there about uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one essay there about uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one essay there about uh what what
+what makes a mathematics paper what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a mathematics paper what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes a mathematics paper what the
+different parts of the paper are uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the paper are uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the paper are uh and
+some a lot of examples of uh of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of examples of uh of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of examples of uh of bad
+mathematical usage that I have to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical usage that I have to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical usage that I have to say uh
+I got from a past um class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from a past um class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got from a past um class of
+18821 and so uh uh and there's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18821 and so uh uh and there's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18821 and so uh uh and there's a sort of
+explanations about why I think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations about why I think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations about why I think some of
+those usages are are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those usages are are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those usages are are not so
+great so you write a paper in for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you write a paper in for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so you write a paper in for each
+one of these three projects the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these three projects the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these three projects the paper
+you'll want you you'll want to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want you you'll want to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want you you'll want to write it
+in latch uh there's really not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in latch uh there's really not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in latch uh there's really not a lot of
+uh choice in mathematics everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choice in mathematics everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh choice in mathematics everyone in the
+field will work in as their uh as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will work in as their uh as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will work in as their uh as their
+medium of choice uh and the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of choice uh and the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of choice uh and the website
+contains a lot of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of information about
+where where to get a tech installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where to get a tech installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where to get a tech installation
+if you need one and uh where to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need one and uh where to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need one and uh where to find
+Tech manuals and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech manuals and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech manuals and so
+on and um then you'll uh submit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and um then you'll uh submit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and um then you'll uh submit the
+paper as a PDF file you'll upload it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as a PDF file you'll upload it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper as a PDF file you'll upload it to
+the Stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stellar
+website and there's deadlines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and there's deadlines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website and there's deadlines and
+everything uh that are published uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that are published uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything uh that are published uh on
+the on the website now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to stress that um you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to stress that um you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to stress that um you you you
+you you realize that these papers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you realize that these papers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you realize that these papers are
+not literature reviews they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literature reviews they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literature reviews they're not
+intended to be uh a description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be uh a description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be uh a description of
+things that you've discovered that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you've discovered that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you've discovered that other
+people knew uh they from reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew uh they from reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people knew uh they from reading the
+work of other people uh by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of other people uh by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of other people uh by the same
+token you don't have to address every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token you don't have to address every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token you don't have to address every
+part of a project some of these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a project some of these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a project some of these projects
+are more prescriptive than others you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more prescriptive than others you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more prescriptive than others you
+don't have to address actually any part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to address actually any part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to address actually any part
+of the projects as long as you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects as long as you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects as long as you know you
+a you together with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you together with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you together with your
+Mentor may find variations that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor may find variations that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mentor may find variations that you want
+to play on the project as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stated so uh there's a pretty regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated so uh there's a pretty regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated so uh there's a pretty regular
+schedule um this first project the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule um this first project the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule um this first project the first
+draft will be due about in about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft will be due about in about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft will be due about in about three
+weeks a first draft is always due on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks a first draft is always due on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks a first draft is always due on a
+Friday what will happen then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday what will happen then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday what will happen then when you
+turn in a first draft that first draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in a first draft that first draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in a first draft that first draft
+should be a pretty complete paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a pretty complete paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a pretty complete paper that
+you would stand by it's your best shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stand by it's your best shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stand by it's your best shot
+at at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at this
+paper but you know uh it then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but you know uh it then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but you know uh it then what's
+will happen is it'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is it'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is it'll go through
+something like the standard uh referee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the standard uh referee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the standard uh referee
+process that a journal article in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that a journal article in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that a journal article in
+mathematics goes through that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics goes through that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics goes through that is
+somebody uh namely your your mentor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh namely your your mentor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody uh namely your your mentor and
+possibly Susan and possibly me will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly Susan and possibly me will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly Susan and possibly me will look
+at it and rip it to shreds while we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and rip it to shreds while we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and rip it to shreds while we're a
+little Kinder than that but there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Kinder than that but there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Kinder than that but there will
+always be places where we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be places where we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be places where we think that
+things could be improved either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be improved either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be improved either the
+mathematics uh or the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh or the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh or the uh
+writing and so we'll do that we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and so we'll do that we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and so we'll do that we'll try
+to do that over that weekend and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that over that weekend and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that over that weekend and early
+the following week um we'll have uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following week um we'll have uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following week um we'll have uh what
+I call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call a
+debriefing so uh this is a a meeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing so uh this is a a meeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing so uh this is a a meeting in
+my office with just the team that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office with just the team that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my office with just the team that's
+worked on the project just the three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the project just the three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the project just the three of
+you uh plus your mentor and possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh plus your mentor and possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh plus your mentor and possibly
+Plus Susan and uh it's a moment for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Susan and uh it's a moment for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus Susan and uh it's a moment for you
+to describe what your project was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what your project was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe what your project was about
+in 10 minutes it's a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes it's a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 minutes it's a very short
+presentation uh informal presentation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh informal presentation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh informal presentation on
+my Blackboard with just the small group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Blackboard with just the small group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Blackboard with just the small group
+of us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in the
+room um we'll listen and then that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um we'll listen and then that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um we'll listen and then that's an
+opportunity that's our opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that's our opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that's our opportunity to
+get back to you and explain the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to you and explain the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to you and explain the comments
+that we have about the work that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about the work that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about the work that you've
+done we also will com probably comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we also will com probably comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we also will com probably comment
+about the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the presentation
+you gave as well it's a moment for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave as well it's a moment for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave as well it's a moment for us to
+uh to uh see uh how you present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh see uh how you present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh see uh how you present
+mathematics on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics on the
+Blackboard so that'll happen in the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard so that'll happen in the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard so that'll happen in the week
+following the initial the first draft of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the initial the first draft of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the initial the first draft of
+the paper hopefully early in that week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper hopefully early in that week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper hopefully early in that week
+because we'll give you back our comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll give you back our comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll give you back our comments
+in in writing on the on the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in writing on the on the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in writing on the on the paper and
+you can take that you should take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that you should take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take that you should take that
+back with you lick your wounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with you lick your wounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with you lick your wounds
+um it's really not that cruel believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really not that cruel believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's really not that cruel believe me
+people have a lot of fun in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a lot of fun in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a lot of fun in my
+office uh and rewrite the paper write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office uh and rewrite the paper write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office uh and rewrite the paper write a
+second draft and that cycle may continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second draft and that cycle may continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second draft and that cycle may continue
+more than once uh it's happened quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once uh it's happened quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once uh it's happened quite
+often that it takes a couple of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that it takes a couple of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often that it takes a couple of uh
+iterations before uh a really good paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations before uh a really good paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations before uh a really good paper
+emerges and that's what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges and that's what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges and that's what we're looking
+for so then there's a due date in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so then there's a due date in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so then there's a due date in the
+middle of the following week for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the following week for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the following week for the
+final draft of that paper and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final draft of that paper and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final draft of that paper and that's the
+way the cycle goes and then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the cycle goes and then it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the cycle goes and then it gets
+repeated so it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated so it's really important to
+stay on schedule because there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on schedule because there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on schedule because there are three
+papers that we need in the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that we need in the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that we need in the course of the
+term um and and uh um it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term um and and uh um it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term um and and uh um it's very
+important to stay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to stay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to stay on
+schedule so that's the paper uh aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so that's the paper uh aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule so that's the paper uh aspect
+of it three papers there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it three papers there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it three papers there's one
+presentation each team will do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation each team will do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation each team will do one
+presentation of one of your projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of one of your projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of one of your projects to
+the whole class and it's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole class and it's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole class and it's going to happen
+in this room um I think yes here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room um I think yes here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room um I think yes here's a
+projector I will happen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector I will happen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector I will happen in this
+room and I really insist that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I really insist that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and I really insist that everybody
+be here it'll happen on a Monday all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here it'll happen on a Monday all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here it'll happen on a Monday all the
+classes all these formal presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all these formal presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all these formal presentations
+happen here on Mondays beginning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here on Mondays beginning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here on Mondays beginning in
+three weeks or so four through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or so four through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three weeks or so four through four
+weeks I guess have to give you time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks I guess have to give you time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks I guess have to give you time
+somebody time to do the work for the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody time to do the work for the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody time to do the work for the one
+project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to
+present so uh it's important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so uh it's important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present so uh it's important for you to
+to block off that Monday hour it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to block off that Monday hour it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to block off that Monday hour it's one
+hour on a Monday in this room and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour on a Monday in this room and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour on a Monday in this room and it's
+really to be here just as a courtesy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to be here just as a courtesy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to be here just as a courtesy to
+your classmates um but also because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates um but also because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates um but also because it's
+a a time when you'll learn some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a time when you'll learn some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a time when you'll learn some new
+mathematics from the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics from the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics from the wonderful
+presentations that they'll give um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations that they'll give um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations that they'll give um and
+um it it it's also a learning experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it it's also a learning experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it it's also a learning experience
+for you to to see uh mathematics being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to to see uh mathematics being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to to see uh mathematics being
+presented and we'll actually ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and we'll actually ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented and we'll actually ask you to
+fill out some response form to each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out some response form to each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill out some response form to each one
+of the lectures as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on uh you don't do this blond mind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you don't do this blond mind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you don't do this blond mind uh
+your mentor and Susan will work with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mentor and Susan will work with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mentor and Susan will work with you
+well in advance to prepare a good a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in advance to prepare a good a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in advance to prepare a good a good
+mathematics talk uh and you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics talk uh and you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics talk uh and you'll have
+you'll do a practice talk a dry run talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do a practice talk a dry run talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do a practice talk a dry run talk
+also in this room on Friday so Fridays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this room on Friday so Fridays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this room on Friday so Fridays
+at 1:00 1 to 3 actually this room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1:00 1 to 3 actually this room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1:00 1 to 3 actually this room is
+reserved from 1 to 3: on Fridays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved from 1 to 3: on Fridays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserved from 1 to 3: on Fridays and
+that's the moment when you make a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the moment when you make a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the moment when you make a formal
+a a practice presentation of this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a practice presentation of this talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a practice presentation of this talk
+again that that first run of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that that first run of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that that first run of a
+presentation should be your best shot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation should be your best shot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation should be your best shot at
+a good mathematics presentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good mathematics presentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good mathematics presentation and
+again uh there will always inevitably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh there will always inevitably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh there will always inevitably be
+lots of things to say about making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things to say about making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things to say about making it
+even better so um so you'll give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better so um so you'll give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better so um so you'll give a
+presentation and that will stretch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and that will stretch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and that will stretch out
+because there will be comments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be comments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there will be comments in the
+middle of it and there may be a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it and there may be a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it and there may be a long
+discussion after it uh uh to find ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion after it uh uh to find ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion after it uh uh to find ways
+to make the presentation even better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the presentation even better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the presentation even better so
+reserve two hours on Fridays but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve two hours on Fridays but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve two hours on Fridays but only
+one Friday because it's just one team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Friday because it's just one team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Friday because it's just one team
+that's present for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's present for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's present for each of these
+practice presentations on Fridays so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice presentations on Fridays so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice presentations on Fridays so we
+don't have class on Fridays so so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have class on Fridays so so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have class on Fridays so so so in
+general we do not have classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we do not have classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general we do not have classes on
+Fridays with four exceptions well three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fridays with four exceptions well three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fridays with four exceptions well three
+exceptions okay one exception is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions okay one exception is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions okay one exception is when
+your team does the practice presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team does the practice presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team does the practice presentation
+and there are two other exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two other exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two other exceptions
+namely this Friday and next Friday there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this Friday and next Friday there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this Friday and next Friday there
+will be workshops that you should be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be workshops that you should be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be workshops that you should be at
+okay so uh but other than that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh but other than that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh but other than that your
+Fridays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fridays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fridays are
+Free Fridays that Friday slot is a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Fridays that Friday slot is a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Fridays that Friday slot is a time
+when you and your teammates probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you and your teammates probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you and your teammates probably
+don't have other classes scheduled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have other classes scheduled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have other classes scheduled so
+that might be the right time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the right time to get
+together with them and with your Mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with them and with your Mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with them and with your Mentor
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so these workshops we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so these workshops we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so these workshops we have three
+workshops uh scheduled and I want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops uh scheduled and I want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops uh scheduled and I want to see
+everybody there at at each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there at at each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody there at at each of them
+they're all uh important and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all uh important and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all uh important and useful
+this is a team-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a team-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a team-based
+class uh mathematics you know about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh mathematics you know about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh mathematics you know about half
+or so of math papers are written by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so of math papers are written by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so of math papers are written by um
+as a collaboration math is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a collaboration math is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a collaboration math is a very
+collaborative effort it doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative effort it doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative effort it doesn't happen
+in a big laboratory it happens in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big laboratory it happens in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big laboratory it happens in groups
+of two or three people and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or three people and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two or three people and so that's
+what this class is like too so so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this class is like too so so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this class is like too so so you're
+grouped into teams of three which uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into teams of three which uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouped into teams of three which uh I
+devoutly hope will stay together for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoutly hope will stay together for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoutly hope will stay together for the
+semester and um but but you may not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and um but but you may not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and um but but you may not uh
+know each other you may not have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other you may not have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other you may not have worked
+together uh before and in any case uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh before and in any case uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh before and in any case uh I
+want you to be here this Friday when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be here this Friday when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be here this Friday when
+we'll have a workshop on team building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a workshop on team building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a workshop on team building
+that will be led by Susan Ruff and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be led by Susan Ruff and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be led by Susan Ruff and uh
+people have commented on the uh course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have commented on the uh course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have commented on the uh course
+evaluation surve surveys that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation surve surveys that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation surve surveys that this was
+the most fun part of the course so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fun part of the course so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fun part of the course so don't
+don't miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't miss
+it and it will help I think in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it will help I think in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it will help I think in uh in
+making this a successful uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this a successful uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this a successful uh research
+experience through the term so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience through the term so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience through the term so that's
+this Friday uh come here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Friday uh come here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Friday uh come here at
+1:00 uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I I see on the handout it says next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I see on the handout it says next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I see on the handout it says next
+Monday but I think that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday but I think that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday but I think that has to be
+interpreted in the MIT sense so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the MIT sense so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the MIT sense so the real
+calendar date is Tuesday because next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar date is Tuesday because next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calendar date is Tuesday because next
+Tuesday is an MIT Monday so mark that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday is an MIT Monday so mark that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday is an MIT Monday so mark that on
+your the handout which actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the handout which actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the handout which actually I'm
+reading notes not your handout uh yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading notes not your handout uh yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading notes not your handout uh yes so
+next week on Tuesday which is an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week on Tuesday which is an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week on Tuesday which is an MIT
+Monday there will be a workshop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday there will be a workshop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday there will be a workshop on
+presenting mathematics on giving math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting mathematics on giving math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting mathematics on giving math
+presentations and uh uh that'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and uh uh that'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and uh uh that'll be a
+good a good time too and then next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good time too and then next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a good time too and then next week
+on Friday there will be a workshop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday there will be a workshop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday there will be a workshop on
+writing mathematics all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing mathematics all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing mathematics all these things are
+up on the ma on the website as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the ma on the website as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the ma on the website as well but
+these are the only only to today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the only only to today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the only only to today and
+these three workshops are the only uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three workshops are the only uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three workshops are the only uh
+sort of classes we have except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classes we have except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of classes we have except for the
+presentations by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations by you
+guys let me say one other thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys let me say one other thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys let me say one other thing about
+presentations uh there's this projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh there's this projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations uh there's this projector
+here U many people will want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U many people will want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U many people will want to use
+slides uh slides are pretty easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh slides are pretty easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides uh slides are pretty easy to make
+these days with uh I mean that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days with uh I mean that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days with uh I mean that means a
+computer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh
+presentation uh but you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh but you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh but you don't have
+to in my experience uh in a in a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in my experience uh in a in a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in my experience uh in a in a math
+seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar
+in my field anyway probably uh 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my field anyway probably uh 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my field anyway probably uh 80% of
+the talks are still chalk and Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talks are still chalk and Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talks are still chalk and Blackboard
+uh even in a big a big conference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even in a big a big conference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even in a big a big conference the
+talk talks are often done with chalk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talks are often done with chalk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talks are often done with chalk and
+a Blackboard uh so I don't want you to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Blackboard uh so I don't want you to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Blackboard uh so I don't want you to I
+don't want to push you off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to push you off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to push you off of the
+professional Norms of of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Norms of of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Norms of of the of
+mathematics and uh for me a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and uh for me a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics and uh for me a a
+well-presented chalk and Blackboard talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-presented chalk and Blackboard talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-presented chalk and Blackboard talk
+uh can be just as good as a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be just as good as a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be just as good as a slide
+presentation uh the one trick that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh the one trick that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh the one trick that I
+want to put in your head right away is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put in your head right away is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put in your head right away is
+when you do a slide presentation you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a slide presentation you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do a slide presentation you put
+quite a bit of work into arranging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of work into arranging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of work into arranging the
+way things look and all that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things look and all that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things look and all that you should
+plan to put the same amount of work into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to put the same amount of work into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to put the same amount of work into
+your chalk presentation it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chalk presentation it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chalk presentation it's easy to
+think that I can just walk up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I can just walk up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I can just walk up to the
+Blackboard and start talking don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and start talking don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard and start talking don't make
+that assumption even for the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption even for the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption even for the practice
+talk okay so uh so either way is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk okay so uh so either way is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk okay so uh so either way is fine
+but beware uh of that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+danger well I've talked for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger well I've talked for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger well I've talked for a long time
+let me ask if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions sometimes it takes a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions sometimes it takes a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions sometimes it takes a whole
+minute for the questions to Bubble Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for the questions to Bubble Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute for the questions to Bubble Up
+how long do the papers have to be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long do the papers have to be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long do the papers have to be how
+long do the papers have to be uh in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do the papers have to be uh in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long do the papers have to be uh in as
+long as they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as they should
+be the pap typically as long as it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pap typically as long as it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the pap typically as long as it takes
+for for you to uh describe what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you to uh describe what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you to uh describe what you've
+discovered uh typically they're 10 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh typically they're 10 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh typically they're 10 pages
+roughly more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly more or
+less much less than 10 pages gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less much less than 10 pages gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less much less than 10 pages gets to be
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+skinny longer than much longer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny longer than much longer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skinny longer than much longer than that
+like 20 Pages gets to be a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 Pages gets to be a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 Pages gets to be a lot of work
+for us preprint kind of formatting or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us preprint kind of formatting or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us preprint kind of formatting or uh
+there's a standard Tech format which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard Tech format which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard Tech format which I
+encourage you to use don't use 10o uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to use don't use 10o uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to use don't use 10o uh
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+colum is that cu 10 pages that is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum is that cu 10 pages that is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum is that cu 10 pages that is a lot
+more than 10 pages in like the pre-print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 pages in like the pre-print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 10 pages in like the pre-print
+sort of style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of style
+okay it's you you'll see uh you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's you you'll see uh you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's you you'll see uh you've got
+three or four weeks to work on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four weeks to work on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four weeks to work on each
+project uh you'll you'll have 10 pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh you'll you'll have 10 pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh you'll you'll have 10 pages
+or so to say and it'll it'll feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to say and it'll it'll feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so to say and it'll it'll feel about
+right um if you you may want to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you you may want to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if you you may want to include
+code uh or pseudo code or something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh or pseudo code or something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh or pseudo code or something uh
+and an appendix I would I count I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an appendix I would I count I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an appendix I would I count I don't
+count that as part of the 10 pages uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that as part of the 10 pages uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that as part of the 10 pages uh so
+that can sort of slop over the end and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sort of slop over the end and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can sort of slop over the end and I
+don't want you to think the 10 pages is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to think the 10 pages is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to think the 10 pages is
+the god is the god-given number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the god is the god-given number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the god is the god-given number that's
+just a rough idea of what it what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rough idea of what it what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a rough idea of what it what it is
+and you'll have three of them too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have three of them too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have three of them too so
+that's quite a bit of writing you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of writing you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of writing you'll be
+doing but there's three of you working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but there's three of you working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but there's three of you working
+on each one so that brings it down to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each one so that brings it down to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each one so that brings it down to 10
+pages a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages a piece
+again yeah so you're not expecting us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah so you're not expecting us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah so you're not expecting us to
+do lit research so not expecting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lit research so not expecting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lit research so not expecting what
+you're not expecting us to necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not expecting us to necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not expecting us to necessarily
+do exensive literature search I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exensive literature search I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exensive literature search I'm not
+expecting it that's correct so if like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting it that's correct so if like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting it that's correct so if like a
+group comes up with stuff that like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group comes up with stuff that like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group comes up with stuff that like all
+have has already be some literature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has already be some literature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have has already be some literature that
+they didn't see that's okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't see that's okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't see that's okay that's
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+okay absolutely right so it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely right so it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely right so it's your
+choice I'm not uh forbidding forbidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I'm not uh forbidding forbidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice I'm not uh forbidding forbidding
+a lit search I'm not requiring it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lit search I'm not requiring it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lit search I'm not requiring it it's
+it's up to you my experience is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you my experience is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you my experience is that
+there's a lot of fun to be had in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fun to be had in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of fun to be had in just
+looking at the project as it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the project as it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the project as it is and
+thinking about where it leads but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about where it leads but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about where it leads but it's
+up to you do you have anything more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you do you have anything more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you do you have anything more to
+say about that Susan is that am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that Susan is that am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that Susan is that am I
+misleading people at all oh just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading people at all oh just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading people at all oh just a
+caution if you do a literature search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution if you do a literature search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution if you do a literature search
+and you happen to find the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you happen to find the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you happen to find the answer that
+you've been struggling with for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been struggling with for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been struggling with for a long
+time cite it don't be tempted to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cite it don't be tempted to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time cite it don't be tempted to claim
+that you came up with yourself oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you came up with yourself oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you came up with yourself oh yeah
+right literat search definely site what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right literat search definely site what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right literat search definely site what
+you find that of course of course um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that of course of course um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that of course of course um I
+haven't mentioned the those those issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned the those those issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't mentioned the those those issues
+of citation they're they're described uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of citation they're they're described uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of citation they're they're described uh
+there in the website yes it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the website yes it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the website yes it's it's
+extremely important that you you cite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important that you you cite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important that you you cite
+whatever whatever resources you use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever resources you use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever resources you use so
+if we don't do a literature search it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't do a literature search it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't do a literature search it's
+fine to have a paperwor in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to have a paperwor in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine to have a paperwor in those
+citations that' be correct uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations that' be correct uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations that' be correct uh I guess
+that's true I don't I guess that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I don't I guess that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true I don't I guess that's true
+you may want to cite a theorem uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to cite a theorem uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to cite a theorem uh that
+you're using or a method that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using or a method that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using or a method that you're
+using and it's probably good to point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and it's probably good to point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using and it's probably good to point to
+a textbook or a page in a textbook if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook or a page in a textbook if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a textbook or a page in a textbook if
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+that I mean the citations are serve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean the citations are serve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean the citations are serve two
+purposes they they it's to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes they they it's to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes they they it's to avoid
+plagiarism it's to be honest about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarism it's to be honest about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plagiarism it's to be honest about where
+you get your ideas but it's also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your ideas but it's also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your ideas but it's also to
+point the reader to where he can catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the reader to where he can catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the reader to where he can catch
+up with you and so that may require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you and so that may require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with you and so that may require a
+Cit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything else doing the presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else doing the presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else doing the presentations
+are we supposed to split the time three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we supposed to split the time three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we supposed to split the time three
+um yes are in the presentations are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes are in the presentations are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes are in the presentations are you
+supposed to split the time is in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to split the time is in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to split the time is in three
+yes I certainly each of the three people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I certainly each of the three people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I certainly each of the three people
+on the team should participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the team should participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the team should participate in the
+presentation and exactly how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and exactly how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and exactly how that
+happens it's varied greatly from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's varied greatly from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens it's varied greatly from one
+presentation to another you could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to another you could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to another you could split
+it into three blocks of 15 minutes each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into three blocks of 15 minutes each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into three blocks of 15 minutes each
+or so or you could hand the mic back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so or you could hand the mic back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so or you could hand the mic back and
+forth to each other and make life very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to each other and make life very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth to each other and make life very
+difficult for the cameraman who's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the cameraman who's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for the cameraman who's trying
+to record it it's up it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record it it's up it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record it it's up it's it's it's
+worked a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a lot of different
+ways but yeah everybody has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but yeah everybody has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but yeah everybody has to
+participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah how is the project assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah how is the project assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah how is the project assignment
+going to work projects so how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work projects so how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work projects so how is the
+project assignment going to work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project assignment going to work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project assignment going to work that's
+what's going to happen right now so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen right now so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen right now so um
+if I'm sure you all do have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm sure you all do have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm sure you all do have more
+questions I'm always around uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'm always around uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'm always around uh I'm
+always on email talk to me talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on email talk to me talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always on email talk to me talk to your
+uh mentors and um we'll have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mentors and um we'll have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mentors and um we'll have a lot of
+fun this term what I want to do now is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun this term what I want to do now is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun this term what I want to do now is I
+want to the first exercise of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to the first exercise of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to the first exercise of the class
+the first team building exercise is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first team building exercise is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first team building exercise is find
+your team now and gather the three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team now and gather the three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team now and gather the three of
+you together and find a corner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you together and find a corner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you together and find a corner of the
+room because I want to introduce you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because I want to introduce you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because I want to introduce you to
+your current mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your current mentor
+and hear what your project proposal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hear what your project proposal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hear what your project proposal is
+and prove it that's what happens for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it that's what happens for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it that's what happens for the
+rest of the class today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gxFsKhZcTW0.txt b/gxFsKhZcTW0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c604351e08dda506f5d01120d5356668adf7de97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gxFsKhZcTW0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are you guys doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you guys doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you guys doing
+today tired been better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tired been better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tired been better
+yeah nervous now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's nice to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chance yeah that's it Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh we're not seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+airplane did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane did
+he did he fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did he fly
+yesterday I think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I think so
+okay he's going to hurt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+airplane there you go cam there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just one more one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no
+I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theirs so we interviewed Firebolt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs so we interviewed Firebolt okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs so we interviewed Firebolt okay
+and then after they fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after they fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after they fly
+we'll um post interview okay uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll um post interview okay uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll um post interview okay uh and then
+we'll just sort of keep cycling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just sort of keep cycling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just sort of keep cycling like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay no I'm on a separate channel does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no I'm on a separate channel does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no I'm on a separate channel does
+that mean I can talk and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean I can talk and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean I can talk and that's not
+going to
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h8S3HJktpsA.txt b/h8S3HJktpsA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..611724aca192e5a9e84ae324db6040eda76c45d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h8S3HJktpsA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10130 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh so this is lecture 17 we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is lecture 17 we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is lecture 17 we're starting
+the second half of the series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the series of
+lectures and uh today is kind of finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh today is kind of finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and uh today is kind of finite
+differences day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences day
+um first lecture about steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first lecture about steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first lecture about steady state
+equations llas being the outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations llas being the outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations llas being the outstanding
+example we're in 2D of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're in 2D of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we're in 2D of course we're
+we're doing partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing partial differential
+equations and it's that step up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it's that step up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and it's that step up in
+dimension that makes these serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that makes these serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that makes these serious
+numerical problems so if I just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical problems so if I just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical problems so if I just look
+here uh so I'll describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so I'll describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so I'll describe the
+standard uh replacement the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh replacement the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh replacement the the the
+llast finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llast finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llast finite difference
+equation uh the fivepoint scheme has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh the fivepoint scheme has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh the fivepoint scheme has the
+basic accuracy we could upgrade it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic accuracy we could upgrade it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic accuracy we could upgrade it to a
+ninepoint scheme with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninepoint scheme with higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninepoint scheme with higher
+accuracy uh the issues are the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh the issues are the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy uh the issues are the solution
+of that system how much would it cost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that system how much would it cost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that system how much would it cost by
+direct elimination methods and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct elimination methods and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct elimination methods and those are
+by no means uh ruled out first because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means uh ruled out first because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no means uh ruled out first because
+they're so simple and you know we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so simple and you know we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so simple and you know we're a
+lot of some practice with uh uh gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of some practice with uh uh gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of some practice with uh uh gaussian
+elimination but then um the we can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but then um the we can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination but then um the we can often
+save an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save an order of
+magnitude uh in the Computing Time by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh in the Computing Time by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh in the Computing Time by
+some iterative method well chosen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterative method well chosen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some iterative method well chosen so
+I'll speak about some of these I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll speak about some of these I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll speak about some of these I've just
+at this moment added the last one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment added the last one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment added the last one there
+conjugate gradients uh let me say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients uh let me say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients uh let me say that
+that's these are all described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these are all described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these are all described in
+section 5.3 of the uh of the uh text so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 5.3 of the uh of the uh text so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 5.3 of the uh of the uh text so
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.3
+um in the chapter on numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the chapter on numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the chapter on numerical
+methods um and including conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um and including conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods um and including conjugate
+gradients are described there I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients are described there I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients are described there I'm going
+to tackle conjugant gradients in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle conjugant gradients in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle conjugant gradients in the
+lecture I've learned that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I've learned that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I've learned that they're
+they're are sort of uh I mean it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are sort of uh I mean it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're are sort of uh I mean it's it's
+they're not difficult to program they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not difficult to program they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not difficult to program they're
+very powerful and quite an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and quite an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and quite an interesting
+history actually um so this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history actually um so this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history actually um so this is the sort
+of area that I did my thesis in well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area that I did my thesis in well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area that I did my thesis in well
+more the afternoon lecture the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the afternoon lecture the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the afternoon lecture the uh
+initial value problems but it was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problems but it was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value problems but it was a lot
+happening this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening this
+was I don't want to say how many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't want to say how many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I don't want to say how many years
+ago but uh the the uh these issues were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but uh the the uh these issues were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but uh the the uh these issues were
+really coming to the front and conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming to the front and conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really coming to the front and conjugate
+gradients was an idea which uh my uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients was an idea which uh my uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients was an idea which uh my uh one
+of my advisers hus um um Pro produ uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my advisers hus um um Pro produ uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my advisers hus um um Pro produ uh
+provided by the way I was highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by the way I was highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided by the way I was highly
+interested to see in Eric Miss's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see in Eric Miss's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested to see in Eric Miss's lecture
+last week I don't know if you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week I don't know if you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week I don't know if you notice
+caught the name of the chap who those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught the name of the chap who those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught the name of the chap who those
+papers he had read which had transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he had read which had transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers he had read which had transformed
+his life and transformed a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life and transformed a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his life and transformed a lot of
+Science teaching actually he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science teaching actually he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science teaching actually he's the
+outstanding science teacher in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding science teacher in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding science teacher in the
+country one might say anyway they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one might say anyway they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country one might say anyway they were
+papers by David Honis at Arizona State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers by David Honis at Arizona State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers by David Honis at Arizona State
+son of my hero uh Magnus hus uh and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of my hero uh Magnus hus uh and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son of my hero uh Magnus hus uh and by
+at the same time conjugate gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time conjugate gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time conjugate gradients
+were uh suggested by a man named Lanos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh suggested by a man named Lanos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh suggested by a man named Lanos
+in Ireland another outstanding person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ireland another outstanding person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ireland another outstanding person
+anyway there there're not an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there there're not an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway there there're not an obvious
+idea they're built on um three term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they're built on um three term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea they're built on um three term
+recurrence relations and but oh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence relations and but oh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrence relations and but oh what I
+was going to say about the history sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say about the history sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say about the history sorry
+I hope it's okay if I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it's okay if I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope it's okay if I talk about
+conjugate gradients without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients without actually
+writing the formulas up because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the formulas up because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the formulas up because that
+would fill the board and we lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill the board and we lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fill the board and we lose the
+lecture anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture anyway
+um it was they give the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was they give the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was they give the exact
+answer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in
+uh in end steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in end steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in end steps
+oh I can even tell you a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I can even tell you a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I can even tell you a little about
+the problem of course uh but anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course uh but anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem of course uh but anyway it
+was discovered that um they didn't sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered that um they didn't sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered that um they didn't sort
+of they uh at the end of end steps uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they uh at the end of end steps uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they uh at the end of end steps uh
+numerical errors had spoiled it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors had spoiled it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical errors had spoiled it and they
+had to take more than end steps and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take more than end steps and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take more than end steps and it
+seemed like it wasn't competitive with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like it wasn't competitive with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like it wasn't competitive with
+elimination which also finishes right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination which also finishes right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination which also finishes right at
+a finite time so conjugate gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite time so conjugate gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite time so conjugate gradients
+thought of as a direct method to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a direct method to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a direct method to get the
+answer after a fixed number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer after a fixed number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer after a fixed number of steps
+didn't win even thought it was a heck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't win even thought it was a heck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't win even thought it was a heck of
+a smart idea and then so some years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart idea and then so some years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smart idea and then so some years
+passed and then um a guy tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed and then um a guy tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed and then um a guy tried it
+thought well maybe I should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well maybe I should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well maybe I should think of
+this as an iterative method do conract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an iterative method do conract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an iterative method do conract
+in gradients get me close quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gradients get me close quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gradients get me close quickly
+because that's what we're looking for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we're looking for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we're looking for in
+iterative method we're not looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method we're not looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative method we're not looking to
+get to the exact answer we're looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the exact answer we're looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the exact answer we're looking to
+get real close fast and the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real close fast and the answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real close fast and the answer was
+they did and so they're back in favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and so they're back in favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did and so they're back in favor
+very much conjugate gradient methods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much conjugate gradient methods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much conjugate gradient methods uh
+I I can even tell you with a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can even tell you with a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can even tell you with a picture
+what what the problem is suppose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the problem is suppose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the problem is suppose we're
+well you know that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that I'm going to be
+solving KU equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving KU equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving KU equal B
+right this K is sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this K is sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this K is sort of like the
+interesting issue now what is it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue now what is it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue now what is it this is
+a K in this is a matrix K in 2D 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K in this is a matrix K in 2D 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a K in this is a matrix K in 2D 2
+dimensions and the question will be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the question will be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and the question will be what
+does it look like and of course we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like and of course we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it look like and of course we hope
+it's going to be symmetric positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be symmetric positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be symmetric positive
+definite and it will be I mean l pla's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and it will be I mean l pla's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite and it will be I mean l pla's
+equation is symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is symmetric positive definite
+and so we would expect the same out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we would expect the same out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we would expect the same out of
+the finite difference Keem okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite difference Keem okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite difference Keem okay so we
+that's our job how to solve KU equal B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our job how to solve KU equal B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our job how to solve KU equal B
+when K is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when K is this
+two-dimensional Matrix and I'll I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Matrix and I'll I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Matrix and I'll I can
+hardly resist writing down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly resist writing down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly resist writing down because
+that's like the main main point here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the main main point here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the main main point here but
+uh to describe conjugant gradients maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to describe conjugant gradients maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to describe conjugant gradients maybe
+I could connect this do we remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could connect this do we remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could connect this do we remember that
+this is also a minimization problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a minimization problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a minimization problem that
+here we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an
+equation a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a linear
+equation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a
+minimization a quadratic minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization a quadratic minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization a quadratic minimization
+right that those are the two that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those are the two that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that those are the two that go
+together and the minim we minimize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the minim we minimize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the minim we minimize some
+energy expression which which is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy expression which which is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy expression which which is a half
+of U transpose KU that gives the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U transpose KU that gives the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U transpose KU that gives the second
+degree terms whose derivative is Ku and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree terms whose derivative is Ku and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree terms whose derivative is Ku and
+then oh I usually put F on that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I usually put F on that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I usually put F on that right
+hand side don't I I funny I knew as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side don't I I funny I knew as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side don't I I funny I knew as I
+wrote B that I wasn't something I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote B that I wasn't something I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote B that I wasn't something I'm so
+used to writing ax equal B but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to writing ax equal B but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to writing ax equal B but now
+I'm KU equal f is is the right thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm KU equal f is is the right thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm KU equal f is is the right thing for
+our Square symmetric positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Square symmetric positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Square symmetric positive definite
+one so you remember that you subtract a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you remember that you subtract a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you remember that you subtract a
+u the linear term is u transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f i you know that that was in an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i you know that that was in an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f i you know that that was in an earlier
+lecture and probably not bad idea to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and probably not bad idea to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and probably not bad idea to see
+it again that uh that minimizing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again that uh that minimizing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again that uh that minimizing this
+quadratic is what gives that linear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic is what gives that linear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic is what gives that linear uh
+set of equations all good okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations all good okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of equations all good okay so what
+does this quadratic look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this quadratic look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this quadratic look
+like well tell me if K was the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well tell me if K was the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well tell me if K was the identity
+Matrix what would the graph look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what would the graph look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what would the graph look like
+what would the graph of P of U so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the graph of P of U so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the graph of P of U so this
+this is the U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the U1
+U2 multiple U directions of course I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 multiple U directions of course I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 multiple U directions of course I'm
+only on this Blackboard I'll stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on this Blackboard I'll stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on this Blackboard I'll stick with
+two and now I'm going to graph this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now I'm going to graph this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and now I'm going to graph this
+polinomial and and it sort of looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and and it sort of looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and and it sort of looks like
+this this uh it's a bowl remember K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh it's a bowl remember K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh it's a bowl remember K is
+positive definite so it's going upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so it's going upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite so it's going upwards
+and uh and the minimum here what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the minimum here what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the minimum here what what
+what's that minimum value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that minimum value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that minimum value of U
+where where's the minimum in this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where's the minimum in this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where's the minimum in this uh uh
+in this quadratic if I'm graphing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this quadratic if I'm graphing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this quadratic if I'm graphing this
+is a graph of the surface P of U it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph of the surface P of U it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a graph of the surface P of U it's
+kind of uh bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh bowl
+shaped where does the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped where does the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped where does the minimum
+occur well according to us it occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur well according to us it occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur well according to us it occurs at
+K inverse F right so locating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K inverse F right so locating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K inverse F right so locating the
+minimum is the same as solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is the same as solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is the same as solving the
+system that's the thing we have we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's the thing we have we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's the thing we have we have
+a choice we could think of it as a minim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice we could think of it as a minim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice we could think of it as a minim
+ization problem or we could think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization problem or we could think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization problem or we could think of it
+as linear system and like every step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as linear system and like every step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as linear system and like every step we
+take is intended to we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is intended to we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is intended to we could we could
+say we could discuss it in these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could discuss it in these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we could discuss it in these this
+language or that one and every step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or that one and every step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language or that one and every step we
+take would make it simpler closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take would make it simpler closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take would make it simpler closer to the
+solution now I asked what happens if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I asked what happens if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now I asked what happens if K
+is the identity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity for
+example well not very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well not very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well not very interesting
+problem of course because we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course because we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course because we know the
+answer right away but if K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right away but if K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer right away but if K is the
+identity Matrix what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity Matrix what is
+what's the shape of the graph what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape of the graph what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shape of the graph what's the
+shape of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that
+cross-section Circle right it's a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section Circle right it's a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section Circle right it's a circle
+and we have no trouble I mean if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have no trouble I mean if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have no trouble I mean if it's a
+nice Circle I mean it's fantastic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Circle I mean it's fantastic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice Circle I mean it's fantastic of
+course one step will just go downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one step will just go downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one step will just go downhill
+and boom we're at the bottom no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom we're at the bottom no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boom we're at the bottom no problem
+but now uh a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh a real
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+has what sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has what sort of a
+cross-section I mean uh what's the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section I mean uh what's the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section I mean uh what's the more
+the typical K that's not just a scal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical K that's not just a scal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical K that's not just a scal or
+multiple of the Identity or orth it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the Identity or orth it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the Identity or orth it's an
+ellipse it's an ellipse and the axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse it's an ellipse and the axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse it's an ellipse and the axes
+well of course it's an ellip soid soid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course it's an ellip soid soid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course it's an ellip soid soid
+soid in you know in in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soid in you know in in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soid in you know in in in in in
+Dimensions but but we're chiefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but but we're chiefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions but but we're chiefly
+interested in the shortest and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the shortest and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the shortest and the
+longest axes that's what really matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest axes that's what really matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest axes that's what really matters
+and of course those are given by uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course those are given by uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course those are given by uh well
+they're related to Lambda men and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Max so the ratio of these axes is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max so the ratio of these axes is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max so the ratio of these axes is well
+it's probably the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably the condition
+number Lambda Max over Lambda Min or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Lambda Max over Lambda Min or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Lambda Max over Lambda Min or
+maybe it's a square root or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a square root or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a square root or something
+okay now why does the condition number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why does the condition number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why does the condition number
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+harder my idea is for you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder my idea is for you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder my idea is for you to see
+geometrically that we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically that we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically that we're trying to get
+to the bottom of a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of a very narrow
+Valley and then narrower the valley the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and then narrower the valley the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley and then narrower the valley the
+narrower extended Valley the tougher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower extended Valley the tougher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower extended Valley the tougher the
+problem is because if I try to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is because if I try to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is because if I try to start
+downhill I let me let me kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill I let me let me kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill I let me let me kind of
+iterate do do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate do do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate do do what
+to imagine that we're sort of like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that we're sort of like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine that we're sort of like we've
+reached some point on the valley and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached some point on the valley and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached some point on the valley and we
+want to what happens is typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to what happens is typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to what happens is typical
+iteration bounces back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration bounces back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration bounces back and forth
+inste you know you can't get you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste you know you can't get you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inste you know you can't get you can't
+get an iterative method it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an iterative method it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an iterative method it's going to go
+directly to the answer I mean that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the answer I mean that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the answer I mean that would
+be too much to ask for so what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too much to ask for so what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too much to ask for so what actually
+happens is you bounce back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you bounce back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you bounce back and forth
+across this Valley and it takes a heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this Valley and it takes a heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this Valley and it takes a heck
+of a long time and this ratio is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long time and this ratio is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a long time and this ratio is uh is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh well
+so the idea of the conjugate gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of the conjugate gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea of the conjugate gradient
+method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+that unlike Newton's method which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unlike Newton's method which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unlike Newton's method which just
+keeps trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps trying
+it Newton's method goes downhill like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Newton's method goes downhill like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Newton's method goes downhill like
+steepest descent that's the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's the most obvious
+algorithm go down you wherever you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm go down you wherever you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm go down you wherever you are
+in this thing go straight down until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing go straight down until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing go straight down until you
+do you see what'll happen if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what'll happen if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what'll happen if you go
+downhill you'll you'll be on some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill you'll you'll be on some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill you'll you'll be on some kind
+of a parabola so you'll Loop up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a parabola so you'll Loop up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a parabola so you'll Loop up again
+and you'll say okay that's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll say okay that's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll say okay that's the best
+Newton step stop there they go downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton step stop there they go downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton step stop there they go downhill
+from there it'll Loop up again down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there it'll Loop up again down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there it'll Loop up again down here
+can you I don't know my I'm drawing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you I don't know my I'm drawing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you I don't know my I'm drawing this
+but I'm not really seeing it uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not really seeing it uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not really seeing it uh uh uh
+then you go down again it Loops up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go down again it Loops up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go down again it Loops up again
+and you then you get in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then you get in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you then you get in this in this
+thing where you're struggling just back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you're struggling just back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you're struggling just back
+and forth struggling to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth struggling to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth struggling to get to the
+center okay well so just in a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay well so just in a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay well so just in a word
+conjugate gradiance is a very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradiance is a very good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradiance is a very good idea
+that's Chief point and the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Chief point and the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Chief point and the main point
+about it is that it works a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that it works a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that it works a little
+harder to choose the direction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to choose the direction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to choose the direction and it
+chooses a direction that really is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a direction that really is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses a direction that really is not
+just one degree away from the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one degree away from the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one degree away from the direction
+it just took so it takes a in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just took so it takes a in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just took so it takes a in fact it
+takes a perpendicular Direction in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a perpendicular Direction in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a perpendicular Direction in in
+the K inner product and that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K inner product and that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K inner product and that's perfect
+so so you if this so that's why you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you if this so that's why you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you if this so that's why you get
+there exactly if this was really U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exactly if this was really U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exactly if this was really U1 U2
+you'd get there in two steps two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get there in two steps two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get there in two steps two
+conjugate radius steps you you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate radius steps you you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate radius steps you you take the
+steepest Direction and then Radiance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Direction and then Radiance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest Direction and then Radiance
+you'd grind through the the formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd grind through the the formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd grind through the the formulas and
+it would give you a a really the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you a a really the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give you a a really the right
+direction to to travel for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to to travel for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to to travel for the second
+step and you'd be there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and you'd be there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and you'd be there okay so
+that's that's hasn't revealed the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's hasn't revealed the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's hasn't revealed the the
+algorithm for conjugate gradients but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for conjugate gradients but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for conjugate gradients but
+it's mentioned this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioned this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mentioned this highly
+important name conjugate gradients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important name conjugate gradients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important name conjugate gradients and
+also mentioned the central idea and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the central idea and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned the central idea and it
+gave us an idea of this another look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us an idea of this another look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave us an idea of this another look at
+this uh uh connection between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh connection between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh uh connection between the two
+but my talk lecture now will really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my talk lecture now will really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my talk lecture now will really
+focus on this linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this linear system
+okay so let's come to what's K that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's come to what's K that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's come to what's K that's
+our question what's the Matrix K I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question what's the Matrix K I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question what's the Matrix K I'm
+ashamed to say that the book didn't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed to say that the book didn't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed to say that the book didn't do a
+very good job of describing the Matrix k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of describing the Matrix k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job of describing the Matrix k
+u it discusses the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u it discusses the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u it discusses the solution of the
+system in in that section 53 in quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in in that section 53 in quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in in that section 53 in quite
+brilliantly but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly but uh
+well forgive that but uh but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well forgive that but uh but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well forgive that but uh but it doesn't
+but the it's just a couple of pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the it's just a couple of pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the it's just a couple of pages of
+description of the Matrix so I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the Matrix so I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the Matrix so I'll be
+doing a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a little more
+U Back in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Back in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Back in section
+51 so five I have to put plus 5.1 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 so five I have to put plus 5.1 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51 so five I have to put plus 5.1 for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix it just talks a little about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it just talks a little about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it just talks a little about it
+so let's let's do the same now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do the same now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's do the same now
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh we we're replacing the pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we're replacing the pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we we're replacing the pluses
+equation and I'm going to put minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'm going to put minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'm going to put minus
+signs in it why do I put minus signs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs in it why do I put minus signs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs in it why do I put minus signs in
+it because I want positive definite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I want positive definite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because I want positive definite and
+the second derivative is negative so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is negative so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative is negative so I
+put a minus and make it a positive thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a minus and make it a positive thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a minus and make it a positive thing
+okay and and I shouldn't say the plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and I shouldn't say the plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and I shouldn't say the plus I
+should really say plus because I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really say plus because I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really say plus because I've got
+a right hand side of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right hand side of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right hand side of course
+the the the source term might come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the source term might come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the source term might come in
+the boundary conditions not not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions not not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions not not in the
+interior either way okay so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior either way okay so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior either way okay so what's the
+what's the system this is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system this is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the system this is in some
+region okay so I create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid already you see a limitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid already you see a limitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid already you see a limitation of
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences if we're in a square Planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences if we're in a square Planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences if we're in a square Planet
+differences are wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are wonderful
+I mean the grid is just right if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the grid is just right if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the grid is just right if we're
+in a general curved region we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general curved region we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a general curved region we're going
+to have a lot of thinking to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of thinking to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a lot of thinking to do about
+these points where the grid hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points where the grid hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these points where the grid hits the
+boundary they there'll be a headache you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary they there'll be a headache you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary they there'll be a headache you
+can just predict it and I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just predict it and I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just predict it and I don't I don't
+think we need a headache this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we need a headache this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we need a headache this afternoon
+uh so or at least it would take more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so or at least it would take more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so or at least it would take more
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+and uh away from the central uh issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh away from the central uh issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh away from the central uh issue of
+the of the lecture which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the lecture which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the lecture which is the
+interior which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior which
+is nice and clean and simple let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice and clean and simple let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice and clean and simple let's
+suppose it's a square grid the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's a square grid the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's a square grid the distance
+h both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h both ways
+H H is H is Delta X and also Delta y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H H is H is Delta X and also Delta y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H H is H is Delta X and also Delta y
+let's suppose of course I could deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose of course I could deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose of course I could deal
+with unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with unequal
+grids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grids okay
+then what's the replacement for the Laos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the replacement for the Laos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the replacement for the Laos
+equation what's the discrete equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's the discrete equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what's the discrete equation
+well we we've talked about very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we've talked about very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we we've talked about very long
+about the how to replace a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the how to replace a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the how to replace a second
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+right it's it's with a minus1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's with a minus1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's with a minus1 2
+minus1 right in the X Direction a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 right in the X Direction a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 right in the X Direction a second
+a difference replaces the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference replaces the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference replaces the second
+derivative now for uy y a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now for uy y a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative now for uy y a second
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+will replace the second y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will replace the second y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will replace the second y
+derivative but it's a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but it's a vertical
+derivative maybe I'll suggest that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative maybe I'll suggest that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative maybe I'll suggest that with
+a minus one 2 minus one writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one 2 minus one writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one 2 minus one writing them
+vertically okay and then I put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically okay and then I put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically okay and then I put those
+together combine them and I have a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together combine them and I have a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together combine them and I have a four
+in the center and a minus one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center and a minus one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center and a minus one in the
+east west north and south nodes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east west north and south nodes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east west north and south nodes so
+that's the fivepoint scheme that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fivepoint scheme that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fivepoint scheme that's the
+little molecule fivepoint molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gives uh I think second order accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives uh I think second order accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives uh I think second order accuracy
+because these are centered so centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are centered so centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are centered so centered
+usually gives guarantees you that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gives guarantees you that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gives guarantees you that one
+step above the minimum accuracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step above the minimum accuracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step above the minimum accuracy so
+second order accuracy and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accuracy and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accuracy and that's very
+and it doesn't spread out very much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't spread out very much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't spread out very much and
+it's so it's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it's a small
+molecule and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and uh
+um and it's going to be the same except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's going to be the same except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's going to be the same except
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+boundary so we certainly would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so we certainly would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so we certainly would like to
+the model case of course would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model case of course would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model case of course would be for
+when the region is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square then we'll
+have no boundary problems well we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no boundary problems well we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no boundary problems well we still
+have to think what are the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think what are the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think what are the boundary
+conditions so I I guess I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I I guess I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so I I guess I have
+to there will still be a question at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there will still be a question at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there will still be a question at the
+boundary and the answer to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the answer to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and the answer to those
+question marks will be depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks will be depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question marks will be depend on what
+boundary conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are
+imposed if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed if we're
+imposing direct lay conditions fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing direct lay conditions fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing direct lay conditions fixed
+conditions you remember like U equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you remember like U equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you remember like U equals
+z then let's let me impose that here U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z then let's let me impose that here U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z then let's let me impose that here U
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z wow okay and then maybe at this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z wow okay and then maybe at this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z wow okay and then maybe at this end
+I'll impose so this is the E on in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll impose so this is the E on in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll impose so this is the E on in the X
+Direction maybe I'll impose in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction maybe I'll impose in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction maybe I'll impose in this
+direction the Nyon condition the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the Nyon condition the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the Nyon condition the free
+condition the derivative condition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the derivative condition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the derivative condition uh
+which would be du DN in the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be du DN in the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be du DN in the normal
+Direction but that's x equals z say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but that's x equals z say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but that's x equals z say at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and let me oh let me impose U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me oh let me impose U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me oh let me impose U
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z at top and bottom yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z at top and bottom yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z at top and bottom yeah that's a good
+idea so U is zero on all these sides U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so U is zero on all these sides U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so U is zero on all these sides U
+is zero on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero on three
+sides but not just to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but not just to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides but not just to give you some
+variety the fourth side is a is a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety the fourth side is a is a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety the fourth side is a is a free
+condition uh uh um um a uh condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition uh uh um um a uh condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition uh uh um um a uh condition on
+the flow rather than on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow rather than on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow rather than on the
+temperature a condition on W in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a condition on W in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a condition on W in other
+words oh do you remember that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words oh do you remember that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words oh do you remember that we have
+the we we expect to have the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we expect to have the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we we expect to have the same uh
+U Matrix a coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Matrix a coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Matrix a coming
+to V maybe I called it in uh or or E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V maybe I called it in uh or or E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V maybe I called it in uh or or E
+either way and going to W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way and going to W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way and going to W and
+to uh F and this will be a transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh F and this will be a transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh F and this will be a transpose of
+course and this will be in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and this will be in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and this will be in this case the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you remember the continuous version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember the continuous version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember the continuous version
+this was the D this was the gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the D this was the gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the D this was the gradient so
+it was the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the gradient of
+U and C was one so otherwise I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and C was one so otherwise I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and C was one so otherwise I'd
+multiply by something and then this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something and then this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something and then this was
+minus the Divergence and that equal F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence and that equal F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the Divergence and that equal F
+that was that's that's our equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that's that's our equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that's that's our equation in
+our standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard
+framework and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and now
+the problem is make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is make it
+discrete well we've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete well we've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete well we've already said
+indicated how we're going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated how we're going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated how we're going to make it
+discret and then solve it okay so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret and then solve it okay so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret and then solve it okay so I I
+could uh I I don't think we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh I I don't think we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh I I don't think we want to
+spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a
+long what will K look like I mean all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long what will K look like I mean all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long what will K look like I mean all
+right this is our pattern but but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is our pattern but but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is our pattern but but here
+I've directly said what are the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've directly said what are the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've directly said what are the what are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many let's see what size will K be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many let's see what size will K be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many let's see what size will K be
+here I guess it's the number of in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess it's the number of in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I guess it's the number of in here
+we know what U is so those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what U is so those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what U is so those are not
+unknowns and here we have a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and here we have a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and here we have a boundary
+condition so we can relate that to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we can relate that to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we can relate that to this
+and we can relate that to this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can relate that to this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can relate that to this so
+actually I think it's only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think it's only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think it's only going to be
+4x4 and maybe we could even write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and maybe we could even write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 and maybe we could even write down
+what K looks like this 4x4 k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what K looks like this 4x4 k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what K looks like this 4x4 k
+let me I'd have to number the nodes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I'd have to number the nodes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me I'd have to number the nodes of
+course to to know what I'm doing so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to to know what I'm doing so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to to know what I'm doing so let
+me number by rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me number by rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me number by rows
+Row one row row one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one row row one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one row row one and
+two these are the these are the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are the these are the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are the these are the numbers
+of the mesh points U U1 U2 u3 u4 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mesh points U U1 U2 u3 u4 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mesh points U U1 U2 u3 u4 okay so
+what's the replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X
+derivatives for the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives for the X
+derivatives so so here here's my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so here here's my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so so here here's my Matrix
+K and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4x4 CU it's going to multiply U1 U2 u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 CU it's going to multiply U1 U2 u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 CU it's going to multiply U1 U2 u3
+u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4
+okay all right let me look at U1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let me look at U1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let me look at U1 here
+look at that point around that point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that point around that point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that point around that point in
+the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+direction oh well maybe we can put the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction oh well maybe we can put the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction oh well maybe we can put the X
+and Y together probably we can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y together probably we can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y together probably we can you do
+the whole fourpoint thing at once so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole fourpoint thing at once so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole fourpoint thing at once so
+here we're in we're looking entered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're in we're looking entered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're in we're looking entered on
+0.1 where we would normally have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 where we would normally have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 where we would normally have we
+would normally have a four there let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally have a four there let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally have a four there let me
+let me here hang on a moment let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me here hang on a moment let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me here hang on a moment let me make
+U equals z on all sides to make it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals z on all sides to make it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equals z on all sides to make it all
+clear at the start and then I'll fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear at the start and then I'll fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear at the start and then I'll fix it
+it'll be the difference between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the difference between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the difference between our
+fixed fixed and our fixed free going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and our fixed free going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed and our fixed free going
+back to the very first lecture I'm guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very first lecture I'm guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very first lecture I'm guess
+I'm hoping that you're keeping in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that you're keeping in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that you're keeping in touch
+with that first lecture okay fixed fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that first lecture okay fixed fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that first lecture okay fixed fixed
+everything fixed I I guess I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fixed I I guess I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything fixed I I guess I should say
+fixed four times here because all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed four times here because all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed four times here because all four
+boundaries are fixed okay then what then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries are fixed okay then what then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries are fixed okay then what then
+we have around here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have around here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have around here we have
+four minus one is multiplying its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus one is multiplying its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus one is multiplying its
+neighbor minus one is multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor minus one is multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor minus one is multiplying the
+neighbor above and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor above and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor above and that's not
+involved u4 there's no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved u4 there's no there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved u4 there's no there's no
+diagonal and similarly U2 around U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and similarly U2 around U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and similarly U2 around U2
+there's a four and its neighbors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a four and its neighbors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a four and its neighbors are
+number number one and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number one and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number one and number
+four and then around u3 at u3 there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then around u3 at u3 there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then around u3 at u3 there's a
+four its neighbors are four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four its neighbors are four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four its neighbors are four and
+two and this guy is neighbors are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this guy is neighbors are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this guy is neighbors are that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay that's my Matrix K in this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's my Matrix K in this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's my Matrix K in this small
+example what are its properties suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what are its properties suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what are its properties suppose
+I had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry did I mention did I mess up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry did I mention did I mess up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry did I mention did I mess up here
+this this row you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this row you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this row you're thinking
+about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+yes and it's oh sorry it's did I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it's oh sorry it's did I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and it's oh sorry it's did I get the
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbor oh yeah oh I certainly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor oh yeah oh I certainly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor oh yeah oh I certainly did
+better come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better come out
+symmetric right thank you thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right thank you thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric right thank you thank you
+absolutely that's right now yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's right now yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's right now yeah yeah
+symmetric Absolut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Absolut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Absolut
+thanks catch that on camera now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks catch that on camera now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks catch that on camera now that's
+that's this is the right one okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the right one okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the right one okay what
+are the properties of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the properties of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the properties of that
+Matrix well what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well what do you
+figure symmetric we just made it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure symmetric we just made it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure symmetric we just made it that
+made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um H positive definition it you bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H positive definition it you bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um H positive definition it you bet you
+bet it it's coming from our old a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it it's coming from our old a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet it it's coming from our old a
+transpose a and we could figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and we could figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a and we could figure out what
+a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and I could or I'll put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could or I'll put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I could or I'll put it in the
+notes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes for the
+lecture um because we here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um because we here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um because we here's a case
+where we can go directly to the guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can go directly to the guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can go directly to the guy here
+uh so it's positive definite for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's positive definite for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's positive definite for sure
+and and by the way if I just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way if I just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way if I just showed you
+that Matrix and you didn't know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix and you didn't know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix and you didn't know any
+where about where it came from would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where about where it came from would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where about where it came from would you
+know that this was positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this was positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this was positive
+definite yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite yes
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+what's so one test would be igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so one test would be igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so one test would be igen values
+well usually igen values would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually igen values would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well usually igen values would be a
+messy test in fact I don't I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy test in fact I don't I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy test in fact I don't I've
+forgotten offand what the I values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten offand what the I values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten offand what the I values of
+that Matrix are so I'm sure they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix are so I'm sure they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix are so I'm sure they're
+quite neat but I know they're positive H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat but I know they're positive H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat but I know they're positive H
+how can I tell that looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I tell that looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I tell that looking at that
+Matrix that it has positive I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that it has positive I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that it has positive I values
+because the diagonal is dominant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diagonal is dominant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diagonal is dominant right
+the the I so here's a fact that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the I so here's a fact that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the I so here's a fact that all the
+igen values of a matrix I if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of a matrix I if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of a matrix I if the
+diagonal dominates The Sum along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal dominates The Sum along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal dominates The Sum along the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+row and I'm willing to take absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and I'm willing to take absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and I'm willing to take absolute
+values of all those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all those other
+guys so I I would say the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so I I would say the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so I I would say the rest of the
+row gives me two but the diagonal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row gives me two but the diagonal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row gives me two but the diagonal is
+bigger it's four and if every diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it's four and if every diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger it's four and if every diagonal
+is right is there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right is there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right is there then
+no question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no question the
+uh The Matrix is positive definite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Matrix is positive definite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh The Matrix is positive definite in
+fact I could even say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I could even say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I could even say something about
+where the igen values are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the igen values are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the igen values are there's
+this sort of I well in this case let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of I well in this case let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of I well in this case let me
+do this case first and then speak more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this case first and then speak more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this case first and then speak more
+generally I have a four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I have a four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I have a four times the
+identity so let me Mark the four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so let me Mark the four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so let me Mark the four here
+that's that's where the I values of 4 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where the I values of 4 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's where the I values of 4 I
+would be and then the I values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and then the I values of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and then the I values of this
+off diagonal stuff how large could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal stuff how large could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off diagonal stuff how large could they
+be just just look at those US 1 do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just just look at those US 1 do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just just look at those US 1 do you
+want to make a guess on how large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a guess on how large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a guess on how large or
+small they probably have plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they probably have plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they probably have plus minus
+diagonal actually plus minus igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal actually plus minus igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal actually plus minus igen values
+any guess on what the IG values how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guess on what the IG values how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guess on what the IG values how big
+could they be if I if I ignore the fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they be if I if I ignore the fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they be if I if I ignore the fours
+now just look at the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just look at the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just look at the minus
+ones one or two I think could be as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones one or two I think could be as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones one or two I think could be as big
+as two actually I can think of an Nan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two actually I can think of an Nan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two actually I can think of an Nan
+Vector for I value two there can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for I value two there can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector for I value two there can you see
+it I think oh no maybe not or yes I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think oh no maybe not or yes I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think oh no maybe not or yes I was
+going to take the all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the all ones
+Vector yeah I would say if I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector yeah I would say if I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector yeah I would say if I took the
+all ones Vector I'd probably see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ones Vector I'd probably see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ones Vector I'd probably see that it
+was an igen vector and its igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an igen vector and its igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an igen vector and its igen value
+would be two so from this four I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two so from this four I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two so from this four I could
+go like two in either direction from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like two in either direction from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go like two in either direction from two
+to six the I values are between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six the I values are between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six the I values are between two and
+six and I think it happens that two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and I think it happens that two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and I think it happens that two is
+an I value here but the I know the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I value here but the I know the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an I value here but the I know the IG
+values are between two and six so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are between two and six so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are between two and six so I know
+there positive so I know the Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there positive so I know the Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there positive so I know the Matrix is
+positive definite I know gaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I know gaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite I know gaus
+elimination will be great conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will be great conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination will be great conjugate
+gradients once once and all these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients once once and all these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients once once and all these all
+these other ideas work well for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ideas work well for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other ideas work well for positive
+definite symmetric matrices yeah uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite symmetric matrices yeah uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite symmetric matrices yeah uh do
+you want me to take another second on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to take another second on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to take another second on
+that uh little location of igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh little location of igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh little location of igen values
+because it's it's it's quite a neat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's quite a neat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's quite a neat uh
+result that uh is is in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh is is in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that uh is is in the text
+somewhere uh it's gers go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh it's gers go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh it's gers go
+some Russian guy observed that if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Russian guy observed that if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Russian guy observed that if I took
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+matrix then he has a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then he has a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then he has a bunch of
+circles and gers gor and circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and gers gor and circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and gers gor and circles
+contain all the I values that's and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all the I values that's and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain all the I values that's and it's
+easy to prove it's actually in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove it's actually in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove it's actually in in the
+linear algebra book too so where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra book too so where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra book too so where are
+those circles of course well there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circles of course well there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circles of course well there're
+circles around the diagonal entry let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around the diagonal entry let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles around the diagonal entry let's
+call that aii so here here here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that aii so here here here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that aii so here here here are
+going to be the circles this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the circles this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the circles this is the
+complex plane because I'm not g scorin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane because I'm not g scorin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane because I'm not g scorin
+isn't only talking about symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't only talking about symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't only talking about symmetric
+matrices so here's the real axis here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so here's the real axis here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so here's the real axis here's
+the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary
+axis and here's let me suppose that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and here's let me suppose that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and here's let me suppose that's
+suppose it's a real Matrix so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's a real Matrix so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it's a real Matrix so there's
+AI That's the center of its of circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI That's the center of its of circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI That's the center of its of circle
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+I now what's the radius then I've told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what's the radius then I've told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now what's the radius then I've told
+told you the circle the radius is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the circle the radius is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the circle the radius is that
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+stuff on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on that
+row other than this Center guy it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row other than this Center guy it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row other than this Center guy it's the
+absolute you add up the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute you add up the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute you add up the absolute values
+of all the others and that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the others and that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the others and that gives you the
+radius so you add up the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so you add up the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius so you add up the absolute values
+of all these entries that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these entries that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these entries that gives you a
+radius and suppose it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b and then there's another Circle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and then there's another Circle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and then there's another Circle for
+Row one and two and all so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one and two and all so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one and two and all so we have a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circles centered at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles centered at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles centered at like
+a11 a12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 a12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a11 a12
+a22 a that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 a that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a22 a that might have been
+a33 maybe here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a44 what could we learn if those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a44 what could we learn if those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a44 what could we learn if those were
+the gore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circles well I guess all we can learn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles well I guess all we can learn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles well I guess all we can learn or
+what we learn immediately is that all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn immediately is that all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn immediately is that all I
+values are between what and what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are between what and what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are between what and what if
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+real in other words all I values are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in other words all I values are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in other words all I values are in
+that in in one of in one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in one of in one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in in one of in one of those
+circles so certainly all I values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles so certainly all I values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles so certainly all I values are
+somewhere between that end and that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between that end and that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between that end and that end
+if they're real or in this funny shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're real or in this funny shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're real or in this funny shape
+if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not
+real in the symmetric case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the symmetric case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real in the symmetric case we know
+they're real so we're only concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real so we're only concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're real so we're only concerned
+with intervals of the real axis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intervals of the real axis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with intervals of the real axis then
+uh could could this be could this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could could this be could this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could could this be could this Matrix
+be P here's an interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P here's an interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be P here's an interesting question
+bring out the mo the key of the a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the mo the key of the a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out the mo the key of the a little
+bit extra about gers gorin could this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit extra about gers gorin could this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit extra about gers gorin could this
+Matrix be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix be positive
+definite it couldn't and do you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it couldn't and do you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite it couldn't and do you know why
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+sorry there's a circle there uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry there's a circle there uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry there's a circle there uh that
+doesn't even have a chance to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a chance to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a chance to give us a
+positive one and the and the gorin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and the and the gorin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive one and the and the gorin uh
+result is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that
+every no does every Circle have anen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every no does every Circle have anen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every no does every Circle have anen
+value I'm pretty darn sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'm pretty darn sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I'm pretty darn sure that that
+would rule out positive definite yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rule out positive definite yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would rule out positive definite yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah I'm pretty sure I've lost absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm pretty sure I've lost absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm pretty sure I've lost absolute
+confidence here uh because I don't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence here uh because I don't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence here uh because I don't yeah
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it
+and now I guess it's not true that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess it's not true that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I guess it's not true that every
+Circle must contain an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle must contain an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle must contain an igen
+value well anyway gers scorin is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well anyway gers scorin is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well anyway gers scorin is it's
+kind of a little fun it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little fun it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little fun it's very
+Elementary uh and it gives quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary uh and it gives quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary uh and it gives quick
+information about igen values so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about igen values so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about igen values so in this
+case all the circles would be centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the circles would be centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the circles would be centered
+at four and they would all have radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four and they would all have radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at four and they would all have radius
+two so they're all the same Circle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so they're all the same Circle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so they're all the same Circle in
+this example and and uh and uh symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and and uh and uh symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example and and uh and uh symmetric
+Matrix means that I only have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix means that I only have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix means that I only have to think
+of real I values there between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real I values there between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real I values there between two and
+six okay good okay now I guess the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay good okay now I guess the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay good okay now I guess the next
+step should be to try to visualize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step should be to try to visualize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step should be to try to visualize what
+K becomes in other cases this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K becomes in other cases this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K becomes in other cases this was a
+small case what would K look like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small case what would K look like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small case what would K look like in the
+let's look let's change it back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look let's change it back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look let's change it back to this
+other boundary condition what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boundary condition what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other boundary condition what's the
+effect of that yeah can you tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that yeah can you tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that yeah can you tell me what
+the effect of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so what is this little molecule look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is this little molecule look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is this little molecule look
+like at a yeah maybe this is a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a yeah maybe this is a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at a yeah maybe this is a good way
+to do it what happens to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it what happens to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it what happens to our
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+when when this guy when the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when this guy when the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when this guy when the boundary
+condition here this is not an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here this is not an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition here this is not an unknown
+anymore it's not a known anymore what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's not a known anymore what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's not a known anymore what's
+known is a derivative so it's known that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known is a derivative so it's known that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known is a derivative so it's known that
+this is the same as that that's all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as that that's all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same as that that's all at
+least that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation so approximation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so approximation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so approximation is that
+that's the same as that so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as that so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as that so what happens
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+our molecule it loses a atom oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our molecule it loses a atom oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our molecule it loses a atom oh this is
+kind of cute but that's as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cute but that's as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cute but that's as being the
+same as that left only three there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that left only three there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that left only three there is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right I think that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that would be
+so I think that if we if next to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that if we if next to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that if we if next to one and
+three we have a flow condition instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have a flow condition instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have a flow condition instead
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a fixed condition then I think next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed condition then I think next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed condition then I think next to
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+three this is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three this is only a
+three so next to one and three so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so next to one and three so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so next to one and three so let me
+look at number one so this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at number one so this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at number one so this had
+a this had originally a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this had originally a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this had originally a four
+remember there was a four there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a four there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a four there and
+there were minus ones but this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were minus ones but this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were minus ones but this was a
+known so it didn't show up a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so it didn't show up a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known so it didn't show up a minus one
+there and the minus one there but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the minus one there but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the minus one there but now
+this guy is not a known it's a it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is not a known it's a it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is not a known it's a it's only
+known that it's the same as that so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that it's the same as that so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that it's the same as that so it
+that becomes a three and also number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a three and also number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a three and also number
+three becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three now is that Matrix I always get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now is that Matrix I always get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now is that Matrix I always get to
+ask you this is that that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you this is that that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you this is that that Matrix is
+still symmetric is it still positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still symmetric is it still positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still symmetric is it still positive
+definite yes what can you say about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite yes what can you say about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite yes what can you say about its
+igen values what I can tell right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values what I can tell right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values what I can tell right away
+that all igen values are larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all igen values are larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all igen values are larger than
+what one good they G SC in circle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one good they G SC in circle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one good they G SC in circle I
+don't believe one is an I value now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe one is an I value now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe one is an I value now but
+uh now okay so but that's still fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now okay so but that's still fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now okay so but that's still fine to
+work with we we we totally have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with we we we totally have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with we we we totally have to deal
+with those we might have the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those we might have the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those we might have the same we
+might have zero slope here we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have zero slope here we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have zero slope here we might have
+zero Z slope here what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z slope here what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z slope here what would happen if
+we had a few more zero slopes then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a few more zero slopes then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a few more zero slopes then these
+fours start dropping to Threes And even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours start dropping to Threes And even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours start dropping to Threes And even
+twos in some cases oh tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos in some cases oh tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos in some cases oh tell me what
+happens if I have this condition at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I have this condition at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I have this condition at all
+the normal derivative zero at all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal derivative zero at all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal derivative zero at all all
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+free so free free free free Square here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so free free free free Square here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so free free free free Square here
+then what are the entries of K what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are the entries of K what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what are the entries of K what are
+the diagonals in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals in k
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+it's free free free free what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free free free free what's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free free free free what's what's
+going to be a for example here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a for example here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a for example here they're
+all down to two right they're all down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down to two right they're all down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all down to two right they're all down
+to two now now I'm this is I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two now now I'm this is I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two now now I'm this is I'm not going
+to allow that the name k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow that the name k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow that the name k
+anymore why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore why
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+because it's like our B Matrix from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like our B Matrix from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like our B Matrix from the
+past it's what sorry I it's it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it's what sorry I it's it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past it's what sorry I it's it's now
+singular it's now singular physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's now singular physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's now singular physically
+it's singular because of course if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular because of course if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular because of course if I'm
+giving the derivatives on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges then I could only know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then I could only know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then I could only know the answer
+up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a
+constant right if I a constant would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right if I a constant would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right if I a constant would
+solve the the zero of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the the zero of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the the zero of the homogeneous
+equation a constant is in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a constant is in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a constant is in the null space
+of course a constant's in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a constant's in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a constant's in the null space
+the vector 1111 is in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 1111 is in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 1111 is in the null space
+place of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of that
+Matrix yeah so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yeah so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix yeah so we
+don't uh you need something to hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh you need something to hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh you need something to hold the
+system down in other words if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down in other words if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system down in other words if it was
+like a mattress I mean it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mattress I mean it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mattress I mean it's kind of a
+line of Springs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of Springs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of Springs is
+now jumped into a two-dimensional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now jumped into a two-dimensional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now jumped into a two-dimensional uh
+mattress is that the best word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattress is that the best word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattress is that the best word
+to pick for I'm imagining Springs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick for I'm imagining Springs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick for I'm imagining Springs in
+both directions or CAU maybe uh then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions or CAU maybe uh then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions or CAU maybe uh then uh
+then if there's nothing fixed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's nothing fixed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if there's nothing fixed at the
+edges of course it's completely out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of course it's completely out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of course it's completely out of
+control so I won't we won't we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so I won't we won't we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control so I won't we won't we'll go
+back to the good one all right okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the good one all right okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the good one all right okay okay
+so the good one was something well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good one was something well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the good one was something well the
+very simplest one was all fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplest one was all fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simplest one was all fours
+okay now one more minute on this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now one more minute on this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now one more minute on this before
+I speak about iterative methods because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak about iterative methods because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I speak about iterative methods because
+we just have to visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to visualize the
+equation jump up to a bigger system 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation jump up to a bigger system 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation jump up to a bigger system 100
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 say 100 by 100 interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 say 100 by 100 interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 say 100 by 100 interior
+unknowns so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns so so
+101 steps here 100 in the middle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 steps here 100 in the middle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 steps here 100 in the middle and a
+guy on the left and a guy on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on the left and a guy on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on the left and a guy on the right
+okay what's the what's the order of K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the what's the order of K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the what's the order of K so
+so we have now so this is like a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now so this is like a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have now so this is like a thought
+experiment because I don't plan to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because I don't plan to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because I don't plan to write
+down the Matrix uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Matrix uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the Matrix uh so we have
+100 by 100 interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use okay so so the m k has size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what 10 4th right 10 4th 100 by 100 n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 10 4th right 10 4th 100 by 100 n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 10 4th right 10 4th 100 by 100 n s
+n squ let me let me just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ let me let me just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ let me let me just call it
+n n n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n n by
+n n * n unknown so so the size is n s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n * n unknown so so the size is n s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n n * n unknown so so the size is n s
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+n^2 by n s now in a minute I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 by n s now in a minute I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 by n s now in a minute I'm going to
+have to ask you what are the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you what are the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask you what are the numbers in
+K oh yeah I I already have to begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K oh yeah I I already have to begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K oh yeah I I already have to begin to
+ask you what does k look like yeah can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what does k look like yeah can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you what does k look like yeah can
+you tell me something about what K looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me something about what K looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me something about what K looks
+like I'll order those unknowns just as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'll order those unknowns just as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'll order those unknowns just as I
+did here a row at a time then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here a row at a time then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here a row at a time then the next
+row then the next row then the next row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then the next row then the next row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then the next row then the next row
+but you see the problem that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the problem that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see the problem that we have a
+2d problem we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d problem we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d problem we have we have a
+two-dimensional arrangement of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional arrangement of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional arrangement of nodes
+and we've got to put them in a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got to put them in a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've got to put them in a line
+we've got to number them from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to number them from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to number them from 1 to
+n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2
+and it's sort of the curse of Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of the curse of Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's sort of the curse of Dimension
+we we we're our Matrix um a row of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we're our Matrix um a row of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we're our Matrix um a row of our
+Matrix is is got to deal with not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is got to deal with not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is is got to deal with not only
+the row of the thing but the guy above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row of the thing but the guy above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row of the thing but the guy above
+and below so anyway what what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below so anyway what what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below so anyway what what can you
+tell me about K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about K
+here so big big Matrix what's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so big big Matrix what's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so big big Matrix what's a typical
+entry Tree in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Tree in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Tree in on the
+diagonal four still four sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal four still four sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal four still four sitting on the
+diagonal I'm somewhere in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I'm somewhere in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal I'm somewhere in the middle of
+the Matrix let's say four is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix let's say four is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix let's say four is a typical
+guy on the diagonal and what else is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on the diagonal and what else is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy on the diagonal and what else is on
+that diagonal on that row what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal on that row what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonal on that row what's on the
+row along with the four well it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row along with the four well it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row along with the four well it's just
+coming from the molecule is I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the molecule is I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the molecule is I'm in the
+middle here of I'm in the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here of I'm in the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here of I'm in the middle of this
+big Square so I'm I have the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Square so I'm I have the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Square so I'm I have the true
+molecule no no boundary stuff is messing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule no no boundary stuff is messing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule no no boundary stuff is messing
+me up so what do I see then in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me up so what do I see then in on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me up so what do I see then in on that
+row I see just to the left of this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I see just to the left of this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row I see just to the left of this four
+I see a a minus one and just to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a a minus one and just to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see a a minus one and just to the
+right I see a minus one so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see a minus one so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see a minus one so that's like
+Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri
+diagonal then quite a distance how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then quite a distance how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal then quite a distance how many
+how many spaces over to the guy who's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many spaces over to the guy who's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many spaces over to the guy who's in
+the the the the U that's in the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the U that's in the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the U that's in the row
+above yeah n like a 100 and 100 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry if I'm at if I'm right at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if I'm at if I'm right at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if I'm at if I'm right at an
+edge a boundary if my if this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge a boundary if my if this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge a boundary if my if this if this
+guy was real near I mean I've drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was real near I mean I've drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was real near I mean I've drawn it
+sort of as if it didn't quite hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as if it didn't quite hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as if it didn't quite hit a
+boundary if if it was if my four my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if if it was if my four my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary if if it was if my four my
+Center node was next to a boundary then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center node was next to a boundary then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center node was next to a boundary then
+that might change to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might change to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might change to a
+three or I might lose I would certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or I might lose I would certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or I might lose I would certainly
+lose the minus one or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the minus one or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the minus one or something but
+there there's a row that's sort of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a row that's sort of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a row that's sort of well
+into the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the middle of
+things now so you see the main idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so you see the main idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so you see the main idea of
+the Matrix is we've got fours on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is we've got fours on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is we've got fours on the
+diagonal we've got Tri diagonal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal we've got Tri diagonal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal we've got Tri diagonal then
+we've got these diagonals which are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these diagonals which are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got these diagonals which are far
+off that distance is exactly as you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that distance is exactly as you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that distance is exactly as you said
+n the bandwidth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the bandwidth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the bandwidth is
+n The Matrix is a band of width n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n The Matrix is a band of width n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n The Matrix is a band of width n
+because it took n counts before we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it took n counts before we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it took n counts before we got
+to the end of the row started the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the row started the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the row started the new
+row and got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and got to
+the the node above or the node below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node above or the node below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the node above or the node below
+this this is end steps to get from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is end steps to get from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is end steps to get from here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+here okay so suppose we use elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so suppose we use elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so suppose we use elimination
+which we certainly can what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we certainly can what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we certainly can what will happen
+what will happen and uh in the uh in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen and uh in the uh in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen and uh in the uh in my
+message about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message about this
+lecture uh in advance I created The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh in advance I created The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh in advance I created The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+K uh for some boundary conditions and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh for some boundary conditions and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh for some boundary conditions and I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+I tried I looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried I looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried I looked at the
+inverse just out of curiosity but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse just out of curiosity but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse just out of curiosity but I
+couldn't see anything special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see anything special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see anything special
+I should have looked at L and U and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have looked at L and U and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have looked at L and U and what
+what tell me about L and U so if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elimination if I do elimination do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination if I do elimination do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination if I do elimination do the
+fact the L and U factors look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the L and U factors look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the L and U factors look like this
+the Triangular part look like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Triangular part look like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Triangular part look like that and
+the upper triangular part look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper triangular part look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper triangular part look like
+that that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key
+question imagine doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question imagine doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question imagine doing
+elimination on this five diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix and and as as you've said the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and as as you've said the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and as as you've said the the
+diagonal isn't it might have a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal isn't it might have a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal isn't it might have a break
+here where where a row ends and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where where a row ends and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where where a row ends and the next
+row starts there might be a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row starts there might be a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row starts there might be a boundary
+anyway but it's it's got five diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but it's it's got five diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but it's it's got five diagonals
+but they're not all minus ones I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not all minus ones I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not all minus ones I mean we
+have to hit the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hit the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hit the end here
+somewhere if they were all minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if they were all minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if they were all minus ones
+forever well of course then the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well of course then the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever well of course then the Matrix
+would only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would only be
+semi-definite but the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite but the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite but the boundary condition
+saves the positive definiteness but come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves the positive definiteness but come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saves the positive definiteness but come
+back to this point what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this point what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this point what about
+elimination because people certainly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination because people certainly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination because people certainly do
+elimination on this and what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on this and what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination on this and what will be the
+problem the co the what's the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the co the what's the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the co the what's the cost of
+elimination and and where do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and and where do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and and where do we see
+it what's the cost elimination cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the cost elimination cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what's the cost elimination cost so
+so size ends squ bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so size ends squ bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so size ends squ bandwidth
+n or half bandwidth you might say is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or half bandwidth you might say is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n or half bandwidth you might say is n
+that's the this is n this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is n this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the this is n this is n
+s what's the what's the cost First of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what's the what's the cost First of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what's the what's the cost First of
+all for a matrix if we know if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for a matrix if we know if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all for a matrix if we know if if we
+know it's a banded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a banded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a banded
+Matrix and we know the size is n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we know the size is n^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we know the size is n^
+s and we know that's so that's the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we know that's so that's the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we know that's so that's the order
+of the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix
+and then we know the bandwidth the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know the bandwidth the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know the bandwidth the the
+general rule is order times bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's the that's the
+elimination for for eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for for eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination for for eliminate
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+count that's why a tri diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that's why a tri diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count that's why a tri diagonal matrix
+is so fantastic its bandwidth is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so fantastic its bandwidth is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so fantastic its bandwidth is only
+one I mean we we're proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mean we we're proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I mean we we're proportional to
+proportional there's a constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional there's a constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional there's a constant here
+we're proportional just to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proportional just to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're proportional just to the size of
+the Matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix for
+triagonal now ours is not triagonal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal now ours is not triagonal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triagonal now ours is not triagonal for
+sure and we get n^ 2 time the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and we get n^ 2 time the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and we get n^ 2 time the bandwidth
+squared time so that's n we get n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fourth operations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth operations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth operations for
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination
+and and in three dimensions oh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in three dimensions oh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in three dimensions oh can you
+imagine three this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine three this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine three this is in
+2D this is 2D for an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grid do you want to tell me what 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid do you want to tell me what 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid do you want to tell me what 3D
+would be for an N byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for an N byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for an N byn
+grid well what's the size of them 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid well what's the size of them 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid well what's the size of them 3D
+Matrix the the the how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the the the how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the the the how many
+unknowns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in
+3D and Cubed and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and Cubed and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and Cubed and what's the
+bandwidth N squared right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth N squared right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth N squared right because you
+you uh haven't finished that row until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh haven't finished that row until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh haven't finished that row until
+you've got not only to the one above but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got not only to the one above but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got not only to the one above but
+the one in the other dimension so it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in the other dimension so it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in the other dimension so it's n
+SAR twice AK n7th so now you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR twice AK n7th so now you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR twice AK n7th so now you're getting
+to like serious serious tax cut here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like serious serious tax cut here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like serious serious tax cut here uh
+end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the
+seventh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh um
+is and the and what's what's coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the and what's what's coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the and what's what's coming back
+to what's happening in elimination as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happening in elimination as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's happening in elimination as I
+do elimination the band is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination the band is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do elimination the band is preserved
+I'll never have to do any elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never have to do any elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never have to do any elimination
+down there right the band will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right the band will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there right the band will stay
+there and nothing will ever show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and nothing will ever show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and nothing will ever show up
+there but all these this big band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but all these this big band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but all these this big band of
+zeros between right between that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros between right between that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros between right between that minus
+one and the next one about 99 zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one about 99 zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one about 99 zeros
+that'll all fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll all fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll all fill
+in that's the problem you get tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's the problem you get tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that's the problem you get tremendous
+fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill
+in if you just do G you see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you just do G you see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if you just do G you see what happens
+when you subtract multiples of one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you subtract multiples of one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you subtract multiples of one row
+from another it starts filling in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another it starts filling in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from another it starts filling in these
+otherwise zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise zero
+things and of course the symmetric thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and of course the symmetric thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and of course the symmetric thing
+the L transpose has got the same and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L transpose has got the same and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L transpose has got the same and and
+you'll see it if you if you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it if you if you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it if you if you would just
+take the Matrix in the in the uh message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix in the in the uh message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix in the in the uh message
+about this lecture and and do Lu which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture and and do Lu which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this lecture and and do Lu which I
+should have done before I sent it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done before I sent it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done before I sent it you
+would see that it fills in not you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that it fills in not you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see that it fills in not you you
+could hope that some of the fill-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope that some of the fill-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hope that some of the fill-in
+numbers are not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big oh and I can tell you right away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big oh and I can tell you right away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big oh and I can tell you right away the
+key iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea compare it with exact Lu so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea compare it with exact Lu so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea compare it with exact Lu so I'm
+going to compare exact Lu with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare exact Lu with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare exact Lu with
+incomplete Lu so exact L is what so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete Lu so exact L is what so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete Lu so exact L is what so so
+that this is perfect to to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is perfect to to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is perfect to to make this
+point and and this incomplete L IU as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and this incomplete L IU as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and this incomplete L IU as I
+believe has um is a favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe has um is a favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe has um is a favorite
+it's PE people like to like to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's PE people like to like to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's PE people like to like to work with
+it so uh so if we don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh so if we don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so uh so if we don't have time to
+discuss uh the subtleties of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh the subtleties of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss uh the subtleties of over
+relaxation which was the hot so David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation which was the hot so David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation which was the hot so David
+Young wrote a thesis at Harvard um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young wrote a thesis at Harvard um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young wrote a thesis at Harvard um in
+the 50s with Garrett burkoff in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s with Garrett burkoff in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s with Garrett burkoff in which he
+studied this over relaxation idea I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied this over relaxation idea I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied this over relaxation idea I I
+haven't explained it's it's a iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explained it's it's a iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explained it's it's a iterative
+algorithm and uh that was a big success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and uh that was a big success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and uh that was a big success
+for a while then there were other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while then there were other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while then there were other
+competitors conjugate gradiance looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors conjugate gradiance looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors conjugate gradiance looked
+like it was dead got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was dead got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was dead got
+revived so it's in there and then a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revived so it's in there and then a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revived so it's in there and then a guy
+named vandervorst in Holland came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named vandervorst in Holland came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named vandervorst in Holland came up
+with this incomplete Lu simple idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this incomplete Lu simple idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this incomplete Lu simple idea and
+I'll so that's what I'll describe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll so that's what I'll describe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll so that's what I'll describe here
+because it's so intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so intuitive
+and it you know it connects directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you know it connects directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it you know it connects directly
+without any fancy uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any fancy uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any fancy uh uh
+formulas uh maybe you're seeing though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh maybe you're seeing though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh maybe you're seeing though
+from this from this uh brief account of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from this uh brief account of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this from this uh brief account of
+the history a a rather important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history a a rather important point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history a a rather important point
+that everybody's got a shot at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's got a shot at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's got a shot at this
+thing like you don't have to be G to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like you don't have to be G to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like you don't have to be G to uh
+devise an iterative method which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise an iterative method which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devise an iterative method which could
+be quite a good one I mean vandero is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite a good one I mean vandero is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite a good one I mean vandero is a
+sharp guy but he isn't gaus and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp guy but he isn't gaus and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp guy but he isn't gaus and uh uh
+it's it's made a major difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's made a major difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's made a major difference so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+U let me tell you what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U let me tell you what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U let me tell you what it is
+then okay so complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L this is this is elimination this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L this is this is elimination this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L this is this is elimination this is
+Gus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus
+okay just you do Lu you you solve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just you do Lu you you solve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just you do Lu you you solve you
+you factor it and you solve l u u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor it and you solve l u u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor it and you solve l u u equal
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this this is our Au U equal f a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is our Au U equal f a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is our Au U equal f a
+complete is aals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is aals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete is aals
+luu of course and then how how is it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luu of course and then how how is it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luu of course and then how how is it you
+solve this system if you knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system if you knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system if you knew the
+factors then you could forget a you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then you could forget a you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors then you could forget a you only
+need to remember L and U and how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember L and U and how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember L and U and how would
+you solve that system just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve that system just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve that system just
+reviewing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the
+basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of
+elimination how do you what what good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how do you what what good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination how do you what what good
+does it do you to have done the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do you to have done the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do you to have done the work of
+elimination and have got to L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U how would you solve that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U how would you solve that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U how would you solve that system
+there by L first right it's this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by L first right it's this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by L first right it's this you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+solve for this unknown first say l Cals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this unknown first say l Cals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this unknown first say l Cals
+f and then C is this so then you'd solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and then C is this so then you'd solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and then C is this so then you'd solve
+uu equals c this is forward elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu equals c this is forward elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu equals c this is forward elimination
+this is back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution forward elimination CH as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution forward elimination CH as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution forward elimination CH as
+you as you uh go forward Down The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you uh go forward Down The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you uh go forward Down The Matrix
+you're changing the original F into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing the original F into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing the original F into some
+C so the C is what's left when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the C is what's left when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so the C is what's left when you're
+ready to start back substitution back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start back substitution back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start back substitution back
+Subs subtitution is back up with the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs subtitution is back up with the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs subtitution is back up with the U
+Matrix okay in other words two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay in other words two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay in other words two
+triangular systems that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular systems that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular systems that's
+fast the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the cost
+was Finding L and U the cost was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Finding L and U the cost was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Finding L and U the cost was this
+factorization because you had you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization because you had you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization because you had you see
+why it's why this number might come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's why this number might come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's why this number might come in
+uh this n s time this size times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this n s time this size times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this n s time this size times
+bandwidth squared Why why is it size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth squared Why why is it size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth squared Why why is it size
+times time w^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time w^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times time w^2
+because this thing has this row has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing has this row has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing has this row has
+length W and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length W and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length W and you have
+W work W possible things to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W work W possible things to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W work W possible things to eliminate
+below so how much does it cost to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so how much does it cost to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below so how much does it cost to do the
+be to begin elimination on that First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to begin elimination on that First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to begin elimination on that First
+Column you're taking multiples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column you're taking multiples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column you're taking multiples of this
+row of length W from these w row so W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of length W from these w row so W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of length W from these w row so W
+Squared to get this guy and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared to get this guy and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Squared to get this guy and then you're
+down to the next size and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the next size and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the next size and then there's a
+w and it's got W and cost you w^ s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and it's got W and cost you w^ s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and it's got W and cost you w^ s to
+get that column right and so on so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that column right and so on so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that column right and so on so it's
+size time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w^2 of course U and L have that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 of course U and L have that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 of course U and L have that same
+bandwidth W but back substitution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth W but back substitution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth W but back substitution would
+just be size times W not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be size times W not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be size times W not
+squared and for and so on okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and for and so on okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and for and so on okay so what's
+can you guess what incomplete Lu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is seems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is seems so
+natural well of course it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural well of course it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural well of course it's not it's
+natural to think of it it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to think of it it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to think of it it's not clear
+that it would work what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would work what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would work what you do
+is you go forward with L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you go forward with L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you go forward with L and
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+but for entries that are small you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for entries that are small you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for entries that are small you set
+them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to
+zero so that hopefully there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that hopefully there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that hopefully there's a lot of
+small stuff in this fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small stuff in this fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small stuff in this fill
+in and you say the heck with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you say the heck with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you say the heck with that
+so incomplete Lu is a is approxim this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incomplete Lu is a is approxim this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so incomplete Lu is a is approxim this
+is an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an L
+approximate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U
+approximate in fact it equals this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in fact it equals this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in fact it equals this plus
+some error some the stuff that you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error some the stuff that you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error some the stuff that you set
+to zero and there's a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and there's a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero and there's a whole lot of
+freedom clearly you have to decide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom clearly you have to decide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom clearly you have to decide okay
+what's small what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's small what's not
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+uh so what's how do you use this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what's how do you use this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what's how do you use this well
+iteratively so the idea now is I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively so the idea now is I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively so the idea now is I'll
+solve L approximate U approximate These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve L approximate U approximate These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve L approximate U approximate These
+are nice ones with with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice ones with with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nice ones with with lots of
+zeros times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros times
+U my n plus first guess well let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U my n plus first guess well let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U my n plus first guess well let me use
+a different letter I plus first guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different letter I plus first guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different letter I plus first guess is
+I'm going to put this part of the the E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put this part of the the E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put this part of the the E
+part on the other side side as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the other side side as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part on the other side side as minus
+E you on the old guess and then I'll add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E you on the old guess and then I'll add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E you on the old guess and then I'll add
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F so now we're seeing iterative method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so now we're seeing iterative method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so now we're seeing iterative method
+and we're seeing one one iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're seeing one one iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're seeing one one iterative
+method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular and let's suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and let's suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and let's suppose it
+converges does it converge to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges does it converge to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges does it converge to the right
+answer if it converges do we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if it converges do we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if it converges do we get the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+sure if this approaches if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if this approaches if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if this approaches if you
+approaches some limit as I goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches some limit as I goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches some limit as I goes to
+Infinity then this approaches U and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then this approaches U and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then this approaches U and this
+approaches U and and this approaches L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches U and and this approaches L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches U and and this approaches L
+approximate U approximate U and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U approximate U and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U approximate U and this is
+minus E U and this is the F and I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E U and this is the F and I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E U and this is the F and I bring
+that over over and sure enough I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over over and sure enough I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over over and sure enough I have I
+have KU equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have KU equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have KU equal
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so now you see every iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now you see every iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now you see every iterative
+method there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there's
+two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two
+requirements two conflicting goals here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements two conflicting goals here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements two conflicting goals here
+one goal is that this part should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goal is that this part should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one goal is that this part should be
+easy to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to deal with
+we want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy and the second goal is we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and the second goal is we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and the second goal is we want this
+iteration this convergence to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast and those are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conflict because what's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because what's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict because what's what's going on
+up there the convergence is immediate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there the convergence is immediate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there the convergence is immediate I
+put everything on the left side I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything on the left side I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything on the left side I did it
+all exactly right in one step I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all exactly right in one step I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all exactly right in one step I get the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+but that step isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that step isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that step isn't
+easy isn't quick it's the n4th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy isn't quick it's the n4th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy isn't quick it's the n4th or
+n7th now this step doing it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n7th now this step doing it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n7th now this step doing it this
+way it'll take some convergence in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it'll take some convergence in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it'll take some convergence in fact
+we aren't going to run it to the Limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to run it to the Limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't going to run it to the Limit
+either we want to get within some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we want to get within some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either we want to get within some
+tolerance of the answer that'll stop our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance of the answer that'll stop our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance of the answer that'll stop our
+iterations but do you see that it is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but do you see that it is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but do you see that it is now
+easier because these L proximate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because these L proximate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier because these L proximate and you
+approximate are are triangular there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate are are triangular there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate are are triangular there're
+maybe maybe just just the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe just just the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe just just the three
+diagonals that we would have hoped for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals that we would have hoped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals that we would have hoped for
+maybe I put those in yellow so so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put those in yellow so so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I put those in yellow so so for
+the L approximate we might just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L approximate we might just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L approximate we might just keep
+those numbers thinking well those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers thinking well those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers thinking well those are
+probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biggest or if we have to keep maybe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest or if we have to keep maybe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest or if we have to keep maybe one
+more cuz it's significant to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cuz it's significant to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cuz it's significant to have four
+diagonals but we don't have n diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but we don't have n diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but we don't have n diagonals
+we don't have 100 diagonals in L or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have 100 diagonals in L or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have 100 diagonals in L or and
+similarly in U it's e that's got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in U it's e that's got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in U it's e that's got all the
+other diagonals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so E I could rewrite as a minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so E I could rewrite as a minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so E I could rewrite as a minus l
+approximate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you
+approximate do you see that the you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate do you see that the you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate do you see that the you see
+the idea the idea is to to try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the idea is to to try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the idea is to to try to take
+as much of a as you can as much of k i I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of a as you can as much of k i I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of a as you can as much of k i I
+should be saying K shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be saying K shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be saying K shouldn't
+I I'm fallen in my trap again of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm fallen in my trap again of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm fallen in my trap again of of
+thinking of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of everything
+as as a but really K is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a but really K is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a but really K is my
+litter uh I want to put as much of K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litter uh I want to put as much of K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litter uh I want to put as much of K I
+want to put the heart of K on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put the heart of K on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put the heart of K on the left
+side without without making it hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side without without making it hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side without without making it hard
+to without making each each iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to without making each each iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to without making each each iteration
+step hard because I'm going to iterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step hard because I'm going to iterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step hard because I'm going to iterate
+maybe let's see if if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's see if if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe let's see if if n is
+100 I would maybe hope to do it in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 I would maybe hope to do it in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 I would maybe hope to do it in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iterations so there would be 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so there would be 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations so there would be 10
+iterations like square root of n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations like square root of n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations like square root of n or
+something uh this is what this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh this is what this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh this is what this is where
+you get in the calcul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the calcul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in the calcul
+and and what I'll just end with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'll just end with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what I'll just end with a
+question what controls the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what controls the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what controls the number of
+iterations what or whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations what or whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations what or whether or
+convergence at all you I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence at all you I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence at all you I think you
+answered that question before we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered that question before we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered that question before we if we
+subtract this equation from this one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this equation from this one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this equation from this one we
+get the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the error
+equation so this if we subtract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this if we subtract this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this if we subtract this
+from this we would get the same Matrix L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we would get the same Matrix L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this we would get the same Matrix L
+app U app times the error at step I + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app U app times the error at step I + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app U app times the error at step I + 1
+equals minus e times the error at step I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus e times the error at step I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus e times the error at step I
+and the fs would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel and I could put EI I could bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I could put EI I could bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and I could put EI I could bring
+all this I could put EI + one as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I could put EI + one as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this I could put EI + one as the
+inverse of this times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this times the
+E every iteration is multiplying by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix which we never actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which we never actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which we never actually compute
+but but we know that's what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we know that's what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we know that's what we're doing
+the error is getting multiplied by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error is getting multiplied by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error is getting multiplied by that
+Matrix and so what's the deal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and so what's the deal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and so what's the deal on
+convergence what would make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence what would make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence what would make that
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+fast if I if I'm repeating a multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if I if I'm repeating a multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if I if I'm repeating a multiplying
+over and over and over by this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over by this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over by this same
+Matrix to bring the error down what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to bring the error down what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to bring the error down what's
+the requirement on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requirement on that
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+to the igen values yeah the powers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the igen values yeah the powers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the igen values yeah the powers have
+to be getting smaller and we hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be getting smaller and we hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be getting smaller and we hope that
+the igen values they our best guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values they our best guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen values they our best guide
+guide to those Powers so the largest ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to those Powers so the largest ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to those Powers so the largest ion
+value had better be below one or we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value had better be below one or we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value had better be below one or we are
+not we don't have a great idea here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we don't have a great idea here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we don't have a great idea here um
+and we hope it's if it's down as low as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope it's if it's down as low as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope it's if it's down as low as
+0. n that's quite good gaus elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. n that's quite good gaus elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. n that's quite good gaus elimination
+and and or sorry gaus sidel and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or sorry gaus sidel and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or sorry gaus sidel and over
+relaxation might produce in a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation might produce in a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation might produce in a typical
+problem uh might Gus sidel might produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh might Gus sidel might produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh might Gus sidel might produce
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+an igen value of maybe let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen value of maybe let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an igen value of maybe let's say
+099 so that takes quite a few iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 so that takes quite a few iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 so that takes quite a few iterations
+to get down to some over relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get down to some over relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get down to some over relaxation
+might give an igen value of 098 or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give an igen value of 098 or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give an igen value of 098 or even
+97 that would be a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 that would be a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 that would be a tremendous
+Improvement and incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement and incomplete
+Lu I don't know depends how close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu I don't know depends how close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu I don't know depends how close to
+complete it is so I'm I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it is so I'm I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete it is so I'm I'm going to stop
+there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with
+the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the
+uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with this
+recap this is the type of Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap this is the type of Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap this is the type of Matrix that
+we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking
+at those are the some of the ideas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those are the some of the ideas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those are the some of the ideas that
+have gone into iterative methods plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone into iterative methods plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone into iterative methods plus
+conjugate gradients and finally let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and finally let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients and finally let me
+mention one other idea if it really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square uh uh then you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh uh then you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square uh uh then you would expect
+expect some special methods Fier related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some special methods Fier related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect some special methods Fier related
+methods fft related methods to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods fft related methods to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods fft related methods to be
+successful and they are so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and they are so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and they are so there are
+special algorithms if you have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special algorithms if you have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special algorithms if you have a nice
+Square rectangle because because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square rectangle because because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square rectangle because because you can
+take free transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take free transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take free transform
+then so those are the fastest of all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so those are the fastest of all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so those are the fastest of all by
+a long shot but of course they're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long shot but of course they're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long shot but of course they're only
+for squares and then you might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for squares and then you might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for squares and then you might try to
+build up your region out of squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your region out of squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up your region out of squares so
+that's called domain decomposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called domain decomposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called domain decomposition and
+there's a whole there conferences every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole there conferences every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole there conferences every
+year on domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year on domain
+decomposition where you take your domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition where you take your domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition where you take your domain
+and take nice pieces and then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take nice pieces and then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take nice pieces and then of course
+you have to make Corrections because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make Corrections because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make Corrections because if
+you solve in one piece and hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve in one piece and hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve in one piece and hold the
+other piece constant then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece constant then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other piece constant then there's a
+correction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to
+make so I could add domain decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so I could add domain decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so I could add domain decomposition
+to our list of ideas well so that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our list of ideas well so that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our list of ideas well so that's a a
+sort of give you a sense of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a sense of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give you a sense of some of the
+thinking that's G on in in the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that's G on in in the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that's G on in in the numerical
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+Community numerical pdes really but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community numerical pdes really but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community numerical pdes really but it's
+Matrix problems uh on this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix problems uh on this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix problems uh on this type of
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+problem and my second lecture at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and my second lecture at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and my second lecture at at
+3:30 will be quite different because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 will be quite different because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 will be quite different because the
+equations are very different we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are very different we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are very different we're
+moving forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward in
+time or time dependent problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or time dependent problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or time dependent problems and
+stability becomes the big issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability becomes the big issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability becomes the big issue here
+speed was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed was the
+issue but there the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but there the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue but there the question is
+stability can we well and speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability can we well and speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability can we well and speed of
+course can we take big time steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can we take big time steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can we take big time steps and
+get where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get where we
+want or will Big Time steps give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or will Big Time steps give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want or will Big Time steps give us a
+blowup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowup
+situation how big could the time step be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation how big could the time step be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation how big could the time step be
+that's uh so that's the the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh so that's the the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh so that's the the central
+question for for lecture 18 okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for for lecture 18 okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for for lecture 18 okay let's
+do take a break and and any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take a break and and any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take a break and and any questions
+and if anybody has any success with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if anybody has any success with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if anybody has any success with that
+uh Curious Matrix problem please please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Curious Matrix problem please please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Curious Matrix problem please please
+tell me about it I'm uh I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about it I'm uh I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about it I'm uh I'm looking for
+a a good good uh argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good good uh argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good good uh argument
+there okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hNrtGiCFPGs.txt b/hNrtGiCFPGs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c82b6187f466ab0ea2ec0a4e59f6d5d3f2841aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hNrtGiCFPGs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at a last example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a last example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a last example of
+applying the well ordering principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the well ordering principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the well ordering principle
+this time to uh something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to uh something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to uh something that we
+actually care about a theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about a theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about a theorem that
+really does require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does require
+some the theorem is the following famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the theorem is the following famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the theorem is the following famous
+formula for the sum of a geometric Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the sum of a geometric Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the sum of a geometric Su
+for a geometric series or a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a geometric series or a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a geometric series or a geometric
+sum so the numbers on the left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so the numbers on the left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so the numbers on the left the
+powers of R starting at one which is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R starting at one which is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R starting at one which is R
+to the 0o followed by R which is R the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0o followed by R which is R the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0o followed by R which is R the 1
+followed by R 2 up through the N power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by R 2 up through the N power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by R 2 up through the N power
+of R you add all numbers up and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R you add all numbers up and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R you add all numbers up and it turns
+out that there's a nice simple fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there's a nice simple fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there's a nice simple fixed
+formula that doesn't have those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that doesn't have those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that doesn't have those three
+dots in it uh that tells you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in it uh that tells you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots in it uh that tells you exactly
+what the value of that sum is and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of that sum is and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of that sum is and the
+formula as you can read is R the n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as you can read is R the n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as you can read is R the n + 1
+minus one is the numerator and R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is the numerator and R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is the numerator and R minus
+one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+denominator um and the claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator um and the claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator um and the claim is that
+this identity holds for all non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity holds for all non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity holds for all non-
+negative integers n and for all real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers n and for all real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers n and for all real
+numbers are that aren't one because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are that aren't one because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are that aren't one because I
+don't want the denominator to be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the denominator to be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the denominator to be zero so
+how we going to prove this well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we going to prove this well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we going to prove this well I'm
+going to prove it by using the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it by using the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it by using the well
+ordering principle and let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle and let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle and let's suppose
+that this identity didn't hold for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this identity didn't hold for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this identity didn't hold for some
+non- negative integer n so we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative integer n so we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative integer n so we apply the
+the well ordering principle and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well ordering principle and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well ordering principle and we'll
+let M be the smallest number n where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let M be the smallest number n where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let M be the smallest number n where
+this equality fails it becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality fails it becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equality fails it becomes an
+inequality um now what I know about M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality um now what I know about M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality um now what I know about M
+immediately is that this equality if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that this equality if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately is that this equality if you
+look at it when n is zero the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it when n is zero the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it when n is zero the left hand
+side comes down that degenerates to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side comes down that degenerates to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side comes down that degenerates to just
+r the0 or 1 the right hand side if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the0 or 1 the right hand side if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the0 or 1 the right hand side if you
+check it is R-1 over Rus one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it is R-1 over Rus one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it is R-1 over Rus one which is
+also one so equality holds when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one so equality holds when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also one so equality holds when n is
+zero and that means that the least M for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that means that the least M for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that means that the least M for
+which equality doesn't hold has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equality doesn't hold has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equality doesn't hold has to be
+positive so what we know about the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so what we know about the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so what we know about the least
+number where this equality fails is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number where this equality fails is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number where this equality fails is that
+it's positive and that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive and that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive and that means in
+particular since it's the least one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular since it's the least one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular since it's the least one word
+fails if you go down one to M minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails if you go down one to M minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails if you go down one to M minus one
+the equality holds so we can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality holds so we can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality holds so we can assume that
+the sum of the first uh M powers of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the first uh M powers of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the first uh M powers of R
+starting at zero and ending at R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero and ending at R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero and ending at R to the
+N minus one is equal to the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus one is equal to the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus one is equal to the formula
+where you plug in N minus1 for n and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you plug in N minus1 for n and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you plug in N minus1 for n and you
+get that formula on the right which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that formula on the right which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that formula on the right which I'm
+not going to read to you well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read to you well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to read to you well we can
+simp simpy it a little bit if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp simpy it a little bit if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp simpy it a little bit if you look
+at the exponent r m minus1 + 1 is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the exponent r m minus1 + 1 is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the exponent r m minus1 + 1 is after
+all just R the m so so repeating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just R the m so so repeating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just R the m so so repeating what
+I've got is that the sum of those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got is that the sum of those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got is that the sum of those first
+powers of R up to n minus one we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R up to n minus one we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of R up to n minus one we can
+assume is equal to the formula R the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is equal to the formula R the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is equal to the formula R the m
+minus1 / R minus one because uh uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 / R minus one because uh uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 / R minus one because uh uh M
+failed and this was the number one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed and this was the number one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed and this was the number one less
+where it had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it had to
+succeed so now we take the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed so now we take the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed so now we take the obvious
+strategy what I'm interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy what I'm interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy what I'm interested in is
+properties of the sum of the powers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the sum of the powers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the sum of the powers up
+to R to the m now the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R to the m now the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R to the m now the left hand side is
+the powers up to R to the m minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers up to R to the m minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers up to R to the m minus one so
+there's an obvious strategy for turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious strategy for turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an obvious strategy for turning
+the left hand side into what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side into what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side into what I'm
+interested in namely let's add R to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in namely let's add R to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in namely let's add R to the
+m to both sides so the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to both sides so the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to both sides so the left hand side
+becomes just the sum that I want and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just the sum that I want and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes just the sum that I want and the
+right hand side becomes this messy thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side becomes this messy thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side becomes this messy thing
+R the m -1/ r -1 plus r the M well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the m -1/ r -1 plus r the M well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the m -1/ r -1 plus r the M well let's
+just simplify a little bit let's put R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simplify a little bit let's put R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simplify a little bit let's put R
+the M uh uh put it over the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M uh uh put it over the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M uh uh put it over the denominator
+Rus one which I Do by multiplying it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rus one which I Do by multiplying it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rus one which I Do by multiplying it by
+rus1 uh and then it comes out to be R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rus1 uh and then it comes out to be R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rus1 uh and then it comes out to be R
+the M +1 minus r m over R minus1 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M +1 minus r m over R minus1 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M +1 minus r m over R minus1 and I
+collect terms and look what I got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms and look what I got um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect terms and look what I got um
+I've got the formula R the N +1 minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the formula R the N +1 minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the formula R the N +1 minus1
+over rus1 which means that the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rus1 which means that the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over rus1 which means that the identity
+that I was originally claiming in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was originally claiming in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was originally claiming in fact
+holds it m contradicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds it m contradicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds it m contradicting
+the assertion that it didn't hold at M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assertion that it didn't hold at M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assertion that it didn't hold at M
+in other words we've reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we've reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we've reached a
+contradiction assuming there was a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction assuming there was a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction assuming there was a least
+place where equality fails uh that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where equality fails uh that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where equality fails uh that means
+there's no counter example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no counter example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no counter example and the
+equality holds for all non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality holds for all non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality holds for all non- negative
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so here's the general organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so here's the general organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so here's the general organization of
+a well ordering proof which we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well ordering proof which we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well ordering proof which we've been
+using let's just sort of summarize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using let's just sort of summarize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using let's just sort of summarize it
+into a kind of a template for proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of a template for proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a kind of a template for proving
+things so what you have in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what you have in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so what you have in mind is that
+there's some property P of n of non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some property P of n of non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some property P of n of non-
+negative integers and what you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers and what you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers and what you'd like to
+prove is that it holds for every non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that it holds for every non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove is that it holds for every non-
+negative integer so for all n in non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer so for all n in non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer so for all n in non-
+negative integers P of n holds and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers P of n holds and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers P of n holds and we're
+going to try to prove this by the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to prove this by the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to prove this by the well
+ordering principle which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle which means that
+we're going to define the set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to define the set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to define the set of numbers
+for which P doesn't hold that is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which P doesn't hold that is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which P doesn't hold that is the set
+of counter examples and call that c so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counter examples and call that c so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of counter examples and call that c so C
+is the set of non- negative integers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of non- negative integers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of non- negative integers for
+which not P of n holds Now by The Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not P of n holds Now by The Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which not P of n holds Now by The Well
+ordering principle there's got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle there's got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle there's got to be a
+minimum element call it m that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum element call it m that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum element call it m that's in the
+C and at this point the job by assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and at this point the job by assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and at this point the job by assuming
+that m is the smallest counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that m is the smallest counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that m is the smallest counter example
+we have to reach a contradiction somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to reach a contradiction somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to reach a contradiction somehow
+now up to this uh second bullet it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now up to this uh second bullet it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now up to this uh second bullet it's the
+template but the third bullet is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template but the third bullet is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template but the third bullet is where
+the math real math starts and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math real math starts and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math real math starts and there
+isn't any template anymore how you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any template anymore how you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any template anymore how you reach
+a contradiction is by reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contradiction is by reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contradiction is by reasoning about
+properties of P of N and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of P of N and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of P of N and there's no
+simple recipe but the usual organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple recipe but the usual organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple recipe but the usual organization
+of the contradiction is one of two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contradiction is one of two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the contradiction is one of two kinds
+you find a counter example that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a counter example that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a counter example that's
+smaller than M you find a c that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than M you find a c that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than M you find a c that's in
+the set of counter examples and C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of counter examples and C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of counter examples and C is
+less than M that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than M that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than M that would be a
+contradiction because m is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because m is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because m is the smallest
+thing in C or you reach a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in C or you reach a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in C or you reach a contradiction
+by proving that P does hold for M which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by proving that P does hold for M which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by proving that P does hold for M which
+means it's not a counter example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's not a counter example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's not a counter example and
+those are kind of the the two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of the the two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of the the two standard
+ways to uh organize is a well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to uh organize is a well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to uh organize is a well ordering
+proof
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hUVfj1XktGI.txt b/hUVfj1XktGI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc772b9cb03ac5ea7ba3c2283a4df7cd7dea19d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hUVfj1XktGI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's get started.
+
+We want to wrap up today
+our discussion of atoms
+
+without external
+field, and then discuss
+
+what happens when we put atoms
+into external magnetic fields.
+
+Last class, we talked
+about isotope shifts,
+
+and there was a question, how
+big are those isotopes for some
+
+of your favorite atoms?
+
+I just looked up
+some information
+
+on lithium, which
+is a light atom,
+
+and this paper here
+shows calculations
+
+compared with experiments.
+
+The isotope shift between
+lithium six and lithium seven
+
+due to the mass, lithium
+six to lithium seven,
+
+is about 10 gigahertz.
+
+The volume effect is only two
+megahertz, 1,000 times smaller.
+
+However, the precision
+of experiments
+
+is such that if you
+find an isotope shift,
+
+the mass effect can
+be exactly calculated
+
+from the atomic masses, you
+can still get information
+
+about the size of the
+atomic nucleus out of it.
+
+So this is the example of a
+light atom, 10 gigahertz mass
+
+effect, two megahertz
+volume effect.
+
+And here is a rubidium atom.
+
+The isotope shift of the
+D1 line between 85 and 87
+
+is 77 megahertz only.
+
+The mass shift is 56
+megahertz, and the remainder
+
+is mainly the volume effect.
+
+There's a specific mass effect
+due to electronic correlations
+
+if you calculate electrons,
+which I think is small here
+
+but I don't want to discuss it.
+
+We can now compare
+the mass effect
+
+in rubidium versus lithium.
+
+First of all, the shift
+compared to infinite mass.
+
+the reduced mass effect,
+is much bigger in lithium.
+
+It's 20 times bigger in
+lithium than in rubidium.
+
+However, when you go from
+lithium six to lithium seven,
+
+the mass changes by 15%,
+so the delta m over m
+
+is also much larger for
+lithium than rubidium.
+
+And if you add
+those two factors,
+
+you find that the mass
+effect is 200 times larger
+
+in lithium, 10 gigahertz
+versus 50 megahertz.
+
+The nuclear volume
+effect is two megahertz
+
+for lithium, 20
+megahertz for rubidium,
+
+so that sets the scale.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Let me come back to one
+other question which
+
+we discussed last
+class, and this
+
+was the question
+about if you have
+
+a deformation of a
+nucleus, or if you have
+
+any kind of isotropic
+shape of an object,
+
+what is the minimum
+angular momentum in order
+
+to observe it?
+
+I know a lot of you
+got confused about it,
+
+so I want to discuss
+the same thing again,
+
+but now focusing on two
+different frames, the lab frame
+
+and the body-fixed frame.
+
+I hope you find this
+discussion insightful.
+
+So let's assume we have an
+object, it can be a molecule.
+
+Actually, you have a
+homework assignment
+
+whether you can observe
+a permanent dipole
+
+moment of a molecule,
+and this will lead you
+
+into a discussion of lab
+frame versus body-fixed frame.
+
+But let's assume
+we have an object,
+
+assume it's a nucleus, which
+has a really odd shape.
+
+However, if it has
+angular momentum of zero,
+
+all you have is one level.
+
+If you have an angular momentum
+of 1/2, you have two levels,
+
+and you can now define
+in the laboratory
+
+that the energy difference
+is due to the magnetic dipole
+
+moment, for instance, or
+the electric dipole moment
+
+if you put in electric field.
+
+If you have I equals
+1, you can have
+
+three levels, E1, E0, E minus 1.
+
+Let's say you have put the
+atoms into an electric field
+
+gradient.
+
+You can then ask if E0 is in
+the middle between up and down,
+
+plus 1 or minus 1, or whether
+it's displaced or not.
+
+And depending whether this is
+larger or smaller than zero,
+
+you would say there is a
+quadrupole moment which
+
+is larger or smaller than zero.
+
+In other words, what I'm telling
+you is if you have only one
+
+level, I equals 0,
+you can't say anything
+
+about the shape of the object.
+
+If you have two levels, you
+can determine a dipole moment.
+
+If you have three
+levels, by the deviation
+
+from the equidistance, you can
+find a higher order moment.
+
+But now comes the point.
+
+You can now take two positions.
+
+You can say that for low I,
+the deformation of a magnetic
+
+moment for I equals
+0 cannot be measured.
+
+Therefore, it is zero.
+
+Or you can say deformation
+exists, but only not in the lab
+
+frame but in the
+body-fixed frame.
+
+So in other words, you would
+say that the deformation exists
+
+always.
+
+It's just a measurement problem.
+
+At low angular momentum,
+I cannot measure.
+
+Or the other statement would be,
+well, if you can't measure it,
+
+[INAUDIBLE], it means
+it doesn't exist.
+
+So which statement or which
+conclusion is correct?
+
+This is the body-fixed
+frame argument,
+
+and this is more based
+on the lab frame.
+
+Well, I would say the lab frame
+argument is always correct
+
+because you can't
+measure it, you
+
+can't determine it in the
+lab, but let me go from there.
+
+Let's assume we have
+an object, and we
+
+think it has a deformation but
+it has a low angular momentum
+
+phase.
+
+Can we still say that
+in its body-fixed frame,
+
+we have an object which
+has a deformation or not?
+
+Now, my personal opinion
+is the following.
+
+It really depends.
+
+If you have a system
+where you can have
+
+angular momentum
+without changing
+
+the internal structure.
+
+For instance, I have this stick,
+and I can just spin it up,
+
+and if I can spin it up, I can
+get an angular momentum wave
+
+packet, I can orient it and
+measure its deformation.
+
+Then I think I would say, even
+if this state has zero angular
+
+momentum, it has a
+deformation, and the way
+
+I know it because if I
+add angular momentum,
+
+I can measure the deformation.
+
+I cannot measure it at
+low angular momentum.
+
+So then you would say in
+the body-fixed system,
+
+there is a deformation, but
+it only manifests itself
+
+in the lab frame if I
+add angular momentum.
+
+However, you may have an
+object, let's say a molecule,
+
+which is so weakly bound
+that one quantum of angular
+
+momentum due to centrifugal
+forces rips it apart.
+
+That exists.
+
+Extremely bound state which
+cannot provide enough binding
+
+force to withstand even one
+unit of angular momentum.
+
+So that's an object
+which you cannot rotate,
+
+you cannot transfer any angular
+momentum without destroying it,
+
+without ripping it apart.
+
+And now to say that this
+molecule has a dipole moment
+
+or has some anisotropy, you're
+making a statement which cannot
+
+be tested at all.
+
+So at that point, you
+should rather say,
+
+what matters is what I
+can measure in the lab,
+
+and I will never
+be able to measure
+
+any deformation in the lab.
+
+So the first example
+with the stick
+
+will apply to a very
+stable molecule which
+
+may have a dipole
+moment, and you
+
+assume it has the same
+dipole moment whether it's
+
+rotating or not.
+
+And then you would say
+at zero angular momentum,
+
+I cannot measure the dipole
+moment but I know it exists
+
+in the body-fixed frame.
+
+If you have a
+nucleus, and you have
+
+sort of a wave function of
+the protons and neutrons,
+
+and it's I equals 0, you
+will not find any moment.
+
+At least for the
+ground state of nuclei,
+
+when you add angular
+momentum, you really
+
+change the internal structure.
+
+You have to promote
+nucleons to higher orbits,
+
+so you cannot add angular
+momentum and still have
+
+the same object.
+
+So therefore, you have
+to say the ground state
+
+with I equals 0 has no
+deformation, because there
+
+is no way to ever find
+[INAUDIBLE] deformation,
+
+so it doesn't exist.
+
+But there are excited
+states of nuclei
+
+which have a deformation,
+and these deformed nuclei
+
+can be put into a multiplex
+of angular momentum states.
+
+So then you would see, I have
+the same kind of nucleus,
+
+but at different
+angular momentum states.
+
+At higher angular
+momentum states,
+
+you can define [INAUDIBLE]
+determine quadrupole moments
+
+and things like this.
+
+And then you may say the
+same internal state has now
+
+a non-rotating state, and
+you would still be tempted,
+
+and you are correct with that,
+to associate a deformation even
+
+in the non-rotating state.
+
+I hope those remarks help
+you reconcile the two aspects
+
+whether you have an object which
+is stable enough to be spun up,
+
+and then I think
+you can always talk
+
+about the body-fixed frame.
+
+But if you have an object
+where you change the internal
+
+structure when you add
+angular momentum, I think,
+
+for fundamental reasons,
+you cannot associate any
+
+deformation with it.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Let me just write
+down the summary.
+
+The definition of a deformation
+in a body-fixed frame
+
+makes sense only if you can
+add or change angular momentum
+
+without significantly changing
+the internal structure.
+
+Questions?
+
+I think the computer is set up.
+
+I cannot go backward
+in Presentation mode.
+
+What I want to discuss
+next is give you
+
+a little bit of an historic
+summary how spectroscopy
+
+of hydrogen is developed,
+in particular also focusing
+
+on one important discovery,
+the discovery of QED
+
+through the Lamb shift.
+
+Of course, you all love hydrogen
+because it's the simplest atom
+
+but it has so much
+interesting physics in it.
+
+I've summarized for you here
+some papers on hydrogen,
+
+and I used them to
+illustrate several points.
+
+I will show you that actually,
+the discovery of the Lamb shift
+
+had precursors.
+
+10 years before the Lamb
+shift was discovered,
+
+people had even some
+idea that something
+
+may be wrong with
+the understanding
+
+of the structure of hydrogen.
+
+So you can say they came
+so close, people 10 years
+
+before, in realizing
+the Lamb shift,
+
+there were people who
+maybe missed the Nobel
+
+prize by just a tiny little bit.
+
+They had all the
+insight that there
+
+may be QED correction
+in hydrogen.
+
+They just didn't
+have the technology
+
+to measure it accurately enough.
+
+The second example
+I want to show
+
+is that we always talk about
+fundamental limitations,
+
+but fundamental limitations
+can disappear in time
+
+because they may not be as
+fundamental as they appear.
+
+So for instance,
+there were limitations
+
+with the limitations
+of the Lamb shift
+
+because you had a short
+lifetime of p states,
+
+but with the event of
+two photon transition,
+
+you can go from s to
+s and s to d states,
+
+and therefore map
+out Lamb shifts
+
+with much, much higher
+precision not limited
+
+by the finite
+lifetime of p states.
+
+Finally, you would say Lamb
+shifts are small splittings,
+
+and for many, many
+years, Lamb shifts
+
+were measured by
+making radio frequency
+
+transitions between
+two s and two p states.
+
+Well, today, the most accurate
+measurement of the Lamb shift
+
+is with an optical
+transition where
+
+you need a much, much
+higher relative precision
+
+to see the tiny Lamb shift.
+
+But optical metrology with
+direct frequency measurements
+
+and frequency combs has so
+much improved in precision
+
+that now, an optical
+measurement, even if it comes
+
+to a tiny difference, is
+more accurate than a direct
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So I think the
+history of hydrogen
+
+shows you that
+technology can completely
+
+change the paradigm how
+measurements are made.
+
+Fundamental limits
+disappear because new tools
+
+or new insight is available.
+
+And also, I find it interesting
+that discoveries often
+
+have precursors, and people
+have a hunch, know about it,
+
+and then finally,
+it is discovered.
+
+Let me just take you through
+some historic papers.
+
+This paper is 1933, 15
+years before the Lamb shift,
+
+and it says that one
+possible explanation
+
+for some discrepancy of the
+structure of the Balmer lines
+
+is that the effect
+of the interaction
+
+between the radiation field and
+the atom has been neglected.
+
+That's QED.
+
+You cannot just calculate the
+structure of the hydrogen atom
+
+from the Coulomb field.
+
+You have to allow the
+radiation field, all the modes
+
+of the vacuum to be included.
+
+So this insight
+is not due to Lamb
+
+It was there already, 1933.
+
+Same year, look at the
+title, "On the Breakdown
+
+of the Coulomb Law for
+the Hydrogen Atom."
+
+People speculated or discussed
+that the Coulomb law will not
+
+be valid at very
+small distances.
+
+This is ultimately what QED,
+raided correction, the Lamb
+
+shift, vacuum
+polarization all is about.
+
+Finally, people had an
+understanding of the hydrogen
+
+atom, and they
+measure-- I want you
+
+to keep that in mind--
+they did optical.
+
+They measured the Balmer lines
+of hydrogen and deuterium,
+
+and they couldn't
+fully resolve it
+
+because of the finite
+lifetime of the peak state,
+
+but there was some
+hunch when you
+
+try to get the envelope from
+the underlying structure
+
+that there was a discrepancy.
+
+It was just not significant
+enough to say for sure,
+
+there is an
+additional line shift
+
+which is not accounted
+for by theory.
+
+There was a
+discussion that there
+
+is a deviation of the Coulomb
+law, but here is the insight.
+
+As was indicated by
+previous authors,
+
+the interaction required
+to change the Coulomb law
+
+at small distances
+is much too large
+
+to be accounted for
+by the assumption
+
+of a finite size of
+electron and proton.
+
+So the Coulomb field
+has to be modified
+
+at short distances in a
+much stronger way than just
+
+the finite size of the proton.
+
+We'll talk about the finite
+size of the proton in a minute.
+
+And then, of course,
+1947, UIF oscillators
+
+have been developed in
+the pursuit of radar,
+
+experimental tools are there
+now-- high power IF sources,
+
+cumulative sources,
+and such, and then
+
+Lamb and Retherford
+in his landmark paper
+
+look at the fine structure
+of the hydrogen atom,
+
+and this is the famous result.
+
+They measured transitions as
+a function of magnetic field,
+
+and you see the solid
+line, which I think
+
+was the theory without
+the Lamb shift.
+
+The dashed line is the hyper
+fine structure of hydrogen,
+
+and the lines converge,
+and the difference
+
+is 1,000 megacycles, the first
+determination of the Lamb
+
+shift.
+
+So this was 1947.
+
+It's interesting
+that it's just one
+
+or two weeks later, there is
+a theoretical paper by Hans
+
+Bethe providing an explanation
+for the Lamb shift,
+
+so already coming up
+with the first model
+
+how to account for QED.
+
+I didn't look it
+up in detail, but I
+
+thought the spirit was similar
+to what I presented you
+
+in class, that the
+electromagnetic zero point
+
+energy is shaping the electron
+and leading to corrections.
+
+But it's amazing that
+within weeks, theorists
+
+figured nearly out, yes,
+this is the explanation.
+
+This is how we have
+to explain the theory.
+
+For a number of years,
+people pursued measurements
+
+of the Lamb shifts with
+higher and higher accuracy.
+
+I just like the
+last sentence here.
+
+This is now the next paper by
+Willis Lamb and Retherford,
+
+and they are sort of saying that
+they wanted to measure the Lamb
+
+shift with higher
+precision, but then they
+
+said, "the program was
+large and encountered
+
+unexpected difficulties
+which required much more time
+
+to surmount.
+
+As a result, the paper promised
+two years ago was delayed."
+
+I think this applies to many,
+many papers to be written,
+
+but here, the authors
+even say that upfront,
+
+it took us two years
+longer to do the research
+
+than we initially anticipated.
+
+You see now the
+growing accuracy.
+
+We have the Lamb shift, which
+is on the order of 1,000
+
+megacycles, one gigahertz,
+and the precision
+
+is now in the 100
+kilohertz range.
+
+This was the technology
+of the original discovery.
+
+Then there was a next
+generation of experiments
+
+on the Lamb shift using
+separated [? oscilloatomic ?]
+
+fields, [INAUDIBLE] techniques.
+
+We'll talk about that
+later in the course.
+
+And with these techniques,
+the accuracy of the Lamb shift
+
+is now one digit further
+in the 10 kilohertz region.
+
+There is a nice feature that
+we'll also discuss later,
+
+that it was possible to
+obtain line weights, which
+
+is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+We'll talk about
+it later, but it's
+
+possible to do spectroscopy on
+unstable states, which provides
+
+line widths narrower than
+the actual line widths.
+
+If you want to get one
+sentence as an appetizer,
+
+you just look at the
+atoms which have not
+
+decayed for a long time,
+and if you play some tricks,
+
+you can then get line
+widths which covers points
+
+to several lifetimes, and not
+just to the one [INAUDIBLE]
+
+lifetime.
+
+Some conditions have to
+be met, and those authors
+
+used it here to
+advantage to narrow
+
+the line for the measurement
+of the Lamb shift.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: The abstract
+says that the result is not
+
+in good agreement with theory.
+
+What is the theoretical--
+how far had it gone?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know it at this point.
+
+I will later give you
+comparison with theory
+
+which is highly accurate.
+
+I assume at this
+point-- I'm not sure
+
+if it was instrumental
+difficulty.
+
+I didn't [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So these are the same authors
+just a few years later.
+
+The agreement between
+theory and experiment
+
+is two standard deviations, so I
+think this problem disappeared.
+
+I don't know if it was the
+fault of theory or experiment.
+
+But now we go a step forward
+to optical spectroscopy.
+
+You remember originally, and
+this is why the Lamb shift was
+
+not jumping into people's eye
+when they did spectroscopy
+
+of the Balmer
+spectrum of hydrogen,
+
+you cannot resolve
+the structure.
+
+The Lamb shift is
+there, but it's
+
+hidden in the envelope
+of the unresolved lines.
+
+And now the advent
+of lasers, and people
+
+immediately developed
+saturation spectroscopy.
+
+That's how most of
+our laboratories
+
+stabilize lasers using
+Doppler-free saturation
+
+spectroscopy.
+
+And when saturation
+spectroscopy was invented
+
+by Hansch and Schawlow
+for the first time,
+
+you can break through
+the Doppler [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and now you see
+the lines resolved.
+
+And here, I think
+for the first time,
+
+you see two peaks
+separated and the splitting
+
+is the Lamb shift, which
+until then was only accessible
+
+through [INAUDIBLE]
+frequency methods.
+
+Of course, these were the first
+lasers, just pulsed lasers,
+
+and we couldn't even
+think about precision.
+
+But then, of course,
+using metrology,
+
+using frequency chains, people
+could do precision measurements
+
+in the optical domain.
+
+These are now papers in the
+'90s, "Optical Measurement
+
+on the Lamb Shift in the Ground
+State or in the Excited State."
+
+Talking about the comparison
+with experiment and theory,
+
+experimental is pushed to
+higher and higher precision,
+
+and suddenly, there
+was a discrepancy,
+
+and it was a discrepancy
+in the 1s Lamb shift.
+
+In the 1s state, the
+Lamb shift is much bigger
+
+than in the 2s state because
+the electron interacts much more
+
+intimately with the [INAUDIBLE]
+than the Coulomb potential is
+
+on this.
+
+People found that the
+experiment did no longer
+
+agree with theory.
+
+But then the theorists had to
+check all their assumptions,
+
+and it was found that there
+were two new binding corrections
+
+which were surprisingly large.
+
+Often, you make an estimate
+that those terms are small.
+
+You say it's higher
+order, but you may not
+
+know the pre-factor.
+
+And here, something
+was surprisingly large,
+
+and by now you're
+proving the theory.
+
+There was again agreement
+between experiment and theory.
+
+It's getting now down
+to the kilohertz level.
+
+And at least as a few years
+ago, this was state of the art.
+
+Remember the Lamb shift is about
+1,000 cycles one gigahertz,
+
+and now the precision is
+in the single kilohertz.
+
+As I pointed out,
+precision was reached
+
+by directly measuring the
+frequency of laser, frequency
+
+metrology.
+
+This was actually, for historic
+interest, frequency metrology,
+
+they used peak nodes
+between the laser used
+
+to measure the hydrogen
+line and some other lasers.
+
+This is just a few years
+before comb generators.
+
+Frequency combs completely
+changed things again.
+
+But they had already the
+precision of a direct frequency
+
+measurement.
+
+You can read about
+it when I paused it.
+
+It shows you what
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is in those installations.
+
+This is a slide I
+borrowed from Ted Hansch,
+
+"Optical Spectroscopy
+of Hydrogen."
+
+It just shows the advances
+in frequency metrology.
+
+It shows how caesium clocks
+and optical spectroscopy,
+
+how they have
+changed in precision,
+
+and eventually, we
+are now past the time
+
+where optical spectroscopy is
+more accurate than microwave
+
+and radio frequency
+spectroscopy.
+
+Optical clocks are more accurate
+than [INAUDIBLE] frequency
+
+standards.
+
+I'm sure in your
+lifetime, you will
+
+experience the
+redefinition of this
+
+again because the caesium clock
+is no longer accurate enough
+
+compared with the most
+precise optical measurements.
+
+And I think there was a peak
+gap, a change in slope here.
+
+In the old days, you measured
+the wavelengths of light
+
+by making a measurement of
+the wavelengths using maybe
+
+a grading or interferometry,
+but when you now
+
+started to measure
+frequencies directly,
+
+then there was a change in
+slope and major improvements
+
+in precision.
+
+And today, of course, the
+most precise measurement
+
+of laser frequencies is not
+through the wavelengths,
+
+that they can count the number
+of cycles in a peak node
+
+with an optical comb generator.
+
+So what can you do with
+ever increasing precision?
+
+This is also a slide I
+borrowed from Ted Hansch.
+
+If you measure very, very
+accurately an atomic line,
+
+let's say the 1s 2s transition
+in hydrogen using two photon
+
+spectroscopy, what you can
+do is you can measure it,
+
+and a few years later,
+you can measure it again.
+
+And now it becomes an
+interesting question
+
+if you have this precision.
+
+Will the result be the
+same as a function of time?
+
+If there were a small change,
+which there wasn't, you
+
+could only come
+to one conclusion,
+
+and this is fundamental
+common sense in nature,
+
+change is a function of time.
+
+So this precision
+of metrology is now
+
+being used to test the
+fundamental constants, again,
+
+constant as a function of time.
+
+Precision is even
+more improving.
+
+The latest in the development
+in the spectroscopy of hydrogen
+
+is what is called the
+size of the proton atom.
+
+In your homework
+assignment, you are actually
+
+calculating what is the
+correction due to transition
+
+frequencies in
+hydrogen because you
+
+don't have a proton field
+of a point particle.
+
+The proton has a finite size.
+
+Or vice versa, if you have
+sufficient prediction,
+
+if you have sufficient
+accuracy of the measurement,
+
+you can determine the
+size of the proton
+
+from the measured
+transition frequencies.
+
+This was done, and in 2010,
+there was a big surprise
+
+that the size of the proton
+determined from hydrogen
+
+spectroscopy did not agree
+with scattering measurements
+
+where you scatter electrons and
+protons to measure the proton
+
+size.
+
+This is still a puzzle.
+
+It's called the
+proton radius puzzle,
+
+and it is not clear
+what is causing it.
+
+What happened is in 2010,
+there was a big improvement
+
+in measuring the
+size of the proton,
+
+and this was done by replacing
+the electron with a muon, which
+
+is a heavy electron, but since
+the muon is so much heavier,
+
+the bore orbit of the muon,
+the negative particle going
+
+around the proton,
+it is much smaller.
+
+Therefore, the Lamb
+shift also, but also
+
+the correction due to the
+finite size of the proton,
+
+is much, much
+larger because there
+
+is much more overlay
+of the muonic wave
+
+function with a proton
+than for an electron.
+
+So there was a huge
+improvement in the precision
+
+of the measurement
+of the proton size,
+
+and this has really
+led to what's
+
+called the proton radius puzzle.
+
+It's not sure if that is at the
+same level of the Lamb shift,
+
+which gave rise to
+fundamental new physics.
+
+Maybe this is the discovery
+of the new Lamb shift in 2010,
+
+and it changes our understanding
+of fundamental physics,
+
+but maybe it's something else.
+
+The answer is not [INAUDIBLE].
+
+At least this is 2010.
+
+A few years of
+checking the theory
+
+and checking the experiment has
+not removed the discrepancy.
+
+Rather to the contrary.
+
+It has hardened that there
+is some discrepancy which
+
+needs to be resolved.
+
+So this was just a
+little shot of excursion,
+
+a little bit of summary of
+spectroscopy of hydrogen
+
+over 80 years, from
+precursors to the Lamb shift
+
+to the proton radius puzzle.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I
+know the same group
+
+was using the same technique to
+measure deuterium, maybe helium
+
+PROFESSOR: I think they want to
+do it but they haven't done it.
+
+That's what they plan to do.
+
+AUDIENCE: That was my question.
+
+PROFESSOR: So our
+next topic are now
+
+atoms in external
+magnetic fields.
+
+The first chapter is on fine
+structure and the lambda g
+
+factor.
+
+But maybe more colloquially,
+atoms in external fields
+
+means that we add one
+more vector to the mix.
+
+In fine structure, we have
+orbital angular momentum
+
+and spin angular
+momentum, and we
+
+discussed how spin orbit
+coupling eventually
+
+couples L and S to J and so
+on, but now, we extend the game
+
+by one more vector, B, an
+external magnetic field.
+
+It really becomes a
+player in the game
+
+because you know that if you
+have spin orbit coupling,
+
+we use the vector model that
+L and S couple and precess
+
+around the axis of J, the
+total angular momentum.
+
+So the game we play when we
+couple angular momentum is
+
+that angular
+momentum couple, they
+
+precess around an axis
+that involves some quantum
+
+numbers and so on.
+
+But now, you can add a
+new quantization axis
+
+with a magnetic field,
+and then angular momenta
+
+will precess around
+the magnetic field.
+
+And there may be
+actually a conflict,
+
+that for strong magnetic
+field, the precession is
+
+different than in
+weak magnetic fields,
+
+and this is what we
+want to discuss now.
+
+So it is the game
+of L, S, and B.
+
+So what we are adding
+with magnetic fields
+
+is we are adding one term
+to the Hamiltonian, which
+
+is the Zeeman term, where we
+have an external magnetic field
+
+and we couple with
+a magnetic moment.
+
+The one thing which
+makes it interesting
+
+when we discuss fine
+structure is the following,
+
+that we have actually two
+components to the angular
+
+momentum of the atom,
+which is the spin
+
+and the orbital
+angular momentum,
+
+and the two have
+different g factors.
+
+So it's not that
+the magnetic moment
+
+is just proportional to
+the angular momentum.
+
+If the angular momentum
+comes from spin,
+
+it has a different weight than
+when the angular momentum comes
+
+from orbital angular
+momentum, and this
+
+is what we want
+to now understand.
+
+We want to determine what
+is the magnetic moment
+
+of the atom when the
+angular momentum has
+
+two different sources?
+
+What we will find is we will
+find that there is a lambda g
+
+factor which is sometimes
+2, which is sometimes 1,
+
+or which is sometimes
+somewhere in between,
+
+depending how S
+and L are arranged
+
+with respect to each other.
+
+So our Hamiltonian is the
+Hamiltonian for the atom.
+
+We know that we
+have fine structure,
+
+we discussed that,
+which couples L and S.
+
+And now have a magnetic
+moment due to the spin
+
+and due to the orbital
+angular momentum,
+
+and then couples to the
+external magnetic field.
+
+In other words, if we had
+no fine structure coupling,
+
+if S and L would not
+be coupled, the answer
+
+would be very simple.
+
+S just couples to
+the magnetic field,
+
+gives the same [INAUDIBLE],
+the g factor of 2,
+
+and L couples to the magnetic
+field with a g factor of 1.
+
+But now the two are coupled
+with respect to each other,
+
+and if you have L-S coupling,
+the projection of S and L
+
+on the z-axis is not a good
+quantum number anymore.
+
+So therefore, we have
+two different terms
+
+which are diagonal in
+two different bases,
+
+and that's what we
+want to discuss.
+
+So the g factor of orbital
+angular momentum is 1.
+
+The g factor of the
+spin is 2, or if you
+
+want to include the leading
+correction here from QED,
+
+it's the fine structure
+constant over 2 pi.
+
+We did discuss that
+the fine structure can
+
+be related as the Zeeman
+energy of the spin
+
+in a magnetic field
+which is created
+
+by the electron
+due to its motion.
+
+Or, if you take the
+frame of the electron,
+
+the electron sees
+the proton orbiting
+
+around that creates
+a magnetic field,
+
+and this magnetic field
+couples to the state.
+
+So therefore, we can
+associate fine structure
+
+with an internal magnetic
+field inside the atom.
+
+And this internal magnetic
+field is rather large.
+
+It's on the order of 1 Tesla.
+
+So therefore, for our discussion
+of the lambda g factor and fine
+
+structure in applied
+magnetic fields,
+
+we will assume that we are
+in the weak field limit
+
+where the fine structure
+term, the first term,
+
+is much larger than
+the Zeeman term.
+
+Of course, if you use
+very strong magnets,
+
+you can go to the
+high field case,
+
+but I will discuss explicitly
+the transition from weak field
+
+to high field for
+hyperfine structure,
+
+and the phenomenon
+for fine structure
+
+is completely analogous.
+
+It just happens at
+much higher fields.
+
+So anyway, I will discuss the
+high field case and transition
+
+with the high field case with
+a much more elegant example
+
+of hyperfine structure
+that you can immediately
+
+apply to fine
+structure if you like.
+
+If I want to solve the problem,
+calculate the lambda g factor,
+
+I could directly calculate
+just one matrix element
+
+and it would be done.
+
+So all I want to know
+is what is the Zeeman
+
+energy because Zeeman energy
+divided by the magnetic field
+
+is the magnetic moment.
+
+And since I assume that I'm
+in the weak field limit,
+
+I can simply use the
+quantum numbers S, L, and S
+
+and L coupled to J, and the
+magnetic quantum number is nJ.
+
+So by simply calculating this
+expectation value, I'm done
+
+and I've solved the problem.
+
+However, I want to do the
+derivation using the vector
+
+model because it provides
+some additional insight.
+
+So in the vector model, we
+have L and S coupled to J
+
+to the total angular momentum.
+
+And in the vector model, we
+assume that L and S rapidly
+
+precess around J. And therefore,
+the only thing which matters
+
+are the projections.
+
+Only the projections of L and
+S on the J-axis are important.
+
+So you can say if you have an
+rapid precession of L and S
+
+around J, the transverse
+components rapidly average
+
+out and [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So therefore, our
+Zeeman Hamiltonian
+
+has to be rewritten
+in the following way.
+
+The Zeeman Hamiltonian
+was the magnetic moment
+
+times the external magnetic
+field with a minus sign.
+
+But what matters is the
+projection on the J direction,
+
+so we do the
+projection in this way.
+
+And also, in the
+end, what matters
+
+is, since the magnetic
+moments are aligned with J,
+
+it is now the scalar product
+of the magnetic field with J.
+
+So in the vector model, we
+calculate the Zeeman energies
+
+in that way, but just to
+mention that if you don't
+
+like the vector model and the
+assumption of rapid precession,
+
+just take this matrix element.
+
+It's exactly the same.
+
+In other words, I give
+you the intuitive picture
+
+what is inside those
+matrix elements.
+
+So let's evaluate that.
+
+Let me factor out
+the Bohr magneton.
+
+We have J squared, taking
+one of each bracket.
+
+And now assuming that the
+g factor of the spin is 2,
+
+the magnetic moment is the
+Bohr magneton times L--
+
+the g factor of L is 1-- plus
+S, but the g factor of S is 2.
+
+So this is now the
+magnetic moment accounting
+
+for the two different g factors
+we projected on the J-axis.
+
+And the second racket,
+B dot J becomes
+
+the value of the magnetic field.
+
+We assume the magnetic field
+points in the z direction,
+
+so therefore, it is the z
+component of the total angular
+
+momentum.
+
+Let me collect the simple terms.
+
+Now L plus 2S,
+because L plus S is J,
+
+can be written as J plus S.
+
+So now we have the product
+of J with J, which gives us
+
+J squared, and then we need
+the product of S and J.
+
+And as usual, we can get
+an expression for that
+
+by using the summation
+of angular momenta.
+
+If we square it on
+the right hand side,
+
+we have the scalar
+product of J and S,
+
+but we have now the
+scalar product of J and S
+
+expressed by L
+squared J squared.
+
+J squared plus S squared minus
+L squared divided by J squared.
+
+Now, we're just one line
+away from the final result.
+
+Jz is a good quantum number.
+
+It's MJ, the projection
+of the total angular
+
+momentum on the z-axis.
+
+The bracket here is
+now the famous result
+
+for the lambda g factor.
+
+So we have J squared over J
+squared, which gives us 1.
+
+And then I simply put
+in the quantum numbers
+
+for J squared, S
+squared, L squared, which
+
+is J times J plus 1
+plus S times S plus 1
+
+minus L times L plus 1, and
+we divide by 2 times J plus 1.
+
+So therefore, the Zeeman
+structure in a magnetic field
+
+is the Bohr magneton
+times the magnetic field
+
+times the angular momentum
+in the J direction,
+
+but then we multiply
+with the g factor.
+
+These are now limiting cases.
+
+If we do not have spin,
+then the only ingredients,
+
+the only [INAUDIBLE]
+angular momentum
+
+is orbital angular momentum
+and we have a g factor of 1.
+
+So the lambda g factor
+simply becomes gL.
+
+In the case we don't
+have angular momentum,
+
+you can just evaluate this
+expression for L equals 0.
+
+You find indeed that
+the g factor is 2.
+
+But it can have
+different values.
+
+It depends on the
+atomic structure.
+
+That's all I want to
+say about fine structure
+
+in a magnetic field.
+
+The next step is now
+hyperfine structure.
+
+We are adding one more
+vector to the game.
+
+So we add angular
+momentum of the nucleus,
+
+so now the game being
+played is not only L and S.
+
+We have I and B. It's a
+game of the four vectors
+
+and eventually how they
+precess around each other,
+
+and that gives rise to the
+structure of hyperfine levels
+
+in an external magnetic field.
+
+We assume that L and
+S have coupled to J,
+
+so we have actually
+a coupling of J, I,
+
+but now we have an external
+quantization axis in Zeeman.
+
+It has to be due to the
+external magnetic field.
+
+And of course, in
+hyperfine structure,
+
+we discussed that I and J are
+no longer conserved angular
+
+momenta because they couple to
+a total angular momentum, which
+
+is F.
+
+So our Hamiltonian
+is the Hamiltonian
+
+without any kind of
+hyperfine and fine structure
+
+when we have the hyperfine
+coupling, which couples I
+
+and J with the product
+I dot J. And then we
+
+have an external magnetic
+field, which couples
+
+to the magnetic moment
+of the electron.
+
+This may be a smaller term, but
+you can easily carry with us.
+
+There's also a coupling with the
+magnetic moment of the nucleus.
+
+So in this case, because
+the hyperfine structure
+
+is smaller than
+the fine structure,
+
+I want to discuss both the
+weak field and the strong field
+
+case.
+
+Because magnetic fields of
+a few hundred [INAUDIBLE]
+
+may actually take into
+the high field momentum.
+
+I want to discuss both the low
+field and the high field limit.
+
+The low field limit implies
+that the Zeeman energies
+
+are much smaller than
+the hyperfine splittings.
+
+And then the way we describe the
+system is that J and I couple.
+
+So J, which is responsible
+for the magnetic moment,
+
+precesses around F, the
+total angular momentum,
+
+but then the total
+angular momentum
+
+precesses around
+the magnetic field.
+
+In other words, you assume that
+the coupling between J and I
+
+is so strong and
+they couple to F,
+
+the magnetic field
+is not breaking up
+
+the coupling between J and
+I. J and I together form F,
+
+and this hyperfine state,
+this magnetic moment,
+
+precesses around B.
+
+This is sort of the picture.
+
+You have to get used to it.
+
+J precesses around
+F and F precesses
+
+around the external
+magnetic field, B0.
+
+But again, if you don't
+like the precession model,
+
+just calculate the
+quantum mechanical energy
+
+that will stabilize
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+The answer is identical.
+
+The Zeeman Hamiltonian
+couples to the magnetic field,
+
+and we have two contributions
+to the magnetic moment,
+
+the electron of the nucleus.
+
+And in the weak field
+limit, we use a treatment
+
+which is almost completely
+analogous to the treatment we
+
+used when we derived the
+[INAUDIBLE] g factor.
+
+We can treat the
+same as Hamiltonian
+
+perturbation theory, and
+it's exactly analogous
+
+when we added a weak magnetic
+field to the fine structure.
+
+In the vector model, we
+have the coupling of J and I
+
+to F. The relevant
+term in the Hamiltonian
+
+is we have the magnetic
+moment of the electron, which
+
+is proportionate to J
+and it couples to B.
+
+So this relevant term, this
+is fully analogous to what
+
+I did five or 10
+minutes ago, has
+
+to be replaced in the presence
+of the nuclear angular
+
+momentum.
+
+We have to project everything
+on the axis of the total angular
+
+momentum, F.
+
+Therefore, the
+Zeeman Hamiltonian
+
+had the contribution
+to the magnetic moment
+
+due to the electron
+and due to the nucleus.
+
+This is proportionate
+to J, but now we
+
+have to project it onto F. And
+similarly, the magnetic moment
+
+of the nucleus is
+proportionate to I,
+
+but what matters is
+the projection on F.
+
+And since I factored
+out the Bohr magneton,
+
+the magnetic moment
+of the nucleus
+
+is proportionate to
+the nuclear magneton.
+
+I have to account for the ratio.
+
+What matters now is the
+projection of F on B0.
+
+So therefore, collecting
+all the terms,
+
+we have the Bohr
+magneton, which is
+
+setting the scale
+of the interaction.
+
+The last term is
+the magnetic field,
+
+but the projection of F
+onto the magnetic field
+
+gives us the mF quantum
+number, and all the rest
+
+is called the g factor of
+the hyperfine structure.
+
+And the g factor of
+the hyperfine structure
+
+is-- let me just
+simplify and neglect
+
+the small contribution--
+it's 1,000 times smaller--
+
+of the nuclear magnetic
+moment, but if you want,
+
+you can easily include it.
+
+With this approximation,
+the g factor
+
+of the hyperfine
+structure is this.
+
+It's proportionate to the
+lambda g factor we just derived.
+
+And then using exactly
+the same thing,
+
+you have J dot F. You
+can express it now
+
+by the quantum numbers of F
+squared, J squared, I squared.
+
+You find the final
+result, what are
+
+the g factors of the
+hyperfine levels,
+
+of the hyperfine states.
+
+So this is the hyperfine
+structure of atoms [INAUDIBLE]
+
+magnetic fields.
+
+Let's immediately go to
+the high field limit.
+
+The high field limit means that
+the electronic Zeeman energy
+
+is much larger than
+the hyperfine coupling.
+
+And that means always,
+when we treat the problem,
+
+we first take care of
+the big contributions
+
+to the Hamiltonian.
+
+We try to solve it, if
+possible, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And then the weaker term
+can be any perturbative.
+
+So now we are in the situation
+that the Zeeman coupling
+
+is the big term and
+the hyperfine coupling
+
+is the weaker term.
+
+So in other words, what comes
+first now is the Zeeman energy,
+
+so we are not coupling the
+electronic angular momentum
+
+and the nuclear angular momentum
+to total angular momentum
+
+because this coupling is weak.
+
+We rather say that
+the electronic
+
+and the nuclear angular momentum
+align with the magnetic field.
+
+We quantize along the direction
+of the magnetic field,
+
+and then later we add
+the hyperfine coupling
+
+in a determinative way.
+
+So B0 now quantizes
+J along the direction
+
+of the magnetic field,
+and therefore we use,
+
+as a good quantum
+number, J, the projection
+
+of J on the external
+magnetic field axis.
+
+So this takes care of J. J and
+mJ are good quantum numbers.
+
+What about I?
+
+Does the nuclear
+angular momentum
+
+and the nuclear magnetic
+moment strongly couple
+
+to the magnetic field?
+
+Well, the answer is
+yes, but the argument
+
+is a little bit more subtle.
+
+The direct coupling
+of the magnetic moment
+
+of the nucleus with
+the magnetic field
+
+may be smaller than the
+hyperfine interaction.
+
+So then you would say, the
+nuclear angular momentum
+
+should not couple to
+the magnetic field.
+
+It should first be coupled
+to the hyperfine interaction.
+
+The hyperfine interaction
+is I dot J. However,
+
+J, which couples strongly
+to the magnetic field
+
+because it couples
+to the Bohr magneton,
+
+has already been coupled
+to the magnetic field.
+
+So therefore, the hyperfine
+interaction, which is I dot J,
+
+is now modified
+because J couples
+
+to the magnetic
+field, which means
+
+we have to project it onto
+the magnetic field axis.
+
+So therefore, the
+nucleus now experiences
+
+an electronic magnetic moment
+or electronic angular momentum,
+
+which has already been
+coupled to the z-axis.
+
+And therefore, the
+hyperfine interaction
+
+is also coupling the nuclear
+angular momentum to the z-axis.
+
+So therefore, the
+result is that it is now
+
+this indirect coupling.
+
+You couple the electron
+angular momentum to the z-axis
+
+and the electron
+angular momentum
+
+couples the nuclear angular
+momentum to the z-axis.
+
+So now this quantizes the
+nuclear angular momentum
+
+along the z-axis,
+which means that n
+
+sub I becomes a
+good quantum number.
+
+Anyway, maybe the result is even
+simpler than the explanation.
+
+Our Zeeman
+Hamiltonian now simply
+
+means that we have an
+external magnetic field
+
+and you the electron couples
+to the magnetic field,
+
+so what matters is
+the projection, mJ.
+
+The same happens for the
+nuclear magnetic moment,
+
+and now we have to add the
+hyperfine interaction, which
+
+was originally I dot J, but
+since I and J are projected
+
+on the z-axis, what is really
+left over are only mI and mJ.
+
+I could have gotten this
+expression immediately
+
+by just telling you, J and
+I no longer couple to F.
+
+This is destroyed by a
+strong magnetic field,
+
+and the good quantum numbers are
+J and I and their projection,
+
+mJ and mI.
+
+And then just writing
+down the expectation value
+
+of the Hamiltonian
+in these spaces
+
+would have immediately
+given me this result.
+
+I wanted to give you the more
+mechanistic explanation what's
+
+going on inside the atom and
+what leads to this result.
+
+I have discussed for you the two
+limiting cases, the weak field
+
+and the strong field case,
+but you can solve it also
+
+for intermediate fields.
+
+You simply have to do
+an exact diagonalization
+
+of the Hamiltonian,
+which involves
+
+the hyperfine coupling.
+
+And the hyperfine
+coupling, if you want,
+
+can be diagonalized
+as eigenfunctions
+
+where the quantums numbers
+are J, I coupled to F,
+
+and the projection of F, the
+magnetic quantum number is mF.
+
+But now we have the Zeeman
+Hamiltonian, where everything
+
+is projected on the z-axis,
+so we have mJ and mI.
+
+And the Zeeman term
+can be diagonalized
+
+in a different basis, which is
+the basis of J, I, mJ, and mI.
+
+So I've shown you the weak
+field limit, where we simply
+
+assume those quantum
+numbers and calculate
+
+this term determinatively, and
+I've shown you the high field
+
+limit, where we used
+those quantum numbers
+
+and calculated this
+field determinatively.
+
+But in general, you
+just have to write down
+
+the matrix element of this
+Hamiltonian in whatever basis
+
+you choose.
+
+You can use the
+weak field basis.
+
+This term is diagonal.
+
+This is off diagonal.
+
+Or you can use the
+strong field basis
+
+where this is the diagonal
+and this is off diagonal
+
+and simply diagonalize
+your Hamiltonian.
+
+Find the wave function,
+find the I energies.
+
+And since, for cases
+where S equals 1/2,
+
+it's only a two by two matrix
+which has to be diagonalized,
+
+you can do it
+analytically, and this
+
+leads to the famous
+[INAUDIBLE] formula.
+
+So the solution is
+analytic for J equals 1/2,
+
+and it's a beautiful
+example which
+
+you should solve in your
+homework assignment.
+
+Let me just sketch the solution.
+
+When you go from the weak field
+to the strong field limit,
+
+the z component of the total
+angular momentum in one case
+
+is mF.
+
+In the other case,
+it is mI plus mJ.
+
+So when you go from
+one limit to the next,
+
+you connect only states
+where mI plus mJ equals mF.
+
+So the structure of
+the general solution
+
+can be explained by repulsion
+and anti-crossings of states
+
+with the same
+[INAUDIBLE] number.
+
+So let me show you the weak
+field, the strong field limit,
+
+and do a graphic interpolation.
+
+What I've chosen as an example
+is the case of a 2 duplet S 1/2
+
+ground state and a nuclear
+angular momentum of 3/2.
+
+Examples for that is
+sodium and rubidium 87.
+
+This is magnetic field.
+
+At weak magnetic field
+or zero magnetic field,
+
+the spin 1/2 couples
+to the nucleus in 3/2,
+
+and that gives to
+hyperfine states F
+
+equals 1 and F equals 2.
+
+The splitting is given by
+the hyperfine constant, a,
+
+and the hyperfine interaction
+is A times H times I times S.
+
+The structure is such that the
+center of mass of the energy
+
+levels is preserved,
+so therefore, one state
+
+is moved up by 3/4 a.
+
+The other state is
+moved down by 5/4.
+
+And since F equals 1
+has three components,
+
+F equals 2 has five
+components, the center of mass
+
+is preserved.
+
+We have calculated the g
+factor for those states,
+
+and the g factor
+tells us what is
+
+the structure in
+weak magnetic fields.
+
+So this is the weak
+magnetic field solution.
+
+At high magnetic
+field, you know what
+
+you have in high magnetic field.
+
+You have a single electron
+which can spin up and spin down.
+
+So if you have an electron
+which is spin up and spin down,
+
+it pretty much is linear
+Zeeman shift for spin down
+
+and linear Zeeman
+shift for spin up.
+
+This is sort of what we expect.
+
+So what will happen is
+that the energy levels
+
+will evolve like this.
+
+So in other words,
+we have eight levels.
+
+We have the structure
+at weak magnetic fields.
+
+At high magnetic
+fields, of course,
+
+we also have eight levels, but
+they pretty much group into
+
+spin up of the electron,
+spin down of the electron.
+
+And then there is a
+smaller hyperfine structure
+
+on top of it because
+now the nuclear spin
+
+can have various orientations.
+
+And I equals 3/2 state
+has four orientations,
+
+so therefore, electron spin
+up and electron spin down
+
+will obtain four sub-levels.
+
+And if you ask how
+did I connected,
+
+I've connected the quantum
+numbers as such what is here,
+
+the states are
+labeled by mI and mS,
+
+and here, they're
+labeled by mF, but mF
+
+equals mI plus mS. This
+is how you correlate
+
+the states in the
+high field case
+
+to the states in
+the low field case.
+
+I'm running out of time, but
+here, we have mJ equals 1/2.
+
+Here we have the
+electron spin minus 1/2.
+
+These four levels are now
+four different quantum numbers
+
+for the nuclear
+angular momentum, which
+
+are minus 3/2, minus 1/2,
+plus 1/2, and plus 3/2.
+
+And this is what I meant
+by avoided crossing.
+
+At some point, I think,
+draw it yourself,
+
+put the quantum numbers
+on it, and you'll
+
+learn a lot by doing it.
+
+What you realize also when
+you solve the Hamiltonian
+
+that this structure can be
+explained the following way.
+
+You will always find you
+have some states which
+
+are stretched, where there
+is only one state which
+
+has the maximum angular
+momentum inside all
+
+the stretched states.
+
+And then the other
+states, you always
+
+need to find two states
+which have the same total mF,
+
+and those two states
+avoid each other.
+
+You can say, just pointing on
+two states, those two states,
+
+let's just assume
+they have the same mF.
+
+They undergo an
+avoided crossing,
+
+and that's exactly
+what you get out
+
+of the diagonalization
+of the two by two matrix.
+
+So this whole diagram
+can be understood
+
+by you have stretched states
+which form a one by one matrix.
+
+There is no recoupling
+taking place.
+
+And then you have three pairs
+of states which form two
+
+by two matrix, and in each pair,
+if you would now focus on it,
+
+you really see the avoided
+crossing typical for a two
+
+by two matrix.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+The next thing would be to go
+through some bigger questions
+
+and review atomic
+structure, including
+
+external magnetic fields.
+
+But we'll do that at the
+beginning of the next class.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hdjWA3YcDII.txt b/hdjWA3YcDII.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ae8f249db4d1f21d12d2c7beea246372bcccfad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hdjWA3YcDII.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
+KENDRA PUGH: Hi.
+
+Let's talk about
+object oriented
+
+programming in Python.
+
+First, object oriented
+programming is
+
+a programming paradigm.
+
+It's in the same category as
+things like functional
+
+programming and imperative
+programming.
+
+But object oriented programming
+is going to be the
+
+programming paradigm that
+describes most of the code
+
+that you're going to interact
+with in 6.01.
+
+So it's important to understand
+how it works and
+
+how, in particular, you want
+to be able to code in an
+
+object oriented programming
+paradigm in Python.
+
+So today, I'm going to go over a
+quick crash course on object
+
+oriented programming, and also
+indicate all the little tips
+
+and tricks you need in order
+to program in Python.
+
+Let's look at what I
+have written up.
+
+So the most important thing to
+remember when you're learning
+
+about the object oriented
+programming paradigm is that
+
+everything is an object.
+
+And what I mean when I say that,
+and what people mean
+
+when people say that, is that
+the ideals behind the paradigm
+
+are that you interact with your
+code in the same way that
+
+you would interact with
+objects in the
+
+physical world, right?
+
+There's a particular piece
+of paper on the
+
+desk in front of me.
+
+And it is a kind of
+piece of paper.
+
+So I know how to interact with
+it the way you would interact
+
+with any other piece of paper.
+
+If you want to codify this in an
+object oriented programming
+
+paradigm, you write
+up classes.
+
+Classes are your basic
+unit of code block.
+
+They describe what a thing can
+do and what a thing has or
+
+what attributes a thing has.
+
+And in object oriented
+programming--
+
+frequently object oriented
+programming and in object
+
+oriented programming
+in Python--
+
+we refer to those things as
+methods or functions that a
+
+particular object may have, and
+attributes or particular
+
+variables that an
+object may have.
+
+Once you've codified what any
+object of a particular class
+
+can do, you can then use the
+code that you've written to
+
+instantiate an object.
+
+An object is the functional unit
+in the object oriented
+
+programming paradigm.
+
+It's the thing that you interact
+with, and tell what
+
+to do, and produces
+results for you.
+
+It's the thing that makes up--
+
+it and classes those are the
+two things that you need to
+
+think about.
+
+But you also have to think about
+how they're different.
+
+I have a particular sheet
+of paper in front of me.
+
+It has all the properties
+of a sheet of paper.
+
+And when I think about all the
+things I can do to a sheet of
+
+paper, that constitutes
+a class.
+
+But the particular piece of
+paper that I have is an
+
+instance of that class.
+
+It's a particular
+piece of paper.
+
+That's the gist of object
+oriented programming and the
+
+things that you need to know.
+
+Now that I've covered them, I'm
+going to go over the most
+
+basic class I could come up
+with in terms of object
+
+oriented programming
+in Python.
+
+This is a class that specifies
+what a 6.01 staff member has
+
+in terms of an attribute
+or a method in Python.
+
+If I want every instance of a
+particular class or every
+
+staff member of the class, staff
+member 6.01, to have a
+
+particular attribute, I
+can specify like this.
+
+Every instance of Staff6.01
+is going to have
+
+an attribute room.
+
+And that attribute room is going
+to be set to the string
+
+describing 34-501,
+the 6.01 lab.
+
+If I want every 6.01 staff
+member to be able to do a
+
+particular thing, or have a
+particular method, or call a
+
+particular function, then
+I specify it like this.
+
+This is the beginning of a
+method in the class Staff6.01.
+
+It's called sayHi.
+
+I'll talk about self
+in a second.
+
+Don't worry about it.
+
+Act as though--
+
+if this is your introduction
+to Python programming, then
+
+pretty much pretend
+it's not there.
+
+It's kind of like this, but
+we'll cover that in a second.
+
+And if any instance of the
+Staff6.01 class calls sayHi,
+
+then "hello" will be printed
+to standard out.
+
+I have a couple examples up
+on the board behind me.
+
+And if you type them into Idle
+and see what their return is
+
+like, you'll be able to--
+
+after you've typed in this--
+
+you'll be able to interact a
+little bit better with what
+
+Python considers classes,
+and objects, and
+
+that sort of thing.
+
+If you look at type Staff6.01,
+it'll tell you about a class,
+
+which is an object in itself.
+
+But it's a specification for
+instances of an object.
+
+If you want to instantiate
+an object that is of type
+
+Staff6.01, you need to use the
+parenthesess on the end.
+
+This treats Staff6.01 like a
+call and creates an object.
+
+If you just type Staff6.01,
+you're just reassigning
+
+Staff6.01 class to the name
+kpugh, and that's not useful.
+
+Every Staff6.01 member
+should not be
+
+considered a Kendra, right?
+
+Once you have instantiated a
+particular object of type
+
+Staff6.01, you can look at the
+type of that object, right?
+
+Now you've got one object,
+kpugh, myself.
+
+And that is a class
+of Staff6.01.
+
+Likewise, now that you have this
+object, kpugh, you can
+
+look at its attributes
+and methods.
+
+If you look at kpugh.room, then
+it should print to the
+
+screen "34-501." That's because
+that's the attribute
+
+associated with this instance.
+
+If you call kpugh.sayHi(), it
+will use the method in the
+
+class type of this object.
+
+So when you call .sayHi(), it
+looks at kpugh, looks at the
+
+type, says, that's of type
+Staff6.01, goes to class
+
+Staff6.01, finds the definition
+for sayHi(), and
+
+then executes this code.
+
+Hopefully, that all
+made sense.
+
+Now, I want to talk
+about self.
+
+And you might say, Kendra, I
+don't understand where that
+
+comes into play.
+
+And you didn't even
+use it over here!
+
+If you're familiar with C++ or
+Java, self is a lot like this.
+
+Self is an implicit argument
+passed in here.
+
+Even though you specify zero
+arguments, it's considered the
+
+first argument.
+
+And you'll probably see a lot
+type errors when you're first
+
+programming in object oriented
+programming that say that
+
+you've either passed in too
+many or too few arguments.
+
+It has to do with this
+definition, with self.
+
+Self says, I am talking
+about myself.
+
+That's not particularly
+intuitive.
+
+But I'll try to explain
+a little bit more.
+
+When kpugh calls .sayHi(),
+sayHi() always has an implicit
+
+reference to whatever
+called it.
+
+When you look at this code,
+other instances can call this
+
+code, right?
+
+If I had an instance of Adam
+Hartz or an instance of Ike
+
+Chuang they would also have
+access to the method sayHi().
+
+And when they called sayHi(),
+sayHi() would point back to
+
+the class definition, but also
+have a reference to whatever
+
+instance called it.
+
+So when you substitute in this
+self, you substitute in
+
+whatever instance called
+the method.
+
+That doesn't seem particularly
+useful right now because that
+
+class definition does not
+actually make any use of the
+
+self, or the ability to use
+unique instances of an object
+
+as sort of unique storage
+containers.
+
+I'm kpugh.
+
+I'm different from Adam Hartz.
+
+And therefore, I should be
+able to have different
+
+attributes, or different
+methods, or things that act
+
+slightly differently from the
+way they do for Adam.
+
+I'm going to look at a revised
+definition of class Staff6.01,
+
+and that definition will use
+self in a way that indicates
+
+that you can have different
+functionality
+
+for different instances.
+
+It's right here.
+
+Class Staff6.01--
+
+it looks really similar.
+
+In fact, the first two lines
+are exactly the same.
+
+We've got a class attribute.
+
+That means that every instance
+of this class is going to have
+
+this attribute because it's
+a class attribute.
+
+If I want different
+instantiations of my class to
+
+have different properties,
+then I need to explicitly
+
+address the initialization
+of those properties.
+
+In Python, when we want
+to do that, we
+
+define the method __init__.
+
+__init__ is a very
+special method.
+
+It's got these underscores.
+
+I think it's a protected
+keyword.
+
+And it always has the format
+"self," and then whatever
+
+arguments you want to
+pass in when you're
+
+instantiating an object.
+
+__init__ is not exactly
+a constructor.
+
+But for those of you that are
+familiar with C++ and Java, it
+
+acts like a constructor.
+
+Immediately after the object is
+
+constructed, __init__ is called.
+
+And all the set up that
+is required to set
+
+up the object happens.
+
+So any time you instantiate an
+object, all of these things
+
+are going to be executed.
+
+Or all the things
+under __init__
+
+is going to be executed.
+
+In particular, we're going to
+set the attribute greeting to
+
+whatever argument we
+passed in when we
+
+instantiated the object.
+
+So every instance that we create
+of this class is going
+
+to have the class
+attribute, room.
+
+They're all going to be
+in the same room.
+
+But they're also going
+to have a greeting.
+
+And you have the option of
+specifying the greeting to be
+
+whatever you want.
+
+We're going to make use of this
+in the method sayHi(),
+
+which still only takes the
+argument self, or the
+
+reference to whatever object
+called the method
+
+in the first place.
+
+That reference is going to
+get substituted in here.
+
+So no matter which object calls
+the method, you will
+
+have access to its particular
+greeting using this syntax.
+
+Let's walk through an example.
+
+Let's say I make an example
+of Adam Hartz, and he is a
+
+Staff6.01 member.
+
+And his greeting is going to be
+"hi." Likewise, let's make
+
+another instance of me using the
+new Staff6.01 definition.
+
+Make sure you type this
+in because it's not
+
+going to work otherwise.
+
+And make my greeting "HELLO,"
+as opposed to just "hi."
+
+If you call the sayHi() method
+using hartz, then you should
+
+get a different result then
+when you call the sayHi()
+
+method using kpugh.
+
+But if you call the
+room method--
+
+or, excuse me.
+
+If you were after the room
+attribute of both instances,
+
+then you should get the same
+result because this is the
+
+class attribute definition,
+whereas this attribute is
+
+specific to each instance.
+
+That's all I have to say for
+now about object oriented
+
+programming.
+
+In my next video, I'll start
+to talk about inheritance,
+
+which is another really
+important property in 6.01 and
+
+also object oriented programming
+in Python, and
+
+also has some slip ups.
+
+So I'd like to talk to
+you about those next.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iDNpHHO_O6w.txt b/iDNpHHO_O6w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94545bc675da6a820b30e5c5962777f6e1339ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iDNpHHO_O6w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think in the very first lecture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the very first lecture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the very first lecture of
+class we gave at a little survey partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we gave at a little survey partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we gave at a little survey partly
+to see what people's background was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what people's background was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see what people's background was
+because this is sort of a new class we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is sort of a new class we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is sort of a new class we
+didn't know exactly how to position it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know exactly how to position it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know exactly how to position it
+or where people would be coming from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where people would be coming from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where people would be coming from so
+how much complexity theory they knew and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much complexity theory they knew and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much complexity theory they knew and
+how much algorithms they knew and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much algorithms they knew and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much algorithms they knew and it
+more or less aligned with our intent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less aligned with our intent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less aligned with our intent
+which was people knew some algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was people knew some algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was people knew some algorithms
+and some of them knew complexity theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them knew complexity theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them knew complexity theory
+some of them didn't and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them didn't and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them didn't and that's that's
+what the class is aimed for you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the class is aimed for you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the class is aimed for you don't
+need to know a lot of algorithms to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a lot of algorithms to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a lot of algorithms to take
+this class but definitely familiarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but definitely familiarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but definitely familiarity
+with that kind of concept is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of concept is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that kind of concept is super
+helpful and then the other part we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and then the other part we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and then the other part we were
+curious about because we were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about because we were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about because we were still
+designing the class and we designed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the class and we designed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the class and we designed it
+throughout the semester that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the semester that I was
+teaching it was too what topics were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it was too what topics were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching it was too what topics were
+more interesting than others and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than others and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting than others and so we
+had some topics i was sure i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some topics i was sure i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some topics i was sure i wanted to
+cover because i knew them really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover because i knew them really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover because i knew them really well
+and i thought i had a lot to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i had a lot to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought i had a lot to say about
+them and they're important and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're important and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're important and then
+there were a bunch of other topics where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a bunch of other topics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a bunch of other topics where
+i was going to have to learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to have to learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was going to have to learn the
+material so i wanted some idea which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so i wanted some idea which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so i wanted some idea which
+ones i should learn more of I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones i should learn more of I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones i should learn more of I think the
+general response was everything sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general response was everything sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general response was everything sounds
+interesting but there were a few that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but there were a few that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but there were a few that
+that stood out one of them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stood out one of them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stood out one of them for example
+was algorithmic game theory and a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was algorithmic game theory and a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was algorithmic game theory and a class
+called PP ad where luckily my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PP ad where luckily my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called PP ad where luckily my friend
+Costas daskalakis another professor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costas daskalakis another professor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costas daskalakis another professor and
+computer science here came in and gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science here came in and gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science here came in and gave
+two guest lectures were really great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guest lectures were really great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guest lectures were really great and
+they showed everyone how this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed everyone how this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed everyone how this field
+worked and I learned a lot and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and I learned a lot and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and I learned a lot and we've
+done research based on that since so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research based on that since so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done research based on that since so
+there were few topics that stood out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were few topics that stood out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were few topics that stood out as
+particularly interesting to the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting to the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interesting to the students
+but and then one thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then one thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and then one thing I was
+particularly curious about was the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly curious about was the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly curious about was the use
+of fun examples and so I was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun examples and so I was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun examples and so I was worried
+that students would not take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students would not take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students would not take the
+material seriously if I only used fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material seriously if I only used fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material seriously if I only used fun
+examples but the feedback that I got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but the feedback that I got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples but the feedback that I got was
+that a lot of people said I want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people said I want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people said I want to see
+games and puzzles that's like among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and puzzles that's like among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and puzzles that's like among the
+list of topics everyone said yeah more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of topics everyone said yeah more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of topics everyone said yeah more
+games and puzzles that's really fun they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and puzzles that's really fun they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and puzzles that's really fun they
+saw Mario in the first lecture like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Mario in the first lecture like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Mario in the first lecture like yeah
+that was cool isn't you know exciting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was cool isn't you know exciting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was cool isn't you know exciting so
+I took that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took that as
+as permission to use a lot more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as permission to use a lot more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as permission to use a lot more fun
+examples and still there are some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and still there are some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and still there are some more
+serious algorithmic problems but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious algorithmic problems but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious algorithmic problems but I think
+you can get all the same you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all the same you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get all the same you can
+understand all the same material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all the same material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand all the same material and
+learn all the same things through fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all the same things through fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn all the same things through fun
+examples and just have just enjoy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and just have just enjoy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and just have just enjoy it
+more so the students I was very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the students I was very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so the students I was very happy
+were aligned with that view and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aligned with that view and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were aligned with that view and I didn't
+have to worry about students also seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about students also seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about students also seeing
+it seeing tons of serious examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seeing tons of serious examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seeing tons of serious examples in
+addition to the fun ones yeah i used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fun ones yeah i used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the fun ones yeah i used the
+survey to really get to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey to really get to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey to really get to know the
+students and see where they're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and see where they're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and see where they're coming
+from and help aim the class in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and help aim the class in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and help aim the class in a
+direction that that they would get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that that they would get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that that they would get the
+most out of it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iWphmEIO-1E.txt b/iWphmEIO-1E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59ec29f21725776237b60fa210f5dd0feeea93a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iWphmEIO-1E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today we begin our final block
+of material in this particular
+
+course, and it's the segment
+entitled Infinite Series.
+
+And perhaps the best way to
+motivate this rather difficult
+
+block of material is in
+terms of the concept
+
+of many versus infinite.
+
+In many respects, this
+particular block could've been
+
+given much earlier
+in the course.
+
+But somehow or other, until we
+have some sort of a feeling as
+
+to what infinity really means,
+we have a maturity problem in
+
+trying to really grasp
+the significance of
+
+what's going on.
+
+In fact, in a manner of
+speaking, with all of this
+
+experience, there may be a
+maturity problem in trying to
+
+grasp the fundamental ideas.
+
+What I shall do throughout the
+material on this block is to
+
+utilize the lectures again to
+make sure that the concepts
+
+become crystallized and use the
+learning exercises plus
+
+the text plus supplements notes
+to make sure that the
+
+details are taken care of
+in adequate fashion.
+
+At any rate, I've entitle
+today's lecture
+
+'Many Versus Infinite'.
+
+And I thought the best way to
+get started on this was to
+
+think of a number that's very
+easy to write in terms of
+
+exponential notation.
+
+Let capital 'N' be 10 to the
+10 to the 10th power.
+
+10 to the 10, by the way,
+is 10 billion, a 1
+
+followed by 10 zeroes.
+
+That's 10 to the 10-billionth
+power.
+
+That, of course, means, if
+written in place value, that
+
+would be a 1 followed by
+10 billion zeroes.
+
+And for those of you who would
+like an exercise in
+
+multiplication and long division
+and you want to
+
+compute the number of seconds
+in a year and what have you,
+
+it turns out without
+too much difficulty
+
+that it can be shown.
+
+That to write 1 billion zeroes
+at the rate of one per second
+
+would take in the order of
+magnitude of some 32 years.
+
+In other words, this number
+capital 'N', roughly speaking,
+
+writing it in place value
+notation at the rate of one
+
+digit per second would take
+320 years to write.
+
+And you say so what?
+
+And the answer is, well, after
+you've got out that far-- and
+
+by the way, this is crucial.
+
+320 years is a long time.
+
+I was going to say
+it's a lifetime.
+
+It's more than the lifetime.
+
+It's a long time,
+but it's finite.
+
+Eventually, the job could
+be completed.
+
+But the interesting point is
+that once it's completed, the
+
+next number in our system is
+capital 'N plus 1', capital 'N
+
+plus 2', capital 'N plus 3',
+where in a sense then, with
+
+'N' as a new reference point,
+we're back to the beginning of
+
+our number system.
+
+In other words, granted that 'N'
+is a fantastically large
+
+number, if you wanted to become
+wealthy, to own 'N'
+
+dollars would more than
+realize your dream.
+
+But if your aim was to own
+infinitely much money, 'N'
+
+would be no closer than having
+no money at all. 'N' is no
+
+nearer the end of a number
+system than is
+
+the number 1 itself.
+
+There is the story that
+signifies the difference
+
+between many and infinite.
+
+And to hammer this point
+home, let me give
+
+you a few more examples.
+
+I cleverly call this additional
+examples.
+
+We all know that there are just
+as many odd numbers and
+
+even numbers, right?
+
+The odds and the
+evens match up.
+
+Now, watch the following
+little gimmick.
+
+Write the first two odd numbers,
+then the first even
+
+number, the next two odd
+numbers, then the next even
+
+number, the next two
+odd numbers, than
+
+the next even number.
+
+And go on like this as
+long as you want.
+
+And no matter where we stop,
+even if we go to the 10 to the
+
+10 to the 10th term, no matter
+what even number we stop at,
+
+there will always be twice as
+many odd numbers written on
+
+the board as there would
+be even numbers.
+
+In other words, even though in
+the long run in terms of the
+
+infinity of each there are as
+many odds and evens, if we
+
+stop this process at any finite
+time no matter how far
+
+out, there will always
+be twice as many odds
+
+as there are evens.
+
+In fact, if you want to compound
+this little dilemma,
+
+write the first two evens, then
+an odd, in other words,
+
+2, 4, 1, 6, 8, 3, 10, 12, 5, and
+you can get twice as many
+
+evens as there are
+odds, et cetera.
+
+And the whole argument
+again hinges on what?
+
+Confusing the concept of
+going out very far
+
+with going out endlessly.
+
+Oh, let me give you another
+example or two.
+
+I just want to throw these
+around so you at least get the
+
+mood created as to what we're
+really dealing with right now.
+
+Let's take the endless sequence
+of numbers, the sum,
+
+1 plus 'minus 1' plus 1
+plus 'minus 1', and
+
+say let's go on forever.
+
+What will this sum be?
+
+Now, lookit, one
+way of grouping
+
+these terms is in twos.
+
+In other words, we'll start with
+the first two terms, the
+
+next two terms.
+
+In other words, we can write
+this as 1 plus minus 1 plus 1
+
+plus minus 1.
+
+And writing it this way, we can
+see that each term adds up
+
+to 0, and the infinite
+sum would be 0.
+
+On the other hand, if we now
+leave the first term alone and
+
+now start grouping the remaining
+terms in twos, we
+
+find that the infinite
+sum is 1.
+
+Now, we're not going to argue
+that something is fishy here.
+
+We're not going to say
+I wonder which
+
+is the right answer.
+
+What we have shown without fear
+of contradiction is that
+
+the answer that you get when you
+add infinitely many terms
+
+does depend on how you group
+them, unlike the situation of
+
+what happens when you add
+finitely many terms.
+
+In other words, notice the need
+for order as well as the
+
+terms themselves when
+you have a sum of
+
+infinitely many terms.
+
+And the key point is don't be
+upset when you find out that
+
+your intuition is defied here.
+
+You say this doesn't
+seem real to me.
+
+It seems intuitively false.
+
+The point is our intuition
+is defied.
+
+Why?
+
+Because it doesn't apply.
+
+And why doesn't it apply?
+
+It doesn't apply because our
+intuition is based on
+
+visualizing large but finite
+amounts, not based on
+
+visualizing infinity.
+
+You see, all of these paradoxes
+stem, because in our
+
+mind, we're trying to visualize
+infinity as meaning
+
+the same as very large.
+
+Well, you know, now we come to
+a very important crossroad.
+
+After all, if infinity is going
+to be this difficult a
+
+concept to handle, let's get
+rid of it the easy way.
+
+Let's refuse to study it.
+
+That's one way of solving
+problems.
+
+It's what I call the right wing
+conservative educational
+
+philosophy.
+
+If you don't like something,
+throw it out.
+
+The only trouble
+is we need it.
+
+For example, why
+do we need it?
+
+See, why deal with
+infinite sums?
+
+Well, because we need them.
+
+Among other places, we've
+already used them.
+
+For example, in computing
+areas.
+
+We've taken a limit as
+'N' goes to infinity.
+
+Summation, 'k' goes from 1 to
+'n', 'f of 'c sub k'' 'delta
+
+x', you see.
+
+And we need this limit.
+
+And so the question comes up,
+how shall we add infinitely
+
+many terms?
+
+We have a choice now.
+
+We can throw the thing
+out, but we don't
+
+want to throw it out.
+
+We need it.
+
+So the question is how shall we
+add infinitely many terms?
+
+And even though we know that
+our intuition can get us in
+
+trouble, we do have nothing
+else to begin with.
+
+So we say OK, let's mimic what
+happened in the finite case
+
+and see if we can't extend that
+in a plausible way to
+
+cover the infinite case.
+
+Let me pick a particularly
+straightforward example.
+
+Let's suppose I have the three
+numbers which I'll call 'a sub
+
+1', 'a sub 2', and 'a sub 3',
+where 'a sub 1' will be 1/2,
+
+'a sub 2' will be 1/4, and
+'a sub 3' will be 1/8.
+
+In other words, just for reasons
+of identification
+
+later on in what I'm going to be
+doing, each term is half of
+
+the previous one.
+
+Now, I want to find the sum
+of these three terms.
+
+I want to find 'a1' plus
+'a2' plus 'a3'.
+
+Now, colloquially, we just say,
+oh, that's 1/2 plus 1/4
+
+plus 1/8, and I'll
+just add them up.
+
+But do you remember how
+you learned to add?
+
+You may not have paid attention
+to it, but you
+
+learned to add as a sequence.
+
+You said I'll add
+the first one.
+
+Then the first plus the second
+gives me a number.
+
+That's my second partial sum.
+
+Then I'll add on the
+third number.
+
+That will give me my
+third partial sum.
+
+Then I have no more
+numbers to add.
+
+Consequently, my third partial
+sum is by definition the sum
+
+of these three numbers.
+
+Writing it more symbolically,
+we say lookit, the first
+
+partial sum, 's sub
+1', is 1/2.
+
+The second partial sum
+as 1/2 plus 1/4.
+
+Another way of saying
+that is what?
+
+It's the first partial
+sums plus the next
+
+term, which is 1/4.
+
+1/2 plus 1/4 is 3/4.
+
+Then we said OK, the third
+partial sum is what we had
+
+before, namely, 3/4, plus the
+next term, which was 1/8, and
+
+that gives rise to 7/8.
+
+In other words, we said let's
+form 'a1', then 'a1 plus a2',
+
+'a1 plus a2 plus a3'.
+
+And when we finally finished
+with our sequence of partial
+
+sums, the last partial
+sum was the answer.
+
+And by the way, let me take time
+out here to hit home at
+
+the most important point, the
+point that I think is
+
+extremely crucial as a starting
+point if we're going
+
+to understand what this whole
+block is all about.
+
+It's to distinguish between
+a series and a sequence.
+
+And I'll have much more to
+say about this in the
+
+supplementary notes.
+
+But for now, think
+of it this way.
+
+A series is a sum of terms.
+
+A sequence is just a
+listing of terms.
+
+In other words, in this
+particular problem, do not
+
+confuse the role of the 'a's
+with the role of the 's's.
+
+Notice that the a's refer
+to the sequence of
+
+numbers being added.
+
+In other words, the
+'a's were what?
+
+They were 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8.
+
+These were the three numbers
+being added.
+
+Notice that the 's's were
+the partial sums.
+
+In other words, the partial sums
+form the sequence 's1',
+
+'s2', 's3'.
+
+And to refresh your memories
+on this, that would be the
+
+sequence what?
+
+1/2, 3/4, 7/8.
+
+In other words, this was the sum
+of the first number that
+
+you were adding.
+
+3/4 was the sum of first two,
+and 7/8 was the sum of all
+
+three of them.
+
+And notice, by the way, the last
+partial sum, 's sub 3',
+
+the sum was defined to
+be the last partial
+
+sum, and that is what?
+
+The number--
+
+this is very, very crucial.
+
+1/2 plus 1/4 plus 1/8 is the sum
+of three numbers, but it's
+
+one number, and that number
+is called 7/8.
+
+OK, you see what we're
+talking about now?
+
+We're looking at a
+bunch of terms.
+
+We're adding them up, and
+we see how the sum
+
+changes with each term.
+
+In fact, in terms of a very
+trivial analogy, think of an
+
+adding machine.
+
+As you punch numbers in, the
+'s's are the sums that you see
+
+being read as your total sum,
+whereas the a's are the
+
+individual numbers being punched
+in to add up, OK?
+
+I hope that's a trivial
+example.
+
+As I listen to myself saying it,
+it sounds like I made it
+
+harder than it really is.
+
+At any rate, let's generalize
+this particular problem.
+
+Let's suppose now instead of
+wanting to add 1/2 plus 1/4
+
+plus 1/8, we want to add up
+the first 'n' terms of the
+
+form 1/2 plus 1/4 plus 1/8.
+
+In other words, let the n-th
+term that we're going to add,
+
+'a sub n', be '1 over
+'2 to the n''.
+
+Then the sum, the n-th partial
+sum here, the sum of these 'n'
+
+terms is, of course,
+what? 'a1' plus, et
+
+cetera, 'a sub n'.
+
+That turns out to be 1/2 plus
+1/4 plus, et cetera, '1 over
+
+'2 to the n''.
+
+And by the way, rather than
+take time to develop this
+
+recipe over here, I thought you
+might like to see another
+
+place that might be interesting
+to review
+
+mathematical induction.
+
+If you'll bear with me and just
+come back over here where
+
+we were computing these partial
+sums, notice that in
+
+each of these partial sums,
+notice that your denominator
+
+is always 2 raised to the same
+power as this subscript.
+
+See, 2 the first power is 2.
+
+2 to the second power is 4.
+
+2 to the third power is 8.
+
+In other words, if your
+subscript is n, your
+
+denominator is '2 to the n'.
+
+Notice that your numerator is
+always one less than your
+
+denominator.
+
+In other words, if your
+denominator is '2 to the n',
+
+the numerator is '2 to
+the 'n minus 1''.
+
+And once we suspect this, this
+particular result can be
+
+proven by induction.
+
+I won't take the time
+to do this here.
+
+What I will take the time to
+do is to observe that this
+
+particular sum can be written
+more conveniently if we divide
+
+through by '2 to the n-th'
+to get 1 minus
+
+'1 over '2 the n''.
+
+For example, suppose we wanted
+to add up the 10 numbers.
+
+I say 10 numbers here.
+
+2 to the 10th is 1.024.
+
+But according to this recipe,
+1/2 plus 1/4 plus 1/8 plus
+
+1/16 plus, et cetera, et cetera,
+plus 1/1,024 would add
+
+up to be what?
+
+1 minus 1/1,024.
+
+In other words, this would be
+1,023/1,024, which seems to be
+
+pretty close to 1.
+
+In fact, you can begin to
+suspect that as 'n' gets
+
+arbitrarily large, 's sub
+n' gets arbitrarily
+
+close to 1 in value.
+
+I'm just talking fairly
+intuitively
+
+for the time being.
+
+But, you see, the major question
+now is suppose you
+
+elect not to stop at that.
+
+And you see, this is
+a very key point.
+
+We've already seen how the whole
+world seems to change as
+
+soon as you say let's never
+stop as opposed to saying
+
+let's go out as far
+as you want.
+
+See, if we now say what
+happens if you go on
+
+endlessly over here?
+
+Well, it becomes very natural
+to say lookit, the n-th
+
+partial sum was 1 minus '1
+over '2 to the n-th'.
+
+In the case where you were
+adding up a finite number of
+
+terms, when you came to the last
+partial sum, that was by
+
+definition your answer.
+
+Now, what we're saying is
+lookit, because we have
+
+infinitely many terms to add,
+there is no last partial sum.
+
+And so what we say is lookit,
+instead of the last term,
+
+since there is no last term,
+why don't we just take the
+
+limit of the n-th partial sum
+as 'n' goes to infinity.
+
+In other words, in this
+particular case, notice that
+
+as 'n' approaches infinity, 1
+minus '1 over '2 to the n''
+
+approaches 1, and we then
+define the infinite sum,
+
+meaning what?
+
+I write it this way: as sigma
+'n' goes from 1 to infinity,
+
+'1 over '2 to the n''.
+
+It really means what?
+
+The limit as 'n' goes to
+infinity: 1/2 plus 1/4 plus
+
+1/8 plus 1/16--
+
+endlessly--
+
+that that limit is 1, and we
+define that to be the sum.
+
+And again, as I say, I'm going
+to write that in greatly more
+
+detail in the notes, and
+also we'll have many
+
+exercises on this.
+
+I just wanted you to see how we
+get to infinite sums, which
+
+are called series by
+generalizing what happens in
+
+the finite case.
+
+And because this may seem a
+little vague to you, let me
+
+give you a pictorial
+representation
+
+of this same thing.
+
+You see, what's happening
+here is this.
+
+Draw a little circle around
+1 of bandwidth epsilon.
+
+In other words, let's mark off
+an interval epsilon on
+
+either side of 1.
+
+And let's call this point
+here 1 minus epsilon.
+
+Let's call this point
+here 1 plus epsilon.
+
+And what we're saying about
+our partial sums is this.
+
+That when you start off and
+you're adding up terms here,
+
+you have 1/2.
+
+1/2 plus 1/4 brings
+you over to 3/4.
+
+The next possible sum
+is 7/8, et cetera.
+
+And all we're saying is that
+these terms get arbitrarily
+
+close to 1 in value, meaning
+that after a while--
+
+and I'll define more rigorously
+what after a while
+
+means in a moment--
+
+all of the 's sub n's are
+within epsilon of 1.
+
+After a while, all of your
+partial sums are in here.
+
+And what you mean by after a
+while certainly depends on how
+
+big epsilon is.
+
+In other words, the smaller
+the bandwidth you allow
+
+yourself, the more terms you
+may have to take before you
+
+get within the tolerance limits
+
+that you allow yourself.
+
+In any event, going back to
+something that we've been
+
+using for a long
+time, our basic
+
+definition is the following.
+
+If you have an infinite
+sequence, say, a collection of
+
+terms 'b sub n', in other words,
+'b1', 'b2', 'b3', et
+
+cetera, without end, we say that
+that sequence converges
+
+to the limit 'L' written the
+limit of 'b sub n' as 'n'
+
+approaches infinity equals 'L',
+if and only if for every
+
+epsilon greater than 0 we can
+find a number 'N' which
+
+depends on epsilon--
+
+notice the notation here: 'N'
+as a function of epsilon--
+
+such that whenever little 'n'
+is greater than capital 'N',
+
+the absolute value of
+'a sub n' minus 'L'
+
+is less than epsilon.
+
+And, you see, again, you may
+wonder how in the world that
+
+you're going to remember this.
+
+If you memorize this, I
+guarantee you, in two day's
+
+time, you'll have to
+memorize it again.
+
+I also hope you have enough
+faith in me to recognize I
+
+didn't memorize this.
+
+There is a feeling that
+one gets for this.
+
+And let me give you what
+that feeling is.
+
+Again, in terms of a picture,
+what it means-- well, I'll
+
+change these to 'a's now because
+that's the symbols
+
+that we've been using
+before in terms of
+
+the sequence of terms.
+
+What we really mean-- and I
+don't care what symbol you
+
+really use here--
+
+is if you want to talk about the
+limit of 'a sub n' as 'n'
+
+approaches infinity, if that
+limit equals 'L', what the
+
+rigorous definition
+says is this.
+
+Draw yourself an interval
+around 'L' of bandwidth
+
+epsilon, in other words,
+from 'L minus
+
+epsilon' to 'L plus epsilon'.
+
+And what this thing says is that
+beyond a certain term,
+
+say, the capital N-th term,
+every term beyond this certain
+
+one is in here.
+
+Well, all 'a n's are in here if
+'n' is sufficiently large.
+
+I don't know if you can read
+that very well, but just
+
+listen to what I'm saying.
+
+All of the terms are in here if
+'n' is sufficiently large.
+
+What this means again is that
+to all intents and purposes,
+
+if you think of this bandwidth
+as giving you a dot, see, a
+
+thick dot here where the
+endpoints are 'L minus
+
+epsilon' and 'L plus epsilon',
+what we're saying is lookit,
+
+after a certain term, the way
+I've drawn here, after the
+
+fifth term, all the remaining
+terms of my
+
+sequence are in here.
+
+By the way, notice the role
+of the subscripts here.
+
+All the subscript tells
+you is where the term
+
+appears in your sequence.
+
+For example, the third term in
+your sequence could be a
+
+smaller number than the second
+term of your sequence.
+
+Do not confuse the size of the
+terms with the subscripts.
+
+The subscripts order the terms,
+but the third term in
+
+the sequence can be less than
+in size than the second term
+
+in the sequence.
+
+But again, I'll talk
+about that in more
+
+detail in the notes.
+
+The point that I want you to
+see is that in concept what
+
+limit does is the following.
+
+Limit is to an infinite sequence
+as last term is to a
+
+finite sequence.
+
+In other words, a limit replaces
+infinitely many
+
+points by a finite number
+of points plus a dot.
+
+You see, going back to this
+example here, how many 'a sub
+
+n's were there?
+
+Well, there were infinitely
+many.
+
+Well, to keep track of these
+infinitely many, what do I
+
+have to keep track of now?
+
+Well, in this diagram, the first
+five 'a's plus this dot,
+
+because you see, every one of
+my infinitely many 'a's past
+
+the fifth one is inside
+this dot, you see?
+
+So in other words then,
+what's happened?
+
+The thing that had to happen.
+
+We had to deal with infinite
+sequences.
+
+We saw the big philosophic
+difference between infinitely
+
+many and just large.
+
+And so our definition of limit
+had to be such that we could
+
+reduce in a way that was
+compatible with our intuition
+
+the concept of infinitely many
+points to a finite number.
+
+Because, you see, as I'll show
+you in the notes also, all of
+
+our arithmetic is geared for
+just a finite number of
+
+operations.
+
+See, this is why
+this definition
+
+of limit is so crucial.
+
+Again, you may notice, and I'll
+remind you of this also
+
+in the exercises, that
+structurally this definition
+
+of limit is the same as the
+limit that we use when we
+
+talked about the limit of 'f of
+x', as 'x' approaches 'a',
+
+equals 'L'.
+
+The absolute value signs have
+the same properties as before.
+
+And by the way, before I go
+on, let me just remind you
+
+again of one more thing while
+I'm talking that way.
+
+Instead of memorizing this,
+remember how you read this.
+
+The absolute value of 'a sub
+n' minus 'L' is less than
+
+epsilon means what?
+
+That 'a sub n' is within
+epsilon of 'L'.
+
+That's what we use
+in our diagram.
+
+But it seems to me I forgot
+to mention this.
+
+And I want you to
+see that what?
+
+The key building block
+analytically is the absolute
+
+value, and the meaning of
+absolute value is the same
+
+here as it was in blocks one
+and two of our course.
+
+So what I'm driving at is that
+the same limit theorems that
+
+we've been able to use up
+until now still apply.
+
+Oh, by means of an example.
+
+Suppose I have the limit as 'n'
+approaches infinity, '2n
+
+plus 3' over '5n plus 7'.
+
+Notice that I can divide
+numerator and denominator
+
+through by 'n'.
+
+If I do that, I have the limit
+as 'n' approaches infinity.
+
+'2 plus '3/n'' over
+'5 plus '7/n''.
+
+Now using the fact that the
+limit of a sum is the sum of
+
+the limits, the limit of a
+quotient is the quotient of
+
+the limits, the limit of '1/n'
+as 'n' goes to infinity is 0.
+
+Notice that I can use the limit
+theorems to conclude
+
+that the limit of this
+particular sequence is 2/5.
+
+If I wanted to, the same ways
+we did in block one, block
+
+two, where we're talking about
+limits, given an epsilon, I
+
+can actually exhibit how far out
+I have to go before each
+
+of the terms in this sequence
+is within that
+
+given epsilon of 2/5.
+
+By the way, again to emphasize
+once more, because this is so
+
+important, the difference
+between an infinite sum and an
+
+infinite sequence, observe that
+whereas the limit of the
+
+sequence of terms '2n plus 3'
+over '5n plus 7' is 2/5, the
+
+infinite sum composed of the
+terms of the form '2n plus 3'
+
+over '5n plus 7' is infinity
+since after a while each term
+
+that you're adding here
+behaves like 2/5.
+
+In other words, if you write
+this thing out to see what
+
+this means, pick 'n' to be 1.
+
+When 'n' is 1, this
+term is 5/12.
+
+When 'n' is 2, this is what?
+
+7 plus 17, 7/17.
+
+When 'n' is 3, this is 9/22.
+
+When 'n' is 4, this is 8
+plus 3 is 11, over 27.
+
+In other words, what you're
+saying is the infinite sum
+
+means to add up all
+of these terms.
+
+The thing whose limit was 2/5
+was the sequence of terms
+
+themselves.
+
+In other words, what we're
+saying is that after a certain
+
+point, every one of these
+terms behaves like 2/5.
+
+And what you're saying is
+lookit, after a point, what
+
+you're really doing is
+essentially adding on 2/5
+
+every time you add
+on another term.
+
+And therefore, this sum can get
+as large as you want, just
+
+by adding on enough terms.
+
+Again, observe the difference
+between the partial sums and
+
+the terms themselves.
+
+The terms that you're
+adding are
+
+approaching 2/5 as a limit.
+
+The thing that's becoming
+infinite is the sequence of
+
+partial sums.
+
+Because what you're saying is to
+get from one partial sum to
+
+the next, you're, roughly
+speaking,
+
+adding on 2/5 each time.
+
+To generalize this, what we're
+saying is if the sequence of
+
+partial sums converges, the
+individual terms that you're
+
+adding must approach
+0 in the limit.
+
+For if the limit of the 'a sub
+n's as 'n' approaches infinity
+
+is 'L', where 'L' is not 0, then
+beyond a certain term,
+
+the sum of the 'a sub
+n's behaves like
+
+the sum of the 'L's.
+
+And what you're saying is if 'L'
+is non zero, by adding on
+
+enough of these fixed 'L's, you
+can make the sum as large
+
+as you wish.
+
+In other words, then, a sort
+of negative test is that if
+
+you know that the series
+converges, then the terms that
+
+you're adding on must approach
+0 in the limit.
+
+Unfortunately, by the way,
+the converse is not true.
+
+Namely, if you know that the
+terms that you're adding on go
+
+to 0, you cannot conclude that
+their sum is finite.
+
+Again, it's our old friend
+of infinity times 0.
+
+You see, as these terms approach
+0, when you start to
+
+add them up, it may be
+that they're not
+
+going to 0 fast enough.
+
+In other words, notice that the
+terms are getting small,
+
+but you're also adding more
+and more of them.
+
+You see, what I wrote
+here is what?
+
+On the other hand, the limit of
+'a sub n' as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity equals 0 is not
+enough to guarantee the
+
+convergence of this
+particular sum.
+
+In fact, a trivial example to
+show this is look at the
+
+following contrived example.
+
+Start out with the first
+number being 1.
+
+Then take 1/2 twice, 1/3 three
+times, 1/4 four times, 1/5
+
+five times, 1/6 six times.
+
+Form the n-th partial sum.
+
+Lookit, is it clear that the
+terms that are going into your
+
+sum are approaching
+0 in the limit?
+
+You see, you have a one, then
+there are halves, then thirds,
+
+then fourths, then fifths,
+then sixths,
+
+sevenths, et cetera.
+
+The terms themselves
+are getting
+
+arbitrarily close to 0.
+
+On the other hand, what
+is the sum becoming?
+
+Well, this adds up to 1.
+
+This adds up to 1.
+
+This adds up to 1, and
+this that up to 1.
+
+And in other words, by taking
+enough terms, I can tack on as
+
+many ones is I want, and
+ultimately, even though the
+
+terms become small, the
+sum becomes large.
+
+In fact, it's precisely because
+of this unpleasantness
+
+that we have to go into a rather
+difficult lecture next
+
+time, talking about OK, how
+then can you tell when an
+
+infinite sum converges
+to a finite limit and
+
+when doesn't it?
+
+At any rate, that's what
+I said we're going to
+
+talk about next time.
+
+As far as today's lesson is
+concerned, I hope that we've
+
+straightened out the difference
+between a sequence
+
+and the series, partial sums
+and the terms being added.
+
+And in the hopes that we've done
+that, let me say, until
+
+next time, goodbye.
+
+Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the
+
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum
+Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l73yJ16-HPk.txt b/l73yJ16-HPk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52b5dab5bfa5cca3e646e314b00ccf72c11f3fca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l73yJ16-HPk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to show you
+a chemical demonstration that I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical demonstration that I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical demonstration that I like to
+call let's drink to that now performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call let's drink to that now performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call let's drink to that now performing
+chemistry demos is hard work and mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry demos is hard work and mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry demos is hard work and mit's
+Dr John Dolan here he is is thirsty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr John Dolan here he is is thirsty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr John Dolan here he is is thirsty
+let's watch him and his assistant Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch him and his assistant Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch him and his assistant Barry
+at the Cambridge Science Festival here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cambridge Science Festival here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cambridge Science Festival here
+you got some Fiji Water but figured you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got some Fiji Water but figured you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got some Fiji Water but figured you
+could try some of I don't know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try some of I don't know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try some of I don't know my
+personal favorite tap water as well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorite tap water as well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favorite tap water as well I
+don't know I think I'm going to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think I'm going to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I think I'm going to stick
+with the F you're going to stick with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the F you're going to stick with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the F you're going to stick with it
+okay that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine
+um well if if if you'd like I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if if if you'd like I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if if if you'd like I could
+treat you to something a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you to something a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat you to something a little better
+um I don't know what what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know what what would you
+imagine what would you like to drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what would you like to drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what would you like to drink
+right now glass of wine a glass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now glass of wine a glass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now glass of wine a glass of
+wine absolutely do you have a list wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine absolutely do you have a list wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine absolutely do you have a list wine
+list oh yeah uh oh have oh you left me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list oh yeah uh oh have oh you left me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list oh yeah uh oh have oh you left me a
+wine list is there one in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine list is there one in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine list is there one in particular
+you'd like actually um you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like actually um you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like actually um you have a
+Cabernet on there $15 a glass though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet on there $15 a glass though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet on there $15 a glass though
+Barry okay I I got it just for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry okay I I got it just for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry okay I I got it just for you so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cabernet that's a nice light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet that's a nice light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet that's a nice light
+wine there you go has a little color in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine there you go has a little color in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wine there you go has a little color in
+it nice so Barry turned water into wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in our video recording of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our video recording of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our video recording of the experiment
+the wine doesn't look very red but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine doesn't look very red but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wine doesn't look very red but you
+can see the red color forming at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the red color forming at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the red color forming at the
+bottom of the glass he started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the glass he started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the glass he started with a
+clear colorless liquid that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear colorless liquid that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear colorless liquid that looks like
+water but that actually contains sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but that actually contains sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water but that actually contains sodium
+carbonate now in water sodium carbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonate now in water sodium carbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonate now in water sodium carbonate
+breaks apart into co32 minus hc3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart into co32 minus hc3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart into co32 minus hc3 minus
+and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O
+minus to go from water to wine Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to go from water to wine Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to go from water to wine Barry
+poured this sodium carbonate solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured this sodium carbonate solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured this sodium carbonate solution
+into a wine glass that contained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wine glass that contained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wine glass that contained a
+little bit of the indicator phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phine in acidic Solutions phenol Phalen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phine in acidic Solutions phenol Phalen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phine in acidic Solutions phenol Phalen
+is colorless but in basic Solutions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is colorless but in basic Solutions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is colorless but in basic Solutions it's
+dark pink so here's a pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale and around eight on the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and around eight on the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and around eight on the pH
+scale phenol thaline turns pink so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale phenol thaline turns pink so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale phenol thaline turns pink so it
+goes from acidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from acidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from acidic
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basic and the O ions and berries fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and the O ions and berries fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic and the O ions and berries fake
+water make it basic so the indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water make it basic so the indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water make it basic so the indicator
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+pink so when mixed with phenol philine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink so when mixed with phenol philine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink so when mixed with phenol philine
+the sodium carbonate looks like wine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium carbonate looks like wine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sodium carbonate looks like wine now
+let's see what happens next I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens next I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens next I have my
+own favorite drink milk you know it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own favorite drink milk you know it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own favorite drink milk you know it goes
+well with cookies and everything I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with cookies and everything I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with cookies and everything I I
+really love it so I'd love to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love it so I'd love to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love it so I'd love to show you
+that if you uh all right you convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you uh all right you convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you uh all right you convinced
+me Barry okay okay I'll I'll go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Barry okay okay I'll I'll go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Barry okay okay I'll I'll go with the
+milk okay ABS cookies I'll I'll get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk okay ABS cookies I'll I'll get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk okay ABS cookies I'll I'll get you
+the cookies afterwards yes so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookies afterwards yes so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookies afterwards yes so we just
+take that from me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sec here's your milk wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec here's your milk wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec here's your milk wait a minute
+Barry that was my $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry that was my $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry that was my $15
+Cabret and it just turned into a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabret and it just turned into a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabret and it just turned into a glass
+of milk so Dr Dolan wants milk for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of milk so Dr Dolan wants milk for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of milk so Dr Dolan wants milk for his
+cookies but all he has is wine so to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies but all he has is wine so to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies but all he has is wine so to go
+from wine to milk Barry pours the wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wine to milk Barry pours the wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wine to milk Barry pours the wine
+into another glass this glass contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another glass this glass contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another glass this glass contains
+berium chloride and berium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berium chloride and berium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berium chloride and berium chloride
+dissolves in water forming barium 2+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves in water forming barium 2+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves in water forming barium 2+ and
+2 CL minus now the barium 2+ reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 CL minus now the barium 2+ reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 CL minus now the barium 2+ reacts with
+the carbonate ions in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonate ions in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonate ions in the original
+solution to produce barium carbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to produce barium carbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to produce barium carbonate
+which is a solid white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precipitate and of course the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate and of course the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate and of course the solid
+white precipitate makes it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white precipitate makes it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white precipitate makes it look like
+milk but is Dr Dolan satisfied with milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk but is Dr Dolan satisfied with milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk but is Dr Dolan satisfied with milk
+let's find out that was my $15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out that was my $15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find out that was my $15
+Cabernet and it just turned into a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet and it just turned into a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabernet and it just turned into a glass
+of milk oh um sorry about that I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of milk oh um sorry about that I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of milk oh um sorry about that I thought
+you wanted the milk it's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the milk it's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted the milk it's a bad
+deal is this milk organic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is this milk organic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is this milk organic uh
+no Barry uh come on you you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Barry uh come on you you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Barry uh come on you you have to do
+something for me okay fine how how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for me okay fine how how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for me okay fine how how about
+this I'll treat you I'll I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll treat you I'll I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll treat you I'll I'll give you
+some beer it's on the house um beer yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beer it's on the house um beer yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beer it's on the house um beer yeah
+now you're talking as a as a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're talking as a as a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're talking as a as a little
+substitute a little p you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute a little p you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute a little p you
+know return for messing up your order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know return for messing up your order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know return for messing up your order so
+just take that from you right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+nice a beer with a frothy top on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it finally Barry turns the milk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beer to do this he adds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer to do this he adds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer to do this he adds some
+hydrochloric acid to the mix now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid to the mix now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrochloric acid to the mix now this
+dissolves the barium carbonate the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves the barium carbonate the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolves the barium carbonate the solid
+white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white
+precipitate and this is the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he adds the hydrochloric acid which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he adds the hydrochloric acid which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he adds the hydrochloric acid which
+breaks apart the barium carbonate solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart the barium carbonate solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks apart the barium carbonate solid
+this yields barium water and carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yields barium water and carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yields barium water and carbon
+dioxide gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide gases
+released and this H+ in the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and this H+ in the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and this H+ in the reaction
+comes from the hydrochloric acid to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the hydrochloric acid to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the hydrochloric acid to get
+the yellow beer color Barry throws in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow beer color Barry throws in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow beer color Barry throws in
+some di chromate which is yellow and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some di chromate which is yellow and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some di chromate which is yellow and he
+puts a lump of solid carbon dioxide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a lump of solid carbon dioxide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a lump of solid carbon dioxide or
+dry ice in it to make it bubble so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice in it to make it bubble so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry ice in it to make it bubble so what
+did did Dr Dolan and Barry show us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did Dr Dolan and Barry show us today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did Dr Dolan and Barry show us today
+they took a clear solution with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a clear solution with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a clear solution with certain
+chemicals in it that turns color pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals in it that turns color pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals in it that turns color pink
+when another chemical is added then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when another chemical is added then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when another chemical is added then goes
+milky when another chemical is added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky when another chemical is added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milky when another chemical is added
+then goes clear again when another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes clear again when another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then goes clear again when another is
+added and then goes yellow and bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and then goes yellow and bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added and then goes yellow and bubbles
+when two more chemicals are added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two more chemicals are added this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when two more chemicals are added this
+shows us how chemistry can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us how chemistry can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us how chemistry can be used to
+program a system to take on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a system to take on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a system to take on different
+observable properties it's truly magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable properties it's truly magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable properties it's truly magical
+that's it for me hope you enjoyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for me hope you enjoyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it for me hope you enjoyed the
+magic n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mDvty90jENM.txt b/mDvty90jENM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..979035efabb7f15db9d374c142bf7965c4b3d117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mDvty90jENM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how long after swallowing a pill does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long after swallowing a pill does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long after swallowing a pill does it
+take for a drug to enter your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a drug to enter your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for a drug to enter your
+bloodstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream
+how long does it take for hot molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take for hot molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take for hot molten
+glass to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass to cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass to cool
+in this video we'll see how the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll see how the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll see how the gradient
+helps us model molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us model molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us model molecular
+and thermal diffusion this video is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal diffusion this video is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal diffusion this video is part
+of the differential equations video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equations video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the differential equations video
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+laws that govern a system's properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that govern a system's properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that govern a system's properties
+can be modeled using differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modeled using differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modeled using differential
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+hi my name is tom peacock and i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is tom peacock and i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is tom peacock and i'm a
+professor of mechanical engineering here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of mechanical engineering here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor of mechanical engineering here
+at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit
+today i'd like to talk to you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i'd like to talk to you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i'd like to talk to you a little
+bit about the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the gradient
+partial differential equations describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations describe
+the world around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world around us
+and partial differential equations often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial differential equations often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partial differential equations often
+contain grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain grad
+div and or curl terms in order to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div and or curl terms in order to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div and or curl terms in order to use
+these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations
+to describe physical phenomena the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe physical phenomena the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe physical phenomena the first
+step is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to understand
+what each mathematical process means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each mathematical process means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each mathematical process means
+geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically
+and how it behaves in different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it behaves in different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it behaves in different examples
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+is an operation that takes in a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operation that takes in a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operation that takes in a scalar
+function and outputs a vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and outputs a vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and outputs a vector field
+many scalar quantities such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many scalar quantities such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many scalar quantities such as
+temperature and density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and density
+have time derivatives that exhibit both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time derivatives that exhibit both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time derivatives that exhibit both
+a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude
+and a direction therefore it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a direction therefore it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a direction therefore it makes sense
+that we would need an operation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would need an operation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would need an operation that
+turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns
+scalar functions into vector fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar functions into vector fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar functions into vector fields
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+watching this video you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this video you should be
+familiar with the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the definition of the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+and its connection to the directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its connection to the directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its connection to the directional
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+after watching this video you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after watching this video you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after watching this video you will be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+recognize that the gradient vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the gradient vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the gradient vector
+points in the direction of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the direction of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the direction of the maximum
+slope of a scalar function and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of a scalar function and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of a scalar function and has
+magnitude equal to that slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude equal to that slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude equal to that slope
+describe the physicality of fick's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the physicality of fick's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the physicality of fick's first
+law as it applies to concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law as it applies to concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law as it applies to concentration
+gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine what happens when you swallow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens when you swallow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what happens when you swallow a
+pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill
+usually the pill contains an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the pill contains an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the pill contains an active
+ingredient or drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient or drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredient or drug
+and a mixture of other inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mixture of other inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mixture of other inactive
+ingredients such as binders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients such as binders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients such as binders
+flavoring agents etc some pills are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavoring agents etc some pills are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavoring agents etc some pills are
+coated to make the pill easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated to make the pill easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated to make the pill easier to
+swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallow
+and to control the release of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to control the release of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to control the release of the drug
+when you swallow the pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you swallow the pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you swallow the pill
+it starts to dissolve it is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to dissolve it is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to dissolve it is usually
+desired for there to be a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired for there to be a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired for there to be a constant
+and predictable delivery rate of drug to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predictable delivery rate of drug to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predictable delivery rate of drug to
+the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+that is that the diffusion of the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the diffusion of the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the diffusion of the drug
+reaches a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches a steady state
+we need to understand what this steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand what this steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand what this steady
+state amount is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state amount is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state amount is
+to ensure that we are delivering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that we are delivering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that we are delivering the
+desired dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired dose
+the equation that describes diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes diffusion is
+the partial derivative of c with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of c with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of c with respect
+to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time
+is equal to d del squared c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to d del squared c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to d del squared c
+where c is concentration and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is concentration and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is concentration and d
+is the diffusion coefficient which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion coefficient which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion coefficient which we
+will assume is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume is a constant
+but where does this come from in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where does this come from in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where does this come from in order
+to understand this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand this completely
+we will need to combine the divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will need to combine the divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will need to combine the divergence
+and gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradient
+to have a full description of the del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a full description of the del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a full description of the del
+squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term
+in this video our goal is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video our goal is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video our goal is to understand
+how flux is related to the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flux is related to the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flux is related to the gradient of
+the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration
+let's review the properties and meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's review the properties and meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's review the properties and meaning
+of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradient
+the gradient is a local property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a local property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a local property of a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that is it depends only on points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it depends only on points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it depends only on points that
+are near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are near
+a point of interest given a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of interest given a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of interest given a function of
+two variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variables
+f of x and y we can represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x and y we can represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x and y we can represent this
+function as a surface in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a surface in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a surface in three
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+z equals f of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z equals f of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z equals f of x and y
+or as a collection of level curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a collection of level curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as a collection of level curves
+the gradient at a point x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient at a point x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient at a point x y
+can be determined by finding a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be determined by finding a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be determined by finding a vector in
+the tangent plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent plane
+to z equals f of x y at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z equals f of x y at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to z equals f of x y at
+x y that points in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y that points in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y that points in the direction of the
+steepest slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest slope
+the gradient vector is a vector in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient vector is a vector in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient vector is a vector in the x
+y plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y plane
+the direction is found by projecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is found by projecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is found by projecting the
+vector in the tangent plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the tangent plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the tangent plane
+down onto the x y plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto the x y plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto the x y plane
+the magnitude of the gradient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the gradient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the gradient is the
+slope of that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of that vector
+in the tangent plane this vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tangent plane this vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tangent plane this vector is
+always perpendicular to the level curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perpendicular to the level curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perpendicular to the level curve
+because along the level curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because along the level curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because along the level curve
+the function is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the one-dimensional analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the one-dimensional analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the one-dimensional analog of
+the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient
+take the tangent line to the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tangent line to the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the tangent line to the graph of
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+a vector up the hill then project down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector up the hill then project down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector up the hill then project down
+the direction is either positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is either positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction is either positive or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+the magnitude is the slope of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude is the slope of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude is the slope of the graph
+but one dimensional vectors are scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one dimensional vectors are scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one dimensional vectors are scalars
+so the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gradient
+is simply the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we already know that the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know that the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know that the derivative
+is a local property of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a local property of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a local property of a function
+because it is a limit it depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a limit it depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a limit it depends only on
+points in a small region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a small region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a small region
+near the point at which we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point at which we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the point at which we are looking
+for the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative
+what happens in three dimensions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in three dimensions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in three dimensions it's
+somewhat difficult to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat difficult to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat difficult to represent
+a three-dimensional function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-dimensional function
+the best way to represent such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to represent such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to represent such a
+function is through a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is through a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is through a collection of
+level surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level surfaces
+the gradient field can be computed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient field can be computed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient field can be computed at
+every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point
+on the level surface we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the level surface we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the level surface we know that the
+gradient vector is a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient vector is a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient vector is a three-dimensional
+vector that is normal to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is normal to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is normal to the surface
+the magnitude of the gradient vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the gradient vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the gradient vector
+measures the steepest increase of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the steepest increase of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the steepest increase of a
+shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape
+we can't imagine though because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't imagine though because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't imagine though because it's
+four-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in order to better understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to better understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to better understand this
+process we begin with a demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we begin with a demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we begin with a demo
+here you see water and a drop of dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see water and a drop of dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see water and a drop of dye
+initially the dye is concentrated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the dye is concentrated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the dye is concentrated in a
+single droplet at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single droplet at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single droplet at the center
+over time the dye particles move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the dye particles move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the dye particles move away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+center until a point in time when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center until a point in time when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center until a point in time when the
+process reaches a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process reaches a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process reaches a steady state
+in order to model what is happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to model what is happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to model what is happening at
+the atomic level in this demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic level in this demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic level in this demo
+we're going to start by making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by making a
+one-dimensional discrete model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional discrete model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional discrete model
+this one-dimensional model will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one-dimensional model will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one-dimensional model will be
+simpler and it will allow us to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and it will allow us to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and it will allow us to describe
+the flux of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of particles
+more easily then we will extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily then we will extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily then we will extend the
+model to two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to two dimensions
+creating a discrete time step simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a discrete time step simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a discrete time step simulation
+to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine
+the equation for flux then we will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for flux then we will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for flux then we will look
+at the three-dimensional equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the three-dimensional equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the three-dimensional equation for
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+in the one-dimensional model we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one-dimensional model we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one-dimensional model we're going
+to model the particles of dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model the particles of dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model the particles of dye
+as random walkers on a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as random walkers on a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as random walkers on a line
+each random walker has an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each random walker has an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each random walker has an equal
+probability of moving one step of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of moving one step of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of moving one step of length
+delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x
+to the right or to the left during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or to the left during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right or to the left during a
+time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step
+delta t the walkers move independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t the walkers move independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t the walkers move independently
+of each other we make an assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other we make an assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other we make an assumption that
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+x and delta t are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and delta t are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and delta t are both
+small in order to understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in order to understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in order to understand how the
+particles are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are moving
+we want to understand the flux through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand the flux through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to understand the flux through
+any given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point
+recall that flux is flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that flux is flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that flux is flow
+per unit area per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit area per unit time
+our random warp model is one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random warp model is one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random warp model is one dimensional
+so we will define the flow of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will define the flow of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will define the flow of particles
+through a single point over time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a single point over time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a single point over time step
+delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t
+to be flux while we can look at the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be flux while we can look at the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be flux while we can look at the flux
+through any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any point
+for mathematical convenience let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mathematical convenience let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mathematical convenience let us
+determine the flux through the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the flux through the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the flux through the point
+x plus delta x over 2 at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta x over 2 at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta x over 2 at time t
+this point is halfway between the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is halfway between the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is halfway between the point
+x and x plus delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x plus delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x plus delta x
+because of the hypotheses of our random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the hypotheses of our random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the hypotheses of our random
+walk any particle that is within a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk any particle that is within a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk any particle that is within a step
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+delta x to the left or the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x to the left or the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x to the left or the right of
+x plus delta x over 2 has a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta x over 2 has a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus delta x over 2 has a probability
+of flowing through the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flowing through the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flowing through the point
+during the next time step so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the next time step so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the next time step so in order to
+find the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the flux
+the first step is to determine how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to determine how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is to determine how many
+particles are within our step distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are within our step distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are within our step distance
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+x from the point x plus delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x from the point x plus delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x from the point x plus delta x
+over 2. let the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2. let the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2. let the concentration of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+be denoted by the function c of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be denoted by the function c of x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be denoted by the function c of x and t
+which is the number of particles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of particles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the number of particles per
+unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+at a time t to find the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time t to find the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time t to find the number of
+particles to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the left
+of x plus delta x over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus delta x over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus delta x over 2
+we could integrate the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could integrate the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could integrate the concentration
+function over the interval of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over the interval of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over the interval of length
+delta x centered about the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x centered about the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x centered about the point x
+however because we have assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because we have assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however because we have assumed that
+delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x
+is small we can approximate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small we can approximate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small we can approximate the
+concentration function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration function
+by the value of the concentration at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the value of the concentration at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the value of the concentration at x
+for the whole interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole interval
+so the number of particles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of particles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of particles on the
+interval of length delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length delta x
+centered about the point x can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered about the point x can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered about the point x can be
+approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated
+by c of x and t times delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by c of x and t times delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by c of x and t times delta x
+the number of particles on the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles on the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles on the interval
+of length delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length delta x
+centered about the point x plus delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered about the point x plus delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered about the point x plus delta x
+is approximately c of x plus delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately c of x plus delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately c of x plus delta x
+and t times delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t times delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t times delta x
+particles we assume that any particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we assume that any particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we assume that any particle
+has 50 percent probability of moving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 50 percent probability of moving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 50 percent probability of moving one
+step to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to the left
+or the right thus the flux through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the right thus the flux through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the right thus the flux through our
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+is given by one-half times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by one-half times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by one-half times the number of
+particles to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the left
+minus one-half times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-half times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one-half times the number of
+particles to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to the right
+at time t we divide the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t we divide the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t we divide the entire
+expression by the time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression by the time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression by the time step
+which is the unit of time over which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the unit of time over which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the unit of time over which we
+are looking at the motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at the motion of the
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+to dig a little deeper into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dig a little deeper into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dig a little deeper into this
+equation we can take a taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can take a taylor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we can take a taylor expansion
+of our concentration function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our concentration function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our concentration function
+c of x plus delta x and t about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of x plus delta x and t about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c of x plus delta x and t about
+x while holding t fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x while holding t fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x while holding t fixed
+this gives us the following expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the following expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the following expression
+which is a polynomial in delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a polynomial in delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a polynomial in delta x
+with coefficients given by multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coefficients given by multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coefficients given by multiples of
+sequentially higher partial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially higher partial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially higher partial derivatives
+of the concentration function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration function
+c our equation for flux becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c our equation for flux becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c our equation for flux becomes this
+seemingly more complicated equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however if we recall that delta x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we recall that delta x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if we recall that delta x is
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+the quadratic term in this equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic term in this equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quadratic term in this equation will
+dominate and we can ignore the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and we can ignore the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and we can ignore the higher
+order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+this simplifies the expression for flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplifies the expression for flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplifies the expression for flux
+to the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because delta x and delta t are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta x and delta t are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta x and delta t are both
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+this implies that delta x grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that delta x grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that delta x grows
+proportionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally
+to square root of delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of delta t
+you can do a table top experiment by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a table top experiment by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a table top experiment by
+placing a small drop of dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a small drop of dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a small drop of dye
+in a narrow test tube and measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a narrow test tube and measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a narrow test tube and measuring the
+change in height of die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height of die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height of die
+with respect to the change in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the change in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the change in time in
+order to verify that the assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to verify that the assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to verify that the assumption we
+have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made
+is valid rewriting the constant term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid rewriting the constant term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid rewriting the constant term in
+front a sum diffusion constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front a sum diffusion constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front a sum diffusion constant
+d this equation is commonly written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d this equation is commonly written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d this equation is commonly written as a
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+is equal to negative d times the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to negative d times the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to negative d times the partial
+derivative of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of c
+with respect to x the negative sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x the negative sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x the negative sign in
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+says that the direction of net flux goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the direction of net flux goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the direction of net flux goes
+from a region of high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a region of high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a region of high concentration
+to a region of low concentration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a region of low concentration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a region of low concentration in the
+opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction
+as the concentration gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the concentration gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the concentration gradient
+why is this if there are more particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this if there are more particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this if there are more particles
+on one side of a point than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of a point than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side of a point than the other
+we suspect half of them flow through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suspect half of them flow through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suspect half of them flow through the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+on either side so the net flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side so the net flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side so the net flow
+through the point is away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point is away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point is away from the
+highest concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest concentration
+now we want to extend this to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to extend this to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to extend this to two
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+here we have modeled a system of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have modeled a system of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have modeled a system of two
+thousand particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand particles
+walking randomly in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each particle can move a unit distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle can move a unit distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particle can move a unit distance
+away from its current location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from its current location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from its current location
+in any direction with equal probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction with equal probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any direction with equal probability
+a profile of the concentration at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profile of the concentration at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a profile of the concentration at each
+time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step
+is displayed to the right we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is displayed to the right we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is displayed to the right we change the
+view of the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the concentration
+to be contour lines and add some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be contour lines and add some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be contour lines and add some more
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+to increase the accuracy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the accuracy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the accuracy of our
+computation in order to add in the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in order to add in the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in order to add in the flux
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+in 2d the flux is a flow per length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d the flux is a flow per length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d the flux is a flow per length
+per unit time and is a vector quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time and is a vector quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit time and is a vector quantity
+observe that the flux is everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that the flux is everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that the flux is everywhere
+perpendicular to the level sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the level sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the level sets
+or contours of the concentration map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contours of the concentration map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or contours of the concentration map
+and it points away from the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it points away from the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it points away from the highest
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+in other words this simulation suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words this simulation suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words this simulation suggests
+that the flux points in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux points in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux points in the direction of
+the negative gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative gradient of the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+this behavior is consistent with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior is consistent with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior is consistent with what we
+saw with the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with the die
+the equation that describes this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that describes this says
+that the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux
+j is equal to some constant which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j is equal to some constant which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j is equal to some constant which we'll
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+d times the negative gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d times the negative gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d times the negative gradient of the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+compare this to the equation we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this to the equation we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this to the equation we had in
+the one-dimensional example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-dimensional example
+here the derivative is replaced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the derivative is replaced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the derivative is replaced by the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+because the derivative is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the derivative is the
+one-dimensional analog of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional analog of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional analog of the gradient
+this equation is one form of fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is one form of fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is one form of fixed first
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+it says that flux points along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that flux points along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that flux points along the
+negative gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative gradient
+of the concentration it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concentration it turns out that
+this equation describes the flux of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation describes the flux of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation describes the flux of many
+familiar quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar quantities
+let's consider some examples this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some examples this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some examples this is a
+demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration
+of solid state diffusion the 30 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid state diffusion the 30 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid state diffusion the 30 people
+here represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represent
+two types of atoms in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of atoms in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of atoms in our
+two-dimensional depiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional depiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional depiction
+of two different crystalline solids pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different crystalline solids pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different crystalline solids pink
+and gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gray
+the blue line represents the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line represents the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue line represents the interface
+between the two solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two solids
+because the solids are crystalline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solids are crystalline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solids are crystalline the
+atoms occupy positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms occupy positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms occupy positions
+on a lattice in our lattice as in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lattice in our lattice as in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a lattice in our lattice as in all
+real crystalline materials not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real crystalline materials not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real crystalline materials not all
+lattice sites are occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice sites are occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice sites are occupied
+a fraction of the lattice sites dictated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of the lattice sites dictated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction of the lattice sites dictated
+by thermodynamics are vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thermodynamics are vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thermodynamics are vacant
+here we have 6 vacancies and 30 atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have 6 vacancies and 30 atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have 6 vacancies and 30 atoms
+if we ignore boundary effects and assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ignore boundary effects and assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ignore boundary effects and assume
+that the vacancies are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacancies are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the vacancies are randomly
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+then there is an equal probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an equal probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there is an equal probability that
+a vacancy is in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy is in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacancy is in front
+behind to the right or to the left of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind to the right or to the left of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind to the right or to the left of an
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+in some crystalline materials vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some crystalline materials vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some crystalline materials vacancy
+diffusion is the operative mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is the operative mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion is the operative mechanism for
+solid-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid-state
+diffusion in others it's interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in others it's interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion in others it's interstitial
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+here we are demonstrating the mixing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are demonstrating the mixing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are demonstrating the mixing of
+disparate atoms in the solid state via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate atoms in the solid state via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparate atoms in the solid state via
+vacancy diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy diffusion
+each atom can move randomly into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom can move randomly into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom can move randomly into an
+empty space on the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space on the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space on the lattice
+over time the atoms diffuse pink atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the atoms diffuse pink atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time the atoms diffuse pink atoms
+move from areas of high to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from areas of high to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from areas of high to low
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+gray atoms also move from areas of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray atoms also move from areas of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray atoms also move from areas of high
+to low concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to low concentration
+this creates solid material mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creates solid material mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creates solid material mixing
+the second law of thermodynamics says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law of thermodynamics says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law of thermodynamics says
+that heat flows from high to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat flows from high to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat flows from high to low
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+this means that the heat flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the heat flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the heat flux is
+proportional perhaps non-uniformly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional perhaps non-uniformly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional perhaps non-uniformly to
+the negative temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative temperature gradient
+this tells us that every time the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us that every time the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us that every time the glass
+is taken out of the furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken out of the furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken out of the furnace
+it begins cooling down due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins cooling down due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins cooling down due to the
+temperature of the ambient air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the ambient air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the ambient air
+glass blowers must constantly return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass blowers must constantly return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass blowers must constantly return the
+glass to the furnace during the forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass to the furnace during the forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass to the furnace during the forming
+and shaping process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shaping process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shaping process
+in order to combat the constant cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to combat the constant cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to combat the constant cooling
+of heat energy flowing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat energy flowing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat energy flowing from
+the high temperature object the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high temperature object the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high temperature object the glass
+into the cooler space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cooler space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cooler space
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you see a small piece of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a small piece of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you see a small piece of space
+shuttle tile designed by lockheed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle tile designed by lockheed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle tile designed by lockheed
+missiles and space company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles and space company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missiles and space company
+to protect nasa's space shuttles from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect nasa's space shuttles from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect nasa's space shuttles from
+the high surface temperatures produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high surface temperatures produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high surface temperatures produced
+upon re-entry into the earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon re-entry into the earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon re-entry into the earth's
+atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere
+when we heat the black side of the tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat the black side of the tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we heat the black side of the tile
+with the blowtorch we can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the blowtorch we can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the blowtorch we can see that the
+area of the tile in contact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the tile in contact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the tile in contact with the
+flame reaches a temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame reaches a temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flame reaches a temperature of
+approximately 800 degrees celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 800 degrees celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 800 degrees celsius
+we know this because it's glowing bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this because it's glowing bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this because it's glowing bright
+orange however the thermocouple reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange however the thermocouple reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange however the thermocouple reading
+on the opposite surface of the tile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opposite surface of the tile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opposite surface of the tile is
+only 22 degrees celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 22 degrees celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 22 degrees celsius
+just slightly above the ambient room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly above the ambient room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly above the ambient room
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+the temperature gradient in the tile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature gradient in the tile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature gradient in the tile is
+therefore very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore very large
+there is a heat flux through the tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a heat flux through the tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a heat flux through the tile
+opposite in direction to the very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in direction to the very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in direction to the very large
+temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature gradient
+but the flux is so small that the tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the flux is so small that the tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the flux is so small that the tile
+barely feels warm to the touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely feels warm to the touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely feels warm to the touch
+aware that this is just one form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that this is just one form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that this is just one form of
+fixed first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed first law
+the most general form says that flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general form says that flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general form says that flux is
+proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional
+to the negative gradient of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative gradient of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the negative gradient of the chemical
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may see the equation in this form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may see the equation in this form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may see the equation in this form in
+later courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in all the examples that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the examples that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the examples that we have
+considered in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in this video
+the gradient of the concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the concentration and
+the gradient of the chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient of the chemical potential
+pointed in the same direction to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in the same direction to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed in the same direction to review
+the gradient is a vector quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a vector quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is a vector quantity that
+points in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the direction
+of the maximum slope of a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum slope of a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum slope of a scalar
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+fick's first law says that flux points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fick's first law says that flux points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fick's first law says that flux points
+along the negative gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the negative gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the negative gradient of the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+in order to understand fick's first law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand fick's first law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand fick's first law
+we first considered models in 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first considered models in 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we first considered models in 1d
+and 2d before trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2d before trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2d before trying to understand the
+description in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mhqsslG9tyw.txt b/mhqsslG9tyw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9dd94be69f8311e5b69b0dd10d9a393465e9883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mhqsslG9tyw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today I'm going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today I'm going to talk about the
+Philips curve and inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve and inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve and inflation
+um now as I said in the previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now as I said in the previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now as I said in the previous lecture
+uh the material that is specific to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material that is specific to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material that is specific to this
+lecture will not enter this quiz is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will not enter this quiz is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will not enter this quiz is the
+beginning of what is perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of what is perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of what is perhaps the most
+important model you'll see in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important model you'll see in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important model you'll see in the in in
+this in this uh class but it will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh class but it will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh class but it will take
+us three or four lectures to to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us three or four lectures to to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us three or four lectures to to develop
+so I'm going to say things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to say things that
+certainly will um may help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will um may help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly will um may help you
+understand a little better the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little better the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little better the previous
+lecture and so if you are only concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so if you are only concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so if you are only concerned
+about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next
+Quiz there will be a sort of a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz there will be a sort of a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quiz there will be a sort of a small
+review of the previous lecture here H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the previous lecture here H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of the previous lecture here H
+but again anything that's specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again anything that's specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again anything that's specific to
+this lecture and was not in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and was not in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and was not in the previous
+one won't be part of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one won't be part of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one won't be part of of this
+quiz so what is this Philips SC well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz so what is this Philips SC well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz so what is this Philips SC well in
+in in 1958 an an economist and at LSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 1958 an an economist and at LSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 1958 an an economist and at LSC
+London School of Economics came out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London School of Economics came out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London School of Economics came out with
+some just an empirical relationship this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some just an empirical relationship this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some just an empirical relationship this
+is aw Phillips he found that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aw Phillips he found that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aw Phillips he found that using
+historical data for the US I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for the US I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical data for the US I think he
+did it um there was a negative relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it um there was a negative relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it um there was a negative relation
+up to sort of the 50s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sort of the 50s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sort of the 50s I
+think the there was a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the there was a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the there was a negative
+relationship between the employment rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the employment rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the employment rate
+and the rate of inflation and then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of inflation and then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rate of inflation and then our
+very own Paul samelson and Robert solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very own Paul samelson and Robert solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very own Paul samelson and Robert solo
+labeled this relationship the Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled this relationship the Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled this relationship the Philips
+curve in honor of aw Phillips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in honor of aw Phillips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in honor of aw Phillips and
+nowadays is sort of is a central Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays is sort of is a central Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays is sort of is a central Concept
+in macroeconomics and uh and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in macroeconomics and uh and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in macroeconomics and uh and uh it's
+certainly very very relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly very very relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly very very relevant to
+understand what is going on right now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is going on right now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what is going on right now in
+not only in the US economy but in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the US economy but in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in the US economy but in most
+economies around the world so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies around the world so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies around the world so let me
+show you sort of this is not the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you sort of this is not the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you sort of this is not the one
+that that Phillips plotted I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Phillips plotted I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Phillips plotted I think this
+is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one
+that some solo ploted for data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some solo ploted for data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some solo ploted for data from
+between 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1900
+1960 for the US you found you find sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 for the US you found you find sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960 for the US you found you find sort
+of this sort of negative correlation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of negative correlation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of negative correlation I
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+reasonable um there correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um there correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um there correlation between
+the unemployment rate and inflation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment rate and inflation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment rate and inflation rate
+no at very low levels of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no at very low levels of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no at very low levels of unemployment
+you typically see very high levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically see very high levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you typically see very high levels of
+inflation conversely sort of a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation conversely sort of a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation conversely sort of a very high
+levels of unemployment you tend to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of unemployment you tend to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of unemployment you tend to see
+low levels of inflations or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels of inflations or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low levels of inflations or even
+deflation in fact this period includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation in fact this period includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation in fact this period includes
+the the Great Depression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Great Depression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Great Depression for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so that's sort of the data and and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the data and and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's sort of the data and and again
+this was just an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just an empirical
+regularity but we can build some theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity but we can build some theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity but we can build some theory
+about this relationship using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this relationship using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this relationship using the
+ingredients most of the ingredients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients most of the ingredients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients most of the ingredients that
+I mean essentially we can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean essentially we can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean essentially we can build a
+relationship that is downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that is downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that is downward sloping
+from the ingredients we already have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ingredients we already have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ingredients we already have and
+this is the part that is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that is a little bit of
+a review of the previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of the previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a review of the previous lecture
+remember that we had um um actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we had um um actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we had um um actually the
+previous two lectures we had a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two lectures we had a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous two lectures we had a weight
+setting equation W equal expected prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation W equal expected prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation W equal expected prices
+and then a decreasing function of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a decreasing function of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a decreasing function of an
+employment and an increasing function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and an increasing function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and an increasing function of
+uh these labor market supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these labor market supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these labor market supporting
+institutions or workers supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or workers supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions or workers supporting
+institutions institutional variables I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions institutional variables I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions institutional variables I
+should say and um and then we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say and um and then we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say and um and then we had a
+price setting equation which was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation which was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation which was simply
+the wage H marked up m is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage H marked up m is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage H marked up m is a positive
+constant so let me start from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let me start from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let me start from these two
+what so what I'm trying to do is derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what I'm trying to do is derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what I'm trying to do is derive
+a Philips curve again this was only an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Philips curve again this was only an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Philips curve again this was only an
+empirical relationship but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relationship but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical relationship but it turns out
+that even with Theory We Knew by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even with Theory We Knew by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even with Theory We Knew by the
+time of you know Samson and and solo we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of you know Samson and and solo we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of you know Samson and and solo we
+could sort of come up with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of come up with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of come up with a with a
+theory of that relationship that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of that relationship that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of that relationship that theory
+Builds on the ingredients we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builds on the ingredients we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Builds on the ingredients we have been
+looking at so these are the price set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so these are the price set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so these are the price set
+the weight set in equation the price set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight set in equation the price set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight set in equation the price set
+in equation I'm going to just simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equation I'm going to just simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equation I'm going to just simplify
+things and assume that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and assume that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and assume that this this
+relationship here this function f of u z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here this function f of u z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here this function f of u z
+is some linear function at least locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some linear function at least locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some linear function at least locally
+linear function H which is decreasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function H which is decreasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function H which is decreasing in
+unemployment and increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and increasing in
+Z why is it decreasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+employment this says no that that if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment this says no that that if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment this says no that that if an
+employment goes up for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment goes up for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment goes up for any given
+expected price wage demand is lower okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price wage demand is lower okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price wage demand is lower okay
+and that's essentially because for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially because for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's essentially because for the
+workers is sort of becoming an employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers is sort of becoming an employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers is sort of becoming an employee
+is a scary situation conversely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scary situation conversely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a scary situation conversely for
+firms it's higher it's easier to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms it's higher it's easier to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms it's higher it's easier to find a
+a worker and and uh and the so as we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worker and and uh and the so as we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worker and and uh and the so as we say
+that worker is scared for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worker is scared for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that worker is scared for two reasons
+one is that it's more likely it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it's more likely it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that it's more likely it gets
+fired when an employment is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired when an employment is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired when an employment is high
+typically that's a recession it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that's a recession it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that's a recession it's also
+like it knows that that worker knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it knows that that worker knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it knows that that worker knows
+that if she were to fall into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if she were to fall into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if she were to fall into the
+unemployment pool it will take a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment pool it will take a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment pool it will take a longer
+time to get out of it okay and the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get out of it okay and the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to get out of it okay and the firms
+are seeing the opposite side it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing the opposite side it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing the opposite side it's pretty
+easy for them to replace a worker if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to replace a worker if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for them to replace a worker if
+they were to dismiss a worker because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were to dismiss a worker because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were to dismiss a worker because
+there's lots of available workers in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of available workers in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of available workers in an
+employment okay so that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment okay so that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment okay so that's the reason
+that negative so I'm going to stick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative so I'm going to stick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative so I'm going to stick this
+function back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function back in
+here and then I'm going to replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm going to replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm going to replace this
+W with this function in there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W with this function in there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W with this function in there in the
+price setting equation and I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation and I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation and I end up with
+an equation for p okay so this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation for p okay so this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation for p okay so this says that
+the price given the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price given the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price given the expected
+price is decreasing in unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is decreasing in unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is decreasing in unemployment and
+increasing in Z and increasing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in Z and increasing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in Z and increasing in the
+markup so again why is this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup so again why is this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup so again why is this price
+decreasing in unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the part that is review of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that is review of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the part that is review of the
+previous lecture previous to wages go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture previous to wages go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture previous to wages go
+down and then factors of production okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then factors of production okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then factors of production okay
+perfect because wages go down since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect because wages go down since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect because wages go down since our
+firm needs one worker to produce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm needs one worker to produce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm needs one worker to produce one
+unit of the good then the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the good then the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the good then the cost of
+production of one unit goes down with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of one unit goes down with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of one unit goes down with a
+wage and and therefore the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and and therefore the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and and therefore the price goes
+down because the firm is asking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the firm is asking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the firm is asking for a
+constant markup over that wage the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant markup over that wage the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant markup over that wage the wage
+declines and the price drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines and the price drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines and the price drops
+good so that's all review so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's all review so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's all review so this
+equation you had seen just without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you had seen just without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you had seen just without an
+explicit functional form here what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit functional form here what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit functional form here what I
+want to do is to go from here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to go from here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is to go from here this is
+still not the Philips curve remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not the Philips curve remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not the Philips curve remember the
+Philips curve was a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve was a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philips curve was a relationship between
+inflation and unemployment here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and unemployment here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and unemployment here we have
+a relationship between the price level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship between the price level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship between the price level
+and unemployment okay so we want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unemployment okay so we want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unemployment okay so we want to take
+one one derivative higher we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one derivative higher we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one derivative higher we want to go
+to relation between an inflation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relation between an inflation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relation between an inflation and
+unemployment inflation is is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment inflation is is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment inflation is is the rate of
+change of p no it's not it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of p no it's not it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of p no it's not it's not the
+level of P so to do that all that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of P so to do that all that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of P so to do that all that will
+do is so this when I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is so this when I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is so this when I don't have a
+subscript here I mean the price at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here I mean the price at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript here I mean the price at time
+T okay and this is the expected price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and this is the expected price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and this is the expected price
+for Next Period that's what you have H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Next Period that's what you have H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Next Period that's what you have H
+but today for Next Period what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today for Next Period what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today for Next Period what I'm going
+to do I'm going to divide both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I'm going to divide both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do I'm going to divide both sides by
+P minus one by that I mean the price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus one by that I mean the price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus one by that I mean the price in
+the previous period okay so both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous period okay so both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous period okay so both sides
+I'm going to divide by this side by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide by this side by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide by this side by P
+minus one and and and this one by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and and and this one by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and and and this one by P
+minus one so I get that expression okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so I get that expression okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so I get that expression okay
+that's exactly same equation we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly same equation we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly same equation we had
+before all that I did is I divide by P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all that I did is I divide by P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before all that I did is I divide by P
+minus one remember remember what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one remember remember what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one remember remember what this
+means so if this is the price for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if this is the price for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if this is the price for the
+begin for January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin for January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin for January
+2023 ER this is the price for say where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2023 ER this is the price for say where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2023 ER this is the price for say where
+we're using annual data for January 2022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using annual data for January 2022
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using annual data for January 2022
+okay so I'm dividing by the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm dividing by the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm dividing by the price of
+January 2022 both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 2022 both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 2022 both sides
+now notice that remember that I can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that remember that I can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that remember that I can that
+P over P minus one is equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P over P minus one is equal to 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P over P minus one is equal to 1 plus
+the inflation rate remember where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation rate remember where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation rate remember where
+inflation rate is just P minus P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate is just P minus P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate is just P minus P minus
+one over P minus one so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over P minus one so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over P minus one so this is just
+straightforward algebra no remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward algebra no remember our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward algebra no remember our
+definition of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's P that's inflation okay so 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P that's inflation okay so 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's P that's inflation okay so 1 plus
+pi is just P minus over P minus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is just P minus over P minus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is just P minus over P minus one okay
+and that's what you have there I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you have there I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you have there I can do
+the same for expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same for expect the
+inflation notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that sometimes people get confused but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes people get confused but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes people get confused but
+expected inflation is equal to p P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is equal to p P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is equal to p P
+expected not minus P expected minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected not minus P expected minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected not minus P expected minus one
+it's p minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's p minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's p minus
+one p minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p minus
+one and the reason I'm not subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the reason I'm not subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the reason I'm not subtracting
+the expectation here is because at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation here is because at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation here is because at time
+T which is when you're forming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is when you're forming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T which is when you're forming that
+expectation you already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you already know what
+happened at T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at T minus
+one okay so that's the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the reason this is
+expected inflation I don't I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation I don't I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation I don't I don't need
+a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a
+um to put expectation in here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to put expectation in here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to put expectation in here okay so
+that's Pi e and so what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Pi e and so what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Pi e and so what we get
+is H I can replace this guy here for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H I can replace this guy here for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is H I can replace this guy here for 1
+plus pi this guy here for 1+ pi e and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pi this guy here for 1+ pi e and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pi this guy here for 1+ pi e and I
+get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the following
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+okay so all that I've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all that I've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all that I've done is
+substituting this for that that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting this for that that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting this for that that for that
+so that's our price setting equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our price setting equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our price setting equation now
+Express in terms of inflation rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express in terms of inflation rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express in terms of inflation rates
+unexpected inflation rate and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected inflation rate and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected inflation rate and now you
+know if not we're not in Argentina we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if not we're not in Argentina we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if not we're not in Argentina we're
+in the US inflation expected inflations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US inflation expected inflations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US inflation expected inflations
+are small numbers no and the log of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small numbers no and the log of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small numbers no and the log of one
+plus a small number is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a small number is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a small number is approximately
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+okay so I'm going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to use this
+approximation which again is valid for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which again is valid for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation which again is valid for X
+small no and and so I can replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small no and and so I can replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small no and and so I can replace this
+1+ Pi for pi and this 1 + Pi E for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ Pi for pi and this 1 + Pi E for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ Pi for pi and this 1 + Pi E for for
+pi e this 1 + M for M plus no and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi e this 1 + M for M plus no and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi e this 1 + M for M plus no and this
+term here if these numbers are not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here if these numbers are not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here if these numbers are not too
+large again plus minus Alpha U plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large again plus minus Alpha U plus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large again plus minus Alpha U plus Z
+and that I do all that and I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I do all that and I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I do all that and I end up with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression okay all I've done is I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay all I've done is I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay all I've done is I took
+logs of this so I get log of 1 + pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of this so I get log of 1 + pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of this so I get log of 1 + pi
+equal to log of 1 + Pi e+ log of 1 + m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log of 1 + Pi e+ log of 1 + m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to log of 1 + Pi e+ log of 1 + m
+Plus plus log of 1 - Alpha U plus Alp Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus plus log of 1 - Alpha U plus Alp Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus plus log of 1 - Alpha U plus Alp Z
+I'm saying if Pi Pi e m alpha U + z are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying if Pi Pi e m alpha U + z are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying if Pi Pi e m alpha U + z are
+not very large numbers which we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very large numbers which we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very large numbers which we assume
+then this is approximately right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is approximately right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is approximately right so I
+can rewrite that expression as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite that expression as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite that expression as that
+approximately I should have put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately I should have put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately I should have put an
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now we have something that
+looks a lot more than like the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more than like the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot more than like the empirical
+relationship we were talking about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we were talking about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship we were talking about we
+have a relationship between inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relationship between inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relationship between inflation
+and unemployment so this says that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unemployment so this says that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unemployment so this says that for
+any given expected inflation and markups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given expected inflation and markups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given expected inflation and markups
+and and labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and labor market
+institutions higher unemployment means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions higher unemployment means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions higher unemployment means
+lower inflation why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower inflation why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower inflation why is
+that so that curve tells you that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that curve tells you that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that curve tells you that's a
+negative relation we wanted no it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relation we wanted no it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relation we wanted no it says
+higher unemployment lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inflation why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look you had it very clear when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you had it very clear when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you had it very clear when we talk
+about this no you you understood very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this no you you understood very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this no you you understood very
+clearly why an increase in unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why an increase in unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why an increase in unemployment
+lower the wage you understood very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the wage you understood very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the wage you understood very
+clearly why therefore an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why therefore an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly why therefore an increase in
+unemployment lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment lower the
+price I haven't done anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I haven't done anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price I haven't done anything but
+algebra in the two steps so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra in the two steps so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra in the two steps so the same
+economics behind the explanations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics behind the explanations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics behind the explanations that
+you had before apply to this curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had before apply to this curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had before apply to this curve here
+so the reason inflation will be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason inflation will be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason inflation will be lower
+where when an employment is higher given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when an employment is higher given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when an employment is higher given
+all the rest is because there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest is because there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest is because there will be
+less W wage pressure workers will demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less W wage pressure workers will demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less W wage pressure workers will demand
+lower wages that means lower prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower wages that means lower prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower wages that means lower prices and
+therefore inflation will be lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore inflation will be lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore inflation will be lower the
+economics hasn't changed at all I only I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics hasn't changed at all I only I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics hasn't changed at all I only I
+only divided both sides by P minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only divided both sides by P minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only divided both sides by P minus one
+and I took the logs and I approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took the logs and I approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I took the logs and I approximated
+so so the economics has not changed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the economics has not changed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the economics has not changed just
+did a little bit of basic math okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit of basic math okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a little bit of basic math okay so
+all the what I'm trying to say is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the what I'm trying to say is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the what I'm trying to say is all
+the intuitions that you can already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitions that you can already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuitions that you can already you
+already had from the weight setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had from the weight setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had from the weight setting
+price setting equation and so on you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation and so on you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting equation and so on you can
+apply to the Philips curve as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the Philips curve as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the Philips curve as well
+okay good so now we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now we have something that
+in principle could explain the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle could explain the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle could explain the type of
+relationship that Phillips found and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that Phillips found and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that Phillips found and
+then samon solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then samon solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then samon solo
+corroborated H with extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroborated H with extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corroborated H with extended
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+so let's let's see how do we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see how do we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see how do we get to
+something that looks like what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like what these
+people run as a regression remember they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people run as a regression remember they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people run as a regression remember they
+run a regression essentially or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression essentially or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression essentially or they
+correlated an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated an
+inflation inflation with unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation inflation with unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation inflation with unemployment
+okay and they found a downward slope in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they found a downward slope in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they found a downward slope in
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+well look at what happens here suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at what happens here suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at what happens here suppose
+that that we assume that expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we assume that expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we assume that expected
+inflation is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is equal to some
+constant in in economics we say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in in economics we say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in in economics we say when
+that's the case and especially if Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case and especially if Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case and especially if Pi is
+a low number inflation expectations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low number inflation expectations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low number inflation expectations are
+well anchor meaning you know any single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anchor meaning you know any single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anchor meaning you know any single
+year there can be a price of oil is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there can be a price of oil is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there can be a price of oil is high
+or something happens and inflation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something happens and inflation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something happens and inflation will
+deviate from that but people are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from that but people are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from that but people are all the
+time expecting for inflation sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time expecting for inflation sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time expecting for inflation sort of to
+go back to the what is a normal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the what is a normal level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the what is a normal level
+nowadays or at least a few years ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays or at least a few years ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays or at least a few years ago in
+the US the normal level was around 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the normal level was around 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US the normal level was around 2%
+say okay so people say well this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so people say well this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so people say well this year
+inflation was 1.8 but we spend next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was 1.8 but we spend next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was 1.8 but we spend next year
+2% the next year we got s prices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% the next year we got s prices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% the next year we got s prices on the
+upside price of food went up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside price of food went up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside price of food went up something
+like that we got inflation of 2.3% but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we got inflation of 2.3% but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we got inflation of 2.3% but
+you ask people how do you what amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask people how do you what amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask people how do you what amount
+you expect for next year say well 2% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect for next year say well 2% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect for next year say well 2% so
+so that's what a model of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what a model of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what a model of expectation
+like this means is that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this means is that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this means is that you know you
+always expecting something which is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always expecting something which is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always expecting something which is some
+historical value and that we have agre a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical value and that we have agre a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical value and that we have agre a
+reasonable level for our economy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable level for our economy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable level for our economy or
+something like that okay so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so you see that
+if I replace expected inflation infation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I replace expected inflation infation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I replace expected inflation infation
+for a constant here Pi Bar then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a constant here Pi Bar then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a constant here Pi Bar then I have
+then my Philips curve is really this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my Philips curve is really this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my Philips curve is really this is
+inflation then I have a constant minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then I have a constant minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then I have a constant minus
+Alpha U that's the simplest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha U that's the simplest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha U that's the simplest of the
+downward sloping relationship I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping relationship I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping relationship I can have
+in that case it's a line downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it's a line downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it's a line downward
+sloping line no that's it of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping line no that's it of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping line no that's it of course you
+know it could be nonlinear and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it could be nonlinear and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it could be nonlinear and so on but
+but this captures the essence so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this captures the essence so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this captures the essence so that's
+a theory for why Phillips was Finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory for why Phillips was Finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory for why Phillips was Finding
+what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was
+finding our theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding our theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding our theory of the
+wage of the labor market if you will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the labor market if you will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of the labor market if you will and
+the price setting behavior of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price setting behavior of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price setting behavior of firms
+gives us a Philips curve of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a Philips curve of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a Philips curve of the kind
+that he had in mind and if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had in mind and if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had in mind and if you look in
+the 60s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 60s in the
+US then you see this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US then you see this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US then you see this negative
+relationship that eventually become sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that eventually become sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that eventually become sort
+of became a steeper it wasn't linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of became a steeper it wasn't linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of became a steeper it wasn't linear
+like this it was a little convex but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it was a little convex but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it was a little convex but but
+it's downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's downward
+sloping and in fact to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and in fact to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and in fact to some
+extent ER I were own very our very own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent ER I were own very our very own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent ER I were own very our very own
+Bob solo and and Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob solo and and Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob solo and and Paul
+samelson were advising the US government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samelson were advising the US government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samelson were advising the US government
+at the time and they say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and they say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time and they say well you know
+let's exploit this stuff a little okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's exploit this stuff a little okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's exploit this stuff a little okay
+we like to have lower unemployment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to have lower unemployment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to have lower unemployment we
+can live with a little less more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live with a little less more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live with a little less more
+inflation but we know there it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation but we know there it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation but we know there it's a
+negative trade-off there's a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative trade-off there's a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative trade-off there's a negative
+trade-off between these two things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between these two things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between these two things okay
+so if we like to lower unemployment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we like to lower unemployment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we like to lower unemployment it's
+fine we get a little more of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we get a little more of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we get a little more of inflation
+and initially the deal was very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially the deal was very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially the deal was very good
+because the curve was very flat you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curve was very flat you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curve was very flat you see
+so you could cut unemployment a lot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could cut unemployment a lot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could cut unemployment a lot you
+can see the dates here you're cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the dates here you're cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the dates here you're cutting
+unemployment a lot and you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment a lot and you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment a lot and you're not
+getting a lot of inflation eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of inflation eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot of inflation eventually
+the the deal turned into a much roten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deal turned into a much roten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the deal turned into a much roten
+deal much more roten deal because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal much more roten deal because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal much more roten deal because then
+to lower a little bit more employment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower a little bit more employment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower a little bit more employment we
+start getting a lot more of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting a lot more of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting a lot more of inflation
+okay so people for a while you know were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people for a while you know were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so people for a while you know were
+okay with this model assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this model assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with this model assuming that
+inflation was low but when they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was low but when they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was low but when they realized
+that this thing was being exploited then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing was being exploited then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing was being exploited then
+they began to sort of change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to sort of change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they began to sort of change the
+expectations they made I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations they made I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations they made I think that's
+what we had here but but the the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here but but the the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had here but but the the region
+held pretty well during this time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held pretty well during this time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held pretty well during this time and
+again it became steeper and steeper as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it became steeper and steeper as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it became steeper and steeper as
+we push it more and more towards sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we push it more and more towards sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we push it more and more towards sort of
+very low levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low levels of
+unemployment so that's the story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so that's the story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so that's the story but
+again there is your model of the Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is your model of the Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there is your model of the Philips
+curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and
+that is a very very good model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very very good model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a very very good model for the
+Times where Phillips also estimated his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times where Phillips also estimated his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times where Phillips also estimated his
+his Philips curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Philips curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Philips curve
+now if you sort of Turn the page and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you sort of Turn the page and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you sort of Turn the page and
+look at the same data in the'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the same data in the'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the same data in the'
+70s look how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s look how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s look how it
+looks okay so from 1970 to 1995 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks okay so from 1970 to 1995 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks okay so from 1970 to 1995 that's
+the data you have there there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have there there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you have there there's no
+negative relationship thing is all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relationship thing is all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relationship thing is all over
+the place okay so had Mr Phillips been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place okay so had Mr Phillips been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place okay so had Mr Phillips been
+born a few years few decades later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born a few years few decades later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born a few years few decades later and
+had he estimated his regression he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had he estimated his regression he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had he estimated his regression he would
+have found nothing okay there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found nothing okay there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found nothing okay there would be
+no curve in his honor at least he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no curve in his honor at least he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no curve in his honor at least he had
+run that same regression maybe he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that same regression maybe he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that same regression maybe he would
+have run a different regression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run a different regression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run a different regression but
+nothing okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing okay so what
+happen well our Theory can explain as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well our Theory can explain as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well our Theory can explain as
+well what happened there remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened there remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happened there remember the
+theory is not that inflation is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is not that inflation is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is not that inflation is equal to
+a constant minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant minus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minus Alpha U the theory says this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha U the theory says this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Alpha U the theory says this is a
+constant only if the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant only if the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant only if the model of
+expectation is this constant but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is this constant but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is this constant but if
+expectation is moving around or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is moving around or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is moving around or if
+anything in this constant is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this constant is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in this constant is moving
+around then then there's another source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around then then there's another source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around then then there's another source
+of variation okay for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation okay for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation okay for example what
+happens suppose you here in 1965 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens suppose you here in 1965 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens suppose you here in 1965 and all
+of a sudden you get a the price of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get a the price of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get a the price of oil
+goes up a lot and I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up a lot and I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up a lot and I'm telling you
+capture the price of oil with an increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the price of oil with an increas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the price of oil with an increas
+in M firms need to sort of Mark up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M firms need to sort of Mark up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in M firms need to sort of Mark up
+things more in order to cover higher en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more in order to cover higher en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more in order to cover higher en
+energy cost well look at what M does m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cost well look at what M does m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cost well look at what M does m
+says that for any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for any given level of
+unemployment now I get higher inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment now I get higher inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment now I get higher inflation
+that's what an oil shock does no you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an oil shock does no you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an oil shock does no you get
+an oil shock then for any given L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil shock then for any given L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oil shock then for any given L of
+employment now you get find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment now you get find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment now you get find yourself
+with more inflation so that moves you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more inflation so that moves you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more inflation so that moves you in
+the opposite direction moves you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction moves you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction moves you up
+there and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that's one of the
+reasons for these points around here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for these points around here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for these points around here we
+got lots of inflation because we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of inflation because we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of inflation because we got
+massive oil shocks H during the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive oil shocks H during the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive oil shocks H during the 70s and
+early 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we had wars in the Middle East and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had wars in the Middle East and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had wars in the Middle East and
+so on that that led to to those shock so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on that that led to to those shock so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on that that led to to those shock so
+that so that was one of the reasons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was one of the reasons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that was one of the reasons we
+got shocks here to this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got shocks here to this term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got shocks here to this term here
+and and that sort of mudded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that sort of mudded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that sort of mudded the
+relationship but the other reason which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but the other reason which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but the other reason which
+is more interesting I think and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more interesting I think and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more interesting I think and that you
+already began to see that something was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already began to see that something was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already began to see that something was
+happening here is that as inflation went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is that as inflation went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is that as inflation went
+up people sort of Stop Believing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up people sort of Stop Believing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up people sort of Stop Believing in this
+model so the expectation formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the expectation formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the expectation formation
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+change okay so this guy began to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so this guy began to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so this guy began to react
+to endogenous variables and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endogenous variables and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to endogenous variables and I'm going to
+explain more precisely what so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain more precisely what so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain more precisely what so that's
+what we mean by expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by expected inflation
+became the anchor was no longer anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the anchor was no longer anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the anchor was no longer anchor
+around this constant of 2% but but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this constant of 2% but but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this constant of 2% but but but
+it became the anchor it began to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became the anchor it began to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became the anchor it began to follow
+the data so if the data came with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so if the data came with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so if the data came with more
+inflation then people believe that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then people believe that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation then people believe that next
+year we would have more inflation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we would have more inflation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we would have more inflation as
+well okay not back to two 2% but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay not back to two 2% but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay not back to two 2% but if we
+got 5% inflation today people be to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 5% inflation today people be to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 5% inflation today people be to say
+well okay I don't think that next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I don't think that next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I don't think that next year
+my best estimate is 2% is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best estimate is 2% is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best estimate is 2% is probably
+closer to 5% % okay that's what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to 5% % okay that's what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to 5% % okay that's what it means
+the anchoring that's what has the fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anchoring that's what has the fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anchoring that's what has the fed
+and most central banks around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most central banks around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most central banks around the world
+terrified today inflation is very is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified today inflation is very is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrified today inflation is very is
+much higher than 2% and they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than 2% and they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than 2% and they're very
+worried about this guy becoming the Anor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this guy becoming the Anor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this guy becoming the Anor
+or an anle okay I'll get back to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an anle okay I'll get back to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an anle okay I'll get back to that in
+a second anyway so but let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second anyway so but let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second anyway so but let me let me
+explain this how this expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this how this expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this how this expected inflation
+term work here so let me replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term work here so let me replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term work here so let me replace the
+model of expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of expected inflation
+for something which is some weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something which is some weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something which is some weighted
+average of a constant that's and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of a constant that's and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of a constant that's and the
+most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recent
+inflation okay so this model says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay so this model says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay so this model says what
+is my expected inflation for next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my expected inflation for next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my expected inflation for next year
+well it's an average of this long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an average of this long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's an average of this long run
+Target that we have say 2% and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target that we have say 2% and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target that we have say 2% and whatever
+was the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the most recent
+inflation if Theta and the model I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if Theta and the model I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if Theta and the model I show
+you before the one that applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before the one that applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before the one that applied to the
+60s and so on up to the 60s had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and so on up to the 60s had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and so on up to the 60s had
+essentially Thal to zero so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Thal to zero so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially Thal to zero so this guy
+didn't show up there and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show up there and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't show up there and and and
+expected inflation was very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation was very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation was very well
+anchored what began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchored what began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchored what began to
+happen as we began to move that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as we began to move that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen as we began to move that way and
+then we got hit by oil shock so we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got hit by oil shock so we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we got hit by oil shock so we so
+people began to see much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to see much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people began to see much higher
+inflation numbers than they were used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation numbers than they were used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation numbers than they were used to
+then this Theta began to increase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Theta began to increase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Theta began to increase okay
+so people began to sort of change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people began to sort of change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people began to sort of change the
+mod of expectation and began to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod of expectation and began to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod of expectation and began to think
+that the inflation was going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inflation was going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inflation was going to be more
+persistent than they used to think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent than they used to think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent than they used to think in
+the past so in high inflation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so in high inflation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past so in high inflation today
+means High inflation tomorrow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means High inflation tomorrow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means High inflation tomorrow that's
+what it means more persistent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means more persistent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means more persistent in the
+past was high inflation today what was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past was high inflation today what was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past was high inflation today what was a
+backdraw we go back to sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdraw we go back to sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdraw we go back to sort of the
+normal long run average now that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal long run average now that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal long run average now that's no
+longer the case and so if I replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the case and so if I replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer the case and so if I replace this
+more General model of expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General model of expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General model of expected inflation
+here in the Philips curve I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Philips curve I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Philips curve I get this
+expression which now has this extra term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which now has this extra term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which now has this extra term
+so the we used to have the equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the we used to have the equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the we used to have the equal to zero
+but during the 70s and 80s and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during the 70s and 80s and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during the 70s and 80s and even
+early 90s actually that Theta got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s actually that Theta got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s actually that Theta got to be
+very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to
+one okay you estimate these models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay you estimate these models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay you estimate these models you
+get that Theta was very close to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that Theta was very close to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that Theta was very close to one and
+look at what happens when Theta gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens when Theta gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens when Theta gets
+very close to one so when Theta is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one so when Theta is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one so when Theta is one
+literally then the best forast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally then the best forast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally then the best forast for
+inflation is the previous inflation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is the previous inflation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is the previous inflation okay
+so this year is 5% and I think next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this year is 5% and I think next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this year is 5% and I think next year
+is 5% not 2% 5% if this year is 7% I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% not 2% 5% if this year is 7% I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% not 2% 5% if this year is 7% I
+think next year is 7%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think next year is 7%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think next year is 7%
+again and so if you do that then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so if you do that then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and so if you do that then my
+expected inflation becomes lag inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation becomes lag inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation becomes lag inflation
+Pi T minus one so if I stick in replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi T minus one so if I stick in replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi T minus one so if I stick in replace
+the expected inflation for pi T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected inflation for pi T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected inflation for pi T minus
+one I get to this Philip curve which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get to this Philip curve which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I get to this Philip curve which I
+can rewrite as the change in inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite as the change in inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite as the change in inflation
+been Rel as a as a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Rel as a as a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Rel as a as a relationship between
+the change in inflation and the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in inflation and the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in inflation and the level of
+unemployment so now what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so now what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so now what you have is
+that if an employment is very low then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if an employment is very low then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if an employment is very low then
+inflation is is picking up you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is is picking up you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is is picking up you know it's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+so if inflation if an employment is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if inflation if an employment is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if inflation if an employment is very
+low not only inflation is high but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low not only inflation is high but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low not only inflation is high but it's
+also growing over time okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also growing over time okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also growing over time okay that's the
+reason sometimes people refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason sometimes people refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason sometimes people refer to this
+formulation of the Philips curve as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of the Philips curve as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of the Philips curve as the
+accelerationist Phillips curve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerationist Phillips curve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerationist Phillips curve because
+now there a relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there a relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there a relation between
+unemployment and the change in inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and the change in inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and the change in inflation
+and if you estimate this Philips curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you estimate this Philips curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you estimate this Philips curve
+this acceleration is Philips curve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration is Philips curve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this acceleration is Philips curve on
+the data I just show you of the 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data I just show you of the 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data I just show you of the 70s and
+80s you get get a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s you get get a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s you get get a much better
+relationship okay you still have the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay you still have the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship okay you still have the old
+shocks that mess things up but but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks that mess things up but but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks that mess things up but but you
+start see recovering this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start see recovering this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start see recovering this negative
+relationship but again it's between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but again it's between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but again it's between the
+change in inflation and the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inflation and the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in inflation and the level of
+unemployment and that's a very scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and that's a very scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and that's a very scary
+situation for the central bank to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the central bank to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for the central bank to find
+itself in because it's very easy to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in because it's very easy to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in because it's very easy to for
+thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+escalate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the
+mid90s we had reanchored expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid90s we had reanchored expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid90s we had reanchored expectations
+there was sort of very AG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of very AG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was sort of very AG
+Rive policy to control inflation by Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rive policy to control inflation by Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rive policy to control inflation by Paul
+vulker in the US and it was imitated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker in the US and it was imitated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulker in the US and it was imitated
+around the world with some lag but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world with some lag but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world with some lag but but
+inflation became re-anchor so we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation became re-anchor so we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation became re-anchor so we went
+back to this Theta equal to zero type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this Theta equal to zero type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this Theta equal to zero type
+model the expected inflation in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the expected inflation in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the expected inflation in the US
+the target inflation of the Central Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target inflation of the Central Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target inflation of the Central Bank
+was around 2% that became what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was around 2% that became what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was around 2% that became what people
+expected for the next year and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected for the next year and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected for the next year and and and
+that reanchored so we went back in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reanchored so we went back in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reanchored so we went back in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to that sort of Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that sort of Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that sort of Philips
+Cur okay and that's what central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur okay and that's what central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cur okay and that's what central banks
+want to be at they want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be at they want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be at they want to have
+inflation expectation very well anchored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation expectation very well anchored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation expectation very well anchored
+and they were very successful after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very successful after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were very successful after the
+90s and so we got into again now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and so we got into again now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s and so we got into again now look
+I'm now I'm not running deceleration I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm not running deceleration I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now I'm not running deceleration I'm
+again running inflation against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again running inflation against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again running inflation against
+unemployment and you again see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and you again see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and you again see this
+downward sloping relationship okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping relationship okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping relationship okay so
+that was very good news was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very good news was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very good news was great
+success of monetary policy and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of monetary policy and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of monetary policy and during
+the '90s and later was the re-anchoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the '90s and later was the re-anchoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the '90s and later was the re-anchoring
+of expected inflation again all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expected inflation again all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expected inflation again all around
+the developed world and many of the incl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed world and many of the incl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developed world and many of the incl
+even Latin America many economies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Latin America many economies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even Latin America many economies in
+Latin americaas of reanchored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin americaas of reanchored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin americaas of reanchored
+expectation Asia and so on so so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation Asia and so on so so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation Asia and so on so so it was
+a good time for central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+banks okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next thing I want to do this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to do this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing I want to do this will
+connect more with the with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect more with the with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect more with the with the the
+previous lecture it's the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture it's the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture it's the last thing I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+say for this H lecture then I may start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for this H lecture then I may start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for this H lecture then I may start
+the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review
+afterwards um is that I want to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards um is that I want to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards um is that I want to connect
+now this Philips curve with something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Philips curve with something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this Philips curve with something we
+discussed in the previous lecture which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the previous lecture which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in the previous lecture which
+is the natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural rate of unemployment
+because that's the way you'll typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the way you'll typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the way you'll typically
+see the Philips Cur written and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Philips Cur written and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the Philips Cur written and and
+that's also the way that sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also the way that sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also the way that sort of you
+know when chairman Powell is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when chairman Powell is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when chairman Powell is talking
+about the labor market ESS and so on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the labor market ESS and so on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the labor market ESS and so on is
+not talking relative to M and z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking relative to M and z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking relative to M and z and
+things like that it's talking relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that it's talking relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that it's talking relative
+to what is called the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is called the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is called the natural rate of
+unemployment so I want to go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so I want to go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so I want to go from a
+Philips curve that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that like that to one that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like that to one that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like that to one that has the
+natural rate of unemployment in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment in there
+and so that's the last step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the last step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the last step in this
+lecture so remember the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so remember the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so remember the definition of
+the natural rate of unemployment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment what
+was the definition of the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the definition of the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the definition of the natural rate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unemployment was it the unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was it the unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was it the unemployment
+rate that God gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that God gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that God gave
+us any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God
+no it had a very precise meaning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us and remember we use exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and remember we use exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and remember we use exactly that
+model to figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we we sold the actually we sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we sold the actually we sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we sold the actually we sold the
+natural rate of unemployment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment from
+something like this I think we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this I think we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this I think we had the
+function still generic function f of u z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function still generic function f of u z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function still generic function f of u z
+but we Sol from an expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we Sol from an expression like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we Sol from an expression like
+this we we said under one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we we said under one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we we said under one
+assumption we can call this U un the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we can call this U un the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we can call this U un the
+natural rate of unemployment what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment what was
+that assumption and that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption and that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption and that's the only
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+expected price expected price is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price expected price is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price expected price is equal
+to the actual price okay so we said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual price okay so we said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual price okay so we said if
+this is equal to that then you solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to that then you solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to that then you solve out
+L naturual rate of unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L naturual rate of unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L naturual rate of unemployment and
+that's the only thing that that it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that that it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that that it that
+means that that that naturual rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that that naturual rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that that naturual rate of
+unemployment means simply that one when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment means simply that one when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment means simply that one when
+the when the price is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the price is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the price is equal to the
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+price but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price but if the
+price is equal to expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is equal to expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is equal to expected
+price what else is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I pointed at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Expressions inflation is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions inflation is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions inflation is equal to
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+inflation so I can use the same logic I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so I can use the same logic I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so I can use the same logic I
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+here for the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the natural rate of
+unemployment using the Philips curve I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment using the Philips curve I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment using the Philips curve I
+can say okay my I can solve out for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay my I can solve out for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay my I can solve out for the
+natural rate of unemployment here simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment here simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment here simply
+by setting the spected inflation equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting the spected inflation equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by setting the spected inflation equal
+to actual inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actual inflation
+okay and if I do this I can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I do this I can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I do this I can solve for
+the natural rate of unemployment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment from
+here un I mean I'm going to give I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here un I mean I'm going to give I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here un I mean I'm going to give I put
+the superscript in here when I when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superscript in here when I when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superscript in here when I when you
+let me replace Pi for pi that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me replace Pi for pi that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me replace Pi for pi that's a that's
+what that's what I the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what I the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what I the fact that I
+replace this Pi for pi is what allows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this Pi for pi is what allows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this Pi for pi is what allows me
+to put the superscript N there call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the superscript N there call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the superscript N there call it
+the natural rate of unemployment and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment and now
+I can solve it well obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve it well obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can solve it well obviously that
+canist with that and I can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canist with that and I can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canist with that and I can solve the
+natural rate of unemployment and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment and it's
+equal to this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this function here
+so why is the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the natural rate of
+unemployment increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment increasing in
+m a question like that can come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a question like that can come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a question like that can come up in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+quiz I'm not going to use the Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I'm not going to use the Philips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz I'm not going to use the Philips
+curve to ask you if I ask you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to ask you if I ask you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to ask you if I ask you about that
+but I can ask you that what what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can ask you that what what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can ask you that what what happens
+to Natural rate of an employment if M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Natural rate of an employment if M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Natural rate of an employment if M
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+up you know that you will go up but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know that you will go up but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know that you will go up but what
+is the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why does the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does the natural rate of
+unemployment go up when the markup goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment go up when the markup goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment go up when the markup goes
+up yep remain constant wages have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yep remain constant wages have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yep remain constant wages have to go
+down right I mean another way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I mean another way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right I mean another way of saying
+it is that the firms are not willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that the firms are not willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that the firms are not willing to
+pay they want to pay a lower real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay they want to pay a lower real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay they want to pay a lower real
+wage at the original level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at the original level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at the original level of
+unemployment before the change in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment before the change in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment before the change in M
+workers would not take that lower real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would not take that lower real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would not take that lower real
+wage no it's not an equilibrium real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no it's not an equilibrium real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no it's not an equilibrium real
+wage because workers said no no at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage because workers said no no at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage because workers said no no at this
+level of unemployment we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of unemployment we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of unemployment we need that
+higher real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher real
+wage so the only way to restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage so the only way to restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage so the only way to restore
+equilibrium in that model we had was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in that model we had was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in that model we had was to
+increase unemployment because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase unemployment because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase unemployment because that will
+lower the bargaining power of workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the bargaining power of workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the bargaining power of workers
+and they will end up accepting the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will end up accepting the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will end up accepting the lower
+real wage that firms are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wage that firms are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wage that firms are willing to
+offer now okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer now okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer now okay so that's a
+reason H we get this this markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect Z is same logic it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Z is same logic it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect Z is same logic it's a little
+easier to see it there but Z means well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see it there but Z means well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see it there but Z means well
+at any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any given level of
+unemployment an increasing Z means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment an increasing Z means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment an increasing Z means
+workers want a higher real wage firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers want a higher real wage firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers want a higher real wage firms
+are not willing to pay a higher real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not willing to pay a higher real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not willing to pay a higher real
+wage so you have to bring down the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage so you have to bring down the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage so you have to bring down the real
+wage of workers demand and the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of workers demand and the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage of workers demand and the only way
+that can happen is with a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is with a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is with a higher
+unemployment okay that's the reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment okay that's the reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment okay that's the reason the
+natural rate of unemployment is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment is also
+increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z okay and now the last step the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay and now the last step the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay and now the last step the last
+step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is to
+you see I can go back to my Philips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve say
+that and I'm going to replace M plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm going to replace M plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm going to replace M plus
+Z for Alpha unu I can do that see I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for Alpha unu I can do that see I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for Alpha unu I can do that see I can
+replace this M plus c z for Alpha time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this M plus c z for Alpha time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace this M plus c z for Alpha time
+unu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n how do I know that well M plus z z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n how do I know that well M plus z z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n how do I know that well M plus z z is
+equal to un * Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to un * Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to un * Alpha
+I can replace in the Philips curve M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can replace in the Philips curve M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can replace in the Philips curve M
+plus C by Alpha un and I can re I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C by Alpha un and I can re I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C by Alpha un and I can re I can
+therefore rewrite the Philips curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore rewrite the Philips curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore rewrite the Philips curve in
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+form inflation is equal to expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form inflation is equal to expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form inflation is equal to expected
+inflation minus Alpha times the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation minus Alpha times the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation minus Alpha times the gap
+between the unemployment rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unemployment rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the unemployment rate and the
+natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of
+unemployment okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment okay so so
+when chairman Powell is worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when chairman Powell is worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when chairman Powell is worried about
+Labor Market very tight what is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor Market very tight what is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labor Market very tight what is saying
+is Well unemployment is likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Well unemployment is likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Well unemployment is likely to be
+below the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the natural rate of
+unemployment because if unemployment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment because if unemployment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment because if unemployment is
+below the natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the natural rate of unemployment
+that's putting upward pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's putting upward pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's putting upward pressure on
+inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+okay so that's a so that's what it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a so that's what it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a so that's what it mean
+this Gap is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gap is very important for
+microeconomist and certainly for Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomist and certainly for Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microeconomist and certainly for Central
+Bankers that are very worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bankers that are very worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bankers that are very worried about
+inflation okay that Gap here problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay that Gap here problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay that Gap here problem is
+is this is s difficult object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is s difficult object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is s difficult object to
+estimate so you have to have estimates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so you have to have estimates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so you have to have estimates
+is the truth is that it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the truth is that it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the truth is that it's very difficult
+to know what it is although there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is although there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it is although there are
+estimates out there and going I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates out there and going I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates out there and going I show you
+one you notice that something is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you notice that something is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you notice that something is wrong
+when this guy starts speaking up it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this guy starts speaking up it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this guy starts speaking up it's a
+little bit the other way around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other way around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the other way around you
+know the US in fact had the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the US in fact had the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the US in fact had the opposite
+problem um before covid is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um before covid is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um before covid is that somehow
+unemployment was very low relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was very low relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment was very low relative to
+historical levels but inflation was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical levels but inflation was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical levels but inflation was not
+picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up
+so that was implicitly telling us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was implicitly telling us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was implicitly telling us that
+for some reason not fully understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason not fully understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason not fully understood the
+natural rate of unemployment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rate of unemployment was
+declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining
+okay so here is one picture that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is one picture that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is one picture that looks
+is one estimate again I don't trust any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one estimate again I don't trust any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one estimate again I don't trust any
+particular estimate but it tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular estimate but it tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular estimate but it tells the
+story that's one particular estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's one particular estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's one particular estimate of
+the natural rate of unemployment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment in the
+US that blue line and what you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that blue line and what you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that blue line and what you see in
+red the red is the actual rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red the red is the actual rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red the red is the actual rate of
+unemployment in the US so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment in the US so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment in the US so so what
+happens when in situations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so what do you think was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what do you think was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what do you think was happening
+to inflation in in this episode which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inflation in in this episode which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inflation in in this episode which is
+right after the global financial crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the global financial crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after the global financial crisis
+or the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Recession so what what what do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recession so what what what do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recession so what what what do you need
+to read here well the unemployment rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read here well the unemployment rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read here well the unemployment rate
+was a lot higher than the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot higher than the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot higher than the natural rate
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+unemployment does that put upward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment does that put upward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment does that put upward or
+downward pressure on inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward pressure on inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward pressure on inflation
+downward pressure on inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward pressure on inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward pressure on inflation
+unemployment is very high Rel to Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is very high Rel to Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is very high Rel to Natural
+rate of unemployment it's minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment it's minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment it's minus Alpha
+time uus un so and that's what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uus un so and that's what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uus un so and that's what happened
+we had lots of problem with inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of problem with inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had lots of problem with inflation
+inflation was going very low we even had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was going very low we even had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was going very low we even had
+negative inflation there a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative inflation there a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative inflation there a little
+deflation for a while okay so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation for a while okay so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflation for a while okay so that was a
+problem here is the period that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is the period that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is the period that I
+described before is a little mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before is a little mysterious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described before is a little mysterious
+because we went unemployment went beow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we went unemployment went beow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we went unemployment went beow
+we thought it was a natural rlo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was a natural rlo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was a natural rlo and
+inflation wasn't really picking up a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation wasn't really picking up a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation wasn't really picking up a lot
+at the end began to pick up a little but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end began to pick up a little but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end began to pick up a little but
+it wasn't picking have a lot and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't picking have a lot and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't picking have a lot and that
+was a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit of a
+mystery now we're in this situation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery now we're in this situation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery now we're in this situation here
+which we have extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have extremely low
+unemployment and very high inflation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and very high inflation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and very high inflation so
+so this I think this captures well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I think this captures well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I think this captures well the
+situation right now we have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right now we have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right now we have a negative
+gap between unemployment and the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap between unemployment and the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap between unemployment and the natural
+rate of unemployment and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment and that's the
+reason that's putting a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's putting a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's putting a lot of pressure
+on inflation we also have other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inflation we also have other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inflation we also have other things
+that are putting pressure on inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are putting pressure on inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are putting pressure on inflation
+that come from the supply side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the supply side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from the supply side of the
+economy and so on so that combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and so on so that combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and so on so that combination
+is pretty bad for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty bad for for
+the inflation outcomes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation outcomes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inflation outcomes and and
+Outlook as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlook as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlook as well
+okay so that's where we're at we're want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where we're at we're want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where we're at we're want
+to talk a lot more about this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot more about this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot more about this because
+this is what is going on right now any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is going on right now any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what is going on right now any
+questions about that otherwise I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that otherwise I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that otherwise I want to
+start sort of reviewing things although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sort of reviewing things although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sort of reviewing things although
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+know any question about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any question about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any question about these
+y this direction to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this direction to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this direction to increase
+unemployment sorry is the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment sorry is the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment sorry is the only way to
+fix I guess the inflationary well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix I guess the inflationary well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix I guess the inflationary well that's
+a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+question that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question and I'm trying to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to answer what with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer what with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer what with what we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there are two views at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are two views at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are two views at this
+moment there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment there's one
+view that says there's no way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that says there's no way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that says there's no way around
+that that just look at this curve says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just look at this curve says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that just look at this curve says
+look there's no way around that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's no way around that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there's no way around that that's
+the reason we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we need a
+recession okay because otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession okay because otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession okay because otherwise we're
+not going to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to control
+inflation and recession means higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and recession means higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and recession means higher
+employment okay that's one view at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment okay that's one view at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment okay that's one view at this
+moment it's becoming the dominant view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's becoming the dominant view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it's becoming the dominant view
+has going in Cycles but at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has going in Cycles but at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has going in Cycles but at this moment
+is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dominant
+view there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view there is
+another view which is the one that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view which is the one that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another view which is the one that the
+Central Bank the FED adopted for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank the FED adopted for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank the FED adopted for a while
+that said well this is not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well this is not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said well this is not the only
+indicator of tightness of the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of tightness of the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of tightness of the labor
+market there is other things as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there is other things as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there is other things as well and
+those indicators are moving in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those indicators are moving in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those indicators are moving in the right
+direction and so we may be able not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so we may be able not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and so we may be able not to
+create a big mess here because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a big mess here because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a big mess here because these
+other factors are moving in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors are moving in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other factors are moving in the right
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+direction some of those factors are as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction some of those factors are as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction some of those factors are as I
+said other measures of of Labor Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said other measures of of Labor Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said other measures of of Labor Market
+tightness and and high the flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness and and high the flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightness and and high the flows
+remember I showed you flows between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I showed you flows between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I showed you flows between
+employment and employment out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and employment out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment and employment out of
+employment so on those flows look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment so on those flows look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment so on those flows look
+extremely tight and now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely tight and now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely tight and now they're
+improving so the gaps in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving so the gaps in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving so the gaps in those
+dimensions are better and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are better and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are better and the other one
+is there was a big cost push component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there was a big cost push component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there was a big cost push component
+which is what I said before the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I said before the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I said before the supply
+chains and so on created extra inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and so on created extra inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains and so on created extra inflation
+abnormal inflation like increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal inflation like increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal inflation like increasing
+markups like M was very high and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups like M was very high and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups like M was very high and some of
+that is subsiding as well so so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is subsiding as well so so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is subsiding as well so so there
+are dynamics that suggest that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dynamics that suggest that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dynamics that suggest that inflation
+is declining even without unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is declining even without unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is declining even without unemployment
+but I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say
+the median voter in this space of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median voter in this space of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median voter in this space of you
+know forecast of inflation and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forecast of inflation and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know forecast of inflation and so on
+thinks that that we will need some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that that we will need some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that that we will need some some
+adjustment through this this part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment through this this part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment through this this part as
+well okay my main concern I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay my main concern I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay my main concern I I think that
+the the fed the path the FED is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fed the path the FED is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fed the path the FED is
+forecasting is feasible but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting is feasible but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting is feasible but a very
+narrow path I mean it may happen and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow path I mean it may happen and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow path I mean it may happen and and
+to me whether they're successful at not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me whether they're successful at not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me whether they're successful at not
+creating a big mess here that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a big mess here that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a big mess here that mean
+bringing an employment very high in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing an employment very high in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing an employment very high in
+order to bring inflation down has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring inflation down has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to bring inflation down has a lot
+to do with whether somehow we manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with whether somehow we manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with whether somehow we manage to
+keep expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep expected inflation
+anchor and uh there was some evence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor and uh there was some evence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor and uh there was some evence I
+think I said that a few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said that a few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said that a few lectures ago
+there was some evidence that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some evidence that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some evidence that in the
+summer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of
+er er Summit of 2022 I'm from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er er Summit of 2022 I'm from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er er Summit of 2022 I'm from the
+southern hemisphere so I get always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern hemisphere so I get always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern hemisphere so I get always
+confused with Summers and and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with Summers and and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with Summers and and so on so
+the in in the summer of 2022 us summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the summer of 2022 us summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the summer of 2022 us summer
+of 222 inflation was becoming very an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 222 inflation was becoming very an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 222 inflation was becoming very an
+anchor this guy one year expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor this guy one year expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor this guy one year expected
+inflation was creeping up to 6% and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was creeping up to 6% and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was creeping up to 6% and that
+was very scary okay because think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very scary okay because think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very scary okay because think what
+happened if if if you get expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if if if you get expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened if if if you get expected
+inflation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation at
+6% then it's not enough to bring an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% then it's not enough to bring an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% then it's not enough to bring an
+employment to the Natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to the Natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to the Natural rate of
+unemployment to get inflation back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment to get inflation back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment to get inflation back to
+the 2% we like because you need to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2% we like because you need to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2% we like because you need to bring
+expected inflation down now and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation down now and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation down now and that
+means you need to sort of bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to sort of bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you need to sort of bring the
+employment rate very very high in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment rate very very high in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment rate very very high in order
+to re-anchor expectation so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-anchor expectation so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-anchor expectation so that's a
+very scary situation they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary situation they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very scary situation they were very
+persuasive though at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasive though at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasive though at the end of the
+summer with very hawkish speeches and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer with very hawkish speeches and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer with very hawkish speeches and so
+on and they managed to re anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and they managed to re anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and they managed to re anchor
+expected inflation expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation expected inflation
+very quickly came down to two two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly came down to two two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly came down to two two and a
+half per one year out even but now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half per one year out even but now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half per one year out even but now it
+has been picking up again and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been picking up again and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been picking up again and now we're
+around 3% again so it's a little scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 3% again so it's a little scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 3% again so it's a little scary
+where we are so to me this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are so to me this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are so to me this is going to
+be very important in that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important in that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important in that so if
+inflation keeps lingering around 6% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation keeps lingering around 6% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation keeps lingering around 6% and
+so on and eventually this expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and eventually this expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and eventually this expected
+inflation becomes an anchor then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation becomes an anchor then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation becomes an anchor then there's
+almost no way around but to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no way around but to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost no way around but to have a
+recession to get out of that if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession to get out of that if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession to get out of that if that
+doesn't happen if this convincing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen if this convincing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen if this convincing of
+people that that you know they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that you know they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that that you know they're very
+serious about this stuff and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about this stuff and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious about this stuff and they they
+re anchor expect expect the inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re anchor expect expect the inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re anchor expect expect the inflation
+then we don't need to create a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we don't need to create a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we don't need to create a large
+recession still they may create it cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession still they may create it cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession still they may create it cause
+it because you know accidents happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you know accidents happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you know accidents happen but
+but but they don't need to but they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they don't need to but they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they don't need to but they will
+need to if this guy gets an anchor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to if this guy gets an anchor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to if this guy gets an anchor
+actually maybe I can use even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe I can use even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe I can use even this
+expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+to explain what I'm trying to say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what I'm trying to say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain what I'm trying to say and I
+realize that this is again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this is again this is
+material really for for the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material really for for the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material really for for the next lecture
+what I'm trying to say is that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is that if they
+manage to keep this data very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to keep this data very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to keep this data very close to
+zero okay then in order to BR inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then in order to BR inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay then in order to BR inflation
+back to their target of Pi Bar 2% or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their target of Pi Bar 2% or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their target of Pi Bar 2% or so
+all that they really need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they really need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they really need to do is to
+sort of bring an employment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring an employment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring an employment to the
+Natural rate of unemployment so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural rate of unemployment so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural rate of unemployment so they
+only need to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to really
+ER fix this Gap okay they need to clim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER fix this Gap okay they need to clim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER fix this Gap okay they need to clim
+raise an employment so so it closes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise an employment so so it closes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise an employment so so it closes that
+Gap but it's a small change that's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap but it's a small change that's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap but it's a small change that's is
+they succeed keeping expected inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they succeed keeping expected inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they succeed keeping expected inflation
+at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at around
+2% if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't say suppose that that that Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say suppose that that that Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say suppose that that that Theta
+becomes very far from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very far from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very far from from
+zero then we have a problem because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we have a problem because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then we have a problem because then
+expected inflation is above the Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is above the Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is above the Target
+no because we have 6% so suppose that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we have 6% so suppose that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because we have 6% so suppose that is
+equal to one we have 6% then expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we have 6% then expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we have 6% then expected
+inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+6% that means that if you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% that means that if you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% that means that if you if your
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is
+6% then in order to bring bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% then in order to bring bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% then in order to bring bring the
+inflation if you bring an employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if you bring an employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if you bring an employment
+just to the Natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the Natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the Natural rate of unemployment
+so the red line to the Blue Line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red line to the Blue Line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the red line to the Blue Line you
+haven't made a lot of progress all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made a lot of progress all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't made a lot of progress all that
+you have done is you have brought down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have done is you have brought down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have done is you have brought down
+inflation to 6% which is expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation to 6% which is expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation to 6% which is expect
+inflation so if you have expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so if you have expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so if you have expected
+inflation of 6% you need to bring an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation of 6% you need to bring an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation of 6% you need to bring an
+employment much higher than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment much higher than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment much higher than the actual
+rate of unemployment in order to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment in order to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of unemployment in order to bring
+inflation back to the Target of 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation back to the Target of 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation back to the Target of 2%
+that's the reason I say to me the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I say to me the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I say to me the fight
+will be the battle will be won or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the battle will be won or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the battle will be won or
+lost on that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on that term
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+yep how much of this current like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep how much of this current like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep how much of this current like
+inflationary pressure is caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary pressure is caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary pressure is caused by
+unemployment how much would it cause on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment how much would it cause on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment how much would it cause on
+the supply side cuz it feels like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side cuz it feels like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply side cuz it feels like a lot
+of the stuff like CPI going up Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff like CPI going up Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff like CPI going up Energy
+prices going up like how much can p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices going up like how much can p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices going up like how much can p
+control well it varies at different part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control well it varies at different part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control well it varies at different part
+different places around the world but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places around the world but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places around the world but
+but in the US H for a while a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the US H for a while a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the US H for a while a big
+component of inflation was all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of inflation was all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of inflation was all that
+stuff H you know bottlenecks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff H you know bottlenecks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff H you know bottlenecks in the
+ports and and stuff like that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports and and stuff like that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports and and stuff like that that's
+almost all gone there's very little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all gone there's very little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all gone there's very little of
+that left so now is is aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left so now is is aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that left so now is is aggregate demand
+people feel very rich for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel very rich for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel very rich for a variety of
+reasons they're spending a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they're spending a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons they're spending a lot and
+that's the reason unemployment is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason unemployment is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason unemployment is very
+low it's not an employment per se it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's not an employment per se it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's not an employment per se it's
+just an aggregate demand is very high no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an aggregate demand is very high no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an aggregate demand is very high no
+ER and that translate into very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and that translate into very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and that translate into very low
+unemployment and that fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and that fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment and that fits into
+inflation this way through wages and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation this way through wages and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation this way through wages and so
+on but in the US the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but in the US the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but in the US the component of
+aggregate demand is much larger than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is much larger than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is much larger than in
+Europe in Europe those supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in Europe those supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe in Europe those supply side
+factors are much more important so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are much more important so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are much more important so you
+know around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the summer of 2022 you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the summer of 2022 you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the summer of 2022 you could say
+both both Europe and the US had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both Europe and the US had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both Europe and the US had about
+the same amount of excess inflation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of excess inflation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of excess inflation they
+were all with around 10% inflation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all with around 10% inflation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all with around 10% inflation but
+in the US was to3d excess aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US was to3d excess aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US was to3d excess aggregate
+demand while in Europe was two third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand while in Europe was two third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand while in Europe was two third
+problems on the supply side especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the supply side especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on the supply side especially
+because of the war and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the war and stuff like that
+okay so so but for the us today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but for the us today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so but for the us today is
+mostly an aggregate demand problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly an aggregate demand problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly an aggregate demand problem we're
+not going to get a lot of obviously if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get a lot of obviously if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get a lot of obviously if
+the war stops that's going to help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war stops that's going to help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war stops that's going to help but
+it's not going to be enough we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be enough we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be enough we we we
+need to just the economy is too hot it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to just the economy is too hot it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to just the economy is too hot it's
+too much aggregate demand out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much aggregate demand out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much aggregate demand out there
+that's that's the fundamental problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the fundamental problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the fundamental problem
+yeah please explain again why and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please explain again why and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah please explain again why and
+increase in Z would increase the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in Z would increase the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in Z would increase the natural
+rate of increase in Z yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of increase in Z yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of increase in Z yeah
+so um for that the best is the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um for that the best is the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um for that the best is the previous
+slide diagram but remember what Z does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide diagram but remember what Z does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide diagram but remember what Z does
+actually let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me go
+to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this equation
+here so we can figure out in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can figure out in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can figure out in this in
+these two equations here if Z goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations here if Z goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations here if Z goes up
+that means for any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means for any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means for any given level of
+unemployment an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment an expected
+inflation wages go up workers demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation wages go up workers demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation wages go up workers demand
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+wage but remember that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but remember that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but remember that that the
+firms ER so soor let me let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms ER so soor let me let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms ER so soor let me let me let me
+we're talking about the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the natural rate of
+unemployment so let me replace this PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so let me replace this PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment so let me replace this PE
+for p first of all okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p first of all okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p first of all okay so I'm going to
+divide W by P both sides so I get if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide W by P both sides so I get if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide W by P both sides so I get if if
+Z goes up the workers want a higher real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z goes up the workers want a higher real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z goes up the workers want a higher real
+wage no if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no if
+because if Z goes up then W over p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Z goes up then W over p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Z goes up then W over p and
+dividing by people side goes up workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by people side goes up workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by people side goes up workers
+demand the higher wage but the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the higher wage but the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the higher wage but the firms
+from here you can see that I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can see that I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here you can see that I can divide
+by P both sides W over P that the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P both sides W over P that the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by P both sides W over P that the firms
+offer is equal to 1 over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer is equal to 1 over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer is equal to 1 over 1 +
+m okay so the the firms are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay so the the firms are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay so the the firms are not going to
+offer a higher real wage the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a higher real wage the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a higher real wage the workers
+want a higher real wage the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a higher real wage the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a higher real wage the only thing
+that can restore equilibrium that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can restore equilibrium that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can restore equilibrium that the
+workers end up demanding the same real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers end up demanding the same real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers end up demanding the same real
+wage as the firms are willing to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage as the firms are willing to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage as the firms are willing to pay is
+that somehow the hands of the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the hands of the worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow the hands of the worker
+gets weakened and the only variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets weakened and the only variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets weakened and the only variable here
+that can weaken their hand is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can weaken their hand is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can weaken their hand is higher
+deployment okay so let me put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in So at the natural rate I know that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in So at the natural rate I know that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in So at the natural rate I know that P
+is equal to P so that means the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P so that means the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to P so that means the weight
+setting equation the weight setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation the weight setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation the weight setting
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+implies W over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies W over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies W over
+P equal f u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+okay from the price setting equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the price setting equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the price setting equation
+I have that W over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that W over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have that W over
+p is equal to 1 over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to 1 over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is equal to 1 over 1 +
+m so in this very simple mod this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so in this very simple mod this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so in this very simple mod this is
+given if this guy goes up these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if this guy goes up these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given if this guy goes up these guys
+want a higher real wage but that cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a higher real wage but that cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a higher real wage but that cannot
+happen because that would be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because that would be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because that would be consistent
+with the price setting so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the price setting so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the price setting so you need to
+bring down this guy now the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down this guy now the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down this guy now the only thing
+that can bring it down is for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bring it down is for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bring it down is for an
+employment to go up and that's at P we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to go up and that's at P we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment to go up and that's at P we
+call that the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the natural rate of
+unemployment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like last lecture we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like last lecture we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like last lecture we talked about the
+labor force participation rate um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force participation rate um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force participation rate um is
+there like any reason to try and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like any reason to try and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like any reason to try and like
+increase that to increase oh that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that to increase oh that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that to increase oh that would
+fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes well I mean there are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I mean there are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well I mean there are sort of
+negative policies as well you know Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative policies as well you know Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative policies as well you know Z
+reduction in a sense does that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in a sense does that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in a sense does that because
+there was a emergency unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a emergency unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a emergency unemployment
+benefits e emergency income supplements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits e emergency income supplements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits e emergency income supplements
+and so on as a result of the pandemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on as a result of the pandemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on as a result of the pandemia
+that are disappearing slowly and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are disappearing slowly and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are disappearing slowly and that
+very naturate so is going to bring a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturate so is going to bring a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturate so is going to bring a a a
+participation back up and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation back up and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation back up and it is
+beginning to pick up so so yeah you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to pick up so so yeah you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to pick up so so yeah you need
+to incentivize return to work and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incentivize return to work and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to incentivize return to work and now
+there are some people that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some people that there's
+nothing that they retire essentially or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that they retire essentially or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that they retire essentially or
+you know or they have health problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or they have health problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or they have health problems
+and they they just cannot return we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they just cannot return we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they just cannot return we lost
+that and the other margin which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the other margin which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the other margin which is very
+important is immigration so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is immigration so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is immigration so that's a big
+issue because immigration obviously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because immigration obviously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because immigration obviously we
+lost I think in the US and not a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost I think in the US and not a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost I think in the US and not a labor
+economy but we lost I think a flow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy but we lost I think a flow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy but we lost I think a flow for
+the of the order of 500,000 people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the order of 500,000 people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the order of 500,000 people a
+year during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year during
+covid and and and that's that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid and and and that's that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covid and and and that's that's a big
+chunk of the decline in in the label no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of the decline in in the label no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of the decline in in the label no
+what you need is more employment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is more employment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need is more employment that's
+going to that puts downward pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to that puts downward pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to that puts downward pressure on
+wages for the same amount of aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages for the same amount of aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wages for the same amount of aggregate
+demand and that's what you need but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that's what you need but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and that's what you need but but
+the yeah we're take that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah we're take that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah we're take that's a very good
+point we're taking all that as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're taking all that as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're taking all that as given
+here remember we're fixing all that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember we're fixing all that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember we're fixing all that but
+but if you don't then then other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't then then other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't then then other terms
+will start appearing in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start appearing in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start appearing in this expression
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+good obviously I'm not going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good obviously I'm not going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good obviously I'm not going to start
+the review we have only one minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review we have only one minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the review we have only one minute but
+so in the next lecture I I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next lecture I I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the next lecture I I'll just
+review the material for the quiz
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mslvJdTQhHc.txt b/mslvJdTQhHc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e78405d4ba45a89edce734f9290e171707b9a05a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mslvJdTQhHc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues that arise at work are often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that arise at work are often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that arise at work are often a
+reflection of problems occurring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of problems occurring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of problems occurring in the
+larger society and the tensions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger society and the tensions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger society and the tensions that
+we're seeing out there today so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing out there today so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing out there today so today
+unfortunately all around the world we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately all around the world we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately all around the world we're
+seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing
+conflicts sometimes verbal attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts sometimes verbal attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts sometimes verbal attacks
+sometimes physical attacks maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes physical attacks maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes physical attacks maybe it's
+refugees from Syria or other War torn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees from Syria or other War torn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees from Syria or other War torn
+countries trying to find find a place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries trying to find find a place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries trying to find find a place to
+live in Europe maybe it's attacks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Europe maybe it's attacks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Europe maybe it's attacks on
+immigrants maybe in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants maybe in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants maybe in the United States
+now it seems to be attacks on religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it seems to be attacks on religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it seems to be attacks on religious
+groups Muslims sometimes now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups Muslims sometimes now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups Muslims sometimes now we're
+seeing racial conflicts rise again so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing racial conflicts rise again so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing racial conflicts rise again so we
+thought uh it would be useful in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh it would be useful in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought uh it would be useful in this
+course to have a conversation about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to have a conversation about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to have a conversation about how
+these conflicts then affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conflicts then affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conflicts then affect the
+workplace and what have what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace and what have what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace and what have what we've
+learned over the years about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned over the years about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned over the years about how to
+address them effectively and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address them effectively and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address them effectively and we're
+fortunate to have a world-class expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have a world-class expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have a world-class expert
+here uh to draw on uh I'm talking today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh to draw on uh I'm talking today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh to draw on uh I'm talking today
+with Professor Mary row a friend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor Mary row a friend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor Mary row a friend and
+colleague here in the Sloan School Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague here in the Sloan School Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague here in the Sloan School Mary
+has been the ood's person for MIT for 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the ood's person for MIT for 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the ood's person for MIT for 40
+years and she's now taking time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and she's now taking time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and she's now taking time to
+reflect on the lessons she learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the lessons she learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the lessons she learned from
+that experience and its implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience and its implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experience and its implications for
+how we can move forward so Mary thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can move forward so Mary thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can move forward so Mary thank
+you for joining us today my pleasure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for joining us today my pleasure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for joining us today my pleasure so
+why don't we start right at the be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start right at the be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we start right at the be the
+beginning what is an edsman or UDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning what is an edsman or UDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning what is an edsman or UDS
+person or UDS whatever the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or UDS whatever the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or UDS whatever the appropriate
+term is and uh what does a person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is and uh what does a person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is and uh what does a person in
+that role do an organizational UT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role do an organizational UT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that role do an organizational UT and
+there's lots of us now around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of us now around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of us now around the world
+I I'm I'm guessing that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I'm guessing that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm I'm guessing that there are
+probably about a thousand of us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about a thousand of us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about a thousand of us in
+corporations and government agencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and government agencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and government agencies and
+academic institutions around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic institutions around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic institutions around the
+world um is a neutral many people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um is a neutral many people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um is a neutral many people know
+what a mediator does and if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a mediator does and if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a mediator does and if you can
+imagine an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an internal
+mediator who works on any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator who works on any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator who works on any kind of
+problem that comes to him or her that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that comes to him or her that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that comes to him or her that
+begins the picture we're independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins the picture we're independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins the picture we're independent of
+all line and staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all line and staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all line and staff
+offices by standards of practice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices by standards of practice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices by standards of practice we
+report to the Chief Executive Officer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to the Chief Executive Officer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report to the Chief Executive Officer or
+above him or her to a board we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above him or her to a board we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above him or her to a board we're
+informal we don't have any management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal we don't have any management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal we don't have any management
+power we can't fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we can't fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power we can't fix
+anything and we are confidential that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and we are confidential that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and we are confidential that's
+perhaps the most important thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most important thing for
+your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh
+for your talk today we keep no case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your talk today we keep no case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your talk today we keep no case
+records for our organizations anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for our organizations anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records for our organizations anybody
+can we're called a zero barrier office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're called a zero barrier office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're called a zero barrier office
+we should establish an office where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should establish an office where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should establish an office where
+there are no barriers at all to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no barriers at all to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no barriers at all to being
+able to come to talk with us well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come to talk with us well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come to talk with us well that's
+a good introduction and I know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good introduction and I know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good introduction and I know you have
+emphasized the need for multiple tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the need for multiple tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized the need for multiple tools
+to fit into U what you have called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into U what you have called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into U what you have called a
+conflict management system could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict management system could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict management system could you
+describe what some of these tools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what some of these tools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what some of these tools are
+that uh are needed for people in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are needed for people in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are needed for people in your
+role to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role to be
+effective well people in my role need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective well people in my role need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective well people in my role need
+various kinds of tools we think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of tools we think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of tools we think of a
+sense of humor uh Integrity intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor uh Integrity intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of humor uh Integrity intelligence
+caring uh especially important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring uh especially important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring uh especially important
+especially because of what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because of what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because of what you were
+saying before about the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before about the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before about the origins of
+conflict we think of Ombudsman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict we think of Ombudsman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict we think of Ombudsman is
+needing to have a lot of cross-cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to have a lot of cross-cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to have a lot of cross-cultural
+experience and indeed my profession is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and indeed my profession is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and indeed my profession is
+one of the best ated professions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best ated professions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best ated professions in the
+world by race and by gender I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by race and by gender I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by race and by gender I'm very
+proud of that but I think you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of that but I think you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of that but I think you're also
+thinking about what needs to be in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what needs to be in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what needs to be in an
+organizational system to deal with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational system to deal with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational system to deal with with
+conflicts in the workplace and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts in the workplace and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts in the workplace and with
+students and so on is that right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and so on is that right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and so on is that right that's
+right some of the tools and the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some of the tools and the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some of the tools and the options
+that I know uh you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know uh you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know uh you consider
+important lots of people who think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lots of people who think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important lots of people who think about
+this question think first about do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question think first about do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question think first about do we
+have a formal grievance procedure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formal grievance procedure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formal grievance procedure and
+that of course is a a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course is a a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course is a a very important
+question for the most Grievous problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for the most Grievous problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for the most Grievous problems
+and the ones that need a management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones that need a management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ones that need a management
+decision but most problems will yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but most problems will yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision but most problems will yield
+to um people thinking about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um people thinking about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um people thinking about their own
+interests and those of others at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and those of others at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and those of others at what
+people at what organizations think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at what organizations think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at what organizations think of is
+the lowest possible level so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible level so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest possible level so at the
+lowest possible level we want conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest possible level we want conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest possible level we want conflict
+settled on site if possible and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled on site if possible and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled on site if possible and at the
+last end of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last end of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last end of the line
+we would think of formal grievance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would think of formal grievance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would think of formal grievance
+procedures and then there are lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and then there are lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and then there are lots and
+lots of steps in between mhm and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of steps in between mhm and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of steps in between mhm and some of
+those steps really Empower individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps really Empower individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps really Empower individuals
+to deal with conflicts more effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with conflicts more effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with conflicts more effectively
+and I know you have spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know you have spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know you have spent a lot of time
+working to help individuals figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to help individuals figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to help individuals figure out
+what options are best for her or for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what options are best for her or for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what options are best for her or for him
+in in addressing these what would some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in addressing these what would some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in addressing these what would some
+of those options be when people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those options be when people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those options be when people think
+about IDs and or when they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about IDs and or when they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about IDs and or when they think about
+taking an Ed's job they often think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an Ed's job they often think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an Ed's job they often think
+about conflict management or dis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conflict management or dis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conflict management or dis as
+dispute resolution a given dispute comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute resolution a given dispute comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute resolution a given dispute comes
+and they step in with a magic wand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they step in with a magic wand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they step in with a magic wand and
+fix it uh in point of fact very good UTS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it uh in point of fact very good UTS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it uh in point of fact very good UTS
+and those in place for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those in place for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those in place for a long time
+generally spend more than half their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally spend more than half their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally spend more than half their
+time helping people help themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time helping people help themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time helping people help themselves to
+learn how to deal with conflicts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to deal with conflicts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to deal with conflicts and
+even to prevent them and that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to prevent them and that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to prevent them and that's true for
+both individuals and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both individuals and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both individuals and for
+groups so helping people help themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so helping people help themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups so helping people help themselves
+listen listening to people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen listening to people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen listening to people talk about
+their issues getting them to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their issues getting them to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their issues getting them to uh
+articulate their concerns having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate their concerns having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate their concerns having more
+formal consultation in organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal consultation in organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal consultation in organizations and
+forums for Affinity groups and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums for Affinity groups and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forums for Affinity groups and maybe
+sometimes councils of of of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes councils of of of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes councils of of of people
+coming together these are all part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together these are all part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together these are all part of a
+larger system that I know you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger system that I know you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger system that I know you have have
+emphasized do we have room for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized do we have room for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized do we have room for me to
+tell a quick story sure you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a quick story sure you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a quick story sure you know I'm
+just looking back at my old papers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking back at my old papers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking back at my old papers in
+the 19 1970s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 1970s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19 1970s and
+80s uh I was a young Economist and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s uh I was a young Economist and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s uh I was a young Economist and I
+came from the outside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the outside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the outside to
+MIT I I was overwhelmed by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I I was overwhelmed by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I I was overwhelmed by having a
+hundred people come to me in my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people come to me in my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred people come to me in my first
+week no two of them with the same issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week no two of them with the same issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week no two of them with the same issue
+and I didn't have any expertise on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't have any expertise on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't have any expertise on any
+one of them but what I did do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them but what I did do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them but what I did do with the
+total backing of my boss the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total backing of my boss the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total backing of my boss the president
+was to get any two people who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get any two people who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get any two people who had the
+same issue together with each other to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same issue together with each other to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same issue together with each other to
+try to figure out what kind of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what kind of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out what kind of systems
+change might help deal with that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change might help deal with that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change might help deal with that issue
+or even prevent it now here's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even prevent it now here's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even prevent it now here's what I
+just discovered in those 17 years there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discovered in those 17 years there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just discovered in those 17 years there
+were at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at least
+60 uh women's groups alone and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh women's groups alone and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 uh women's groups alone and many
+minority groups I haven't yet got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority groups I haven't yet got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority groups I haven't yet got a
+perfect count of them and many cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect count of them and many cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect count of them and many cohort
+groups like engineering assistants who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups like engineering assistants who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups like engineering assistants who
+got themselves together to as Affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got themselves together to as Affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got themselves together to as Affinity
+groups if you will to propos Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups if you will to propos Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups if you will to propos Solutions
+so that's just one example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just one example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just one example of what
+you're saying well I like the emphasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well I like the emphasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying well I like the emphasis
+that you put on systems that uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put on systems that uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put on systems that uh these
+different options need to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options need to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options need to be there
+because people have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have different
+preferences for how they approach these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for how they approach these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences for how they approach these
+issues and uh you have been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and uh you have been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and uh you have been very
+skillful in helping people find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful in helping people find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skillful in helping people find
+something they're comfortable with and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're comfortable with and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they're comfortable with and I
+think that's really critical to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really critical to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really critical to making
+these work but you've also developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these work but you've also developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these work but you've also developed
+this concept of micro inequities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of micro inequities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of micro inequities and
+we've heard about micro aggressions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard about micro aggressions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've heard about micro aggressions but
+you've kind of turned that into ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kind of turned that into ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've kind of turned that into ways to
+to to deal with these in in positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with these in in positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with these in in positive
+ways what are micro inequities and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what are micro inequities and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways what are micro inequities and then
+we can talk about how to perhaps deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about how to perhaps deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about how to perhaps deal
+with them but this is something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but this is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but this is something that I
+think is is particularly unique to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is particularly unique to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is is particularly unique to uh uh
+to uh your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh your own
+work I was very honored before and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I was very honored before and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I was very honored before and just
+after I came to MIT to have as a mentor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I came to MIT to have as a mentor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I came to MIT to have as a mentor
+Dr Chester Pierce um many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Chester Pierce um many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Chester Pierce um many people
+nowadays remember him a very prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays remember him a very prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays remember him a very prominent
+psychiatrist and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrist and and uh
+neurologist Chad Pierce came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist Chad Pierce came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist Chad Pierce came up with the
+idea of micro microaggressions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of micro microaggressions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of micro microaggressions in
+1970 talking about racism and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 talking about racism and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 talking about racism and talking
+about hostile acts and he was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hostile acts and he was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hostile acts and he was simply
+extraordinary in helping to developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary in helping to developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary in helping to developed
+that idea when I came to MIT I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea when I came to MIT I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea when I came to MIT I very
+grateful to him for what I had learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful to him for what I had learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grateful to him for what I had learned
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+microaggressions I found I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions I found I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions I found I found
+microaggressions and of course we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions and of course we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions and of course we still
+do but I found a a great deal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I found a a great deal more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but I found a a great deal more
+besides there are hostile acts as all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides there are hostile acts as all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides there are hostile acts as all of
+us know and there's a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us know and there's a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us know and there's a great deal of
+small acts of racism and religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small acts of racism and religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small acts of racism and religious
+intolerance and sexism and so on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerance and sexism and so on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intolerance and sexism and so on in
+addition there were I discovered a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there were I discovered a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition there were I discovered a lot
+of complaints and concerns that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complaints and concerns that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complaints and concerns that appear
+to me to rise out of out of unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to rise out of out of unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me to rise out of out of unconscious
+bias that is to say not available to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that is to say not available to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias that is to say not available to the
+person who is behaving in a way that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is behaving in a way that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is behaving in a way that he
+or she might even regret and in 1973 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she might even regret and in 1973 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she might even regret and in 1973 I
+found myself doing this and in fact my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found myself doing this and in fact my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found myself doing this and in fact my
+kids were simply delighted to catch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids were simply delighted to catch me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids were simply delighted to catch me
+doing it so unconscious bias was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so unconscious bias was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so unconscious bias was a big
+deal for me and then I began to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for me and then I began to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal for me and then I began to discover
+these little aggressions or inequities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little aggressions or inequities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little aggressions or inequities
+if you will that seemed to arise just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that seemed to arise just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that seemed to arise just
+out of negligence I knew better but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of negligence I knew better but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of negligence I knew better but I
+just blew it and then finally there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just blew it and then finally there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just blew it and then finally there was
+a large clump of them again um problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large clump of them again um problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large clump of them again um problems
+that were problems for me my myself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were problems for me my myself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were problems for me my myself that
+arose out of what I will call innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose out of what I will call innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose out of what I will call innocent
+ignorance uh a lot of ignorance is Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance uh a lot of ignorance is Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance uh a lot of ignorance is Not
+Innocent but um I lived in West Africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innocent but um I lived in West Africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innocent but um I lived in West Africa
+just before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before I
+came I inadvertently served food with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came I inadvertently served food with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came I inadvertently served food with my
+left hand to Muslim colleagues I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand to Muslim colleagues I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand to Muslim colleagues I made
+the mistake of showing the bottom of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of showing the bottom of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake of showing the bottom of my
+foot in a meeting and in a very polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in a meeting and in a very polite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in a meeting and in a very polite
+Muslim meeting in West afca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim meeting in West afca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Muslim meeting in West afca
+Africa uh I learned that it's very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa uh I learned that it's very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa uh I learned that it's very easy
+to be very offensive on the basis of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very offensive on the basis of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very offensive on the basis of um
+problems that one just didn't know exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that one just didn't know exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that one just didn't know exist
+so with great respect and with Chad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with great respect and with Chad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with great respect and with Chad
+Pierce's blessing i extended the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierce's blessing i extended the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pierce's blessing i extended the idea of
+microaggressions to include these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions to include these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microaggressions to include these other
+huge groups of problems sexism as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge groups of problems sexism as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge groups of problems sexism as well
+as racism and just plain bullying as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as racism and just plain bullying as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as racism and just plain bullying as
+well as either yeah so these micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as either yeah so these micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as either yeah so these micro
+inequities often are happening even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities often are happening even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities often are happening even
+though we're not always aware of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're not always aware of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're not always aware of them
+but you've tried to make this a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've tried to make this a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've tried to make this a more
+positive approach to addressing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive approach to addressing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive approach to addressing these
+issues and you call them micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and you call them micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and you call them micro
+affirmations tell us what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmations tell us what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmations tell us what you mean by
+that give us some examples of how one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give us some examples of how one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that give us some examples of how one
+can deal with these uh micro inequities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with these uh micro inequities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal with these uh micro inequities
+again it was partly in an effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was partly in an effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it was partly in an effort
+to to make sure that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make sure that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make sure that I was
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+not committing if you will micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not committing if you will micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not committing if you will micro
+inequities right and left uh and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities right and left uh and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequities right and left uh and here
+was my problem Tom I thought to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my problem Tom I thought to myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my problem Tom I thought to myself
+if some of these problems come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of these problems come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of these problems come from
+unconscious bias and there's no way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious bias and there's no way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious bias and there's no way we
+can be aware without a lot of work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aware without a lot of work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be aware without a lot of work at
+least to be aware of our own unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to be aware of our own unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to be aware of our own unconscious
+bias what hope is there for me so I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias what hope is there for me so I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias what hope is there for me so I read
+and I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought
+um psychology gave me a clue which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychology gave me a clue which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um psychology gave me a clue which is
+that if one always behaves in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one always behaves in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if one always behaves in a
+respectful way and speaks out that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful way and speaks out that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectful way and speaks out that which
+can be affirmed in everything around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affirmed in everything around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be affirmed in everything around one
+in one's work group always genuinely of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one's work group always genuinely of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one's work group always genuinely of
+course things that really are going well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course things that really are going well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course things that really are going well
+if one's whole life is spent in genuine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one's whole life is spent in genuine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one's whole life is spent in genuine
+affirmation of other people's excellence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmation of other people's excellence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmation of other people's excellence
+and in respectful Behavior you can block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in respectful Behavior you can block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in respectful Behavior you can block
+your own unconscious bias so my first my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own unconscious bias so my first my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own unconscious bias so my first my
+first thought about affirmations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought about affirmations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thought about affirmations was
+really in an effort to to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in an effort to to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in an effort to to do something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+myself it turns out that micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself it turns out that micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself it turns out that micro
+affirmations have a a whole lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmations have a a whole lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirmations have a a whole lot of other
+good aspects to them they make people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good aspects to them they make people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good aspects to them they make people
+happy the work of the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the work of the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the work of the negotiation
+project on core emotional concerns shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on core emotional concerns shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on core emotional concerns shows
+that approval and affirmation are two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approval and affirmation are two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approval and affirmation are two of
+the most important core emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important core emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important core emotional
+concerns that every single person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that every single person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns that every single person has
+all over the world and if I live my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world and if I live my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world and if I live my life
+in micro affirmations I am by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro affirmations I am by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro affirmations I am by definition
+reaching out to the core emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out to the core emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching out to the core emotional
+wishes of everybody I'm interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes of everybody I'm interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wishes of everybody I'm interacting with
+those are just two of the uh you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just two of the uh you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just two of the uh you'll have
+a chart those are just two of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart those are just two of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart those are just two of the ways
+that microaffirmations can be helpful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microaffirmations can be helpful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microaffirmations can be helpful so
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+affirming uh good behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirming uh good behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affirming uh good behavior and
+recognizing it and providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it and providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing it and providing
+psychological rewards and role modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological rewards and role modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological rewards and role modeling
+uh in your own behavior you often make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your own behavior you often make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your own behavior you often make
+it contagious for others in one's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contagious for others in one's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contagious for others in one's work
+group it sounds like this is uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it sounds like this is uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it sounds like this is uh the way
+in which you show by creating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you show by creating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you show by creating an
+environment of support that that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of support that that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of support that that uh we
+aren't going to tolerate inequities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to tolerate inequities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't going to tolerate inequities and
+you uh change Attitudes by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh change Attitudes by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh change Attitudes by changing
+Behavior exactly so we've known for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior exactly so we've known for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior exactly so we've known for a
+long time that attitudes affect Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time that attitudes affect Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time that attitudes affect Behavior
+more recently we've learned that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently we've learned that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently we've learned that our
+Behavior can change our own attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior can change our own attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior can change our own attitudes
+that's a big deal I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big deal I think that's a
+really important point and uh and it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important point and uh and it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important point and uh and it uh
+has good psychological uh uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has good psychological uh uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has good psychological uh uh research
+bases but it also just makes good common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases but it also just makes good common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases but it also just makes good common
+sense that uh we learn from each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh we learn from each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that uh we learn from each other's
+experience at Young ages in uh in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at Young ages in uh in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at Young ages in uh in our
+workplaces as well so that's that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplaces as well so that's that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplaces as well so that's that's very
+helpful but I want to turn to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful but I want to turn to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful but I want to turn to another
+idea that you have uh championed and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you have uh championed and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you have uh championed and uh
+used so effectively over the years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so effectively over the years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so effectively over the years and
+that's something that we call bystanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we call bystanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that we call bystanders
+that you call bystanders in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you call bystanders in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you call bystanders in particular
+and we're all bystanders and we see bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're all bystanders and we see bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're all bystanders and we see bad
+things happening in our workplace in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening in our workplace in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening in our workplace in our
+wherever we are in society and we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we are in society and we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever we are in society and we come
+home and the next morning in the shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and the next morning in the shower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and the next morning in the shower
+we say gee I wish I would have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say gee I wish I would have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say gee I wish I would have done
+something tell us what you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something tell us what you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something tell us what you've learned
+about how to Be an Effective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to Be an Effective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to Be an Effective uh
+intervener in when when one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervener in when when one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervener in when when one
+sees them in a bystander role and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees them in a bystander role and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees them in a bystander role and see
+something bad happening at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happening at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something bad happening at the
+workplace uh bystanders have a bad name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace uh bystanders have a bad name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace uh bystanders have a bad name
+all over the world and in fact the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world and in fact the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the world and in fact the term
+bystander effect is often used to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystander effect is often used to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystander effect is often used to mean
+somebody who stands by and lets racism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who stands by and lets racism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who stands by and lets racism
+or unsafe Behavior or something terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unsafe Behavior or something terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or unsafe Behavior or something terrible
+happen I when I began looking at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I when I began looking at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I when I began looking at all of
+this I began looking at it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I began looking at it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I began looking at it from the
+point of view of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of an
+edsman because where very bad things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edsman because where very bad things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edsman because where very bad things or
+very good things happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good things happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good things happen in the
+workplace usually there's no supervisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace usually there's no supervisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace usually there's no supervisor
+there but there are peers and bystanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there are peers and bystanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but there are peers and bystanders
+so I thought here is enormous leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought here is enormous leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I thought here is enormous leverage
+either in getting wonderful recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in getting wonderful recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in getting wonderful recognition
+for good behavior or in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good behavior or in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for good behavior or in getting
+unacceptable Behavior stopped so I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable Behavior stopped so I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable Behavior stopped so I began
+to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+it first of all the the bystander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first of all the the bystander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first of all the the bystander
+effects the so-called bystander effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the so-called bystander effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the so-called bystander effect
+it was studied in a very narrow context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied in a very narrow context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was studied in a very narrow context
+and even in that context it is isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in that context it is isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in that context it is isn't
+always the case but so what bystanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case but so what bystanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case but so what bystanders
+actually do when they see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do when they see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do when they see something
+unacceptable or scary it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable or scary it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable or scary it could be a
+safety problem it could be a mistake it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety problem it could be a mistake it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety problem it could be a mistake it
+could be an error or it could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an error or it could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an error or it could be really
+unacceptable personal Behavior group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable personal Behavior group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable personal Behavior group
+Behavior most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior most
+bystanders funnel very quickly through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystanders funnel very quickly through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystanders funnel very quickly through a
+great many options and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many options and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great many options and this is really
+the point of where I'm coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of where I'm coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of where I'm coming
+to those who run organizations usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those who run organizations usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to those who run organizations usually
+think of bystanders as either doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of bystanders as either doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of bystanders as either doing
+nothing or reporting immediately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing or reporting immediately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing or reporting immediately to the
+authorities those that that mean meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities those that that mean meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities those that that mean meaning
+responsible bystanders do nothing or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible bystanders do nothing or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible bystanders do nothing or I
+guess they they don't do anything and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they they don't do anything and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they they don't do anything and if
+there responsible they only report to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there responsible they only report to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there responsible they only report to
+authorities in real life bystanders do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities in real life bystanders do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities in real life bystanders do
+all kinds of other things and I began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other things and I began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of other things and I began to
+study that for my last 15 years as an ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that for my last 15 years as an ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that for my last 15 years as an ID
+I collected everything that people told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collected everything that people told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collected everything that people told
+me in my office that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in my office that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in my office that they had
+considered when they saw either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered when they saw either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered when they saw either
+wonderful Behavior or terrible Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Behavior or terrible Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful Behavior or terrible Behavior
+what options did they consider and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what options did they consider and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what options did they consider and it's
+very rare that they considered going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare that they considered going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rare that they considered going to
+authorities and mostly they did want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities and mostly they did want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities and mostly they did want to
+act so they came up with lots of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act so they came up with lots of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act so they came up with lots of other
+possible options for how to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible options for how to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible options for how to get
+something fixed or prevented or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fixed or prevented or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fixed or prevented or
+remediated MH what would some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remediated MH what would some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remediated MH what would some of those
+options be obviously it means one has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options be obviously it means one has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options be obviously it means one has to
+sort of disrupt the the Behavior Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disrupt the the Behavior Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disrupt the the Behavior Uh in
+uh in real time in some way or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in real time in some way or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in real time in some way or change
+the behavior so can you give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior so can you give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior so can you give us an
+example or examples of of actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or examples of of actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or examples of of actions that
+you've seen people take that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen people take that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen people take that have been
+affective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective
+well again your question is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again your question is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well again your question is a perfect
+one because in real life people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in real life people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because in real life people often
+don't act on the spot in the moment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't act on the spot in the moment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't act on the spot in the moment they
+think about it and they think of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and they think of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and they think of they
+might act on the spot in the moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might act on the spot in the moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might act on the spot in the moment but
+they think about it and they worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about it and they worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about it and they worry about
+it uh this is the responsible bystander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this is the responsible bystander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh this is the responsible bystander
+again some of the options they choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of the options they choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of the options they choose
+would be to go home and talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to go home and talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to go home and talk with
+trusted family or in the workplace with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted family or in the workplace with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted family or in the workplace with
+trusted friends and peers or if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted friends and peers or if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted friends and peers or if they
+have a boss that they really trust they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boss that they really trust they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boss that they really trust they
+might ask about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask about it
+hypothetically like boss if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically like boss if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically like boss if something
+like this were to happen what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this were to happen what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this were to happen what would you
+think about it what could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what could the
+organization do with a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization do with a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization do with a problem like
+this um other possibilities would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um other possibilities would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um other possibilities would be
+that they would get a generic approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would get a generic approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they would get a generic approach
+to deal with it if it's an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it if it's an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with it if it's an organization
+that does a lot of training maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does a lot of training maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does a lot of training maybe a
+training program that can be brought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training program that can be brought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training program that can be brought in
+in which we just happen to mention this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we just happen to mention this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we just happen to mention this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+behavior um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um
+sometimes a person will act but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a person will act but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a person will act but only
+together with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a
+coworker so Tom I'm thinking now who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coworker so Tom I'm thinking now who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coworker so Tom I'm thinking now who do
+I trust in my workplace who would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust in my workplace who would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust in my workplace who would come
+with me to talk with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to talk with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to talk with a
+boss I wonder if I could write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss I wonder if I could write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss I wonder if I could write a
+note I wonder if there's any manager who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I wonder if there's any manager who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note I wonder if there's any manager who
+cares about this kind of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about this kind of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about this kind of behavior
+sometimes it might be audit for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it might be audit for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it might be audit for example
+or it might be the eeo office maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be the eeo office maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it might be the eeo office maybe I
+could write a note and have them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a note and have them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a note and have them uh
+think about this kind of problem in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this kind of problem in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this kind of problem in my
+section of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of my
+organization so there are lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so there are lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization so there are lots and lots
+of different options that responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different options that responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different options that responsible
+bystanders will choose well I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystanders will choose well I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bystanders will choose well I like the
+the way in which uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which uh you
+describe how you talk with people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you talk with people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you talk with people to
+generate options like this maybe really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate options like this maybe really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate options like this maybe really
+skilled people or uh people who have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled people or uh people who have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skilled people or uh people who have a
+mindset can interrupt behavior on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset can interrupt behavior on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset can interrupt behavior on the
+spot but often it's reflecting okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but often it's reflecting okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot but often it's reflecting okay what
+could I do tomorrow what could I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do tomorrow what could I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do tomorrow what could I do
+today uh in retrospect and it's finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh in retrospect and it's finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh in retrospect and it's finding
+those different approaches that's so key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different approaches that's so key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different approaches that's so key
+so if I'm hearing you right Mary what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm hearing you right Mary what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I'm hearing you right Mary what
+you're saying is organizations really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is organizations really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying is organizations really
+need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have
+respected independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respected independent
+neutrals who are supported by a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals who are supported by a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals who are supported by a conflict
+management system with multiple options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system with multiple options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management system with multiple options
+because people have different approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have different approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people have different approaches
+to dealing with workplace problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dealing with workplace problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dealing with workplace problems and
+they need different Outlets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need different Outlets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need different Outlets for
+addressing them and then secondly they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing them and then secondly they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing them and then secondly they
+need to have tools and training so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have tools and training so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have tools and training so that
+not only are the professionals good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are the professionals good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only are the professionals good at
+uh addressing these issues but so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addressing these issues but so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addressing these issues but so are
+managers and so are Frontline employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and so are Frontline employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers and so are Frontline employees
+so that they can be uh ready to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they can be uh ready to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they can be uh ready to put
+these tools to use and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools to use and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools to use and they have to
+trust these tools and then third you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust these tools and then third you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust these tools and then third you
+have to create a culture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create a culture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create a culture in the
+organization yes that empowers people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization yes that empowers people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization yes that empowers people to
+take action to themselves and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action to themselves and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action to themselves and help
+others safely so do you have any final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others safely so do you have any final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others safely so do you have any final
+uh thoughts on uh how we can put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoughts on uh how we can put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thoughts on uh how we can put all
+these tools to use to deal with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools to use to deal with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools to use to deal with uh the
+modern problems that we see in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern problems that we see in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern problems that we see in in
+workplaces today I have two final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplaces today I have two final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplaces today I have two final
+thoughts one is if you who are listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts one is if you who are listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts one is if you who are listening
+to this is just an individual by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is just an individual by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is just an individual by
+yourself and maybe even young and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and maybe even young and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and maybe even young and you
+think you have no power you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have no power you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have no power you always have
+options just one person to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options just one person to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options just one person to make things
+better wherever you are if you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better wherever you are if you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better wherever you are if you who are
+listening to this are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to this are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to this are a
+manager think about a systems approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager think about a systems approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager think about a systems approach
+with your organ within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your organ within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your organ within your
+organization to help other people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to help other people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to help other people to
+help you with a strategic plan to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with a strategic plan to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you with a strategic plan to build
+an affirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an affirming
+workplace well Mary thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace well Mary thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace well Mary thank you very much
+thank you for all that you do and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for all that you do and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for all that you do and all
+that you have done not only here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have done not only here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have done not only here in our
+organization but around the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but around the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but around the world to
+help uh others build these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh others build these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh others build these kinds of
+systems and Capac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and Capac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and Capac
+and so uh there's lots of issues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's lots of issues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh there's lots of issues to
+address and we just have to stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and we just have to stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address and we just have to stick with
+it so thank you very much thank you Tom
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/odtKI7tEi5c.txt b/odtKI7tEi5c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82159f151626fa1e350644dd71551fcb80cfe5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/odtKI7tEi5c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1277 @@
+Good morning.  Yeah.  All right.  Good.   
+
+Something to counteract the rainy  
+
+days we have here.    
+
+All right.  Today we're going to make a very important transition.   
+
+The transition goes back to this picture.   
+
+Of course, what we want to do is  
+
+understand biological function by taking our two favorite approaches.   
+
+Understanding the organism minus an individual gene.   
+
+Understanding an organism minus an individual component,   
+
+and understanding the individual components minus the organism,   
+
+genetics and biochemistry.  And,  as we know, the geneticist went off  
+
+on their route finding mutants,  doing mutant hunts, making crosses,   
+
+making genetic maps, et cetera,  didn't understand really what these  
+
+genes had to do with anything specific in the organism,   
+
+other than they produced phenotypes when they were mutated.   
+
+And the biochemist went off purifying enzymes,   
+
+working on biochemical pathways,  et cetera, et cetera.   
+
+We began to see some connection when we talked a bit about the mutants  
+
+that affect the ability to make arginine and the fact that they  
+
+could encode different enzymatic steps.  And, in particular,   
+
+I highlighted the work of Archibald Garrett who really,   
+
+right at the start of the century,  recognized that somehow genetic  
+
+mutations were responsible for somehow affecting the production of  
+
+enzymes in important biochemical pathways.   
+
+So, that was sort of one connection of genetics into protein but still a  
+
+rather tenuous one.  The real next step to connect these  
+
+two would be to do the biochemistry of genes.  So,   
+
+how would a biochemist approach heredity?  A biochemist would grind  
+
+up the organism,  fractionate it in different  
+
+components, and attempt to find heredity, purify heredity,   
+
+get like a pure solution of heredity.  And that's nuts, right?   
+
+The notion that you could purify heredity as a biochemical entity  
+
+because like how would you know you had it?  But, of course,   
+
+that's exactly what happened.  That is what happened, was  
+
+biochemistry developed sufficiently far that folks were actually able to  
+
+purify substances,  not just that could digest a  
+
+particular sugar or substances that might, you know,   
+
+like slide by each other like actinomycins of muscles,   
+
+but substances that were actually heredity.  And that began the real  
+
+unification of those,  and that's the point of today.   
+
+And that is the field of molecular biology.  And we're going to cover  
+
+tremendous territory in unifying these two different fields.   
+
+OK.  So, let's dive right in.  The discovery of the transforming  
+
+principle.  It's a wonderfully old-fashioned  
+
+kind of word.  Nobody would use language like this today.   
+
+The discovery of the transforming principle.  So,   
+
+this starts, this shaggy dog story starts in about 1928 with the work  
+
+of Griffiths.  Griffiths had no particular interest in DNA or  
+
+genetics or biochemistry for that matter.   
+
+Griffith was interested in bacteria.  He wanted to understand bacteria.   
+
+And, in particular,  he studied pneumococcus bacteria,   
+
+which could infect and kill mice.  And he was very interested in the  
+
+mechanism by with these pneumococci could kill mice.   
+
+Now, it turns out that the pneumococcus bacteria came in two  
+
+different types.  One, the bacteria,   
+
+when they grew on a Petri plate,  produced a glistening, smooth, shiny  
+
+colony.  We'll call them smooth bacteria here.   
+
+And these bacteria,  in addition to being smooth and  
+
+glistening, were virulent.  That is, if you inject into the  
+
+mouse, these bacteria would kill the mouse.  They are smooth because they  
+
+have this encapsulating polysaccharide coat around them.   
+
+And it's not necessarily the case that that's what makes them virulent,   
+
+although it actually does have a role in that, but it is the case  
+
+that they're smooth and they're virulent.  So,   
+
+you inject in a mouse,  mouse dies because the mouse is not  
+
+resistant to these bacteria.  By contrast, there were strains of  
+
+pneumococcus that were rough.  They did not have the same kind of  
+
+a polysaccharide coat,  and therefore they had a very rough  
+
+appearance.  They didn't glisten.   
+
+And these were non-virulent.  If you inject these into the mouse,   
+
+the mouse immune system was able to fight these particular rough  
+
+bacteria.  OK.  So, Griffith did the obvious  
+
+experiments.  So,  take some bacteria,   
+
+we'll take some smooth virulent bacteria, we'll inject  
+
+into a mouse.  And what will happen?   
+
+The mouse will die.  This is one of the easier assays in the laboratory.   
+
+It's the feet up, feet down assay,  you have a dead mouse.   
+
+OK.  Number two.  Then take the rough bacteria,   
+
+inject it into a mouse,  what happens?   
+
+Sorry?  It lives.  The mouse lives because these are  
+
+non virulent.  OK.  Now, let's just do some simple  
+
+controls.  Let's take the smooth bacteria and autoclave them,   
+
+heat them up to very high temperature to kill them.   
+
+How will we know they're dead?  You try plating them out.  They  
+
+don't grow anymore,  so they're dead.   
+
+So, take heat killed,  and you can verify in the lab that  
+
+they're killed,  heat killed smooth,   
+
+check that they really were heat killed, inject them into the mouse.   
+
+And what happens?  It lives because,  I mean, they're bacteria,   
+
+right?  OK.  Last of all we take the utterly harmless rough bacteria,   
+
+plus the utterly harmless heat-killed smooth bacteria,   
+
+we inject them into the mouse,  and what happens?   
+
+It dies.  That is a notable result because the rough bacteria alone  
+
+will not kill this mouse and the smooth bacteria that have been  
+
+heat-killed will not kill this mouse,  but together they killed the mouse.   
+
+This is very puzzling.  What was even more puzzling was  
+
+when you autopsied the mouse,  you can isolate from that mouse  
+
+smooth, virulent,  live bacteria, but you didn't put  
+
+any in.  Very strange.  So, this actually yields live  
+
+smooth virulent bacteria despite not having put any in there.   
+
+Virulent bacteria.  Somehow we were able to create  
+
+smooth and virulent bacteria notwithstanding not having put any  
+
+in here.  So, of course,  Griffith then attempted to say,   
+
+well, what was it that allowed this to happen?   
+
+So, he could try putting in dead rough bacteria with dead smooth  
+
+bacteria.  That doesn't do anything.  You need to have something alive.   
+
+So, you've got to have live rough bacteria.  You can then say let me  
+
+take the dead virulent bacteria and start fractionating it biochemically  
+
+and asking what fraction of that material from the dead bacteria  
+
+allows us to recover,  to have this property of being able  
+
+to now produce virulent bacteria that killed the mice?   
+
+And do you realize how utterly tedious and painful that  
+
+experiment is?  You take the dead bacteria,   
+
+you fractionate it into lots of different biochemical fractions.   
+
+For each fraction, how do you test whether it has the property?   
+
+You've got to shoot up a bunch of mice.  This is a very tedious  
+
+procedure.  I mean it is,  you know, you can't underestimate  
+
+how important the assay is,  how important it is to come up with  
+
+easy ways to do things in order to be able to accelerate progress.   
+
+Griffith tried hard and roughly began to purify fractions and get  
+
+information about what the fractions were.  But, in fact,   
+
+this work really never did lead to a clear conclusion.   
+
+But it did tell people that there was some material,   
+
+which got named The Transforming Principle.  This is almost like an  
+
+old alchemical kind of word,  a principle being a particular  
+
+chemical composition of matter,  which if you don't know what it is  
+
+you call it The Living Principle or something like that.   
+
+So, what was this transforming principle?   
+
+Well, it really took work about 15 years later by Avery,   
+
+McCarty and MacLeod to sort this out.  What Avery, McCarty and MacLeod did  
+
+was the same experiment basically,  except minus the mice.   
+
+What they found was you could take the dead bacteria,   
+
+combine it, the dead virulent bacteria, the dead smooth bacteria,   
+
+combine it with the live rough bacteria, and by combining it in the  
+
+right way in a test tube you would be able to plate it out on a Petri  
+
+plate and see smooth bacteria come out.   
+
+Sans mouse.  So,  they didn't need the mouse.   
+
+This dramatically accelerated work because if you're able to just take  
+
+fractions of the dead bacteria,  add it to the live bacteria and look  
+
+for the presence of some smooth bacteria coming out of it,   
+
+you would be able to work much more quickly.  And they did.   
+
+And they began purifying.  And they began purifying and they  
+
+tried to isolate the fraction that contained this new ability to make  
+
+these bacteria acquire a new property.  And they knew that they  
+
+were transforming the heredity of this bacterium.   
+
+They were transforming the traits of this bacterium.   
+
+They were, in fact,  transmitting heredity.   
+
+And they purified and purified and purified.  And eventually,   
+
+testing many, many fractions and making them purer and purer and  
+
+purer and purer,  they found that consistently the  
+
+fraction that contained heredity was the fraction that contained DNA.   
+
+Now, it was a lot more work than that because no fraction is pure.   
+
+DNA is in multiple fractions.  But, you know,   
+
+they kept trying to purify it.  And it sure looked like the  
+
+transforming principle.  The property of being able to  
+
+transform was co-purifying along with the DNA fraction.   
+
+And you know what the reaction to that was?  Well,   
+
+mostly it was that they must have goofed because all smart right  
+
+thinking people knew that DNA was an absolutely boring molecule.   
+
+Because the interesting molecule at this time was proteins.   
+
+Everybody knew there were zillions,  there were 20 amino acids, they came  
+
+in zillions of combinations,  they had all sorts of different  
+
+shapes and properties,  and hydrophobic ones, hydrophilic  
+
+ones that are enzymes.  And, clearly, anything as important  
+
+as heredity was not going to be encoded in some utterly boring  
+
+structural molecule that was just a long polymer of four virtually  
+
+identical units.  And so, the sort of reaction was  
+
+this is interesting but there must be some trick,   
+
+something must be wrong in this experiment, give or take.   
+
+Now, why did people think that DNA was so boring?   
+
+Now, DNA had been known for a long time, since the 1860s.   
+
+Lots of molecules were known,  but why was DNA boring and why were  
+
+proteins kind of exciting?  So, for that, we really do have to  
+
+look some more closely at the structure of DNA.   
+
+I want to review the structure of DNA here because we're going to use  
+
+it a lot.  So,  DNA has three components,   
+
+as you undoubtedly know.  It has first a sugar,   
+
+or almost sugar, two prime deoxyribose, two prime deoxyribose,   
+
+so it's a pentose, or almost the deoxypentose.  And its structure,   
+
+and this is an important structure.  In order to be a true sugar,   
+
+to be ribose you would have a hydroxyl.  Deoxyribose just has a  
+
+hydrogen there.  And the way we number these carbons  
+
+around this five carbon sugar are very important and we'll always talk  
+
+about them, the one prime,  two prime, three prime, four prime  
+
+and five prime carbons of this deoxyribose.   
+
+And you'll notice that it's the two prime carbon that is dioxi.   
+
+So, that's the sugar.  The next important component as we build up  
+
+DNA is the base,  OK?  The base is put here.   
+
+Now, I'm going to start simplifying our sugar.   
+
+Base.  So, there are four kinds of bases that can go here.   
+
+And they are adenine, guanine,  thymine, cytosine.   
+
+So, that's the second important part of building up DNA.   
+
+The third important part in building up DNA is to make the  
+
+monomers that are used to produce DNA, we need to put on  
+
+a triphosphate.  And he we go.  We'll take our sugar  
+
+here, our base over here,  and then off this carbon we have our  
+
+phosphate.  And we have a triphosphate.   
+
+There we go.  So, this is the monomer that is used to build up DNA.   
+
+This guy here is called a nucleoside, note the S.   
+
+This guy here with the triphosphate on it is called a nucleotide.   
+
+It's not usually written with such a big capital letter,   
+
+but nonetheless I point this out.  And, obviously, what is this  
+
+triphosphate going to do for us?  It's going to provide the energy to  
+
+allow us to make DNA polymer chains.  We're going to do a dehydration  
+
+synthesis where we break two of those phosphates off and use it for  
+
+the energy to be able to catalyze DNA chains to be made.   
+
+OK.  Now, when you combine nucleotides into a DNA strand you do  
+
+so to create a sugar phosphate backbone.  And you'll see for many  
+
+molecules, I don't care that you know their structures  
+
+terribly well.  But for the basic structure of DNA,   
+
+including its sugar phosphate backbone, it's going to be important  
+
+for all that we talk about.  So, what happens is we have a chain  
+
+of DNA growing like this,  and we have our OH here.   
+
+We have our base here.  And which carbon is this?   
+
+Five prime, that's right.  OK.  Which carbon is this?  This one.   
+
+Great.  That's the three prime, two prime, one prime.   
+
+Great.  OK.  To this three prime carbon we add this triphosphate  
+
+breaking off two phosphates there.  The diphosphate gets broken off,   
+
+the pyrophosphate.  And we get a single phosphate linkage to the next  
+
+subunit of the chain.  So, here we go phosphate,   
+
+sugar, phosphate, sugar.  And if we ignore these bases,   
+
+which, you know, who cares about the bases anyway, what we have is just  
+
+phosphate, sugar,  phosphate, sugar, phosphate,   
+
+sugar, phosphate, sugar.  OK?  So, it's a very simple structure.   
+
+There's nothing hard to remember about this.  And the phosphate is  
+
+always attached to the three prime carbon of the preceding sugar and to  
+
+the five prime carbon of the next sugar.   
+
+OK?  So, we often speak of chains of DNA growing from the five prime end  
+
+to the three prime end.  And that confuses non-molecular  
+
+biologists to no end.  What are we talking about,   
+
+five prime ends and three prime ends?  This is what we're talking about.   
+
+But the additions are catalyzed onto the three prime carbon of that  
+
+sugar.  It grows at it three prime end.  So, you have sugar,   
+
+phosphate, sugar, phosphate,  sugar, phosphate.  So, that's it.   
+
+We're all done.  Well, there are the bases,   
+
+I guess, too, right?  So, we'll mention these bases.   
+
+The bases are, they come in two types.  There are purines.   
+
+Adenine and guanine are purines.  And there's a six member rings with  
+
+a five member ring.  And there are two bases that are  
+
+called pyrimidines,  they are smaller, the thymine and  
+
+the cytosine.  And there are six member rings.  And they have some  
+
+carbon, some nitrogen,  some oxygen and some hydrogen.   
+
+But, you've got to admit that compared to proteins,   
+
+this is pretty boring.  It's just one long sugar phosphate  
+
+chain.  And two purines,   
+
+slightly bigger things,  two pyrimidines, slightly smaller  
+
+things.  Very similar structures for these two.  I haven't even bothered  
+
+to focus on the difference.  And as compared to the richness of  
+
+proteins, there's just no way anything interesting could happen  
+
+with this.  That was certainly the thinking at the time.   
+
+You have to understand how important prior ideas,   
+
+prior prejudice is to science.  People look at it and say this must  
+
+be some structural molecule.  It is scaffolding.   
+
+It's like the studs in the wall of the house you're building or  
+
+something like that.  Not too interesting.   
+
+So, what happens?  Well,  you know, it takes time to sort  
+
+things out.  People come back to this problem.  Any thoughts?   
+
+I mean I've given you one reason why this did not make a huge impact,   
+
+because it was, you know, DNA was kind of a boring molecule and people  
+
+weren't really sure this was right.  It could be an artifact,   
+
+right?  Maybe some important protein had come along for the ride with the  
+
+DNA faction, right?  What's another reason why people  
+
+might not have paid tremendous attention to this result?   
+
+Sorry?  It was just bacteria.  Anything else?  Couldn't imagine,   
+
+right, how this DNA could encode the enzyme.  Anything else?  Date.   
+
+It's in the middle of the Second World War.  Maybe people had more  
+
+important things to do,  right?  So, this is right in the  
+
+middle of the Second World War,  too.  It's just worth noting that  
+
+these guys are working in the middle of New York City at the Rockefeller  
+
+Institute and it's in the middle of the Second World War.   
+
+Anyway, war is over and some work continues on this.   
+
+And the work takes a somewhat different attack.   
+
+Instead of working bacteria it now is, there's work here on certain  
+
+bacterial viruses.  So, instead, see,   
+
+bacteria get their own here.  Instead of using bacteria to infect  
+
+mice, Hershey and Chase,  and others at the time, used viruses  
+
+to infect bacteria.  So, here the bacterium is the  
+
+victim.  And people had found and had studied these amazingly  
+
+interesting really tiny things that could affect a bacterium  
+
+and kill it.  These particles that had these funny  
+
+shapes were called bacteriophage.  What does phage mean?  To eat.   
+
+Bacteria eaters.  Bacteriophages were these little  
+
+viruses.  They were incredibly tiny.  You could filter them through very  
+
+small filters.  And, yet, when you added them to  
+
+bacteria they would kill the bacteria.   
+
+These were very simple things.  I'm reluctant to call them  
+
+creatures.  Are they alive?  This is a favorite question people  
+
+would like to debate.  They say are viruses alive?   
+
+And the answer is who cares?  I mean it depends on what you want  
+
+to define alive to mean.  To me it's not alive in that it  
+
+cannot replicate on its own without a host, so I won't call it alive.   
+
+But, anyway, I'll refer to them loosely as these creatures that eat  
+
+bacteria.  They were very simple.  And all they really had in them was  
+
+some DNA in their capsid,  this capsid up here, and some  
+
+protein.  But they could attach to a bacterium  
+
+and after a certain amount of time cause the bacteria to burst open and  
+
+produce lots of daughter-phage,  lots of daughter bacteriophage.  It  
+
+could replicate within this bacteria.   
+
+So, somehow this,  while I might not want to call it  
+
+alive, certainly can reproduce itself, or at least with the help of  
+
+a bacterium can reproduce itself.  When people first discovered this  
+
+bacteriophage,  what do you think they wanted to do  
+
+with them?  Sorry?  Yeah.  Where?  In humans.   
+
+The first thought about what to do with bacteriophage were a whole  
+
+bunch of interesting Russians who wanted to make up large quantities  
+
+of bacteriophage and have people drink them.   
+
+So, they would kill all their bacteria.  And this was the early  
+
+ideas for antibiotics.  It didn't quite pan out that way.   
+
+But, you know, people have all these very exciting ideas of,   
+
+wow, I've got something to kill bacteria, let's pour it down a  
+
+patient and see if that does something good for them.   
+
+You know, that's why there are institutional review boards,   
+
+too, to make sure that you can't just do that right off the bat.   
+
+Somebody else has got to think about it also.   
+
+It turns out not to be a great way to kill patients, to kill  
+
+bacteria, sorry.  No, it doesn't actually kill  
+
+patients, but it doesn't also kill the bacteria so well in human beings.   
+
+So, anyway.  So,  the question was how is it that  
+
+these viruses kill the bacteria?  Somehow they inject something into  
+
+the bacteria, something causes something to happen,   
+
+which causes virus particles to be made.  I don't put too fine a point  
+
+on it because that's all you could really say at that point,   
+
+something goes in and something comes out.   
+
+So, what goes in?  How could we tell what goes in?   
+
+Yup.  By seeing what's left out.  How could we see what's left out?   
+
+Just being really practical, how are we going to tell?   
+
+Visually look, but that turns out to be terribly hard thing to do.   
+
+You've got to have really good eyes to be able to say the protein is  
+
+still there but not the DNA, or the DNA.   
+
+Because the thought was if this thing is injecting its DNA then the  
+
+DNA must be carrying the instructions to make phage,   
+
+and this would be hereditary material.  So,   
+
+what we want to show is that the protein stays out and the DNA goes  
+
+in.  But how is that going to,  how do you do that practically?   
+
+Radioactive labeling turns out to be the best way to do that.   
+
+If we could label radioactively the DNA with one label and the protein  
+
+with a different label,  we could see which radioactive  
+
+isotope goes into the bacteria.  Any candidates for an element that  
+
+we could use to label DNA that won't be in protein?   
+
+Sorry?  I'm sorry?  Oh, who had one?  Uranium.   
+
+Somebody's thinking World War II here, right, there would be some  
+
+spare uranium around.  The problem with that is that DNA  
+
+does not actually have uranium in it,  and so when you put uranium in it  
+
+wouldn't still be DNA.  We would like to label it with an  
+
+element that's actually in DNA.  So the only difference is that it's  
+
+a radioisotope.  Phosphorus.  Phosphorus.   
+
+Well, there's obviously phosphorus in that sugar phosphate backbone.   
+
+Is there phosphorus in a typical amino acid?  Any of the 20 amino  
+
+acids?  No phosphorus.  Great.  So, we could use a  
+
+phosphorus isotope.  We could P32 label the DNA.   
+
+But how do make live bacteriophages that are labeled with radioactive  
+
+phosphorus?  I mean what kind of fancy chemistry do you  
+
+need to do that?  Yes?  Perfect if you grow the  
+
+bacteria in radioactively,  in medium.  If you grow the virus  
+
+and the bacteria in medium that has radioactive phosphate,   
+
+the bacteria and the virus take care of it for you.   
+
+The phosphate is automatically incorporated.  So,   
+
+you don't have to do any chemistry.  You just feed phosphate,   
+
+radioactive phosphate into the medium.  And the phage that are  
+
+produced will be radioactively labeled.   
+
+Purify them and use them in your experiment.  Similarly,   
+
+what are we going to label our proteins with?   
+
+Carbon?  No.  Hydrogen?  No.  Oxygen?  Nitrogen?  No,   
+
+because the bases have nitrogen.  Sulfa.  We've only got sulfa.   
+
+Where is sulfa going to be?  So, for example, cysteines with  
+
+thiamines, right, we've got sulfa.  Here's S35.   
+
+So, we can take bacteria and we could, we can take phage,   
+
+and by growing them in the presence of radioactive DNA,   
+
+no, radioactive phosphorus,  P32 and growing them in the presence  
+
+of radioactive sulfa,  S35, we are about to produce  
+
+bacteriophage that are labeled.  OK?  So, P32, S35.  Now we infect  
+
+bacteria with them.  Let me take a big tube here.   
+
+I'm going to add bacteria.  I've got the phage here.  The phage  
+
+particles are attached to the bacteria and they are going to  
+
+inject whatever they inject.  Now what do we have to do?  We've  
+
+got to knock off the bacteriophage particles from the bacteria.   
+
+I want to knock them off and see what is staying with the viral  
+
+particles and what goes into the bacteria.  So,   
+
+how do I get in there with tweezers and separate off,   
+
+peel off each virus from the bacteria?   
+
+Washing turns out not to be strong enough.  You've got to previal to  
+
+get these things off,  so you really need some incredibly  
+
+strong agitation.  So, specialized devices were used  
+
+to create intense agitation.  What specialized devices you're  
+
+aware of that do that?  Blenders.  Kitchen blenders.   
+
+The Waring blender turns out to be the perfect laboratory device for  
+
+this experiment.  And this is actually known as the  
+
+Waring Blender Experiment.  You take the bacteria with the  
+
+phage attached to it,  you let them attach and do whatever  
+
+they're going to do,  inject their DNA, as we know turns  
+
+out is the right answer.  And then you press puree and then  
+
+vrrrr, and the viral particles fall off.  So, it's important to know how  
+
+things really happen.  So then what happens is the  
+
+bacteria are separated from these particles.   
+
+And it turns out these particles are,  the viral particles are much lighter,   
+
+much less dense than the bacteria.  So, how do we separate them?   
+
+Centrifuge them.  We centrifuge them.   
+
+The bacterial particles are there up in the supernatant turn out to be  
+
+our phage capsids.  And now what do we do?   
+
+We take this stuff, we measure the radioactivity in the supernatant,   
+
+that is the material that stays above, and we measure the  
+
+radioactivity in the pellet.  And what do we end up seeing?   
+
+Where does most of the P32, what shows up in the pellet?   
+
+Mostly P32 shows up in the pellet.  Is there no S35 in the pellet?  You  
+
+know, in the textbook story,  of course, there's no S35 because  
+
+they want it to be nice and clean.  But in reality there's going to be  
+
+some S35.  But it was,  you know, less than 1% of the S35  
+
+ends up in the pellet.  Most of the S35 stays up here in  
+
+the supernatant.  Does all of the phosphorus go in?   
+
+No, of course not.  Some of the viruses didn't even attach and not  
+
+everything goes in.  So, there's still radioactive  
+
+phosphate up in the supernatant.  But the striking this is that the  
+
+pellet primarily has gotten the radioactive phosphorus,   
+
+not the radioactive sulfa,  and therefore we can conclude that  
+
+what?  Well, more DNA went in than protein.  Are we therefore entitled  
+
+to include that DNA is the hereditary material?  Why?   
+
+Well, I mean suppose that 1% sulfate is tracking one minor protein that  
+
+is the secret.  You can't, it's very hard to rule  
+
+out that there's no contaminants traveling along with the DNA.   
+
+And if you really truly disbelieve DNA, you could be churlish and say,   
+
+well, I just don't believe that you've so purified it that you can  
+
+completely rule out that some minor protein component is really  
+
+conferring heredity.  In fact, when you really look  
+
+closely, Avery,  McCarty and McLeod's biochemistry,   
+
+I believe, was purer than the purity of this experiment.   
+
+But by this point thinking had begun to shift toward DNA being a  
+
+reasonable hereditary molecule.  In addition, it was the second line  
+
+of proof, different from the pneumococcus, using a different  
+
+system, both pointing to the same answer.  And the intellectual tide  
+
+shifted to recognizing that this probably was right,   
+
+and the reason these experiments were pointing to DNA was DNA had to  
+
+be the right answer.  But, of course,   
+
+how was it the right answer?  What was it about DNA that could  
+
+confer these properties?  This was still unclear in 1953,   
+
+but not for that long.  It became clarified relatively soon thereafter.   
+
+And, of course,  it became clarified with the  
+
+understanding of DNA structure,  the double helix.   
+
+Nobody here has not heard of the double helix.  Probably there's  
+
+nobody, no grownup who doesn't know about the double helix and all that,   
+
+but nonetheless I want to stop and think a little bit also,   
+
+I'll say on a personal note,  this is the first year I've taught  
+
+this class after,  the first time I've taught this  
+
+class when Crick and Watson have not both been alive.   
+
+Some of you may know that Frances Crick dies just this past summer.   
+
+Which was very sad.  He was an incredible person and,   
+
+you know, as I've said, Mendel was one of my heroes.   
+
+Francis Crick was also one of my heroes.  He was just an  
+
+extraordinary person.  But Jim Watson is still alive and  
+
+kicking and still quite active.  And so, in any case, you're not far  
+
+removed.  So, I tell you a little bit about this stuff as history,   
+
+but this history I'm telling you about, these people are,   
+
+for the most part, Francis' passing notwithstanding,   
+
+alive and kicking.  Jim Watson is still quite alive.   
+
+Actually, McCarty is still alive.  It's really, anyway.   
+
+So, 1953, just a year later,  Jim Watson and Francis Crick are  
+
+working in England.  Watson is a student for Indiana,   
+
+a former ornithologist, had his interest in ornithology originally,   
+
+and then studies more biology and came to England because he wanted to  
+
+study the gene.  Francis Crick,   
+
+a physicist who worked in the admiralty during World War II.   
+
+And, of course, what they did was on the basis of an awful lot of  
+
+modeling and getting to see experimental x-ray diffraction  
+
+pictures of Roselyn Franklin from London who made a model.   
+
+And the model is this beautiful,  and I haven't drawn it to its proper  
+
+proportions, but this beautiful double helical structure.   
+
+Five prime, one chain of DNA running in one direction,   
+
+five prime to three prime.  An anti-parallel chain of DNA going  
+
+in this direction,  five prime to three prime.   
+
+It was a beautiful structure.  Jim Watson has written a whole book  
+
+about the discovery of the double helix structure,   
+
+and we are only 51 years past that.  It was, anybody who hasn't read The  
+
+Double Helix, this book,  really should.  It's one of the  
+
+treat books of science literature,  and actually is on many people's  
+
+lists of some of the great books of the 20th century.   
+
+It's a wonderful competitive story of Crick and Watson racing against  
+
+Linus Pauling.  It's, you know,   
+
+someone came along and had lunch in Cambridge with Crick and Watson.   
+
+And they came away and said,  this was before they discovered the  
+
+structure, about a year or so before,  and said these guys are idiots.   
+
+They can't even memorize the structure of A and T and C and G,   
+
+and they're trying to find, you know,  the structure of DNA.   
+
+These guys are never going to get anywhere.  So,   
+
+this person, who we'll come back to in a moment, was wrong about this  
+
+particular point.  Because what Crick and Watson did  
+
+was they played around with the models, and what they ended up  
+
+noticing was a couple of things.  First off, from Rosalyn Franklin's  
+
+pictures, that this was helical.  The x-ray to fraction pictures could  
+
+tell you at a glance that the structure was helical.   
+
+They saw that.  They then tried to make helices.  Now,   
+
+other people, Linus Pauling knew something that DNA probably had to  
+
+be helical, and somehow he just got it totally wrong.   
+
+He made just a nutty model of DNA.  Linus Pauling, the smartest chemist  
+
+of the century made a crazy model of DNA where he took the sugar  
+
+phosphate backbones and put all the sugar phosphate backbones in the  
+
+middle, and had three of them.  He had a triple helical model with  
+
+sugar phosphates in the middle.  And what can you tell me about the  
+
+charge on these sugar phosphate backbones?  Very negative.   
+
+You're going to stick a whole bunch of negative charges near each other  
+
+in the middle?  No way.  Anybody could have known.   
+
+This was a bush-league mistake, so Crick and Watson said phew,   
+
+Pauling has got it wrong.  They put together this model.   
+
+And the key to the model was the recognition of base pairing,   
+
+the recognition of base paring.  That if I take a thiamine here and I  
+
+take an adenine here.  That these two groups would be  
+
+pointing at each other in such a way as to make two hydrogen bonds with a  
+
+certain characteristic distance.  And, not just that, but cytosine  
+
+and guanine could also be fit into that same distance.   
+
+And they would have three hydrogen bonds.   
+
+And here NH, H,  doo, doo, doo, doo,   
+
+doo, doo, doo, three hydrogen bonds.  And they would fit the, what do I  
+
+got?  Oops.  Thank you.  Good point.   
+
+That's the problem.  Yup.  Well, it's a little messy but  
+
+anyway.  The business end here is three hydrogen bonds and two  
+
+hydrogen bonds,  and they both fit into the same  
+
+distance perfectly.  So, this double helix here could  
+
+have either As and Ts or Gs and Cs or Cs and Gs or Ts and As.   
+
+And they would all fit perfectly with each other.   
+
+Now, there was an old observation,  not that old, there was an  
+
+observation floating around at the time that said when you analyze the  
+
+amount of As and Ts in DNA,  you always found out that the amount  
+
+of A tended to be very close to the amount of T.  The amount of C tended  
+
+to be very close to the amount of G.   
+
+Although, these amounts could be different.  This was due to a  
+
+biochemist called Chargaff.  And they're called, this was called  
+
+Chargaff's Rule or Chargaff's Law or Chargaff's Observation.   
+
+Chargaff noted that the percentage of these amounts tended to be equal  
+
+but didn't know what to make of it.  This perfectly explained that.   
+
+It was very good.  Remember I said somebody came  
+
+through Cambridge and said these guys were turkeys,   
+
+Crick and Watson were turkeys because they couldn't even remember  
+
+the structure and all that?  This was a very distinguished  
+
+chemist who said this about Crick and Watson.  It was Chargaff.   
+
+Chargaff came through and said these guys are turkeys.   
+
+But it was Chargaff's Rule that Chargaff had missed the importance  
+
+of.  He was quite bitter about this through much of his life.   
+
+And there's a very wonderful biting quote that Chargaff says when Crick  
+
+and Watson become famous for the DNA double helix.   
+
+Let's see if I can get it right.  He says that such pigmies should  
+
+cast such giant shadows,  referring to Crick and Watson,   
+
+that such pigmies should cast such giant shadows only shows how late in  
+
+the day it is.  Anyway, he was not happy.   
+
+So, all right.  Now, this was a big deal thing.   
+
+Crick and Watson knew this was very important.  They raced to publish a  
+
+paper about this.  They sent it off to Nature.   
+
+It's a gem of a paper.  It's a page roughly in text.   
+
+It's very short,  very clear, has this beautiful  
+
+picture drawn from Francis Crick's wife, Odile.  And it is just a  
+
+charming paper.  They know that they've cracked the  
+
+secret of life.  Why do they know they've cracked  
+
+the secret of life?  Because the most important thing  
+
+about this model here is not its structure per se.   
+
+But that it explains how it is that a DNA molecule can be replicated,   
+
+that somehow all it takes is for those two strands to come apart,   
+
+who knows how, and that when they come apart each can serve as a  
+
+template for the other because since As always match Ts and Cs always  
+
+match Gs, each strand has enough information for the other.   
+
+That's how replication happens.  You have two strands, each of which  
+
+has sufficient information to encode the other.   
+
+They somehow come apart.  They each serve as a template for  
+
+the other.  And that's that.  That is the secret of life, how  
+
+life replicates itself.  Not just that.  We've explained  
+
+replication.  What about mutation.  What's mutation?  It sometimes gets  
+
+it wrong.  It sometimes screws up.  So, for one little biochemical  
+
+model we've explained replication and mutation.  That's pretty good.   
+
+Now, the thing is, in writing this paper and getting this off to the  
+
+Journal, this was not an easy thing to get done quickly.   
+
+You couldn't, you just didn't have time to explain all these details.   
+
+They wanted to stake their claim about this, so they wrote up the  
+
+structure.  And instead of going through a long about how this  
+
+explains replication and dah,  dah, dah, dah, dah, dah, dah, dah,   
+
+there's one sentence in the paper,  the last sentence of the paper in  
+
+which they just say it has not escaped our notice that this model  
+
+explains replication and everything else.  Basically the last sentence  
+
+says, oh, and by the way,  it has not escaped our notice that  
+
+this explains the secret of life.  Although, it didn't say it like that.   
+
+It's the coyest sentence in the scientific literature.   
+
+It's really just an amazing sentence there.   
+
+And then they come back a couple minutes later and write a paper  
+
+explaining what they mean and all that, but it's just a great sentence.   
+
+So, you will hear molecular biologists make reference,   
+
+use in their speech the phrase,  it has not escaped our notice that.   
+
+And it's always a homage back to this particular sentence in this  
+
+paper of Crick and Watson.  OK, now, last thing.  Yes?   
+
+Jim Watson was 25 and Francis was 35 when he did this.   
+
+Yes.  He was a 25-year-old kid when he did this.  That's right.   
+
+Pretty amazing stuff.  So, last point I want to touch on,   
+
+and I'm not sure I'll get to,  get all the way there, but this  
+
+model, this model here of DNA coming apart and each strand serving as a  
+
+template for the other strand is called Semi-Conservative  
+
+Replication.  That is one strand is used as the  
+
+template for the other strand,  so there's an old strand and a new  
+
+strand that's made.  In theory, you could imagine that  
+
+DNA replication occurred not like this.   
+
+But instead somehow,  I can't imagine how, but you could  
+
+imagine, and people were willing to imagine it, that the old strands  
+
+stayed together but somehow became a template for making a new double  
+
+helix without actually using them.  This model of the strands actually  
+
+serving as a template would predict that each new DNA double helix was,   
+
+in fact, composed of one old and one new strand.   
+
+If you could prove that then you'd have real confirmation of this Crick  
+
+Watson model, semi-conservative replication.  And so,   
+
+a young student, two young students,  Matt Meselson, who's still working  
+
+and is down the road at Harvard and a wonderful person,   
+
+and Frank Stahl, who's still working in Oregon, proved that the new DNAs  
+
+that were made after each generation were, in fact,   
+
+composed of one old strand and one new strand.   
+
+How could you possibly do that?  Sorry?  Radioactive labeling.  But  
+
+how do you radioactively label it so that you can see that it's,   
+
+that you've got a double helix that's half one and half the other?   
+
+Old ones labeled with, well, with one isotope.  It actually turns out  
+
+to be nitrogen.  The new one with a new isotope.   
+
+Say N14.  You can do heavy nitrogen and ordinary nitrogen.   
+
+And if what you could do is grow up your DNA, when you first grow it in  
+
+normal nitrogen,  then you shift to N15,   
+
+heavy nitrogen, you could make DNA molecules that were half old,   
+
+half new, and therefore half labeled with normal nitrogen,   
+
+half labeled with heavy nitrogen.  And how would I prove that these  
+
+DNA molecules were a 50/50 hybrid?  What would be the property that I  
+
+would be able to test?  Well, radioactivity turns out to be  
+
+really hard to weight density.  It turns out density, if I could  
+
+just measure the density of the DNA,  I would show that if the  
+
+semi-conservative model is true,  the molecules will now have  
+
+intermediate density between all heavy and all light nitrogen.   
+
+They had to work out a centrifugation technique so  
+
+sensitive, a salt gradient centrifugation where you could put  
+
+DNA on it.  You had a really fine salt gradient spun in a centrifuge.   
+
+And depending on where the DNA migrated, you could measure the  
+
+density of the DNA.  And they were able to show that,   
+
+in fact, newly replicated DNA strands had this intermediate  
+
+density that would be expected from the semi-conservative model.   
+
+And so, in fact, by that point the semi-conservative model,   
+
+I think, is well established.  In some sense you would say the  
+
+beauty of the double helix was almost one of these very rare  
+
+scientific results where when you look at it you say it can't  
+
+possibly be wrong.  It explains too much.   
+
+It's too beautiful.  But,  as we've discussed before, that's  
+
+not enough.  You need some proofs that it's real.   
+
+And this Meselson-Stahl experiment provided a real confirmation of that.   
+
+Onto next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pLYdFdnWozo.txt b/pLYdFdnWozo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7476e888ce03a84f48548a9b4c9fec187b472ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pLYdFdnWozo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the bidding process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bidding process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bidding process
+was two stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was two stages
+uh there was a big penalty if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a big penalty if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there was a big penalty if you didn't
+if you kept it but didn't develop it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kept it but didn't develop it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kept it but didn't develop it why
+why would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would that be
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+because what would happen is a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what would happen is a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what would happen is a company
+might want to say well i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say well i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to say well i will
+acquire the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire the site
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+i'm a big copper company and i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big copper company and i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a big copper company and i have
+assets elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i won't use it right away i'll use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't use it right away i'll use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't use it right away i'll use my
+other assets and only use this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets and only use this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other assets and only use this one and
+spend the money to develop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the money to develop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the money to develop this
+particular project when it's worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project when it's worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular project when it's worthwhile
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the company the country that owned it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company the country that owned it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company the country that owned it uh
+peru was not interested in that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peru was not interested in that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peru was not interested in that because
+they were interested in having the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in having the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in having the jobs
+they were interested in having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in having the
+exports they were interested in having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports they were interested in having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exports they were interested in having
+investment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so
+they wanted to be sure that the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to be sure that the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to be sure that the company
+that bid for it would in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bid for it would in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bid for it would in fact
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+develop it seriously or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it seriously or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it seriously or
+walk away from it if it turns out not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away from it if it turns out not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away from it if it turns out not to
+be geologically uh or temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be geologically uh or temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be geologically uh or temporary
+in terms of timing to be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of timing to be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of timing to be interesting
+so the timeline was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the timeline was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the timeline was was
+you could explore the geology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could explore the geology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could explore the geology and the
+topography and the access the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography and the access the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography and the access the technical
+aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects
+in phase one and in phase two you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase one and in phase two you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phase one and in phase two you had to
+spend three years develop three years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend three years develop three years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend three years develop three years or
+more developing uh three years or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more developing uh three years or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more developing uh three years or less
+developing the project before getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the project before getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the project before getting
+your profits so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your profits so that would be
+that's the timeline for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the timeline for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the timeline for it
+so in a decision and analytic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a decision and analytic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a decision and analytic point of
+view a decision tree you is if you won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a decision tree you is if you won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view a decision tree you is if you won
+the bid you had two years to explore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bid you had two years to explore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bid you had two years to explore you
+could then walk away from it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then walk away from it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could then walk away from it or
+that was your flexibility you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your flexibility you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was your flexibility you could
+decide it wasn't a good deal or spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide it wasn't a good deal or spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide it wasn't a good deal or spend
+three years developing it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years developing it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years developing it and then
+produce metal uh for as long as ore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce metal uh for as long as ore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce metal uh for as long as ore and
+then metals for as long as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then metals for as long as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then metals for as long as you want
+until you close them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you close them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you close them on
+so the question the flexibility was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question the flexibility was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question the flexibility was to
+walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away
+uh this was flexibility on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was flexibility on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was flexibility on the system
+because at this level it didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at this level it didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at this level it didn't say
+whether you did anything to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you did anything to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you did anything to design the
+mine one way or the other it was simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine one way or the other it was simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine one way or the other it was simply
+is it worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worthwhile
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+here's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where the
+flexibility analysis came in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility analysis came in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility analysis came in and the
+simulation came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation came in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i've said to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said to talk about that
+so the system model that it was so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the system model that it was so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the system model that it was so the
+npv depended on a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv depended on a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv depended on a lot of things
+it depended on the oral quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depended on the oral quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depended on the oral quality and
+quantity uh was it two percent copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh was it two percent copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity uh was it two percent copper
+one percent copper what other materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent copper what other materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent copper what other materials
+might be associated how valuable might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be associated how valuable might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be associated how valuable might
+they be what was the cost of mining uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be what was the cost of mining uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they be what was the cost of mining uh
+what was the price of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the price of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the price of of
+metals once you got them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals once you got them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals once you got them out of the
+country and into the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and into the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and into the market
+what's the price of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the price of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the price of copper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they had to have the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to have the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to have the distribution of the
+key parameters you had estimated ones on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key parameters you had estimated ones on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key parameters you had estimated ones on
+the technical cost model like how's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical cost model like how's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical cost model like how's this
+how is this factory going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this factory going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this factory going to work
+plant go this smelter gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant go this smelter gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant go this smelter gonna work
+you had to do something about the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do something about the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to do something about the market
+data based upon history but guessing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data based upon history but guessing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data based upon history but guessing in
+for the next 25 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 25 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next 25 years
+you had to have expert judgment based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to have expert judgment based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to have expert judgment based
+upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+test boards that you might have going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test boards that you might have going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test boards that you might have going
+down a couple thousand feet through rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a couple thousand feet through rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a couple thousand feet through rock
+you couldn't spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't spend
+you couldn't drill that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't drill that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't drill that many
+they cost about a million dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cost about a million dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cost about a million dollars a
+piece at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece at least
+but what did it all add up to so you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did it all add up to so you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did it all add up to so you had
+a number of uncertainties to value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of uncertainties to value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of uncertainties to value
+the outcomes of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of this process
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's a listing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sources of uncertainty in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of uncertainty in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of uncertainty in terms of the
+mind's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happened so there's a mind's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened so there's a mind's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened so there's a mind's life
+in this case they determined it was 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they determined it was 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they determined it was 20
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+why was that well at the discount rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was that well at the discount rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was that well at the discount rates
+they'd be using they figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be using they figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be using they figured out the
+value beyond 20 years didn't amount to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value beyond 20 years didn't amount to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value beyond 20 years didn't amount to
+very much given the other uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much given the other uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much given the other uncertainties
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they didn't they didn't calculate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they didn't calculate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't they didn't calculate out
+beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that
+they could have easily have done it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have easily have done it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have easily have done it if
+they wanted to but it didn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to but it didn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to but it didn't seem
+worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile
+you had the future prices of zinc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the future prices of zinc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the future prices of zinc and
+copper particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper particularly
+uh that was done through a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was done through a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was done through a stochastic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh a lattice analysis is a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lattice analysis is a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lattice analysis is a technical
+term used here for it i won't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term used here for it i won't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term used here for it i won't explain
+this for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for now
+uh then there is the quantity the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there is the quantity the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there is the quantity the or the
+cost and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and so on
+these are all done by uh probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all done by uh probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all done by uh probabilistic
+probability distributions and monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions and monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distributions and monte
+carlo simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlo simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carlo simulations
+now just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just a
+a side note on the historic copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side note on the historic copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side note on the historic copper
+prices as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices as of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in the past and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past and that
+this is the well my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow my footnote on this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow my footnote on this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow my footnote on this this is
+actually the price of uh that was quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the price of uh that was quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the price of uh that was quoted
+in about a week ago i had a footnote to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a week ago i had a footnote to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about a week ago i had a footnote to
+say that right up here but it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that right up here but it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that right up here but it seems to
+disappeared i'm sorry and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared i'm sorry and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared i'm sorry and here is the
+the prices and what happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices and what happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices and what happened in this
+particular case it's illustrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case it's illustrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case it's illustrative
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there was an event that occurred around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an event that occurred around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an event that occurred around
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which really was the commitment by china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really was the commitment by china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which really was the commitment by china
+to build an enormous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build an enormous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build an enormous amount of
+of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things
+uh cities and apartment buildings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cities and apartment buildings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cities and apartment buildings and
+railroads and so forth consuming a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads and so forth consuming a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroads and so forth consuming a lot
+of copper for electric wire and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper for electric wire and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copper for electric wire and so forth
+so that a huge jump in demand and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a huge jump in demand and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that a huge jump in demand and there
+was a before and after so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a before and after so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a before and after so simple
+analysis everything that occurred over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis everything that occurred over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis everything that occurred over
+this time would not have been so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time would not have been so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time would not have been so
+appropriate the question of whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate the question of whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate the question of whether this
+phenomenon will last forever and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon will last forever and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon will last forever and maybe
+this will continue on at more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will continue on at more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will continue on at more or less
+this level or not that's yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level or not that's yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level or not that's yet to be
+determined um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined um
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+that's the situation with it so looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the situation with it so looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the situation with it so looking
+at the more recent was the uh idea um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the more recent was the uh idea um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the more recent was the uh idea um so
+uh the sources of uncertainty have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sources of uncertainty have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sources of uncertainty have uh
+listed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed there
+um the simulation drew from the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simulation drew from the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the simulation drew from the various
+distributions that have then happened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that have then happened it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that have then happened it
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+control from all kinds of ones here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control from all kinds of ones here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control from all kinds of ones here uh
+you had the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the probability distribution
+selection of factors the determination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of factors the determination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of factors the determination
+of each npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each npv
+and you repeated this 2000 or so times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you repeated this 2000 or so times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you repeated this 2000 or so times
+to get the npv distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the npv distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the npv distribution
+and um here is the results of it with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um here is the results of it with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um here is the results of it with no
+flexibility that is if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility that is if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility that is if you were
+committed to doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to doing this
+uh and you could not walk away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you could not walk away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you could not walk away from it
+here is their assessment or is he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is their assessment or is he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is their assessment or is he uh
+their view of the assessment uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their view of the assessment uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their view of the assessment uh with a
+mean value of a half a billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of a half a billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of a half a billion dollars
+but it could be a loss of a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be a loss of a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be a loss of a billion
+dollars and could be a gain up here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and could be a gain up here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and could be a gain up here of
+as much as three or four billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as three or four billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as three or four billion dollars
+if everything uh turned out on the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything uh turned out on the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everything uh turned out on the best
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+was a very risky thing without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very risky thing without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very risky thing without the
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+base case no flexibility if you now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case no flexibility if you now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case no flexibility if you now i'm
+analyzing with the flexibility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing with the flexibility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing with the flexibility which
+meant if it's not looking good we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant if it's not looking good we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant if it's not looking good we're
+going to walk away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk away from it
+you say aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say aha
+if it's really not if at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really not if at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's really not if at the end of the
+two years uh it's not looking good it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years uh it's not looking good it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years uh it's not looking good it
+means that we are not going to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we are not going to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we are not going to do it so
+you walk away from her we drop all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk away from her we drop all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk away from her we drop all of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and we only look at the positive side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only look at the positive side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only look at the positive side
+then it has a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has a value of
+800 million so you walk away in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 million so you walk away in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 million so you walk away in case
+it looks bad it doesn't look profitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks bad it doesn't look profitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks bad it doesn't look profitable
+so this is this analysis was done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this analysis was done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this analysis was done before
+they committed what the bid was so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they committed what the bid was so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they committed what the bid was so it
+looks like it has a value of 819
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it has a value of 819
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it has a value of 819
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the rule here was uh you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule here was uh you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule here was uh you only have one
+chance to walk away from it there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to walk away from it there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to walk away from it there's no
+you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+you either do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either do it and
+get the value or you walk away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value or you walk away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value or you walk away from it
+so you the having the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the having the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the having the flexibility
+changes your value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes your value from
+uh with with the flexibility to without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with the flexibility to without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with with the flexibility to without
+the value the flexibility is about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the flexibility is about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the flexibility is about a
+quarter of a billion dollars 269 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of a billion dollars 269 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of a billion dollars 269 in
+terms of this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this analysis
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's the value of the flexibility so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of the flexibility so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of the flexibility so
+now the question was what do they bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question was what do they bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question was what do they bid
+for it as com and they have to now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as com and they have to now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as com and they have to now think
+about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they
+uh what the competition might do and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the competition might do and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the competition might do and so
+forth what you bid for something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what you bid for something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what you bid for something is
+uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another
+another aspect of it but the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of it but the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of it but the value the
+flexibility to abandon that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to abandon that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to abandon that was the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+is an estimate of 269 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an estimate of 269 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an estimate of 269 billion
+going back it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back it is
+the value is without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value is without it
+taken away from the value with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away from the value with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away from the value with it and
+left over the 269.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q9D2zR5q0Sc.txt b/q9D2zR5q0Sc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d566ec961960876c372654bec63742c92ef1fcc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q9D2zR5q0Sc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now why does this matter and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this matter and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why does this matter and i'm going
+to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you
+an example of why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm talking about delocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about delocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about delocalization
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize and i'm talking about how
+the actual structure of a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure of a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual structure of a molecule
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this sort of you know rigid
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bonds here one bond there that's not
+what that says but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that says but it
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't an ozone right but it's this
+it's this shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this shared
+equivalent bonds where the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent bonds where the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent bonds where the electron is
+shared and the whole system is lowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared and the whole system is lowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared and the whole system is lowered
+now there is one molecule where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is one molecule where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is one molecule where this is
+uh very much important and dictates all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much important and dictates all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very much important and dictates all
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its chemical behavior and that's
+benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back in the day in the 1930s
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh by the way pauling right
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity scale we talked about
+him on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on wednesday
+right but back in the day they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but back in the day they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but back in the day they didn't
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what benzene was they could kind of
+measure some things but it didn't none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some things but it didn't none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some things but it didn't none
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+worked and pauling wrote a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and pauling wrote a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and pauling wrote a number of
+structural formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural formula
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been proposed for benzene but none
+of them is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is free
+from very serious objections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very serious objections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very serious objections
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way they wrote stuff right look
+at these shapes for benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these shapes for benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these shapes for benzene
+if we don't know the right shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know the right shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't know the right shape and
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have the right shape for benzene
+then we cannot understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we cannot understand
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of the mega amounts of
+organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do with benzene right so this is
+what's happening with benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with benzene
+you have these two structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these two structures that
+benzene actually averages over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene actually averages over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene actually averages over
+right these are resonant structures back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are resonant structures back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are resonant structures back
+in the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day
+they called them cacola structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called them cacola structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called them cacola structures
+because cacolac as you can see was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cacolac as you can see was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cacolac as you can see was kind
+of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of close
+and thought about this as well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about this as well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thought about this as well these are
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant structures it totally dictates
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of benzene which then leads to
+massive amounts of things that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of things that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amounts of things that we do
+with benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with benzene
+because with benzene and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with benzene and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with benzene and this is just
+you know we don't need to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't need to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't need to look at this
+in detail it's just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail it's just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail it's just an example
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a few out of almost unlimited
+variations of benzene that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of benzene that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations of benzene that we can make
+because we can take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can take one of those
+hydrogen atoms and put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms and put something
+on it or two places and each time we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it or two places and each time we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it or two places and each time we do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we get a different material a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a different material a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a different material a different
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that gives us different properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us different properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us different properties and
+different uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uses
+okay and and it's but all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and it's but all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and it's but all of this
+even though we draw it still with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we draw it still with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we draw it still with those
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that inside it's delocalized
+right it's delocalized well it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's delocalized well it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's delocalized well it might
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once you add stuff to it but by
+itself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself here
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself here it's delocalized and that
+sets up the properties of benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up the properties of benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets up the properties of benzene
+now okay let's go a little farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's go a little farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay let's go a little farther
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can draw okay so i like these last two
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay there's uh was it naphthalene
+right now you can keep on going and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can keep on going and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you can keep on going and keep
+adding benzenes and we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding benzenes and we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding benzenes and we're gonna get
+somewhere that i really love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that i really love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere that i really love
+oh this is getting me excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is getting me excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is getting me excited
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh look i'm gonna add one there i'm
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna keep adding benzene
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now i could stay here oh don't get
+benzene wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i can keep going and if i kept going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can keep going and if i kept going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can keep going and if i kept going
+i might get sheets of benzene that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might get sheets of benzene that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might get sheets of benzene that are
+now called graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now called graphene
+and if i stack those up i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stack those up i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i stack those up i've got
+graphite i've got graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i've got graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite i've got graphite
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what graphite is it's these very
+large sheets of benzene now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sheets of benzene now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sheets of benzene now
+there are two uh very well known phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh very well known phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh very well known phases
+of pure carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pure carbon
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is diamond and the other is graphite
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+does anybody know which one is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know which one is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know which one is more
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people think graphite how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think graphite how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people think graphite how many
+people think diamonds are forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no i listen i'm going to say i've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i listen i'm going to say i've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i listen i'm going to say i've given
+you guys some advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys some advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys some advice
+especially like you know remember like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like you know remember like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like you know remember like
+you're out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out and
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're out on a date and it's the
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a candle and you've talked
+about combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about combustion
+and you've written that down and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've written that down and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've written that down and you
+talked about how long you have in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how long you have in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how long you have in that
+room because you know about oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because you know about oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room because you know about oxygen and
+the limiting reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent
+that it's either you or the candle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either you or the candle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's either you or the candle we
+talked about that we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that we also talked about
+how you need your periodic table on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you need your periodic table on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you need your periodic table on that
+date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how you may need your spectroscope
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they might give you an led candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might give you an led candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might give you an led candle
+instead you need to talk about leds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to talk about leds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you need to talk about leds
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm not saying that all of these
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations involving knowledge you've
+gained in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained in this class
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to this place of seriousness
+but it could lead to engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could lead to engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could lead to engagement
+it could and now some people when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could and now some people when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could and now some people when they
+get engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get engaged
+one person buys the other a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person buys the other a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person buys the other a ring
+and sometimes that involves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that involves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that involves this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+my point to you right now is when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point to you right now is when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point to you right now is when you go
+to the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the store
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tiffany's uh maybe it's
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and you buy that ring
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a warranty and make sure
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a hundred thousand years
+because after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after
+that time that ring is going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that ring is going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time that ring is going to turn
+into graphite because graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into graphite because graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into graphite because graphite
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest stable most energetically
+stable form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form of carbon
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just again always trying to help
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most stable form of carbon
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a bunch of benzene but repeated
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not benzene the hydrogens are gone
+it's just pure graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pure graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pure graphene
+but repeated in these beautiful rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we come back to when we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we come back to when we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we come back to when we come
+back to hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to hybridization
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular orbitals which we'll start
+after exam one you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exam one you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after exam one you'll see
+other beautiful properties of structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other beautiful properties of structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other beautiful properties of structures
+like this by the way speaking of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this by the way speaking of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this by the way speaking of seeing
+you can see this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this material
+right what are you throwing at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are you throwing at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are you throwing at this
+material to see it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to see it like that
+not light you're not not photons you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not light you're not not photons you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not light you're not not photons you're
+throwing electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing electrons
+i just came across this the other day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just came across this the other day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just came across this the other day in
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wired new microscope shows the quantum
+world and crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and crazy
+they took electrons and they shined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took electrons and they shined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took electrons and they shined it
+on these little particles of platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these little particles of platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these little particles of platinum
+and iron and they're able to literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron and they're able to literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron and they're able to literally
+see every single atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every single atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see every single atom
+as they break apart the particle under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they break apart the particle under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they break apart the particle under
+the by by just throwing electrons out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by by just throwing electrons out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by by just throwing electrons out
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+the transmission electron microscope was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission electron microscope was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission electron microscope was
+designed to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to break
+records using its mean of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records using its mean of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records using its mean of electron
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+many types of viruses etc etc they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of viruses etc etc they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of viruses etc etc they got
+down to 0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 0.4
+angstrom resolution in that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom resolution in that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom resolution in that work
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a beautiful thing and being able to
+see these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these materials
+has revolutionized what we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r0o9DJmvYNg.txt b/r0o9DJmvYNg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6140d3004ab65e8dfd9b903fe6eb511d5602a223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r0o9DJmvYNg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's go ahead and get started you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys. Okay. So, uh before we begin, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Okay. So, uh before we begin, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Okay. So, uh before we begin, I
+just want to a brief note about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to a brief note about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to a brief note about the
+quiz. Um so, you should get the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz. Um so, you should get the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz. Um so, you should get the quiz
+back tomorrow in recitation. Uh the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back tomorrow in recitation. Uh the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back tomorrow in recitation. Uh the mean
+and median on the quiz were 69. Um so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and median on the quiz were 69. Um so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and median on the quiz were 69. Um so,
+out of 100. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 100. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 100. So, um
+Look for it tomorrow and there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look for it tomorrow and there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look for it tomorrow and there should be
+solutions posted also also tomorrow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, does anybody remember what standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, does anybody remember what standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, does anybody remember what standard
+deviation was on the quiz? 14. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation was on the quiz? 14. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation was on the quiz? 14. Okay,
+thanks. Uh, okay. So, the topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks. Uh, okay. So, the topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks. Uh, okay. So, the topic for
+today, we're going to continue talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, we're going to continue talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, we're going to continue talking
+about networking. Um, and just to recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about networking. Um, and just to recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about networking. Um, and just to recap
+where we left off last time, I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time, I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time, I wanted to
+review a few of the best effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a few of the best effort network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a few of the best effort network
+properties. So you remember at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So you remember at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So you remember at the end
+of lecture last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time we talked about this notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about this notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we talked about this notion of a
+best effort network and we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort network and we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort network and we said that
+these packet switch networks uh like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these packet switch networks uh like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these packet switch networks uh like the
+internet are uh typically best ef best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet are uh typically best ef best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet are uh typically best ef best
+best effort which means that uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort which means that uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort which means that uh there
+are certain things in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain things in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain things in particular that
+they don't guarantee. Um so one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't guarantee. Um so one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't guarantee. Um so one one
+thing that is uh one property of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is uh one property of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is uh one property of best
+effort networks is that they're subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks is that they're subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks is that they're subject
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+delays. Okay. So uh these are delays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays. Okay. So uh these are delays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays. Okay. So uh these are delays in
+uh due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh due to the
+propagation of messages down our uh down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of messages down our uh down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of messages down our uh down
+our wires. The time it takes for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wires. The time it takes for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wires. The time it takes for the for
+the messages to uh propagate along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages to uh propagate along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messages to uh propagate along the
+pipe. Remember we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe. Remember we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe. Remember we talked about that
+analogy last time. Um time to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy last time. Um time to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy last time. Um time to transmit
+the message. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message. So that's the
+uh so transmission time is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so transmission time is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so transmission time is the sort of
+amount of time it takes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time it takes to the
+proportional to the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the length of the
+message and the uh sort of bit rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and the uh sort of bit rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and the uh sort of bit rate of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+link.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link.
+Um and then there's additional delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then there's additional delays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then there's additional delays
+that are introduced by these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are introduced by these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are introduced by these properties
+that we talked about at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about at the end of the
+lecture last time such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time such as
+uh queuing. So the fact that uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh queuing. So the fact that uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh queuing. So the fact that uh remember
+we said that these networks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that these networks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that these networks are
+congested and the load is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested and the load is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congested and the load is somewhat
+unpredictable and because the load of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable and because the load of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable and because the load of
+the network is unpredictable uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is unpredictable uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is unpredictable uh that
+necessarily means that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily means that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily means that they're going to
+be cues uh in between the links on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cues uh in between the links on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cues uh in between the links on our
+on our network. And then finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our network. And then finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our network. And then finally we
+talked about uh finally the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh finally the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh finally the additional
+source of delay we didn't talk much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of delay we didn't talk much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of delay we didn't talk much
+about but uh is also can it be an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but uh is also can it be an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but uh is also can it be an issue
+is the processing delay. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the processing delay. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the processing delay. So this is the
+delay uh incurred by sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay uh incurred by sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay uh incurred by sort of the
+overhead of processing messages between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of processing messages between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead of processing messages between
+switches for example on our uh in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches for example on our uh in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches for example on our uh in our
+network. Okay. Um so other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. Um so other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. Um so other other
+interesting properties of best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties of best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties of best effort
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+um you incur they incur some loss. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you incur they incur some loss. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you incur they incur some loss. Okay.
+So um they're going to be messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um they're going to be messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um they're going to be messages that
+are uh corrupted as they're transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh corrupted as they're transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh corrupted as they're transmitted
+down these links. Um there are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these links. Um there are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these links. Um there are going to
+be losses that are caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losses that are caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be losses that are caused by
+congestions. Remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestions. Remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestions. Remember we talked about
+how one of the only respon the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one of the only respon the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one of the only respon the sort of
+only responses often times the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only responses often times the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only responses often times the best
+response to congestion is simply to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to congestion is simply to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to congestion is simply to uh
+drop packets to reduce overload. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop packets to reduce overload. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop packets to reduce overload. Um and
+there sometimes are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sometimes are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sometimes are going to be
+failures. There are going to be uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. There are going to be uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures. There are going to be uh uh
+switches within the network that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches within the network that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches within the network that will
+sometimes simply cease to function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes simply cease to function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes simply cease to function and
+of course you're going to lose the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you're going to lose the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you're going to lose the data
+when that happens. Okay. Um there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens. Okay. Um there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens. Okay. Um there can be
+reordering of packets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we didn't talk much about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we didn't talk much about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we didn't talk much about this but
+it's a fairly sort of obvious idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly sort of obvious idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly sort of obvious idea that
+suppose an application is sending has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose an application is sending has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose an application is sending has
+two different messages right well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different messages right well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different messages right well if you
+think about the way that those me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way that those me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the way that those me that
+those messages may be routed along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those messages may be routed along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those messages may be routed along
+different paths through the network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths through the network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths through the network and
+we'll talk about this more uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this more uh when we
+talk about how routing works next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how routing works next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how routing works next time
+um but because they can be routed along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because they can be routed along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because they can be routed along
+different paths there's no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths there's no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths there's no guarantee
+that the messages you know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the messages you know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the messages you know because
+message one was sent before message two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message one was sent before message two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message one was sent before message two
+that message two message one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message two message one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message two message one actually
+arrives before message two at whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives before message two at whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives before message two at whatever
+endpoint you're sending to. And finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint you're sending to. And finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint you're sending to. And finally,
+uh there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+duplication. And duplication is often a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication. And duplication is often a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication. And duplication is often a
+side effect of techniques that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effect of techniques that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effect of techniques that we'll
+again talk about next time for dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again talk about next time for dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again talk about next time for dealing
+with this issue of loss. So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this issue of loss. So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this issue of loss. So if you have
+lost packets at somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost packets at somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost packets at somewhere in the
+network, you may want to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network, you may want to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network, you may want to try and
+retransmit those packets. And because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit those packets. And because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit those packets. And because
+you're retransmitting things, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're retransmitting things, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're retransmitting things, you're
+sending things multiple times, there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending things multiple times, there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending things multiple times, there can
+be places in the network where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be places in the network where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be places in the network where you
+actually see two copies of a message. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see two copies of a message. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see two copies of a message. So
+um these best effort networks have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these best effort networks have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these best effort networks have a
+number of sort of properties that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sort of properties that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sort of properties that make
+using them somewhat complex. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them somewhat complex. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them somewhat complex. And what
+we're going to talk about over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about over the next
+uh two or three lectures basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two or three lectures basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two or three lectures basically are
+ways of mitigating the complexity of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of mitigating the complexity of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of mitigating the complexity of uh
+these best effort networks. So making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best effort networks. So making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these best effort networks. So making
+the interface that these best work best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface that these best work best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface that these best work best
+effort networks provide to applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks provide to applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks provide to applications
+um a little bit more usable in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit more usable in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit more usable in the sense
+that you know we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we're going to try and
+find ways to reduce the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to reduce the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to reduce the effects of
+things like loss and reordering or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like loss and reordering or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like loss and reordering or to
+make it so that applications don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that applications don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so that applications don't
+necessarily need to be aware of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to be aware of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily need to be aware of those
+things. So in order to start getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So in order to start getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So in order to start getting at
+sort of dealing with this complexity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dealing with this complexity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dealing with this complexity um
+we're going to talk today about uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk today about uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk today about uh this
+notion of layering. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we said you know when we we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we said you know when we we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we said you know when we we talked
+generically about systems earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically about systems earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically about systems earlier in the
+class we said that a standard way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we said that a standard way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we said that a standard way that
+we're going to deal with complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to deal with complexity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to deal with complexity is
+by introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing
+modularity. Okay. And the specific kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity. Okay. And the specific kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity. Okay. And the specific kind
+of modularity that is widely used within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modularity that is widely used within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modularity that is widely used within
+networks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is
+layering. And that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering. And that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering. And that's what we're going to
+talk about most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about most of the time
+today. Um the other way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um the other way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um the other way that we
+typically deal with another common way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically deal with another common way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically deal with another common way
+of dealing with complexity within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with complexity within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with complexity within
+networks uh is by using protocols.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And a protocol is really just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a protocol is really just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a protocol is really just a set of
+rules for how two uh h how two machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for how two uh h how two machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for how two uh h how two machines
+on the on a network communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on a network communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on a network communicate with
+each other. So uh for example a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So uh for example a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So uh for example a protocol
+might say that you know if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that you know if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say that you know if I want to
+tell you about uh you know if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh you know if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about uh you know if I want to
+send a message to you that I will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to you that I will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to you that I will you
+know put this certain bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put this certain bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know put this certain bit of information
+at the beginning of it I'll put you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of it I'll put you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of it I'll put you know
+some address information at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some address information at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some address information at the
+beginning of that message. Um and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of that message. Um and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of that message. Um and I will
+you know this the message will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this the message will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this the message will be no
+more than a certain number of bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a certain number of bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a certain number of bytes
+long. and you know I I'll put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. and you know I I'll put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. and you know I I'll put that
+message on the wire and then part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message on the wire and then part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message on the wire and then part of the
+protocol is also that you'll send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is also that you'll send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is also that you'll send an
+acknowledgement back to me that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement back to me that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement back to me that tells me
+that you in fact got the message. So by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you in fact got the message. So by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you in fact got the message. So by
+and these protocols are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these protocols are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these protocols are very
+well-defined sets of rules about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined sets of rules about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined sets of rules about how
+communication is supposed to happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is supposed to happen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is supposed to happen.
+These protocols are going to help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These protocols are going to help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These protocols are going to help us to
+deal with complexity because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with complexity because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with complexity because they're
+going to tell us what we expect to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what we expect to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what we expect to have
+happen within the network. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within the network. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within the network. And when
+things don't follow the protocols then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't follow the protocols then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't follow the protocols then
+that's going to be an indication that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an indication that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be an indication that uh
+something went wrong and that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong and that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong and that we should
+therefore you know try and recover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know try and recover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you know try and recover from
+it. So, for example, if we lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, for example, if we lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, for example, if we lose a
+packet, um the protocol is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet, um the protocol is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet, um the protocol is going to
+allow us to detect that a packet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to detect that a packet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to detect that a packet was
+lost and request that that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and request that that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and request that that be
+retransmitted. We'll talk much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted. We'll talk much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted. We'll talk much more
+about protocols next time, but um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about protocols next time, but um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about protocols next time, but um it's
+sort of worth bearing in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of worth bearing in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of worth bearing in mind that
+almost any kind of anytime two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of anytime two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any kind of anytime two things
+are communicating within a network,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are communicating within a network,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are communicating within a network,
+they're using one of these protocols,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using one of these protocols,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're using one of these protocols,
+and protocol is just a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protocol is just a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protocol is just a set of
+rules. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. Okay. So,
+um I want to just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to just quickly
+uh give you this list of five questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you this list of five questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give you this list of five questions.
+We're going to come back to this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to come back to this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to come back to this list of
+five questions a little bit later. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five questions a little bit later. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five questions a little bit later. Um,
+but these are sort of uh five key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are sort of uh five key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are sort of uh five key
+questions that we need to sort of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need to sort of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we need to sort of figure
+out how we're going to actually resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to actually resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how we're going to actually resolve
+um in networks. The first question is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in networks. The first question is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in networks. The first question is uh
+how do we multiplex conversations on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we multiplex conversations on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we multiplex conversations on a
+network? And we talked about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network? And we talked about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network? And we talked about this last
+time we had these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we had these two different
+alternatives. Uh time division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Uh time division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives. Uh time division
+multipplexing which we said was used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing which we said was used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing which we said was used in
+uh like telephone networks and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like telephone networks and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like telephone networks and we talked
+about packet switching as a way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about packet switching as a way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about packet switching as a way in which
+we can have multiple people sharing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have multiple people sharing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have multiple people sharing a
+network. Um but there's a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um but there's a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um but there's a bunch of other
+questions that we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we haven't really
+answered yet and this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered yet and this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered yet and this is what we're
+going to get at over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get at over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get at over the next few
+lectures. So how do we transmit bits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. So how do we transmit bits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. So how do we transmit bits on
+a link? How do we actually uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link? How do we actually uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link? How do we actually uh you know
+take given given a wire? How do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take given given a wire? How do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take given given a wire? How do we
+actually modulate that wire in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modulate that wire in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually modulate that wire in the right
+way to transmit the message that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to transmit the message that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to transmit the message that we want
+to transmit down it? Um how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit down it? Um how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transmit down it? Um how do we
+forward packets via switches? So we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward packets via switches? So we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward packets via switches? So we sort
+of said that there are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said that there are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of said that there are these things
+switches and that along any multiple any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and that along any multiple any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and that along any multiple any
+communication path there may be uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication path there may be uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication path there may be uh sort
+of multiple communication hops that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple communication hops that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple communication hops that have
+to be taken through multiple switches.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taken through multiple switches.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taken through multiple switches.
+But we haven't yet talked about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we haven't yet talked about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we haven't yet talked about uh what
+is actually going on inside those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going on inside those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going on inside those
+switches. So we're going to look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches. So we're going to look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches. So we're going to look in
+particular at what's going on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at what's going on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular at what's going on inside
+switches in the internet and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches in the internet and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches in the internet and see how
+that works. Um then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works. Um then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works. Um then there's this
+question about how do we actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how do we actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how do we actually make
+communication reliable. So we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication reliable. So we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication reliable. So we said that
+one of the limitations of a best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the limitations of a best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the limitations of a best effort
+network is that well it introduces loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is that well it introduces loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is that well it introduces loss
+and it can reorder packets. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can reorder packets. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can reorder packets. Um
+applications oftentimes don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications oftentimes don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications oftentimes don't want to
+have their packets reordered or dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their packets reordered or dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their packets reordered or dropped
+right because they're trying to uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're trying to uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're trying to uh you
+know actually exchange information with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually exchange information with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually exchange information with
+each other. So we'd like to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So we'd like to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So we'd like to understand
+what kinds of techniques we can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of techniques we can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of techniques we can use that
+can systematically allow us to avoid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can systematically allow us to avoid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can systematically allow us to avoid or
+to uh make communication reliable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh make communication reliable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh make communication reliable. And
+then finally how do we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally how do we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally how do we manage
+congestion? So we said that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion? So we said that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion? So we said that one of the
+the sort of fundamental problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental problems with
+these packet switch networks is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these packet switch networks is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these packet switch networks is that the
+amount of load may be unpredictable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of load may be unpredictable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of load may be unpredictable in
+the network. So um a question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. So um a question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. So um a question that we
+need to the the question that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to the the question that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to the the question that we need to
+ask then is okay how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask then is okay how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask then is okay how are we going to
+manage this congestion? what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage this congestion? what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage this congestion? what are we
+going to do in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in response to the
+congestion in order to sort of minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion in order to sort of minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion in order to sort of minimize
+the effect that it has on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that it has on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that it has on the
+applications that are trying to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are trying to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are trying to run in
+the network. Okay, so we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. Okay, so we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. Okay, so we'll come back to
+these questions in a minute and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in a minute and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in a minute and sort of
+as we talk about what the layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about what the layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we talk about what the layers of the
+network stack are, we'll sort of see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stack are, we'll sort of see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stack are, we'll sort of see how
+these different questions fit into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different questions fit into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different questions fit into uh
+the sort of different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of different parts of the
+network stack. But what I want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stack. But what I want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network stack. But what I want to do now
+is really turn to this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really turn to this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really turn to this issue of
+layering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in order to understand a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in order to understand a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in order to understand a little
+bit about why there might be wires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about why there might be wires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about why there might be wires
+within a network or why there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a network or why there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a network or why there might be
+layers within a network excuse me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers within a network excuse me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers within a network excuse me um
+let's look at a very simple uh a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a very simple uh a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a very simple uh a very
+simple uh kind of a network. So suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh kind of a network. So suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh kind of a network. So suppose
+we have some client uh a client C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some client uh a client C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some client uh a client C okay
+who um has a number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um has a number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um has a number of different
+connections uh to the to the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections uh to the to the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections uh to the to the outside
+world available to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world available to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world available to it.
+Um and it can connect each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it can connect each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it can connect each of those
+connections goes say for example to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections goes say for example to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections goes say for example to some
+switch which may in turn connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch which may in turn connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch which may in turn connect to
+another switch um which may in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another switch um which may in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another switch um which may in turn
+connect to some uh end host Server S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to some uh end host Server S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to some uh end host Server S
+that the client is trying to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the client is trying to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the client is trying to communicate
+with. Okay. So suppose C is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Okay. So suppose C is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Okay. So suppose C is trying to
+send a message to S. Um let's think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to S. Um let's think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message to S. Um let's think a
+little bit about how this this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how this this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how this this might
+actually work. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work. So
+um we have the application which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have the application which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have the application which is
+perhaps running on C. Um and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps running on C. Um and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps running on C. Um and it might
+make a make a try and send a message by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a make a try and send a message by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a make a try and send a message by
+saying calling some routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sends message. Okay. So it says send to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends message. Okay. So it says send to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends message. Okay. So it says send to
+endpoint s uh this message that I have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint s uh this message that I have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint s uh this message that I have.
+So let's uh let's think about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh let's think about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh let's think about how we
+might actually implement uh we might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually implement uh we might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually implement uh we might go
+about implementing this. So um one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implementing this. So um one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implementing this. So um one way
+that you might have the application send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have the application send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have the application send
+a message to S um is that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message to S um is that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message to S um is that you might have
+this sort of the application might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the application might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the application might
+understand everything about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything about what the
+whole network topology looks like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network topology looks like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network topology looks like right
+so it might understand all know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might understand all know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it might understand all know about
+all the different links that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different links that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different links that are
+available to it and with each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to it and with each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to it and with each one of
+those different uh these different links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different uh these different links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different uh these different links
+uh you know it may have may understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it may have may understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know it may have may understand
+what the sort of topology of devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sort of topology of devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sort of topology of devices
+that are out there. So if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there. So if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are out there. So if I have a
+connection to the internet, that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the internet, that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the internet, that would
+mean that I have to understand all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I have to understand all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that I have to understand all of
+the machines that are connected to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines that are connected to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines that are connected to me
+via the internet, right? So then I can,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the internet, right? So then I can,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the internet, right? So then I can,
+you know, so I have this list of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so I have this list of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so I have this list of a
+million hosts and those are at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million hosts and those are at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million hosts and those are at every
+client. Um, and I sort of just scan down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. Um, and I sort of just scan down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. Um, and I sort of just scan down
+this list of a million a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of a million a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list of a million a million
+machines that I can connect to until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that I can connect to until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that I can connect to until I
+find S and then I, you know, send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find S and then I, you know, send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find S and then I, you know, send a
+message out over the next link or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out over the next link or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out over the next link or
+something, right? So this sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, right? So this sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, right? So this sounds very
+complicated because it forces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it forces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it forces the
+application to understand the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to understand the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to understand the sort of
+entire uh functionality of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh functionality of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh functionality of the network
+underneath it. how the network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. how the network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. how the network is
+connected and how the nodes talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and how the nodes talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and how the nodes talk to each
+other. So that doesn't seem like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So that doesn't seem like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So that doesn't seem like a very
+good idea, right? Instead, we'd like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea, right? Instead, we'd like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea, right? Instead, we'd like the
+application simply to be able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application simply to be able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application simply to be able to just
+send its message out. Um, and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send its message out. Um, and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send its message out. Um, and we would
+like some lower layer service to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some lower layer service to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some lower layer service to take
+care of the details of figuring out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the details of figuring out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the details of figuring out uh
+where to send the message next. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to send the message next. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to send the message next. So um
+in networks we talk about that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in networks we talk about that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in networks we talk about that sort of
+service that runs underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that runs underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that runs underneath the
+application uh that's in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh that's in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application uh that's in charge of
+figuring out what the next the next sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the next the next sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the next the next sort
+of uh connection the next hop to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh connection the next hop to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh connection the next hop to use
+within the uh the network. We call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the uh the network. We call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the uh the network. We call that
+the network layer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network layer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network layer.
+Okay, which I'm going to abbreviate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which I'm going to abbreviate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, which I'm going to abbreviate as
+net. Um and so what the network layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net. Um and so what the network layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net. Um and so what the network layer
+for example suppose this client had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose this client had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose this client had
+three connections available to it. it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connections available to it. it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connections available to it. it
+has a modem connection. Uh it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modem connection. Uh it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a modem connection. Uh it has a
+Wi-Fi connection and maybe it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi connection and maybe it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wi-Fi connection and maybe it has an
+Ethernet connection. Okay. Um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet connection. Okay. Um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet connection. Okay. Um what the
+network layer is going to do is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer is going to do is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer is going to do is it's
+going to look at this name S that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this name S that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this name S that the
+client has specified and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client has specified and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client has specified and it's going to
+try and decide which one of these links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and decide which one of these links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and decide which one of these links
+is the next the next link to use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next the next link to use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next the next link to use in
+order to forward the message on to S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to forward the message on to S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to forward the message on to S.
+Okay. So it's just going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's just going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's just going to make a
+decision from amongst the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision from amongst the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision from amongst the available
+connections. Um, so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. Um, so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections. Um, so it's going
+to basically pick the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically pick the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically pick the next
+link. Okay. Um, and if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link. Okay. Um, and if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link. Okay. Um, and if this is the
+internet, you know, you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, you know, you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, you know, you're going to have
+these the these switches or these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the these switches or these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these the these switches or these
+routers that may have links to a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers that may have links to a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers that may have links to a bunch
+of other networks. And so they in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other networks. And so they in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other networks. And so they in in the
+internet, this network the the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, this network the the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet, this network the the network
+layer runs actually on all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer runs actually on all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer runs actually on all of the uh
+routers within the within the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers within the within the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers within the within the internet
+and is, you know, making these decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is, you know, making these decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is, you know, making these decisions
+about how to forward packet after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to forward packet after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to forward packet after
+packet. So we'll see again in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet. So we'll see again in next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet. So we'll see again in next
+lecture and in restitation how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in restitation how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in restitation how the
+internet actually does packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet actually does packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet actually does packet
+forwarding. Um, but so we said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding. Um, but so we said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding. Um, but so we said there's
+this network layer, uh, but we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network layer, uh, but we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network layer, uh, but we we have
+this thing that's picking the next link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's picking the next link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's picking the next link
+to send the message out over, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the message out over, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the message out over, right? But
+we don't necessarily want that thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily want that thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily want that thing to
+have to understand the details of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand the details of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand the details of how
+you actually communicate over each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually communicate over each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually communicate over each of
+the available physical connections,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available physical connections,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available physical connections,
+right? So the network, you know, if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the network, you know, if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So the network, you know, if if
+suppose that I just the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I just the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I just the only thing that
+was here was this this network layer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here was this this network layer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here was this this network layer,
+then all the network and the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the network and the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the network and the network
+layer had to understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer had to understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer had to understand how to
+communicate over Ethernet and Wi-Fi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate over Ethernet and Wi-Fi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate over Ethernet and Wi-Fi and
+the modem, right? Right? Well, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modem, right? Right? Well, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modem, right? Right? Well, then the
+network layer is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer is going to be very
+complicated because of course sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because of course sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because of course sending
+messages out over a wireless radio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages out over a wireless radio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages out over a wireless radio is
+very different than sending messages out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than sending messages out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different than sending messages out
+over uh an Ethernet. So, what we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an Ethernet. So, what we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an Ethernet. So, what we have is
+one layer that sits underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer that sits underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one layer that sits underneath the
+network layer which we typically call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer which we typically call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer which we typically call
+the link layer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer.
+Um and the link layer is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the link layer is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the link layer is responsible for
+sort of managing this the is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of managing this the is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of managing this the is responsible
+for uh managing the physical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh managing the physical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh managing the physical um
+connection for the transmission of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for the transmission of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for the transmission of data
+from along just one of these wire. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from along just one of these wire. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from along just one of these wire. It's
+the thing that actually, you know, moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that actually, you know, moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that actually, you know, moves
+bits from, you know, C to whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits from, you know, C to whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits from, you know, C to whatever the
+next next hop within the network is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next hop within the network is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next next hop within the network is.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, so this so these are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this so these are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this so these are these two
+layers. You notice now I've left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. You notice now I've left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. You notice now I've left this
+hole here. You might be wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole here. You might be wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole here. You might be wondering what
+goes into that hole. Um, so what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that hole. Um, so what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that hole. Um, so what we said
+is so the the network layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the the network layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the the network layer is
+responsible for picking the links. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for picking the links. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for picking the links. But
+remember that what we've talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what we've talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that what we've talked about so
+far is this uh in this best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is this uh in this best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is this uh in this best effort
+network abstraction is sort of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network abstraction is sort of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network abstraction is sort of there
+there's all these problems these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these problems these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these problems these sort of
+with delays reordering duplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delays reordering duplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delays reordering duplication and
+so on. Um and we might be that neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. Um and we might be that neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on. Um and we might be that neither
+of these layers really is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these layers really is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these layers really is responsible
+for dealing with those problems and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with those problems and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with those problems and what
+we said is what we want is to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is what we want is to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is what we want is to be able to
+provide an abstraction to applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an abstraction to applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an abstraction to applications
+where some of these uh problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of these uh problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some of these uh problems with
+best effort networks are hidden from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort networks are hidden from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort networks are hidden from the
+network. Okay. So we typically typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. So we typically typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. So we typically typically
+networks introduce a third layer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks introduce a third layer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks introduce a third layer which
+in this class we call the endto-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we call the endto-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we call the endto-end
+layer that's in charge of addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's in charge of addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that's in charge of addressing
+these kinds of issues. Um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of issues. Um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of issues. Um we're going to
+talk the end to end layer may seem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the end to end layer may seem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk the end to end layer may seem a
+little bit fuzzy the details of it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fuzzy the details of it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit fuzzy the details of it when
+we talk about it because the endtoend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about it because the endtoend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about it because the endtoend
+layer can do lots of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer can do lots of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer can do lots of different things
+for different applications. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different applications. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different applications. Okay, so
+some applications may be concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applications may be concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some applications may be concerned about
+uh for example the possibility of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the possibility of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example the possibility of uh
+messages being lost, right? Um whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages being lost, right? Um whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages being lost, right? Um whereas
+other applications may not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications may not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications may not be as
+concerned about messages being lost, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about messages being lost, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about messages being lost, but
+may be very concerned about delay. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very concerned about delay. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very concerned about delay. We'll
+see as we talk through class that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as we talk through class that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see as we talk through class that uh
+delay and loss trade off with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and loss trade off with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and loss trade off with each
+other, which makes sense. If I lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other, which makes sense. If I lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other, which makes sense. If I lose a
+message and I have to retransmit it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and I have to retransmit it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and I have to retransmit it,
+that's going to increase the delay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to increase the delay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to increase the delay on
+the network. Um but uh so it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. Um but uh so it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. Um but uh so it's possible
+to sort of trade these things off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of trade these things off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of trade these things off for
+each other. So the endto-end layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So the endto-end layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. So the endto-end layer is
+the thing that's responsible for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's responsible for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's responsible for trying
+to make the application environment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the application environment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the application environment uh
+sort of more pleasant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more pleasant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more pleasant for the
+application and that can you know mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and that can you know mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and that can you know mean
+dealing with you know trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with you know trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with you know trying to
+eliminate loss or trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate loss or trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate loss or trying to minimize
+delay for example we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay for example we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay for example we'll talk about
+different kinds of endto-end layers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of endto-end layers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of endto-end layers in a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+lectures okay so these are kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay so these are kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures okay so these are kind of the
+three so in we're going to decompose our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so in we're going to decompose our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so in we're going to decompose our
+network into these three layers um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into these three layers um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network into these three layers um and
+in order to sort of uh illustrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of uh illustrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to sort of uh illustrate this
+to you a little bit better what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a little bit better what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a little bit better what I want
+to do is to just walk you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to just walk you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to just walk you through a
+simple example example of how the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example example of how the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example example of how the layers
+might look um in the internet um with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look um in the internet um with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look um in the internet um with a
+you know a simple web application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple web application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a simple web application and
+I'm going to use some of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use some of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use some of the sort of
+terminology from the internet here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from the internet here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from the internet here and
+we're going to return to some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to return to some of this
+terminology and introduce it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and introduce it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and introduce it a little
+bit more carefully in recitation but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully in recitation but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully in recitation but um
+I'll I'll try and explain it as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try and explain it as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try and explain it as much as
+we go. So um suppose we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go. So um suppose we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go. So um suppose we have some
+environment like suppose we have two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like suppose we have two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like suppose we have two uh
+we have a laptop say my laptop here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a laptop say my laptop here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a laptop say my laptop here that
+wants to connect to a web server uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to connect to a web server uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to connect to a web server uh
+mit.edu okay and the way that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu okay and the way that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit.edu okay and the way that the the
+web works is it uses a protocol called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web works is it uses a protocol called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web works is it uses a protocol called
+HTTP um which is uh used for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP um which is uh used for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP um which is uh used for sort of
+exchange for making requests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for making requests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for making requests for
+specific uh web pages and for returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh web pages and for returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh web pages and for returning
+the results of those web pages. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of those web pages. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of those web pages. So these
+are typically called requests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically called requests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically called requests and
+responses uh in the HTTP specification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses uh in the HTTP specification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses uh in the HTTP specification.
+So what's going to happen now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's going to happen now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's going to happen now if you
+look at so this is sort of from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so this is sort of from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so this is sort of from the
+user's perspective application the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's perspective application the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's perspective application the
+application is a browser that uh knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is a browser that uh knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is a browser that uh knows
+about the HTTP protocol or a web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the HTTP protocol or a web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the HTTP protocol or a web server
+that knows about the HTTP protocol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knows about the HTTP protocol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knows about the HTTP protocol and
+it's running on these two remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running on these two remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's running on these two remote
+machines. Underneath each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. Underneath each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines. Underneath each of these
+things of course there's uh some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of course there's uh some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of course there's uh some sort of
+there's a layer there there's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a layer there there's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a layer there there's a set of
+layers. Okay. Um and each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay. Um and each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay. Um and each of these
+things has has layers underneath it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things has has layers underneath it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things has has layers underneath it. Um
+and these layers correspond to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these layers correspond to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these layers correspond to these
+three things we've just talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things we've just talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things we've just talked about the
+endto-end layer, the network layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endto-end layer, the network layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endto-end layer, the network layer and
+the link layer. Um of course so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer. Um of course so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer. Um of course so one
+thing the first thing you may notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the first thing you may notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the first thing you may notice
+here is that the uh link layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the uh link layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the uh link layer is
+different between these two things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two things. So
+uh the laptop is perhaps communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laptop is perhaps communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the laptop is perhaps communicating
+over Wi-Fi and the uh web server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Wi-Fi and the uh web server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Wi-Fi and the uh web server is
+communicating over the Ethernet. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating over the Ethernet. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating over the Ethernet. Um but
+otherwise these two things have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise these two things have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise these two things have the same
+sort of uh their Ethernet layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh their Ethernet layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh their Ethernet layer and
+their network layer are TCP uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their network layer are TCP uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their network layer are TCP uh and and
+IP. So uh TCP is going to be in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP. So uh TCP is going to be in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP. So uh TCP is going to be in charge
+of basically providing this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically providing this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically providing this this
+reliable abstraction for us. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable abstraction for us. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable abstraction for us. We're not
+going to talk about anymore today except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about anymore today except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about anymore today except
+for to say that that it makes me makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to say that that it makes me makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for to say that that it makes me makes
+communication reliable. We'll see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication reliable. We'll see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication reliable. We'll see how it
+does that later. Um what IP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that later. Um what IP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that later. Um what IP is
+responsible for is choosing the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for is choosing the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for is choosing the sort of
+next hop to make along each connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hop to make along each connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next hop to make along each connection
+of the way each connection within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way each connection within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way each connection within the
+internet. So IP is the protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So IP is the protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. So IP is the protocol that
+runs the internet and you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the internet and you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs the internet and you may have seen
+IP addresses. Um, so IP addresses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses. Um, so IP addresses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP addresses. Um, so IP addresses are
+the sort of names for the endpoints in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of names for the endpoints in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of names for the endpoints in
+the internet. An IP takes an IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. An IP takes an IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. An IP takes an IP address
+and basically gives you the sort of next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically gives you the sort of next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically gives you the sort of next
+link that you should use in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link that you should use in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link that you should use in order to
+transmit a message out over it. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a message out over it. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a message out over it. Okay. So
+um suppose that the browser generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose that the browser generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose that the browser generates a
+request for some page. Um, what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for some page. Um, what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for some page. Um, what it's
+going to do is it's going to call send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is it's going to call send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is it's going to call send
+on the endtoend layer. Okay, so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the endtoend layer. Okay, so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the endtoend layer. Okay, so I've
+just written this as ET to E send to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written this as ET to E send to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written this as ET to E send to
+make it clear that it's this is a send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that it's this is a send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it clear that it's this is a send
+request to the ET layer and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to the ET layer and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request to the ET layer and it's going
+to uh pass some message um in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh pass some message um in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh pass some message um in this case
+the message is simply going to be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is simply going to be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is simply going to be uh the
+contents of this request. Um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of this request. Um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of this request. Um and it's
+going to specify the underlying protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specify the underlying protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to specify the underlying protocol
+that it should use as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should use as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should use as well as the
+destination address. So this address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination address. So this address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination address. So this address is
+uh one of these these uh internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of these these uh internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of these these uh internet
+addresses and IP address followed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and IP address followed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses and IP address followed by
+this colon 80. So what colon 80 does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colon 80. So what colon 80 does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colon 80. So what colon 80 does is
+it identifies the it's called a port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it identifies the it's called a port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it identifies the it's called a port
+number and it identifies the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it identifies the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it identifies the application
+rem running on the remote server that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem running on the remote server that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rem running on the remote server that we
+want to communicate with. So typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to communicate with. So typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to communicate with. So typically
+web servers run on port or you say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web servers run on port or you say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web servers run on port or you say they
+run on port number 80 that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on port number 80 that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run on port number 80 that just means
+that uh the TCP layer on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the TCP layer on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the TCP layer on the other side
+uh knows how to communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knows how to communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knows how to communicate with
+something that's connect knows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's connect knows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's connect knows that the
+uh web server on the other end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh web server on the other end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh web server on the other end is
+connected on this port number 80. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected on this port number 80. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected on this port number 80. So
+it'll gives us a way to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll gives us a way to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll gives us a way to communicate
+between to identify applications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between to identify applications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between to identify applications that
+are running on the remote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running on the remote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are running on the remote
+host. Um so now what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host. Um so now what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host. Um so now what happens is that
+this uh this request is going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this request is going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this request is going to be uh
+the TCP layer is going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCP layer is going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCP layer is going to take this
+request which I've shown in blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request which I've shown in blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request which I've shown in blue and
+it's going to attach uh header what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to attach uh header what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to attach uh header what are
+called headers and trailers to it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called headers and trailers to it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called headers and trailers to it. So
+these headers and trailers are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headers and trailers are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these headers and trailers are the
+information that TCP needs uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that TCP needs uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that TCP needs uh that the
+the TCP uh layer on the other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCP uh layer on the other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TCP uh layer on the other side is
+going to need in order to deliver this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need in order to deliver this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need in order to deliver this
+message to the application. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to the application. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to the application. So in
+particular uh this uh this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh this uh this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh this uh this thing is
+going to contain this port number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain this port number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contain this port number that
+we already mentioned. So this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned. So this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already mentioned. So this is going
+to be used on the other end in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used on the other end in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used on the other end in order to
+send the message to the web server. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the message to the web server. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the message to the web server. It's
+also going to have a sequence number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to have a sequence number um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to have a sequence number um
+which as we'll see later we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we'll see later we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we'll see later we're going to
+use uh in order to say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh in order to say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh in order to say for example
+reorder uh in order to deal with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder uh in order to deal with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder uh in order to deal with in
+order to detect reorder messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to detect reorder messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to detect reorder messages
+reordered messages or detect lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordered messages or detect lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordered messages or detect lost
+messages. Um okay so the TCP layer now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. Um okay so the TCP layer now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. Um okay so the TCP layer now
+is just going to repeat the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to repeat the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to repeat the same thing.
+It's going to uh take this packet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to uh take this packet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to uh take this packet that
+uh and it's going to call some request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to call some request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to call some request
+say net send on the IP layer that sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say net send on the IP layer that sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say net send on the IP layer that sits
+underneath it. And it's going to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. And it's going to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. And it's going to again
+it's going to specify uh this the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to specify uh this the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to specify uh this the the uh
+the set of data that it built up which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of data that it built up which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of data that it built up which
+we call the segment. So that's what SEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the segment. So that's what SEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the segment. So that's what SEG
+is which was the purple the purple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which was the purple the purple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is which was the purple the purple and
+the blue blocks. Um it's going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue blocks. Um it's going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue blocks. Um it's going to pass
+that onto the IP header using this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that onto the IP header using this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that onto the IP header using this net
+send message and it's going to the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send message and it's going to the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send message and it's going to the IP
+layer and it's going to tell the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and it's going to tell the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and it's going to tell the IP
+layer what IP address it wants to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer what IP address it wants to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer what IP address it wants to send
+this message to. Now the IP layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message to. Now the IP layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message to. Now the IP layer is
+going to take this message and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this message and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take this message and it's
+going to put a header on it. So IP uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a header on it. So IP uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a header on it. So IP uh
+doesn't use a trailer although it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use a trailer although it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use a trailer although it could
+in principle use a trailer. And this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle use a trailer. And this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle use a trailer. And this uh
+IP header is going to have a uh IP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header is going to have a uh IP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header is going to have a uh IP is
+going to sort of just contain the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of just contain the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sort of just contain the IP
+address of the next top uh or of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the next top uh or of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of the next top uh or of the of
+the destination. Okay. Now the IP layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination. Okay. Now the IP layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destination. Okay. Now the IP layer
+is going to uh do exactly what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh do exactly what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to uh do exactly what we said
+that the IP layer is our network layer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the IP layer is our network layer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the IP layer is our network layer.
+So it's going to do exactly what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to do exactly what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to do exactly what we said
+it does before. It's going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does before. It's going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does before. It's going to look at
+all the available links that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the available links that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the available links that it has to
+it and it's going to send this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's going to send this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's going to send this message
+out over one of those links that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over one of those links that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over one of those links that it
+believes is the correct next hop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes is the correct next hop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes is the correct next hop in
+forwarding. So it's going to call link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding. So it's going to call link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwarding. So it's going to call link
+send. It's going to pass this packet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send. It's going to pass this packet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send. It's going to pass this packet on
+uh and it's going to specify the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to specify the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's going to specify the name of
+the link that it wants to use, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link that it wants to use, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link that it wants to use, you know,
+and it may have to specify some address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may have to specify some address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may have to specify some address
+information. For example, shown here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. For example, shown here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. For example, shown here is
+just colon one, which is to say, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just colon one, which is to say, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just colon one, which is to say, you
+know, whatever uh machine is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, whatever uh machine is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, whatever uh machine is on the
+wireless network at wireless address uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless network at wireless address uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless network at wireless address uh
+number one. So you guys saw sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one. So you guys saw sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one. So you guys saw sort of the
+similar addressing scheme being used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar addressing scheme being used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar addressing scheme being used in
+Ethernet last time. You can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet last time. You can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet last time. You can sort of
+think of that the same here. So uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that the same here. So uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that the same here. So uh what
+happens now is of course the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now is of course the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now is of course the same
+process. the link layer attaches uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. the link layer attaches uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. the link layer attaches uh its
+header and trailer. So I've called wh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and trailer. So I've called wh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and trailer. So I've called wh
+and wt for Wi-Fi header and Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wt for Wi-Fi header and Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wt for Wi-Fi header and Wi-Fi
+trailer. And now at this point we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer. And now at this point we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer. And now at this point we call
+this thing a frame. Um and this frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing a frame. Um and this frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing a frame. Um and this frame is
+now ready to be delivered out uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to be delivered out uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to be delivered out uh sort of
+along the next hop of the network. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the next hop of the network. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the next hop of the network. So
+suppose that the uh network layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the uh network layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the uh network layer
+identified you know one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified you know one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified you know one particular
+switch as the next destination of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch as the next destination of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch as the next destination of this
+packet. Um it's going to send this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet. Um it's going to send this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet. Um it's going to send this uh
+it's it's going to send this uh out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to send this uh out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to send this uh out over
+over the network. um to the Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network. um to the Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network. um to the Wi-Fi
+interface of this switch. Um the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of this switch. Um the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface of this switch. Um the switch
+is going to receive this message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to receive this message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to receive this message and
+what it's going to do is it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to do is it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's going to do is it's going to
+uh look at the the it's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the the it's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the the it's it's going to
+take the Wi-Fi header and the Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Wi-Fi header and the Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Wi-Fi header and the Wi-Fi
+trailer and it's going to peel them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer and it's going to peel them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer and it's going to peel them off
+of the message and it's going to pass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the message and it's going to pass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the message and it's going to pass uh
+the the message with just the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the message with just the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the message with just the network
+header, no more Wi-Fi header on it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header, no more Wi-Fi header on it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header, no more Wi-Fi header on it up to
+the IP layer. Now the IP layer um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP layer. Now the IP layer um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP layer. Now the IP layer um now
+has an exact copy of the uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an exact copy of the uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an exact copy of the uh sort of
+message including the IP header from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message including the IP header from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message including the IP header from uh
+the laptop and it's gonna so what the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laptop and it's gonna so what the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laptop and it's gonna so what the IP
+header will layer will do is look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header will layer will do is look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header will layer will do is look at its
+IP header um labeled NH here and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header um labeled NH here and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP header um labeled NH here and it'll
+decide what the next appropriate hop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what the next appropriate hop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what the next appropriate hop to
+use to send this message out is. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to send this message out is. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to send this message out is. Okay.
+Um, so it's going to then pick one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's going to then pick one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so it's going to then pick one the
+next link to send the message out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next link to send the message out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next link to send the message out over
+and say in this case it decides to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say in this case it decides to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say in this case it decides to send
+the message over an Ethernet connection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message over an Ethernet connection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message over an Ethernet connection.
+The Ethernet connection is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ethernet connection is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ethernet connection is going to
+receive the message. It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the message. It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the message. It's going to
+attach its header and its trailer to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach its header and its trailer to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach its header and its trailer to it.
+Um, and then it's going to send it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then it's going to send it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then it's going to send it out
+to the next link. Okay, so this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next link. Okay, so this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next link. Okay, so this process
+just comp uh just repeats. The message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comp uh just repeats. The message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comp uh just repeats. The message
+gets sent to the Ethernet uh an Ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent to the Ethernet uh an Ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent to the Ethernet uh an Ethernet
+link on the other side. The Ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link on the other side. The Ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link on the other side. The Ethernet
+link forwards the message on to the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link forwards the message on to the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link forwards the message on to the IP
+layer. The IP layer decodes the message,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. The IP layer decodes the message,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. The IP layer decodes the message,
+decides what the next link to use is. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides what the next link to use is. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides what the next link to use is. In
+this case, it decides again to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it decides again to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it decides again to use an
+Ethernet link and it sends the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet link and it sends the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet link and it sends the the
+message out over the Ethernet. Finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out over the Ethernet. Finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out over the Ethernet. Finally,
+we get to mit.edu. Now, once we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to mit.edu. Now, once we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to mit.edu. Now, once we get to
+MIT.edu, um we just start forwarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.edu, um we just start forwarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT.edu, um we just start forwarding
+this message up the layers. Okay? So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message up the layers. Okay? So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message up the layers. Okay? So, we
+do what are called up calls from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are called up calls from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what are called up calls from the
+lower layers to the higher layers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower layers to the higher layers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower layers to the higher layers,
+notifying them that a message has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying them that a message has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notifying them that a message has
+arrived. So, the Ethernet layer peels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived. So, the Ethernet layer peels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived. So, the Ethernet layer peels
+its headers off, sends them up to the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its headers off, sends them up to the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its headers off, sends them up to the IP
+layer. The IP layer peels its headers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. The IP layer peels its headers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. The IP layer peels its headers
+off, sends them up to the TCP layer. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, sends them up to the TCP layer. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, sends them up to the TCP layer. The
+TCP layer then remember we said the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP layer then remember we said the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP layer then remember we said the TCP
+layer has a uh so uh the TCP layer has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer has a uh so uh the TCP layer has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer has a uh so uh the TCP layer has a
+port number that's associated with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port number that's associated with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port number that's associated with it.
+The port number is used to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The port number is used to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The port number is used to identify the
+application that's that uh should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that's that uh should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that's that uh should
+receive this message. So the TCP layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive this message. So the TCP layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive this message. So the TCP layer
+pulls out the port and sends it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls out the port and sends it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls out the port and sends it up to
+the web server um which finally receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server um which finally receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server um which finally receives
+our request. Okay. Now the web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our request. Okay. Now the web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our request. Okay. Now the web server
+does whatever it does. it chews on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does whatever it does. it chews on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does whatever it does. it chews on this
+request for a while and say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for a while and say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for a while and say for example
+generates a web page, generates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a web page, generates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a web page, generates some
+HTML that it's going to send back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML that it's going to send back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML that it's going to send back to the
+client. And now this process just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. And now this process just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client. And now this process just
+repeats all over again. The MIT.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats all over again. The MIT.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats all over again. The MIT.edu
+uh sends a message back down to TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sends a message back down to TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sends a message back down to TCP
+identifying the client as the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the client as the endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the client as the endpoint
+that it wants the message to reach.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so this is sort of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so this is sort of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so this is sort of the basic
+way in which we use layering. What I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which we use layering. What I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which we use layering. What I
+want to do is now kind of step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is now kind of step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is now kind of step back and
+look at I I sort of presented this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I I sort of presented this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I I sort of presented this as a
+very quick example but what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick example but what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick example but what I want to do
+is step back and look at some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is step back and look at some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is step back and look at some of the
+sort of uh rules that we're following as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh rules that we're following as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh rules that we're following as
+we use this a as we use these layers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this a as we use these layers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this a as we use these layers. So
+and to sort of talk about uh why we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sort of talk about uh why we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sort of talk about uh why we've
+sort of constructed this thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constructed this thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constructed this thing in the
+exact way that we've constructed it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact way that we've constructed it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact way that we've constructed it. So
+the first rule that we're following here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first rule that we're following here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first rule that we're following here
+um is called encapsulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what encapsulation is is simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what encapsulation is is simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what encapsulation is is simply this
+way in which you notice that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you notice that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you notice that when we
+sent messages out each layer associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent messages out each layer associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent messages out each layer associated
+its own header and trailer with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own header and trailer with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own header and trailer with those
+with those messages that were sent out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those messages that were sent out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those messages that were sent out
+and it didn't do any it didn't modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't do any it didn't modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it didn't do any it didn't modify
+anything about uh any of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about uh any of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about uh any of the sort of
+data that wasn't associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that wasn't associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that wasn't associated with the
+header and trailer for that layer. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and trailer for that layer. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header and trailer for that layer. Okay,
+so encapsulation says um that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so encapsulation says um that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so encapsulation says um that each
+layer may uh add or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer may uh add or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer may uh add or
+remove depending on whether we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove depending on whether we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove depending on whether we're uh
+sending a message down or sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a message down or sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a message down or sending a
+message up um its headers or tra it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message up um its headers or tra it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message up um its headers or tra it's
+its own headers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trailers. Okay, but that layer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers. Okay, but that layer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers. Okay, but that layer doesn't
+touch doesn't um look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch doesn't um look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch doesn't um look at
+or use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or use
+uh the payload from higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers. Okay, so the uh the end to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay, so the uh the end to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay, so the uh the end to end
+layer the the link layer um doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the the link layer um doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer the the link layer um doesn't look
+at anything that the endto-end layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything that the endto-end layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything that the endto-end layer
+sends it. It simply treats this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends it. It simply treats this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends it. It simply treats this as a
+block of data that it has to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of data that it has to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of data that it has to transmit
+and it doesn't understand anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't understand anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't understand anything about
+what the contents of that block of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contents of that block of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the contents of that block of data
+are. doesn't assume anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. doesn't assume anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. doesn't assume anything about the
+contents of that block of data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that block of data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of that block of data.
+Similarly, the network layer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, the network layer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, the network layer doesn't
+assume anything about the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything about the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume anything about the contents of
+the of the data that's received from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the data that's received from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the data that's received from the
+endto-end layer. And similarly, uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endto-end layer. And similarly, uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endto-end layer. And similarly, uh the
+end to end layer doesn't doesn't assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to end layer doesn't doesn't assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to end layer doesn't doesn't assume
+anything about the format or the layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the format or the layout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the format or the layout
+of the data that's received from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data that's received from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data that's received from the
+application layer. Okay? Or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application layer. Okay? Or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application layer. Okay? Or from the
+application. So what uh what this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So what uh what this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So what uh what this this
+this layering abstraction buys us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this layering abstraction buys us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this layering abstraction buys us is
+that it it allows us to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it allows us to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it allows us to have multiple
+different uh it it allows these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it it allows these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh it it allows these things
+to sort of coexist without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of coexist without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of coexist without any
+understand without any understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand without any understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand without any understanding of
+what the other layers do. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other layers do. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other layers do. So in
+particular it means that we can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it means that we can for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it means that we can for
+example uh you know change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you know change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh you know change something
+about the format of the data that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the format of the data that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the format of the data that the
+network layer sends um and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer sends um and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network layer sends um and we can
+continue to use the same link layer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to use the same link layer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to use the same link layer.
+Okay. So I can, you know, send data out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can, you know, send data out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can, you know, send data out
+over uh an Ethernet that's not IP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an Ethernet that's not IP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh an Ethernet that's not IP that
+that's not data that's been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not data that's been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not data that's been sort of
+packaged up by IP, right? I can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged up by IP, right? I can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaged up by IP, right? I can it
+doesn't necessarily have to be an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily have to be an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily have to be an IP
+packet to send it out over Ethernet. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to send it out over Ethernet. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet to send it out over Ethernet. Um
+and so uh this this sort of separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this this sort of separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this this sort of separation
+this uh this separation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this separation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this separation between the
+layers is going to be really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers is going to be really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers is going to be really critical
+for allowing us to sort of maintain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for allowing us to sort of maintain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for allowing us to sort of maintain and
+develop uh new networking code over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh new networking code over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh new networking code over
+time. And it also means that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And it also means that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And it also means that uh the
+people who provide these the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who provide these the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who provide these the sort of
+companies that build and sell uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that build and sell uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that build and sell uh
+software and hardware that work at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and hardware that work at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and hardware that work at these
+different layers don't really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers don't really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different layers don't really have to
+assume very much about what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume very much about what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume very much about what the other
+layers are going to provide. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers are going to provide. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers are going to provide. Right? So
+uh if I make an Ethernet card, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I make an Ethernet card, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I make an Ethernet card, I don't
+uh if if I'm you know making an Ethernet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if I'm you know making an Ethernet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if I'm you know making an Ethernet
+card, I don't nec I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card, I don't nec I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card, I don't nec I don't have to
+understand anything about um exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand anything about um exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand anything about um exactly
+what the I hopefully won't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the I hopefully won't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the I hopefully won't have to
+understand anything about exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand anything about exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand anything about exactly what's
+sort of going on up at the higher levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going on up at the higher levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going on up at the higher levels
+of the network stack. You have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network stack. You have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network stack. You have to be a
+little bit careful though because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful though because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful though because of
+course the individual layers do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the individual layers do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the individual layers do have
+some protocol that they're uh some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protocol that they're uh some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some protocol that they're uh some sort
+of API that they're using to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of API that they're using to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of API that they're using to uh uh
+interface with each other. So API is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with each other. So API is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with each other. So API is an
+application programming interface. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application programming interface. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application programming interface. They
+have some set of routines that they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of routines that they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some set of routines that they call
+on each other. So for example, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other. So for example, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other. So for example, I I
+showed in this example up here that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in this example up here that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in this example up here that the
+uh networking layer is calling uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh networking layer is calling uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh networking layer is calling uh the
+this link send message on the link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link send message on the link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link send message on the link layer
+below it. So the link layer has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it. So the link layer has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it. So the link layer has to
+provide this link send interface. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this link send interface. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this link send interface. And
+similarly there's a comparable interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's a comparable interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there's a comparable interface
+when the link layer receives a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the link layer receives a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the link layer receives a message
+that it uses to send up to the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uses to send up to the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uses to send up to the network
+layer. Okay. But basically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Okay. But basically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Okay. But basically what this
+means is that we can develop layers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that we can develop layers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that we can develop layers uh
+we can develop the software that runs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can develop the software that runs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can develop the software that runs at
+the different layers in isolation of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different layers in isolation of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different layers in isolation of uh
+without having to worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to worry too much about
+what's going on at the layers above or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on at the layers above or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on at the layers above or
+below us. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's uh let's basically let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh let's basically let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh let's basically let's uh
+return back to our set of questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return back to our set of questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return back to our set of questions now
+um and talk a little bit about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talk a little bit about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and talk a little bit about how these
+questions map on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions map on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions map on to
+um our our three layers. Okay. So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our our three layers. Okay. So our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our our three layers. Okay. So our
+first question is how do we transmit? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is how do we transmit? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is how do we transmit? Uh
+so we we said question one is we've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we said question one is we've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we said question one is we've sort
+of already addressed that but question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of already addressed that but question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of already addressed that but question
+two is well how do we transmit bits on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is well how do we transmit bits on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is well how do we transmit bits on a
+link okay so clearly that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link okay so clearly that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link okay so clearly that's going to be
+handled by uh by layer 2 okay or by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled by uh by layer 2 okay or by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handled by uh by layer 2 okay or by the
+link layer sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer sorry um
+and what that uh so this is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that uh so this is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that uh so this is the the the
+the link layer is the thing that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer is the thing that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer is the thing that's going
+to be in charge of actually pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in charge of actually pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in charge of actually pushing the
+bits onto the link and none of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits onto the link and none of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits onto the link and none of the other
+layers need to know about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers need to know about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers need to know about this question
+three okay how do we forward packets via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay how do we forward packets via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay how do we forward packets via
+switches well That's uh it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches well That's uh it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches well That's uh it seems that
+it's pretty clearly what's happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clearly what's happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clearly what's happening at
+the network layer. Okay. So the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network layer. Okay. So the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network layer. Okay. So the network
+layer is the thing that's deciding sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is the thing that's deciding sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is the thing that's deciding sort
+of which uh which packet which what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which uh which packet which what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which uh which packet which what the
+next packet what what the next uh link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet what what the next uh link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet what what the next uh link
+that we should use in is within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should use in is within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should use in is within a
+switch. Okay. And now questions four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. Okay. And now questions four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. Okay. And now questions four and
+five are uh these questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five are uh these questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five are uh these questions about this
+kind of uh our best effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh our best effort network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh our best effort network
+properties. How do we achieve reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. How do we achieve reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. How do we achieve reliable
+communication? How do we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication? How do we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication? How do we manage
+congestion? These are things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion? These are things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion? These are things that we're
+going to worry about at the endtoend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about at the endtoend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about at the endtoend
+layer. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just to sort of illustrate a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to sort of illustrate a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to sort of illustrate a little
+bit more about uh sort of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about uh sort of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about uh sort of how the
+commercial uh and how how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial uh and how how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial uh and how how these things
+are separated in sort of the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated in sort of the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated in sort of the commercial
+world, I thought I'd just show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, I thought I'd just show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world, I thought I'd just show you this
+slide um that sort of illustrates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um that sort of illustrates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um that sort of illustrates that
+there are uh lots of different vendors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh lots of different vendors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh lots of different vendors,
+both hardware and software that run at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hardware and software that run at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both hardware and software that run at
+each one of these different layers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these different layers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these different layers. So
+um for example at the end to end layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example at the end to end layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example at the end to end layer
+um there's first there clearly there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's first there clearly there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's first there clearly there are
+a bunch of applications that run up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of applications that run up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of applications that run up
+there and each of those applications uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and each of those applications uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and each of those applications uh
+perhaps has some different uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps has some different uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps has some different uh sort of
+set of requirements about uh how data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of requirements about uh how data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of requirements about uh how data is
+delivered and uh those applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and uh those applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and uh those applications
+typically uh the sort of things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh the sort of things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically uh the sort of things like the
+TCP protocol are provided by say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP protocol are provided by say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP protocol are provided by say the
+operating system vendor. So uh Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system vendor. So uh Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system vendor. So uh Microsoft
+Windows provides an implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows provides an implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows provides an implementation of
+TCP. Um it provides a implementation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP. Um it provides a implementation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TCP. Um it provides a implementation or
+you know similarly Mac OS and Linux also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know similarly Mac OS and Linux also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know similarly Mac OS and Linux also
+provide this at the network layer. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this at the network layer. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide this at the network layer. Now
+we have a sort of this huge variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sort of this huge variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sort of this huge variety of
+people who are building these network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are building these network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are building these network
+switches and these network switches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and these network switches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches and these network switches are
+the things that have sort of coded into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that have sort of coded into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that have sort of coded into
+them the rules for how you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the rules for how you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the rules for how you should
+forward messages around in the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward messages around in the internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward messages around in the internet.
+Um and so these are these companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so these are these companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so these are these companies like
+Cisco and Alcatel and sort of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cisco and Alcatel and sort of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cisco and Alcatel and sort of these uh
+big companies that you hear mentioned in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies that you hear mentioned in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big companies that you hear mentioned in
+the news all the time. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news all the time. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news all the time. Um and then
+finally at the sort of lowest layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the sort of lowest layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at the sort of lowest layer
+there are these uh sort of link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these uh sort of link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these uh sort of link layer
+things and again there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and again there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and again there are a number of
+link layer technologies like Wi-Fi um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer technologies like Wi-Fi um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer technologies like Wi-Fi um
+and Ethernet and those link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ethernet and those link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ethernet and those link layer
+technologies are different than the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are different than the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies are different than the uh
+than the sort of technologies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sort of technologies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the sort of technologies that are
+used to actually uh decide which next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to actually uh decide which next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to actually uh decide which next
+which hop we should you next use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hop we should you next use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hop we should you next use in
+order to transmit data around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to transmit data around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to transmit data around in the
+internet. Okay. So um there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. Okay. So um there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet. Okay. So um there's a big
+diversity of applications and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of applications and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of applications and part of
+this diversity of applications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diversity of applications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diversity of applications is
+enabled by this separation of the layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled by this separation of the layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled by this separation of the layers
+because you know uh Microsoft doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know uh Microsoft doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know uh Microsoft doesn't
+have to you know the Microsoft Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know the Microsoft Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know the Microsoft Windows
+doesn't really have to know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really have to know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really have to know anything
+about how the network layer works. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the network layer works. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the network layer works. It
+simply passes uh sort of messages on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply passes uh sort of messages on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply passes uh sort of messages on for
+the network uh the network to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network uh the network to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network uh the network to
+transmit. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit. Okay. So
+um and you know the point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know the point is that the
+vendors are generally different at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors are generally different at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors are generally different at each
+of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different
+layers. Okay. So let's um given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay. So let's um given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers. Okay. So let's um given this
+sort of highle overview of layering,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of highle overview of layering,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of highle overview of layering,
+what we are now going to do throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are now going to do throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are now going to do throughout
+the next few lectures is pay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures is pay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures is pay some
+attention to how each of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to how each of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to how each of the different
+layers works. So we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers works. So we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers works. So we're going to start
+off talking about uh this class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off talking about uh this class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off talking about uh this class about
+the link layer and then we'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer and then we'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer and then we'll move on to
+the uh network and end to end layers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh network and end to end layers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh network and end to end layers in
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures. Okay. Okay, so we've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. Okay. Okay, so we've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. Okay. Okay, so we've sort of
+seen uh some of the things that touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh some of the things that touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen uh some of the things that touched
+on some of the things the link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the things the link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the things the link layer
+needs to provide um at a high level, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to provide um at a high level, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to provide um at a high level, but
+I just want to let's let's make a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to let's let's make a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to let's let's make a list
+and talk about what these things are. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about what these things are. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about what these things are. So
+the first thing clearly that the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing clearly that the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing clearly that the link
+layer does is manage the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer does is manage the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer does is manage the sort of
+transmission of bits along this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of bits along this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of bits along this physical
+wire. Okay. So there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire. Okay. So there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire. Okay. So there's going to be some
+uh digital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital to
+analog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digital conversion that happens in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion that happens in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion that happens in any
+in in sort of as a part of using any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in sort of as a part of using any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in sort of as a part of using any one
+of these links. Okay. Um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these links. Okay. Um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these links. Okay. Um and this is
+going to be one of the main functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of the main functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one of the main functions of
+the link layer is it's going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer is it's going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link layer is it's going to decide
+how this sort of digital to analog to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this sort of digital to analog to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this sort of digital to analog to
+digital conversion is done. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion is done. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital conversion is done. Okay.
+Another thing the link layer does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing the link layer does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another thing the link layer does is
+framing. And so framing we remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing. And so framing we remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing. And so framing we remember we
+talked about at the link layer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the link layer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about at the link layer we
+sometimes call the uh messages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call the uh messages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call the uh messages that are
+transmitted around we call these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted around we call these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted around we call these things
+frames. Framing is simply separating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames. Framing is simply separating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames. Framing is simply separating the
+frames that are on that is is deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that are on that is is deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that are on that is is deciding
+how we should separate the frames that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should separate the frames that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should separate the frames that
+are on the wire. So it says how we how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the wire. So it says how we how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the wire. So it says how we how
+we uh how does the how does the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh how does the how does the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh how does the how does the sort of
+software that's running at the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's running at the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that's running at the link
+layer uh decide that a new frame that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh decide that a new frame that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer uh decide that a new frame that a
+new one frame has ended and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one frame has ended and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one frame has ended and another
+frame has begun. That's what framing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame has begun. That's what framing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame has begun. That's what framing is
+about. Um and we'll talk about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Um and we'll talk about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Um and we'll talk about these two
+issues briefly today. Uh the other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues briefly today. Uh the other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues briefly today. Uh the other kinds
+of things that happen at the link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happen at the link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happen at the link layer
+we're not going to talk as much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk as much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to talk as much about
+today. Um one of them is channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um one of them is channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um one of them is channel
+access. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is how the uh how somebody who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the uh how somebody who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the uh how somebody who wants to
+send a message actually uh is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message actually uh is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message actually uh is able to
+physically use the use the wire or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically use the use the wire or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically use the use the wire or the
+air that is transmitting out of without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air that is transmitting out of without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air that is transmitting out of without
+interfering or stepping on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering or stepping on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering or stepping on top of
+somebody else. who's transmitting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else. who's transmitting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else. who's transmitting at the
+same time. So you guys have read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So you guys have read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time. So you guys have read the
+Ethernet paper and you saw one way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet paper and you saw one way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ethernet paper and you saw one way in
+which that's done in Ethernet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that's done in Ethernet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that's done in Ethernet which is
+basically by uh listening for a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by uh listening for a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically by uh listening for a carrier
+right uh which is called carrier sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh which is called carrier sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh which is called carrier sense
+um and only when the channel is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and only when the channel is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and only when the channel is not is
+not used there's not a carrier on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used there's not a carrier on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used there's not a carrier on the
+wire does somebody try and send and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire does somebody try and send and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire does somebody try and send and then
+you use this notion of collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this notion of collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this notion of collision
+detection in Ethernet in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection in Ethernet in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection in Ethernet in order to
+actually uh in order to sort of detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in order to sort of detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in order to sort of detect
+whether or not you were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you were able to
+successfully transmit your message. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmit your message. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully transmit your message. So
+these are the kinds of things you work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of things you work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kinds of things you work a
+worry about in channel access. Last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about in channel access. Last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about in channel access. Last time
+with the phone network, we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the phone network, we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the phone network, we talked about
+time division multipplexing as one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time division multipplexing as one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time division multipplexing as one way
+in another way in which you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another way in which you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another way in which you can sort of
+share access to a physical wire. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share access to a physical wire. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share access to a physical wire. You can
+carve it up into a bunch of little units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve it up into a bunch of little units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carve it up into a bunch of little units
+of time um and assign each sender one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um and assign each sender one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um and assign each sender one
+unit of time. Okay. So um now the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time. Okay. So um now the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time. Okay. So um now the last
+link layer issue um which the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer issue um which the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer issue um which the last thing
+that sometimes is done in the link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes is done in the link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes is done in the link layer
+is uh error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh error
+detection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction. Um and I don't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction. Um and I don't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction. Um and I don't want to talk
+at all about really how error detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about really how error detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about really how error detection
+or correction works except to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correction works except to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correction works except to say that
+uh some link layers include it and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some link layers include it and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some link layers include it and some
+link link layers don't include it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link link layers don't include it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link link layers don't include it. Um
+the idea here is that you know suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that you know suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here is that you know suppose
+we're transmitting a message out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're transmitting a message out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're transmitting a message out over
+the o over a wire. Of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o over a wire. Of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the o over a wire. Of course there's
+some probability that that message will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that that message will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability that that message will
+become corrupted or garbled as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become corrupted or garbled as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become corrupted or garbled as it's
+being transmitted either because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transmitted either because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transmitted either because it
+interferes with somebody else who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with somebody else who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferes with somebody else who's
+transmitting at the same time or because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting at the same time or because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting at the same time or because
+there's some you know as the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some you know as the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some you know as the message
+propagates it decays and somewhat and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates it decays and somewhat and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates it decays and somewhat and we
+can't decode it anymore. So sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't decode it anymore. So sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't decode it anymore. So sometimes
+link layers include a facility for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layers include a facility for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layers include a facility for doing
+this error detection and correction. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this error detection and correction. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this error detection and correction. Um,
+and error detection and correction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and error detection and correction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and error detection and correction is
+one of these things that can sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things that can sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these things that can sometimes
+be included at the link layer. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included at the link layer. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included at the link layer. Um, and
+is very often included at the endto-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very often included at the endto-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very often included at the endto-end
+layer. Um, and so as you read what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Um, and so as you read what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Um, and so as you read what I
+want you to the the reason I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to the the reason I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to the the reason I mentioned
+this as being a part of the link layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being a part of the link layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as being a part of the link layer
+is that as you read the endto-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as you read the endto-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as you read the endto-end
+arguments paper for recitation next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments paper for recitation next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments paper for recitation next time
+you should sort of think about uh how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of think about uh how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should sort of think about uh how uh
+the endto-end argument relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endto-end argument relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endto-end argument relates to
+whether error detection and correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether error detection and correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether error detection and correction
+should be within the link layer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be within the link layer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be within the link layer or
+should be within the uh the endtoend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be within the uh the endtoend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be within the uh the endtoend
+layer. Okay. So let's talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Okay. So let's talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. Okay. So let's talk about these
+uh these sort of two issues that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sort of two issues that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these sort of two issues that I said
+we'll address briefly here. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll address briefly here. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll address briefly here. So the first
+issue I want to talk about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I want to talk about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue I want to talk about is this
+uh how the conversion from digital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the conversion from digital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the conversion from digital to
+analog to conversion works. how the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the way to think about a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way to think about a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way to think about a um
+suppose that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we have some
+sender which has some sequence of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender which has some sequence of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender which has some sequence of bits
+say 1 0 1 0 that they want to send out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1 0 1 0 that they want to send out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 1 0 1 0 that they want to send out
+over the radio channel. So if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the radio channel. So if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the radio channel. So if you think
+about uh what this is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what this is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what this is going to look like
+in terms of an analog signal, um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an analog signal, um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an analog signal, um there
+of course are many different ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are many different ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are many different ways you
+could represent it, but a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent it, but a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent it, but a simple way to
+represent it might be to say that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it might be to say that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it might be to say that we'll
+transmit a uh we'll make this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a uh we'll make this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a uh we'll make this is this is
+a digital line and we'll make the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital line and we'll make the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital line and we'll make the line
+high when we're transmitting a one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high when we're transmitting a one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high when we're transmitting a one and
+we'll make the line low when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make the line low when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make the line low when we're
+transmitting a zero. Okay, so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a zero. Okay, so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting a zero. Okay, so we would
+send this message out as high followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this message out as high followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this message out as high followed
+by low followed by high followed by low.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by low followed by high followed by low.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by low followed by high followed by low.
+Okay, so this would be 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this would be 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this would be 1 0 1
+0. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. Okay.
+Um, and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and the way that
+we, so you might ask the question, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we, so you might ask the question, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we, so you might ask the question, okay,
+how do we decide when to uh sort of push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we decide when to uh sort of push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we decide when to uh sort of push
+the next bit out onto the wire? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bit out onto the wire? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bit out onto the wire? Well,
+typically the way we do it is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the way we do it is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the way we do it is we have
+some clock signal that tells us when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clock signal that tells us when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clock signal that tells us when the
+next bit should be should we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bit should be should we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next bit should be should we should
+start sending the next bit on the wire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending the next bit on the wire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start sending the next bit on the wire.
+So, uh, a clock and we might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, a clock and we might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, a clock and we might have some
+protocol that says something like um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that says something like um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that says something like um,
+every time there's a say a rising edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time there's a say a rising edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time there's a say a rising edge
+in the clock signal, we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clock signal, we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clock signal, we'll start
+transmitting the next bit. So, what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the next bit. So, what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the next bit. So, what does
+that mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean?
+Um, so a rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge. Okay, so suppose this is our clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay, so suppose this is our clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. Okay, so suppose this is our clock
+and this is our data. And what I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our data. And what I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is our data. And what I've just
+shown here is that every time the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is that every time the clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is that every time the clock
+signal goes high, we start sending a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes high, we start sending a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes high, we start sending a new
+bit. Okay, so every time we go from low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Okay, so every time we go from low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Okay, so every time we go from low
+to high in the clock signal, we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high in the clock signal, we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to high in the clock signal, we start
+putting a new bit on the wire. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a new bit on the wire. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a new bit on the wire. So now
+what's going to happen is typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is typically the
+way often times the way these line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way often times the way these line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way often times the way these line uh
+network connections are connected is via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connections are connected is via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network connections are connected is via
+what's so what's a a so-called serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so what's a a so-called serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so what's a a so-called serial
+connection. So we have one wire that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. So we have one wire that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. So we have one wire that's
+transmitting the data and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the data and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting the data and we don't have
+a separate wire that includes uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate wire that includes uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a separate wire that includes uh the
+clock signal. We just sort of transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal. We just sort of transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal. We just sort of transmit
+the data out over the wire. Um, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data out over the wire. Um, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data out over the wire. Um, so if
+you were to look at this data as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at this data as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at this data as it
+comes down the serial connection uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down the serial connection uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down the serial connection uh at
+the at the at the receiver,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh, what it would look like is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what it would look like is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what it would look like is something
+that was sort of it's not going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of it's not going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of it's not going to look
+exactly like these nice square pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like these nice square pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like these nice square pulses
+that we have here. It's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here. It's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here. It's going to have
+decayed somewhat. So it might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed somewhat. So it might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed somewhat. So it might look
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like each of these lumps, each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each of these lumps, each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each of these lumps, each of these
+nice square waves might have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice square waves might have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice square waves might have sort of
+become some somewhat decayed version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become some somewhat decayed version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become some somewhat decayed version of
+their former selves. Okay. Um and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their former selves. Okay. Um and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their former selves. Okay. Um and now
+the question we have is okay, how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we have is okay, how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we have is okay, how are we
+going to decode this? Right? So we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decode this? Right? So we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decode this? Right? So we don't
+have access to the original clock signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the original clock signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the original clock signal
+that was used, but we may know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used, but we may know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used, but we may know what
+frequency this sort of what rate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this sort of what rate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency this sort of what rate this
+data was encoded at. So we may be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was encoded at. So we may be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was encoded at. So we may be able
+to generate a comparable clock signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a comparable clock signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a comparable clock signal.
+So suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose we
+uh generate a clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generate a clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh generate a clock
+signal that's at the about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's at the about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's at the about the same
+frequency and then try and use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then try and use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then try and use that to
+decode the message say by looking again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the message say by looking again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the message say by looking again
+at the rising edges. Um if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rising edges. Um if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rising edges. Um if we're not
+careful we're going to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful we're going to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful we're going to get something
+that's wrong. So in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. So in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong. So in this case I
+transmitted 1 0 1 0 but now I'm decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted 1 0 1 0 but now I'm decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted 1 0 1 0 but now I'm decoding
+something that's shifted from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's shifted from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's shifted from that
+somewhat. So I'm decoding 0 1 0 1. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat. So I'm decoding 0 1 0 1. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat. So I'm decoding 0 1 0 1. So I
+sort of become offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of become offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of become offset
+because the two clock signals aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two clock signals aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two clock signals aren't
+actually identical, right? Even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identical, right? Even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identical, right? Even though
+they're at the same frequency, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at the same frequency, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at the same frequency, they're
+not specifically lined up with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically lined up with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically lined up with each
+other in time. So we say that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in time. So we say that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in time. So we say that those
+signals are out of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are out of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are out of phase
+um because so so one signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because so so one signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because so so one signal is
+essentially a timeshifted version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a timeshifted version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a timeshifted version of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+signal. Okay. And this time shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Okay. And this time shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Okay. And this time shifting
+leads to these kinds of problems where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to these kinds of problems where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to these kinds of problems where
+we don't properly decode the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't properly decode the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't properly decode the message
+because we're uh not sampling the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're uh not sampling the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're uh not sampling the the
+channel at the right point in time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel at the right point in time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel at the right point in time.
+We're not looking at the channel to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not looking at the channel to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're not looking at the channel to see
+whether it's high or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low. Um okay. So how are we going to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low. Um okay. So how are we going to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low. Um okay. So how are we going to fix
+this? Uh there turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Uh there turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Uh there turns out that there's
+sort of a a simple and elegant way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a simple and elegant way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a simple and elegant way
+that's often used to fix this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used to fix this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often used to fix this and it's
+what's called a phase lock loop or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a phase lock loop or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a phase lock loop or a
+PLL. Um so a phase locked loop the the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLL. Um so a phase locked loop the the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLL. Um so a phase locked loop the the a
+very simple way that you can implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way that you can implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way that you can implement a
+phase lock loop um is as follows. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop um is as follows. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop um is as follows. So the
+idea here is that what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that what we want to do is
+we want to figure out we want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out we want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to figure out we want to make it
+so that the receiver has a essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the receiver has a essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the receiver has a essentially a
+a lined up version of the transmitter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lined up version of the transmitter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lined up version of the transmitter's
+clock. So we need to figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock. So we need to figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock. So we need to figure out how much
+we need to shift the receivers's clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to shift the receivers's clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to shift the receivers's clock
+in order to make it line up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make it line up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make it line up with the
+transmitter's clock. And once we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter's clock. And once we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter's clock. And once we do that
+then hopefully we will properly decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully we will properly decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hopefully we will properly decode
+the message instead of being shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message instead of being shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message instead of being shifted
+when we decode the message. So the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we decode the message. So the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we decode the message. So the idea
+with a phase lock loop is kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase lock loop is kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a phase lock loop is kind of as
+follows. Suppose we have our signal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. Suppose we have our signal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. Suppose we have our signal like
+this. Okay. Um the a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. Um the a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. Um the a simple way to
+implement a phase lock loop is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a phase lock loop is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement a phase lock loop is to uh
+take this signal and to um sample it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this signal and to um sample it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this signal and to um sample it not
+once per clock period but some multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once per clock period but some multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once per clock period but some multiple
+number of times per clock period. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times per clock period. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times per clock period. Okay.
+We call this oversampling. We might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We call this oversampling. We might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We call this oversampling. We might do
+say like we might say for example do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like we might say for example do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like we might say for example do
+eight times oversampling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Okay. So what that means is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So what that means is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. So what that means is if we
+were perfectly lined up in time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perfectly lined up in time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were perfectly lined up in time on this
+oversampled signal and we were encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversampled signal and we were encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversampled signal and we were encoding
+ones a one uh as a high and a zero as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones a one uh as a high and a zero as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones a one uh as a high and a zero as a
+low then what we would see if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low then what we would see if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low then what we would see if we were
+perfectly lined up is uh alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly lined up is uh alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly lined up is uh alternating
+sequences of eight zeros and eight ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of eight zeros and eight ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of eight zeros and eight ones
+right? Um so if instead we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um so if instead we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Um so if instead we start
+decoding this and we see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding this and we see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding this and we see something
+that's not quite that. Suppose we see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite that. Suppose we see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not quite that. Suppose we see uh
+three 1's followed by eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 1's followed by eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 1's followed by eight
+zeros followed by five ones. Okay. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by five ones. Okay. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros followed by five ones. Okay. So we
+decode uh we decode two bits worth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode uh we decode two bits worth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode uh we decode two bits worth of
+information off the wire. And we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information off the wire. And we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information off the wire. And we see
+that it's sort of shifted in this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sort of shifted in this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's sort of shifted in this way.
+Okay. That suggests that I need to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. That suggests that I need to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. That suggests that I need to shift
+the signal to the left some amount.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal to the left some amount.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal to the left some amount.
+Okay. And so this is exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this is exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so this is exactly what the
+phase lock loop does is it observes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop does is it observes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lock loop does is it observes the
+signal as it's coming in and it computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal as it's coming in and it computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal as it's coming in and it computes
+an amount that we need to shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount that we need to shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount that we need to shift the
+signal in one direction or the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in one direction or the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in one direction or the other.
+Okay. So if you wanted to make a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you wanted to make a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you wanted to make a sort of
+schematic for how a phase lock loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic for how a phase lock loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic for how a phase lock loop
+works, we have our sender and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, we have our sender and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works, we have our sender and our
+receiver. The idea is simply as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver. The idea is simply as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver. The idea is simply as follows.
+You have some data at the sender and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have some data at the sender and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have some data at the sender and a
+clock at the sender. Um those go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock at the sender. Um those go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock at the sender. Um those go
+into some encoder box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some encoder box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some encoder box.
+um they're transmitted out over a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're transmitted out over a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're transmitted out over a line
+to the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver
+um which has a decoder box. Okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which has a decoder box. Okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which has a decoder box. Okay, but
+the decoder box uh needs a clock signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoder box uh needs a clock signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoder box uh needs a clock signal
+that's been lined up with the sender's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been lined up with the sender's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been lined up with the sender's
+clock signal. Okay, so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal. Okay, so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal. Okay, so what we're going
+to do is use our phase lock loop to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use our phase lock loop to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is use our phase lock loop to do
+that. So the phase lock loop is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the phase lock loop is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the phase lock loop is going to
+take in the incoming signal as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the unaligned clock from the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unaligned clock from the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unaligned clock from the local
+machine. and it's going to input into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. and it's going to input into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. and it's going to input into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+decoder an aligned clock signal. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder an aligned clock signal. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoder an aligned clock signal. Okay,
+so uh basically what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically what's going to happen
+is this PLL is going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this PLL is going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this PLL is going to be able to
+reconstruct the clock signal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the clock signal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the clock signal from the
+sender. Um, of course it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender. Um, of course it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender. Um, of course it takes a little
+bit of time for the PLL to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time for the PLL to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of time for the PLL to reconstruct
+the clock signal. So usually what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal. So usually what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal. So usually what we do
+is every message that we transmit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every message that we transmit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is every message that we transmit over
+the link, we have some sort of set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link, we have some sort of set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link, we have some sort of set of
+synchronization bits at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization bits at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization bits at the beginning of
+it that we use uh in order to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we use uh in order to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we use uh in order to allow the
+it allow the phase lock loop to lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allow the phase lock loop to lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allow the phase lock loop to lock
+into the phase of the signal that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the phase of the signal that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the phase of the signal that's
+being uh transmitted. And that preamble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh transmitted. And that preamble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh transmitted. And that preamble
+doesn't carry any databes. It's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't carry any databes. It's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't carry any databes. It's simply
+sort of overhead that's on every packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overhead that's on every packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of overhead that's on every packet
+to guarantee that the sender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that the sender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guarantee that the sender and
+receivers's clock synchronize with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers's clock synchronize with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers's clock synchronize with each
+other. Um so there's one last little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um so there's one last little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um so there's one last little uh
+sort of detail associated with phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of detail associated with phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of detail associated with phase
+lock loops that um you guys may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock loops that um you guys may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock loops that um you guys may have
+noticed. So the issue is that the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed. So the issue is that the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed. So the issue is that the signal
+that I've shown being transmitted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown being transmitted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've shown being transmitted here
+is a 1 0 1 0 1 0 signal, right? But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1 0 1 0 1 0 signal, right? But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a 1 0 1 0 1 0 signal, right? But if
+you think about the way that this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the way that this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the way that this phase
+lock loop works, um what the phase lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock loop works, um what the phase lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock loop works, um what the phase lock
+loop does is it looks for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop does is it looks for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop does is it looks for these
+transition points in the signal, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition points in the signal, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition points in the signal, right?
+So it looks for points where the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks for points where the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks for points where the signal
+changes from a one to a zero, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from a one to a zero, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes from a one to a zero, right? So
+suppose that instead of transmitting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that instead of transmitting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that instead of transmitting one
+zero, I transmitted 0 0 0, right? Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, I transmitted 0 0 0, right? Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, I transmitted 0 0 0, right? Then
+the problem I'm going to have is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'm going to have is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'm going to have is I'm
+just going to have a very long sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have a very long sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have a very long sequence
+of zeros. Even if I do this eight times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros. Even if I do this eight times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros. Even if I do this eight times
+over sampling, I'm still just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sampling, I'm still just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over sampling, I'm still just going to
+have a long sequence of zeros and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long sequence of zeros and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long sequence of zeros and I'm
+not going to know how much I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know how much I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know how much I need to
+shift the signal, right? I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the signal, right? I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the signal, right? I'm going to
+have no way of computing how much I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of computing how much I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no way of computing how much I need
+to shift the signal. So, it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the signal. So, it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the signal. So, it turns out
+there's a very simple and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple and kind of
+elegant solution to this called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant solution to this called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant solution to this called
+Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encoding. And the idea with Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding. And the idea with Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding. And the idea with Manchester
+encoding is as follows. It says we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding is as follows. It says we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding is as follows. It says we'll
+transmit a zero as a transition from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a zero as a transition from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a zero as a transition from a
+low to a high and we'll transmit a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low to a high and we'll transmit a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low to a high and we'll transmit a one
+as a transition from a high to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a transition from a high to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a transition from a high to a
+low. Okay. So now if I transmit a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low. Okay. So now if I transmit a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low. Okay. So now if I transmit a signal
+like 1 0 1 if I transmit the signal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 0 1 if I transmit the signal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 0 1 if I transmit the signal you
+know 0 0 it simply goes it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0 0 it simply goes it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 0 0 it simply goes it looks like
+this right so it's a it's a transi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so it's a it's a transi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so it's a it's a transi a
+zero is a transition from a low to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is a transition from a low to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is a transition from a low to a
+high followed by another transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high followed by another transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high followed by another transition from
+a low to a high okay so now this is 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low to a high okay so now this is 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low to a high okay so now this is 0 0
+0 right and if I transmit the signal 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right and if I transmit the signal 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right and if I transmit the signal 0 1
+0 this is a transition from a low to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is a transition from a low to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this is a transition from a low to a
+high followed by a transition from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high followed by a transition from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high followed by a transition from a
+high to a low followed by a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to a low followed by a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to a low followed by a transition
+from a low to a Okay, so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a low to a Okay, so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a low to a Okay, so now we have a
+way that we can guarantee that every bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can guarantee that every bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we can guarantee that every bit
+has at least one transition in it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least one transition in it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least one transition in it. And
+that's going to allow our phase lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow our phase lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to allow our phase lock
+loop to lock into the phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to lock into the phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to lock into the phase of the
+signal that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that's being
+transmitted. Of course, the cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted. Of course, the cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted. Of course, the cost of this
+is that we've now doubled the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've now doubled the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we've now doubled the number of
+the sort of we've doubled the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of we've doubled the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of we've doubled the number
+every every bit has a transition in it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every bit has a transition in it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every bit has a transition in it,
+right? So we sort of have the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we sort of have the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So we sort of have the number of
+bits that we can send over the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we can send over the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that we can send over the channel
+because instead of uh a one simply being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of uh a one simply being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of uh a one simply being
+a low and a uh or a one simply being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low and a uh or a one simply being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low and a uh or a one simply being a
+high and a zero being a low, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and a zero being a low, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and a zero being a low, now
+everything is both a high and a low. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is both a high and a low. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is both a high and a low. So
+we've have the amount of data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've have the amount of data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've have the amount of data that we
+can send on the channel. But we've sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send on the channel. But we've sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send on the channel. But we've sort
+of uh gotten this win that now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh gotten this win that now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh gotten this win that now we can
+have the phase lock loop actually work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the phase lock loop actually work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the phase lock loop actually work.
+And so it turns out Manchester encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it turns out Manchester encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it turns out Manchester encoding
+is actually commonly used. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually commonly used. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually commonly used. There are
+other encoding schemes that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other encoding schemes that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other encoding schemes that you can use
+that sort of are less wasteful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of are less wasteful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of are less wasteful of
+channel bandwidth but operate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel bandwidth but operate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel bandwidth but operate on the
+same principle uh using sort of trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle uh using sort of trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principle uh using sort of trying
+to introduce extra extra transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce extra extra transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce extra extra transitions
+when possible. So um this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when possible. So um this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when possible. So um this basically
+wraps up our discussion of the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraps up our discussion of the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraps up our discussion of the link
+layer. uh what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. uh what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer. uh what we're going to talk about
+next time we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we're going to start talking
+about how the network layer works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the network layer works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the network layer works and
+we're going to get basically talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get basically talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get basically talk about
+how internet routing uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how internet routing uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how internet routing uh actually
+actually functions and how these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions and how these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions and how these sort of
+routers actually decide you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers actually decide you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routers actually decide you know which
+hop they should you know which link they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop they should you know which link they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop they should you know which link they
+should use to transmit the next message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use to transmit the next message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use to transmit the next message
+around in the network. So um that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the network. So um that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the network. So um that's it
+for next this time and uh we'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next this time and uh we'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next this time and uh we'll see you
+on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r3c31nh_iOc.txt b/r3c31nh_iOc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..137e8fbb2ecc6ddab03a6255e78e84b389673e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r3c31nh_iOc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+Let's see if we can improve the throughput
+of the original combinational multiplier design.
+
+We'll use our patented pipelining process
+to divide the processing into stages with
+
+the expectation of achieving a smaller clock
+period and higher throughput.
+
+The number to beat is approximately 1 output
+every 2N, where N is the number of bits in
+
+each of the operands.
+
+Our first step is to draw a contour across
+all the outputs.
+
+This creates a 1-pipeline, which gets us started
+but doesn't improve the throughput.
+
+Let's add another contour, dividing the computations
+about in half.
+
+If we're on the right track, we hope to see
+some improvement in the throughput.
+
+And indeed we do: the throughput has doubled.
+
+Yet both the before and after throughputs
+are order 1/N.
+
+Is there any hope of a dramatically better
+throughput?
+
+The necessary insight is that as long as an
+entire row is inside a single pipeline stage,
+
+the latency of the stage will be order N since
+we have to leave time for the N-bit ripple-carry
+
+add to complete.
+
+There are several ways to tackle this problem.
+
+The technique illustrated here will be useful
+in our next task.
+
+In this schematic we've redrawn the carry
+chains.
+
+Carry-outs are still connected to a module
+one column to the left, but, in this case,
+
+a module that's down a row.
+
+So all the additions that need to happen in
+a specific column still happen in that column,
+
+we've just reorganized which row does the
+adding.
+
+Let's pipeline this revised diagram, creating
+stages with approximately two module's worth
+
+of propagation delay.
+
+The horizontal contours now break the long
+carry chains and the latency of each stage
+
+is now constant, independent of N.
+Note that we had to add order N extra rows
+
+to take of the propagating the carries all
+the way to the end - the extra circuitry is
+
+shown in the grey box.
+
+To achieve a latency that's independent of
+N in each stage, we'll need order N contours.
+
+This means the latency is constant, which
+in order-of notation we write as "order 1".
+
+But this means the clock period is now independent
+of N, as is the throughput - they are both
+
+order 1.
+
+With order N contours, there are order N pipeline
+stages, so the system latency is order N.
+
+The hardware cost is still order N^2.
+
+So the pipelined carry-save multiplier has
+dramatically better throughput than the original
+
+circuit, another design tradeoff we can remember
+for future use.
+
+We'll use the carry-save technique in our
+next optimization, which is to implement the
+
+multiplier using only order N hardware.
+
+This sequential multiplier design computes
+a single partial product in each step and
+
+adds it to the accumulating sum.
+
+It will take order N steps to perform the
+complete multiplication.
+
+In each step, the next bit of the multiplier,
+found in the low-order bit of the B register,
+
+is ANDed with the multiplicand to form the
+next partial product.
+
+This is sent to the N-bit carry-save adder
+to be added to the accumulating sum in the
+
+P register.
+
+The value in the P register and the output
+of the adder are in "carry-save format".
+
+This means there are 32 data bits, but, in
+addition, 31 saved carries, to be added to
+
+the appropriate column in the next cycle.
+
+The output of the carry-save adder is saved
+in the P register, then in preparation for
+
+the next step both P and B are shifted right
+by 1 bit.
+
+So each cycle one bit of the accumulated sum
+is retired to the B register since it can
+
+no longer be affected by the remaining partial
+products.
+
+Think of it this way: instead of shifting
+the partial products left to account for the
+
+weight of the current multiplier bit, we're
+shifting the accumulated sum right!
+
+The clock period needed for the sequential
+logic is quite small, and, more importantly
+
+is independent of N.
+Since there's no carry propagation, the latency
+
+of the carry-save adder is very small, i.e.,
+only enough time for the operation of a single
+
+full adder module.
+
+After order N steps, we've generated the necessary
+partial products, but will need to continue
+
+for another order N steps to finish propagating
+the carries through the carry-save adder.
+
+But even at 2N steps, the overall latency
+of the multiplier is still order N.
+
+And at the end of the 2N steps, we produce
+the answer in the P and B registers combined,
+
+so the throughput is order 1/N.
+The big change is in the hardware cost at
+
+order N, a dramatic improvement over the order
+N^2 hardware cost of the original combinational
+
+multiplier.
+
+This completes our little foray into multiplier
+designs.
+
+We've seen that with a little cleverness we
+can create designs with order 1 throughput,
+
+or designs with only order N hardware.
+
+The technique of carry-save addition is useful
+in many situations and its use can improve
+
+throughput at constant hardware cost, or save
+hardware at a constant throughput.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rdFIIHIjb7A.txt b/rdFIIHIjb7A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd14b53a3492576856376e1c1823b3d461e1cc32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rdFIIHIjb7A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we go to the test I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to the test I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to the test I just want to
+point out this PCP is nonadaptive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out this PCP is nonadaptive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out this PCP is nonadaptive okay
+the what are the queries of the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the queries of the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the queries of the verifier
+he behaves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he behaves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he behaves like
+a a verifier of of the gkr or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a verifier of of the gkr or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a verifier of of the gkr or in other
+words verifier for Su check and and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words verifier for Su check and and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words verifier for Su check and and some
+check is a public coin protocol so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is a public coin protocol so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check is a public coin protocol so the
+messages don't depend on anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages don't depend on anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages don't depend on anything you
+just choose some Randomness and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose some Randomness and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose some Randomness and that
+defines the queries so uh so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the queries so uh so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the queries so uh so it is a
+non-adaptive the the questions you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-adaptive the the questions you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-adaptive the the questions you ask
+don't depend on the answers you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depend on the answers you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't depend on the answers you get this
+is because the Su check is public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the Su check is public coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the Su check is public coin
+okay so that we do get nonadaptive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we do get nonadaptive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that we do get nonadaptive and
+as we said though we do need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said though we do need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said though we do need to check
+that the witness sitting in the PCP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the witness sitting in the PCP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the witness sitting in the PCP is
+of low degree so let me just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low degree so let me just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of low degree so let me just do that
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a what how do we check it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a what how do we check it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a what how do we check it so the
+prover what he does he you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he does he you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover what he does he you know there's
+the H to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H to The
+N he should put a some witness here 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N he should put a some witness here 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N he should put a some witness here 01
+02 0 w0 W1 W2 and so on uh so all the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 0 w0 W1 W2 and so on uh so all the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 0 w0 W1 W2 and so on uh so all the up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+WM okay m is over uh up up to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM okay m is over uh up up to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WM okay m is over uh up up to let's say
+let me call the number of bits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call the number of bits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call the number of bits in the
+witness s we'll just have a lot of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness s we'll just have a lot of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness s we'll just have a lot of of
+zeros a a appended just so because m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros a a appended just so because m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros a a appended just so because m is
+taken to be log s so not to confuse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be log s so not to confuse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to be log s so not to confuse and
+now he's giving kind of he takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's giving kind of he takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's giving kind of he takes the
+extension right so this is f to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension right so this is f to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension right so this is f to the
+m and this should be this is just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this should be this is just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this should be this is just what
+it should be this is what the honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be this is what the honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be this is what the honest
+mover does this is the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover does this is the low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mover does this is the low degree
+extension uh of H ofm which should be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension uh of H ofm which should be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension uh of H ofm which should be of
+degree hus one in each coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to check that now okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to check that now okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to check that now okay here's
+the sad truth I can't actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad truth I can't actually check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sad truth I can't actually check
+this this thing is low degree with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is low degree with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing is low degree with uh
+degree H minus one in each coordinate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each coordinate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree H minus one in each coordinate I
+can't check it because maybe maybe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't check it because maybe maybe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't check it because maybe maybe it is
+but here he put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here he put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here he put something
+bad I can't check it I mean I'm not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I can't check it I mean I'm not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad I can't check it I mean I'm not how
+how can the the verifier has small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the the verifier has small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the the verifier has small
+queries so he can't actually check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries so he can't actually check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries so he can't actually check that
+this is low degree that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low degree that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is low degree that's
+impossible okay so what does he what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible okay so what does he what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible okay so what does he what
+does he do instead he's going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he do instead he's going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he do instead he's going to check
+that it's close to low degree okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's close to low degree okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's close to low degree okay so
+here's the guarantee the guarantee we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the guarantee the guarantee we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the guarantee the guarantee we
+want is to say that this I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to say that this I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to say that this I'm going to
+check I'm going to do a test and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I'm going to do a test and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check I'm going to do a test and if the
+test passes the guarantee I want not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test passes the guarantee I want not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test passes the guarantee I want not
+that this is low degree but it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is low degree but it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is low degree but it's close
+there's another polinomial of low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another polinomial of low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another polinomial of low degree
+that agrees with this at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees with this at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees with this at most
+points okay so we have we have a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so we have we have a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay so we have we have a low
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+test is a check at the end of the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is a check at the end of the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is a check at the end of the check
+what the verifier the guarantee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier the guarantee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier the guarantee the
+verifier has is the guarantee we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier has is the guarantee we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier has is the guarantee we want is
+that with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with high
+probability there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there
+exists a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial W till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial W till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial W till
+such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such
+that dou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dou
+Tilda such that for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda such that for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda such that for most
+Z or the probability over a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z the w z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals is
+uh greater than one minus Epsilon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than one minus Epsilon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than one minus Epsilon for
+some Epsilon okay that's what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Epsilon okay that's what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Epsilon okay that's what we want to
+check for Mo Z now if if we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for Mo Z now if if we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for Mo Z now if if we got this
+check if we succeeded in this if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if we succeeded in this if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if we succeeded in this if we
+succeeded in this check then now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in this check then now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in this check then now what we
+know is that okay let's think in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that okay let's think in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that okay let's think in our
+head that this is he put this up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that this is he put this up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that this is he put this up there
+yeah he put He put this but they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he put He put this but they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he put He put this but they're so
+close let's put this up there anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close let's put this up there anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close let's put this up there anyway the
+probability that we'll ask on a z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we'll ask on a z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we'll ask on a z for
+which they're different is only exson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're different is only exson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're different is only exson
+mostly they agree on so all we need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they agree on so all we need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly they agree on so all we need is
+to to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to verify
+that you know there's the be because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's the be because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know there's the be because we
+check V Zer on a random Z at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check V Zer on a random Z at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check V Zer on a random Z at the
+end most likely it's disase for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end most likely it's disase for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end most likely it's disase for which
+they agree so all we need to check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree so all we need to check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree so all we need to check is
+that they agree almost everywhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they agree almost everywhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they agree almost everywhere the
+fact that there's few location that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's few location that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's few location that they
+don't agree a there's nothing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree a there's nothing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree a there's nothing I can do
+about it because if I don't query them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because if I don't query them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because if I don't query them I
+don't know if they ex I don't know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they ex I don't know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they ex I don't know you
+know what they what's sitting there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they what's sitting there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they what's sitting there but
+actually I don't care that much cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't care that much cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't care that much cuz
+they're not going to I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to I'm not going to
+query them anyway with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query them anyway with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query them anyway with high
+probability so really all to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so really all to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so really all to say is that
+there exists a w Tilda that is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a w Tilda that is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a w Tilda that is low
+degree and agrees with that with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and agrees with that with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and agrees with that with high
+probability how do I do that how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability how do I do that how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability how do I do that how do I
+check that this W that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this W that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this W that this
+V completely malicious vzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V completely malicious vzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V completely malicious vzero
+Tilda behaves close at least as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda behaves close at least as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda behaves close at least as I said
+we can't assume it's low degree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't assume it's low degree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't assume it's low degree but
+close to low degree agrees with the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to low degree agrees with the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to low degree agrees with the low
+degree polinomial in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial in many
+places yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly exactly let's check on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly let's check on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly let's check on some
+random let's do a random sample the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random let's do a random sample the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random let's do a random sample the way
+it's done the way it's done so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done the way it's done so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done the way it's done so there are
+many low degree tests out there by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many low degree tests out there by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many low degree tests out there by the
+way uh but one kind of common one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh but one kind of common one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh but one kind of common one is the
+following I'm going to take a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to take a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I'm going to take a random
+line in F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in F to the
+m and I'm going to check like I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and I'm going to check like I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and I'm going to check like I'm going
+to ask open this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask open this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask open this random
+line now this random line should be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now this random line should be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line now this random line should be of
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+M times H minus one that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M times H minus one that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M times H minus one that's what it
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be I'm G to check that that's the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm G to check that that's the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I'm G to check that that's the degree
+if it's not the degree I reject then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not the degree I reject then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not the degree I reject then
+you're immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're immediately
+rejected okay so now what I know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected okay so now what I know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected okay so now what I know is that
+in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a random
+line you agree with the low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial okay because otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay because otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay because otherwise you're
+rejected now one needs to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected now one needs to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected now one needs to argue that
+because you agree on a random line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you agree on a random line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you agree on a random line with
+a low degree polinomial why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low degree polinomial why does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low degree polinomial why does that
+mean that you're actually close to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're actually close to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that you're actually close to a low
+degree polinomial all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial all all
+around okay but this is the test this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but this is the test this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but this is the test this is
+really one of the low degree tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the low degree tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the low degree tests
+that's out there you the verifier choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there you the verifier choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's out there you the verifier choose
+so this is sitting in the PCP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sitting in the PCP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sitting in the PCP the
+verifier will choose a random line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier will choose a random line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier will choose a random line and
+he will test uh he can even test like M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will test uh he can even test like M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he will test uh he can even test like M
+* H random point on this line uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* H random point on this line uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* H random point on this line uh you
+know he'll take M times or you can test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'll take M times or you can test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'll take M times or you can test
+this plus one it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus one it doesn't really matter
+uh depending on how you know soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on how you know soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on how you know soundness
+you want but you can even take this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you can even take this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you can even take this plus
+one this defines a you know this defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this defines a you know this defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this defines a you know this defines
+uh polinomial of low degree of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polinomial of low degree of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh polinomial of low degree of of this
+of this degree and now you check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this degree and now you check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this degree and now you check that
+the additional Point agrees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional Point agrees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional Point agrees with
+it or if you want you can ask the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if you want you can ask the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or if you want you can ask the entire
+f f is only anyway only poly log s bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f is only anyway only poly log s bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f is only anyway only poly log s bit
+so you can just read the entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just read the entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just read the entire thing
+and see that it you by interpolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that it you by interpolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that it you by interpolation
+that it's a low degree polinomial and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a low degree polinomial and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a low degree polinomial and if
+it's not you reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you reject
+okay and then one needs to check though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then one needs to check though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then one needs to check though
+okay so a random line agrees with a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a random line agrees with a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a random line agrees with a low
+degree polinomial why does it imply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial why does it imply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree polinomial why does it imply that
+everything agrees with the lowre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything agrees with the lowre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything agrees with the lowre
+polinomial that's uh leap or with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that's uh leap or with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that's uh leap or with high
+probability okay so we're g to I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so we're g to I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay so we're g to I have a
+good homework problem around that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good homework problem around that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good homework problem around that so
+let's uh let's leave that alone a I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's leave that alone a I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh let's leave that alone a I have
+a lot of this this a I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this this a I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this this a I have a lot of
+good homework problems today a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good homework problems today a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good homework problems today a which is
+nice because it summarizes the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because it summarizes the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice because it summarizes the all the
+information theory part of of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory part of of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information theory part of of the class
+um okay any any questions before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay any any questions before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay any any questions before before
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proceed yeah so is there some argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed yeah so is there some argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed yeah so is there some argument
+here that if the Pol is low degree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if the Pol is low degree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if the Pol is low degree that
+corresponds some witness in in this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds some witness in in this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds some witness in in this like
+PCP um yeah so okay so if the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP um yeah so okay so if the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP um yeah so okay so if the argument
+if you can argue that this this is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can argue that this this is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can argue that this this is close
+to to low degree then take the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to low degree then take the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to low degree then take the actual
+low degree that it's close to okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree that it's close to okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low degree that it's close to okay now
+this defines a witness Oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defines a witness Oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defines a witness Oh by
+by and and yeah now yeah now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and and yeah now yeah now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and and yeah now yeah now this is
+going to be the witness that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the witness that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the witness that you
+violated on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated on exactly
+exactly great so a okay so yeah oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly great so a okay so yeah oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly great so a okay so yeah oh I
+feel like we don't really need to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we don't really need to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like we don't really need to like
+do a l layer circuit because if three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a l layer circuit because if three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a l layer circuit because if three
+side it's like an gigantic end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's like an gigantic end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's like an gigantic end of
+several like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like three
+uhhuh bra sing and you can just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh bra sing and you can just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh bra sing and you can just do a
+single to do this to to to to do the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single to do this to to to to do the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single to do this to to to to do the and
+you're sing yes some kind of because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sing yes some kind of because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sing yes some kind of because we
+don't need to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to like
+okay yeah yeah yeah so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah yeah yeah so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah yeah yeah so what you're
+saying is what you're saying look there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what you're saying look there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is what you're saying look there
+may be ways to do optimizations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be ways to do optimizations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be ways to do optimizations here
+what I the way I showed you is very kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I the way I showed you is very kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I the way I showed you is very kind
+of generic it said well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic it said well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic it said well you
+know this is low depths H you no saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is low depths H you no saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is low depths H you no saying
+wait it's not just low depth look it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait it's not just low depth look it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait it's not just low depth look it's a
+very specific circuit it's one big end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific circuit it's one big end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific circuit it's one big end
+with three ores and you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three ores and you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three ores and you know maybe you
+can do it much better so let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it much better so let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it much better so let me say
+you're 100% correct there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 100% correct there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 100% correct there's a lot of
+optimizations on gkr I kind of showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations on gkr I kind of showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations on gkr I kind of showed
+you the just kind of a feasibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the just kind of a feasibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the just kind of a feasibility
+result but as I said these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but as I said these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but as I said these things are
+used and they're not used as I as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and they're not used as I as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and they're not used as I as I
+showed it uh because they optimized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it uh because they optimized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it uh because they optimized so
+there's a lot of optimizations that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of optimizations that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of optimizations that they
+do in a lot on the circuit level as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a lot on the circuit level as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in a lot on the circuit level as as
+you say like what's the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say like what's the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say like what's the best way to
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+we don't want to just maybe open it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to just maybe open it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to just maybe open it to
+just random like degree 2 degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random like degree 2 degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random like degree 2 degree two
+degree two maybe we don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two maybe we don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two maybe we don't want to do
+exactly the gold maybe we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the gold maybe we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the gold maybe we want to do
+something else that how to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that how to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that how to generate the
+circuit to make it the most efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to make it the most efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit to make it the most efficient
+possible there's a lot of optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's a lot of optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's a lot of optimization
+and on that part um so yeah I I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that part um so yeah I I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on that part um so yeah I I showed
+you and as I said today you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and as I said today you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and as I said today you can use
+actually GK to be like the GK protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually GK to be like the GK protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually GK to be like the GK protocol
+can be linear time prover they managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be linear time prover they managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be linear time prover they managed
+to get to actually I don't actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to actually I don't actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to actually I don't actually I
+know how they got to poly to quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they got to poly to quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they got to poly to quasi
+linear the linear is actually new work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the linear is actually new work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear the linear is actually new work
+that I didn't yet have time to dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't yet have time to dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't yet have time to dive into
+but apparently they have really nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apparently they have really nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but apparently they have really nice uh
+optimization that they use and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that they use and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that they use and most of
+them I think is exactly on the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think is exactly on the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think is exactly on the circuit
+level around ideas that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level around ideas that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level around ideas that you
+mention a great so uh any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a great so uh any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a great so uh any any other
+questions you have you guys have great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have you guys have great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have you guys have great
+great questions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great questions so this
+fantastic okay so I want to say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic okay so I want to say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic okay so I want to say a few
+things that I didn't talk about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I didn't talk about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I didn't talk about maybe
+they'll show up in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll show up in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll show up in the in in the
+homework maybe not but I and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework maybe not but I and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework maybe not but I and it's
+related to to questions that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to to questions that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to to questions that people
+asked that Leo asked and others so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that Leo asked and others so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that Leo asked and others so first
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+all you know I said I I showed poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know I said I I showed poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know I said I I showed poly
+login I said we can go all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login I said we can go all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login I said we can go all the way down
+to three okay let me just mention three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three okay let me just mention three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three okay let me just mention three
+is the best we can do we can we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best we can do we can we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best we can do we can we cannot
+go below three okay uh from poly login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go below three okay uh from poly login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go below three okay uh from poly login
+you can do kind of log Logan using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do kind of log Logan using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do kind of log Logan using
+recursion you can do kind of PCP on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you can do kind of PCP on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion you can do kind of PCP on the
+poly login queries you can kind of Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly login queries you can kind of Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly login queries you can kind of Rec
+first and then from a log log n to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then from a log log n to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then from a log log n to three
+you can do kind of there these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do kind of there these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do kind of there these
+exponential size proofs but to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential size proofs but to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential size proofs but to take a
+log log n and make it exponent there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n and make it exponent there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log n and make it exponent there's
+like exponential size PCP with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential size PCP with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential size PCP with only
+three queries so you apply kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three queries so you apply kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three queries so you apply kind of an
+exponential size PCP to this log log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential size PCP to this log log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential size PCP to this log log n
+size PCP they have all these cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size PCP they have all these cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size PCP they have all these cool
+tricks uh and they manage to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks uh and they manage to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks uh and they manage to get to
+three three bits okay three bits can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three bits okay three bits can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three bits okay three bits can you
+go to two bits no yeah is that only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to two bits no yeah is that only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to two bits no yeah is that only for
+sound as half like if if no any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound as half like if if no any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound as half like if if no any constant
+soundness no what about for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness no what about for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness no what about for like
+negligible sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible sound
+ah yeah no I constant soundness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah no I constant soundness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yeah no I constant soundness okay
+constant soundness yeah for constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant soundness yeah for constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant soundness yeah for constant
+soundness you can't we can get three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you can't we can get three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness you can't we can get three the
+con actually I think is better than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con actually I think is better than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con actually I think is better than half
+but whatever uh but uh you can get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever uh but uh you can get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever uh but uh you can get three
+and can you get constant sounds for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you get constant sounds for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you get constant sounds for two
+no and no I think you just can't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and no I think you just can't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and no I think you just can't the
+point so I don't want to get I I I yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I don't want to get I I I yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I don't want to get I I I yeah
+I don't want to get and can you get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to get and can you get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to get and can you get one
+definitely not how so can you get two no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not how so can you get two no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not how so can you get two no
+however you can get two if you make each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can get two if you make each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you can get two if you make each
+the answer to each query like a block so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to each query like a block so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to each query like a block so
+if you want two queries where each query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want two queries where each query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want two queries where each query
+gives you an answer a bit you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an answer a bit you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an answer a bit you cannot
+have PCP and the reason actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have PCP and the reason actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have PCP and the reason actually you
+could intuitively the reason you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intuitively the reason you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intuitively the reason you cannot
+have a PCP is because like because two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PCP is because like because two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PCP is because like because two s
+is easy if you have only two query two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy if you have only two query two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy if you have only two query two
+kind of queries intuitively the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of queries intuitively the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of queries intuitively the reason
+why it's because too sad it's easy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's because too sad it's easy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's because too sad it's easy I
+don't want to go into it maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into it maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go into it maybe it's
+going be homework so let's leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be homework so let's leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be homework so let's leave that
+but you can have what you can have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have what you can have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can have what you can have and
+we do have it's not just theoretic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have it's not just theoretic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have it's not just theoretic like
+we do have pcps that have only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have pcps that have only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have pcps that have only two
+queries but the answers are large not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries but the answers are large not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries but the answers are large not
+not I mean okay you can have one query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean okay you can have one query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean okay you can have one query
+if the answer is aside the witness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is aside the witness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the answer is aside the witness okay
+that's easy but we can have two queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy but we can have two queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy but we can have two queries
+where the size of each answer is polylog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the size of each answer is polylog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the size of each answer is polylog
+okay but not one or constant for all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but not one or constant for all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but not one or constant for all I
+know so maybe we'll do some homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so maybe we'll do some homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so maybe we'll do some homework
+kind of to get you know intuitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to get you know intuitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of to get you know intuitions
+around these things yeah actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these things yeah actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these things yeah actually I
+think do have like two B if we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think do have like two B if we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think do have like two B if we like
+allow to have like imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to have like imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to have like imperfect
+completeness you have oh if you allow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness you have oh if you allow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness you have oh if you allow to
+have imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imperfect
+completeness then a you're right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness then a you're right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness then a you're right the
+situ sorry everything I'm saying is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ sorry everything I'm saying is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ sorry everything I'm saying is for
+perfect completeness once you allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect completeness once you allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect completeness once you allowed to
+reduce completeness to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon things change so what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon things change so what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon things change so what do we know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with yeah with two if you have yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeah with two if you have yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yeah with two if you have yeah I'm
+not I don't remember off from top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't remember off from top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't remember off from top of my
+head what two but what's the soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head what two but what's the soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head what two but what's the soundness
+two queries constant soundness two bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two queries constant soundness two bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two queries constant soundness two bit
+two 1/3 two3 okay okay con yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 1/3 two3 okay okay con yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two 1/3 two3 okay okay con yeah yeah
+yeah yeah okay yeah you're right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay yeah you're right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay yeah you're right so here
+I'm assuming yeah you're right yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming yeah you're right yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming yeah you're right yeah good
+point thank you yeah so if if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point thank you yeah so if if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point thank you yeah so if if you're
+willing to relax completeness we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to relax completeness we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to relax completeness we can get
+to but perfect completeness you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but perfect completeness you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but perfect completeness you can't
+yeah thank like and you like two blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank like and you like two blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank like and you like two blocks
+it's possible are you talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible are you talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible are you talking about
+contigous bits blocks yeah so yeah think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contigous bits blocks yeah so yeah think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contigous bits blocks yeah so yeah think
+think about it each query you read so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it each query you read so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it each query you read so
+the PCP consists of like instead of bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP consists of like instead of bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP consists of like instead of bit
+bit bit think about it like a word a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bit think about it like a word a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bit think about it like a word a
+word a word a word and each word is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a word a word and each word is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a word a word and each word is like
+polog and bits for example and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polog and bits for example and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polog and bits for example and now you
+can read only two words so because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read only two words so because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read only two words so because I
+want to word read Word I am more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay good no so good good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay good no so good good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay good no so good good good
+question so the question is now do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is now do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so the question is now do we
+have perfect completeness and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfect completeness and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfect completeness and the answer
+is yes because if you're honest if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes because if you're honest if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes because if you're honest if
+perfect competance means if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competance means if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competance means if you're
+honest you'll be accepted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest you'll be accepted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest you'll be accepted with
+probability one so if you're honest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so if you're honest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so if you're honest you
+are going to give W Tilda which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give W Tilda which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give W Tilda which is the
+the low degree extension of your witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of your witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree extension of your witness
+and when I take a random line it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I take a random line it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I take a random line it's going
+to be of low degree for sure everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of low degree for sure everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of low degree for sure everything
+is low degree if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low degree if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low degree if you're if you're
+malicious then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious then so
+sound the soundness exactly that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the soundness exactly that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound the soundness exactly that you
+lose you're right good point what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose you're right good point what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose you're right good point what what
+you mentioned is you say because we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned is you say because we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned is you say because we do
+the L degree we lose a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L degree we lose a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L degree we lose a little bit in the
+soundness because you know maybe you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness because you know maybe you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness because you know maybe you're
+a little malicious and we don't catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little malicious and we don't catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little malicious and we don't catch
+you or you know and that goes yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you know and that goes yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you know and that goes yeah so
+you'll need to make you'll need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need to make you'll need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need to make you'll need to make
+the sound a little bigger so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound a little bigger so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound a little bigger so that you
+can eat up what you lose a little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat up what you lose a little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can eat up what you lose a little bit in
+the low degree yeah yeah great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree yeah yeah great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low degree yeah yeah great question
+yeah when you repeat the prot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you repeat the prot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when you repeat the prot
+bring the same Che yeah yeah yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the same Che yeah yeah yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the same Che yeah yeah yeah good
+so the question is when you repeat so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when you repeat so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is when you repeat so
+let's say you're not happy I you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're not happy I you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're not happy I you know we
+have soundless half we're not happy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have soundless half we're not happy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have soundless half we're not happy what
+do you do you need to actually repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you need to actually repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do you need to actually repeat
+the entire PCP or no you don't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire PCP or no you don't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire PCP or no you don't because
+uh like why the the Prov will just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like why the the Prov will just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like why the the Prov will just give
+you the same PCP over and over so no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same PCP over and over so no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same PCP over and over so no you
+keep the same PCP all you do is you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same PCP all you do is you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same PCP all you do is you run
+the r the verifier the PCP verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r the verifier the PCP verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r the verifier the PCP verifier
+fresh with fresh Randomness more times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh with fresh Randomness more times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh with fresh Randomness more times
+so if you have soundness half and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have soundness half and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have soundness half and you
+want to have soundless 1 over two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have soundless 1 over two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have soundless 1 over two to the
+K what you do is you run the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what you do is you run the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what you do is you run the PCP
+verifier K times so he generates one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier K times so he generates one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier K times so he generates one set
+of queries you run him fresh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of queries you run him fresh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of queries you run him fresh again
+another set of queries fresh again each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of queries fresh again each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of queries fresh again each
+time he's going to be rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's going to be rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's going to be rejecting
+probability half independently of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half independently of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half independently of the
+other time so you'll just get like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time so you'll just get like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time so you'll just get like uh
+you know that is rejected he's accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that is rejected he's accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that is rejected he's accepted
+probability one over uh 2 to the K yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one over uh 2 to the K yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one over uh 2 to the K yeah
+so just the verifiers it needs to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the verifiers it needs to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just the verifiers it needs to repeat
+the prover is not involved in this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover is not involved in this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover is not involved in this great
+great question guys any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question guys any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question guys any any other
+questions what's the reference with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what's the reference with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions what's the reference with this
+thing I can put it I can put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can put it I can put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can put it I can put it in the
+in yeah and I can put it in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah and I can put it in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yeah and I can put it in the in
+canvas in the website a okay if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas in the website a okay if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas in the website a okay if I don't
+remember remind me okay so um before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remind me okay so um before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remind me okay so um before we
+move to crypto I just want to wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to crypto I just want to wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to crypto I just want to wrap up
+kind of the information theory part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the information theory part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the information theory part and
+say that in some sense I taught you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in some sense I taught you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that in some sense I taught you
+almost like okay so what what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like okay so what what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like okay so what what's missing
+what did I what did you not get a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I what did you not get a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I what did you not get a chance
+to see you didn't get a chance to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you didn't get a chance to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see you didn't get a chance to see
+the three query okay so you didn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three query okay so you didn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three query okay so you didn't get a
+chance to see the recursion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to see the recursion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to see the recursion and the
+Hadar and this nice way to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hadar and this nice way to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hadar and this nice way to get to
+getting three pcps um there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting three pcps um there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting three pcps um there's another
+beautiful beautiful result uh by uh Ryan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful result uh by uh Ryan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful beautiful result uh by uh Ryan
+gold and Roth Bloom and Roth Bloom from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and Roth Bloom and Roth Bloom from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold and Roth Bloom and Roth Bloom from
+20 18 18 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay well started in 16 uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay well started in 16 uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah okay well started in 16 uh and
+since then there's work uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then there's work uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then there's work uh but
+essentially here's the question this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially here's the question this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially here's the question this is
+kind of a question that's still missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a question that's still missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a question that's still missing
+um and here here's the question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here here's the question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here here's the question the
+question is um you know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um you know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is um you know we have
+efficient doubly efficient protocol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient doubly efficient protocol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient doubly efficient protocol for
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+depth do can we construct doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth do can we construct doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth do can we construct doubly
+efficient protocol for bounded space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient protocol for bounded space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient protocol for bounded space now
+look we know that we cannot hope to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we know that we cannot hope to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we know that we cannot hope to have
+doubly efficient or not dou efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly efficient or not dou efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly efficient or not dou efficient
+for that matter for more than P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter for more than P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter for more than P space
+like we know that IP equals P space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we know that IP equals P space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we know that IP equals P space so
+you know that's you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's you can't have
+interactive proof of be the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof of be the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof of be the pro
+efficient or not efficient for more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or not efficient for more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient or not efficient for more than
+P space okay so we're stuck with P space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P space okay so we're stuck with P space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P space okay so we're stuck with P space
+now you can exchange you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can exchange you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can exchange you can go from
+depth to space actually there's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to space actually there's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth to space actually there's a way to
+convert depth to space and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert depth to space and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert depth to space and vice versa
+but it doesn't preserve efficiency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't preserve efficiency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't preserve efficiency so
+you can go from bounded depth to bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from bounded depth to bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from bounded depth to bounded
+space now you must go because I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now you must go because I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now you must go because I showed
+you a double bounded space if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a double bounded space if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a double bounded space if it
+required more than poly space some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required more than poly space some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required more than poly space some
+something in the world would go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the world would go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the world would go wrong
+because we know IP equals P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know IP equals P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know IP equals P
+space so the point is we do know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the point is we do know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the point is we do know we can
+we can convert a bounded depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can convert a bounded depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can convert a bounded depth
+computation to bounded space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to bounded space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation to bounded space
+computation but these this conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but these this conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but these this conversion
+doesn't respect the efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respect the efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respect the efficiency of the
+circuit so if you take a double A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so if you take a double A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so if you take a double A
+bounded depth circuit and convert it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded depth circuit and convert it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded depth circuit and convert it to
+a d to a bounded space circuit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d to a bounded space circuit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a d to a bounded space circuit the
+bounded space circuit or bounded space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded space circuit or bounded space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded space circuit or bounded space
+computation I should say the bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I should say the bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I should say the bounded
+space computation now will just be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space computation now will just be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space computation now will just be very
+very long even if the bounded space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long even if the bounded space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long even if the bounded space the
+bounded depth circuit let's say was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded depth circuit let's say was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded depth circuit let's say was only
+size s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size s
+polinomial the bounded space computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the bounded space computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial the bounded space computation
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+exponential okay so it doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay so it doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay so it doesn't it
+doesn't respect kind of the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respect kind of the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't respect kind of the efficiency
+of the computation when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computation when you do the
+transition from bounded depth to bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from bounded depth to bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from bounded depth to bounded
+space or vice versa so now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or vice versa so now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space or vice versa so now there's a
+question can you do let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you do let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can you do let's say you have a
+bounded space computation not a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded space computation not a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded space computation not a bounded
+depth yeah you can convert a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth yeah you can convert a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth yeah you can convert a bounded
+depth and pay a price but you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth and pay a price but you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth and pay a price but you don't want
+to can you do a doubly eff can you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can you do a doubly eff can you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can you do a doubly eff can you do an
+abounded space computation make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abounded space computation make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abounded space computation make it
+doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly
+efficient okay so here is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so here is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient okay so here is kind of a
+goal and those who who've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and those who who've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and those who who've been working
+with me for a while may be traumatized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me for a while may be traumatized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me for a while may be traumatized
+by this goal because I tormented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them I think this is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think this is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I think this is one of the most
+interesting problems out there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems out there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems out there it's
+really frustrating to me that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to me that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to me that there's no
+solution I'll give you an incentive in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll give you an incentive in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I'll give you an incentive in a
+second but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay so here's my question if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so here's my question if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so here's my question if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+any time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time t
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computation uh T of n s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh T of n s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh T of n s of
+n here's the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goal we want an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof such
+that prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prover
+runtime is efficient poly t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want verifier run time or let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want verifier run time or let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want verifier run time or let's start
+okay verify run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay verify run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay verify run
+time well the poor guy has to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well the poor guy has to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well the poor guy has to read the
+input length so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input length so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input length so you know
+X Plus times you know I'll be I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus times you know I'll be I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus times you know I'll be I'll be
+nice with you times whatever it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice with you times whatever it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice with you times whatever it can be
+even poly um I'm happy even with ply if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even poly um I'm happy even with ply if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even poly um I'm happy even with ply if
+you want to put ply here I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put ply here I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put ply here I'll be
+generous times ply and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous times ply and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous times ply and the
+space not depending on T so he should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not depending on T so he should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not depending on T so he should
+run it he can read the input and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it he can read the input and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it he can read the input and run
+time the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the space
+and usually we want the complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually we want the complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually we want the complex the
+communication complexity to grow only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity to grow only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication complexity to grow only
+like poly space but if you want to put X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poly space but if you want to put X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like poly space but if you want to put X
+in there fine be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there fine be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there fine be my
+guest this is what we want this is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest this is what we want this is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest this is what we want this is open
+so we want a douly efficient interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want a douly efficient interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want a douly efficient interactive
+proof for p space let me tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for p space let me tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for p space let me tell you what
+Ryan golden the r Blom brothers did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ryan golden the r Blom brothers did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ryan golden the r Blom brothers did they
+almost did this but here's this annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost did this but here's this annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost did this but here's this annoying
+part the verifier run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the verifier run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the verifier run time
+and the communication complexity is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the communication complexity is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the communication complexity is s
+great but times t to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but times t to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but times t to the
+Epsilon and this Epsilon has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this Epsilon has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this Epsilon has to be a
+constant because the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because the communication
+complexity grows with like two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity grows with like two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity grows with like two to the
+something oh till I think one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh till I think one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something oh till I think one over
+Epsilon or something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon or something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon or something like that so
+there's exponential growth in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exponential growth in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exponential growth in in in
+epsilon so you can take you can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so you can take you can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so you can take you can maybe
+take Epson like H one over log log or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Epson like H one over log log or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Epson like H one over log log or
+log log log like log log log n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log like log log log n over log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log log log like log log log n over log
+one over log log n think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over log log n think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over log log n think of it as
+constant you don't really gain by trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you don't really gain by trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you don't really gain by trying
+subc constant it's not giving you much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc constant it's not giving you much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subc constant it's not giving you much
+so they present their result as EPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they present their result as EPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they present their result as EPS
+being a constant so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a constant so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a constant so this is really
+annoying because now the verifier if T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because now the verifier if T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying because now the verifier if T
+is polinomial is super polinomial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial is super polinomial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial is super polinomial the
+verify is not even efficient so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify is not even efficient so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify is not even efficient so this is
+really for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for p
+actually I want to get rid of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to get rid of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to get rid of this and
+do for a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for a big
+T okay this is still an open question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay this is still an open question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay this is still an open question
+okay now I need now okay I'm begging you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I need now okay I'm begging you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I need now okay I'm begging you
+guys a plea for the smart all you smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys a plea for the smart all you smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys a plea for the smart all you smart
+MIT students or Harvard or at bu nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students or Harvard or at bu nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT students or Harvard or at bu nor
+Eastern whoever you are this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern whoever you are this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern whoever you are this is a
+personal favor can someone please solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favor can someone please solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal favor can someone please solve
+this and I know I need to give you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I know I need to give you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I know I need to give you guys
+incentive so beyond probably you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive so beyond probably you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive so beyond probably you know a
+a I don't know like a ACM PhD award or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever that's nothing but I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's nothing but I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's nothing but I'm willing
+to give you a $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a $500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a $500
+prize okay so you're you're out biding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize okay so you're you're out biding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize okay so you're you're out biding
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+not we know didn't give a prize on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we know didn't give a prize on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we know didn't give a prize on this
+right he gave like an FH Prize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he gave like an FH Prize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he gave like an FH Prize or
+something but it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but it was like
+$15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this you get rid of the tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this you get rid of the tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this you get rid of the tea
+do this you can take pictures so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you can take pictures so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you can take pictures so you can
+actually work on this please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work on this please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work on this please
+okay let's uh um move on okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh um move on okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh um move on okay so this
+essentially concludes the unit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concludes the unit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially concludes the unit on
+information Theory okay there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory okay there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory okay there's another
+proof system that I didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof system that I didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof system that I didn't talk about
+which is a multi- prooof interractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a multi- prooof interractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a multi- prooof interractive
+proofs uh the reason I didn't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh the reason I didn't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh the reason I didn't talk about
+them is because they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is because they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is because they're really
+equivalent the probabilistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the probabilistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the probabilistically
+checkable proofs they're not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkable proofs they're not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkable proofs they're not much
+different maybe I'll put something along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe I'll put something along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe I'll put something along
+these lines in the homework I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines in the homework I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines in the homework I don't know
+I need to think about it but uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to think about it but uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to think about it but uh that's
+another thing we did not cover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we did not cover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we did not cover but
+they're really an equivalent thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really an equivalent thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really an equivalent thing to to
+PCP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP so
+but it's another proof model that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's another proof model that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's another proof model that was
+considered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in the
+literature okay so that concludes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature okay so that concludes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature okay so that concludes a
+information Theory so that's all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory so that's all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information Theory so that's all we know
+we're stuck with P space uh actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with P space uh actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're stuck with P space uh actually we
+don't even and okay and uh and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even and okay and uh and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even and okay and uh and we can
+get like a very efficient verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like a very efficient verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like a very efficient verification
+but then we have a very long proof like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have a very long proof like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we have a very long proof like
+the PCP you can verify things super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP you can verify things super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCP you can verify things super
+efficiently like uh fantastic but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently like uh fantastic but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently like uh fantastic but you
+need to write somewhere this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write somewhere this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to write somewhere this
+gigantic uh PCP proof okay that the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic uh PCP proof okay that the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic uh PCP proof okay that the PCP
+and note it's very important it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note it's very important it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note it's very important it's very
+important that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the
+verifier like has that that this PCP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier like has that that this PCP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier like has that that this PCP is
+written if the PCP is not written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written if the PCP is not written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written if the PCP is not written
+somewhere and he's talking with theover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and he's talking with theover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and he's talking with theover
+and tell him look you know I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell him look you know I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell him look you know I know you
+have a PCP written there somewhere can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PCP written there somewhere can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PCP written there somewhere can
+you give me locations IJ and K a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me locations IJ and K a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me locations IJ and K a
+cheating po will choose the locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating po will choose the locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating po will choose the locations
+based on I and K and then for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on I and K and then for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on I and K and then for you know
+JK he'll put in location I zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JK he'll put in location I zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JK he'll put in location I zero and
+maybe for I and J Prime K Prime he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for I and J Prime K Prime he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for I and J Prime K Prime he'll
+then put location i1 and cheat so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put location i1 and cheat so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then put location i1 and cheat so it's
+very important that the PCP is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that the PCP is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that the PCP is written
+and now when you ask query I it's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you ask query I it's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you ask query I it's what's
+written there it can't depend answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there it can't depend answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there it can't depend answer
+cannot depend on query J or query K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot depend on query J or query K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot depend on query J or query K so
+it's so it seems like it's very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it seems like it's very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so it seems like it's very nice
+model it's fantastic but where's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's fantastic but where's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's fantastic but where's this
+huge thing going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge thing going to be
+written okay so uh like if we want at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written okay so uh like if we want at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written okay so uh like if we want at
+the end of the day what here's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day what here's our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the day what here's our goal
+really what what we're after really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what what we're after really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what what we're after really is
+to take an actual proof like a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an actual proof like a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take an actual proof like a witness
+and drink it okay it's big I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drink it okay it's big I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drink it okay it's big I don't like
+big shink make it small here now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shink make it small here now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shink make it small here now it's
+smaller now of course we can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now of course we can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller now of course we can't do it
+right so like can't do it so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like can't do it so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like can't do it so now we
+start changing them out say okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing them out say okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing them out say okay you
+know what let's try interactive you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what let's try interactive you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what let's try interactive you know
+what let's try PCP you know all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's try PCP you know all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's try PCP you know all these
+are very nice but they all have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very nice but they all have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very nice but they all have really
+strong problems okay like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong problems okay like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong problems okay like the
+interactive proof one it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof one it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof one it's very very
+specific it's an interactive proof I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it's an interactive proof I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it's an interactive proof I you
+know I can talk to Tina I can talk to Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can talk to Tina I can talk to Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can talk to Tina I can talk to Su
+I can talk to but it's it's um it's per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can talk to but it's it's um it's per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can talk to but it's it's um it's per
+person what if I want to give a proof to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what if I want to give a proof to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what if I want to give a proof to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world how I can do an interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world how I can do an interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world how I can do an interactive proof
+I want to post some on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to post some on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to post some on my
+proof okay now I can do PCP I can post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay now I can do PCP I can post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay now I can do PCP I can post
+that but it's really big so if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's really big so if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's really big so if I want to
+make it sucin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sucin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it sucin I
+can't so I want to be able again my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so I want to be able again my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't so I want to be able again my goal
+to take a proof and just drink it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a proof and just drink it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a proof and just drink it and
+put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it
+somewhere now of course you're like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere now of course you're like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere now of course you're like okay
+it's nice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice you know
+it's good that you have desires well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that you have desires well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that you have desires well you
+know it's good that you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good that you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's good that you want but
+actually what's really interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's really interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's really interesting is
+that using the magic of cryptography we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the magic of cryptography we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using the magic of cryptography we
+can get these things so now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these things so now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get these things so now what I'm
+going to do next is we're going to dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next is we're going to dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next is we're going to dive
+into the world of cryptography and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of cryptography and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of cryptography and see
+how we can use cryptography to get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use cryptography to get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use cryptography to get like
+uh towards kind of these suin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh towards kind of these suin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh towards kind of these suin
+noninteractive proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noninteractive proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noninteractive proofs
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's start so the first way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start so the first way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start so the first way
+we're going to change the proof model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change the proof model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change the proof model is
+to say to consider what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to consider what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to consider what we call
+computationally sound proofs also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally sound proofs also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally sound proofs also known
+in the literature as arguments so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature as arguments so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature as arguments so let me
+explain so instead of talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so instead of talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so instead of talking about
+statistical proofs which is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical proofs which is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical proofs which is what we
+talked about so far we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about so far we're going to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proofs okay so what is a computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs okay so what is a computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs okay so what is a computationally
+sound proof it's a proof that has much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound proof it's a proof that has much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound proof it's a proof that has much
+weaker guarantee soundness guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker guarantee soundness guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker guarantee soundness guarantees
+than the standard one so it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the standard one so it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the standard one so it's it's the
+completeness is the same it's a pro you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness is the same it's a pro you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness is the same it's a pro you
+want to prove if you have if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove if you have if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove if you have if something
+is true you succeed but that soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true you succeed but that soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true you succeed but that soundness
+proof so this is also called an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+difference between a actual proof and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a actual proof and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a actual proof and an
+argument is in soundness that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is in soundness that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is in soundness that's the only
+different it's the soundness condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's the soundness condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's the soundness condition
+so let me just tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just tell you what the
+soundness condition is here so the comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness condition is here so the comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness condition is here so the comp
+it's a computational soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition and what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and what it says
+is that so let's say for let's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so let's say for let's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so let's say for let's let's say
+for some linguage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Al what it says is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al what it says is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al what it says is that for
+any computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded only if the approver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded okay if you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded okay if you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded okay if you know that the
+approver is bound resources are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver is bound resources are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver is bound resources are bounded
+it's run it's runtime comput it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run it's runtime comput it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run it's runtime comput it's it's
+computationally bounded runtime so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally bounded runtime so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally bounded runtime so only
+for a prover that's runtime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prover that's runtime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a prover that's runtime is
+bounded and for every X not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and for every X not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and for every X not in the
+language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the
+probability that P star and V and X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star and V and X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star and V and X that
+the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier
+accepts is small okay let's say negl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts is small okay let's say negl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts is small okay let's say negl
+Okay smaller than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay smaller than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay smaller than half
+whatever usually usually in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever usually usually in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever usually usually in this in the
+language of arguments we convert we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of arguments we convert we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of arguments we convert we
+convert this constant to negligible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this constant to negligible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this constant to negligible and
+non- negligible we'll talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negligible we'll talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negligible we'll talk about that in
+a minute but we now we say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but we now we say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but we now we say you know what
+how do we get around all these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get around all these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we get around all these negative
+results so the idea we say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so the idea we say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so the idea we say you know what
+actually why do we care that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why do we care that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why do we care that there
+exists a time two to the Thousand Prov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a time two to the Thousand Prov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a time two to the Thousand Prov
+that can cheat nobody can run in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cheat nobody can run in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can cheat nobody can run in that
+time okay there's not enough molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay there's not enough molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay there's not enough molecules
+in the universe like there's no so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe like there's no so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe like there's no so so
+these things are they don't exist so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are they don't exist so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are they don't exist so why
+do we care let's only consider provs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care let's only consider provs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we care let's only consider provs
+that run in Bound in time now you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run in Bound in time now you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run in Bound in time now you say
+what is bounded we'll talk about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is bounded we'll talk about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is bounded we'll talk about that is
+bounded what there's an input length n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded what there's an input length n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded what there's an input length n
+is n and and Cubed two n well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n and and Cubed two n well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n and and Cubed two n well it's the
+bound so yeah we each we'll talk how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so yeah we each we'll talk how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so yeah we each we'll talk how we
+bound it but the first idea let's bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it but the first idea let's bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound it but the first idea let's bound
+his runtime let's consider aover that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his runtime let's consider aover that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his runtime let's consider aover that is
+runtime we know is bounded now let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we know is bounded now let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime we know is bounded now let's try
+to to argue s this only against such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to argue s this only against such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to argue s this only against such
+provs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provs
+okay so you take the bound to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you take the bound to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you take the bound to be
+something that you believe is realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you believe is realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you believe is realistic
+you know yes do we have distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes do we have distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yes do we have distribution
+over X or no for any ex so yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X or no for any ex so yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X or no for any ex so yeah so the
+question is this distribu no I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is this distribu no I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is this distribu no I want I
+still want to say look I don't even want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to say look I don't even want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want to say look I don't even want
+to I don't want to say that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to say that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I don't want to say that you can
+cheat on any ex so I still want look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat on any ex so I still want look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat on any ex so I still want look I
+want I want the same guarantee I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want the same guarantee I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want the same guarantee I want to
+have the same sound guarantee say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sound guarantee say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sound guarantee say look
+nobody can convince you of any false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can convince you of any false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can convince you of any false
+statement but couldn't your just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but couldn't your just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but couldn't your just like
+memorize the proof of like some easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize the proof of like some easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize the proof of like some easy
+okay okay think okay good good good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay think okay good good good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay think okay good good good I
+right so you're saying wait where what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're saying wait where what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're saying wait where what
+do you mean if if you have an act you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean if if you have an act you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean if if you have an act you
+take a proof and you put it there let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a proof and you put it there let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a proof and you put it there let's
+I'm defining here com yeah so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining here com yeah so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining here com yeah so okay so
+you can't have the what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have the what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have the what you're saying is
+you can't have this non-interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have this non-interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have this non-interactive
+you're saying if you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying if you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying if you want a
+non-interactive proof this is impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive proof this is impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive proof this is impossible
+even computationally why I'm a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even computationally why I'm a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even computationally why I'm a cheating
+prover I'm going to have one bad x x not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm going to have one bad x x not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover I'm going to have one bad x x not
+the language I'm going to hardwire one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language I'm going to hardwire one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language I'm going to hardwire one
+bad proof because we assume it exists it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad proof because we assume it exists it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad proof because we assume it exists it
+just hard to fine fine it's one so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hard to fine fine it's one so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hard to fine fine it's one so I can
+kind of think of a non-uniform model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think of a non-uniform model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think of a non-uniform model
+it's I'm going to hardwired it hardwire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm going to hardwired it hardwire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'm going to hardwired it hardwire
+it and now I'm going to give it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'm going to give it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and now I'm going to give it you're
+right we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we do not have
+non-interactive proofs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive proofs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive proofs uh
+computationally sound proofs but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally sound proofs but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally sound proofs but we
+almost do almost so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost do almost so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost do almost so we'll talk about
+what I mean by almost yes that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by almost yes that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by almost yes that one
+V yeah exactly we okay so I I'll jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah exactly we okay so I I'll jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V yeah exactly we okay so I I'll jump
+I'll jump ahead and say the way we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump ahead and say the way we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll jump ahead and say the way we have
+it is we assume some common random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we assume some common random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we assume some common random
+string some common reference let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string some common reference let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string some common reference let's say
+we all agree like there's some hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all agree like there's some hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all agree like there's some hash
+function and we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're going to use this
+hash function when we can talk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function when we can talk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function when we can talk the
+proofs and now we're going to argue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs and now we're going to argue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs and now we're going to argue the
+only way you can cheat is by breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can cheat is by breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way you can cheat is by breaking
+this function so there we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so there we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function so there we are going to
+at the end get the exactly what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end get the exactly what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end get the exactly what we want
+so this is kind of jumping ahead we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of jumping ahead we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of jumping ahead we will
+actually be able to construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be able to construct these
+succinct proofs okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct proofs okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinct proofs okay and
+non-interactive however we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive however we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-interactive however we assume that
+both the verifier and the pro kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the verifier and the pro kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the verifier and the pro kind of
+agree on some common reference string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on some common reference string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on some common reference string
+that both agree it's it's Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both agree it's it's Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both agree it's it's Universal
+doesn't depend on X like it's a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on X like it's a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on X like it's a has
+function and we all agree it's ch to 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we all agree it's ch to 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we all agree it's ch to 56
+whatever any any kind of for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever any any kind of for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever any any kind of for those who
+do cryptography and are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cryptography and are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cryptography and are familiar with
+these kind of off the-shelf hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of off the-shelf hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of off the-shelf hash
+functions for those who don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for those who don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for those who don't don't
+worry whatever we agree on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry whatever we agree on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry whatever we agree on some
+reference string and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference string and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference string and now we're going to
+argue that if a cheating prover can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if a cheating prover can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that if a cheating prover can come
+up with X not in the language and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with X not in the language and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with X not in the language and a
+false proof it means he broke something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false proof it means he broke something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false proof it means he broke something
+about about the common reference string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the common reference string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about the common reference string
+so this kind of the idea is why so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of the idea is why so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of the idea is why so I I
+already said it actually but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said it actually but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said it actually but when you
+first think about it you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think about it you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first think about it you want to say
+look I want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I want to get
+around these imp like the fact that IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these imp like the fact that IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these imp like the fact that IP
+is only P space all these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only P space all these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only P space all these kind of
+barriers I want to be able to consu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers I want to be able to consu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers I want to be able to consu the
+suing proofs now we know we can't so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suing proofs now we know we can't so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suing proofs now we know we can't so we
+need to change the model and one way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change the model and one way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to change the model and one way we
+say you know let's let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know let's let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know let's let's consider
+bounded provs why not let's assume I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded provs why not let's assume I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded provs why not let's assume I
+approver runs in time less than two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver runs in time less than two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver runs in time less than two to
+the 500 what anybody object is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 500 what anybody object is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 500 what anybody object is there any
+pro the r time more than 2 to 500 no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro the r time more than 2 to 500 no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro the r time more than 2 to 500 no so
+fine what we didn't lose anything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what we didn't lose anything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what we didn't lose anything the
+question is what did we gain is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what did we gain is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what did we gain is it
+easier okay we we said the pooper has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay we we said the pooper has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay we we said the pooper has to
+run time most two to the 500 so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time most two to the 500 so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time most two to the 500 so what
+like how do we use that and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we use that and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how do we use that and the reason
+we use that the way we use that is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that the way we use that is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use that the way we use that is using
+cryptography now we can say our approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography now we can say our approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography now we can say our approver
+cannot break a cryptographic assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break a cryptographic assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break a cryptographic assumption
+so we add the cryptographic Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add the cryptographic Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we add the cryptographic Assumption
+to our proofs and we can assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our proofs and we can assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our proofs and we can assume that the
+pro can break it now who Like A Whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro can break it now who Like A Whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro can break it now who Like A Whole
+New World opened up to us and which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New World opened up to us and which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New World opened up to us and which we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+use okay so what I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so what I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so what I'm going to show you
+next it's actually how a to use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it's actually how a to use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next it's actually how a to use so
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+theorem I'm first going to show an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I'm first going to show an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I'm first going to show an
+interactive protocol okay still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive protocol okay still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive protocol okay still
+interactive but very strong so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive but very strong so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive but very strong so here's
+what I'm going to show you this is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to show you this is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to show you this is a a a
+a theorem due to a a Kilian and mikali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem due to a a Kilian and mikali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem due to a a Kilian and mikali
+92 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+'94 which were really the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'94 which were really the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'94 which were really the kind of
+results that kind of laid the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that kind of laid the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that kind of laid the foundation
+for this field a and what they showed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this field a and what they showed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this field a and what they showed is
+the following they showed how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following they showed how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following they showed how to take
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+PCP and some little cryptographic tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and some little cryptographic tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP and some little cryptographic tool
+called the collagen resistant hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the collagen resistant hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the collagen resistant hash
+function I'll Define what that is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll Define what that is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll Define what that is and
+take these two and construct a succinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two and construct a succinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two and construct a succinct
+form message so not unattractive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form message so not unattractive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form message so not unattractive for
+message argument so computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message argument so computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message argument so computationally
+soundproof so essentially what they show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundproof so essentially what they show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundproof so essentially what they show
+is give me this long PCP that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give me this long PCP that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is give me this long PCP that can be
+efficiently efficiently a checked I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently efficiently a checked I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently efficiently a checked I'm
+going to use cryptography to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use cryptography to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use cryptography to kind of
+shrink this PTP put it in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink this PTP put it in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink this PTP put it in a little
+box send it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box send it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box send it to the
+verifier and then convince the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and then convince the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and then convince the verifier
+that what in this box is an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what in this box is an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what in this box is an accepting
+proof so the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so the use
+cryptography together with PCP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography together with PCP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography together with PCP to
+construct with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct with the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming Collision resistant hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming Collision resistant hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming Collision resistant hash
+function I'll Define in a minute A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll Define in a minute A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I'll Define in a minute A
+cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Primitive for any language in NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive for any language in NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitive for any language in NP
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+exists a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system okay now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay now let me
+Define the argument system more formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the argument system more formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the argument system more formally
+because here was just kind of a bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here was just kind of a bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here was just kind of a bit and
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we talk about once we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about once we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about once we use
+cryptography when cryptography comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography when cryptography comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography when cryptography comes
+along then we use some cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along then we use some cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along then we use some cryptographic
+Primitives and these cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and these cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives and these cryptographic
+Primitives have some security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives have some security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives have some security parameter
+associate with them the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with them the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with them the security
+parameter intuitively tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter intuitively tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter intuitively tells
+you how much so when when I say like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much so when when I say like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how much so when when I say like I
+want let's say a 100 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let's say a 100 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want let's say a 100 bits
+of security we usually in cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of security we usually in cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of security we usually in cryptography
+essentially what we mean as aover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we mean as aover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we mean as aover that
+runs in time two to the 100 cannot break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time two to the 100 cannot break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time two to the 100 cannot break
+the scheme or in time depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme or in time depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme or in time depends on the
+security cannot break the scheme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security cannot break the scheme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security cannot break the scheme so
+whereas statistically we say when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas statistically we say when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas statistically we say when we say
+you know we want a I don't know security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want a I don't know security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we want a I don't know security
+Epsilon we say probability of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we say probability of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon we say probability of breaking
+any you can have whatever power you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you can have whatever power you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any you can have whatever power you want
+but the probabilties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the probabilties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the probabilties
+Epsilon once we're in crypto land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon once we're in crypto land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon once we're in crypto land
+usually the security talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the security talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the security talks about the
+runtime like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime like what is
+the bound you you place on the approvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound you you place on the approvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound you you place on the approvers
+runtime and usually we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime and usually we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime and usually we think of the
+soundness is like negligible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness is like negligible okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness is like negligible okay so
+negligible meaning smaller than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible meaning smaller than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible meaning smaller than any
+polinomial I I'll I'll explain in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I I'll I'll explain in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial I I'll I'll explain in more
+in more detail but so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail but so when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail but so when we talk about
+A cryptographic Primitive It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A cryptographic Primitive It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A cryptographic Primitive It's
+associated with the security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the security parameter
+and we don't like uh in practice when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't like uh in practice when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't like uh in practice when
+they write things they write usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write things they write usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write things they write usually
+they just set security parameter to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just set security parameter to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just set security parameter to be
+128 bits 256 bits they said they set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 bits 256 bits they said they set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 bits 256 bits they said they set
+number but here we're in complexity land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but here we're in complexity land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but here we're in complexity land
+so where we have a parameter Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we have a parameter Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we have a parameter Lambda
+that's the security parameter and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the security parameter and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the security parameter and we
+keep it as a parameter in real world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it as a parameter in real world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it as a parameter in real world you
+said you know the people said it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know the people said it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know the people said it to
+their heart's desire uh but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heart's desire uh but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heart's desire uh but we're going
+to think of it as a parameter here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as a parameter here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it as a parameter here okay
+so um okay so here's the guarantee uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so here's the guarantee uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um okay so here's the guarantee uh
+the so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh so
+the okay so this four message argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so this four message argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay so this four message argument
+system let me start with a complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let me start with a complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let me start with a complexity
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Prov run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time will be poly n the instance length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will be poly n the instance length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will be poly n the instance length
+and Lambda security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runtime is going to be only poing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is going to be only poing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is going to be only poing
+security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter and also in our case also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and also in our case also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and also in our case also in
+uh the plus v PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runtime so of course he needs to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so of course he needs to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so of course he needs to read
+the input and he needs to behave like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and he needs to behave like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and he needs to behave like a
+PCP verifier but the PCP verifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP verifier but the PCP verifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP verifier but the PCP verifier is
+very efficient the problem is the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient the problem is the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficient the problem is the Oracle
+so now there's no Oracle but his runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's no Oracle but his runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's no Oracle but his runtime
+is like the runtime of the PCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the runtime of the PCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the runtime of the PCP
+verifier okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+uses some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses some
+PCP okay you can think of the PCP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay you can think of the PCP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP okay you can think of the PCP the
+PCP I just showed you poly Logan poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP I just showed you poly Logan poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP I just showed you poly Logan poly
+Logan okay so we use some PCP so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan okay so we use some PCP so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logan okay so we use some PCP so that's
+the complexity okay it's four messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity okay it's four messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity okay it's four messages
+the Pro run time is efficient and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pro run time is efficient and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pro run time is efficient and like
+prob of course and and the verifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob of course and and the verifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob of course and and the verifier is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+efficient well he generates oh oh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient well he generates oh oh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient well he generates oh oh oh
+sorry p uh yeah okay sorry uh P given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry p uh yeah okay sorry uh P given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry p uh yeah okay sorry uh P given X
+and W and the witness yeah thank you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W and the witness yeah thank you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W and the witness yeah thank you the
+prover is giving X and the witness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is giving X and the witness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is giving X and the witness in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+language and he's going to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and he's going to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and he's going to be efficient
+he's going to run in time and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to run in time and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to run in time and and
+Lambda let me just mention okay I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda let me just mention okay I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda let me just mention okay I'll
+mention that in a second actually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in a second actually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in a second actually okay
+so the completeness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one just says that uh for every X and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just says that uh for every X and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just says that uh for every X and D
+X and L and Witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W the
+probability that P with witness W and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P with witness W and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P with witness W and V
+both of them have X and security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them have X and security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them have X and security
+parameter there's some security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's some security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's some security
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+involved the probability that verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the probability that verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved the probability that verifier
+outputs one is one so the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs one is one so the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs one is one so the verifier
+always always accepts if you're honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always accepts if you're honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always accepts if you're honest
+if the prover is honest he has a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prover is honest he has a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the prover is honest he has a witness
+corresponding to x with any security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x with any security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to x with any security
+parameter he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter he
+accepts okay actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts okay actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts okay actually a
+almost it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming no it accepts no no no ifs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no it accepts no no no ifs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming no it accepts no no no ifs in
+buts okay what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sis Sis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sis Sis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sis Sis
+says that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that for
+any P star of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you can say for instance if SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can say for instance if SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you can say for instance if SI
+poly Lambda poly in the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter then you can say let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter then you can say let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter then you can say let's say
+that for every X not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every X not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every X not in the
+language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the
+probability that P star now he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star now he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star now he doesn't
+have a witness because it's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witness because it's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witness because it's not in the
+language this is a cheater I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this is a cheater I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this is a cheater I want to say
+for any P star that tries to cheat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any P star that tries to cheat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any P star that tries to cheat but
+he's bounded he's poly Lambda and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's bounded he's poly Lambda and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's bounded he's poly Lambda and for
+every X not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every X not the
+language the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability on X in Lambda that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on X in Lambda that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability on X in Lambda that the
+verifier outputs one is very small it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible in Lambda and negligible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible in Lambda and negligible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible in Lambda and negligible in
+Lambda is just a way to say it vanishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is just a way to say it vanishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is just a way to say it vanishes
+faster than one over poly for any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than one over poly for any poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than one over poly for any poly
+okay this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this just
+means that for any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for any poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for any poly
+P there exists some Lambda star such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P there exists some Lambda star such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P there exists some Lambda star such
+that for any Lambda bigger than Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star P
+Lambda a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible is smaller than 1 over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible is smaller than 1 over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible is smaller than 1 over P
+Lambda so it vanishes faster than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so it vanishes faster than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so it vanishes faster than any
+poly if you go above some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly if you go above some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly if you go above some constant
+okay so the negligible Advantage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the negligible Advantage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the negligible Advantage is
+quicker than one over poly for any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker than one over poly for any poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker than one over poly for any poly
+okay that's the definition of negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the definition of negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the definition of negligible
+yeah just what size means so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just what size means so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just what size means so we're
+assuming all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circuits oh okay yeah yeah yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits oh okay yeah yeah yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits oh okay yeah yeah yeah okay
+good good good good yeah we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good good yeah we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good good good yeah we're thinking
+of usually in cryptography we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usually in cryptography we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of usually in cryptography we always
+allow the adversary our adversaries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the adversary our adversaries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the adversary our adversaries to
+be non-uniform because they may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-uniform because they may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-uniform because they may get
+advice so usually we model them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice so usually we model them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice so usually we model them as
+polinomial size circuits this is opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial size circuits this is opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial size circuits this is opposed
+to saying P star that runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying P star that runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying P star that runs in time
+poly Lambda So when you say he has signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda So when you say he has signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda So when you say he has signs
+poly Lambda it's just to say he has it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda it's just to say he has it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda it's just to say he has it's
+another words say you know he can he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another words say you know he can he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another words say you know he can he
+runs in time po Lambda but he may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time po Lambda but he may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in time po Lambda but he may have
+like advice okay we allow him to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like advice okay we allow him to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like advice okay we allow him to have
+some kind of fixed advice that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of fixed advice that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of fixed advice that's why we
+say size yeah great great question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say size yeah great great question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say size yeah great great question yes
+but if Lambda is like less than the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Lambda is like less than the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if Lambda is like less than the size
+of X how do you even fit in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit good okay so okay the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit good okay so okay the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit good okay so okay the problem is
+actually yeah the problem is we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah the problem is we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah the problem is we don't
+okay what you're saying is look uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you're saying is look uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what you're saying is look uh so
+that's why I have my red pen coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have my red pen coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I have my red pen coming up
+my red chalk you're saying if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk you're saying if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk you're saying if x is
+smaller than let's say Lambda to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than let's say Lambda to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than let's say Lambda to the
+Epsilon if x is of size even we allow P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if x is of size even we allow P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if x is of size even we allow P
+to be size poly so what you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be size poly so what you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be size poly so what you're saying
+the function wow wait that's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wow wait that's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function wow wait that's weird
+you're not even allowing the if L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even allowing the if L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not even allowing the if L is
+smaller than x p star can't even read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than x p star can't even read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than x p star can't even read
+X he can't even read it like it's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X he can't even read it like it's run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X he can't even read it like it's run
+time is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is less than
+x true if X is bigger than po Lambda any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x true if X is bigger than po Lambda any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x true if X is bigger than po Lambda any
+po Lambda that's first right because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po Lambda that's first right because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po Lambda that's first right because he
+can run in any time we allow P star to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in any time we allow P star to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in any time we allow P star to
+run in time any po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time any po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time any po
+Lambda so X can be size any kind of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so X can be size any kind of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so X can be size any kind of if
+you take a sequence of x's that are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sequence of x's that are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a sequence of x's that are each
+of sides kind of for any Lambda if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides kind of for any Lambda if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides kind of for any Lambda if you
+have X BL so I'm a cheating improver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X BL so I'm a cheating improver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X BL so I'm a cheating improver and
+for any Lambda I have like x sub Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Lambda I have like x sub Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any Lambda I have like x sub Lambda
+that I'm going to cheat on and as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to cheat on and as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to cheat on and as long
+as these x sub Lambda are at most Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these x sub Lambda are at most Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these x sub Lambda are at most Lambda
+to the 100 I can I can run time lamb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 100 I can I can run time lamb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 100 I can I can run time lamb to
+the 100 here this is Theory land so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 here this is Theory land so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 here this is Theory land so I
+can do that but sometimes we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but sometimes we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but sometimes we want to
+actually have communication complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have communication complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have communication complexity
+which is like poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like poly
+login so now the security property need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login so now the security property need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login so now the security property need
+to be poly Logan and now you can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be poly Logan and now you can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be poly Logan and now you can't even
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so SEC science the reason we WR I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SEC science the reason we WR I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so SEC science the reason we WR I wrote
+sience po Lambda is because this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sience po Lambda is because this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sience po Lambda is because this will
+allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us
+to have so the communication grows polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have so the communication grows polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have so the communication grows polom
+with Lambda if I allow the the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lambda if I allow the the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lambda if I allow the the approver
+to run at most poly Lambda it will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run at most poly Lambda it will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run at most poly Lambda it will allow
+me to rely the the I I can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to rely the the I I can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to rely the the I I can assume that
+my cryptograph my cryptography whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cryptograph my cryptography whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my cryptograph my cryptography whatever
+I use here Collision hash function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use here Collision hash function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use here Collision hash function or
+oneway function whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway function whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway function whatever whatever
+cryptographic assumption I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic assumption I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic assumption I use the
+assumption is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is a
+polinomial time a pomal size cheater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time a pomal size cheater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time a pomal size cheater
+cannot break it but I can you know let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break it but I can you know let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break it but I can you know let
+me strengthen the Assumption I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me strengthen the Assumption I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me strengthen the Assumption I'm going
+to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so I'm goingon to say for every piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm goingon to say for every piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm goingon to say for every piece
+tar of size you know 2 to the Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar of size you know 2 to the Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar of size you know 2 to the Lambda to
+the O of one you know as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O of one you know as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the O of one you know as long as you're
+inun time at most two to the Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inun time at most two to the Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inun time at most two to the Lambda to
+epon to plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon to plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon to plus some
+Epsilon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon you
+can't you can't break now you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't break now you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't break now you know it's
+you X can be like a poly l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X can be like a poly l in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you X can be like a poly l in
+Lambda the thing is now I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the thing is now I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the thing is now I'm assuming
+that a p St that runs in time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a p St that runs in time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a p St that runs in time this
+cannot break my cryptography with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break my cryptography with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break my cryptography with
+security parameter Lambda it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter Lambda it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter Lambda it's a
+stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger
+assumption so there's a delicate issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so there's a delicate issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so there's a delicate issue
+here with soundness which I glossed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with soundness which I glossed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with soundness which I glossed over
+in the definition above where I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition above where I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition above where I said
+computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally
+bounded what's the bound so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded what's the bound so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded what's the bound so again the
+reason these computationally sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these computationally sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these computationally sound
+proofs are useful is because then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are useful is because then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are useful is because then we can
+use cryptography so now we say let's use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography so now we say let's use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography so now we say let's use
+cryptography in our proof system when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in our proof system when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography in our proof system when we
+use cryptography there's a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography there's a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography there's a security
+parameter Lambda now typically we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda now typically we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Lambda now typically we we
+assume that so now what do we we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that so now what do we we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that so now what do we we want to
+say our cryptography cannot be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our cryptography cannot be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our cryptography cannot be broken
+and therefore our scheme is secure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore our scheme is secure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore our scheme is secure okay
+cannot be broken in what time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be broken in what time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be broken in what time so
+typically we would like to say oh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we would like to say oh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we would like to say oh in
+time poly Lambda cannot be broken that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time poly Lambda cannot be broken that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time poly Lambda cannot be broken that's
+kind of our polinomial assumption that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our polinomial assumption that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our polinomial assumption that's
+kind of what we think of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what we think of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what we think of standard
+assumptions in cryptography that uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in cryptography that uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions in cryptography that uh some
+assumption with security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption with security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption with security parameter
+Lambda cannot be broken time po Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda cannot be broken time po Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda cannot be broken time po Lambda
+we call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a
+polinomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh
+assumption this is what we want but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption this is what we want but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption this is what we want but then
+you're right to say well it's weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right to say well it's weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right to say well it's weird
+because then if you want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you want to think of
+Lambda as being like Po log n you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as being like Po log n you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda as being like Po log n you know
+if you want at the end of the day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want at the end of the day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want at the end of the day we
+want suing proofs so we let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suing proofs so we let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want suing proofs so we let's say we
+have X of size n and suppose we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X of size n and suppose we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X of size n and suppose we want the
+suing to be like polog in like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suing to be like polog in like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suing to be like polog in like in
+gkr so now Lambda needs to be a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr so now Lambda needs to be a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gkr so now Lambda needs to be a size
+poog in in a sense so it's like wait the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poog in in a sense so it's like wait the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poog in in a sense so it's like wait the
+cheating po can't even read x what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating po can't even read x what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating po can't even read x what a
+weird kind of uh so I'm I'm the honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird kind of uh so I'm I'm the honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird kind of uh so I'm I'm the honest
+prover runs in time more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover runs in time more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover runs in time more than the
+cheating prover that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating prover that's
+bizarre so the the answer is okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre so the the answer is okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre so the the answer is okay so so
+the answer is look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is look it
+depends how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how
+um it depends on how how much risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it depends on how how much risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it depends on how how much risk
+you're willing to take okay what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to take okay what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to take okay what do I
+mean how much risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how much risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean how much risk
+if you want to say look I'm very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say look I'm very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to say look I'm very very
+conservative I'm not willing to assume I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative I'm not willing to assume I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative I'm not willing to assume I
+I don't my trust in cryptography is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't my trust in cryptography is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't my trust in cryptography is very
+limited and I'm only willing to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and I'm only willing to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and I'm only willing to assume
+if I use a Lambda bit of security I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use a Lambda bit of security I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use a Lambda bit of security I want
+to my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my assumption is that a PO Lambda
+cannot break it I don't want to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break it I don't want to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break it I don't want to assume
+that a two to the Lambda person cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a two to the Lambda person cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a two to the Lambda person cannot
+break it two to to no that maybe he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it two to to no that maybe he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it two to to no that maybe he can
+I don't trust that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't trust that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't trust that
+assumption that's all I'm willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's all I'm willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that's all I'm willing to
+assume now but here's the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now but here's the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now but here's the thing that
+once you once you bounce the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you once you bounce the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you once you bounce the cheating
+Pro to be poly Lambda essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro to be poly Lambda essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro to be poly Lambda essentially what
+we're saying is that in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that in the world
+there's no way you can run time more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can run time more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way you can run time more
+than poly Lambda if you can then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poly Lambda if you can then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than poly Lambda if you can then this
+has no meaning in a sense you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no meaning in a sense you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no meaning in a sense you know so
+now we're saying look in this world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're saying look in this world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're saying look in this world you
+can't run more than this time whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run more than this time whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't run more than this time whatever
+it is this this otherwise this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this this otherwise this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this this otherwise this this
+computationally bounded is like a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally bounded is like a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally bounded is like a bit
+meaningless so if that all the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless so if that all the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless so if that all the time you
+can run in the xsr can't be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in the xsr can't be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run in the xsr can't be bigger than
+that in a sense because nobody can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense because nobody can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense because nobody can run
+in that time nobody can read that X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time nobody can read that X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time nobody can read that X so
+essentially what you're saying is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're saying is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what you're saying is you're
+saying look I'm telling you I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I'm telling you I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look I'm telling you I want a
+cheating Pro that runs in time more at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating Pro that runs in time more at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating Pro that runs in time more at
+most to the 500 you're saying well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to the 500 you're saying well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most to the 500 you're saying well what
+if there's an input of links two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an input of links two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's an input of links two to the
+Thousand okay look whatever he still can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand okay look whatever he still can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thousand okay look whatever he still can
+run time when most two to the 500 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time when most two to the 500 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time when most two to the 500 the
+fact I'm not going to give him more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm not going to give him more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm not going to give him more
+runtime it's ridiculous you know I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime it's ridiculous you know I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime it's ridiculous you know I still
+want to say for every ex but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say for every ex but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say for every ex but I don't
+want to give now the PO more runtime no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give now the PO more runtime no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give now the PO more runtime no
+in this world provs run in time at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world provs run in time at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world provs run in time at most
+on security this is this is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on security this is this is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on security this is this is about the
+world about the SEC security of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about the SEC security of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world about the SEC security of the
+world like I give a bound on what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like I give a bound on what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like I give a bound on what I
+think is a reasonable runtime of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a reasonable runtime of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a reasonable runtime of like
+real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world
+adversaries nobody can run in more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries nobody can run in more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries nobody can run in more time
+okay now you're saying well uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're saying well uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you're saying well uh you know
+it's weird you're giving him less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird you're giving him less time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weird you're giving him less time
+than what if you know for an X that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what if you know for an X that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what if you know for an X that that
+is size two to the Thousand that honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size two to the Thousand that honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is size two to the Thousand that honest
+Prov well there is no honest Prov that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov well there is no honest Prov that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov well there is no honest Prov that
+will prove something of about X of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove something of about X of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will prove something of about X of size
+two to the Thousand like so it's so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the Thousand like so it's so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the Thousand like so it's so we
+anyway we bound and even if they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we bound and even if they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we bound and even if they're like
+xes that are bigger than this yeah our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xes that are bigger than this yeah our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xes that are bigger than this yeah our
+poor can't run in time bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor can't run in time bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor can't run in time bigger than this
+still our poor guy needs to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still our poor guy needs to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still our poor guy needs to prove
+something about act that he cannot even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about act that he cannot even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about act that he cannot even
+read fine the point is in our world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read fine the point is in our world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read fine the point is in our world
+these are our adversaries that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our adversaries that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our adversaries that's how we
+should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay yeah so the reason we're giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the reason we're giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the reason we're giving the
+honest like this extra po event is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest like this extra po event is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest like this extra po event is that
+we're assuming that they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that they have to do
+something with the witness exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with the witness exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with the witness exactly so
+the the prover the honest prover of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prover the honest prover of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the prover the honest prover of
+course he needs to read the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he needs to read the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he needs to read the witness
+essentially you know he needs to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know he needs to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you know he needs to look at
+the input he needs to read the witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input he needs to read the witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input he needs to read the witness
+he'll need to generate a PCP or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll need to generate a PCP or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll need to generate a PCP or whatever
+he needs to do something so the honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to do something so the honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs to do something so the honest
+Prov of course he needs to run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov of course he needs to run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov of course he needs to run in time
+that depends on X but the point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on X but the point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on X but the point is you
+should think okay what if honest pober
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think okay what if honest pober
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think okay what if honest pober
+works with X and that is a size two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with X and that is a size two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with X and that is a size two to
+the Thousand yeah but it doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand yeah but it doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Thousand yeah but it doesn't exist
+it's a theory it's um mental experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theory it's um mental experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a theory it's um mental experiment
+you know we don't have these things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't have these things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't have these things but
+yeah he would run and now he saying our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he would run and now he saying our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he would run and now he saying our
+adversary no he can't run because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary no he can't run because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary no he can't run because our
+adversary don't have that power nor do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary don't have that power nor do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary don't have that power nor do
+our Hest Pro they don't exist for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Hest Pro they don't exist for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Hest Pro they don't exist for that
+sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+yeah so like before when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like before when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like before when we were talking
+about the information thetic uh IPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the information thetic uh IPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the information thetic uh IPS and
+the sound is I mentioned that as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is I mentioned that as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is I mentioned that as long as
+the sound is less than like a half or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is less than like a half or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is less than like a half or
+something you can just repeat it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just repeat it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can just repeat it over
+over you get better better yeah same app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you get better better yeah same app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you get better better yeah same app
+here good yes so um yes the same applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good yes so um yes the same applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good yes so um yes the same applies
+here so you can ask in a sense why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can ask in a sense why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you can ask in a sense why are
+we uh like why why is here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh like why why is here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh like why why is here so
+okay let me it's yes but uh we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me it's yes but uh we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me it's yes but uh we need to
+be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in in a inactive argument you can if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a inactive argument you can if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in a inactive argument you can if
+the sound is here is only half you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is here is only half you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound is here is only half you can
+reduce soundness by repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce soundness by repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce soundness by repetition
+exponentially however you will need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially however you will need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially however you will need to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+sequentially okay so you'll need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay so you'll need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay so you'll need to do
+one interactive protocol after the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interactive protocol after the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one interactive protocol after the other
+after the other after the other actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the other after the other actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the other after the other actually
+it was uh a open question for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh a open question for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh a open question for a while
+was if you have an interactive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have an interactive argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have an interactive argument
+and you just because people don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just because people don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just because people don't like
+people care about round complexity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about round complexity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care about round complexity they
+don't like protocols that take gazillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like protocols that take gazillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like protocols that take gazillion
+rounds so they say well why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds so they say well why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds so they say well why don't you
+repeat interactive if you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat interactive if you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat interactive if you take an
+interactive proof and you repeat it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof and you repeat it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof and you repeat it in
+parallel many times with fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel many times with fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel many times with fresh
+Randomness everything fresh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness everything fresh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness everything fresh you know
+just independently but repeat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just independently but repeat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just independently but repeat in
+parallel The Sounds go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel The Sounds go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel The Sounds go down
+exponentially like you want now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially like you want now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially like you want now you can
+say does the same thing hold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say does the same thing hold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say does the same thing hold for
+argument so this was actually an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so this was actually an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so this was actually an open
+problem for a while and then at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a while and then at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a while and then at some
+point it was a long time ago was was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it was a long time ago was was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it was a long time ago was was a
+post uh probably 16 15 years ago uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post uh probably 16 15 years ago uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post uh probably 16 15 years ago uh he
+actually gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gave an
+example of oh sorry no no no there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of oh sorry no no no there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of oh sorry no no no there was
+sorry so there was an example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so there was an example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so there was an example I'm
+messing up the the uh by mon Na and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up the the uh by mon Na and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up the the uh by mon Na and two
+other people I don't remember now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people I don't remember now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people I don't remember now they
+showed actually no there is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed actually no there is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed actually no there is an example
+of an interactive argument that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interactive argument that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interactive argument that if you
+repeat it in parallel soundness doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it in parallel soundness doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it in parallel soundness doesn't
+go down at all so you have to repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down at all so you have to repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down at all so you have to repeat it
+sequentially okay so when you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay so when you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay so when you repeat
+interactive arguments in parallel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive arguments in parallel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive arguments in parallel the
+crypto doesn't work in parallel as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto doesn't work in parallel as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto doesn't work in parallel as like
+a a it's not really true it's like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a it's not really true it's like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a it's not really true it's like there
+are contrived examples where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contrived examples where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are contrived examples where you can
+show that the crypto soundness doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the crypto soundness doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the crypto soundness doesn't
+reduce like you would hope and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce like you would hope and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce like you would hope and therefore
+the sounds doesn't go down now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds doesn't go down now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds doesn't go down now the
+examples that we have are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we have are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we have are pretty
+contrived okay okay it's not like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived okay okay it's not like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived okay okay it's not like but
+there's no definitely it's not true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no definitely it's not true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no definitely it's not true in
+general it's not true in general that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's not true in general that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's not true in general that if
+you take an interactive argument and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an interactive argument and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an interactive argument and you
+repeat it in parallel with fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it in parallel with fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it in parallel with fresh
+Randomness many times sound does not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness many times sound does not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness many times sound does not go
+down even though if show that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even though if show that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even though if show that there's a
+way to repeat it in parallel but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to repeat it in parallel but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to repeat it in parallel but you
+need to be a little clever don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little clever don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a little clever don't just
+repeat he like a very weird trick he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat he like a very weird trick he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat he like a very weird trick he had
+of like with someity you abort the ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like with someity you abort the ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like with someity you abort the ver
+said you know what I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know what I don't want to
+continue in this let's just like just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this let's just like just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this let's just like just a
+weird abort he added a weird abort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird abort he added a weird abort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird abort he added a weird abort
+condition and then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and then all of a sudden
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+kind of the sound is vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the sound is vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the sound is vanished
+so okay so I guess my answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I guess my answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I guess my answer to your
+question if you repeat it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you repeat it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you repeat it in
+sequentially yes air goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially yes air goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially yes air goes down
+exponentially exactly like we would hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially exactly like we would hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially exactly like we would hope
+it goes from like s to s to the K if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from like s to s to the K if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from like s to s to the K if you
+repeat it K times if you repeat it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it K times if you repeat it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it K times if you repeat it in
+parallel naively no and there counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel naively no and there counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel naively no and there counter
+examples yet there are ways to repeat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yet there are ways to repeat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples yet there are ways to repeat in
+parallel a little less naively with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel a little less naively with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel a little less naively with some
+abort kind of thing uh that then it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort kind of thing uh that then it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort kind of thing uh that then it does
+go down so I guess the short answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so I guess the short answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down so I guess the short answer it's
+complicated okay but okay great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay but okay great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay but okay great but
+typically we just write uh negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we just write uh negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we just write uh negligible
+because of this issue it's like we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this issue it's like we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this issue it's like we like
+to just we you know um we like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just we you know um we like to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just we you know um we like to write
+when we talk in cryptography usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk in cryptography usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk in cryptography usually
+write like one minus negligible or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like one minus negligible or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write like one minus negligible or one
+for completeness and then negligible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness okay so this is uh this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so this is uh this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so this is uh this is uh
+the the theorem any questions about I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the theorem any questions about I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the theorem any questions about I I
+need to define the the a what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define the the a what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to define the the a what the
+Collision resistant hash function is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant hash function is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collision resistant hash function is but
+um any questions before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any questions before I
+Define okay so by the way just from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define okay so by the way just from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define okay so by the way just from just
+so I know who I'm talking to how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know who I'm talking to how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I know who I'm talking to how many
+people know what a collision and hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what a collision and hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what a collision and hash
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+is okay a lot okay uh but it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a lot okay uh but it's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay a lot okay uh but it's not uh
+it's actually not important uh and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not important uh and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not important uh and I'll
+I'll Define it in a minute uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh let me just
+Define so a collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistant hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant hash
+family it's actually a family it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family it's actually a family it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family it's actually a family it's not a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+H consists of two algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first is Gen gen is an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first is Gen gen is an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first is Gen gen is an algorithm
+that generates a key to the hasch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates a key to the hasch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generates a key to the hasch
+function so gen takes his input so gen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so gen takes his input so gen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so gen takes his input so gen
+is a PPT propos polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PPT propos polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a PPT propos polinomial time
+algorithm it takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input one to the security parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one to the security parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input one to the security parameter so
+in crypto we have this Hack That we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crypto we have this Hack That we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in crypto we have this Hack That we
+assume our algorithms take as input one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume our algorithms take as input one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume our algorithms take as input one
+to the security parameter instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the security parameter instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the security parameter instead of
+security parameter which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter which is you know
+it's a bit like I feel like a moreon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like I feel like a moreon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bit like I feel like a moreon
+sync one to the security parameter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync one to the security parameter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync one to the security parameter the
+only reason we write it this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason we write it this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason we write it this way is
+because we want to think of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to think of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to think of our
+algorithms efficient poly time and poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms efficient poly time and poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms efficient poly time and poly
+is in the input and all our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the input and all our algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the input and all our algorithm
+run in time poing the security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time poing the security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in time poing the security parameter
+so to say that our algorithm are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that our algorithm are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that our algorithm are
+efficient our poly time we always write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient our poly time we always write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient our poly time we always write
+the security parameter in unary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter in unary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter in unary okay
+because that's the input so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the input so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the input so it's just
+kind of a hack to to make the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hack to to make the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hack to to make the theory
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of nice okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice okay and it
+outputs a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a hash
+key so this hash is a size poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so this hash is a size poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so this hash is a size poly Lambda
+yeah because this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because this algorithm is
+polinomial takes input Lambda and unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial takes input Lambda and unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial takes input Lambda and unary
+lamb so it can outp put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb so it can outp put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb so it can outp put something
+only uh F size poly Lambda and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh F size poly Lambda and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uh F size poly Lambda and then
+there's the eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the eval
+algorithm and the eval algorithm takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the eval algorithm takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the eval algorithm takes
+as input it's a polytime algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that takes his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+input hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input hash
+key and X any X in Zer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star and it outputs you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and it outputs you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and it outputs you can also
+restrict you can restrict the X to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict you can restrict the X to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict you can restrict the X to be
+let's say you can restrict it but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you can restrict it but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you can restrict it but let's
+think of any input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outputs a value V in 01 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a value V in 01 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs a value V in 01 to the
+Lambda okay what's important the way has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay what's important the way has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay what's important the way has
+use what's important about hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what's important about hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what's important about hash
+functions is that they're shrinking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is that they're shrinking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is that they're shrinking so
+you can think if it takes an an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think if it takes an an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think if it takes an an input
+any X you can think that it takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X you can think that it takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any X you can think that it takes as
+input like something of size two Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like something of size two Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input like something of size two Lambda
+like Tak two Lambda to Lambda you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Tak two Lambda to Lambda you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Tak two Lambda to Lambda you can
+even think Lambda plus one to Lambda if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think Lambda plus one to Lambda if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think Lambda plus one to Lambda if
+you want but let's think of so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but let's think of so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but let's think of so there's
+many ways people Define it let's let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways people Define it let's let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways people Define it let's let me
+go with star like any input okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with star like any input okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with star like any input okay and now
+the the security says that a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the security says that a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the security says that a polinomial
+time or a poly size algorithm that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or a poly size algorithm that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or a poly size algorithm that is
+given a hash key should not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a hash key should not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a hash key should not be able to
+find two different X's that hash to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two different X's that hash to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two different X's that hash to the
+same value that's the Assumption yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value that's the Assumption yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value that's the Assumption yeah
+caned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whated okay it can be the the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whated okay it can be the the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whated okay it can be the the empty
+string but then there's no it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but then there's no it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string but then there's no it won't be
+secure and I'll explain why so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and I'll explain why so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and I'll explain why so uh uh
+it's a good question it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question it's a good
+question the question do we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question do we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the question do we really need
+the hash key or can we just make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash key or can we just make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash key or can we just make that
+empty I'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty I'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty I'll uh
+so it's a the answer is a bit it's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a the answer is a bit it's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a the answer is a bit it's again
+it's a modeling answer but I'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a modeling answer but I'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a modeling answer but I'll get to
+it I'll I'll answer your question in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll I'll answer your question in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll I'll answer your question in a
+second let me just write the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second let me just write the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second let me just write the the
+security and then we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and then we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and then we'll talk about it
+because it is a great question um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a great question um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a great question um okay
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+security the Collision resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security the Collision resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security the Collision resistance
+requirement says that for any any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement says that for any any poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement says that for any any poly
+poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Lambda
+size adversary a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size adversary a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size adversary a the
+probability that a given hash key where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a given hash key where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a given hash key where
+hash key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key is
+chosen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by
+gen the probability that it outputs x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen the probability that it outputs x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen the probability that it outputs x
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+Prime that such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that such
+that X is different not the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is different not the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is different not the same and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+eval of hash key and X is equal to eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval of hash key and X is equal to eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eval of hash key and X is equal to eval
+of hash key and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hash key and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hash key and X
+Prime is negligible so so for every poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is negligible so so for every poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is negligible so so for every poly
+size a there exists a negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function mu such that for every Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mu such that for every Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mu such that for every Lambda
+the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter so maybe I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so maybe I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so maybe I'll write it
+better for any poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size for any poly size a there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size for any poly size a there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size for any poly size a there exists
+some negative function so a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative function so a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative function so a function
+that vanishes faster than any polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vanishes faster than any polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vanishes faster than any polinomial
+such that for any security parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for any security parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for any security parameter
+if you generate a hash key using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you generate a hash key using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you generate a hash key using the
+security parameter you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security parameter you give the
+adversity the hash key his goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversity the hash key his goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversity the hash key his goal is to
+Output two different inputs that hash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output two different inputs that hash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output two different inputs that hash to
+the same value the probability that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value the probability that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value the probability that he
+does this is at most negligible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this is at most negligible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this is at most negligible in
+Lambda so as Lambda grows big this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so as Lambda grows big this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so as Lambda grows big this
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+tiny yeah is a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny yeah is a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny yeah is a size
+po good yes exactly when I say poly size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po good yes exactly when I say poly size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po good yes exactly when I say poly size
+I mean poly input so poly Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean poly input so poly Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean poly input so poly Lambda
+okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the
+definition now I want to first answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now I want to first answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition now I want to first answer
+your question which is do we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question which is do we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question which is do we really need
+a hash key can we just tell him this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash key can we just tell him this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash key can we just tell him this is
+the security parameter like why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter like why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the security parameter like why do we
+need a hash key and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hash key and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a hash key and the answer is
+actually we don't it's interesting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't it's interesting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't it's interesting we
+don't quite need a hash key and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite need a hash key and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't quite need a hash key and actually
+the hash functions we use in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash functions we use in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash functions we use in practice
+don't have a hash key in a sense well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a hash key in a sense well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a hash key in a sense well
+they're fixed I okay is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fixed I okay is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fixed I okay is a different
+story but the reason the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the reason the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but the reason the reason why we
+have a hash key is we allow it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hash key is we allow it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hash key is we allow it's a a
+question of modeling who's our adversary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of modeling who's our adversary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of modeling who's our adversary
+what kind of adversaries are we thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of adversaries are we thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of adversaries are we thinking
+about if we think about adversaries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we think about adversaries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if we think about adversaries that
+are poly size that are circuits or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poly size that are circuits or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poly size that are circuits or or
+chewing machines that have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing machines that have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing machines that have some
+non-uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform
+advice then you know what if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice then you know what if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice then you know what if the
+adversary just has in his belly somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary just has in his belly somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary just has in his belly somehow
+someone gave him advice x and x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone gave him advice x and x Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone gave him advice x and x Prime
+that are different and hash to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different and hash to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different and hash to the same
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+like someone gave him two xes that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone gave him two xes that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone gave him two xes that has
+to the same value then he'll just spit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same value then he'll just spit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same value then he'll just spit
+it of course he has collisions yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course he has collisions yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course he has collisions yeah I
+mean collisions Exist by pigal principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean collisions Exist by pigal principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean collisions Exist by pigal principle
+I mean it's huge it goes to a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's huge it goes to a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's huge it goes to a small
+these exist we want to say they're hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exist we want to say they're hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exist we want to say they're hard
+to find but if we think of a nonuniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find but if we think of a nonuniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find but if we think of a nonuniform
+adversity that has advice he may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversity that has advice he may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversity that has advice he may have
+this as advice and then he'll output it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as advice and then he'll output it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as advice and then he'll output it
+so if we think of a non-uniform model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think of a non-uniform model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think of a non-uniform model
+then we have to have a hash key another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to have a hash key another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to have a hash key another
+option to think of a uniform model let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to think of a uniform model let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to think of a uniform model let's
+think of a not as poly poly time he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a not as poly poly time he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a not as poly poly time he's
+uniform then we don't need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform then we don't need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform then we don't need to have a
+hash key we just because we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key we just because we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key we just because we can assume
+that small axes don't Collide because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small axes don't Collide because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that small axes don't Collide because
+you know uh we'll just make the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh we'll just make the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh we'll just make the hash
+function so they won't Collide and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so they won't Collide and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so they won't Collide and then
+big ones you can't you can't hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones you can't you can't hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones you can't you can't hold in
+your belly because you're bounded you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your belly because you're bounded you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your belly because you're bounded you're
+your your uniform you have only constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uniform you have only constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uniform you have only constant
+size kind of your constant Siz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size kind of your constant Siz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size kind of your constant Siz
+description so so actually there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so so actually there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so so actually there have
+been works in the literature uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been works in the literature uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been works in the literature uh in
+the theoretical cryptography literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical cryptography literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical cryptography literature
+they talk about hash functions with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about hash functions with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about hash functions with no
+keys but then they need to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but then they need to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but then they need to talk about
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+adversaries and that's this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries and that's this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries and that's this is something
+that that is considered and talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is considered and talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is considered and talked about
+but the most standard is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most standard is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most standard is to talk about
+non-uniform adversaries and then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform adversaries and then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform adversaries and then we need
+to have keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have keys
+yeah okay any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay any any
+questions Okay so oh time's up in five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so oh time's up in five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions Okay so oh time's up in five
+minutes okay so um good so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so um good so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so um good so now what I
+want to do is I want to give you uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to give you uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to give you uh I I
+want to prove this theorem and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove this theorem and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove this theorem and I want to
+give you a construction of a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a construction of a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a construction of a hash
+function that we use now let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we use now let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we use now let me tell you
+we actually we use a hash function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually we use a hash function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually we use a hash function with
+an additional property for this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional property for this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional property for this theorem
+we use a hash function with additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a hash function with additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a hash function with additional
+property we don't need to assume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we don't need to assume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we don't need to assume it
+because we can construct it from a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can construct it from a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can construct it from a hash
+function so that's why I didn't I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's why I didn't I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's why I didn't I didn't
+write it as an assumption because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as an assumption because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as an assumption because I can
+construct it but really the Primitive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it but really the Primitive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it but really the Primitive we
+need for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for the
+theorem is we want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is we want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is we want an
+additional uh we want a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh we want a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh we want a hash function
+with what we call local opening what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we call local opening what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we call local opening what do
+we mean by local opening here a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by local opening here a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by local opening here a hash
+function we say look there's an eval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we say look there's an eval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we say look there's an eval
+that takes a hash key X output a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a hash key X output a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes a hash key X output a value
+now if you want to check you I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to check you I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to check you I'll give
+you let's say I hashed a value I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let's say I hashed a value I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let's say I hashed a value I told
+you here's V now you're saying okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's V now you're saying okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's V now you're saying okay I
+want to know what you committed to fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what you committed to fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what you committed to fine
+I can give you my X and you can what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you my X and you can what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can give you my X and you can what you
+hashed sorry uh what you which value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed sorry uh what you which value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed sorry uh what you which value you
+hashed I'm like no problem here's my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed I'm like no problem here's my a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed I'm like no problem here's my a
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+check but what I really want for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but what I really want for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but what I really want for this
+theorem and it's something I want from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it's something I want from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it's something I want from
+this is a common uh primitive that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a common uh primitive that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a common uh primitive that we
+need in many applications is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in many applications is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in many applications is I want to
+say Okay I hashed I took a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay I hashed I took a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay I hashed I took a hash function
+I hashed a value I don't know I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hashed a value I don't know I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hashed a value I don't know I I want
+to argue look I has the value I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue look I has the value I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue look I has the value I don't
+want to give you my entire value it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you my entire value it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you my entire value it's
+too big you guys are my the verifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big you guys are my the verifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big you guys are my the verifiers
+you can't even read everything I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even read everything I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even read everything I wrote
+in my I can't give you my what I hashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my I can't give you my what I hashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my I can't give you my what I hashed
+it's too big I want to open one bit I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big I want to open one bit I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too big I want to open one bit I'm
+going to tell tell you look I hashed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell tell you look I hashed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell tell you look I hashed a
+value but the I bit of the value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but the I bit of the value I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but the I bit of the value I
+hashed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed is
+zero how do I know how do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how do I know how do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero how do I know how do you know that
+it's zero oh I'm going to convince you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero oh I'm going to convince you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero oh I'm going to convince you I
+can kind of give kind of a local opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of give kind of a local opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of give kind of a local opening
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+x this is what I want okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x this is what I want okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x this is what I want okay so what I
+defined here is just a hash function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here is just a hash function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here is just a hash function but
+then I can Define another primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can Define another primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can Define another primitive
+which is a hash function with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opening and that's what we actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and that's what we actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and that's what we actually need
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so a hash function with local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so a hash function with local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so a hash function with local
+opening has two additional algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening has two additional algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening has two additional algorithms
+corresponding to it there's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to it there's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to it there's an open
+algorithm which allows you kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which allows you kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm which allows you kind of to
+open to show kind of a I think to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to show kind of a I think to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to show kind of a I think to give
+you a little proof that the I bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little proof that the I bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little proof that the I bit of
+what i hashed is a certain value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i hashed is a certain value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i hashed is a certain value and
+then there's a verify algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a verify algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a verify algorithm that
+verifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies
+it okay since we have only two minutes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay since we have only two minutes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay since we have only two minutes I
+think I'll I'll skip I'll next time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll I'll skip I'll next time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll I'll skip I'll next time I'll
+show you the the local opening but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the the local opening but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the the local opening but maybe
+I'll just say tell you one minute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say tell you one minute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just say tell you one minute of
+like the idea uh behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is my theorem hiding somewhere maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my theorem hiding somewhere maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my theorem hiding somewhere maybe
+here oh yeah sorry it's the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh yeah sorry it's the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh yeah sorry it's the opposite
+okay behind this theorem so the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay behind this theorem so the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay behind this theorem so the the idea
+is what what I want to do is the their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what I want to do is the their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what I want to do is the their
+idea the high level what they do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the high level what they do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the high level what they do they
+take the prover will take this ginormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the prover will take this ginormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the prover will take this ginormous
+PCP he wants to give it to the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP he wants to give it to the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP he wants to give it to the verifier
+but the verifier can't hold it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the verifier can't hold it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the verifier can't hold it so what
+he's going to do he's G going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do he's G going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do he's G going to give
+him a hash of this PCP hey this PCP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a hash of this PCP hey this PCP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a hash of this PCP hey this PCP and
+just give him the hash value just slam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give him the hash value just slam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give him the hash value just slam
+the bits now the verer has this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits now the verer has this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits now the verer has this hash
+value now now in some sense now theover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now now in some sense now theover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now now in some sense now theover
+is now the pro now the hash Val now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the pro now the hash Val now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the pro now the hash Val now the
+verifier is going to tell him okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to tell him okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to tell him okay thank
+you very much I'm going to behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much I'm going to behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much I'm going to behave as a
+as a PCP verifier so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a PCP verifier so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a PCP verifier so I'm going to
+generate Randomness ask to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Randomness ask to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Randomness ask to look at
+locations I want I to up the i in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations I want I to up the i in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations I want I to up the i in your
+PCP give me opening show me show open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP give me opening show me show open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCP give me opening show me show open
+don't give me the entire PCP I can't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give me the entire PCP I can't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give me the entire PCP I can't I
+hold it give me only location i1 I2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it give me only location i1 I2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it give me only location i1 I2 of
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+I now the prover wants to give here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now the prover wants to give here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now the prover wants to give here no
+problem it's B1 B2 of to BL but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's B1 B2 of to BL but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's B1 B2 of to BL but the
+verifier needs to be how does he know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to be how does he know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to be how does he know
+that it it's indeed the opening of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it's indeed the opening of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it's indeed the opening of of
+the hash so we're going to use a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash so we're going to use a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash so we're going to use a hash
+function that you can open so he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you can open so he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you can open so he's going
+to give him the bits with opening that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give him the bits with opening that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give him the bits with opening that
+see here's a opening or a little proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here's a opening or a little proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here's a opening or a little proof
+that in location i1 is sitting B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in location i1 is sitting B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in location i1 is sitting B1
+location I2 I have B2 B2 and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location I2 I have B2 B2 and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location I2 I have B2 B2 and so on so
+forth and then the verifier is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then the verifier is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and then the verifier is just
+going to check the opening that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check the opening that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check the opening that they're
+good and accept if the PCP verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and accept if the PCP verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and accept if the PCP verifier
+accepts so essentially all the idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts so essentially all the idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts so essentially all the idea you
+combine this PCP with kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this PCP with kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this PCP with kind of this
+cryptography a technology that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography a technology that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography a technology that kind of
+smushes this PCP into a small thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smushes this PCP into a small thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smushes this PCP into a small thing and
+allows you to kind of look kind of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to kind of look kind of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to kind of look kind of only
+at spe allows the Prov in a sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at spe allows the Prov in a sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at spe allows the Prov in a sense to
+look only at specific locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look only at specific locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look only at specific locations
+computationally like you can give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally like you can give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally like you can give him
+little proofs that open in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little proofs that open in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little proofs that open in specific
+locations and then and and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and then and and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and then and and that's it
+that's what you get so next time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get so next time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get so next time we're
+going to Define uh the local opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define uh the local opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define uh the local opening
+we're going to see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see the the
+interactive argument in detail and prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive argument in detail and prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive argument in detail and prove
+uh that it satisfies the guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it satisfies the guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that it satisfies the guarantees
+written here okay so we'll see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here okay so we'll see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here okay so we'll see you next
+Friday thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rlC8mLGvong.txt b/rlC8mLGvong.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55313e620947c8fdbc18c491aba2fd6faaf4a360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rlC8mLGvong.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in this section we talk about the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we talk about the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this section we talk about the famous
+twin paradox it's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin paradox it's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin paradox it's probably the most
+famous paradox in special relativity i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paradox in special relativity i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paradox in special relativity i
+want to get to the bottom of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the bottom of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to the bottom of this and
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+really where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where
+there is a conflicting or contradictory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a conflicting or contradictory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a conflicting or contradictory
+statement in this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in this story
+let me just first say that this year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just first say that this year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just first say that this year is
+personal to me i do have a twin brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal to me i do have a twin brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal to me i do have a twin brother
+and you can see three pictures of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see three pictures of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see three pictures of myself
+and my twin brother here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my twin brother here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my twin brother here you know
+very little on our first day of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little on our first day of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little on our first day of school
+in germany you get a little box of candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany you get a little box of candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in germany you get a little box of candy
+i mean when you go to schools to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean when you go to schools to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean when you go to schools to make it
+more attractive to actually learn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attractive to actually learn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more attractive to actually learn and
+study and then a picture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and then a picture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and then a picture which is
+probably already about 10 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already about 10 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably already about 10 years old
+so what you can take away from here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can take away from here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can take away from here is
+clearly moving clocks are slow it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly moving clocks are slow it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly moving clocks are slow it turns
+out that my twin brother lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that my twin brother lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that my twin brother lives in the
+very same village in germany where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same village in germany where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very same village in germany where i
+grew up where we both grew up why while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up where we both grew up why while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up where we both grew up why while
+i traveled the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i traveled the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i traveled the world
+constantly and funds me on the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and funds me on the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and funds me on the road
+um between france and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between france and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between france and
+geneva and switzerland and the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneva and switzerland and the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneva and switzerland and the united
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and again i think there is no dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i think there is no dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i think there is no dispute
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it can be seen from this picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be seen from this picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be seen from this picture that
+your professor looks much younger i even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professor looks much younger i even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professor looks much younger i even
+have a more recent picture this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more recent picture this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more recent picture this is two
+years ago the german chris candle market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the german chris candle market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the german chris candle market
+where i asked my brother to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i asked my brother to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i asked my brother to take this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+for this class for age 20 and again i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class for age 20 and again i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class for age 20 and again i
+think the answer to the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer to the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer to the question is
+clear professor clutter has aged less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear professor clutter has aged less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear professor clutter has aged less
+all right on a more serious note um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on a more serious note um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right on a more serious note um we
+want to quantitatively understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quantitatively understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to quantitatively understand and
+analyze the situation and we use bob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation and we use bob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation and we use bob and
+alice again in this situation here bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice again in this situation here bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice again in this situation here bob
+stays local and alice has a spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays local and alice has a spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays local and alice has a spacecraft
+and she moves with a velocity of 0.66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she moves with a velocity of 0.66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she moves with a velocity of 0.66
+times the speed of light a gamma factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light a gamma factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light a gamma factor
+of 1.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her travel takes her to a distant star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her travel takes her to a distant star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her travel takes her to a distant star
+which is in this example three light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this example three light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this example three light
+years away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years away
+from bob measured by bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bob measured by bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bob measured by bob
+um the journey takes her on bob's clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the journey takes her on bob's clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the journey takes her on bob's clock
+five years and the return takes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years and the return takes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years and the return takes another
+five years she doesn't spend much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years she doesn't spend much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years she doesn't spend much time
+she wants to go home as quickly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to go home as quickly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to go home as quickly as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+so if you analyze this from alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you analyze this from alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you analyze this from alice's
+perspective we see that for alice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective we see that for alice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective we see that for alice the
+journey takes four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey takes four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey takes four years
+and the distance traveled for her in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance traveled for her in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the distance traveled for her in the
+spacecraft is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft is zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+from bob's perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bob's perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bob's perspective
+the journey as seen by alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journey as seen by alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journey as seen by alice
+is only two point three point two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only two point three point two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only two point three point two years
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+and so we find that there's already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find that there's already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find that there's already a
+conflict if we add the times together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict if we add the times together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict if we add the times together
+both ways the inbound and the outbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways the inbound and the outbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways the inbound and the outbound
+waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste
+um 6.4 years is not equal to 10 years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 6.4 years is not equal to 10 years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 6.4 years is not equal to 10 years so
+there's already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's already a
+contradictory statement in the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory statement in the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory statement in the story
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the key to the understanding of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to the understanding of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to the understanding of this
+problem is that alice in order to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that alice in order to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that alice in order to return
+has to change reference frames and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to change reference frames and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to change reference frames and there
+you do have to re-synchronize the clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to re-synchronize the clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to re-synchronize the clocks
+if you want or add a specific extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want or add a specific extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want or add a specific extra
+factor and we'll go back to this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and we'll go back to this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and we'll go back to this and we
+look at space-time diagrams so the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at space-time diagrams so the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at space-time diagrams so the time
+as seen by bob is 3.2 years for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seen by bob is 3.2 years for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as seen by bob is 3.2 years for the
+outbound journey and then 3.6 years in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbound journey and then 3.6 years in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outbound journey and then 3.6 years in
+order to re-synchronize the clocks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to re-synchronize the clocks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to re-synchronize the clocks on
+the return on the turning around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return on the turning around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return on the turning around
+and then 3.2 years on the return which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 3.2 years on the return which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then 3.2 years on the return which
+makes 10 years and so that observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 10 years and so that observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes 10 years and so that observation
+of bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bob
+of alice is in agreement with bob's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alice is in agreement with bob's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alice is in agreement with bob's own
+clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock
+all right so we saved the day here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we saved the day here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we saved the day here so
+let's look at space-time diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at space-time diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at space-time diagrams
+the outbound journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outbound journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outbound journey
+is is shown here you see i've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is shown here you see i've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is shown here you see i've got it
+in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to
+bob's reference frame i plotted alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's reference frame i plotted alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's reference frame i plotted alice's
+reference and it makes it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and it makes it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and it makes it easier to
+understand what's going on so we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on so we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on so we see in
+alice's reference frame the journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's reference frame the journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice's reference frame the journey
+takes four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes four years
+if you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you then
+go back to the position in which bob is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the position in which bob is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the position in which bob is
+two points three point two years have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points three point two years have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points three point two years have
+passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he
+adds the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds the time
+at the time when alice arrives we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when alice arrives we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time when alice arrives we
+go back to the position of bob 3.3 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the position of bob 3.3 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the position of bob 3.3 years
+have passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have passed
+and we then turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we then turn around
+and ask the very same question at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the very same question at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the very same question at that
+time and still four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and still four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and still four years
+we go back in the other direction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back in the other direction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back in the other direction now
+to bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bob
+we are already um much further ahead two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are already um much further ahead two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are already um much further ahead two
+points three point two years blood plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points three point two years blood plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points three point two years blood plus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+three point six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point six years
+okay and then the journey continues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the journey continues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the journey continues and
+we add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add another
+3.2 years to the journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when alice and bob reunite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when alice and bob reunite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when alice and bob reunite
+l is aged by 8 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is aged by 8 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is aged by 8 years
+2 times four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times four
+and bob aged by ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob aged by ten years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bob aged by ten years
+so the question now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question now is
+is there maybe a paradox here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there maybe a paradox here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there maybe a paradox here
+is it possible that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that we
+miss somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss somehow that
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+and try to understand why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand why is this
+problem not symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem not symmetric
+why can i not just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can i not just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can i not just use
+the other reference frame and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reference frame and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reference frame and just
+declare that alice stayed stationary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that alice stayed stationary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that alice stayed stationary in
+her in a spacecraft where bob moved away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a spacecraft where bob moved away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her in a spacecraft where bob moved away
+with earth and then came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with earth and then came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with earth and then came back
+why are those two things not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are those two things not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are those two things not consistent
+and the answer is that it's not bob who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that it's not bob who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is that it's not bob who
+has to change reference frame but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to change reference frame but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to change reference frame but at
+alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice
+it's alice will have to do this there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alice will have to do this there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's alice will have to do this there is
+where the asymmetry is so you can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the asymmetry is so you can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the asymmetry is so you can argue
+if you want that in order for alice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want that in order for alice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want that in order for alice to
+do that she actually has to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that she actually has to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that she actually has to accelerate
+but we don't have any sort of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have any sort of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have any sort of discussion
+of how the acceleration actually went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the acceleration actually went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the acceleration actually went
+about it's really the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's really the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's really the change in
+reference frame which is crucial in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame which is crucial in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame which is crucial in this
+discussion and causes a symmetry between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and causes a symmetry between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and causes a symmetry between
+bob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob and
+alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sBKHUPDUI1o.txt b/sBKHUPDUI1o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6dd4b3d223ff9726f3149f6a20ae935c9181ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sBKHUPDUI1o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so happy to see you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so happy to see you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so happy to see you again
+we come back to ao3 so in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to ao3 so in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to ao3 so in the beginning
+of the class I will give you a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class I will give you a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class I will give you a reminder
+about what we discussed last time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we discussed last time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we discussed last time then
+the main topic we are going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic we are going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topic we are going to discuss
+today is - is about how to take good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is - is about how to take good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is - is about how to take good
+photos okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos okay all right
+so so let's get started so so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's get started so so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's get started so so last time
+we have been working together trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been working together trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been working together trying to
+understand how to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to produce
+electromagnetic waves which can travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves which can travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves which can travel
+to a very distance which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very distance which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very distance which is actually
+very very far away a place which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very far away a place which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very far away a place which is very
+very far away from the source and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from the source and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away from the source and what
+we actually figured out is that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually figured out is that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually figured out is that in order
+to do that you have to create a kink in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you have to create a kink in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that you have to create a kink in
+the in the electric field line such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the electric field line such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the electric field line such that
+you will propagate and produce radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will propagate and produce radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will propagate and produce radiation
+and this is actually what we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually what we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually what we have done
+last time and what we conclude is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and what we conclude is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and what we conclude is that
+if you want to produce electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to produce electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to produce electromagnetic
+waves you have to introduce acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves you have to introduce acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves you have to introduce acceleration
+of that charge such that you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that charge such that you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that charge such that you will be
+able to produce electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce electromagnetic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce electromagnetic waves
+and also we have derived based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we have derived based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we have derived based on
+geometrical argument what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical argument what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical argument what would be the
+magnitude and and the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and and the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and and the end of the
+direction of the radiated electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the radiated electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the radiated electric field
+and the magnetic field and it's going is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field and it's going is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field and it's going is
+actually shown here the radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown here the radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown here the radiated
+electric field is going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is going to be in the
+opposite direction of the projection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the projection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the projection of
+the acceleration a perp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration a perp okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration a perp okay
+the magnitude is proportional to a perp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude is proportional to a perp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude is proportional to a perp
+but only evaluated at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only evaluated at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only evaluated at the time
+T prime equal to t minus R over C where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime equal to t minus R over C where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime equal to t minus R over C where
+R is actually the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is actually the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R is actually the distance between the
+observer and the radiating charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and the radiating charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer and the radiating charge and
+the reason why we have this T prong that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we have this T prong that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we have this T prong that
+the time is because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time is because of the
+speed of propagation of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation of information
+right so that's actually what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's actually what we
+discussed last time and you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time and you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed last time and you cannot
+it should be instantaneously send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be instantaneously send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be instantaneously send the
+information about the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the acceleration of
+this church to somewhere which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this church to somewhere which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this church to somewhere which is very
+very far away therefore the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away therefore the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away therefore the acceleration
+a pub is evaluated at T prime which is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pub is evaluated at T prime which is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pub is evaluated at T prime which is t
+minus R over C the amount of time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R over C the amount of time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus R over C the amount of time for
+the speed of the information traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the information traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the information traveling
+at the speed of light and and also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of light and and also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of light and and also of
+the corresponding magnetic field can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding magnetic field can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding magnetic field can be
+also evaluated whether it's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also evaluated whether it's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also evaluated whether it's through
+Maxwell's equation for using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation for using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation for using this
+formula this T here and finally we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this T here and finally we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this T here and finally we will
+be able to evaluate what we the pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to evaluate what we the pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to evaluate what we the pointing
+vector the energy flux directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the energy flux directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector the energy flux directional
+energy flux through the exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flux through the exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy flux through the exactly the same
+equation which we use before last issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we use before last issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we use before last issue
+what we have learned last time and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned last time and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned last time and today
+what we are going to do is to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do is to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do is to learn how
+to take good photos okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take good photos okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take good photos okay so we have
+prepared ourselves with know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared ourselves with know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared ourselves with know how to
+produce electromagnetic waves we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electromagnetic waves we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electromagnetic waves we also
+know about polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about polarization of
+electromagnetic wave we also know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave we also know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave we also know how
+the polarizer actually works alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer actually works alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer actually works alright so
+that means we will be able to make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we will be able to make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we will be able to make very
+good photos theoretical D right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good photos theoretical D right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good photos theoretical D right so that
+that's what we all care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we all care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we all care about
+theoretical D we can make very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical D we can make very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical D we can make very good
+photo so the first thing which we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo so the first thing which we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo so the first thing which we would
+like to discuss is how to make very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss is how to make very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss is how to make very good
+contracts when you actually take a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts when you actually take a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts when you actually take a photo
+of the sky right so so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky right so so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sky right so so as you can see
+the lap inside is a photo taken without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap inside is a photo taken without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap inside is a photo taken without
+a polarizer and the right-hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarizer and the right-hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polarizer and the right-hand side is
+the photo taken with polarizer okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo taken with polarizer okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photo taken with polarizer okay you
+can see the hub the contrast or say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the hub the contrast or say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the hub the contrast or say the
+sky is actually the attacker therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky is actually the attacker therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky is actually the attacker therefore
+you can see the cloud much more clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cloud much more clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the cloud much more clearly
+and also that the same graph you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that the same graph you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also that the same graph you can see
+there is a photo at the beach and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a photo at the beach and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a photo at the beach and you
+can see exactly the same phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see exactly the same phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see exactly the same phenomena and
+now we are in the position to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are in the position to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are in the position to understand
+what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on
+so this is actually why we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually why we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually why we can use
+polarizer okay to make such a good photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer okay to make such a good photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer okay to make such a good photo
+okay so so now we know what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we know what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now we know what is actually
+happening at the Sun right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the Sun right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the Sun right
+so at the Sun there are something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the Sun there are something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the Sun there are something which
+is also dating well make it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also dating well make it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also dating well make it okay
+at least it's some kind of emission from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's some kind of emission from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's some kind of emission from
+the Sun and those emissions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and those emissions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and those emissions are not
+correlated to each other and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated to each other and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated to each other and and that
+produce and polarize the sunlight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and polarize the sunlight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce and polarize the sunlight right
+so if you do get looking to the Sun you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do get looking to the Sun you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do get looking to the Sun you
+are looking at unpolarized to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at unpolarized to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at unpolarized to light
+okay on the other hand if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you actually
+looking at if you are looking at a sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at if you are looking at a sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at if you are looking at a sky
+lofty like 45 or or a 90 degree okay 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lofty like 45 or or a 90 degree okay 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lofty like 45 or or a 90 degree okay 45
+degree front from the Sun okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree front from the Sun okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree front from the Sun okay what is
+going to happen is that what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that what you are
+actually seeing all those light from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing all those light from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing all those light from the
+sky issued the sunlight after scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky issued the sunlight after scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky issued the sunlight after scattered
+in between sunlight and the dust in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between sunlight and the dust in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between sunlight and the dust in the
+air okay so so basically in on the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay so so basically in on the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air okay so so basically in on the sky
+in our air there are many mean little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our air there are many mean little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our air there are many mean little
+dust right and when when light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust right and when when light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust right and when when light is
+shining on this shine and this as passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on this shine and this as passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on this shine and this as passed
+they change direction this is so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change direction this is so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change direction this is so-called
+scattering and and that those lights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and and that those lights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and and that those lights are
+collected by your camera okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected by your camera okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected by your camera okay
+the interesting thing is that okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is that okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is that okay if
+you have a molecule which is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a molecule which is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a molecule which is here and
+you have some unpolarized sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some unpolarized sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some unpolarized sunlight
+shining on this molecule and it changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on this molecule and it changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on this molecule and it changed
+direction a 90 degree okay what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a 90 degree okay what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction a 90 degree okay what is going
+to happen is that all the things Latino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that all the things Latino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that all the things Latino
+D you have a unpolarized sound light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D you have a unpolarized sound light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D you have a unpolarized sound light
+therefore you have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have all kinds of
+different polarization if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polarization if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polarization if you look at
+the electromagnetic wave however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave however if you
+only choose the light which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choose the light which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only choose the light which are
+scattered and going toward this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered and going toward this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered and going toward this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+apparently the electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently the electromagnetic wave
+the polarization or they say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization or they say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization or they say the
+direction of the electric field has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field has to
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perpendicular to the direction of
+propagation therefore what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation therefore what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation therefore what is going to
+happen is that only this direction only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that only this direction only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that only this direction only
+the polarization in this direction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization in this direction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization in this direction which
+is perpendicular to a directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to a directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to a directional
+propagation will survive all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation will survive all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation will survive all the other
+components like the one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like the one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components like the one which is
+pointing upward or pointing downward for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing upward or pointing downward for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing upward or pointing downward for
+the origin coming from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin coming from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin coming from the original
+sunlight will not survive therefore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight will not survive therefore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight will not survive therefore what
+is going to happen is that when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that when you do
+get 45 degree that the sky 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 45 degree that the sky 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 45 degree that the sky 45 degree
+front from the Sun the sunlight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front from the Sun the sunlight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front from the Sun the sunlight is
+actually what kind of sunlight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what kind of sunlight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what kind of sunlight is
+polarize the sunlight okay therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize the sunlight okay therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarize the sunlight okay therefore if
+you tune your filter to be aligned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tune your filter to be aligned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tune your filter to be aligned with
+the polarization you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarization you'll be able to
+filter a large amount of the Sun up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter a large amount of the Sun up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter a large amount of the Sun up to
+scare to the sunlight and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare to the sunlight and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare to the sunlight and that is
+actually how actually this works and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually this works and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually this works and you
+can see that indeed the the sky become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that indeed the the sky become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that indeed the the sky become
+darker after you apply this polarizer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker after you apply this polarizer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker after you apply this polarizer in
+front of your camera okay so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your camera okay so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your camera okay so that is
+actually the first thing which we return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first thing which we return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first thing which we return
+the second thing is that okay we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that okay we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that okay we also
+found that the polarizer is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the polarizer is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the polarizer is particularly
+useful to feel for the filtering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to feel for the filtering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to feel for the filtering of the
+refracted light and under on the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light and under on the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light and under on the window
+okay and of course we can also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course we can also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course we can also use the
+exactly the same technique to filter out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same technique to filter out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same technique to filter out
+the refracted light from thunder from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refracted light from thunder from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refracted light from thunder from
+the Waterford ample and how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Waterford ample and how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Waterford ample and how does this
+work and this it turns out that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and this it turns out that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and this it turns out that this is
+actually much more complicated than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more complicated than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more complicated than what
+we sought and that we have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sought and that we have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sought and that we have to actually
+derive this and that is actually related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this and that is actually related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this and that is actually related
+to the electromagnetic wave propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electromagnetic wave propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electromagnetic wave propagation
+inside a material and also related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a material and also related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a material and also related to
+boosters angle and that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosters angle and that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosters angle and that is actually the
+main tactic which are we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main tactic which are we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main tactic which are we are going to
+talk about today okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today okay so that's
+immediately get started so now what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get started so now what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately get started so now what we
+are interested is how does this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested is how does this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested is how does this actually
+works and why is this happening and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and why is this happening and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and why is this happening and why
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+practice life become polarized okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice life become polarized okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice life become polarized okay so
+that's the the question we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the question we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the question we are trying to
+answer so we have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so we have talked about
+electromagnetic waves in vacuum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves in vacuum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves in vacuum and we
+also know how to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know how to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know how to generate
+electromagnetic wave and now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and now we are
+interested in electromagnetic wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electromagnetic wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in electromagnetic wave in
+dielectrics okay so we have talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectrics okay so we have talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectrics okay so we have talked about
+two kinds of materials already the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of materials already the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of materials already the first
+one is a perfect conductor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a perfect conductor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a perfect conductor and the
+second one which we are going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one which we are going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one which we are going to talk
+about is the dielectric material in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the dielectric material in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the dielectric material in case
+of perfect conductor okay it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect conductor okay it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect conductor okay it cost
+nothing to move all the charge inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to move all the charge inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to move all the charge inside
+the disk and data around and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk and data around and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk and data around and basically
+Allah will give you zero electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah will give you zero electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah will give you zero electric field
+inside the inside the conductor okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the inside the conductor okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the inside the conductor okay and
+also we have a limited supply supply of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have a limited supply supply of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we have a limited supply supply of
+charges and therefore inside this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and therefore inside this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges and therefore inside this kind
+of perfect conductor there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect conductor there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perfect conductor there will be no
+electric field on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field on the other hand if you
+have a dielectric material okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dielectric material okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dielectric material okay what is
+going to happen is that oh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that oh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that oh there are a
+lot of charges inside the inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charges inside the inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of charges inside the inside the
+material but all those charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but all those charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but all those charges are
+attached to specific atom or molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to specific atom or molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to specific atom or molecule
+they cannot be moving freely over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot be moving freely over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot be moving freely over the
+place okay and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay and that is actually
+so-called bound to the Aten or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called bound to the Aten or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called bound to the Aten or or the
+location of the molecule and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the molecule and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the molecule and that
+actually introduce a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introduce a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually introduce a little bit of
+complication okay so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication okay so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication okay so this kind of
+material they also respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they also respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material they also respond to the
+external magnetic field or electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field or electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external magnetic field or electric
+field when for example in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field when for example in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field when for example in this case I
+have electron cloud which is around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron cloud which is around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electron cloud which is around the
+nuclei in this around the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in this around the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei in this around the positive
+charge nucleus in this figure and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge nucleus in this figure and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge nucleus in this figure and you
+can see that before we apply external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that before we apply external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that before we apply external
+electric field is symmetric around zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is symmetric around zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is symmetric around zero
+after we actually introduce this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we actually introduce this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we actually introduce this is that
+check feel external electric field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check feel external electric field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check feel external electric field the
+there can be a some kind of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a some kind of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be a some kind of polarization
+produced because we because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced because we because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced because we because the
+electrons around these nucleus can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around these nucleus can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around these nucleus can be
+moved slightly such that this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved slightly such that this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved slightly such that this material
+is actually trying to compensate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually trying to compensate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually trying to compensate a
+little bit the effect of the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the effect of the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the effect of the external
+force okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force okay
+so that is actually leading to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually leading to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually leading to a
+modification of the electric field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the electric field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the electric field but
+but as I mentioned you are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I mentioned you are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I mentioned you are not going to
+cancel the effect or the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the effect or the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the effect or the effect of the
+external field okay so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field okay so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field okay so how do we
+understand this the idea is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this the idea is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this the idea is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+okay so since this system is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since this system is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since this system is complicated
+you have free charge okay it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have free charge okay it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have free charge okay it could have
+free charge okay if we actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge okay if we actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge okay if we actually really
+kick out or add some electron into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out or add some electron into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out or add some electron into this
+system you can have bound charge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can have bound charge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can have bound charge okay
+and it becomes rather complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes rather complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it becomes rather complicated
+description so the idea is the power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so the idea is the power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so the idea is the power to
+in order to actually for our convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to actually for our convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to actually for our convenience
+to be similar to what we have been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be similar to what we have been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be similar to what we have been doing
+in vacuum case our goal is to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacuum case our goal is to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vacuum case our goal is to define a
+field which essentially with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which essentially with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which essentially with the
+material effects subtracted okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material effects subtracted okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material effects subtracted okay in this
+case what we can do is to define a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we can do is to define a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what we can do is to define a t
+feel okay which is the which is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay which is the which is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay which is the which is related
+we hope that this is actually only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that this is actually only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that this is actually only
+related to the free charge okay inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the free charge okay inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the free charge okay inside
+the material okay and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material okay and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material okay and then we can
+actually do all the tricks which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do all the tricks which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do all the tricks which is
+actually similar to what we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually similar to what we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually similar to what we have already
+learned from the vacuum Maxwell equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the vacuum Maxwell equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the vacuum Maxwell equation
+to solve the problems inside material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problems inside material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the problems inside material
+okay so that's this issue of our goal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this issue of our goal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's this issue of our goal in
+order to do that we have to classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we have to classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that we have to classify the
+total charge which charge density Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total charge which charge density Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total charge which charge density Rho
+into two components the first component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two components the first component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two components the first component
+is the free charge which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the free charge which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the free charge which is actually
+that the charges which can travel freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charges which can travel freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the charges which can travel freely
+inside the medium okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the medium okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the medium okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the bank charge which is actually as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank charge which is actually as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank charge which is actually as I
+mentioned for example those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for example those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for example those electrons
+the electron cloud and etc where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron cloud and etc where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron cloud and etc where they
+abound in some location around some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abound in some location around some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abound in some location around some
+colocation in the medium okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colocation in the medium okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colocation in the medium okay so the
+idea is the following so I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the following so I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is the following so I can now
+define a TV oh okay this TV is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a TV oh okay this TV is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a TV oh okay this TV is a
+so-called electric displacement field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called electric displacement field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called electric displacement field
+it's defined as epsilon zero times Ethio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined as epsilon zero times Ethio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's defined as epsilon zero times Ethio
+press a P vector which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a P vector which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press a P vector which is the
+polarization vector okay where this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization vector okay where this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization vector okay where this P
+vector is defined in the following way -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is defined in the following way -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is defined in the following way -
+- divergence of the P vector is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- divergence of the P vector is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- divergence of the P vector is actually
+equal to the bank charge density okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the bank charge density okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the bank charge density okay
+which is Rho okay if we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Rho okay if we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Rho okay if we have this
+definition and we actually continue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we actually continue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we actually continue and
+write down the Gauss law and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Gauss law and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the Gauss law and you can see
+that this is a Gauss law epsilon 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a Gauss law epsilon 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a Gauss law epsilon 0
+divergence divergence of e will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence divergence of e will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence divergence of e will be equal
+to Rho and we also I mean under our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Rho and we also I mean under our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Rho and we also I mean under our
+classification is actually there -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is actually there -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is actually there -
+component Rho F and the Rho P the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Rho F and the Rho P the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Rho F and the Rho P the bank
+charge and free charge ok and according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and free charge ok and according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and free charge ok and according
+to our definition this can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our definition this can be written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our definition this can be written as
+Rho F - do dot P vector okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho F - do dot P vector okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rho F - do dot P vector okay and now
+what we can do is that we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is that we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is that we can use the
+definition of the electric displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the electric displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the electric displacement
+field and the Colet all the terms except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the Colet all the terms except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the Colet all the terms except
+the Rho F to the left hand side then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho F to the left hand side then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho F to the left hand side then you
+conclude that the divergence of D will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the divergence of D will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the divergence of D will
+be equal to Rho F ok so after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to Rho F ok so after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to Rho F ok so after this
+calculation you can see that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you can see that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you can see that what we
+have achieved is that we have defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have achieved is that we have defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have achieved is that we have defined a
+feel okay a displacement field T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay a displacement field T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel okay a displacement field T which
+is really totally related to the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really totally related to the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really totally related to the effect
+of the three challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three challenge
+okay in this case what we derived is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case what we derived is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this case what we derived is
+they should be del dot d equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be del dot d equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be del dot d equal
+- wrong okay and this issue it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- wrong okay and this issue it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- wrong okay and this issue it looks
+pretty similar to the situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty similar to the situation in
+vacuum right because what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum right because what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum right because what we actually
+have is epsilon zero dot e equal to Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is epsilon zero dot e equal to Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is epsilon zero dot e equal to Rho
+and after we actually remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after we actually remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after we actually remove the
+contribution of the bank charge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the bank charge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the bank charge this
+became this expression okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became this expression okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became this expression okay any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far
+all right so this is actually a purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is actually a purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is actually a purity
+definition and we can also do a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we can also do a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we can also do a very
+similar thing to the to the current so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing to the to the current so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing to the to the current so
+so the total current say we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total current say we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total current say we have the
+following three components the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following three components the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following three components the first
+component is the free current which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the free current which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is the free current which is
+the current related to free charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current related to free charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current related to free charge
+moving moving around inside a dis type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving around inside a dis type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving moving around inside a dis type
+inside this a dielectric matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this a dielectric matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this a dielectric matter
+there can be contribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be contribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be contribution from the
+bunker in the bunker and essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunker in the bunker and essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunker in the bunker and essentially the
+current which is actually only moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is actually only moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is actually only moving
+around some specific location and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some specific location and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some specific location and
+finally the polarization contribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the polarization contribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the polarization contribution so
+change in polarization also introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in polarization also introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in polarization also introduced a
+current right because polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right because polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right because polarization is
+actually defined as Q dot times T which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as Q dot times T which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined as Q dot times T which
+is the distance between charges and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance between charges and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance between charges and that
+if I have a change in polarization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a change in polarization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a change in polarization that
+means also there are some charges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means also there are some charges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means also there are some charges are
+floating around okay and not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around okay and not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around okay and not actually
+give you the self contribution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the self contribution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the self contribution which is
+the same okay once we have classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay once we have classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same okay once we have classified
+the current into three pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current into three pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current into three pieces and
+basically we can define H fear of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can define H fear of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can define H fear of which
+is actually defined as P over mu zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually defined as P over mu zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually defined as P over mu zero
+and the minus n where m is a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus n where m is a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus n where m is a magnetic
+dipole moment and the anvil is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment and the anvil is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole moment and the anvil is actually
+defined us that the curl of M defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined us that the curl of M defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined us that the curl of M defined as
+the size of theta the magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of theta the magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of theta the magnitude and
+direction of the current and once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the current and once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the current and once we
+have finished this definition we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished this definition we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finished this definition we can
+actually practice practice into amperes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually practice practice into amperes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually practice practice into amperes
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+amperes law as a reminder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law as a reminder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law as a reminder is
+curl P will be equal to mu zero times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl P will be equal to mu zero times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl P will be equal to mu zero times I
+say J is actually the total current okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say J is actually the total current okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say J is actually the total current okay
+plus a component which is actually added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a component which is actually added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a component which is actually added
+by Maxwell I saw that actually resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Maxwell I saw that actually resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Maxwell I saw that actually resulting
+the electromagnetic waves and which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic waves and which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic waves and which is a
+epsilon 0 partial a partial T ok by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 partial a partial T ok by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 partial a partial T ok by
+using those definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those definition and
+classification we can immediately write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification we can immediately write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification we can immediately write
+down so if we divide both sides by mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so if we divide both sides by mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so if we divide both sides by mu 0
+basically you conclude that lap-band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you conclude that lap-band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you conclude that lap-band
+side is 1 above mu 0 curl of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is 1 above mu 0 curl of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is 1 above mu 0 curl of B and
+right-hand side you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side you have the
+contribution of freak free charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of freak free charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of freak free charge
+current and you have the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and you have the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and you have the contribution
+open current okay and you have the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open current okay and you have the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open current okay and you have the third
+contribution which is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution which is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution which is related to a
+change in polarization and finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in polarization and finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in polarization and finally you
+have the term which is added by Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the term which is added by Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the term which is added by Maxwell
+epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok
+by using the definition which we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the definition which we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the definition which we defined
+here for the P displacement field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the P displacement field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the P displacement field okay
+and the H which is actually related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the H which is actually related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the H which is actually related to
+the acoustic we defined here ok you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acoustic we defined here ok you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acoustic we defined here ok you can
+see that now we conclude that the curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now we conclude that the curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now we conclude that the curl
+of H will be equal to say F plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H will be equal to say F plus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H will be equal to say F plus partial
+T partial P okay so remember what why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T partial P okay so remember what why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T partial P okay so remember what why we
+are doing this the reason is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this the reason is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing this the reason is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+we would like to classify the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to classify the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to classify the effect
+coming from free charge or free current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from free charge or free current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from free charge or free current
+inside the material by subtracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material by subtracting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material by subtracting the
+if from the bond current and the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if from the bond current and the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if from the bond current and the bound
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+okay so that's actually what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually what we have
+been doing ok then once we define new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing ok then once we define new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing ok then once we define new
+field which is actually shown here P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually shown here P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually shown here P
+which is the displacement field it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the displacement field it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the displacement field it's
+only related to which is the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only related to which is the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only related to which is the field
+related to the free charge okay after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the free charge okay after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the free charge okay after
+all those those are as we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those those are as we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those those are as we just
+definition and the H field the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the H field the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and the H field the magnetic
+field which is actually only related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually only related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually only related to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+displacement field and the the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement field and the the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement field and the the free
+current okay we actually arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay we actually arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay we actually arrived
+something really really similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really similar to the
+vacuum like vacuum case Maxwell equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum like vacuum case Maxwell equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum like vacuum case Maxwell equation
+okay so that is actually the excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually the excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually the excitement
+and you will see that in our three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that in our three we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see that in our three we
+will use immediately those conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use immediately those conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use immediately those conclusion
+and also we will limit ourselves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we will limit ourselves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we will limit ourselves in the
+discussion of linear homogeneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of linear homogeneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of linear homogeneous and
+isotropic materials and the only work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic materials and the only work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic materials and the only work on
+this kind of material and now as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of material and now as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of material and now as you
+will lead to highly simplified solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to highly simplified solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to highly simplified solution
+for the electromagnetic field or waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electromagnetic field or waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electromagnetic field or waves
+inside material okay any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside material okay any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside material okay any questions so
+far I hope those are just definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I hope those are just definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I hope those are just definitions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bank current is actually inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank current is actually inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank current is actually inside
+inside inside the whole dielectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside the whole dielectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside the whole dielectric
+material but of course that you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but of course that you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but of course that you can have
+many many small dupes and the day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many small dupes and the day they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many small dupes and the day they
+were canceled right because if you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were canceled right because if you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were canceled right because if you they
+are duping for example you can have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are duping for example you can have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are duping for example you can have many
+many pump turbine which is actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pump turbine which is actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pump turbine which is actually like
+filthy which is actually surrounding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filthy which is actually surrounding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filthy which is actually surrounding the
+atom but you can see that all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom but you can see that all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom but you can see that all those
+things all a nearby a little bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all a nearby a little bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all a nearby a little bound
+current will cancel each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current will cancel each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current will cancel each other so
+therefore if you do integration and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you do integration and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you do integration and it
+become a total bank current which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a total bank current which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a total bank current which is
+actually happening around the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening around the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening around the surface of
+the dielectric material yeah so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dielectric material yeah so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dielectric material yeah so so you
+can so it depends on what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so it depends on what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so it depends on what you mean by
+how they should in this bunker actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they should in this bunker actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they should in this bunker actually
+move okay so so you do have Tito ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so so you do have Tito ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay so so you do have Tito ones
+and you if you do in the Indigo then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you if you do in the Indigo then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you if you do in the Indigo then it
+become a surface bunker okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a surface bunker okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a surface bunker okay so if we
+step this this to a conclusion we arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this this to a conclusion we arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this this to a conclusion we arrive
+here okay basically we can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay basically we can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay basically we can immediately
+write down will be the Maxwells equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down will be the Maxwells equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down will be the Maxwells equation
+in matter okay so now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matter okay so now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in matter okay so now instead of
+electric field and E and the EPO and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and E and the EPO and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and E and the EPO and the
+magnetic field B field we we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field B field we we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field B field we we also have
+we we also hope I think there's a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we also hope I think there's a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we also hope I think there's a typo
+there probably ah there's a typo in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably ah there's a typo in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably ah there's a typo in the
+overlap because also the lower-left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap because also the lower-left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap because also the lower-left
+equation which is unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is unfortunately
+propagated to too many press to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated to too many press to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated to too many press to be like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so the lower-left equation should be del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower-left equation should be del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lower-left equation should be del
+cross del cross H that will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jf+ I should be alright so somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jf+ I should be alright so somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jf+ I should be alright so somehow this
+is actually propagated to any press so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually propagated to any press so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually propagated to any press so
+so basically we have a Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have a Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have a Maxwell's
+equation we matter which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we matter which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we matter which is actually
+really similar to what we have in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar to what we have in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really similar to what we have in in the
+vacuum case okay so very similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum case okay so very similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum case okay so very similar to a
+discussion we had in a vacuum case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had in a vacuum case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had in a vacuum case what
+we actually do is to set that say F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do is to set that say F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do is to set that say F and
+the Rho F equal to zero okay if I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho F equal to zero okay if I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho F equal to zero okay if I said
+that a F equal to zero the last equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a F equal to zero the last equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a F equal to zero the last equation
+will become curl of H and now will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become curl of H and now will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become curl of H and now will be
+equal to I so II okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I so II okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I so II okay so you can see
+that this is very similar to what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very similar to what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very similar to what we had
+before but but the problem is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but but the problem is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but but the problem is that we
+have the h vo and the t feel okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the h vo and the t feel okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the h vo and the t feel okay the
+question is how do we actually relay h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we actually relay h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we actually relay h
+vo and the t feel with the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vo and the t feel with the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vo and the t feel with the electric
+field okay so as we mentioned before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so as we mentioned before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay so as we mentioned before the
+detail is as we defined as epsilon zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail is as we defined as epsilon zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail is as we defined as epsilon zero
+fill plus P which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill plus P which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill plus P which is actually the
+polarization of the the induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the the induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the the induced
+polarization of the material okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the material okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the material okay and in
+the case of very small electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of very small electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of very small electric field
+and marisa more magnetic field okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marisa more magnetic field okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marisa more magnetic field okay and
+also a linear and homogeneous isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a linear and homogeneous isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a linear and homogeneous isotropic
+material okay this induced polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay this induced polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material okay this induced polarization
+can be actually proportional to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be actually proportional to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be actually proportional to the size
+of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric field
+okay so if this dissipation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this dissipation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if this dissipation is
+proportional to the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric field
+okay I can immediately write down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can immediately write down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can immediately write down that
+the TVO is actually some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVO is actually some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TVO is actually some kind of
+constant epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant epsilon times
+okay on the other hand I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand I can also
+discuss the edge field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the edge field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the edge field
+okay each field is defined as 1 over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each field is defined as 1 over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay each field is defined as 1 over mu
+0 P minus M which is the magnetic dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 P minus M which is the magnetic dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 P minus M which is the magnetic dipole
+moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay
+in the case of very small magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of very small magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of very small magnetic field
+and the main and the linear material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main and the linear material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main and the linear material
+basically this can be this end vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this can be this end vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this can be this end vector
+can be proportional to the feedback okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be proportional to the feedback okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be proportional to the feedback okay
+therefore I can quickly rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can quickly rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can quickly rewrite this
+thing since n field is also proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing since n field is also proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing since n field is also proportional
+to the P fill in this linear material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the P fill in this linear material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the P fill in this linear material
+therefore I can rewrite the H will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can rewrite the H will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can rewrite the H will be
+equal to B divided by mu what is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B divided by mu what is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B divided by mu what is epsilon
+and mu epsilon is the permittivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside the material okay permittivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material okay permittivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material okay permittivity is
+actually telling you the resistance okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the resistance okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you the resistance okay
+the resistance of forming electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of forming electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of forming electric field
+okay in in some press okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in in some press okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in in some press okay so if you
+have a large epsilon that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large epsilon that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large epsilon that means there
+will be large resistance okay coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be large resistance okay coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be large resistance okay coming
+from the material right so this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the material right so this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the material right so this makes
+sense right because that mean means okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because that mean means okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because that mean means okay
+you can easily introduce or say induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily introduce or say induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can easily introduce or say induce
+large amount of polarization in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of polarization in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of polarization in your
+material then that means this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then that means this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then that means this this
+material is not happy is going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is not happy is going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is not happy is going to try to
+cancel your electric field therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel your electric field therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel your electric field therefore you
+are going if you have a large P that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going if you have a large P that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going if you have a large P that
+will give you a large epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a large epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a large epsilon and
+therefore lanning's you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore lanning's you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore lanning's you have a lot of
+resistance of forming electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of forming electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of forming electric field
+which is still the equal here okay in la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still the equal here okay in la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still the equal here okay in la
+Condamine in a matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condamine in a matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Condamine in a matter okay
+on the other hand this mu is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this mu is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand this mu is actually
+permeability of the material which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of the material which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of the material which is
+the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance of
+it's a related to resistance of forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a related to resistance of forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a related to resistance of forming
+magnetic field okay and and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay and and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay and and basically
+these two quantities actually telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities actually telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two quantities actually telling
+you how the t feel and the HP or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the t feel and the HP or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how the t feel and the HP or are
+related to the electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the electric field and the
+magnetic field okay so if we assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay so if we assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay so if we assume a
+linear relation between D and the e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relation between D and the e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relation between D and the e and
+as well as H and P then we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as H and P then we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as H and P then we can actually
+immediately rewrite our Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately rewrite our Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately rewrite our Maxwell's
+equation in matter in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in matter in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in matter in the following way
+so you can see that the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the resulting
+Maxwell's equation in matter considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation in matter considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation in matter considering
+linear material is really remarkable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material is really remarkable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material is really remarkable the
+similar to what we have in the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we have in the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what we have in the vacuum
+case okay where is the difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay where is the difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay where is the difference and
+you see that the only difference is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the only difference is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the only difference is in
+the last equation which is actually in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last equation which is actually in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last equation which is actually in a
+lower right part of the equation instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right part of the equation instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right part of the equation instead
+of MU 0 epsilon 0 you now get mu times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MU 0 epsilon 0 you now get mu times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MU 0 epsilon 0 you now get mu times
+Epsilon ok so what does that mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon ok so what does that mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon ok so what does that mean this
+means that the speed of the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the speed of the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the speed of the propagation
+of the electromagnetic field is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electromagnetic field is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electromagnetic field is changed
+okay it's now changed to instead of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's now changed to instead of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's now changed to instead of 1
+over in the back in case you have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the back in case you have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in the back in case you have C
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+epsilon 0 instead of C you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 instead of C you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 instead of C you are going to
+get C over and which is n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C over and which is n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C over and which is n is the
+refractive index and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and that is actually
+equal to 1 over square root of mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu and
+epsilon right it's as simple as that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right it's as simple as that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right it's as simple as that so
+based on what we have prepared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we have prepared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we have prepared in the
+last few lectures we can now immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures we can now immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures we can now immediately
+make sense of this equation and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of this equation and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of this equation and now we
+know that almost everything is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that almost everything is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that almost everything is the same
+what is different is that now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different is that now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is different is that now we have a
+different speed of propagation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed of propagation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed of propagation which is
+actually related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the
+refractive index we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index we discussed last time
+and now we understand what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we understand what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we understand what this is
+reduce refractive index and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce refractive index and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce refractive index and it's
+actually equal to square root of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to square root of mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to square root of mu
+epsilon divided by square root of mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon divided by square root of mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon divided by square root of mu 0
+epsilon 0 any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the the DCO @h @h fear and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the DCO @h @h fear and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the the DCO @h @h fear and the
+fear which is actually related to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear which is actually related to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear which is actually related to only
+the free charge right so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free charge right so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free charge right so you can see
+that now the the gradients so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the the gradients so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the the gradients so now the
+the divergence of TV oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of TV oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of TV oh okay
+is actually only equal to the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually only equal to the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually only equal to the density of
+the free charge okay so basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free charge okay so basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free charge okay so basically in
+short the P feel absorbed the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the P feel absorbed the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short the P feel absorbed the effect of
+the bank charge into this enough into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank charge into this enough into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank charge into this enough into
+this field and when you try to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and when you try to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field and when you try to actually
+understand what will be the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what will be the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what will be the field
+associate e / induced by the free charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate e / induced by the free charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate e / induced by the free charge
+it is actually the TV okay but the TV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually the TV okay but the TV is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually the TV okay but the TV is
+not the full story of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the full story of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the full story of the electric field
+right how is that related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is that related to the
+electric field in the exact form this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the exact form this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the exact form this is
+actually defined here okay and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined here okay and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined here okay and from the
+TV or you will be able to evaluate while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV or you will be able to evaluate while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV or you will be able to evaluate while
+pedicure is counting if you and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedicure is counting if you and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedicure is counting if you and in the
+linear material there is a spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material there is a spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material there is a spatial
+relation between TCO and the e field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between TCO and the e field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between TCO and the e field
+because the induced polarization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the induced polarization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the induced polarization is
+proportional to electric field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to electric field in the
+linear material which is a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material which is a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear material which is a special case
+and in dust sense P field essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dust sense P field essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in dust sense P field essentially
+just is proportional to e field and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is proportional to e field and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just is proportional to e field and this
+factor is actually so-called epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is actually so-called epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is actually so-called epsilon
+which is the permittivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the permittivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the permittivity of the
+material describing how how much this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material describing how how much this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material describing how how much this
+how resistant how large is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how resistant how large is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how resistant how large is the
+resistance of forming electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of forming electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of forming electric field
+inside the material okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the material okay
+is that yeah okay good and the edge view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah okay good and the edge view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah okay good and the edge view
+is similar thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar thank you
+all right so now we have make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have make sense of
+the electric field and magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field and magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field and magnetic field
+and the Maxwell's equation e matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Maxwell's equation e matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Maxwell's equation e matter and
+in l3 we will need this class linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l3 we will need this class linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in l3 we will need this class linear
+material you can imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you can imagine that the
+relation between the correlation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the correlation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the correlation and the
+and the external electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the external electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the external electric field
+can be very complicated right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very complicated right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very complicated right so for
+example it depends on the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it depends on the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it depends on the how
+how large is the the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large is the the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large is the the wavelength of the
+its external force right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its external force right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its external force right so if you have
+very slowly the very thing electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly the very thing electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very slowly the very thing electric
+field you can image in that you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can image in that you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can image in that you will not
+be able to create a polarization which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to create a polarization which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to create a polarization which
+is the you know electronic of the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you know electronic of the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the you know electronic of the label
+right because the variation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the variation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the variation of the
+electric field is too slow right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is too slow right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is too slow right but
+instead you will be able to excite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you will be able to excite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you will be able to excite the
+polarization related to ions inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization related to ions inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization related to ions inside this
+material or inside the plasma right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or inside the plasma right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or inside the plasma right so
+on the other hand if you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you have a very
+very fast oscillating electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast oscillating electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast oscillating electric field
+then you will be able to issue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to issue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to issue this
+shift or create polarization which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift or create polarization which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift or create polarization which is
+actually related to the displacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the displacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the displacement of
+the electron cloud inside out right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron cloud inside out right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron cloud inside out right so
+so it really depends on many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really depends on many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really depends on many many
+factors but what we have have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but what we have have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but what we have have been
+discussing here in l3 is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing here in l3 is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing here in l3 is a highly
+idealized linear materials and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized linear materials and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized linear materials and a lot of
+interesting things to explore in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to explore in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to explore in the
+future young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future young
+alright so once we have this relation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so once we have this relation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so once we have this relation we
+will be able to get the Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get the Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get the Maxwell's
+equations in matter and we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in matter and we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in matter and we would like to
+understand just to remind you why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand just to remind you why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand just to remind you why why
+are we doing this okay so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing this okay so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing this okay so we have a
+physical question we have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical question we have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical question we have a question
+about a phenomena which we see in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a phenomena which we see in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a phenomena which we see in in
+this in this slide so when we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this slide so when we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this slide so when we use the
+polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer
+okay very strange you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very strange you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very strange you will be able to
+filter out the refracted light from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out the refracted light from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter out the refracted light from the
+from the Sun also from the Sun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun also from the Sun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun also from the Sun and
+through so when the sunlight as you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when the sunlight as you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when the sunlight as you hit
+the window and corrected this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and corrected this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and corrected this kind of
+contribution can be filtered out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution can be filtered out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution can be filtered out
+completely almost completely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely almost completely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely almost completely by
+polarizer so that means the refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer so that means the refracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer so that means the refracted
+light is somehow also polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is somehow also polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is somehow also polarized
+and what why is that the case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what why is that the case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what why is that the case is the
+question we were trying to answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were trying to answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we were trying to answer here
+so therefore what I am going to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what I am going to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what I am going to do is to
+again take a look at the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take a look at the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take a look at the boundary
+between two materials the one side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two materials the one side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two materials the one side is
+actually in the air which we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the air which we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the air which we call it
+number one and the other side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the other side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and the other side is
+actually the glass which I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the glass which I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the glass which I could
+material number two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material number two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material number two okay
+and now I have again some incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prem wave which is coming from the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem wave which is coming from the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem wave which is coming from the Sun
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and actually this in certain Prem wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this in certain Prem wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this in certain Prem wave
+actually goes into this surface which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes into this surface which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes into this surface which is
+the boundary between air and glass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between air and glass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between air and glass in
+the discussion which I am trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion which I am trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion which I am trying to get
+into okay I assume that this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay I assume that this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into okay I assume that this class is
+really very very very wide okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very very very wide okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very very very wide okay it's
+actually filled in the whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually filled in the whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually filled in the whole universe
+therefore this is actually just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually just a simple
+friend okay boundary which we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend okay boundary which we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend okay boundary which we divide
+whole world into air and glass okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world into air and glass okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world into air and glass okay we
+know from the discussion of previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the discussion of previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the discussion of previous
+lecture right so there must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture right so there must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture right so there must be a
+reflected light and there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light and there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light and there must be
+transmission into a glass because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission into a glass because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission into a glass because this
+is actually a general property of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a general property of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a general property of wave
+waves right so it's okay okay he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so it's okay okay he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so it's okay okay he has
+nothing to do with the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the electromagnetic
+wave yet but if you have wave and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave yet but if you have wave and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave yet but if you have wave and you
+have a in certain wave you have you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a in certain wave you have you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a in certain wave you have you are
+going to have a refracted wave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a refracted wave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a refracted wave and the
+transmitted wave okay we learn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave okay we learn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave okay we learn from the
+two laws of a geometrical optics we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two laws of a geometrical optics we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two laws of a geometrical optics we know
+that the inserter angle theta I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inserter angle theta I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inserter angle theta I will be
+equal to the refracted refracted angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the refracted refracted angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the refracted refracted angle
+theta R we should spread to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta R we should spread to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta R we should spread to the normal
+direction of the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the surface
+and we also know that like the K I which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that like the K I which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that like the K I which
+is the wave number vector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave number vector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave number vector of the
+incident wave K R which is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave K R which is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave K R which is the wave
+number vector K vector of the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number vector K vector of the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number vector K vector of the refractive
+wave and the K vector for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the K vector for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the K vector for the
+transmitted wave K T and this is a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave K T and this is a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave K T and this is a sheet
+Rd the these three K vectors must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd the these three K vectors must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd the these three K vectors must have a
+fixed relation so that the alleged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relation so that the alleged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relation so that the alleged the
+electromagnetic field or say odd all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field or say odd all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field or say odd all
+those three wave equation the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three wave equation the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three wave equation the sum of the
+history work equation in the lap inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history work equation in the lap inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history work equation in the lap inside
+wall and right-hand side work they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and right-hand side work they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and right-hand side work they are
+connected to each other they don't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other they don't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other they don't break
+okay there is no discontinuity between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is no discontinuity between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there is no discontinuity between
+the the son of the laugh and sigh Prem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the son of the laugh and sigh Prem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the son of the laugh and sigh Prem
+waves and the the son of the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and the the son of the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and the the son of the right hand
+side frame wave okay so that means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side frame wave okay so that means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side frame wave okay so that means it
+has to obey Snell's law and and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to obey Snell's law and and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to obey Snell's law and and there
+will be a fixed the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a fixed the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a fixed the size of the
+projection of the K vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the K vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the K vector
+okay unto this unto the duration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unto this unto the duration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay unto this unto the duration of this
+this surface will be the same otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface will be the same otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface will be the same otherwise
+there will you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will you have different
+wavelengths in the in the horizontal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the in the horizontal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths in the in the horizontal in
+the in the vertical direction then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the vertical direction then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the vertical direction then the
+electromagnetic wave break right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave break right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave break right because
+you can actually always change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually always change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually always change your
+track your position when evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track your position when evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track your position when evaluating the
+total where koto contribution of the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total where koto contribution of the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total where koto contribution of the in
+certain refractive and transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain refractive and transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain refractive and transmitting
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+okay so once we have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once we have all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so once we have all those
+information in hand we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in hand we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in hand we can actually
+write down the expression for the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the expression for the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the expression for the in
+certain wave the eye which is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wave the eye which is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wave the eye which is actually a
+function of r and the T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and the T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r and the T okay
+and of course I would like to define my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I would like to define my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I would like to define my
+coordinate system first so that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system first so that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system first so that this is
+the X direction and this is y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and this is y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and this is y direction
+okay so this is U the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the x-direction is going up white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the x-direction is going up white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the x-direction is going up white
+the ration essentially pointing to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ration essentially pointing to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ration essentially pointing to you
+and the Z direction is pointing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z direction is pointing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z direction is pointing to the
+right hand side of the board and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the board and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the board and the
+DCCCD at the equal to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCCCD at the equal to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCCCD at the equal to zero this
+interface between gas in the air and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between gas in the air and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between gas in the air and now
+I can issue right down will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can issue right down will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can issue right down will be the
+incident wave electric field and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave electric field and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave electric field and that is
+actually equal to I which is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I which is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I which is a vector
+tell you about the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the polarization of the
+incident wave cosine by now this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave cosine by now this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave cosine by now this should
+be looks pretty familiar to you now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looks pretty familiar to you now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looks pretty familiar to you now is
+actually just okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just okay okay
+I thought are which describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought are which describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought are which describe the
+direction of the publication okay minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the publication okay minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the publication okay minus
+Omega T so this is actually a describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so this is actually a describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T so this is actually a describing
+the in certain way which I call it e I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain way which I call it e I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in certain way which I call it e I
+okay and I will assume that since I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I will assume that since I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I will assume that since I know
+what would be the in certain wave the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the in certain wave the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the in certain wave the e
+0 I is a known quantity okay so I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I is a known quantity okay so I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I is a known quantity okay so I say
+that this is a 2d and no one content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a 2d and no one content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a 2d and no one content
+alright so now I can also do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now I can also do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now I can also do the same
+thing and write down for Peter refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and write down for Peter refracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and write down for Peter refracted
+wave er was a capital R as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave er was a capital R as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave er was a capital R as a function of
+r mt and this will be very similar d e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r mt and this will be very similar d e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r mt and this will be very similar d e 0
+r which is actually telling you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r which is actually telling you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r which is actually telling you the
+magnitude and the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the polarization of the
+refractive wave cosine k r dot R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave cosine k r dot R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave cosine k r dot R minus
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and finally you have the EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and finally you have the EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and finally you have the EP
+which is a function of R and T again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of R and T again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a function of R and T again and
+this will be e 0 G cosine KT times R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be e 0 G cosine KT times R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be e 0 G cosine KT times R and
+s Omega okay of course they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega okay of course they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega okay of course they will have
+three electric field therefore you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electric field therefore you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electric field therefore you must
+have three what feel magnetic field yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three what feel magnetic field yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three what feel magnetic field yes
+so you must have the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you must have the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you must have the corresponding
+magnetic field okay so you for example P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay so you for example P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field okay so you for example P
+i okay well as a function of R and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay well as a function of R and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i okay well as a function of R and the T
+will be equal to 1 over V 1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 1 over V 1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 1 over V 1 which is the
+velocity in the air V 1 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the air V 1 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the air V 1 is actually
+equal to C right okay I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C right okay I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C right okay I had the
+direction of the propagation cross okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the propagation cross okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the propagation cross okay
+so I'm not going to write down you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to write down you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not going to write down you are a
+PR and Pt because this is a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR and Pt because this is a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR and Pt because this is a very similar
+expression as the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as the corresponding
+Associated magnetic field for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated magnetic field for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated magnetic field for the
+incident wave okay alright so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay alright so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave okay alright so basically
+you we have actually translated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have actually translated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have actually translated the
+physical situation into mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation into mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation into mathematics
+using the coordinate system which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the coordinate system which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the coordinate system which will
+define here okay so one thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define here okay so one thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define here okay so one thing which is
+actually very interesting is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very interesting is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very interesting is that we
+have saw half of the question in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have saw half of the question in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have saw half of the question in the
+previous lecture right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture right so in the
+previous lecture when we discussed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture when we discussed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture when we discussed two
+dimensional and three dimensional waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and three dimensional waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and three dimensional waves
+okay we have concluded that okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have concluded that okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have concluded that okay if you
+have a wave and this continuous at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave and this continuous at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave and this continuous at the
+surface Z equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Z equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface Z equal to zero okay
+you can immediately conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can immediately conclude that
+basically K I dot R will be equal to K r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically K I dot R will be equal to K r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically K I dot R will be equal to K r
+dot R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R
+this will be equal to KT okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to KT okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to KT okay this is
+the first thing which we actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which we actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing which we actually can
+clue that actually did to what what law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue that actually did to what what law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue that actually did to what what law
+Snell's law yes very good Snell's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law yes very good Snell's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law yes very good Snell's law
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+if this expression whole then you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this expression whole then you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this expression whole then you were
+laughing sigh and ran inside total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing sigh and ran inside total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing sigh and ran inside total
+electric field that match at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that match at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field that match at the surface
+of the equal to zero okay the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equal to zero okay the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equal to zero okay the second
+thing which we learned is that Sita I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we learned is that Sita I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we learned is that Sita I
+will be equal to Sita right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to Sita right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to Sita right okay
+so basically that's actually what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's actually what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically that's actually what we
+have learned from the previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned from the previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned from the previous lecture
+therefore this this matching between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this this matching between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this this matching between
+flap inside electric field and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap inside electric field and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap inside electric field and right
+hand side let you feel become much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side let you feel become much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side let you feel become much
+simpler right since that they are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler right since that they are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler right since that they are I
+should just some zero times cosine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just some zero times cosine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just some zero times cosine some
+functional form showing here since these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form showing here since these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form showing here since these
+three proton identical therefore what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three proton identical therefore what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three proton identical therefore what is
+going to happen is that the the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the the location
+dependence and the time dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and the time dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and the time dependence of
+this relation completely cancel right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation completely cancel right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation completely cancel right
+because you just you just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just you just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just you just have the
+individual vector is your I in zero R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual vector is your I in zero R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual vector is your I in zero R is
+your T multiplied by a cosine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your T multiplied by a cosine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your T multiplied by a cosine function
+which is identical for the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identical for the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is identical for the three
+incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+transmitted and the reflective waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and the reflective waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and the reflective waves
+therefore in the discussion of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in the discussion of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in the discussion of this kind
+of thing you can actually ignore the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you can actually ignore the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing you can actually ignore the the
+location dependence and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location dependence and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location dependence and the time
+dependence since they always cancel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence since they always cancel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence since they always cancel okay
+so that's actually the the the pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the the the pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the the the pretty
+useful thing to have and don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to have and don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing to have and don't forget
+what this our go right so our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this our go right so our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this our go right so our goal is to
+under the case oh if I have a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the case oh if I have a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the case oh if I have a given
+incident prime wave what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident prime wave what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident prime wave what would be the
+readout it withouten refracted wave what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout it withouten refracted wave what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readout it withouten refracted wave what
+we the routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the routing
+me t-wave okay and I would like to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me t-wave okay and I would like to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me t-wave okay and I would like to tell
+you the conclusion first the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the conclusion first the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the conclusion first the relation
+between the refractive web transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the refractive web transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the refractive web transmitted
+wave and incident wave depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and incident wave depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and incident wave depends on the
+Maxwell situation okay you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell situation okay you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell situation okay you can see that
+this point this the relation have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this the relation have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point this the relation have
+nothing to do with Maxwell equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Maxwell equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Maxwell equation so
+far right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right
+it's actually really related to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really related to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really related to the wave
+description we are using and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we are using and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description we are using and also the
+continue the matching between a lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the matching between a lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the matching between a lab and
+side and right hand side wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and right hand side wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and right hand side wave equation
+okay so so so you know now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so you know now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so so you know now we have
+learned this is actually only related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this is actually only related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this is actually only related to
+a genetic property of a wave wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic property of a wave wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genetic property of a wave wave
+equation okay so now we need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so now we need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so now we need to get the
+help from the Maxwell's equation e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from the Maxwell's equation e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from the Maxwell's equation e
+matter so that I can make sense about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so that I can make sense about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so that I can make sense about
+the relation between in 0r0 T with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between in 0r0 T with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between in 0r0 T with
+respect to what we is given is a-rockin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to what we is given is a-rockin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to what we is given is a-rockin
+okay so how do we do that okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that okay so the
+first thing which I would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which I would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which I would like to do is
+that okay as you can see from here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay as you can see from here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay as you can see from here I
+divided the whole universe into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the whole universe into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided the whole universe into two
+parts lapin sidewalk I call it one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts lapin sidewalk I call it one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts lapin sidewalk I call it one is a
+the right hand side was gas glass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side was gas glass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side was gas glass which
+is a coil - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coil - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a coil - okay
+therefore I can now calculate what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now calculate what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now calculate what will
+be the sum of the electric field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of the electric field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sum of the electric field in the
+world number one okay which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world number one okay which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world number one okay which will be
+which essentially find us easier i plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially find us easier i plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which essentially find us easier i plus
+e0 i okay so here you can see that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 i okay so here you can see that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 i okay so here you can see that I
+already dropped the cosine right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dropped the cosine right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dropped the cosine right because
+they always cancel therefore I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always cancel therefore I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always cancel therefore I just
+write down either I and you are we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down either I and you are we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down either I and you are we saw
+the cosine and I of course they can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine and I of course they can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine and I of course they can also
+calculate what will be the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the total
+electric field in the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field in the right hand side
+world inside the glass and not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world inside the glass and not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world inside the glass and not is
+actually equal to e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question is how to relate need e e 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how to relate need e e 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how to relate need e e 1
+and E 2 and for that as I mentioned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E 2 and for that as I mentioned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E 2 and for that as I mentioned I
+need the help of maxwell's in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the help of maxwell's in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the help of maxwell's in question
+you met ok how do we actually do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you met ok how do we actually do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you met ok how do we actually do that so
+what we could do is that since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do is that since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do is that since we have
+Maxwell's equation the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation the first the first
+thing which we can do is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we can do is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we can do is that we can
+look at the perpendicular direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the perpendicular direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the perpendicular direction the
+perpendicular direction means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular direction means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular direction means the
+projection of the electric field okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the electric field okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the electric field okay in
+the perpendicular direction to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction to the
+surface okay what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay what I mean by
+perpendicular Direction okay hope so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular Direction okay hope so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular Direction okay hope so so
+for that I can make use of the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maxwell's equation in matter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation in matter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation in matter which is
+actually tell dot T equal to 0 right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell dot T equal to 0 right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tell dot T equal to 0 right we
+are considering the case without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considering the case without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are considering the case without any
+free charge okay so that means I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge okay so that means I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge okay so that means I have a
+causal law which is actually P times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal law which is actually P times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal law which is actually P times the
+a okay I do a surface integral and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay I do a surface integral and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay I do a surface integral and now
+will be equal to zero okay so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to zero okay so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to zero okay so this means
+that I can have a pure box again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can have a pure box again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can have a pure box again like
+this I arranged this pill box like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I arranged this pill box like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I arranged this pill box like this
+and this is actually the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the size of this of one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of this of one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the size of this of one side
+perpendicular to the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of the
+surface okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay
+you say should be called T here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be called T here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say should be called T here and I
+have this box here and the lapin sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this box here and the lapin sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this box here and the lapin sigh
+okay the left-hand side P 1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the left-hand side P 1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the left-hand side P 1 will be
+equal to epsilon 1 epub a t1 perpetually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon 1 epub a t1 perpetually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon 1 epub a t1 perpetually
+will be equal to epsilon 1 epub why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to epsilon 1 epub why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to epsilon 1 epub why
+write epsilon 1 is the permittivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write epsilon 1 is the permittivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write epsilon 1 is the permittivity
+permittivity of the material number 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permittivity of the material number 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permittivity of the material number 1
+which is actually equal to epsilon 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually equal to epsilon 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually equal to epsilon 0
+actually in this case because air okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case because air okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this case because air okay
+and the right hand side you have T / -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side you have T / -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side you have T / -
+this is actually equal to epsilon 2 yup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to epsilon 2 yup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually equal to epsilon 2 yup
+- okay so now I have figured out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so now I have figured out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so now I have figured out what
+would be the the field go into this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the the field go into this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the the field go into this this
+pure box and the field going out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure box and the field going out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure box and the field going out of this
+peel field back a few bucks okay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel field back a few bucks okay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peel field back a few bucks okay what I
+can do now is the pairing I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now is the pairing I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do now is the pairing I can now
+shrink the size of the field box having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the size of the field box having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the size of the field box having
+T goes to 0 okay and you become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to 0 okay and you become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T goes to 0 okay and you become very
+smaller smaller and smaller okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller smaller and smaller okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller smaller and smaller okay so what
+is going to happen is that when this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that when this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that when this T
+goes to 0 this surface integral will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 this surface integral will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 this surface integral will go
+to what go to also 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what go to also 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what go to also 0
+right okay therefore I can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay therefore I can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay therefore I can immediately
+conclude that if some while keep up 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that if some while keep up 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that if some while keep up 1
+okay so so when we have this T goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so when we have this T goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so when we have this T goes to 0
+the contribution from the side goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution from the side goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution from the side goes to 0
+ok I know already the the sum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I know already the the sum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I know already the the sum of all the
+contribution of this surface integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this surface integral to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of this surface integral to
+be equal to 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 right
+but I don't know what this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know what this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know what this is your
+contribution from the side but if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the side but if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the side but if I have
+the T goes to 0 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T goes to 0 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T goes to 0 then the
+area of this the four one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this the four one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this the four one two three four
+four site is actually going to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four site is actually going to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four site is actually going to which
+goes to zero therefore you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero therefore you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero therefore you have zero
+contribution to this surface integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this surface integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to this surface integral
+therefore I can conclude that epsilon 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can conclude that epsilon 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can conclude that epsilon 1
+e perp 1 will be equal to epsilon 2 e /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e perp 1 will be equal to epsilon 2 e /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e perp 1 will be equal to epsilon 2 e /
+/ - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - okay
+based on this discussion all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this discussion all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this discussion all right
+in the questions so far okay I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the questions so far okay I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the questions so far okay I hope
+everybody's following now I can also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following now I can also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following now I can also use
+the third equation which is a should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DL cross e the force equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL cross e the force equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL cross e the force equation which is
+actually oh I can actually use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oh I can actually use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oh I can actually use the
+second equation which is the TAC the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation which is the TAC the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation which is the TAC the
+curl of e will be equal to minus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of e will be equal to minus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of e will be equal to minus partial
+P partial T right so that means I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P partial T right so that means I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P partial T right so that means I can
+have integral e dot DL and that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have integral e dot DL and that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have integral e dot DL and that is going
+to be equal to minus T DT T P dot Da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to minus T DT T P dot Da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to minus T DT T P dot Da
+all right all right so so if I used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right so so if I used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right so so if I used the
+thirty question in Maxwell's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty question in Maxwell's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty question in Maxwell's equation
+okay basically I have a integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically I have a integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically I have a integral over a
+loop over a some some closed closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over a some some closed closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop over a some some closed closed
+surface and that would be equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that would be equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and that would be equal to minus
+d TT big dot so it is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d TT big dot so it is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d TT big dot so it is actually the
+integral looking at the fraks going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral looking at the fraks going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral looking at the fraks going
+through this little area okay so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little area okay so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little area okay so what I
+can do is now I again do in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is now I again do in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is now I again do in the the
+surface which connect the two world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which connect the two world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface which connect the two world and
+I can now define a dupe which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define a dupe which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define a dupe which is like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+with wheeze is with equal to T okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wheeze is with equal to T okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wheeze is with equal to T okay and
+there can be contribution from the fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be contribution from the fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be contribution from the fund
+of magnetic field in the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnetic field in the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnetic field in the right hand side
+integral contributing to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral contributing to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral contributing to this equation
+okay I can omit indeed write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can omit indeed write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can omit indeed write down the
+left hand side will be a pair well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side will be a pair well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side will be a pair well one
+right because right now we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because right now we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because right now we are actually
+looking at the contributor the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the contributor the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the contributor the component
+of the electric field parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric field parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electric field parallel to the
+surface right and I can also immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and I can also immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface right and I can also immediately
+write down the right hand side this loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the right hand side this loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the right hand side this loop
+integral you are going to have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you are going to have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral you are going to have a pair of
+two okay and now I can do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and now I can do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay and now I can do exactly the
+same trick right having this T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick right having this T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick right having this T goes to
+zero okay the effect of this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the effect of this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the effect of this is the
+following so if I have this rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so if I have this rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so if I have this rectangular
+loop and now if I have this side T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and now if I have this side T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and now if I have this side T goes
+to zero that means you will have no area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that means you will have no area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero that means you will have no area
+to indicate the fraks for the for the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the fraks for the for the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the fraks for the for the P
+field right so therefore if I have T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so therefore if I have T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so therefore if I have T
+goes to 0 this will be equal goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 this will be equal goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 this will be equal goes to
+this also goes to zero right therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also goes to zero right therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also goes to zero right therefore I
+can immediately conclude that this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately conclude that this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately conclude that this means
+that if paraone we have to be equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if paraone we have to be equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if paraone we have to be equal to e
+parallel to right based on this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to right based on this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to right based on this this
+discussion ok so so this means that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion ok so so this means that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion ok so so this means that what
+we can immediately conclude that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately conclude that ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can immediately conclude that ok
+first of all in order to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all in order to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all in order to figure out the
+relation between the in certain wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the in certain wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the in certain wave
+refracted wave and transmitted wave we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted wave and transmitted wave we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted wave and transmitted wave we
+need to help not only from the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to help not only from the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to help not only from the general
+property of the wave of wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the wave of wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the wave of wave equation
+and all those matching boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those matching boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those matching boundary
+conditions we also need to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we also need to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we also need to help
+to provide additional boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide additional boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide additional boundary condition
+to read a the electric field in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read a the electric field in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read a the electric field in the lab
+and sign right hand side that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign right hand side that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sign right hand side that is
+actually coming from our understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from our understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from our understanding
+of Maxwell's equation in matter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maxwell's equation in matter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maxwell's equation in matter okay so
+you can see that that the second two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that the second two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that the second two
+boundary conditions epsilon 1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions epsilon 1 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions epsilon 1 y1
+perpendicular will be equal to epsilon 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular will be equal to epsilon 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular will be equal to epsilon 2
+e 2 perpendicular and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 perpendicular and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2 perpendicular and that is actually
+related to this surface in surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this surface in surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this surface in surface
+integral T and the second condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral T and the second condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral T and the second condition
+which tell us or relate the field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell us or relate the field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell us or relate the field in the
+parallel direction ok essentially also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel direction ok essentially also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel direction ok essentially also
+can be from Maxwell's equation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be from Maxwell's equation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be from Maxwell's equation and we
+can call that a pair we're in love and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that a pair we're in love and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call that a pair we're in love and I
+will be equal to a parallel in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to a parallel in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to a parallel in the
+right-hand side ok so we are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side ok so we are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side ok so we are almost
+there to solve the puzzle so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to solve the puzzle so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to solve the puzzle so now what I
+have to do is to use the Phi so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is to use the Phi so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is to use the Phi so now I
+would like to assume that okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to assume that okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to assume that okay we have
+some kind of polarization ok for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of polarization ok for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of polarization ok for the
+incident and the transmitted waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the transmitted waves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the transmitted waves okay
+so I assume that the polarization okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I assume that the polarization okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I assume that the polarization okay
+is a should be the power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be the power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a should be the power the
+polarization is actually in the impeller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is actually in the impeller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is actually in the impeller
+rail ok I assume that the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail ok I assume that the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail ok I assume that the polarization
+is in parallel to the XZ plane ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in parallel to the XZ plane ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in parallel to the XZ plane ok so
+that's actually my my my sumption so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually my my my sumption so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually my my my sumption so now
+I introduce a new assumption which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce a new assumption which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I introduce a new assumption which is
+that the in certain wave okay it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in certain wave okay it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the in certain wave okay it says
+should be having a polarization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be having a polarization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be having a polarization the
+magnet the electric field is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet the electric field is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet the electric field is as you
+oscillate up and down okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate up and down okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate up and down okay in this
+direction which is such a parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is such a parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is such a parallel to
+the XZ plane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XZ plane okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XZ plane okay
+and also I can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can write down the
+corresponding e 0 R vector and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding e 0 R vector and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding e 0 R vector and finally
+and this will be perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be perpendicular to the
+direction of propagation and finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation and finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation and finally I
+will be able to also write down walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to also write down walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to also write down walk in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+responding polarization for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding polarization for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding polarization for the
+transmitted wave which is also a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave which is also a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave which is also a game
+perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+publication okay so therefore I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication okay so therefore I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication okay so therefore I can now
+make use of this boundary condition 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of this boundary condition 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of this boundary condition 1
+and boundary condition to to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundary condition to to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boundary condition to to actually
+figure out what will be the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what will be the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what will be the relation
+between y 0i e 0 r + 0 t the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y 0i e 0 r + 0 t the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between y 0i e 0 r + 0 t the first thing
+which we consider is to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we consider is to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we consider is to consider the
+the perpendicular direction okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpendicular direction okay from
+Equation number 1 I will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equation number 1 I will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equation number 1 I will be able to
+conclude that epsilon 1 minus e 0 I sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that epsilon 1 minus e 0 I sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that epsilon 1 minus e 0 I sine
+theta I so basically that this is U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I so basically that this is U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I so basically that this is U the
+contribution from the for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the for the first
+vector e 0i Naija you can see that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector e 0i Naija you can see that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector e 0i Naija you can see that now
+i'm trying to project everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to project everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to project everything to the
+direction perpendicular to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction perpendicular to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction perpendicular to the to the
+surface and you can see that i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and you can see that i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and you can see that i have a
+minus sign and that this this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and that this this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign and that this this angle
+especially sita right so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sita right so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sita right so therefore I
+have up there for the Belle époque 830
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up there for the Belle époque 830
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up there for the Belle époque 830
+this angle is actually what the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is actually what the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is actually what the center
+is actually I - Sita right so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I - Sita right so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually I - Sita right so therefore
+I have the cosine theta I and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the cosine theta I and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have the cosine theta I and I have
+this minus sign because it's pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign because it's pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign because it's pointing to
+the lapin side of the board right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side of the board right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side of the board right okay
+so that's actually the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually the contribution of
+the incident wave and I have a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and I have a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and I have a second
+term which is the contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is the contribution of the
+refractive wave 0 R sine theta okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave 0 R sine theta okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave 0 R sine theta okay okay
+so so easier I use your are without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so easier I use your are without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so easier I use your are without
+vector is actually just absolute length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is actually just absolute length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is actually just absolute length
+of the vector okay in my definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector okay in my definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vector okay in my definition okay
+and based on based on the first boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on based on the first boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on based on the first boundary
+condition I have a lapis I look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I have a lapis I look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I have a lapis I look like
+this and the right-hand side I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the right-hand side I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the right-hand side I will have
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+epsilon 2 e 0t sign seekers right again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 2 e 0t sign seekers right again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 2 e 0t sign seekers right again
+I'm looking at the projection of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the projection of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the projection of this
+easier T an actor in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier T an actor in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier T an actor in the in the
+direction which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is actually
+perpendicular to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the surface
+okay so that's the first expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the first expression I
+can get and the front expression number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get and the front expression number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get and the front expression number
+two okay I can now taking the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay I can now taking the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay I can now taking the projection
+which is parallel to the surface right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is parallel to the surface right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is parallel to the surface right
+so now this is actually the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is actually the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is actually the parallel
+direction and basically what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and basically what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and basically what I am going
+to get is e 0 i cosine theta i plus e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is e 0 i cosine theta i plus e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is e 0 i cosine theta i plus e 0
+R cosine theta all right oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cosine theta all right oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R cosine theta all right oh sorry
+sweetheart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetheart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetheart
+Sita are essentially equal to theta I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita are essentially equal to theta I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita are essentially equal to theta I so
+therefore I can actually press that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can actually press that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can actually press that back
+I already okay and that would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already okay and that would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already okay and that would be equal
+to e 0 T cosine c-types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 0 T cosine c-types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e 0 T cosine c-types
+any questions so far so I was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far so I was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far so I was pretty
+fast so here I already me immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so here I already me immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so here I already me immediately
+write down this is a sheet aha right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this is a sheet aha right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this is a sheet aha right
+sitar is equal to C I so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitar is equal to C I so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitar is equal to C I so therefore I
+already repress that back to have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already repress that back to have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already repress that back to have any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so the painful period is going to end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the painful period is going to end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the painful period is going to end in
+like two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two minutes
+okay all right so we are almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we are almost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we are almost there
+and look what we have been doing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look what we have been doing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look what we have been doing we
+basically figure out the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically figure out the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically figure out the boundary
+condition from Maxwell's equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition from Maxwell's equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition from Maxwell's equation then
+we are plugging in that so we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are plugging in that so we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are plugging in that so we assume
+that the polarization should be parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polarization should be parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polarization should be parallel
+on the plan of action XZ plane and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plan of action XZ plane and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the plan of action XZ plane and now
+we are actually just evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually just evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually just evaluating the
+parallel component in the perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel component in the perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel component in the perpendicular
+component okay so that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so that's actually what
+we we got okay let go as a reminder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we got okay let go as a reminder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we got okay let go as a reminder is
+to write Ichiro are and easier I Israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write Ichiro are and easier I Israel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write Ichiro are and easier I Israel
+are and II wrote e in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and II wrote e in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and II wrote e in terms of the
+northern part which is the easier i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern part which is the easier i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern part which is the easier i
+right okay I would like to relate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I would like to relate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I would like to relate these
+three the magnitude of this trip back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the magnitude of this trip back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the magnitude of this trip back to
+okay so from Equation number one I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from Equation number one I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from Equation number one I can
+easily write that okay basically I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily write that okay basically I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily write that okay basically I can
+actually conclude that I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conclude that I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually conclude that I can divide
+everything by epsilon 1 sine theta hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by epsilon 1 sine theta hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by epsilon 1 sine theta hi
+right so what I'm going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to get this
+Israel I minus ETA R and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel I minus ETA R and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Israel I minus ETA R and this will be
+equal to epsilon 2 sine theta T divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon 2 sine theta T divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to epsilon 2 sine theta T divided
+by epsilon 1 and this is so basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon 1 and this is so basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon 1 and this is so basically I
+am dividing everything by minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am dividing everything by minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am dividing everything by minus epsilon
+1 sine theta I think basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sine theta I think basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 sine theta I think basically what you
+are going to get is this expression okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get is this expression okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get is this expression okay
+and and this actually can be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this actually can be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this actually can be related to
+another expression which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another expression which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another expression which is actually
+from 2 1 divided by epsilon 1 and 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 1 divided by epsilon 1 and 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2 1 divided by epsilon 1 and 2
+right because I can use Snell's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I can use Snell's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I can use Snell's law
+right and 1 sine theta I will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 1 sine theta I will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and 1 sine theta I will be equal
+to n 2 sine C times right therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n 2 sine C times right therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n 2 sine C times right therefore I
+can replace this ratio of sine angle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace this ratio of sine angle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace this ratio of sine angle by
+refractive index but everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index but everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index but everybody's
+following ok very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following ok very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following ok very good
+and this will be multiplied by Rho T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be multiplied by Rho T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will be multiplied by Rho T and
+I can now define this this is a 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define this this is a 3t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now define this this is a 3t
+finders theta is your T to make our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finders theta is your T to make our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finders theta is your T to make our life
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+the same thing can be done for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing can be done for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing can be done for the
+techinique expression when I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techinique expression when I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techinique expression when I am going to
+get this this role hi my price is 0 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this this role hi my price is 0 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this this role hi my price is 0 R
+okay basically what I'm doing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically what I'm doing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically what I'm doing is to
+divide everything by cosine theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by cosine theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by cosine theta I
+right so what is going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is going to happen is that
+you are going to get cosine theta T D by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get cosine theta T D by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to get cosine theta T D by
+D back cosine secant I V 0 T and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D back cosine secant I V 0 T and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D back cosine secant I V 0 T and now
+this as you define does alpha is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you define does alpha is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as you define does alpha is easier
+t sorry okay so alpha is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sorry okay so alpha is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sorry okay so alpha is defined as
+cosine theta T divided by cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta T divided by cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta T divided by cosine theta
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+therefore I can already immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can already immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can already immediately
+based on these two expression to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two expression to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two expression to solve
+well Peter 0r I can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Peter 0r I can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Peter 0r I can write down the
+solution so basically you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so basically you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so basically you can actually
+quickly derive what would be the D 0 R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly derive what would be the D 0 R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly derive what would be the D 0 R
+and now this is she going to be my alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is she going to be my alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is she going to be my alpha
+minus beta divided by alpha plus beta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta divided by alpha plus beta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta divided by alpha plus beta e
+0 right right and you can also solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right right and you can also solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 right right and you can also solve
+based on these two equation will be y 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two equation will be y 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these two equation will be y 0
+T and now we will conclude that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now we will conclude that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and now we will conclude that this
+will be equal to 2 divided by alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 2 divided by alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 2 divided by alpha plus
+beta is divided so this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is divided so this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is divided so this means that the
+refractive index will be equal to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index will be equal to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index will be equal to alpha
+minus beta so refractive fish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta so refractive fish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta so refractive fish the
+refraction coefficient will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction coefficient will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction coefficient will be equal to
+alpha minus beta P divided by alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha minus beta P divided by alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha minus beta P divided by alpha plus
+beta and the transmission coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and the transmission coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and the transmission coefficient is
+actually 2 okay so we will take maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 okay so we will take maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 2 okay so we will take maybe
+three minutes break for you to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes break for you to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three minutes break for you to be able
+to ask some questions but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask some questions but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask some questions but you can see
+that we have solved the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have solved the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have solved the relation between
+y 0i e 0 r and the e 0 t and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0i e 0 r and the e 0 t and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0i e 0 r and the e 0 t and what we
+have to do in the rest of the times to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the rest of the times to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do in the rest of the times to
+enjoy what we actually already described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy what we actually already described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy what we actually already described
+and what i should eat that me up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i should eat that me up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i should eat that me up to the
+break so we come back at and 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so very good so we have survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so we have survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so we have survived
+this and now it's time to enjoy what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now it's time to enjoy what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now it's time to enjoy what we
+have learned from this equation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned from this equation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned from this equation all
+right so welcome back everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so welcome back everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so welcome back everybody
+so so we have HD soft what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have HD soft what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we have HD soft what would be the
+refraction coefficient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction coefficient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction coefficient and the
+transmission coefficient tau right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient tau right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission coefficient tau right and
+those are the function of Alpha and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the function of Alpha and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the function of Alpha and the
+beta all right so so that's considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta all right so so that's considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta all right so so that's considered
+sweet different interesting case so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet different interesting case so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet different interesting case so if I
+have normal incidence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal incidence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have normal incidence okay
+and that means alpha would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means alpha would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means alpha would be equal to
+cosine theta divided by cosine theta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta divided by cosine theta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta divided by cosine theta I
+okay this is the definition okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the definition okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the definition okay if I
+have no more incidence that means post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no more incidence that means post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no more incidence that means post
+seated T theta I and the theta R will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated T theta I and the theta R will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated T theta I and the theta R will be
+equal to 90 degree right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 90 degree right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 90 degree right okay
+and in this case okay basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case okay basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case okay basically you have
+the same cosine theta cosine cosine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cosine theta cosine cosine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same cosine theta cosine cosine okay
+c30 and cosine theta and that means your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c30 and cosine theta and that means your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c30 and cosine theta and that means your
+alpha will be equal to equal to 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha will be equal to equal to 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha will be equal to equal to 1 in
+this case okay so in normal material mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case okay so in normal material mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case okay so in normal material mu
+1 is roughly equal to MU 2 and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is roughly equal to MU 2 and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is roughly equal to MU 2 and roughly
+equal to mu 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mu 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mu 0 right
+so therefore this means that if mu 1 mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this means that if mu 1 mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore this means that if mu 1 mu
+2 and mu 0 are very close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and mu 0 are very close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and mu 0 are very close to each other
+then actually the refractive index based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the refractive index based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually the refractive index based
+on that equation which is join there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that equation which is join there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that equation which is join there
+okay will be basically roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will be basically roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will be basically roughly equal to
+epsilon square root of epsilon divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon square root of epsilon divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon square root of epsilon divided
+by epsilon zero okay so therefore theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon zero okay so therefore theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by epsilon zero okay so therefore theta
+will be equal to epsilon 2 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to epsilon 2 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to epsilon 2 divided by
+epsilon 1 and 1/2 this is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 and 1/2 this is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 and 1/2 this is a the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+all right and and that this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and that this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and that this will be
+basically equal to since this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically equal to since this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically equal to since this is really
+proportional to epsilon 2 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to epsilon 2 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to epsilon 2 divided by
+epsilon 1 right and earn is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 right and earn is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 right and earn is actually
+proportional to epsilon square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to epsilon square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to epsilon square root of
+epsilon right therefore you can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right therefore you can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon right therefore you can conclude
+that this issue will be equal to + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this issue will be equal to + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this issue will be equal to + 2
+square t by divide my squared + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square t by divide my squared + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square t by divide my squared + 1
+divided by and now will give you and - /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by and now will give you and - /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by and now will give you and - /
++ 1 can you cancel one of them - okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 can you cancel one of them - okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 can you cancel one of them - okay so
+beta will be equal to + 2 divided by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta will be equal to + 2 divided by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta will be equal to + 2 divided by 1
+and therefore you can conclude that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can conclude that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can conclude that our
+will be a function just related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a function just related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a function just related to the
+refractive index so which is which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so which is which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index so which is which means
+that you are going to get + 1 minus n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to get + 1 minus n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to get + 1 minus n 2
+divided by N 1 plus n 2 okay which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N 1 plus n 2 okay which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by N 1 plus n 2 okay which means
+that the amount of refracted light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of refracted light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of refracted light is
+related to the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the difference in the
+refractive index the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index the amount of the
+transmitted light will be equal to - 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light will be equal to - 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light will be equal to - 1 /
++ 1 + and - ok so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 + and - ok so what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 + and - ok so what does that mean
+this means that if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if you have some
+material which is actually like diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which is actually like diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which is actually like diamond
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+diamond have a unto equal to sorry like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond have a unto equal to sorry like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond have a unto equal to sorry like
+2.6 that means a lot of light who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 that means a lot of light who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 that means a lot of light who have
+got refracted when you have no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got refracted when you have no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got refracted when you have no more
+insert even even if you have no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert even even if you have no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert even even if you have no more
+incidence okay so that's issue why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence okay so that's issue why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence okay so that's issue why the
+Diamonds are so beautiful right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds are so beautiful right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamonds are so beautiful right because
+a lot of like pretty bright and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like pretty bright and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like pretty bright and a lot of
+things are actually refracted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually refracted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually refracted the
+transmitted fraction is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted fraction is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted fraction is actually pretty
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+I can also assume that there can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also assume that there can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also assume that there can be a
+glass of grazing incidence okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of grazing incidence okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass of grazing incidence okay that
+happens this means that I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this means that I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this means that I am going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+Sita I the Sita I a this this Sita I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita I the Sita I a this this Sita I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita I the Sita I a this this Sita I
+should be okay the Sita is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay the Sita is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay the Sita is actually
+going to be roughly 90 degree okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly 90 degree okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be roughly 90 degree okay in
+that in a case of no more incidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a case of no more incidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a case of no more incidence
+theta I should be equal to zero I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I should be equal to zero I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I should be equal to zero I maybe
+I misspoke in the beginning okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I misspoke in the beginning okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I misspoke in the beginning okay so what
+what does that mean this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean this means that
+alpha will go to infinity because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha will go to infinity because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha will go to infinity because the
+Sita I is going to 90 degree okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita I is going to 90 degree okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita I is going to 90 degree okay
+therefore you have are roughly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have are roughly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have are roughly equal to
+one because are essentially alpha minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because are essentially alpha minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because are essentially alpha minus
+beta by 2 by alpha plus beta right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta by 2 by alpha plus beta right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta by 2 by alpha plus beta right if
+alpha goes to infinity then our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha goes to infinity then our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha goes to infinity then our work
+goes to 1 right and tau where P actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 1 right and tau where P actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 1 right and tau where P actually
+goes to roughly goes to yeah all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to roughly goes to yeah all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to roughly goes to yeah all right
+so so that means if you have a grazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means if you have a grazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that means if you have a grazing
+incidence then basically most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence then basically most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence then basically most of the
+light are refracted okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light are refracted okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light are refracted okay so that's
+actually why when we see some okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why when we see some okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why when we see some okay when
+we see the for example a reflected light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the for example a reflected light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the for example a reflected light
+from the Sun which is actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun which is actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Sun which is actually on the
+road okay we see that a lot of light are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road okay we see that a lot of light are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road okay we see that a lot of light are
+refracted when we see a lake which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted when we see a lake which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted when we see a lake which is
+actually very far away from me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very far away from me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very far away from me and
+there's Sun in front of it you see huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Sun in front of it you see huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Sun in front of it you see huge
+amount of lack of the refracted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of lack of the refracted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of lack of the refracted and
+going to your eyes look to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to your eyes look to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to your eyes look to the right
+okay so finally there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so finally there is a very
+interesting angle which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting angle which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting angle which is actually
+considering a situation when alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a situation when alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a situation when alpha is
+equal to beta okay there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to beta okay there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to beta okay there is a very
+interesting angle theta P if we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting angle theta P if we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting angle theta P if we choose
+this theta P such that alpha is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theta P such that alpha is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theta P such that alpha is equal to
+beta what is going to happen somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta what is going to happen somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta what is going to happen somebody
+can tell me if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell me if I make
+exactly right so if you choose angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so if you choose angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so if you choose angle
+such that f is equal to beta then R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f is equal to beta then R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that f is equal to beta then R
+would be equal to zero there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to zero there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to zero there will be no
+refraction and everything will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and everything will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and everything will go
+through the material okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material okay
+so that decision is so-called Brewster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that decision is so-called Brewster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that decision is so-called Brewster
+angle okay and this happens when to when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay and this happens when to when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay and this happens when to when
+Sita P which is a shoe that is which sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita P which is a shoe that is which sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita P which is a shoe that is which sit
+up easily the incident angle okay plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up easily the incident angle okay plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up easily the incident angle okay plus C
+type T is equal to PI over two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type T is equal to PI over two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type T is equal to PI over two okay
+there is a proof of this Brewster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a proof of this Brewster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a proof of this Brewster's
+angle in the lecture note but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in the lecture note but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in the lecture note but we are
+kind of running out of time but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of running out of time but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of running out of time but the
+conclusion is that you will need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that you will need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that you will need to have
+Sita P which is actually equal to Sita I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita P which is actually equal to Sita I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sita P which is actually equal to Sita I
+the incident angle plus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident angle plus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident angle plus that
+transmission light angle theta P if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission light angle theta P if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission light angle theta P if that
+decision equal to 90 degree then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision equal to 90 degree then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision equal to 90 degree then you can
+make alpha equal to 0 and what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make alpha equal to 0 and what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make alpha equal to 0 and what is going
+to happen is that there will be no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that there will be no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that there will be no no
+refracted light okay so when this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light okay so when this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light okay so when this happen
+when when the reflected light and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the reflected light and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when the reflected light and the
+transmitted light have an angle of 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light have an angle of 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light have an angle of 90
+degree then the amplitude goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree then the amplitude goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree then the amplitude goes to zero
+this is actually a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very interesting
+property and only works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and only works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and only works for
+electromagnetic wave because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave because this is
+actually coming from really the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from really the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from really the effect
+of Maxwell's equation okay so now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maxwell's equation okay so now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maxwell's equation okay so now what I
+am going to say is that basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to say is that basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to say is that basically we
+look at this demonstration so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this demonstration so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this demonstration so if you
+have a certain light okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain light okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain light okay and the
+transmitted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted light
+originally the in certain light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the in certain light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the in certain light is
+unpolarized so you can have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized so you can have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized so you can have all kinds of
+different polarization so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polarization so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polarization so we can
+decompose polarization into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose polarization into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose polarization into a
+which is actually pointing to you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually pointing to you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually pointing to you which
+is the thought and the component which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thought and the component which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thought and the component which
+you said should be parallel to my slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said should be parallel to my slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said should be parallel to my slide
+which is actually what we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what we have been
+working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+okay let's situation so what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's situation so what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's situation so what is going to
+happen is that the component which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the component which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the component which is
+pointing you is actually never gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you is actually never gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you is actually never gets
+suppressed because there will be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed because there will be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed because there will be no
+perpendicular component so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular component so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular component so therefore
+even if you add Brewster's and go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you add Brewster's and go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you add Brewster's and go okay
+you can as you get refracted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you get refracted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you get refracted on the
+other hand all the component which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand all the component which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand all the component which is
+actually having polarization parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having polarization parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having polarization parallel to
+this slide is eliminated because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is eliminated because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is eliminated because of this
+relation okay so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so that means the
+refracted light will be highly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light will be highly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light will be highly polarized
+okay do you believe me maybe not we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you believe me maybe not we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you believe me maybe not we can
+do an experiment and really show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment and really show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an experiment and really show you
+that's the case okay so we are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case okay so we are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case okay so we are almost
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I need to turn off the light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I need to turn off the light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I need to turn off the light and
+hide the image and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the image and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the image and you can see that
+there is a set up here which I produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set up here which I produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a set up here which I produce
+unpolarized light and this a glass here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light and this a glass here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpolarized light and this a glass here
+which they should be refract okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they should be refract okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they should be refract okay so now
+you can see that if I have some render
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if I have some render
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if I have some render
+angle and I have a polarizer here I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and I have a polarizer here I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and I have a polarizer here I hope
+you can see it you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it you can see that the
+polarizer cannot emit minae all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer cannot emit minae all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer cannot emit minae all the
+other light right so basically no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other light right so basically no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other light right so basically no matter
+what kind of direction I will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of direction I will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of direction I will not be
+able to eliminate all the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to eliminate all the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to eliminate all the order in
+certain other black refracted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other black refracted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other black refracted light
+this means that is some mixture of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that is some mixture of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that is some mixture of in
+all kinds of different polarization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different polarization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different polarization but
+now if I change the direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I change the direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I change the direction to
+Brewster angle is roughly here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster angle is roughly here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster angle is roughly here so you
+can see that now indeed I can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that now indeed I can issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that now indeed I can issue
+eliminate all the contribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the contribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all the contribution of the
+refracted light because the refracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light because the refracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light because the refracted
+light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+polarized as you can see from the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized as you can see from the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized as you can see from the slide
+all the component which is actually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the component which is actually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the component which is actually all
+the component which essentially parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component which essentially parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the component which essentially parallel
+to the slides it's actually eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides it's actually eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the slides it's actually eliminated
+you to booster the angle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to booster the angle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to booster the angle and that
+produced you a polarized light and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you a polarized light and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced you a polarized light and that
+can be filtered out by by the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so coming back to the question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so coming back to the question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so coming back to the question which
+we had before so why do we why can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before so why do we why can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before so why do we why can we
+take such a good photo that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take such a good photo that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take such a good photo that is because
+of Brewster's angle so once the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Brewster's angle so once the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Brewster's angle so once the song
+like are refracted by the window it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are refracted by the window it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are refracted by the window it
+become linearly polarized and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become linearly polarized and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become linearly polarized and therefore
+you can actually filter out majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually filter out majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually filter out majority of
+the contribution by using coal ash pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution by using coal ash pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution by using coal ash pile
+a dilation field okay thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dilation field okay thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dilation field okay thank you very
+much and I hope you enjoy the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I hope you enjoy the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and I hope you enjoy the lecture
+today and hope this will improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and hope this will improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and hope this will improve your
+technique or skill for taking good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique or skill for taking good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique or skill for taking good
+photos okay if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos okay if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos okay if you have any questions
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody so today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody so today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody so today I'm going to
+show you a demonstration of Brewster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a demonstration of Brewster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a demonstration of Brewster's
+angle so during the class we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so during the class we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so during the class we were
+discussing about how to make very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing about how to make very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing about how to make very good
+photos how to use polarizer to filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos how to use polarizer to filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos how to use polarizer to filter
+out the refracted light from the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the refracted light from the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the refracted light from the Sun
+nearly when you actually take a photo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly when you actually take a photo of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly when you actually take a photo of
+water or a car the refracting light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or a car the refracting light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or a car the refracting light from
+the Sun on the window or from the wat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun on the window or from the wat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun on the window or from the wat
+underwater and the you can use polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater and the you can use polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater and the you can use polarizer
+to filter them out and that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter them out and that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to filter them out and that has to do
+with the property of the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property of the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property of the electromagnetic
+wave and the Brewster's angle so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the Brewster's angle so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the Brewster's angle so here I
+have an experimental setup here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an experimental setup here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an experimental setup here which
+consists of three components the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three components the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of three components the first
+component is a unpolarized the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is a unpolarized the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is a unpolarized the light
+source okay and Amith unpolarized light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay and Amith unpolarized light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay and Amith unpolarized light
+and that those light are got infracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those light are got infracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that those light are got infracted
+by glass here and the refracting light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by glass here and the refracting light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by glass here and the refracting light
+will actually be shown on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be shown on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be shown on the screen
+or the spot there okay so so at first if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the spot there okay so so at first if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the spot there okay so so at first if
+I have my glass which is entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my glass which is entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my glass which is entering the
+post the position of the glasses in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the position of the glasses in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the position of the glasses in a
+way such that it's actually not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way such that it's actually not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way such that it's actually not on
+Brewster's angle and now I can as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster's angle and now I can as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewster's angle and now I can as you
+check if this light is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if this light is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if this light is actually
+polarized by using a polarizer here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized by using a polarizer here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized by using a polarizer here and
+if I put this polarizer between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this polarizer between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this polarizer between the
+screen and the glass you can see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and the glass you can see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and the glass you can see that as
+a function of the angle which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the angle which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the angle which are in
+rotating this polarizer you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating this polarizer you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating this polarizer you can see that
+no angle can actually completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no angle can actually completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no angle can actually completely
+eliminate or the refracted light okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate or the refracted light okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate or the refracted light okay so
+that means the refracted light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the refracted light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the refracted light is
+actually not perfectly polite but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not perfectly polite but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not perfectly polite but on the
+other hand you can also see that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you can also see that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you can also see that in some
+angle you can actually significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can actually significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you can actually significantly
+lower the intensity and that decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the intensity and that decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the intensity and that decision
+also pretty good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty good for
+photo taking pictures that means order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo taking pictures that means order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo taking pictures that means order
+inflected light although now the anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflected light although now the anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflected light although now the anger
+is actually not at the Brewster angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not at the Brewster angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually not at the Brewster angle
+and you still have infected like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still have infected like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you still have infected like
+slightly polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly polarized
+okay so that Asian you were polarizer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that Asian you were polarizer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that Asian you were polarizer in
+front of a camera was still do some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a camera was still do some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a camera was still do some work
+now what I'm going to do is to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do is to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I'm going to do is to change
+the angle so that it major it match with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle so that it major it match with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle so that it major it match with
+the boosters angle so now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boosters angle so now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boosters angle so now you can see
+that if I insert a polarizer between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I insert a polarizer between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I insert a polarizer between the
+glass and the screen you can see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and the screen you can see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and the screen you can see that a
+Sun angle for example now we can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun angle for example now we can issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun angle for example now we can issue
+the filter our accompany the eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter our accompany the eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter our accompany the eliminate
+the spot on the screen so that means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot on the screen so that means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot on the screen so that means a
+Rooster's angle okay basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooster's angle okay basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rooster's angle okay basically the
+refracted light essentially completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light essentially completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted light essentially completely
+polarized as we actually printed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized as we actually printed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized as we actually printed from
+the from the lecture and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the lecture and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the lecture and the reason is
+the following there's only one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following there's only one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following there's only one direction
+of the polarizer light from the am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer light from the am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polarizer light from the am
+polarizer source can get refracted due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer source can get refracted due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer source can get refracted due
+to the boundary condition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary condition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary condition of the
+electromagnetic wave and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave and therefore we
+see this very unique phenomena which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very unique phenomena which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very unique phenomena which we
+can only see in electromagnetic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sYS3OCiLDzA.txt b/sYS3OCiLDzA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26e65aa98645c1e13002535f26cbb590f504f3f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sYS3OCiLDzA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2875 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+So, we continue our discussion
+of quantum states of light,
+
+and we focus on single
+photons as qubits today.
+
+But before I get
+into this, I want
+
+to ask you if you have any
+questions about the last unit
+
+we be completed on Wednesday--
+namely, the discussion or non
+
+classical light-- in
+particular, squeezing light--
+
+and we also discussed a lot
+of exciting quantum mechanical
+
+effects related
+to beam splitters.
+
+So, any questions?
+
+Anything you would
+like to see discussed?
+
+So, as I pointed out,
+we want to now talk
+
+about realization of quantum
+logic and quantum gates
+
+with single photons, but I
+also said that we are actually
+
+using the language of
+quantum communications--
+
+a kind of information
+processing to describe
+
+general physics in
+a very nice way.
+
+So, first-- when we
+talk about photons,
+
+we should talk about our
+qubits, and right now, you
+
+may think that having
+a single photon
+
+and having no photon in a
+mode are two possibilities.
+
+And you could use
+them as qubits.
+
+However, I will tell you today
+that it is better, actually,
+
+to use always one photon, but in
+two different wave guides-- two
+
+different modes.
+
+But, we'll get
+there in a moment.
+
+So, the first task at hand is
+we want to manipulate photons.
+
+And for that, I want to
+introduce phase shifters
+
+and beam splitters.
+
+And just to give you the
+punchline right away,
+
+what I want to show you is that
+those two simple devices --
+
+beam splitter, a half-silvered
+mirror, a phase shifter,
+
+which is just a piece of glass
+which you can put into one
+
+of the laser beams-- that those
+two elements and those two
+
+basic operations, if they
+are now put together--
+
+if you do a beam
+splitter, a phase shifter,
+
+another beam splitter and such--
+you can realize any single
+
+qubit operation.
+
+Therefore, if you have
+our qubit cubic state
+
+with single photons, any
+possible state of those qubit
+
+can be realized using
+these optical elements.
+
+Therefore, when I say we want
+to realize how we can manipulate
+
+photons with optical
+elements and such,
+
+I'm not going for a zoo
+of optical elements.
+
+Those two will do it all.
+
+So, with the phase
+shifter, that's
+
+what we discussed at
+the end of last class.
+
+If you have two modes, and
+we shift the phase in one
+
+of the modes, just simply
+put a piece of glass into it,
+
+then there is a phase shift.
+
+And why do we need two modes?
+
+Well, phases are
+usually-- at least
+
+in experiments-- not
+absolutely defined.
+
+You need a phase
+reference, and here,
+
+the mode a acts as
+a phase reference.
+
+Let me address one question
+which a student asked me
+
+after class, and
+this was related
+
+to what phases appear
+in more than one place.
+
+The student's
+question was motivated
+
+that if you have one
+photon, it's a flux state.
+
+A flux state is a circle
+in the causal probability,
+
+and therefore, the electric
+field has no phase.
+
+Well, this is the phase
+of the electric field,
+
+but here, we're talking about
+the phase of the wave function.
+
+And a flux state within
+photons is an eigenstate
+
+of the harmonic oscillator.
+
+It has a time dependence,
+e to the i omega t,
+
+and we can change its phase.
+
+So, this is a kind of phase
+shift I've introduced here.
+
+So, the second element
+we need to realize--
+
+arbitrary single qubit
+operation is the beam splitter,
+
+and I introduced a beam splitter
+by just saying, hey look,
+
+I think that's a
+good Hamiltonian.
+
+Let's see what this Hamiltonian
+does to the two modes,
+
+and then we realize-- yes,
+it takes those two modes,
+
+and it mixes the modes with
+cosine theta sine theta reading
+
+factors.
+
+That's exactly what you
+expect a beam splitter to do.
+
+I'm not sure we need
+here now because it's
+
+part of your
+homework assignment.
+
+You will show that if you
+have a coherent state,
+
+the coherent state is
+split by a ratio which
+
+is cosine square theta
+sine square theta.
+
+So, it's exactly what you'd
+expect from a beam splitter.
+
+So from that, you
+realize now what
+
+this angle theta is, which I
+just put into the Hamiltonian.
+
+The cosine square
+and sine square of it
+
+is the reflection
+and the transmission
+
+of the beam splitter.
+
+Any questions at that point?
+
+Let me now introduce
+matrix representation,
+
+which will come in handy.
+
+You remember that you transform
+an operator-- the mode
+
+operator, the annihilation
+operator a and b.
+
+We multiply with the beam
+splitter operator on the left
+
+and on the right,
+b dega-- b ab dega.
+
+But there is often a simpler
+way how the right inside
+
+can be written, and this is by
+using a matrix representation,
+
+which goes as follows.
+
+We can say that the two
+operators are transformed
+
+by the following
+matrix, and this matrix
+
+represents the beam splitter.
+
+So that's what the beam splitter
+does to the mode operators.
+
+Now, we want to talk about
+what does the beam splitter do
+
+to quantum states, to
+single photon states.
+
+So now, we want to transform
+the single photon states.
+
+It's a little bit
+like, well-- we
+
+know what to do in
+the Heisenberg picture
+
+to the operator,
+but now, we want
+
+to see what happens
+to the wave functions.
+
+So, now-- I want to
+say it very slowly,
+
+because it shouldn't lead
+to any confusion later.
+
+We have single photons-- we can
+have the single photon in mode
+
+b, or we can have it in mode a.
+
+These are the two possibilities.
+
+And right now, I
+label it like this--
+
+where the first number is your
+occupation number of mode a,
+
+and the second number is
+your occupation in mode b.
+
+You have to be a
+little bit careful--
+
+I'm just saying that keep
+your alert level high.
+
+Later, I will use
+qubit representation,
+
+where the qubit one means
+the photon is in mode a,
+
+and the qubit zero means
+the photon is in mode b.
+
+So when we talked about logical
+states of our two levels used,
+
+and the photon can be here
+or the photon can be there,
+
+zero means the photon is there.
+
+It doesn't mean that
+we have zero photons.
+
+But sometimes, I have to
+talk about the photons--
+
+and that's what I'm
+doing right now--
+
+and zero means no
+photon in this mode.
+
+But I will remind you
+of that as we go along.
+
+So we have the two
+quantum states-- one zero,
+
+and zero one.
+
+And let's just see what
+the beam splitter is
+
+doing to one photon in mode b.
+
+I'm changing notation from one
+line to the next in my notes.
+
+Just give me a split second.
+
+Yes.
+
+So, let's use this convention.
+
+So, just to elaborate
+what I just said
+
+is-- this convention one
+zero is the direct product
+
+of the Hilbert space
+for mode b, with one
+
+photon with the Hilbert
+space of mode a,
+
+and we have zero photons there.
+
+And sometimes, you want
+to denote the state
+
+by putting a comma in between.
+
+That's all the same.
+
+So, how do we transform
+the quantum state
+
+with the beam splitter operator?
+
+Well, we could now apply
+to the quantum stage,
+
+but we just learned how to
+apply to operators, so let's
+
+just use what we
+already know, because we
+
+can write the state like this.
+
+And now, we want
+to insert the unit.
+
+We want to insert the
+unit operator b dega b,
+
+and now, we can use our
+knowledge of the operator.
+
+We know how this transforms.
+
+We had this above the
+transformation of the operators
+
+b and b dega, and when we apply
+b to nothing-- to no photons,
+
+we get no photons.
+
+So now, by taking from the
+page above the transformation
+
+or the operator b dega,
+it's a linear combination
+
+of a dega and b dega.
+
+We find what we expect--
+the photon can now
+
+be in the same mode, or it
+can appear in the other mode.
+
+And the coefficients from the
+transformation of cosine theta
+
+minus sine theta.
+
+And if you would send the
+other state through the beam
+
+splitter, we find the cosine
+theta sine theta component.
+
+So, since the total
+probability to have a photon
+
+is cosine square plus
+sine square is unity,
+
+we find what we expected,
+but it's nice to see it.
+
+Namely, that b conserves the
+photon number-- of course,
+
+this should have been
+obvious from the outset,
+
+because we used a Hermitian
+operator, a unitary time
+
+evolution, and that
+is energy- conserving.
+
+What happens if we
+use a state which
+
+has one photon in
+each mode, and we
+
+act on it with
+the beam splitter?
+
+Well, it gives a superposition
+of the two photons
+
+can now be in either
+of the two modes,
+
+or they can be distributed
+one in each mode.
+
+And the coefficients are because
+we have two transformations,
+
+products of sine and cosine.
+
+Here is cosine square
+plus sine square theta.
+
+Here is a plus sine, square
+root two plus square root two.
+
+So that means if we allow one
+photon to be in each mode,
+
+it leads us actually out of the
+Hilbert space of single photon
+
+states, because we have
+a certain probability
+
+now that we have two
+photons in each mode.
+
+So, we don't want that.
+
+So if you want to deal
+with only one photon,
+
+we should restrict our
+attention, our formalism
+
+to the states which have
+nor more than one photon.
+
+And now, if we act on those
+states with beam splitters,
+
+we don't get out of this
+subspace or fill that space.
+
+However, we also want to
+omit this state because it's
+
+more elegant to do it, but also,
+if you have a single photon
+
+state and we have a detector
+which has not 100% efficiency
+
+and we do a
+measurement-- well, we
+
+don't know if we have
+the state zero one,
+
+but we just didn't detect it,
+or we had the state zero zero.
+
+Whereas if you deal
+with two states
+
+where you always have a
+photon-- exactly one photon--
+
+and you read out your system
+and you detect nothing,
+
+well you discard
+the measurement.
+
+And then, you only
+take the measurements
+
+which have detected one photon.
+
+So you have the ability to
+deal with finite efficiencies
+
+and losses in a very
+straightforward way.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+operation of dega 1, 1
+
+doesn't look so unitary to me.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And it is in my lecture notes.
+
+Minus.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And it's right in
+my lecture notes.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Sometimes, when you're talking,
+explain it, build it up-- yes.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Other question?
+
+Good.
+
+So what I just said, that we
+want to restrict the Hilbert
+
+space to exactly
+one photon, this
+
+is so important for
+implementations and discussions
+
+of quantum information protocols
+that it has its own name.
+
+It's called the
+dual-rail photon state.
+
+The dual-rail
+photon state space.
+
+Exactly one photon, but the
+photon can either be in mode a
+
+or in mode b.
+
+So this part-- this dual-rail
+photon state space--
+
+is a Hilbert space which has a
+basis which is zero one and one
+
+zero, and this is of
+course a two-level system.
+
+In this so-defined
+Hilbert space,
+
+we can have an arbitrary
+state, [? psi ?] which
+
+is-- as in any two-dimensional
+Hilbert space--
+
+it's a linear superposition
+of your two base
+
+states with coefficients
+alpha and beta.
+
+And the few of them for which
+we have prepared right now
+
+is that any possible state
+of this Hilbert space
+
+can be created from any
+of the base state, that
+
+is from zero one simply by beam
+splitters and phase shifters.
+
+When I taught this unit the last
+time, I went through the proof,
+
+but I want to make room for more
+in-class discussion like we had
+
+on Wednesday with
+the clicker question,
+
+so what I decided is I give
+you the idea behind the proof,
+
+and the formal parts
+you can simply fill in
+
+by reading about it
+on the Wiki page.
+
+So, let me just
+focus on the idea.
+
+So the proof is that
+if I use some column
+
+vector for alpha beta-- that
+we can identify with the beam
+
+splitter and the
+phase shifter-- we
+
+can identify them as
+rotation operators.
+
+This is immediate obvious if I
+use the transformation on psi
+
+by beam splitter, we learned
+just a few minutes ago
+
+how the beam splitter operator
+acts on the base state.
+
+So now, we know how it
+acts on an arbitrary
+
+linear combination.
+
+And the matrix here
+is nothing else
+
+than the rotation
+matrix with the minus
+
+sign around the y-axis.
+
+So that's a beam splitter.
+
+The phase shifter is
+not changing any state.
+
+It shifts one of the states
+by e to the minus i phi,
+
+but I can sort of summarize
+it by taking half of it
+
+out as a prefector,
+and then adding here
+
+e to the i phi over two.
+
+And this here is
+immediately recognized
+
+as the rotation matrix
+around the z-axis.
+
+Now, you may ask
+what about this?
+
+Well, this is an irrelevant
+global phase factor.
+
+If you have any state
+in Hilbert space
+
+and you change the global
+phase, it doesn't matter.
+
+Therefore, we are realizing
+that the beam splitter
+
+is a rotation around the y-axis.
+
+It's now a definitional thing,
+but we put a factor of two
+
+here by an angle two theta,
+and the phase shifter
+
+is a rotation around the
+z-axis by an angle phi.
+
+Now, with that, we
+can formulate what
+
+is called Bloch's theorem,
+that any unitary operation
+
+of a two-dimensional
+Hilbert space
+
+can be written as a
+product of rotations.
+
+Now, let's first count an
+arbitrary unitary operation
+
+while a two by two
+matrix in complex space
+
+has eight numbers-- four real
+parts, four imaginary parts.
+
+But if the matrix
+is unitary, they
+
+are only four
+independent elements--
+
+alpha, beta, gamma, delta.
+
+And if you parametrize the
+unitary matrix with alpha,
+
+beta, gamma, delta which is
+shown in the weekly notes,
+
+then we can write this
+arbitrary unitary matrix
+
+by a combination of an
+overall phase factor.
+
+Which is irrelevant
+because it's a global phase
+
+factor-- and then a rotation
+around z, a rotation around y,
+
+and a rotation
+around the z-axis.
+
+So, if I rephrase this
+theorem in modern language,
+
+I would say we
+have a qubit which
+
+is a two-level
+system characterized
+
+by two numbers alpha beta.
+
+And we can do an arbitrary
+operation in the Hilbert space
+
+of the qubit, which is called
+an arbitrary single qubit
+
+operation.
+
+So, can be performed by phase
+shifters and beam splitters.
+
+Just to make sure that this
+doesn't lead to any confusion,
+
+the phase shift which is
+relevant for this Hilbert space
+
+is a phase shift which is
+relative between the two
+
+states, and can be detected
+by an interference experiment.
+
+Those global phase shifts
+cannot be detected.
+
+There is no observable,
+no procedure
+
+to observe those-- unless you
+would have a a third mode.
+
+But then, we would
+expand the Hilbert space
+
+to three levels and
+then, of course,
+
+it's the global phase shift
+in the two-dimension Hilbert
+
+space becomes a
+relative phase shift
+
+within the three-dimension
+Hilbert space.
+
+And in modern language,
+those single qubit operations
+
+are called quantum gates.
+
+So, all gates which
+act on a single qubit
+
+can be realized with phase
+shifters and beam splitters.
+
+Let me give you one
+example for that.
+
+In quantum computation,
+quantum information science,
+
+there is a very important
+gate-- the Hadamard gate,
+
+which is described by
+a transformation which
+
+has 1 minus 111.
+
+And I said it can be realized
+with a beam splitter and phase
+
+shifter.
+
+So let me just show it to you
+in using our symbolic language.
+
+So if you look at the matrix
+we had derived for the beam
+
+splitter, you realize that
+we get the Hadamard gate
+
+by aiding the phase
+shifter by pi.
+
+So, in that sense, single qubit
+operations are checked off.
+
+We know how to deal with that.
+
+We want to now move towards
+two qubit operations--
+
+and then, it's getting
+really interesting.
+
+As you may know, you can
+do any arbitrary operation
+
+in many qubits by
+just having single
+
+and two qubit operations.
+
+Therefore, once we know
+how two qubits interact--
+
+how photons in two
+different qubits interact,
+
+we are done-- we have
+universal quantum gates.
+
+The element I need for
+two qubit operation
+
+is the Mach-Zehnder
+interferometer.
+
+Just a side remark, I introduce
+a Mach-Zehnder interferometer
+
+here as a way to
+manipulate qubits.
+
+On the other hand,
+most of you know
+
+that interferometers for light
+and interferometers for atoms
+
+are used for some of the most
+precise measurements ever done.
+
+So, in that sense,
+this shows the dual use
+
+of the formalism I'm
+introducing here.
+
+We really use some of the
+formalism and the language
+
+we develop here for
+qubit operation,
+
+and discuss next week
+the ultimate accuracy--
+
+the fundamental
+limits to the accuracy
+
+you can get in
+precision measurements
+
+based on interferometry.
+
+Let me just write
+down the sentence
+
+because it has a lot
+of key words in it.
+
+So the dual-rail photon
+presentation of a qubit-- this
+
+is what we have achieved so far.
+
+So this allows us now to
+discuss interferometers simply
+
+as [INAUDIBLE] gates.
+
+And what isn't interferometer--
+an interferometer is,
+
+in its basic [INAUDIBLE],
+you have a beam splitter,
+
+you have two paths, and then
+you use another beam splitter
+
+which recombines the two beams.
+
+So, let me draw
+two beam splitters.
+
+These are two beam splitters.
+
+We have an input [INAUDIBLE]
+b, an input mode a.
+
+They are sort of mixed.
+
+Here are the two arms
+of the interferometer.
+
+And now, we create output
+modes b prime and a prime.
+
+What we have introduced
+here is the beam splitter b,
+
+and by putting the dot on the
+other side, this is b dega.
+
+Since b dega times b equals
+one equals the identity,
+
+this interferometer
+is doing nothing.
+
+If the photon
+starts in mode b, it
+
+comes out in the upper mode b.
+
+If it starts in a, it
+comes out in the mode a.
+
+But of course, this
+is just the beginning,
+
+because we can now introduce
+here an arbitrary phase shift
+
+phi.
+
+And now, it is an
+interferometer.
+
+Now, we can read
+out with the output
+
+the phase shift, and ultimately,
+with very high precision.
+
+I what you to appreciate that.
+
+If we had used single qubits
+in one mode-- no photon,
+
+one photon.
+
+I gave you many reasons
+why we shouldn't do that,
+
+but then, we would be
+dealing with one mode,
+
+and this would
+actually be something
+
+which involves two qubits.
+
+But since our
+single qubit system
+
+is a two-level system where
+the photon is here and there,
+
+we can now send single photons
+with the interferometer--
+
+describe the interferometer
+as a single qubit operation.
+
+At least it's nice.
+
+It allows us to
+keep things simple,
+
+and discuss things at a
+very fundamental level.
+
+So, what we want to
+figure out-- what
+
+is this interferometer doing?
+
+So, we want to know if we
+have an input state-- what
+
+is the output state?
+
+And the input state can now
+be any arbitrary wave function
+
+in our dual-rail Hilbert space.
+
+So, it's always
+one photon, but it
+
+can be in a random
+superposition in an arbitrary
+
+superposition of states a and b.
+
+Well, with the formalism
+we have developed now,
+
+it becomes very simple.
+
+All we have to do is we have
+to act with the first beam
+
+splitter with a phase shifter,
+and with a second beam splitter
+
+onto the state.
+
+And this is nothing else than
+taking two rotation matrices
+
+and multiplying them.
+
+The beam splitter
+we have chosen,
+
+I said there was sort
+of a phase convention
+
+when I peeked the beam splitter.
+
+It is a rotation by pi over 2.
+
+This is minus pi over 2, and
+the z-rotation is by minus phi.
+
+I'm not sure if I manage to do
+that, but if this is the y-axis
+
+and we start with the qubit,
+the first beam splitter
+
+rotates it down.
+
+Then, the rotation by z-- thus,
+that-- and the second beam
+
+splitter rotates by y.
+
+Therefore, the
+qubit is like that.
+
+Therefore, if you count
+all x's with the things
+
+I did is-- I started
+with a qubit here.
+
+It went down like
+this, like this.
+
+So what I did is--
+in the end, I simply
+
+rotated it around the x-axis.
+
+If you want, you can
+multiply the matrices,
+
+or you can draw block
+sphere visualization.
+
+That you say we have an
+x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis.
+
+So the z is vertical.
+
+So, we started out with
+the qubit along the z-axis.
+
+The first one was rotation
+around the y-axis.
+
+So then, we were here.
+
+The second operation was
+rotation around the z-axis.
+
+And then, we have to rotate
+back around the y-axis, which
+
+eventually gives this
+as the final state.
+
+So ultimately, the
+product of all this
+
+is a rotation around the x-axis.
+
+Our interferometer--
+I'm not sure
+
+if you've ever
+heard the language,
+
+but it's really
+elegant and powerful.
+
+An interferometer with
+an arbitrary phase
+
+in this two-level Hilbert
+space with this sort
+
+of geometric interpretation
+we have given,
+
+is nothing else than a
+rotation around the x-axis.
+
+Therefore, we know immediately
+the two limiting cases when
+
+we rotate by zero,
+it's sort of balanced.
+
+Output and input are the
+same, because we're not
+
+rotating at all.
+
+Whereas if we have a phase
+shift of 180 degrees,
+
+we swap the two qubits.
+
+So, we swap the two
+modes, and swapping modes
+
+is an inversion of the qubit.
+
+So that's almost trivial,
+but we need this definition--
+
+we need this knowledge to
+take it to the next step.
+
+Remember, we want
+to do something
+
+more interesting than
+rotating two level systems.
+
+We want to get two qubits,
+combine them, entangle them,
+
+and all that.
+
+So what we need for
+that is-- we have
+
+to expand the Hilbert space.
+
+I introduced the Mach-Zehnder
+interferometer as the device
+
+to do it.
+
+But now, we need a way
+how a second photon
+
+from another qubit can
+interact with the photon
+
+of our first qubit.
+
+And we want to do that
+by introducing first
+
+the non-linear Mach-Zehnder
+interferometer.
+
+I want to throw in a
+non-linear element,
+
+and then we are ready to
+allow the second qubit
+
+through the non-linear element
+to manipulate the first qubit.
+
+And then, we have
+interactions between qubit.
+
+We have two qubit gates.
+
+Let me maybe just
+deviate for my notes.
+
+I really want to show
+you what I'm doing,
+
+and that you have it clearly
+in mind where I'm aiming it.
+
+So what we want to accomplish
+is-- instead of having a phase
+
+shifter with an externally
+controlled phase,
+
+I want to put in some
+non-linear crystal-- which
+
+has an index of refraction
+which has a phase shift.
+
+But now, the face that
+the non-linear crystal
+
+has the property, that
+its index of refraction
+
+changes when I take another
+laser beam and send it through.
+
+So, the laser beam through--
+because the index of refraction
+
+is intensity-dependent,
+the green laser beam
+
+changes index of refraction of
+the non-linear crystal-- also
+
+called Kerr medium.
+
+And that means now,
+because the blue beam
+
+goes through the same crystal,
+that the green beam controls
+
+now the phase shift
+of the blue beam.
+
+And now, we have interacting
+photons-- one photon interacts
+
+with the second photon.
+
+Let's work it out.
+
+So our goal is to
+develop a description
+
+for non-linear Mach-Zehnder
+interferometer.
+
+What we need is a
+non-linear medium.
+
+So, let me just introduce
+for two or three minutes
+
+non-linear medium,
+how we describe it,
+
+and then we put in into
+our interferometer.
+
+So, in linear optics--
+just to remind you,
+
+we have a polarization on
+electric dipole moment, which
+
+is proportional to the
+electric field of light,
+
+and x i is the polarizability.
+
+The most complicated case, it
+can be polarizability tensor.
+
+Now, this is linear.
+
+If you want two non-linear, then
+we have the linear relationship
+
+simply as you can say the first
+terminal [INAUDIBLE] expansion.
+
+So we expand the response
+of the medium in powers
+
+of the electric field, and
+we have the susceptibilities
+
+chi 1, chi 2, chi 3, and so on.
+
+We have already encountered
+a non-linear element which
+
+had a chi 2 susceptibility,
+and these where the crystals
+
+we put in our OPOs into our
+optical parametric oscillators.
+
+Remember, the optical
+parametric oscillator
+
+involved-- how many modes?
+
+Three.
+
+We had one photon, which was
+broken down into two photons.
+
+But that also means
+that the reverse process
+
+is you drive the beam-- you
+drive the OPO with omega,
+
+but the e square term creates
+an electric polarization
+
+as 2 omega.
+
+And if you have an oscillating
+polarization as 2 omega,
+
+you create light at 2 omega.
+
+So, I just want to remind you
+that the chi square term is
+
+what we have
+already encountered.
+
+That's not what we need for
+the non-linear Mach-Zehnder
+
+interferometer.
+
+What we need now is
+a chi 3 interaction,
+
+which is the Kerr medium.
+
+Because we want to realize
+the following Hamiltonian.
+
+The Hamiltonian, the Kerr
+medium is also called cross--
+
+that's cx --
+cross-phase modulation.
+
+One beam can affect the
+phase of another beam,
+
+and this is called
+cross-phase modulation.
+
+There's also
+self-phase modulation--
+
+that one laser beam changes
+the index of refraction
+
+for itself-- but here, we want
+the cross-phase modulation.
+
+So, we know that if we have a
+mode, and we shift its phase,
+
+we're not changing any photons.
+
+So if we're in an
+eigenstate of mode a
+
+with one, two, or three photons
+and we simply shift its phase,
+
+we are diagonal in a dega
+a, and the phase shift
+
+is proportional
+to prefector here.
+
+So this Hamiltonian is simply a
+phase shift for photons in mode
+
+a, but if you now multiply
+that with b dega b,
+
+the phase shift is now
+proportional to the number
+
+of photons in mode b.
+
+Now, we have a situation that
+the phase shift from mode
+
+a proportional to the intensity
+in beam b, and vice versa.
+
+So, I think it's self-evident
+that this Hamiltonian is
+
+sequential description
+of the process we
+
+want to introduce know.
+
+This is the cross-phase
+modulation Hamiltonian.
+
+Isn't it much more elegant
+to describe non-linear optics
+
+with Hamiltonians than with
+parametrized susceptibilities
+
+and all that?
+
+It's just amazing-- you
+write in a few letters
+
+and it has all the power of
+the classical description--
+
+plus extra, because it
+includes quantum fluctuations
+
+and everything.
+
+I hope you appreciate
+the power of the language
+
+we are developing.
+
+This is the cross-phase
+modulation Hamiltonian.
+
+And now, we want to
+use this Hamiltonian
+
+in a crystal of
+lengths L Well, you
+
+know if you have a
+time-propagation operator,
+
+you put the Hamiltonian in the
+exponent and multiply with t,
+
+but for propagating laser
+beam, t and L are related,
+
+so this is now the
+unitary transformation
+
+if you propagate
+through that crystal.
+
+We are now defining
+that by saying
+
+we have this non-linear
+susceptibility,
+
+things will be proportional
+to the links L,
+
+and then we have the
+operator a dega a, b dega b.
+
+And let me choose for
+the following discussion
+
+that the links are
+chosen, such that-- when
+
+multiplied with a
+non-linear susceptibility,
+
+we get a phase shift of pi.
+
+Now, we are ready
+to describe what
+
+happens when we
+have a Kerr medium,
+
+and we have two input modes.
+
+So, let's write down the
+table of possible combinations
+
+and operations.
+
+Well, when we act on the
+vacuum, we get nothing.
+
+What happens when we have
+one photon in one mode?
+
+What happens to that photon?
+
+Well, the extra
+phase shift coming
+
+from cross-phase
+modulation is zero,
+
+because we have no photon in
+one of the modes, and a dega a
+
+or b dega b acting on
+this mode gives zero.
+
+Therefore, as long as
+we have only one photon,
+
+we have no phase shift.
+
+The exponential factor
+is one, and we simply
+
+reproduce the original state.
+
+So, the only non-trivial
+situation by construction
+
+is when we have one
+photon in each mode,
+
+and then we get the matrix
+element e to the ikl.
+
+And we adjusted the
+lengths of the crystal
+
+that this is just minus one.
+
+In other words, in
+this Hilbert space,
+
+we get a phase shift of pi--
+we get a minus sign when
+
+we have one photon in each mode.
+
+That's all what
+this medium does.
+
+And if you ever
+thought about it--
+
+how to deal with this
+situation-- that when
+
+I said there is one photon
+which provides a phase
+
+shift to the other photon.
+
+But the other photon is
+also providing a phase shift
+
+to the first photon.
+
+So you may wonder.
+
+When you have a combined
+state of the two,
+
+how do you deal that
+one photon shifts
+
+the other photon,
+and vice versa?
+
+But when you apply
+the operator, you
+
+don't even have
+to think about it.
+
+You see that the operator
+for the combined Hilbert
+
+space of the two photons
+gives you a phase shift of pi.
+
+It's not pi for one photon
+times pi for the other one--
+
+it's pi for the
+whole quantum state.
+
+Any questions?
+
+We have a Kerr
+medium, which means
+
+we are ready now to put it
+into our interferometer.
+
+I'm doing at this
+time-- insert picture.
+
+This is what you want to do now.
+
+We have now three
+modes of light.
+
+You would say, hey-- a
+qubit, each qubit is two.
+
+What is it-- is it
+one and a half qubit?
+
+Yes, it is-- but we extended
+two cubits in a moment.
+
+So what we simply
+have right now is
+
+we have the mode c-- which
+controls the non-linear medium,
+
+and we have what we
+have already discussed.
+
+Our interferometer
+with a phase shifter,
+
+which is now the Kerr medium.
+
+So I think even
+without doing any math,
+
+we know that by construction,
+when we have no photons in c,
+
+that the modes a prime b prime
+transform-- become a and b,
+
+because we have a balance
+interferometer which
+
+is the identity transformation,
+unless we have a phase shift.
+
+But when we have one photon in
+state c, then we actually swap.
+
+So, that's pretty cool.
+
+A single photon in mode c will
+redirect the photon from ab
+
+to ba.
+
+So that's how one
+photon in mode c
+
+controls what happens
+to the photon in ab.
+
+If you want a general
+description of that,
+
+we obtain the output
+state from the input state
+
+by using the matrix b.
+
+This was our interferometer
+based on two beam splitters.
+
+It involved mode a and b.
+
+But now, we throw in
+the phase shifter,
+
+which is our Kerr operator--
+our non-linear phase
+
+shifter with b and c.
+
+This new addition to
+the interferometer
+
+is described by e to the i,
+non-linear susceptibility L,
+
+b dega b, c dega c.
+
+Let me give you one
+intermediate result.
+
+We have now beam
+splitters on either side.
+
+And that leads us
+to an expression.
+
+While the beam splitters
+do nothing to the mode c,
+
+but the beam splitters
+transform the modes
+
+in linear combinations.
+
+And if you do some tedious
+rearrangement of terms--
+
+more details are
+given in the Wiki--
+
+you find that the
+essential result is now
+
+the operator, which we get is
+a dega b minus b dega a over 2.
+
+I'm not giving you the
+non-essential terms,
+
+which are just phase
+shifts-- global phase shifts.
+
+So, let me write it
+down in blue here.
+
+This is just the result of
+the operator manipulation.
+
+If I would cover
+that-- what is that?
+
+Do you remember a dega b minus
+b dega a in the exponent?
+
+It's a beam splitter.
+
+And the beam splitter--
+the beam splitter
+
+matrix was sine
+theta cosine theta.
+
+So we had a theta here.
+
+Now, you realize that this
+non-linear Mach-Zehnder
+
+interferometer, the
+three optical elements
+
+can be replaced by simply a
+single-beam splitter for mode
+
+a and b, but the angle
+theta of the beam splitter
+
+is now controlled by the
+photon field in state c.
+
+In other words, we have
+now a beam splitter.
+
+I told you that a
+beam splitter is
+
+nothing else than a
+rotation around the y-axis.
+
+So now, this non-linear
+Mach-Zehnder interferometer
+
+is simply a beam
+splitter with a rotation
+
+angle given by this term.
+
+Any questions?
+
+This is a situation we
+just had, and we can now
+
+get to two qubits by simply
+adding one more rail.
+
+Remember, two rails with exactly
+one photon in it is a qubit.
+
+So now, we have a qubit here,
+and we have a qubit there.
+
+And you see immediately
+one way how the upper qubit
+
+x on the lower qubit--
+if the lower qubit has
+
+a photon in state c, it
+flips the other qubit.
+
+But if the upper qubit
+has a photon in d,
+
+it doesn't do anything
+to the lower qubit.
+
+Now, we have a
+two-qubit operation.
+
+This is shown here.
+
+But what I want to discuss
+now is the situation
+
+when we throw in one
+more beam splitter,
+
+and this beam splitter
+acts on the upper qubit.
+
+Well-- isn't it
+great how quickly
+
+we go from simple
+elements to something
+
+which looks quite sophisticated?
+
+So, this device now is
+a single optical device
+
+which can entangle qubits,
+which leads to entanglement.
+
+And actually, entanglement
+is our next big topic
+
+we want to talk about--
+entanglement between particles,
+
+entanglement between photons.
+
+And by introducing the
+Mach-Zehnder interferometer,
+
+I was actually building
+up the situation,
+
+which is extremely
+simple elements which
+
+lead to entanglement.
+
+We have everything
+for the description--
+
+each of those
+elements is described
+
+by a matrix which
+we have developed.
+
+Therefore, by just
+multiplying those matrices,
+
+you find immediately how
+this whole device is now
+
+manipulated into qubits.
+
+So, if you want, you
+can just take the crank,
+
+use what we have already
+done, and crank out
+
+the result for it.
+
+Now I wish I had
+a bigger screen,
+
+because I want to describe
+what's going on for you.
+
+What I want to
+discuss with you now
+
+is what happens when
+we take this device,
+
+and we use exactly the
+states 0,1 0,1 at the input
+
+as I indicated.
+
+In terms of qubit
+language, I say
+
+that the first
+qubit is in spin-up,
+
+and the lower qubit
+is also in spin-up.
+
+Spin-down would mean
+that the single photon
+
+is in the other state.
+
+Our two-level system--
+our dual-rail single qubit
+
+two-level system is the
+photon can be either
+
+in one of those states.
+
+This one, we call spin-up--
+this one, we call spin-down.
+
+What I want to
+discuss with you now,
+
+what happens when we start
+with this symmetric input
+
+up-up, which means 0,1 0,1.
+
+And since I don't want to
+scroll up and down so often,
+
+everything is trivial
+beam splitters,
+
+except for the situation when
+we have one photon each here,
+
+and then the Kerr medium
+gives us a minus sign.
+
+So that's what I want to put in.
+
+Remember, I want to
+develop the physics
+
+in one, two, three
+temporal steps.
+
+The first temporal step is
+simply two beam splitters,
+
+and this is shown here.
+
+We start out-- and now
+we have beam splitter
+
+for the upper qubit, beam
+splitter for the lower qubit.
+
+And well, by just
+multiplying it out,
+
+we are now obtaining
+this summation state
+
+for the four different modes.
+
+And I'm dropping here
+factors of square root--
+
+or you can collect them
+at the end, if you want.
+
+And I said the only
+interesting situation
+
+is where we have two
+photons-- one each in the two
+
+middle modes, because now, the
+Kerr medium kicks in and gives
+
+us a minus sign.
+
+Now, you can show by inspection
+that if you now apply the beam
+
+splitter to modes
+a and b, you take
+
+1, 0 into a linear
+combination of 1 and 1,
+
+but the beam splitter is only
+acting on the last two numbers
+
+here.
+
+Then you obtain a state
+which looks very simple.
+
+So this is the output
+state of the device.
+
+Any questions?
+
+And this output state is--
+if I use the spin language,
+
+it's an entangled state.
+
+So now, you have
+one simple example
+
+how just using linear
+optics, very simple elements
+
+you can start with one
+photon here, one photon here,
+
+a simple product state,
+and what comes out
+
+is an entangled state.
+
+Questions?
+
+Let me tell you what I'm
+not telling you-- namely,
+
+the Wiki developed by
+a professor [INAUDIBLE]
+
+has now a wonderful section on
+a famous quantum algorithm--
+
+the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
+
+Pretty much using the
+elements we discuss,
+
+you can now realize the
+Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm,
+
+which is one of the
+famous algorithms where
+
+quantum logic--
+quantum computation is
+
+faster and more efficient
+than classical computation.
+
+I decided not to present
+it to you, because it just
+
+leads to an even more
+complicated diagram and more
+
+formulae.
+
+You should just sit back and
+slowly read it by yourself.
+
+There is no new
+idea introduced--
+
+it's just the concepts
+we have discussed
+
+can lead to very
+powerful algorithms.
+
+What I want to rather do is-- I
+want to continue our discussion
+
+and now talk about the object
+we have encountered here--
+
+namely, entangled states.
+
+But if you have any
+questions, if you
+
+want me to explain anything
+more about the single qubit
+
+manipulation, the
+dual-rail photon state,
+
+I would be happy to do that.
+
+Our next chapter is
+on entangled photons,
+
+and what we can accomplish
+in the next 10 or 15 minutes
+
+is mainly a definition and
+some of the properties.
+
+What we will do
+next week is we will
+
+talk about how we measure
+entanglement-- you already
+
+had one homework assignment
+where you discussed one
+
+way to measure
+entanglement, but there
+
+are others which we want
+to discuss next week.
+
+I also want to show you next
+week how entanglement leads
+
+to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+paradox and Bell's
+
+inequalities.
+
+And eventually, I
+want to show you
+
+how you can entangle
+not only photons,
+
+but how you can entangle atoms.
+
+But that's an outlook.
+
+I think, first of all,
+we want to understand
+
+what is entanglement.
+
+Entanglement is-- let me
+first [? motivate ?] it.
+
+Many people regard entanglement
+as the most quantum
+
+essence you can find.
+
+Well, there's
+always a discussion,
+
+but it's really quantum.
+
+Some people would say
+waves are quantum.
+
+But often, we find
+quantum systems--
+
+very famously, Bose-Einstein
+condensates, which really
+
+behave like
+electromagnetic waves.
+
+They can be split.
+
+They can interfere.
+
+But Bose-Einstein condensates
+are so big, have so many atoms
+
+that you hardly ever encounter
+quantum fluctuations.
+
+You're really in the classical
+limit of matter waves,
+
+and I would actually
+say this is maybe not
+
+at the heart of
+quantum mechanics.
+
+While it's nice,
+it's powerful, it's
+
+important-- but this is not
+really the new feature which
+
+quantum mechanics has
+shown us in nature.
+
+You would say-- well,
+what else is quantum?
+
+Maybe certain
+quantum fluctuations
+
+going down to single
+photons, and I
+
+would agree that's
+a quantization
+
+of the electromagnetic field.
+
+That's much more quantum than
+having millions of condensates,
+
+millions of condensed
+atoms in one single wave.
+
+But what I would say
+is even more quantum
+
+than the single photon
+is the entanglement.
+
+Entanglement is sort of
+pure quantum mechanics.
+
+With single photons, you
+can still use intuition.
+
+But with entanglement,
+that is really bizarre.
+
+This is really- I
+hate the word, but let
+
+me use it-- this is sort
+of pure quantum weirdness.
+
+And there are people who have
+spent most of their career
+
+until now to just show the
+weirdness of quantum mechanics,
+
+and showing to what peculiar
+phenomena entanglement leads.
+
+So entanglement has really
+lead to a lot of-- I
+
+should be careful with the
+word surprising-- surprising
+
+always means you didn't
+have enough imagination
+
+to think about it, but yes,
+I would say-- really truly
+
+unanticipated, and in that
+sense, surprising developments.
+
+Entanglement is, therefore,
+for me, the most quantum
+
+aspect of quantum mechanics.
+
+It was through the
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+argument-- it was actually
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+in the '30s who argued--
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen were
+
+really the first--
+this was almost 5
+
+or 10 years after the
+development of quantum
+
+mechanics.
+
+But it was
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+who looked at the properties
+of entangled states.
+
+This famous experiment
+where you have something
+
+entangled in position
+and momentum space.
+
+And then,
+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
+
+found a paradox,
+and their conclusion
+
+was that the properties
+of entangled states
+
+implies that quantum
+mechanic is not
+
+compete-- is not a complete
+description of the word.
+
+Well, we don't any longer
+share this opinion.
+
+It was John Bell and others who
+said that entanglement really
+
+exemplifies that quantum
+mechanical correlations go
+
+beyond classical mechanics--
+go beyond the classic picture.
+
+Therefore, you can say
+if you have a quantum
+
+system like a
+Bose-Einstein condensate,
+
+where you have end
+particles doing
+
+in unison what
+one particle does.
+
+This is sort of like the
+laser where many photons do
+
+what one photon does--
+but it fits very, very
+
+well into the concept of
+classical probabilities
+
+and an intuitive understanding
+of why many particles do
+
+what one particle does.
+
+But if the particles
+are entangled,
+
+that's almost like you
+turbo-charge your system.
+
+Your system has now more
+oomph, more power in it.
+
+And this is shown that it
+has extra correlation-- there
+
+is something extra in
+it, which you would never
+
+get from any classical limit.
+
+And this extra oomph,
+this extra power
+
+turns out to be a real resource.
+
+So, entanglement-- this extra
+correlation-- is a resource.
+
+And resource means it's
+good for something.
+
+It enables teleportation.
+
+Remember when we talked about
+the teleportation scheme--
+
+Alice and Bob could only
+teleport a quantum state
+
+because they shared
+entangled photons.
+
+It was this entangled state
+which Alice manipulated
+
+with a measurement,
+and Bob used this half
+
+of the entangled state to
+recreate the original state.
+
+So, it's the engine
+[INAUDIBLE] up
+
+behind teleportation in the
+world of quantum computation.
+
+The exponential speedup
+of quantum computers
+
+versus classical computers
+in quantum algorithms
+
+is due to the
+entanglement, which
+
+we can put into
+a quantum system.
+
+And eventually,
+next week, you will
+
+see that if you have
+an atom interferometer
+
+with entangled states,
+we can operate it
+
+at a precision which is
+better than short noise.
+
+So in other words, you use laser
+light to measure something,
+
+and you're limited by
+the fundamental noise
+
+limit of classical physics.
+
+Now, you entangle
+your laser beam
+
+and you get higher
+precision out of it.
+
+So this shows that entanglement
+is a very special resource.
+
+It's very precious,
+very powerful
+
+and can extend what
+physics can do.
+
+So, let's define it.
+
+I'm not describing
+to you entanglement
+
+in the most generous situation.
+
+If you talk about
+many modes-- if you
+
+talk about not just pure states,
+but statistical operators--
+
+it can become quite involved.
+
+I'd rather start with the
+simple situation, which
+
+for conceptual discussions is
+also the most important one.
+
+I restrict our focus
+now on two modes.
+
+I want to ask if you have two
+modes a-- actually, two modes
+
+means two subsystems here.
+
+If you have two
+subsystems a and b--
+
+let me tell you what
+entanglement is not,
+
+and then I make
+it the definition.
+
+There wouldn't be
+anything special
+
+if you have a system which
+has two parts a and b.
+
+The global system is psi ab.
+
+But if your system
+would simply factorize
+
+into a wave function
+of subsystem a,
+
+direct product with
+subsystem b, and this here
+
+is the tensor product.
+
+Then, there would be
+nothing special going on
+
+between subsystem
+a and subsystem b--
+
+and this is non-entangled.
+
+Everything else is entangled.
+
+So, this is our definition.
+
+When we have two
+separate systems a and b,
+
+we call this situation the
+total system bipartite.
+
+So, a bipartite state which has
+sort of half of it in system a,
+
+half of it in system b.
+
+We need those two
+different systems--
+
+it's a composite
+system a plus b.
+
+And this state is entangled-- if
+and only if you cannot find two
+
+states psi a and psi b,
+such that the state can be
+
+factorized.
+
+We need a few examples
+to fully comprehend
+
+this discussion-- what
+systems a and b qualify.
+
+What does it mean if there
+does not exist any combination?
+
+So, let me give you
+some examples now,
+
+and then I think we stop.
+
+If you have the 0, 0
+state, photons in two mode,
+
+we can factorize it-- and
+this is not entangled.
+
+If you have a state which
+is 0, 0 plus 1, 1-- well,
+
+you cannot write it as a product
+of one state times another
+
+state.
+
+This is entangled.
+
+Well, if you take the following
+state-- Is that entangled
+
+or not?
+
+I've written it as a
+sum of four states,
+
+but if you just stare at
+it for a split second,
+
+you realize you can just write
+it as a product of two states.
+
+It's just a product
+of 0, 1 with 0, 1.
+
+So, a state is not entangled
+if you can write it
+
+as a linear superposition
+of those states.
+
+The definition of
+entanglement is--
+
+if you try hard
+and hard and hard,
+
+and there doesn't exist any
+product state decomposition,
+
+then it is entangled.
+
+So, that was easy.
+
+If you use a state like-- let
+me just leave the 1, 1 out.
+
+What about this one?
+
+Well, you can try as
+hard as you want--
+
+you will not find
+the decomposition.
+
+So eventually,
+when I say you have
+
+to try hard to
+find decomposition,
+
+maybe what we want
+is we want to apply
+
+some operator or some
+procedure to this state,
+
+and get the answer, yes-no.
+
+This naturally asks for
+question-- how in general can
+
+we measure if a state
+is entangled or not?
+
+But this is something
+we'll discuss next week.
+
+So let me just conclude
+with the following.
+
+I'm focusing here and for pretty
+much all of this cause when
+
+we talk about entanglement,
+about pure states.
+
+If you have decoherence--
+if you have the transition
+
+from pure states to
+density matrices--
+
+it gets much more involved
+to talk about entanglement
+
+and measure entanglement.
+
+But at least the
+basic definition
+
+can still be maintained
+for statistical operators.
+
+If you describe the system--
+the total system by one
+
+statistical operator-- the
+system is not entangled.
+
+If the statistical
+operator can be broken up
+
+into a direct tensor product
+of statistical operator
+
+for system a and system b.
+
+Otherwise, the
+system is entangled.
+
+So the basic definition
+can be generalized
+
+to density matrices,
+but a lot of things
+
+become much, much more messy
+if you don't have pure states.
+
+Any last-minute questions?
+
+See you on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t4IA4GsLMEk.txt b/t4IA4GsLMEk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41734a62fee00b0afebe90720893e961e938b1dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t4IA4GsLMEk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4146 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Maybe
+I should go over
+
+real quickly what
+we did on Monday.
+
+We can start out with we
+covered the various parts
+
+of the auditory periphery--
+the external, middle,
+
+and inner ears.
+
+And we had a paper on the
+function of the external ear
+
+and how it can help you localize
+sounds when you distort it
+
+by using clay molds that you
+can put in subjects' pinnae.
+
+Your sense of
+localization of sounds,
+
+especially those at different
+elevation, is all screwed up.
+
+And you can relearn
+because you still
+
+have some bends and quirky
+geometry in your pinnae.
+
+Even with a little
+clay in there,
+
+you can relearn using new
+clues to localize sounds
+
+in elevation, but it takes
+a little bit of time.
+
+So the subjects in
+that paper relearned
+
+how to localize sounds.
+
+Now, there are other
+cues that we'll
+
+be dealing with for localization
+of sounds in azimuth.
+
+And that's where you
+use two separate ears.
+
+For example, if a
+sound's off to my right,
+
+it's going to hit
+my right ear first.
+
+And then because sound travels
+at a finite velocity in air,
+
+it's going to hit
+my left ear second.
+
+So there's a delay
+between the two ears,
+
+and that's a primary cue
+for localizing in azimuth,
+
+in the horizontal plane.
+
+So one comment I
+had after class was
+
+that was a good
+paper on relearning
+
+sound localization
+with new ears.
+
+Someone came up
+and said they had
+
+read that in another
+discussion group.
+
+And I think it is
+a very good paper,
+
+because it deals with the
+function of the external ear.
+
+It deals with how you
+can relearn new cues.
+
+Let's say if when you grow up,
+your pinnae are getting bigger
+
+from being an
+infant to an adult.
+
+So you have to relearn
+those cues over time.
+
+We talked about the
+function of the middle ear,
+
+securing efficient
+transmission of sound energy
+
+from air into the
+fluid of the inner ear.
+
+And we talked about, of course,
+the physical characteristics
+
+of sound, what sound frequency
+is, what sound level is.
+
+We talked about
+simple sounds-- that
+
+is, pure tones or
+single frequencies.
+
+More complex sounds
+like musical sounds that
+
+have a bunch of
+frequencies, and even speech
+
+sounds that have a whole
+bunch of different frequencies
+
+and they're changed
+a little bit.
+
+And the change is very
+perceptually obvious
+
+in the form of changing from
+one vowel to another vowel.
+
+And so another comment I got
+by email, someone said, well,
+
+can you tell me
+where you're from?
+
+Because you have a
+Midwestern accent.
+
+OK, speaking of speech sounds.
+
+And that's a very
+interesting comment,
+
+because I've been in the
+Boston area since 1983.
+
+And that's 30 years.
+
+And I am from the Midwest.
+
+In fact, I brought my
+Midwestern clothes today.
+
+I got my hat and my
+Michigan sweatshirt
+
+which I got out of the rag pile.
+
+Or is it my Harvard sweatshirt?
+
+Let's see.
+
+It says, "Harvard,
+Michigan of the East."
+
+So I guess it's my
+Michigan sweatshirt.
+
+It's got the Michigan
+colors, maize and blue.
+
+And so I grew up in
+Ann Arbor, Michigan.
+
+I probably-- it
+depends on who you are,
+
+you have to sort
+of listen for it.
+
+According to my wife I still
+have it, and maybe some of you
+
+can hear my Midwestern twang.
+
+So it's an evidence that
+you have very good hearing
+
+that you can hear these
+different not only vowels
+
+but accents.
+
+So that's kind of
+interesting that I
+
+was reading a book
+just last week.
+
+And it's called Our Boston.
+
+You can get at the MIT COOP.
+
+And one of the chapters
+is on regional accents.
+
+And I'll do a
+little reading maybe
+
+just at the very beginning
+of this chapter which
+
+talks about regional
+accents and linguists.
+
+I'll just read you
+the first sentence.
+
+It says, "As most
+linguists might tell you,
+
+regional accents are
+a lot like underpants.
+
+Everybody has them, and usually
+no one notices his or her own.
+
+But the world would be
+a very different place
+
+in their absence."
+
+So that's what
+regional accents are.
+
+How many of you
+guys are linguists,
+
+or interested in linguistics?
+
+Just a few, OK.
+
+Well, of course is it's
+a fascinating science,
+
+and it intersects with
+the auditory world.
+
+So today we're going to
+launch into the next aspect
+
+of the auditory periphery
+which is the inner ear.
+
+And the inner ear, the
+scientific name, of course,
+
+is the cochlea, from
+the Greek snail shell.
+
+We're going to talk about
+the anatomy of the cochlea.
+
+This is the cochlea here.
+
+We're going to talk
+about the vibration
+
+patterns in the cochlea.
+
+Because of course, the
+cochlear structures
+
+are vibrating in
+response to sound.
+
+And the original
+pioneer in that area
+
+was of course George
+von Bekesy, who
+
+was a Hungarian physicist
+who worked for the telephone
+
+company, later came to
+Harvard and won the Nobel
+
+Prize in 1961.
+
+So we always put him
+up on the pedestal
+
+because he is the only
+winner for the hearing
+
+field for the Nobel Prize.
+
+So those in the
+vision system, you
+
+can pull out all these people
+who've won the Nobel Prize.
+
+In the auditory field,
+there's one winner.
+
+It's George von Bekesy.
+
+So we'll talk about his work
+on cochlear vibration patterns.
+
+Then we'll talk about
+the receptor cells
+
+for hearing, which are inner
+hair cells and outer hair
+
+cells.
+
+There are two
+types, a little bit
+
+like you had the rods
+and cones in the retina.
+
+But these have very different
+and complementary roles,
+
+and we'll talk about the
+separate functions of those two
+
+types of hair cells.
+
+We'll talk about the outer
+hair cell electromotility.
+
+We'll go into what that is.
+
+And finally if we
+have time, we'll
+
+end up with otoacoustic
+emissions, which
+
+are a very interesting research
+and clinical tool for testing
+
+here.
+
+So cochlear anatomy,
+here is an early drawing
+
+of the cochlea by DeVerny.
+
+Back in the 1600s,
+they already knew
+
+that the cochlea was
+like a snail shell.
+
+And in the middle of
+it, it had a membrane,
+
+and the membrane went all the
+way from the base to the apex.
+
+This very basalmost
+part is called the hook.
+
+And then the membrane
+spirals around
+
+and goes to the very apex.
+
+And so I have a very simple
+wire model that I can hold up,
+
+do the same thing.
+
+I can bend it any way I want to.
+
+Here's the hook.
+
+You can see this in
+three dimensions here.
+
+OK, so the cochlea
+is a spiral shaped
+
+structure which has
+a membrane in it.
+
+The name of the
+big membrane-- it
+
+has several membranes-- the
+name of the big membrane
+
+is called the basilar
+membrane, which
+
+of course stands for base.
+
+And we'll see that the hair
+cells and the other cells
+
+associated with them sit right
+on top of the basilar membrane.
+
+We can go to that
+in just a second.
+
+Anatomists more recently
+like to cut sections
+
+through structures.
+
+And that's because the light
+microscope, the electron
+
+microscope, can resolve
+very small things
+
+like cells and parts of cells
+very well in thin sections.
+
+So if you cut right down the
+middle of that snail shell
+
+and took out a thin section,
+you'd get this view.
+
+So of course, all
+this gray shading
+
+on the outside and even
+parts of the inside is bone.
+
+So this is a bony structure.
+
+It's very different
+from the eyeball,
+
+which is all soft tissue.
+
+This is a bony structure.
+
+In the middle, there
+is a nerve coming in.
+
+That's the auditory nerve.
+
+The auditory nerve
+starts in the cochlea
+
+and sends messages to the
+brain, which is down here.
+
+It's been cut away.
+
+You can see the tube of the
+snail shell, or cochlea,
+
+is subdivided by this big
+membrane, this basilar
+
+membrane.
+
+And that there's another
+membrane in here too.
+
+The name of that membrane
+is Reissner's membrane,
+
+but it's not that important.
+
+But the picture you
+get here sort of
+
+looks like steps on a ladder.
+
+And the Latin name first steps
+is "scala"-- or "scalae,"
+
+if it's plural.
+
+This means steps.
+
+For instance, a musical
+scale is whole steps,
+
+and every now and
+then a half step.
+
+So these, to the
+early anatomists,
+
+looked like steps on a ladder.
+
+But actually what they are,
+are fluid-filled compartments
+
+separated by membranes.
+
+And there are three
+fluid-filled compartments here.
+
+And this is another
+cross section
+
+of just one turn of the cochlea.
+
+This compartment is
+called scala tympani.
+
+This compartment is
+called scala vestibuli.
+
+And this one, which is in the
+middle, is called scala media.
+
+So there are three
+scalae in the cochlea.
+
+So scala tympani, vestibuli,
+and media, or middle.
+
+And the hair cells
+sit on this membrane
+
+that separates scala
+tympani from scala media.
+
+And the hair cells here,
+the inner hair cells
+
+and the outer hair
+cells, are surrounded
+
+by a whole bunch of other cells.
+
+And that whole receptor organ
+is called the organ of Corti.
+
+So it says that down
+here, the organ of Corti.
+
+And Corti was one of the
+first Italian anatomists
+
+to really draw the
+structure correctly,
+
+although he got it
+a little bit wrong.
+
+These round circles are
+the outer hair cells.
+
+If you cut this in
+cross section and look
+
+at this in a magnified
+version, there's
+
+only one inner hair cell.
+
+He put two in his drawing, so
+it's a little bit incorrect.
+
+But his name is now
+attached to the organ.
+
+The organ of Corti is
+where the hair cells are,
+
+and there's a whole bunch
+of other supporting cells
+
+that keep the hair
+cells in their place.
+
+OK, so the receptor organ
+sits on the basilar membrane.
+
+And the organ of Corti's there.
+
+There's this other membrane
+that separates scala media
+
+from scala vestibuli.
+
+It's called Reissner's membrane,
+but it's not important.
+
+OK, so that's the structure
+of the organ of Corti.
+
+And during the 1930s
+and '40s, people
+
+started thinking about,
+well, how does this thing
+
+move when you stimulate
+the ear with sound?
+
+And George von Bekesy,
+as I've said before,
+
+was the first to make
+really good measurements
+
+of the motion of the basilar
+membrane in response to sound.
+
+And this is a cutaway diagram
+of his experimental setup.
+
+This is the cochlea
+in cross section.
+
+Of course, he had the
+whole cochlea there.
+
+And he used cochleas
+from cadavers.
+
+He would go to the mortuary,
+get a temporal bone
+
+and drill away all the bone
+and be left with the cochlea
+
+and put it in his Petri dish.
+
+He had a huge sound
+source that he
+
+would apply right
+to the oval window.
+
+He would take out the stapes
+and drive the cochlear fluids
+
+directly.
+
+And as we said last time,
+if you have sound in air
+
+and are trying to
+get it in fluid,
+
+you really to crank it up.
+
+And so it's a huge sound source.
+
+And he stimulated
+way up at 140 dB,
+
+way at the top end of the
+curve we had last time.
+
+He needed to drive
+it that high not only
+
+to get sound into
+the fluid but also
+
+so that his measurement system
+could pick up these movements.
+
+The movements tend to
+be very, very small.
+
+In response to sound,
+maybe the basilar membrane
+
+is moving only a few nanometers.
+
+OK, but it's going to
+move a lot more nanometers
+
+if you blast the heck out of it.
+
+And his observation device was
+simply a microscope, a water
+
+immersion lens that he brought
+down and focused on the basilar
+
+membrane to see the thing move.
+
+So he didn't have
+very good resolution.
+
+Maybe he could only
+see micrometers
+
+in terms of movements, so he
+had to turn up the sound very
+
+high to get the
+thing to vibrate.
+
+So we can criticize
+his experiments now
+
+for several reasons.
+
+Number one, we don't
+listen way up at 140 dB.
+
+In fact, those kinds
+of sounds are actually
+
+damaging to the hair cells.
+
+But we can also say there
+weren't any hair cells.
+
+It's a dead preparation.
+
+It's a cochlea
+from a cadaver, OK?
+
+And what we know now is that
+the movements and vibration
+
+patterns of the cochlea are very
+different in a dead preparation
+
+than they are in a
+living preparation.
+
+We'll get to that
+in just a minute.
+
+In spite of those problems--
+I mean, von Bekesy
+
+was working in the '30s.
+
+He didn't have very good
+measurement devices,
+
+he had to use what he had.
+
+He discovered some
+very important things.
+
+One of the things was that the
+basilar membrane-- and here's
+
+a diagram of the
+basilar membrane.
+
+It's this horizontal line
+here, if there's no sound.
+
+And it's stretched out now as
+if you took the snail shell
+
+and unwound the coil and made
+it a long, straight basilar
+
+membrane.
+
+So the base is over here
+and the apex is up here.
+
+And we think that that doesn't
+change the vibration pattern
+
+at all.
+
+The only reason that
+the cochlea is coiled
+
+is to save space in your head.
+
+Otherwise, it would
+be pretty long.
+
+So unwinding this is
+just a convenient way
+
+to look at the
+vibration pattern.
+
+He measured in the intact
+cochlea, of course.
+
+This pattern of vibration
+that von Bekesy observed
+
+was called a traveling wave.
+
+OK, so this-- traveling
+waves in the cochlea.
+
+And basically what that means is
+these are snapshots-- one, two,
+
+three, and four.
+
+At one instant, the wave
+pattern looks like number one.
+
+At the next instant,
+it moves, or travels,
+
+and looks like number two,
+and so on and so forth,
+
+three and four.
+
+So the traveling wave
+starts in the base
+
+and travels up to the apex.
+
+And remember, the
+base of the cochlear
+
+is where the input is coming.
+
+If we go back to our first
+diagram here, remember,
+
+the stapes is pushing in
+and out at the oval window.
+
+And that's way down at
+the base of the cochlear.
+
+And what we're seeing
+is these vibrations
+
+are traveling from the base
+all the way up to the apex,
+
+and it's taking a little
+bit of time to do so.
+
+So that's what von
+Bekesy discovered--
+
+there's a traveling wave.
+
+The second thing
+he discovered is
+
+that the peak of the traveling
+wave-- you notice these dash
+
+curves draw the envelope or
+the maximal point of movement
+
+of this basilar membrane.
+
+There's a peak of this traveling
+when the basilar membrane is
+
+vibrating the most.
+
+That peak changes as a function
+of the frequency of the sound
+
+that you used to stimulate
+your preparation.
+
+And this diagram shows that, but
+I have a little better movie,
+
+or demonstration, that
+shows you a traveling wave
+
+that's a little bit
+easier to understand.
+
+So I actually have two of them.
+
+These were made by Chris Shera
+at Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary.
+
+And again, this is the
+basilar membrane stretched out
+
+in a long line from the
+base of the cochlea up
+
+to the apex of the cochlear.
+
+And this is a situation
+with no sound.
+
+So now we're going to turn on
+a sound that is a low frequency
+
+tone.
+
+So tone is synonymous with pure
+tone or a single frequency.
+
+So it's just going
+to be one frequency.
+
+And the input comes
+in here at the stapes.
+
+And you'll see the pattern
+of movement of the basilar
+
+membrane in response to
+the low frequency tone.
+
+Whoops, pressed
+the wrong button.
+
+It takes a little bit of
+time for this to develop.
+
+And then you can see the complex
+pattern, or traveling wave.
+
+It seems to start here
+and go up to here.
+
+It goes up to a peak and
+then quickly comes down.
+
+There's almost no movement
+right at the apex there.
+
+So one thing about that movement
+that I said before is there's
+
+a peak of vibration at a
+certain place along the basilar
+
+membrane.
+
+The other thing is that at
+any point along the basilar
+
+membrane that's moving, it's
+moving as a function of time.
+
+And actually, if you knew what
+the frequency of that tone
+
+is and looked at the
+frequency of movement here,
+
+it would be the same.
+
+So the basilar membrane
+is moving up and down
+
+at the same frequency
+as the sound stimulus.
+
+Maybe that'll be a
+little bit more clear
+
+when I go to the next one,
+because the next movie shows
+
+the basilar membrane vibration
+to three tones-- the low one
+
+that we just saw,
+a middle frequency
+
+one, and a high frequency one.
+
+And as you can indicate,
+you can probably
+
+get from my hand movements,
+the low frequency tone
+
+is going to maximally
+vibrate here toward the apex.
+
+The middle frequency is going
+to be maximally vibrating here,
+
+and the high frequency is going
+to be maximally vibrating over
+
+here.
+
+OK, so there's going
+to sort of a frequency
+
+analysis along the length
+of this basilar membrane.
+
+The other thing I want you
+to notice when the movie is
+
+playing is how fast these
+three places along the basilar
+
+membrane are moving,
+see if they're
+
+moving at the same speed
+or at a different speed.
+
+So this is the
+one we had before.
+
+This is the middle frequency
+and this is the high frequency.
+
+See how much faster this
+is going back and forth
+
+than the slow one,
+and see that it's
+
+peeking in a different place?
+
+OK.
+
+So this is, we think, due to
+the physical characteristics
+
+of the way this
+membrane is set up.
+
+For example, down here the
+membrane is fairly tense
+
+and it's very short in width.
+
+It's like those little tiny
+strings on the piano way
+
+up at the right end of the
+piano for the high notes.
+
+And it's naturally going to
+vibrate at high frequencies.
+
+When you get up toward
+the apex, everything
+
+gets real wide in
+terms of the membranes.
+
+The cells get bigger.
+
+Everything's heavier,
+and it's naturally
+
+going to vibrate slower.
+
+And it's going to vibrate
+best for low frequencies.
+
+OK, so there's this analysis
+along the length of the cochlea
+
+in terms of high
+frequencies are mapped here,
+
+mid frequencies are mapped
+here, and low frequencies
+
+are mapped here.
+
+There is, if you will, a place
+code for sound frequency.
+
+So sound frequencies
+are broken up
+
+into a place code-- low
+frequencies apically,
+
+and higher and higher
+frequencies basally.
+
+Secondly, if you buy into
+my frequency, or our timing
+
+of the movement, there's
+also a timing code
+
+in that high frequencies
+are vibrating much quicker
+
+and low frequencies are
+vibrating much slower.
+
+And as we'll learn
+in a week or two,
+
+the nervous system keeps
+track of both of those things.
+
+There are hair cells down here
+in the base of your cochlea
+
+which are connected to the
+nerve fibers that only innervate
+
+them and are only active when
+there's a high frequency sound
+
+stimulus.
+
+They send that
+message to the brain.
+
+The brain says, ah, here
+are some high frequency
+
+or high pitched sounds.
+
+Conversely, there are
+hair cells up here
+
+that are only responding
+when the basilar membrane is
+
+stimulated with a low frequency.
+
+And they're telling their
+nerve fibers only send
+
+action potentials to the brain
+when there's a low frequency
+
+sound stimulus.
+
+So what are examples?
+
+Everybody knows
+what a low pitched
+
+and a high pitched sound is.
+
+But for example, one of the
+ways you tell a male voice
+
+from a female voice
+is that female voices
+
+have higher pitches to
+them, higher frequencies,
+
+maybe an octave higher.
+
+So immediately usually,
+even over the telephone,
+
+you can tell I'm talking
+to a female speaker
+
+because the
+frequencies are higher
+
+and they're mapped more toward
+the basal end of your cochlea.
+
+Male voices that have
+lower frequencies
+
+are mapped to more
+apical positions.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Now how do we, in the modern
+times, well beyond von Bekesy,
+
+how do we measure these motions?
+
+You're sort of taking
+it for granted from me
+
+that we can make
+these measurements.
+
+Well, von Bekesy used an
+ordinary light microscope.
+
+And he really had to
+crank things way up
+
+to see the structures moving.
+
+And we want to measure them
+down near where we usually
+
+hear, 20 dB SPL, 40 dB SPL.
+
+So what's used is, on
+to the basilar membrane,
+
+you put some sort of source.
+
+And maybe in the
+1980s and '90s, people
+
+were using radioactive sources
+and using the Mossbauer
+
+technique.
+
+They knew that the radioactive
+particles being emitted
+
+had a certain frequency, and
+when the basilar membrane
+
+was moving toward
+you, the frequency
+
+would be changed versus
+moving away from you.
+
+Nowadays in the '90s
+and 200s, people
+
+are using spots
+that they put down,
+
+like little reflective
+disks that are put down
+
+onto the basilar membrane
+that reflect light.
+
+And you shine down a light
+onto the basilar membrane.
+
+And that spot reflects
+the light back to you.
+
+You can compare the
+light you sent down
+
+with the light that's
+reflected back.
+
+If the membrane is
+moving away from you,
+
+that light will be
+shifted to a higher
+
+wavelength versus if
+it's coming toward you,
+
+it'll be a lower wavelength.
+
+And this process is
+called interferometry.
+
+And if the source is moving like
+the basilar membrane is moving
+
+when you stimulate
+it with sound,
+
+you can use a laser
+to shine the light,
+
+and you can use the Doppler
+interferometer-- which
+
+is a device that measures the
+shift in light when there's
+
+a moving light source or
+a moving light reflection.
+
+You can calibrate this in
+terms of the displacement
+
+or the velocity that the object
+doing the reflecting is giving.
+
+It's shifting the
+light, basically.
+
+So that's how most modern
+experiment experiments measure
+
+of the movement of structures,
+even though they're
+
+very, very small movements,
+like in terms of nanometers.
+
+So let's see what this-- these
+are data from the 1980s using
+
+a Mossbauer technique,
+a radioactive source.
+
+So instead of
+reflecting light, you're
+
+measuring the emitted
+wavelengths of particles
+
+from a radioactive source at one
+point on the basilar membrane.
+
+And you're stimulating
+the basilar membrane
+
+with sound of
+different frequencies,
+
+and you're measuring
+how much it moves
+
+in terms of the
+basilar membrane.
+
+I think this says displacement.
+
+Is that what it says?
+
+It says amplitude in dB.
+
+This is a displacement
+scale, how much movement
+
+you're getting, as a
+function of sound frequency
+
+for one particular point
+on the basilar membrane.
+
+So you change your
+sound frequency.
+
+Start with low
+frequencies at 20 dB.
+
+Pretty low level sound.
+
+You don't find
+much displacement.
+
+Go up to 6 kilohertz, find
+a little bit more movement.
+
+Go up to 10 kilohertz,
+it's getting bigger.
+
+And then all of a sudden
+at about 16 kilohertz,
+
+you get a huge
+amount of movement.
+
+You're right at the peak
+of the traveling wave.
+
+Go up to 18 kilohertz and
+it goes way back down again.
+
+And 20 kilohertz
+there's no point
+
+plotted because you can't
+get the thing to move at all.
+
+It's a very
+sharply-tuned function
+
+of movement in terms of
+the sound frequencies.
+
+This place is only
+moving-- or mostly
+
+moving-- for a sound
+frequency of 16 kilohertz
+
+in terms of where
+the source was.
+
+Change the sound level to
+40 or 60 or even 80 dB--
+
+80 dB is a sound
+that is certainly
+
+within conversational speech.
+
+It's a high level sound, but
+it's not painful or damaging
+
+at all.
+
+In that case, the
+function is much broader.
+
+If you just looked at
+that function, you'd say,
+
+well, this point on the
+basilar membrane years
+
+is responding to many
+sound frequencies.
+
+It's not responding
+to 20 kilohertz,
+
+but it's responding to
+everything below that.
+
+And if you were to-- they
+didn't here because they wanted
+
+to take care of
+their preparation
+
+and not damage it-- if
+they want up to the levels
+
+that von Bekesy used, 140 dB,
+it would be completely flat.
+
+And von Bekesy found that the
+tuning of the basilar membrane
+
+was very flat, or
+just broadly tuned.
+
+But these modern measurements
+show extremely sharp functions
+
+for a single point of movement
+on the basilar membrane.
+
+This is a plot of the same
+data, but plotted a little bit
+
+differently.
+
+This axis is still
+sound frequency.
+
+And now we're going to
+plot it on the x-axis.
+
+It's still a dB scale,
+but now on the y-axis
+
+it's threshold dB SPL.
+
+So what's threshold?
+
+Well in this case, it
+doesn't really make sense.
+
+I think it would've been better
+to label this some criterion
+
+displacement, because the
+criterion displacement
+
+use for this lowest
+curve is 0.35 nanometers.
+
+And what the experiment now,
+or what the plotting now
+
+is how much sound level do we
+have to crank into the system
+
+to get this point on
+the basilar membrane
+
+to vibrate 0.35 nanometers?
+
+OK, in the case of 16
+kilohertz right here,
+
+at the lowest point, we
+only had to put in 10 dB,
+
+not very much sound at all.
+
+At 14 kilohertz,
+at 19 kilohertz,
+
+we had to turn the
+sound up a little bit.
+
+At 20 kilohertz, we turned
+up the sound so much,
+
+but we said could never get
+it to vibrate 0.35 nanometers.
+
+So there's no point
+plotted there.
+
+At 5 kilohertz, we had to crank
+up the sound to about 60 dB
+
+to get this point to
+vibrate 0.35 nanometers.
+
+So you're asking for
+the point to give you
+
+some specified
+amount of vibration
+
+or a criterion of vibration.
+
+And you're plotting
+this function here.
+
+And this is a very
+important curve.
+
+We'll be seeing this many, many
+times the rest of the semester.
+
+And it's called a tuning curve.
+
+So you should all
+be familiar with how
+
+this tuning curve is generated.
+
+You can make a tuning curve for
+a recording from a hair cell.
+
+You could make a tuning
+curve for recording
+
+from a nerve fiber.
+
+Let's say we put on an
+electrode in the auditory nerve.
+
+You guys have talked
+about this term,
+
+this technique called
+single unit recording
+
+where you put an
+electrode in a nerve--
+
+say, the optic nerve-- and
+you measure the spikes coming
+
+from the single axon that
+you're recording from.
+
+And you might say,
+well, I'm going
+
+to turn the sound up until
+I get 10 spikes per second.
+
+That's my criterion.
+
+And I'm going to
+change the frequency.
+
+How much sound level do I
+have to stimulate the ear with
+
+to get the auditory nerve fiber
+to fire 10 spikes per second?
+
+Well, at 16 kilohertz I have to
+hardly put any sound in at all.
+
+But 2 kilohertz, I have
+to really blast the thing.
+
+So this auditory nerve
+fiber is very tuned
+
+to the sound frequency.
+
+It's sharply tuned, OK, to a
+frequency near 16 kilohertz.
+
+You could make a tuning
+curve from a receptor cell
+
+by saying how much receptor
+potential do I want?
+
+Let's say one microvolt of
+response or receptor potential
+
+from the hair cell.
+
+What sort of sound
+level do I need
+
+to dial into the ear at
+these different frequencies
+
+to get that criterion
+receptor potential?
+
+Is that clear?
+
+So these tuning
+curves are omnipresent
+
+throughout the auditory pathway.
+
+And they're a measure of
+the sharpness of tuning.
+
+They're a measure of whether one
+place on the basilar membrane
+
+or one auditory nerve fiber
+can listen to 16 kilohertz
+
+and ignore 20 kilohertz.
+
+It's very important
+if you're trying
+
+to know in the
+pattern of harmonics
+
+that harmonic number
+two is missing,
+
+you better listen to
+number two with a very
+
+sensitive and
+sharply-tuned function.
+
+And you have that in
+the auditory system
+
+starting with the vibration
+of the basilar membrane.
+
+What are these receptor
+cells for hearing?
+
+So the receptor cells for
+hearing are called hair cells.
+
+That's kind of a
+funny name, right?
+
+But they get their
+name from the fact
+
+that they have hairs coming
+out the top of them-- at least,
+
+it looked that way to the
+early neuroanatomists.
+
+So these hairs are more
+properly called stereocilia.
+
+And let me write that
+down here, stereocilia.
+
+And even that more proper
+term is kind of a misnomer,
+
+because it has as
+part of it "cilium."
+
+That's really a misnomer.
+
+What is a cilium on a cell?
+
+Does anybody know?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And they can propel single
+cells through a medium, right?
+
+And they're wavy and floppy,
+and if you look at them
+
+in cross-section of the
+electron microscope,
+
+they have these sort of 9
+plus 2 tubular arrangements.
+
+The stereociliae do not
+look like that at all.
+
+They should be called
+stereomicrovilli,
+
+because when you look
+at them in cross section
+
+you see all these
+filaments but there's
+
+no organization to them.
+
+And you can see the
+filaments right here
+
+in longitudinal section going
+up into the stereocilia.
+
+And these keep the
+stereocilia very stiff.
+
+So when sound comes and
+moves a stereocilium,
+
+it's sort of like a telephone
+pole in a hurricane.
+
+It pivots around its base,
+but it doesn't flop around.
+
+And the base of
+these stereocilia
+
+are right as they insert
+part of the cell right.
+
+They're very stiff structures.
+
+Furthermore, they're all
+attached one to another.
+
+So all the stereocilia
+on a hair cell
+
+tend to move together back and
+forth in response to sound.
+
+And especially, they're
+attached, of course,
+
+at the base, but
+they're also attached
+
+at the very tips in
+something called tip links.
+
+And I think I have a
+picture or a diagram.
+
+So here are some tip links that
+connects the very tallest part
+
+of one stereocilium to its next
+tallest neighbor stereocilium.
+
+So the whole bundle
+of stereocilia
+
+move together in a
+rigid, pivoting way.
+
+And the whole bundle
+is usually called just
+
+in jargon terms,
+the "hair bundle"
+
+at the top of a hair cell.
+
+And I have some numbers for you.
+
+How many stereocilia are there
+in the hair bundle of a given
+
+cell?
+
+So there are 40 stereocilia
+for one inner hair cell.
+
+We haven't talked
+about what these are,
+
+but these are in your cochlea.
+
+They have inner hair cells
+and outer hair cells.
+
+And there are about
+140 stereocilia
+
+in the hair bundle of a
+given outer hair cell.
+
+OK, there are many
+stereocilia per cell.
+
+In this cross section, you're
+just seeing three rows,
+
+but there are many per row.
+
+And here's a whole big
+hair bundle all together.
+
+Now, why are these
+exact numbers important?
+
+Well, it isn't that
+important, except we
+
+think that the channel that
+opens up when this hair
+
+bundle moves in
+response to sound
+
+is located right at the
+tips of the stereocilia.
+
+And most people
+believe that there
+
+is one channel at the tip
+of each stereocilium which
+
+would suggest that each outer
+hair cell has 140 channels
+
+and each inner hair
+cell has 40 channels.
+
+Now, what are these channels?
+
+Sometimes they're called
+the transduction channels.
+
+What's transduction?
+
+Anybody?
+
+What's a transducer
+in engineering terms?
+
+Anybody?
+
+What does it mean to
+transduce something?
+
+Well, you can have-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly right.
+
+So you can have an accelerometer
+which converts acceleration
+
+to an electrical signal.
+
+In this case, the
+physical energy of sound
+
+is mechanical energy.
+
+It's movement, movement
+of the tympanic membrane,
+
+movement of the ossicles,
+movement of the basilar
+
+membrane up and down.
+
+These cells are sitting
+on the basilar membrane.
+
+And the hair bundle is
+moving back and forth.
+
+But the code of the
+nervous system--
+
+we've been talking
+about spikes--
+
+somehow you have to get
+that mechanical energy
+
+into the electrical energy
+of, in the case of hair cells,
+
+the receptor potentials, and in
+the case of the nerve fibers,
+
+the action potentials
+that are going
+
+to send messages to the brain.
+
+So the transduction
+channel is the channel
+
+that responds to
+mechanical energy
+
+and allows ions to
+flow into the hair
+
+cell-- that is, it opens up.
+
+And in the case of these
+transduction channels,
+
+it allows positive
+ions, mostly potassium
+
+because there is a high
+concentration of potassium
+
+in the fluid of scala media.
+
+Remember, these
+cells are sitting in
+
+between scala tympani
+and scala media.
+
+So scala media is up here.
+
+The transduction channel opens.
+
+And it's relatively
+non-selective,
+
+but the big positive-- it's
+non-selected for positive ions
+
+or cations.
+
+The big concentration
+here is potassium,
+
+so potassium is probably the ion
+that flows into the hair cells
+
+when the transduction
+channels open up.
+
+And the evidence for that here
+is in part from Hudspeth's lab.
+
+He probed around the hair
+cells while the hair bundle
+
+was moved back and forth.
+
+And he found big
+potentials up near the tips
+
+of the stereocilia and
+very small potentials
+
+in the rest of the cell.
+
+So there's very good evidence
+that the transduction channels
+
+are at the tips
+of the hair cells.
+
+We don't know what the
+transduction channels are.
+
+People are actively
+working on that.
+
+So there's a guy at
+Harvard in the Department
+
+of Neurobiology, Jeff Holt,
+who thinks the transduction
+
+channel, this so-called
+transmembrane channel, TMC,
+
+of which there are two
+varieties, 1 and 2.
+
+It's not clear if
+that's actually
+
+the channel or something
+associated with the channel.
+
+But when you knock it
+out, the hair cells
+
+don't respond anymore.
+
+The animal is deaf.
+
+OK, so these
+transmembrane channels
+
+may be the transduction channel,
+but the jury is still out.
+
+OK, so let me go back to
+our generic hair cell.
+
+We've talked about
+the stereocilia
+
+here and their movement.
+
+That's the input end
+of the hair cell.
+
+The middle part of the
+hair cell has a nucleus.
+
+It has a membrane.
+
+It has mitochondria.
+
+And down here, you
+might think of this part
+
+as the output end
+of the hair cell.
+
+This is where the hair cell
+is giving its information
+
+to the associated nerve fibers.
+
+And there are, interestingly,
+two types of nerve fibers.
+
+The one you would
+instantly think of
+
+is the afferent nerve fiber,
+the auditory nerve fiber,
+
+where the hair cell is sending
+messages to the nerve fiber.
+
+And how does one
+cell send a message
+
+to another in the
+nervous system?
+
+Well, there's a synapse, right?
+
+So there's a hair cell
+to nerve fiber synapse.
+
+And that's right here.
+
+And this hair cell then
+releases transmitter,
+
+because this is a
+chemical synapse.
+
+And it uses a neurotransmitter.
+
+Right, everybody knows
+what neurotransmitters are.
+
+The neurotransmitter here
+is probably glutamate.
+
+And so that's an excitatory
+neurotransmitter.
+
+OK, so the hair cell then
+releases the glutamate.
+
+It goes through
+the synaptic cleft.
+
+There's a glutamate
+receptor that it binds to
+
+on the auditory nerve fiber.
+
+The auditory nerve fiber
+is depolarized or excited.
+
+It starts to fire
+action potentials.
+
+And then these action
+potentials are then
+
+sent down the auditory
+nerve and into the brain.
+
+The brain says, aha,
+there's a sound.
+
+Now interestingly,
+there's another kind
+
+of nerve fiber associated
+with many hair cells,
+
+and it's called an
+efferent nerve fiber.
+
+So what's the difference between
+an afferent and an efferent?
+
+anybody?
+
+AUDIENCE: Directionality
+of the cell?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So, which one goes which way.
+
+We've said this one is going--
+the afferent is going that way.
+
+The efferent nerve ending
+is going the opposite way.
+
+And so most of this
+naming nomenclature
+
+comes from the reference
+being the brain.
+
+The brain is where
+the action is, right?
+
+The cochlea's way out here.
+
+So anything that's
+going out from the brain
+
+is efflux or
+efferent, so signals
+
+that are going from the brain
+out to peripheral structures--
+
+like the hair cells-- travel by
+way of efferent nerve fibers,
+
+right?
+
+Another efferent
+type of nerve fiber
+
+would be a motor neuron, a
+motor neuron sending messages
+
+from the brain out
+to the periphery
+
+to contract the muscles.
+
+That'd be another type
+of efferent nerve fiber.
+
+So interestingly, the hair
+cells have efferent nerve fibers
+
+attached to them, and they form
+synapses on the hair cells.
+
+And you do not see this
+in the visual system.
+
+You do not see efferent
+innervation of the receptor
+
+cells or of the retina at
+all in vision, at least
+
+in mammalian systems.
+
+You do see it in
+lower vertebrates.
+
+But in mammalian systems,
+the auditory hair cells
+
+get an efferent innervation.
+
+There are hair cells as
+another part of the inner ear.
+
+We talked about the
+vestibular system
+
+and the semicircular canals.
+
+That is a hair cell organ,
+and those get efferent nerve
+
+endings from the brain.
+
+And in the sides of the
+body in amphibians and fish,
+
+there's a lateral line
+system of hair cells
+
+that allows the fish to detect
+currents of motion of water.
+
+And those are hair
+cell-based receptor organs,
+
+and they get an efferent as
+well as an afferent innervation.
+
+So it seems like wherever there
+are hair cell-based systems,
+
+the brain sends messages
+out to the hair cells
+
+as well as getting information
+from the hair cells.
+
+So we'll have a
+lecture later on what
+
+these efferent nerves are doing.
+
+I mean, why would the
+brain want to control
+
+the auditory periphery?
+
+It's an interesting
+question, and maybe there
+
+are several answers to that.
+
+Certainly, the
+brain wants to know
+
+what's happening
+to the hair cells.
+
+So these afferent nerve
+fibers are sending messages
+
+when the hair cell
+is stimulated.
+
+So that's the main pathway
+going into the brain.
+
+OK, we've talked about
+the transduction channels.
+
+We haven't talked about these
+little things called tip links.
+
+One idea is that these
+links between the tips
+
+of the stereocilia are sort
+of like a rope on a trap door.
+
+And when the stereocilium moves,
+it opens up the trap door,
+
+and that's what opens
+the ion channel.
+
+These little tip
+links are something
+
+you see in the
+electron microscope.
+
+They're very, very fine.
+
+When you use some chemical
+treatment to dissolve those tip
+
+links, the hair cells
+don't work anymore.
+
+They don't respond
+to sound anymore.
+
+So there are some
+other proteins up
+
+there associated with the
+transduction channels called
+
+tip links.
+
+That's a very active
+area of research now--
+
+what are the
+transduction channels?
+
+How do the tip links work?
+
+How are they mechanosensitive?
+
+OK, now let's talk.
+
+We've been alluding to the two
+types of hair cells, right?
+
+Outer and inner hair cells.
+
+And all mammals
+have these two types
+
+of hair cells, outer
+and inner hair cells.
+
+Birds have hair cells that
+are also of several classes.
+
+They have what are called
+tall and short hair cells.
+
+They're a little bit different
+than outer and inner hair
+
+cells.
+
+Reptiles generally have
+one type of hair cell.
+
+So the inner and outer hair cell
+distinction is true for mammals
+
+mainly.
+
+So how do they get their names?
+
+Well, if you look down on the
+top of the organ of Corti--
+
+so this is my wire model.
+
+So this is like the cochlea
+we've been looking at.
+
+Now, turn it so you're looking
+down from the apex down.
+
+On top of this
+membrane, what you
+
+would see if you looked
+at one little tiny piece
+
+is a row of inner hair cells
+going from the extreme base
+
+to the apex, which would
+be this row right here.
+
+And three rows of outer hair
+cells, going from the base
+
+to the apex, and it turns
+out that the inner hair
+
+cells get their
+name because they're
+
+on the inner side of the spiral.
+
+And the outers are on the
+outer part of the spiral.
+
+So the inners are
+toward the center,
+
+or toward the axis
+of the cochlea.
+
+The outers are away from it.
+
+And this view,
+looking down on them,
+
+would be looking down
+onto their stereocilia.
+
+And these white structures are
+the hair bundles-- the tips,
+
+if you will-- of
+the stereocilia.
+
+And there's one, two, three,
+four, five, six, seven, eight
+
+and a half inner
+hair cells here.
+
+And in the first row
+of outer hair cells,
+
+there's one, two, three, four,
+five, six, seven, eight, nine,
+
+ten, eleven, twelve.
+
+There's a dozen
+outer hair cells.
+
+And their stereocilia
+are lined up differently.
+
+They're sort of like inverted
+V's on the outer hair cells.
+
+And there's the first
+row, the second row,
+
+and the outermost row, the
+third row of outer hair cells.
+
+And this is a
+stereotyped pattern.
+
+Almost all mammals have this.
+
+In the human, if you go up
+into the apex of the cochlea,
+
+sometimes a fourth row of outer
+hair cells starts to form,
+
+but it's not very
+well organized.
+
+It's sort of patchy.
+
+But you can have a fourth
+row of outer hair cells.
+
+If one of these were missing,
+the supporting cells nearby
+
+form a little scar in its place.
+
+And we'll talk about things that
+kill hair cells in a few weeks.
+
+Loud sounds can kill
+your hair cells.
+
+Infectious agents--
+meningitis, for example--
+
+can kill your hair cells.
+
+Certain drugs, aminoglycoside
+antibiotics like kanamycin
+
+can kill your hair cells.
+
+And the supporting cells
+thereby just fill in.
+
+And you can go and look at a
+cochlea that has some hair cell
+
+damage.
+
+You can count, you
+can see how regular
+
+the array is of hair cells.
+
+And you can count how
+many are present there
+
+and how many are damaged.
+
+And you can, you
+know, say if there's
+
+a 50% loss of outer
+hair cells in row one,
+
+this regularity is so beautiful.
+
+Unfortunately, once
+they're killed in a mammal,
+
+they never come back.
+
+You cannot regrow your hair
+cells once they've been killed.
+
+In birds, they grow right back.
+
+Takes about three or four weeks.
+
+So you can kill all the
+hair cells in a bird cochlea
+
+and come back three
+or four weeks later,
+
+and they're all grown back.
+
+In mammals, they
+don't grow back.
+
+And so there's a
+lot of interest--
+
+Because you have these agents
+that kill hair cells-- there's
+
+a lot of interest in, how
+can we make our hair cells
+
+grow back after
+they've been killed?
+
+And people are thinking
+of stem cell approached
+
+or neurotropic drugs
+that might be good.
+
+So why don't they grow back?
+
+We don't know that at all.
+
+We do know that,
+for example, I'm
+
+in a department called
+ENT-- Ear, Nose, and Throat.
+
+Lots of the surgeons
+in our department deal
+
+with cancers of the
+head and neck, right?
+
+Because there are cancers
+that can come up, and surgeons
+
+can take care of that
+by taking cancers out.
+
+There are no known cancers
+that grow in the inner ear.
+
+It never, ever happens.
+
+So maybe these cells are
+so far differentiated
+
+and they've become this
+classic inner and outer hair
+
+distinction, they're so evolved
+that they can't grow back.
+
+They can't multiply.
+
+They can't form a cancer.
+
+But unfortunately, once
+there destroyed by some agent
+
+like a drug, they
+can't grow back.
+
+So a way to put new
+cells in there that
+
+could become new
+hair cells, or a way
+
+to encourage these
+supporting cells on the sides
+
+to grow and become hair cells,
+is a very interesting idea,
+
+but one that's just in
+the research phase now.
+
+OK, so that's the difference
+between inner and outer hair
+
+cells.
+
+If you cut them in
+the other dimension
+
+and look at them in
+the longitudinal plane,
+
+inner and outer hair cells
+look completely different.
+
+An inner hair cell
+is a big fat cell.
+
+It comes up to a
+neck and bulges out
+
+a little bit where the hair
+bundle is, way up at the top.
+
+At the bottom of
+the inner hair cell,
+
+there's lots of
+afferent nerve endings.
+
+Maybe as many as
+20 per hair cell.
+
+There's a few efferent
+nerve endings,
+
+but they're usually not
+on the hair cell itself.
+
+They're on these
+afferent terminals.
+
+The efferents come and get
+on the afferent terminals.
+
+The outer hair
+cells, by contrast,
+
+are completely different.
+
+They're long, test
+tube-like shaped cells.
+
+Down at the bottom, they
+also have nerve terminals.
+
+Most of the nerve
+terminals in this case
+
+are efferent nerve terminals.
+
+How do we know that
+they're efferent afferent?
+
+Well, if you look at them
+in the electron microscope--
+
+I'll just draw a quick diagram.
+
+Here's the hair cell.
+
+Here's a nerve
+terminal coming up.
+
+And here is a whole bunch
+of synaptic vesicles
+
+in the hair cell ready to
+be released when the hair
+
+cell is stimulated with sound.
+
+Obviously, the transmission
+is going that way.
+
+Here's a nerve terminal.
+
+Here's a whole bunch
+of synaptic vesicles.
+
+None over here, they're
+all on the nerve terminal.
+
+When the message comes
+down from the brain,
+
+a whole bunch of
+these vesicles are
+
+released onto the hair cell.
+
+OK, so by just looking at the
+nerve terminals in the electron
+
+microscope, you can get
+an idea of which direction
+
+the transmission is going.
+
+And so label them as either
+afferent or efferent.
+
+On the outer hair cells, there
+are many, many efferent nerve
+
+terminals on them.
+
+In fact, in the
+1970s, it became clear
+
+that almost all afferent
+nerve fibers, the ones that
+
+were sending messages
+to the brain,
+
+were associated with the inner
+hair cells, and only about 5%
+
+of them were associated
+with the outer hair cells.
+
+This is was a big
+mystery for a while,
+
+and people didn't
+believe it at first.
+
+It said, well, all
+the information going
+
+into the brain, or
+95% percent of it,
+
+is coming from the
+inner hair cell.
+
+Huh, that's kind of funny.
+
+There's actually more outer hair
+cells than inner hair cells.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+Somebody screwed up
+the counts, right?
+
+So it was done over
+and over again,
+
+and the counts came
+back correctly.
+
+So how do we interpret that now?
+
+Well, about the same time in the
+early 1980s, a very interesting
+
+property of outer hair
+cells was noticed.
+
+It was noticed that outer hair
+cells are actually motile.
+
+They can move.
+
+And this was first discovered
+by Joe Santos Saatchi and others
+
+in the early 1980s.
+
+And this discovery was made
+when they put a hair cell
+
+in a fluid of high potassium,
+lots of potassium here.
+
+There are some
+potassium channels
+
+in the sides of the cell.
+
+Potassium went in.
+
+When you have positive
+ions coming into a cell,
+
+the cell depolarizes.
+
+It might have started out
+at minus 80 millivolts.
+
+In the high potassium solution,
+it may have gone to minus 50
+
+millivolts or maybe
+even 0 millivolts.
+
+Bill Brownell and Joe Santos,
+when they saw this happen,
+
+they saw the cell shrink.
+
+It was, let's say, five
+micrometers in length before.
+
+They put it in the potassium
+solution, it became four.
+
+Take it out of the high
+potassium solution,
+
+put it in a regular solution,
+it lengthened again.
+
+OK, here is a graph
+of those data.
+
+In this case it's a more elegant
+experiment where they actually
+
+measured the potential
+inside the cell
+
+by putting an electrode into it.
+
+So you can run this
+out to your amplifier
+
+and measure the
+electrical potential
+
+in terms of the millivolts
+of the inside of the cell.
+
+And by putting current down
+or coming out of the cell,
+
+you can move the inside of this
+potential whatever you want,
+
+whichever way you want.
+
+And in this case, this
+x-axis in millivolts
+
+is the potential
+inside the hair cell.
+
+The ordinary potential is
+about minus 80 millivolts,
+
+about right here.
+
+Minus 180 is a huge
+hyperpolarization of the cell.
+
+And plus 0 up to
+plus 40 millivolts
+
+is a depolarization of a cell.
+
+Does everybody understand
+what we're doing here?
+
+We're changing the
+intracellular potential
+
+of the cell in terms
+of its millivolts.
+
+And then we're looking
+at the change in length.
+
+As you depolarize
+the cell, the cell
+
+goes from 0 to negative values.
+
+That's a shortening in
+terms of micrometers
+
+of the length of
+the outer hair cell.
+
+This is the basal end
+where the hair cells are,
+
+this is the apical end where
+the stereocilia would be.
+
+OK, so these hair cells
+can actually move.
+
+You can do this experiment
+with a muscle fiber
+
+and get the same result.
+
+It's a very different
+process, but when
+
+you depolarize a muscle cell,
+it contracts by actin and myosin
+
+means.
+
+This was very surprising though
+to see this in a sensory cell.
+
+Sensory cells aren't
+supposed to contract, right?
+
+They figured out that they are.
+
+They can contract.
+
+Now, that means this
+outer hair cell--
+
+and I should say
+outer hair cell,
+
+these are outer hair
+cells because when
+
+you do the same experiment
+with an inner hair cell
+
+or any other cell in the body,
+you don't get a contraction.
+
+So it's peculiar to
+outer hair cells.
+
+Make sure you know that.
+
+Outer hair cells are the
+ones that are motile.
+
+This process became
+known as electromotility.
+
+OK, so when the inside
+voltage is changed,
+
+the length of the outer
+hair cells has changed.
+
+So let me give you a
+demonstration of this.
+
+I have a nice demonstration
+from Joe Santos Saatchi, who
+
+is now at Yale
+School of Medicine.
+
+And he made this demonstration.
+
+And it's kind of a
+clever demonstration
+
+because you can
+see the hair cell,
+
+and it will be moving because
+Joe has patched onto the hair
+
+cell with his electrode.
+
+And the electrode is-- usually,
+in these kinds of experiments--
+
+is put on a micromanipulator
+and it's bolted to the table.
+
+And because that patch
+pipette has impaled the cell,
+
+that part of the
+cell is just pegged
+
+so it's not going
+to move at all.
+
+That's the very
+bottom of the cell.
+
+And you'll see a little bit
+of a ghost-like image of that.
+
+The rest of the cell is the long
+part of the hair cell, and then
+
+the stereocilia, or hair
+bundle, right up at the top.
+
+And that part is free to move.
+
+Now, what Joe has done is he's
+depolarized and hyperpolarized
+
+the cell using his amplifier.
+
+But he has made that signal
+sync'd to a musical signal, OK?
+
+So you'll hear music
+on the soundtrack
+
+and you'll see the
+hair cell moving.
+
+The music is not directly
+stimulating the hair cell
+
+by moving its stereocilia
+as normally it would be,
+
+as when we listen to it.
+
+Instead, that music is just in
+sync with the electrical signal
+
+manipulating the inside
+of the hair cell.
+
+So I'll play that now.
+
+Once again.
+
+OK, so here's the hair cell.
+
+This is the shadow of the
+electrode holding this stiff.
+
+This is the main
+part of the cell.
+
+These are the stereocilia
+right up there.
+
+OK.
+
+So apparently Joe, lectures
+to medical students,
+
+says there's a reflex that goes
+directly from your hair cells
+
+to your dancing feet.
+
+And apparently, the medical
+students believe him.
+
+Anyway, that is
+clearly a demonstration
+
+that this electromotility is
+much faster than, for example,
+
+the contraction of muscle cells.
+
+Muscle cell contraction, put
+it in a dish, or even hair cell
+
+in a dish-- it can be very slow.
+
+This electromotility is
+happening at audio frequencies,
+
+right?
+
+Some of those sounds were
+thousands of times per second.
+
+So in the early debate
+of electromotility,
+
+there were some questions
+of how fast this is
+
+and whether it really
+manipulates movement
+
+of the hair cells
+at audio frequency.
+
+And I think that
+kind of demonstration
+
+clearly shows that it does.
+
+So what good is this?
+
+How does this help us
+in the sense of hearing?
+
+And what good would it be to
+have a motile sensory cell?
+
+Well, the idea is that these
+hair cells-- here again
+
+are the inner hair cells and the
+three rows of outer hair cells.
+
+Sound comes into the ear.
+
+It moves these membranes.
+
+It moves the hair bundles.
+
+Motion of the hair bundles opens
+up these transducer channels
+
+which allow ions to come in
+and depolarize the outer hair
+
+cells, let's say.
+
+When the outer hair cells are
+depolarized, they shorten.
+
+OK, when the sound
+phase reverses,
+
+the hair bundle moves the
+other way, the channels close.
+
+The hair cells go back
+to their normal length.
+
+And this goes back and
+forth, and in the outer hair
+
+cells are getting
+longer and shorter.
+
+Somehow, that motion,
+that mechanical energy,
+
+adds to the vibration
+that was initiated
+
+by the sound in a sort of
+an amplification mechanism.
+
+So you then have more vibration.
+
+You then have more bending
+of the stereocilia.
+
+You have more depolarizing
+of the hair cells.
+
+You have even more
+electromotility and sort
+
+of a positive
+feedback loop here.
+
+The outer hair cells
+then are sometimes
+
+called the cochlear amplifier.
+
+They amplify the vibration
+patterns set up by sound
+
+in the cochlea.
+
+So the outer hair
+cells are sometimes
+
+nicknamed the
+cochlear amplifier.
+
+So what good is a
+cochlear amplifier?
+
+Well, you have this ordinary
+receptor cell over here.
+
+It doesn't change
+its length at all,
+
+but it has all the auditory
+nerve fibers linked to it.
+
+Now instead of its stereocilia
+moving just a little bit,
+
+it has an amplifier sitting
+right next to it and amplifies
+
+to all these membranes.
+
+And the inner hair
+cell stereocilia
+
+are really now waving
+and back and forth.
+
+They then send their messages
+to the auditory nerve fibers,
+
+which send their axons and
+messages into the brain.
+
+Your brain says, I hear sound.
+
+Even when it's a
+very soft sound,
+
+like a pin dropping-- which,
+without the cochlear amplifier,
+
+would be inaudible--
+that pin dropping,
+
+that very small mechanical
+motion is amplified.
+
+And the inner hair
+cells then say,
+
+oh, yes I do hear the sound.
+
+So the function then
+of these receptor cells
+
+is very different
+than what you have
+
+in vision, where you had
+rods and cones, right?
+
+Rods and cones mediate
+different types of vision.
+
+In the cochlea, the hair
+cells work together.
+
+The outer hair cells ore
+the cochlear amplifier
+
+making this thing amplified
+more, and more sensitive.
+
+The inner hair cells then
+are the major receptor cells
+
+that are sending their
+messages to the brain, OK?
+
+So it's really a different
+kind of two receptor sense,
+
+if you will, compared to vision.
+
+And that's what this
+diagram is supposed to be.
+
+This is very fanciful diagram.
+
+And there's a lot of hand
+waving here associated
+
+with how the cochlear
+amplifier really works.
+
+This is an unraveled cochlea
+from the base to the apex,
+
+and this is how
+much displacement
+
+you have-- von Bekesy's
+traveling wave envelope,
+
+if you will.
+
+This dashed line is what would
+happen if you just put sound in
+
+and there was no amplifier.
+
+And this enhanced solid line
+is when you have the outer hair
+
+cells working their
+cochlear amplifier magic.
+
+And apparently,
+the active region
+
+where the outer hair
+cells are most active
+
+is just basal to the peak
+of this traveling wave.
+
+And how do we know that?
+
+How do we know that the
+outer hair cell cochlear
+
+amplifier is very important?
+
+Well, there are
+actually situations
+
+when you can lose
+your outer hair cells
+
+and you have pretty intact
+inner hair cell population.
+
+So in an animal treated with
+the aminoglycocide kanamycin,
+
+it turns out that
+the outer hair cells
+
+are a little bit more
+sensitive to the kanamycin
+
+then the inner hair cells are.
+
+So if you treat with
+just the right dose,
+
+you can find a
+place of the cochlea
+
+where there are intact
+inner hair cells
+
+and where the outer hair
+cells have all been lesioned.
+
+Basal to that, for example,
+all the hair cells are gone.
+
+And apical to that, none
+of the hair cells are gone.
+
+So in a certain
+region of the cochlea
+
+with just the right
+dose of kanamycin.
+
+And in those areas, where you
+just have inner hair cells
+
+without the outer hair cells,
+you have a huge hearing loss.
+
+You're not deaf.
+
+The inner hair cells
+are still there
+
+and they're sending their
+messages to the brain
+
+by their auditory nerve fibers.
+
+But there's a big
+hearing loss because you
+
+have lost the function of
+the cohclear amplifier.
+
+And those experiments were
+done in the 1970s and '80s.
+
+And they were
+criticized by saying,
+
+well, anytime you do
+some lesion treatment,
+
+you say you have normal
+inner hair cells and outers.
+
+Well, you don't really know the
+inner hair cells are normal.
+
+Maybe the drug affected them.
+
+They're still there,
+but they're screwed up.
+
+So recently, a much
+more elegant way
+
+of doing that same sort
+of experiment has come up.
+
+And this is the paper,
+the research paper,
+
+that is assigned reading
+for today's lecture.
+
+It turns out you can knock
+out the cochlear amplifier
+
+by knocking out a particular
+protein in the outer hair cells
+
+and have the outer
+hair cells still there.
+
+And this work started
+out with the discovery
+
+of a protein that's in the
+membrane of the outer hair
+
+cells.
+
+So if you look at
+the outer hair cells,
+
+there's a lot of
+protein in the membrane.
+
+And the protein is found pretty
+much nowhere else in the body
+
+and was given the name prestin.
+
+Now, you amateur musicians out
+there, when you play a piece--
+
+right?-- at the
+beginning of the piece,
+
+at least for classical
+music, the composer gives you
+
+an Italian word that says how
+fast you should play it, right?
+
+And if it says largo, you're
+supposed to play it really
+
+slowly, Right or
+adagio, slow, right?
+
+What's the marking or
+Italian word for "fast"?
+
+AUDIENCE: Presto.
+
+PROFESSOR: Presto, right.
+
+And this protein
+was named prestin
+
+because, at least at the
+time it was discovered,
+
+they had the idea that, oh, OK.
+
+Maybe it's the cochlear
+amplifier protein
+
+and it makes these outer hair
+cells shorten and contract
+
+really quickly, very fast.
+
+So we'll call it prestin.
+
+It turned out that
+that was true,
+
+and here's some of the
+evidence in support of that.
+
+You can knock out
+the gene for prestin.
+
+So a knock-out is an animal
+in which a particular gene
+
+is either removed or made so
+it doesn't make the protein.
+
+Part of it's deleted, and
+so the protein is not made.
+
+You can make a
+knock-out mouse where
+
+the prestin is knocked out.
+
+And that's what was
+done in this paper.
+
+OK, and in that knock-out
+mouse, you can look--
+
+and they looked at a
+whole bunch of things.
+
+That looked at the
+electromotility the outer hair
+
+cells.
+
+So they took outer hair
+cells and put them in a dish
+
+and looked at the kind of
+movements we saw in that video.
+
+And in this trace,
+this is minus minus,
+
+which is the geneticist
+lingo for a knock-out.
+
+Both genes for prestin are gone.
+
+This trace is the plus plus,
+the wild type, or normal.
+
+And there's big changes
+in outer hair cells
+
+when you depolarize
+and hyperpolarize them.
+
+And these big changes are on
+the order of half a micrometer.
+
+So this is a length axis.
+
+In the knock-out,
+the outer hair cells
+
+don't change length
+at all when they're
+
+depolarized and hyperpolarized.
+
+In the heterozygote,
+which is the case when
+
+you have one gene
+intact for prestin
+
+and the other gene
+is knocked out,
+
+it's an intermediate result.
+
+OK, so the outer
+hair cell motility
+
+is knocked out by knocking
+out this one protein.
+
+So that's pretty good
+evidence that it's
+
+involved in the
+cochlear amplifier.
+
+What else was measured?
+
+Well, they wanted to
+measure hearing sensitivity.
+
+And so in humans,
+what you might do
+
+for that is put a subject in
+a soundproof chamber and say,
+
+raise your hand when
+you hear the sound.
+
+But you could do that in
+mice, but it takes a long time
+
+to train mice or other
+experimental animals
+
+to do those behavioral tests.
+
+So they did an electro
+physiological test.
+
+They measured what's called
+the auditory brain stem
+
+response, so the ABR.
+
+This stands for auditory
+brain stem response.
+
+OK.
+
+And that top right graph gives
+you the ABR threshold in dB.
+
+So something that has
+a really low threshold
+
+is a really good hearing animal.
+
+This is the wild type
+and the heterozygote.
+
+And something that has
+a very high threshold
+
+means you really had
+to crank up the sound
+
+to get any kind
+of response at all
+
+as you see in the open
+symbols for the knock-out.
+
+So how do they measure that ABR?
+
+You could do it in animals
+or humans as a clinical test.
+
+Put electrodes on the
+surface of the skin.
+
+You turn on a click
+or a tone burst.
+
+In this case, they
+used tone bursts
+
+of different frequencies.
+
+And you can imagine that the
+auditory brain stem is way down
+
+in the head, and you're
+measuring on the surface.
+
+So you've got a
+click, click, click.
+
+And you measure
+thousands of responses.
+
+So there's a lot of noise.
+
+There's noise in the room.
+
+There's noise from other
+neurons in the brain.
+
+But eventually, after
+thousands of averages,
+
+that little tiny signal
+comes out of the noise,
+
+and you get a response if the
+brain stem is responding--
+
+that is, if the hair
+cells are responding,
+
+the nerve fibers send
+messages into the brain stem,
+
+and the brain stem
+finally responds.
+
+It's a very good test
+of auditory sensitivity.
+
+And what does it show?
+
+It shows that without prestin
+in the knock-out animal,
+
+you have a huge hearing loss.
+
+How big is the hearing loss?
+
+Well, looks like it's
+about 40 to 60 dB.
+
+So when you have
+prestin knocked out,
+
+you have a hearing
+loss of 40 to 60 dB.
+
+How much amplification does the
+cochlear amplifier give you?
+
+40 to 60 dB.
+
+You're not completely
+deaf without it,
+
+but you have a
+severe hearing loss.
+
+Most of you would not
+be able to understand
+
+what I'm saying with
+a 60 dB hearing loss,
+
+unless you were sitting
+right up here in the front.
+
+What else do I want to
+say about this paper?
+
+Not too much.
+
+There are some problems with it.
+
+Any paper has problems.
+
+They found that,
+for some reason,
+
+all the hair cells were lost
+for the high frequency basal
+
+part of the cochlea.
+
+It's just a problem in
+some strains of mice
+
+that they lose hair cells in
+a certain part of the cochlea.
+
+So within these gray bars,
+you can't conclude anything.
+
+Now, they looked
+at the hair cells.
+
+They just took them
+out and looked at them
+
+in the microscope.
+
+And they said, wow,
+in the knock-out,
+
+the hair cells are
+actually smaller.
+
+Well, you cut out all this
+protein from the membrane
+
+in the knock-out, right?
+
+So if there's a lot less
+membrane there, they shrink.
+
+The outer hair cell membrane
+is packed with prestin.
+
+So you could argue, oh, all
+the hair cells are shorter,
+
+and so they're not
+working the same way.
+
+Every paper has its problems.
+
+but that's what
+these graphs mean.
+
+The hair cells at
+rest are actually
+
+shorter in the knock-out.
+
+So just some caveats.
+
+I think the main
+message is prestin
+
+is essential for the
+cochlear amplifier.
+
+And without it, you have a
+big hearing loss, 40 to 60 dB.
+
+Now, one of the other
+things they measured in here
+
+is something called
+the distortion product
+
+otoacoustic emission.
+
+And let me just, as the last
+thing in today's lecture,
+
+tell you about what an
+otoacoustic emission is.
+
+These were discovered about the
+same time as outer hair cell
+
+electromotility by
+David Kemp, who's
+
+at University College London.
+
+And he was doing some kind
+of hearing tests in people,
+
+and he developed a very,
+very sensitive microphone
+
+that had a very low
+electrical noise.
+
+He stuck that microphone
+in an ear canal.
+
+And what did he find?
+
+The microphone actually picked
+up sound in the ear canal.
+
+Oh my gosh, this is crazy.
+
+There's not supposed to be
+sound coming out of the ear,
+
+you're supposed to be putting
+sound into the ear, right?
+
+So he named it
+otoacoustic emission.
+
+OK, "oto" means ear.
+
+"Acoustic" means sound, and
+"emissions" means coming out,
+
+sound coming out of the ear.
+
+This was an amazing
+discovery, and it
+
+fits very nicely with
+the idea that there's
+
+something in the ear
+that's actually moving,
+
+that being the outer hair cells.
+
+The outer hair cells are
+moving either spontaneously--
+
+and there are some otoacoustic
+emissions that are spontaneous.
+
+About half of us have
+spontaneous otoacoustic
+
+emissions in our ears.
+
+Now, before you get too excited
+and go home and listen to them,
+
+they are very, very
+low levels of sound.
+
+Most of them are below
+the audio metric hearing
+
+curve for human hearing.
+
+So you really, in
+most cases, are not
+
+aware of your
+otoacoustic emissions.
+
+This is very different from
+the sensation that some of us
+
+have of ringing in
+the ears, tinnitus.
+
+Does anybody have tinnitus?
+
+I have tinnitus,
+especially my left ear.
+
+If I close my left ear, often
+I can hear kind of a noise.
+
+Put my head on the
+pillow at night,
+
+I can hear a little
+noise in there.
+
+So that's a sensation
+that I have even
+
+though there's no
+sound going in my ear,
+
+and it's not an
+otoacoustic emission.
+
+You could put a
+microphone in that ear,
+
+and there is no sound there.
+
+Something in my brain is telling
+me that I am hearing a sound.
+
+Some people are very
+disturbed by tinnitus.
+
+There's no good
+treatment for it.
+
+Historically, the
+famous treatment
+
+was by an ear surgeon who said,
+OK, I'll cure your tinnitus.
+
+And he took out the person's
+ear, the cochlea was taken out.
+
+Tinnitus didn't change one bit.
+
+Maybe it's like phantom
+limb pain, something
+
+to do with your
+central nervous system.
+
+Tinnitus and
+otoacoustic emissions
+
+are completely different.
+
+Otoacoustic emissions are
+associated with normal hearing,
+
+normal outer hair cell function.
+
+They're sometimes used
+as a clinical test
+
+for hearing in patients
+who can't raise their arm.
+
+For example, most states,
+like Massachusetts,
+
+you have to, by law, test
+newborns for good hearing.
+
+An otoacoustic
+emission test is one.
+
+So how does that work if only
+50% of the people have them?
+
+Well, there are other types
+of otoacoustic emissions
+
+that are evoked-- that
+is, you put sound in,
+
+and you listen for the
+sound coming back out.
+
+Some of these are
+transiently evoked.
+
+You put a click in, and a
+few milliseconds later you
+
+get a sound coming back out.
+
+And that's the
+usual clinical test.
+
+And 100% of normal
+hearing humans
+
+have these so-called
+otoacoustic emissions.
+
+Now, what would be
+an indication if you
+
+had a patient with no
+otoacoustic emissions?
+
+Well, it is a good test
+of whether your middle ear
+
+and inner ear is working
+as far along the pathway
+
+as the outer hair cells.
+
+Beyond that, it doesn't test.
+
+It just tests up to
+the electromotile part
+
+of the hearing organ.
+
+So it doesn't test
+the inner hair cells.
+
+It doesn't test the
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+But much of hearing problem
+arises in the outer hair cells,
+
+so it's a pretty
+good first step.
+
+It's a very easy test to do.
+
+And I think when we have the
+lab tour over at the Mass Eye
+
+and Ear Infirmary at
+the end of the semester,
+
+we'll be seeing some
+otoacoustic emissions recorded
+
+from a human.
+
+There's a project
+going on there now.
+
+So we'll have a demo of that.
+
+OK, so if there
+aren't any questions,
+
+we'll meet up again on Monday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tUk8o-ZbF4c.txt b/tUk8o-ZbF4c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..090b7e722c24d4b288a7959f2e35c3c8b03d9459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tUk8o-ZbF4c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. I want to thank you all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I want to thank you all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I want to thank you all for
+coming to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the
+uh third lecture of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third lecture of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh third lecture of the signal
+processing on databases uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on databases uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing on databases uh
+class. So we will go just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So we will go just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So we will go just to remind
+folks all the material is available in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks all the material is available in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks all the material is available in
+the distribution of the software which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the software which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the software which
+you all have in your lrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have in your lrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all have in your lrid
+accounts here. We're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts here. We're going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts here. We're going to go to
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two courses course which brings together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses course which brings together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two courses course which brings together
+signal processing which is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing which is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing which is based on
+detection theory which is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory which is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection theory which is based on
+linear algebra with with databases which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra with with databases which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra with with databases which
+are based on strings and searching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on strings and searching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on strings and searching and
+sort of really bringing those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really bringing those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of really bringing those two
+concepts together in this this course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts together in this this course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts together in this this course so
+that we can use the the mathematics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use the the mathematics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use the the mathematics that
+we know from detection ction theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from detection ction theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from detection ction theory and
+apply it into new new domains. Um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it into new new domains. Um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it into new new domains. Um I'm
+I'm glad to see we have a a full house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad to see we have a a full house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad to see we have a a full house
+again. So so far I've failed in scaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So so far I've failed in scaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So so far I've failed in scaring
+uh off people. So uh we'll see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off people. So uh we'll see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh off people. So uh we'll see if we can
+do a better job. I think this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a better job. I think this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a better job. I think this course
+will do a much this particular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a much this particular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do a much this particular lecture
+should do a very good job of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a very good job of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a very good job of that.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Um the we're going to be getting into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the we're going to be getting into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the we're going to be getting into a
+little bit some more of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit some more of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit some more of the the
+mathematics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that
+underpins the associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpins the associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpins the associative array
+construct that is in the D4M technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that is in the D4M technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that is in the D4M technology
+that we're using in the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using in the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using in the class and
+um gets into some group theory concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gets into some group theory concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gets into some group theory concepts
+that may might be a long time since any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may might be a long time since any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may might be a long time since any
+of you have had any of that or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had any of that or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have had any of that or even
+recall what that is. It's actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what that is. It's actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what that is. It's actually not
+that complicated. Um, personally, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated. Um, personally, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated. Um, personally, this
+is my favorite lecture in terms of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite lecture in terms of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my favorite lecture in terms of it
+really gets into sort of the the deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets into sort of the the deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets into sort of the the deeper
+underlying elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying elements.
+Um, I would fully expect it to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I would fully expect it to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I would fully expect it to make your
+head hurt a little bit. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head hurt a little bit. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head hurt a little bit. We're going to
+do sort of a fairly rapid blast through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of a fairly rapid blast through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of a fairly rapid blast through
+the mathematics here. Uh, not and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics here. Uh, not and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematics here. Uh, not and and
+you won't really have to know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't really have to know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't really have to know this
+really to effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to effectively
+use it. Although it's good to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. Although it's good to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. Although it's good to know that
+it exists. Um and uh and that there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists. Um and uh and that there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists. Um and uh and that there and
+that there might be pieces of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be pieces of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be pieces of it that
+you'll want to dive into uh deeper. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to dive into uh deeper. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to dive into uh deeper. Um
+and so um you know the really the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um you know the really the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um you know the really the title
+of this talk is called spreadsheets, big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this talk is called spreadsheets, big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this talk is called spreadsheets, big
+tables and the algebra of associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and the algebra of associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and the algebra of associative
+arrays. We've lectured on that topic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. We've lectured on that topic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. We've lectured on that topic in
+the past and so with that we will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and so with that we will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and so with that we will get
+right into it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into it.
+So here's the outline for the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the outline for the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the outline for the lecture
+and I should say uh you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say uh you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should say uh you know there's a
+balance between the lecture and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the lecture and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between the lecture and then
+we'll have some examples. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some examples. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some examples. This
+particular lecture will be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture will be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular lecture will be a little bit
+more heavy on the lecture side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heavy on the lecture side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more heavy on the lecture side and the
+example piece is a little bit bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example piece is a little bit bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example piece is a little bit bit
+shorter and so so a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and so so a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and so so a little bit more
+lecture a little less example on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture a little less example on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture a little less example on this
+particular class. So we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class. So we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class. So we're going to talk
+about kind of a mathematical concept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a mathematical concept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about kind of a mathematical concept for
+what are spreadsheets and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are spreadsheets and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are spreadsheets and in the
+introduction here talk about what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here talk about what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here talk about what our
+theoretical goals are and then really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical goals are and then really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical goals are and then really
+what associative arrays are getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what associative arrays are getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what associative arrays are getting into
+the mathematical definitions. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical definitions. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical definitions. What is
+the group theory and then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group theory and then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group theory and then sort of
+leading into the sort of traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading into the sort of traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading into the sort of traditional
+linear algebra vector spaces and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra vector spaces and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra vector spaces and other
+types of things. Just sort of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things. Just sort of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things. Just sort of getting
+you a sense of so this really is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of so this really is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a sense of so this really is what
+connects those two things at the deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects those two things at the deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects those two things at the deeper
+mathematical level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what are spreadsheets and big tables?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what are spreadsheets and big tables?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what are spreadsheets and big tables?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+spreadsheets you particularly obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets you particularly obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets you particularly obviously
+Microsoft Excel tends to dominate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Excel tends to dominate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Excel tends to dominate the
+spreadsheet world are arguably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet world are arguably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet world are arguably the most
+commonly used analytic structure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used analytic structure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used analytic structure on
+earth. Probably a 100 million people if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. Probably a 100 million people if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. Probably a 100 million people if
+not a larger number use a spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a larger number use a spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a larger number use a spreadsheet
+every single day. You know perhaps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day. You know perhaps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single day. You know perhaps a
+good fraction of the planet now has used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the planet now has used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fraction of the planet now has used
+a spreadsheet at some point. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet at some point. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet at some point. The
+other big tables which are these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big tables which are these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big tables which are these large
+triple store databases that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store databases that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple store databases that we have
+discussed in prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in prior
+lectures are uh are really what is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are uh are really what is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are uh are really what is used
+to store most of the analyze data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store most of the analyze data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store most of the analyze data on
+earth. So Google, Amazon, they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. So Google, Amazon, they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. So Google, Amazon, they all have
+these giant triple store databases which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these giant triple store databases which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these giant triple store databases which
+can be looked at thought about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be looked at thought about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be looked at thought about as
+gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+uh gigantic spreadsheets really rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gigantic spreadsheets really rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gigantic spreadsheets really rows and
+columns and values and stuff and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and values and stuff and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and values and stuff and and the
+the power is that they really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power is that they really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power is that they really can
+simultaneously uh store uh diverse data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh store uh diverse data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously uh store uh diverse data.
+uh you know you can hold in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can hold in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you can hold in the same
+data structure strings and dates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure strings and dates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure strings and dates and
+integers and reals and all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and reals and all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and reals and all different
+types of data and you can treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data and you can treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of data and you can treat them
+very differently. You can treat them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very differently. You can treat them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very differently. You can treat them as
+we've shown here. This is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown here. This is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown here. This is just one
+spreadsheet. We can treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet. We can treat it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet. We can treat it as a
+matrix. We can treat it as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. We can treat it as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. We can treat it as you know
+functions, hash tables, you know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, hash tables, you know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, hash tables, you know little
+mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini
+databases all in the same spreadsheet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases all in the same spreadsheet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases all in the same spreadsheet.
+We can kind of hold this information. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can kind of hold this information. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can kind of hold this information. So
+it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very
+powerful concept the spreadsheet yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept the spreadsheet yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept the spreadsheet yet we
+lack any formal mathematical basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack any formal mathematical basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack any formal mathematical basis for
+this in fact I looked up in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact I looked up in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in fact I looked up in the uh
+American Mathematical Association and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Mathematical Association and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Mathematical Association and
+the Syiam databases the word spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syiam databases the word spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syiam databases the word spreadsheet
+okay and it did not appear in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it did not appear in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it did not appear in a single
+title or an abstract other than say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title or an abstract other than say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title or an abstract other than say you
+know maybe with reference to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe with reference to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe with reference to some
+software but the this this core thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but the this this core thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software but the this this core thing
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+use every day. Every single time we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use every day. Every single time we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use every day. Every single time we do a
+Google search, we're using it. Every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google search, we're using it. Every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google search, we're using it. Every
+single time we do a spreadsheet, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time we do a spreadsheet, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time we do a spreadsheet, we're
+using it. Has no formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. Has no formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it. Has no formal
+mathematical structure. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure. And so that
+seems like a little bit of a problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a little bit of a problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a little bit of a problem,
+right? That we we maybe we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That we we maybe we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That we we maybe we should have
+some formal mathematical structure. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal mathematical structure. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal mathematical structure. And
+so this mathematical thing called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mathematical thing called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this mathematical thing called an
+associative array actually gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array actually gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array actually gives us a
+mathematical structure that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical structure that really
+encompasses this in a fairly nice way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses this in a fairly nice way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses this in a fairly nice way.
+I'm sure there's cases that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there's cases that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure there's cases that it doesn't
+but the core of what it is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the core of what it is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the core of what it is really really
+works. So I think that's a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So I think that's a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So I think that's a powerful
+concept. So what is our overall goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept. So what is our overall goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept. So what is our overall goal
+here? So we want to create a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? So we want to create a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? So we want to create a formal
+basis for working with these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for working with these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for working with these types of
+data structures in a more mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures in a more mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures in a more mathematically
+rigorous way. Um this allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way. Um this allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous way. Um this allows us to
+create better algorithms because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create better algorithms because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create better algorithms because we can
+now apply the traditional tools of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now apply the traditional tools of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now apply the traditional tools of of
+linear algebra and detection theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and detection theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and detection theory to
+these types of data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of data.
+Um it saves time in terms of generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it saves time in terms of generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it saves time in terms of generally
+if you have the mathematical background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the mathematical background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the mathematical background
+you can implement things using a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement things using a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement things using a lot
+less code which usually means a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less code which usually means a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less code which usually means a lot less
+lines and often um you can build on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and often um you can build on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and often um you can build on top
+of existing optimized libraries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existing optimized libraries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of existing optimized libraries which
+give you better performance and we throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you better performance and we throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you better performance and we throw
+out a number of 50x less effort for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a number of 50x less effort for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a number of 50x less effort for
+those with the required training they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with the required training they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with the required training they
+can they can do they can uh they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can do they can uh they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can do they can uh they can do
+this and that is something that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that is something that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that is something that we've
+observed a number of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed a number of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed a number of cases
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+um you know it's it's good for managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's good for managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's good for managers
+too. I I've tried to have recruit group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I I've tried to have recruit group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I I've tried to have recruit group
+leaders at Lincoln Laboratory. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders at Lincoln Laboratory. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders at Lincoln Laboratory. It's like
+you really should use D4M. I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should use D4M. I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really should use D4M. I could
+connect it to SAP no problem. You'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it to SAP no problem. You'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect it to SAP no problem. You'll
+really, you know, and get them feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, you know, and get them feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, you know, and get them feeling
+like they're actually doing programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're actually doing programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they're actually doing programming
+again, you know. Um haven't had too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you know. Um haven't had too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you know. Um haven't had too many
+takers of that yet. So hopefully we can,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers of that yet. So hopefully we can,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takers of that yet. So hopefully we can,
+you know, maybe as as you folks start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe as as you folks start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe as as you folks start
+using it, they'll see using it. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it, they'll see using it. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it, they'll see using it. uh
+binding to the various enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to the various enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding to the various enterprise
+databases at the laboratory is very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases at the laboratory is very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases at the laboratory is very easy
+to do. Um and using DRM to analyze it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Um and using DRM to analyze it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Um and using DRM to analyze it's
+fairly easy to do. So so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to do. So so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy to do. So so you know I
+actually use it now instead of like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use it now instead of like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use it now instead of like if
+I'm going to use Excel I'll often just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Excel I'll often just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Excel I'll often just
+be like no I'll just write a CSV file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like no I'll just write a CSV file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like no I'll just write a CSV file
+and just use D4M for manipulating basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just use D4M for manipulating basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just use D4M for manipulating basic
+Excel types of operations. Uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel types of operations. Uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel types of operations. Uh just
+because it it feels a lot more natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it feels a lot more natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it feels a lot more natural
+to me. Um and so uh that that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me. Um and so uh that that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me. Um and so uh that that's you know
+I certainly have have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So we're going to get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we're going to get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So we're going to get into this
+associative array concept which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array concept which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array concept which we
+discussed in some of the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some of the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in some of the earlier
+lectures. we're going to get into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. we're going to get into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures. we're going to get into more
+deeply now, but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply now, but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply now, but but
+um the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um the
+real benefit of the associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefit of the associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefit of the associative array
+concept is that naturally pulls together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is that naturally pulls together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is that naturally pulls together
+four different ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different ways of thinking about
+your data into one structure and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data into one structure and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data into one structure and you can
+apply the reasoning from any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the reasoning from any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the reasoning from any of these
+four ways of thinking sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ways of thinking sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ways of thinking sort of
+interchangeably. Now, so we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably. Now, so we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably. Now, so we can think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+data as as associative arrays that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as as associative arrays that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as as associative arrays that is
+arrays that are indexed by uh by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays that are indexed by uh by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays that are indexed by uh by by
+words. This is similar to what plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. This is similar to what plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words. This is similar to what plural
+does and hashes of hashes where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and hashes of hashes where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and hashes of hashes where we can
+have you know row keys that are words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know row keys that are words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know row keys that are words
+and column keys that are words and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column keys that are words and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column keys that are words and then
+values that are words or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers. This concept is one to one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This concept is one to one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This concept is one to one with
+our triple store ba databases. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our triple store ba databases. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our triple store ba databases. So we can
+go naturally from triples to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go naturally from triples to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go naturally from triples to this and
+inserting data into a database and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting data into a database and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting data into a database and get
+you know you know if our data is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know if our data is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know if our data is an
+associative array we can very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array we can very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array we can very quickly
+say please insert it into a database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please insert it into a database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please insert it into a database and
+if we do a query it can return an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do a query it can return an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do a query it can return an
+associative array to us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array to us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array to us very
+nicely. This this obviously connects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. This this obviously connects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. This this obviously connects to
+uh graphs. So if we want to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graphs. So if we want to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graphs. So if we want to store
+relationships and graphs between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and graphs between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and graphs between
+vertices and any entities. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and any entities. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and any entities. So we have
+Alice Bob cited which is dual to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob cited which is dual to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice Bob cited which is dual to the
+linear algebraic matrix formulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic matrix formulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebraic matrix formulation of
+graphs. You know Alice and row Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. You know Alice and row Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. You know Alice and row Alice
+column column Bob you know their edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column column Bob you know their edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column column Bob you know their edge
+associated between them. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated between them. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated between them. So we have
+these four very powerful ways of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four very powerful ways of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four very powerful ways of looking
+at our data and they're now all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our data and they're now all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our data and they're now all sort of
+brought together as one concept. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together as one concept. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together as one concept. So, I
+kind of argue it's sort of a one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argue it's sort of a one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argue it's sort of a one of the
+best deals in math you'll get. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best deals in math you'll get. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best deals in math you'll get. You know,
+if you know one, you get the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know one, you get the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know one, you get the other three
+for free, right? And that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free, right? And that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free, right? And that's that's
+really what the whole point of math is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the whole point of math is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the whole point of math is,
+right? Is if you give me a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is if you give me a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Is if you give me a whole bunch
+of information, I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information, I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information, I can calculate
+something else that you didn't know. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you didn't know. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that you didn't know. And
+typically in signal processing, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in signal processing, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in signal processing, that
+deal is more like, well, if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is more like, well, if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal is more like, well, if you give me
+50 pieces of information, I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pieces of information, I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pieces of information, I can give you
+the 51st. Here, if you give me one, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 51st. Here, if you give me one, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 51st. Here, if you give me one, you
+know, I can give you three. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can give you three. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I can give you three. So, it's a
+really good bargain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good bargain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good bargain.
+Um, as a little anecdote, I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, as a little anecdote, I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, as a little anecdote, I was uh
+working with my daughter uh teaching her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with my daughter uh teaching her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with my daughter uh teaching her
+the parallel geometry lines problem, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel geometry lines problem, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel geometry lines problem, you
+know, parallel lines. I was telling her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, parallel lines. I was telling her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, parallel lines. I was telling her
+this is the best deal in math, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best deal in math, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the best deal in math, right?
+Because you know one angle and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you know one angle and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you know one angle and you get
+the other seven free. So, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other seven free. So, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other seven free. So, we're not
+quite as good as that. That's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good as that. That's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as good as that. That's probably
+the best deal in math going. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best deal in math going. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best deal in math going. And that's
+why they teach it so much is if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they teach it so much is if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they teach it so much is if you know
+one angle, you get the other seven for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one angle, you get the other seven for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one angle, you get the other seven for
+free. Um uh here we if you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. Um uh here we if you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free. Um uh here we if you know one of
+these concepts, you essentially get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts, you essentially get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts, you essentially get the
+other other for free. So it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other for free. So it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other for free. So it's a very
+powerful concept and um and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and um and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and um and uh it's
+really kind of at the core of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of at the core of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of at the core of of of of
+of the benefit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology. As much as possible we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. As much as possible we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. As much as possible we try
+and make it that any operation on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it that any operation on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make it that any operation on an
+associative array returns another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array returns another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array returns another
+associative array. So this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array. So this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array. So this gives you
+sort of the mathematical concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the mathematical concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the mathematical concept of
+closure. linear algebra works because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure. linear algebra works because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure. linear algebra works because
+the vast majority of operations on a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of operations on a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of operations on a on
+a matrix return another matrix and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix return another matrix and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix return another matrix and so
+you can compose these together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compose these together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compose these together
+mathematically and create sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically and create sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically and create sequences of
+operation which are conceptually easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which are conceptually easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which are conceptually easy to
+think about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about.
+So because of that we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because of that we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because of that we can create
+operations like adding associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like adding associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations like adding associate
+associative arrays subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays subtracting
+associative arrays anding them oring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays anding them oring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays anding them oring
+them multiplying to them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them multiplying to them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them multiplying to them together and
+the result of every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of every one of these
+operations will be another associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will be another associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations will be another associative
+array and so that's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and so that's a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array and so that's a very powerful
+powerful concept and likewise we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and likewise we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful concept and likewise we can do
+very easy uh query operations we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy uh query operations we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy uh query operations we if we
+want to get rows Alice and Bob row Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rows Alice and Bob row Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rows Alice and Bob row Alice
+rows beginning with Al rows Alice to Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows beginning with Al rows Alice to Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows beginning with Al rows Alice to Bob
+the first two rows everything equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two rows everything equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two rows everything equal to
+47 and every single one of these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 and every single one of these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47 and every single one of these will
+return another associative array. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return another associative array. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return another associative array. So so
+again this compositional concept is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this compositional concept is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this compositional concept is very
+very important. It's not to say we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. It's not to say we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important. It's not to say we don't
+use the triples formulation too and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triples formulation too and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triples formulation too and we
+have routines that very quickly bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have routines that very quickly bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have routines that very quickly bounce
+you back and forth between them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back and forth between them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back and forth between them because
+there are times it's like no I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times it's like no I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times it's like no I want to
+view this as a set of of triples and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as a set of of triples and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as a set of of triples and I
+want to do operations that way as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do operations that way as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do operations that way as well.
+So we support them both. But uh but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we support them both. But uh but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we support them both. But uh but this
+this is really sort of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of the core
+composable aspect. In fact, most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composable aspect. In fact, most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composable aspect. In fact, most people
+initially develop their codes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially develop their codes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially develop their codes and this
+in this formalism and then maybe change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formalism and then maybe change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formalism and then maybe change
+some of their lines to working on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their lines to working on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their lines to working on on
+native triples if they need to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native triples if they need to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native triples if they need to get some
+improvement in performance, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in performance, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in performance, you know,
+memory handling or the side like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory handling or the side like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory handling or the side like that.
+And so and we certainly do that too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This these associative arrays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This these associative arrays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This these associative arrays are
+actually very easy to implement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to implement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to implement and the
+whole D4M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole D4M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole D4M
+library. It's probably a little larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library. It's probably a little larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library. It's probably a little larger
+now, but when I wrote this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but when I wrote this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, but when I wrote this is about
+2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000
+lines. Uh, which is very easy to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. Uh, which is very easy to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. Uh, which is very easy to do in
+programming environments that have first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming environments that have first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming environments that have first
+class support for two dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class support for two dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class support for two dimensional
+arrays. Operator overloading. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. Operator overloading. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. Operator overloading. We're
+overloading operators like crazy here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overloading operators like crazy here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overloading operators like crazy here.
+The plus, the minus, the and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The plus, the minus, the and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The plus, the minus, the and,
+parenthesis, all that kind of stuff. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis, all that kind of stuff. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis, all that kind of stuff. and
+also have first class support for sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have first class support for sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have first class support for sparse
+linear algebra. Internal under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra. Internal under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra. Internal under the
+covers, we're using sparse linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers, we're using sparse linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers, we're using sparse linear
+algebra like crazy to make all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work. Of the languages on Earth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Of the languages on Earth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Of the languages on Earth that
+have those features, mat lab is by far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those features, mat lab is by far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those features, mat lab is by far
+the most popular one which is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one which is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular one which is why we
+have chosen that language to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen that language to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen that language to implement
+these features. There are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features. There are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features. There are other
+languages that have these features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have these features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have these features and
+you can implement that. Um but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement that. Um but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement that. Um but there are
+other languages that that that don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages that that that don't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages that that that don't and
+if you want to implement D form in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to implement D form in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to implement D form in those
+languages you certainly can you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you certainly can you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you certainly can you just
+have to write more code. So this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write more code. So this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write more code. So this is sort
+of the language in which it can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language in which it can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language in which it can be done
+in the minimum amount of code. And again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minimum amount of code. And again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the minimum amount of code. And again
+we find that you know for complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that you know for complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that you know for complex
+analytics that people typically can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics that people typically can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics that people typically can get
+their work done with 50 times less code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work done with 50 times less code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work done with 50 times less code
+than the equivalent Java and SQL. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the equivalent Java and SQL. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the equivalent Java and SQL. And
+this naturally leads to high performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naturally leads to high performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naturally leads to high performance
+parallel implementations because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementations because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel implementations because these
+are all arrays and matrices. And we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all arrays and matrices. And we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all arrays and matrices. And we have
+a very wellestablished literature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wellestablished literature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wellestablished literature in the
+community about how to do parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community about how to do parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community about how to do parallel
+linear algebra. How to do make matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra. How to do make matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra. How to do make matrices
+work in parallel. It's a very wellestied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in parallel. It's a very wellestied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in parallel. It's a very wellestied
+discipline and we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology. Just to remind people of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Just to remind people of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Just to remind people of how
+we actually store the data in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually store the data in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually store the data in our
+databases and how the data will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and how the data will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and how the data will often
+come out in our associative arrays, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out in our associative arrays, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out in our associative arrays, we
+use this exploded schema. So if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this exploded schema. So if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this exploded schema. So if we had
+data that looked like a standard table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that looked like a standard table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that looked like a standard table
+here with some kind of key and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with some kind of key and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with some kind of key and you know
+three columns here with different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns here with different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns here with different values
+associated with every one of them. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with every one of them. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with every one of them. If we
+were to insert these into a standard say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to insert these into a standard say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to insert these into a standard say
+SQL type table, we would just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQL type table, we would just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQL type table, we would just simply
+create a a table like this. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a table like this. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a table like this. in
+SQL. But if we wanted to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQL. But if we wanted to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SQL. But if we wanted to look up
+anything quickly, we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything quickly, we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything quickly, we would have to
+create incillary tables that would store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create incillary tables that would store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create incillary tables that would store
+indices to allow us to do things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices to allow us to do things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices to allow us to do things very
+quickly. And if we wanted to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. And if we wanted to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. And if we wanted to add a
+totally new type of data, we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally new type of data, we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally new type of data, we would have
+to rethink our our schema. Um, so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rethink our our schema. Um, so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rethink our our schema. Um, so what
+we typically do is we create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do is we create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do is we create this
+exploded schema because our triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema because our triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded schema because our triple
+stores are very comfortable storing, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores are very comfortable storing, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores are very comfortable storing, you
+know, dynamically storing very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, dynamically storing very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, dynamically storing very large
+numbers of columns. So we essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of columns. So we essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of columns. So we essentially
+typically take the the type and append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically take the the type and append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically take the the type and append
+the value. So we create a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value. So we create a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value. So we create a series of
+triples here, usually with some minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples here, usually with some minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triples here, usually with some minimal
+information for the actual stored value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the actual stored value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the actual stored value,
+something we would never want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we would never want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we would never want to look
+up. Again, by itself, this doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Again, by itself, this doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Again, by itself, this doesn't give
+you much because most of these triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much because most of these triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much because most of these triple
+stores are are have an orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores are are have an orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores are are have an orientation
+typically row oriented. So you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically row oriented. So you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically row oriented. So you can get
+any row quickly with relatively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row quickly with relatively uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row quickly with relatively uh
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+effort. And um and so uh but what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort. And um and so uh but what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort. And um and so uh but what if we
+also store the transpose of that? We now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also store the transpose of that? We now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also store the transpose of that? We now
+create a a table pair such that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a table pair such that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a a table pair such that we can
+look up any row or column very quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up any row or column very quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up any row or column very quickly.
+And so essentially we've indexed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so essentially we've indexed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so essentially we've indexed all the
+data and um and you can now do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and um and you can now do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and um and you can now do things
+very very quickly. So that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly. So that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly. So that's a very
+powerful powerful concept and we exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful concept and we exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful powerful concept and we exploit
+it all the time. And of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time. And of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time. And of course this
+whole concept looks very much like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept looks very much like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept looks very much like an
+associative array. Mathematically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array. Mathematically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array. Mathematically we can
+treat it as an associative array. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right, so that's sort of the easy part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's sort of the easy part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so that's sort of the easy part.
+I think we've covered a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've covered a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've covered a lot of this
+before in the previous lectures. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the previous lectures. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in the previous lectures. Now,
+we're going to get into some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get into some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get into some of the more
+mathematical elements, which aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical elements, which aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical elements, which aren't
+necessarily hard. you know, they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hard. you know, they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily hard. you know, they just
+impose notation that that uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose notation that that uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose notation that that uh that that
+we don't necessarily use in our regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily use in our regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't necessarily use in our regular
+day-to-day work lives. So, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day work lives. So, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day work lives. So, we're going
+to talk about what are the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what are the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about what are the values of
+associations, keys, functions, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations, keys, functions, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations, keys, functions, and
+getting to things like matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply. All righty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply. All righty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply. All righty.
+So mathematically we treat an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mathematically we treat an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mathematically we treat an
+associative array as sets of keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array as sets of keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array as sets of keys and
+values that are drawn from infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are drawn from infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that are drawn from infinite
+strict totally ordered set. We'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict totally ordered set. We'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict totally ordered set. We'll call
+it S. You might like what is that? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it S. You might like what is that? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it S. You might like what is that? What
+is an infinite strict totally ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite strict totally ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinite strict totally ordered
+set? is just a set where there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set? is just a set where there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set? is just a set where there's an
+ordering where basically any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering where basically any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering where basically any two
+elements of the set there's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set there's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the set there's a function
+that will tell you you know one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell you you know one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tell you you know one is
+greater than the other and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the other and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the other and they also
+have an equal operation too. So it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equal operation too. So it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an equal operation too. So it will
+tell you that you know if I give it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you know if I give it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that you know if I give it any
+two values I can ask the question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values I can ask the question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two values I can ask the question is is
+one greater than the other or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one greater than the other or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one greater than the other or are they
+equal? So that's the strict part. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal? So that's the strict part. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal? So that's the strict part. So, so
+that encompasses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encompasses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encompasses a
+lot. Obviously, it encompasses the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Obviously, it encompasses the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot. Obviously, it encompasses the usual
+things like real numbers and integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like real numbers and integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like real numbers and integers
+and things like that, but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that, but it also
+encompasses strings if we impose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses strings if we impose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses strings if we impose an
+ordering on them. And we will choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering on them. And we will choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering on them. And we will choose
+lexographic ordering almost always to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexographic ordering almost always to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexographic ordering almost always to be
+our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our
+order. In fact, in the implementation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. In fact, in the implementation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. In fact, in the implementation,
+we sort of impose that. We always use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of impose that. We always use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of impose that. We always use
+lexographic ordering. we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexographic ordering. we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexographic ordering. we don't really
+have another ordering that is readily at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another ordering that is readily at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another ordering that is readily at
+at at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at our
+disposal. So given those keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal. So given those keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal. So given those keys and
+values, an associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, an associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, an associative
+array is a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array is a partial
+function from a set a d-dimensional set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from a set a d-dimensional set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from a set a d-dimensional set
+of keys to a value. So if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys to a value. So if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keys to a value. So if we have the
+vector of keys. So typically D will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of keys. So typically D will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of keys. So typically D will be
+two and you know this the first K1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you know this the first K1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you know this the first K1 will
+be the row key and then a column key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the row key and then a column key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the row key and then a column key and
+it will map us on a partial function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will map us on a partial function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will map us on a partial function um
+um from the D keys to one value. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the D keys to one value. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the D keys to one value. So it
+will look like this. An associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like this. An associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like this. An associative
+array with a a pair of with a key a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with a a pair of with a key a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array with a a pair of with a key a
+vector of keys typically two I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of keys typically two I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of keys typically two I will have
+a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value
+uh vi and that it is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi and that it is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi and that it is empty
+otherwise. So this is its function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. So this is its function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. So this is its function
+because we only define it where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only define it where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only define it where these
+keys exists. So you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys exists. So you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys exists. So you can imagine that
+every single associative array is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single associative array is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single associative array is a
+function over the entire space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over the entire space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over the entire space of all
+possible keys, but we're only giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible keys, but we're only giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible keys, but we're only giving you
+the ones that are defined and everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are defined and everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are defined and everywhere
+else it's undefined. Okay, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's undefined. Okay, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it's undefined. Okay, this is
+actually a fairly large break from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a fairly large break from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a fairly large break from
+linear algebra where we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra where we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra where we can have
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+uh that are really a matrix is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are really a matrix is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are really a matrix is really a
+function of the indices, the J indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the indices, the J indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the indices, the J indices
+which are integers. Here we allow them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are integers. Here we allow them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are integers. Here we allow them
+to be anything and we formally support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anything and we formally support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be anything and we formally support
+the concept of a completely empty row or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a completely empty row or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of a completely empty row or
+column. So associative arrays don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. So associative arrays don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. So associative arrays don't
+allow that. They only give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that. They only give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that. They only give you the
+information. They only store non-mpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. They only store non-mpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. They only store non-mpy
+information. And in our implementation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And in our implementation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. And in our implementation,
+we tend to store zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to store zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tend to store zero
+as equivalent to null in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalent to null in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalent to null in this space
+because the underlying sparse matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the underlying sparse matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the underlying sparse matrix
+implementation does that. zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation does that. zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation does that. zero is
+essentially treated as the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially treated as the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially treated as the null
+character. So, so that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. So, so that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. So, so that's a big
+difference is that now we can still use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that now we can still use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that now we can still use
+our linear algebraic intuition but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear algebraic intuition but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our linear algebraic intuition but but
+that's the fundamental fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental fundamental
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+here. So binary operations on any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So binary operations on any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So binary operations on any two
+associative arrays. So I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays. So I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative arrays. So I have
+associative A1 and A2 with this binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative A1 and A2 with this binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative A1 and A2 with this binary
+operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+are defined essentially by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined essentially by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined essentially by two
+functions. The sort of upper function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. The sort of upper function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. The sort of upper function
+here which says how we're going to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says how we're going to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says how we're going to treat
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+keys. So if we have two associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So if we have two associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So if we have two associative
+arrays there are keys. Some of them can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays there are keys. Some of them can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays there are keys. Some of them can
+overlap some of them cannot overlap. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap some of them cannot overlap. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap some of them cannot overlap. And
+our function will either choose to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function will either choose to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function will either choose to look
+for the union or the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the union or the intersection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the union or the intersection of
+those. So for instance, if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So for instance, if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those. So for instance, if we do
+addition that's most associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition that's most associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition that's most associated with
+unionuning the two the underlying keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionuning the two the underlying keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionuning the two the underlying keys.
+Uh if we do uh other operations like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we do uh other operations like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we do uh other operations like and
+that's most consistent with intersecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most consistent with intersecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most consistent with intersecting
+the two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sets of
+keys. So obviously if it's unionlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So obviously if it's unionlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So obviously if it's unionlike the
+result will always be non- empty. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will always be non- empty. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result will always be non- empty. If the
+if the function is intersection like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the function is intersection like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the function is intersection like
+then there's a possibility you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a possibility you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a possibility you can do a
+binary operation and the result will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operation and the result will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operation and the result will be
+an empty associative array. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty associative array. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an empty associative array. So we have
+that sort of choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of choice
+there. Okay. And we ch we choose union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Okay. And we ch we choose union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Okay. And we ch we choose union
+and intersection because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intersection because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intersection because they're the
+ones that are we could do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are we could do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are we could do other
+functions but they're the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but they're the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but they're the ones that are
+formally covered in set theory and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally covered in set theory and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally covered in set theory and and
+and keep us from having to relax this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep us from having to relax this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep us from having to relax this
+very general condition here. we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general condition here. we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general condition here. we have we
+can have equality so we can check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equality so we can check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have equality so we can check for
+for intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intersection
+uh and so so we're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+instance of where you so if we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of where you so if we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of where you so if we have uh
+an associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an associative array
+okay A1 with a set of keys here ki and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay A1 with a set of keys here ki and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay A1 with a set of keys here ki and a
+value v1 and another associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value v1 and another associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value v1 and another associative array
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+intersecting ki with v2 then a3 three ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting ki with v2 then a3 three ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting ki with v2 then a3 three ki
+will be given by this function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given by this function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be given by this function.
+Okay, it's either going to be v you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's either going to be v you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's either going to be v you know
+the keys overlap. So in the if if k if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys overlap. So in the if if k if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys overlap. So in the if if k if
+if ki are the same they'll overlap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ki are the same they'll overlap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if ki are the same they'll overlap and
+so there you go. And likewise with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go. And likewise with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go. And likewise with this
+you have this choice of it could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this choice of it could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this choice of it could either
+be a union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a union and
+intersection. And then what we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection. And then what we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection. And then what we do with
+the values like we now have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values like we now have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values like we now have a a
+collision is what we'll call these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is what we'll call these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision is what we'll call these two
+keys from two associated the row keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys from two associated the row keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys from two associated the row keys
+and column keys are the same. Well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column keys are the same. Well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column keys are the same. Well now
+we want to do something. We call this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do something. We call this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do something. We call this we
+apply this function f which we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this function f which we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this function f which we call the
+collision function. Okay. And that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision function. Okay. And that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision function. Okay. And that will
+determine what the actual result is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the actual result is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what the actual result is what
+the new value in a3 will be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If one of these was an intersection was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If one of these was an intersection was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If one of these was an intersection was
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+empty then obviously the union of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty then obviously the union of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty then obviously the union of this
+we don't even have to worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even have to worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even have to worry about it
+right that's part of the kind of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's part of the kind of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's part of the kind of the way
+we approach it this if if uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach it this if if uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we approach it this if if uh if
+you're there is no collision so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there is no collision so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there is no collision so that
+means you're applying your function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're applying your function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're applying your function with
+this then f is never called so we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then f is never called so we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then f is never called so we always
+just do that or that. So if it's a union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that or that. So if it's a union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that or that. So if it's a union
+function then you just get V. If it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you just get V. If it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function then you just get V. If it's an
+intersection function then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection function then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection function then you would
+just get the empty set and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the empty set and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the empty set and the
+underlying function never is called. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying function never is called. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying function never is called. And
+you might like well why would I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like well why would I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like well why would I care
+about that? Well later on I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? Well later on I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that? Well later on I'm going to
+get to do with deal with things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do with deal with things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to do with deal with things
+like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the
+zero in this math or what is one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this math or what is one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this math or what is one in this
+math? And this will allow me to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? And this will allow me to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math? And this will allow me to sort of
+address some of those cases by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of those cases by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of those cases by saying
+look we we can kind of if there's no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we we can kind of if there's no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we we can kind of if there's no no
+uh no key intersection we can do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no key intersection we can do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no key intersection we can do that.
+So the high level usage of associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the high level usage of associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the high level usage of associative
+rates is essentially dictated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is essentially dictated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is essentially dictated by this
+mathematics. Um and again part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Um and again part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Um and again part of the
+reason we chose this very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we chose this very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we chose this very general
+definition is that by definition numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that by definition numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that by definition numbers
+reals and integers are all included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals and integers are all included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals and integers are all included
+here. we have not done we've not thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. we have not done we've not thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. we have not done we've not thrown
+them out and we've also included strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and we've also included strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out and we've also included strings
+I should say at any time we can say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say at any time we can say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say at any time we can say look
+our values are just real numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our values are just real numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our values are just real numbers and
+then we essentially get the full power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we essentially get the full power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we essentially get the full power
+of linear algebra but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra but that's sort of
+this sort of card that we always try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of card that we always try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of card that we always try and
+play last okay we try and keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play last okay we try and keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play last okay we try and keep our
+mathematics as broad as we can and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as broad as we can and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics as broad as we can and if
+then there's particular instances like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's particular instances like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's particular instances like
+oh well I need the values to be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well I need the values to be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well I need the values to be real
+numbers or complex numbers here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or complex numbers here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or complex numbers here or
+integers or whatever we can always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or whatever we can always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers or whatever we can always say
+all right the values are that and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the values are that and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the values are that and now we
+get a whole bunch of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a whole bunch of additional
+properties But we sort of try and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties But we sort of try and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties But we sort of try and build
+up the mathematics in this general way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mathematics in this general way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the mathematics in this general way
+first and then sort of play that later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then sort of play that later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then sort of play that later.
+Question. Yes. So the way you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Yes. So the way you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Yes. So the way you uh the
+general definition of keys that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition of keys that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general definition of keys that's more
+general than you would need to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than you would need to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than you would need to analyze
+spreadsheets wouldn't be sufficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets wouldn't be sufficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets wouldn't be sufficient for
+spreadsheets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I believe that
+actually spreadsheets store things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spreadsheets store things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spreadsheets store things as
+R1, R2, R3 internally and C1 that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1, R2, R3 internally and C1 that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1, R2, R3 internally and C1 that they
+actually use an in internal triples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use an in internal triples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use an in internal triples
+representation and then project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and then project that
+into this integer space. So um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this integer space. So um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this integer space. So um so you
+know what what what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what what the actual
+spreadsheet does uh I think it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet does uh I think it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet does uh I think it kind of
+depends on on the specific spreadsheet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on the specific spreadsheet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on on the specific spreadsheet.
+So just just so so the question was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just just so so the question was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just just so so the question was so
+They can't really hear you on this mic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can't really hear you on this mic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can't really hear you on this mic.
+Was is is this more than you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was is is this more than you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was is is this more than you need to do
+a spreadsheet? Could you just not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet? Could you just not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spreadsheet? Could you just not have
+just get away with just integer uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get away with just integer uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get away with just integer uh in in
+indexing? And I would say perhaps I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing? And I would say perhaps I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing? And I would say perhaps I
+don't really know. And I and as I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know. And I and as I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know. And I and as I said,
+I think internally they actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think internally they actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think internally they actually do
+something that's more akin to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more akin to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more akin to this uh
+than than uh certainly when you do math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than uh certainly when you do math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than uh certainly when you do math
+in Microsoft Excel, you it's it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Microsoft Excel, you it's it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Microsoft Excel, you it's it has
+letters there. You give it, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters there. You give it, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters there. You give it, you know,
+A1, B1, those types of things. It that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1, B1, those types of things. It that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1, B1, those types of things. It that's
+just because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because they're
+using letters instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using letters instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using letters instead of a
+Yeah. Yeah. One could view it that way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. One could view it that way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. One could view it that way,
+but people like it, so we do what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people like it, so we do what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people like it, so we do what people
+like, right? You don't need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, right? You don't need an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, right? You don't need an
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure. You can just make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can just make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can just make a
+wonder in Excel you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in Excel you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder in Excel you have different
+worksheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different row and column.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different row and column.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different row and column.
+So it's a row and column but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a row and column but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a row and column but then it's
+also the worksheet. Okay. Also, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the worksheet. Okay. Also, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the worksheet. Okay. Also, so
+there's three, but they're not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three, but they're not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three, but they're not they're
+not gonna sequentially number all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna sequentially number all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna sequentially number all those
+because it's a sparse space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sparse space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a sparse space
+that I'm sure they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure they do
+some I don't think they store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number spreadsheet number one number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, it doesn't do that. It obviously it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it doesn't do that. It obviously it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it doesn't do that. It obviously it
+does compress. Yes. Yeah. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does compress. Yes. Yeah. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does compress. Yes. Yeah. So, so
+mathematically it may be more than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it may be more than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it may be more than what
+is minimally required to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimally required to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimally required to do a
+spreadsheet. We will discover though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet. We will discover though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet. We will discover though it
+is very useful and in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very useful and in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very useful and in a certain sense
+allows you to do things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do things with
+spreadsheets that are hard to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets that are hard to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheets that are hard to do in the
+existing technologies. Uh which is why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing technologies. Uh which is why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing technologies. Uh which is why I
+use it. There's operations that I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. There's operations that I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it. There's operations that I can do
+with this that are very natural and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that are very natural and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this that are very natural and the
+spreadsheet data is there. Uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet data is there. Uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet data is there. Uh and I
+would like to be able to do it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to do it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be able to do it. So
+Jeremy, yes. The actual binary operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy, yes. The actual binary operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeremy, yes. The actual binary operator
+plus is it union or intersection. So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is it union or intersection. So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is it union or intersection. So on
+the keys it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys it will
+be union. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be union. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be union. All
+right. Where the value is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Where the value is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Where the value is an
+intersection with an empty set. We don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with an empty set. We don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with an empty set. We don't
+care what the actual numerical thing is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the actual numerical thing is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the actual numerical thing is.
+We'll just return the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll just return the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll just return the other
+thing where there is a collision. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where there is a collision. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where there is a collision. And so
+now you have to resolve. And that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to resolve. And that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to resolve. And that's kind
+of why we get a lot of mileage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we get a lot of mileage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why we get a lot of mileage here
+because most of the time we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the time we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of the time we have very
+few collisions and so the it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few collisions and so the it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few collisions and so the it's not like
+we have to worry about huge things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to worry about huge things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to worry about huge things. So
+where there are collisions if the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are collisions if the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are collisions if the values
+are numbers then we'll just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbers then we'll just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbers then we'll just do the
+normal addition. If the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal addition. If the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal addition. If the values are
+strings okay then it's somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay then it's somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings okay then it's somewhat
+undefined what we mean there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined what we mean there. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined what we mean there. Okay.
+And I forget if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I forget if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I forget if
+D4M throws an error in that situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4M throws an error in that situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4M throws an error in that situation.
+If the values were strings, it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the values were strings, it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the values were strings, it might
+default to just doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to just doing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default to just doing something like
+taking the max or the min and saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the max or the min and saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the max or the min and saying you
+tried to add two things for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to add two things for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to add two things for which the
+formal addition, you know, collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal addition, you know, collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal addition, you know, collision
+function doesn't really make sense. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't really make sense. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function doesn't really make sense. And
+I'm just going to put something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to put something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to put something in
+there. We can test that out, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We can test that out, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. We can test that out, you know,
+at the end of the class. Function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the class. Function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the class. Function is a
+function of the type of value. Yes, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the type of value. Yes, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the type of value. Yes, it
+has to be a function of the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a function of the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a function of the type of the
+value because if I'm going to add a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because if I'm going to add a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value because if I'm going to add a real
+number with a string, what do I do? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with a string, what do I do? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with a string, what do I do? You
+know, because I can do that. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, because I can do that. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, because I can do that. Yes,
+another question to follow up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question to follow up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question to follow up on the
+previous one. It seems like in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one. It seems like in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one. It seems like in the case
+for addition, for example, there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition, for example, there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for addition, for example, there might
+be cases where you'd actually want union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cases where you'd actually want union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cases where you'd actually want union
+then add or intersection then add. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add or intersection then add. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add or intersection then add. It
+kind of depends on what the nulls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends on what the nulls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends on what the nulls in
+your in your array actually represent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your array actually represent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your array actually represent.
+Oh, there are so many functions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there are so many functions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there are so many functions where
+you can think well I'd kind of like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think well I'd kind of like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think well I'd kind of like to
+have it mean this in this context. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it mean this in this context. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it mean this in this context. So
+yeah, so the question is can you pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so the question is can you pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so the question is can you pass in
+as a parameter in D4M I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parameter in D4M I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a parameter in D4M I want you to
+union then operate I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union then operate I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union then operate I want you to
+intersect then operate or do they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect then operate or do they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect then operate or do they all
+just assume some the most logical and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume some the most logical and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume some the most logical and do
+it? So the question was um the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So the question was um the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So the question was um the bigger
+level question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level question was
+sometimes you maybe would like plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you maybe would like plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you maybe would like plus to
+mean some of the other conceptual ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of the other conceptual ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of the other conceptual ways
+that we would mean it. Okay. So in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would mean it. Okay. So in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would mean it. Okay. So in fact
+we see that a lot. There's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that a lot. There's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that a lot. There's a lot of
+things. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay.
+Now, in fact, we'll get into that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in fact, we'll get into that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in fact, we'll get into that space
+and there's hundreds, thousands,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hundreds, thousands,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's hundreds, thousands,
+millions of potential possible algebbras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of potential possible algebbras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of potential possible algebbras
+that you could possibly want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could possibly want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could possibly want.
+So what we have done is we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have done is we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we have done is we think about
+the function and we think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and we think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and we think about it in
+this mathematical context and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical context and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical context and we see
+what its mathematical implications are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its mathematical implications are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what its mathematical implications are
+in terms of is it consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of is it consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of is it consistent with the
+overall group theory of the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall group theory of the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall group theory of the mathematics
+in which case we know that if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we know that if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we know that if someone
+uses it that the intuition will carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it that the intuition will carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it that the intuition will carry
+through or is it kind of forking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or is it kind of forking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or is it kind of forking them
+off into some it's something you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into some it's something you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off into some it's something you might
+want to do but it really the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do but it really the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do but it really the result is
+now taking you into a sort of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taking you into a sort of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now taking you into a sort of a an
+undefined space. So that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined space. So that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined space. So that's kind of a
+thing we we we use for for doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we we use for for doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we we we use for for doing that.
+We don't have the formal support in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have the formal support in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't have the formal support in this
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a multiply operation that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiply operation that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiply operation that allows you to
+pass in you know an arbitrary function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in you know an arbitrary function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in you know an arbitrary function
+um for for for doing that. I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for for doing that. I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for for doing that. I should say
+there are various tricks that allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various tricks that allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various tricks that allow you
+to do that in just a couple lines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in just a couple lines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in just a couple lines or
+two, you know. Um, you basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you know. Um, you basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, you know. Um, you basically what
+you can do is if you you start with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is if you you start with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is if you you start with like
+give me the intersection of the unions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the intersection of the unions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the intersection of the unions
+first. Now I know I have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Now I know I have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Now I know I have only
+collisions. Now give me the values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. Now give me the values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions. Now give me the values.
+Apply whatever operator you want. Stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apply whatever operator you want. Stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apply whatever operator you want. Stuff
+the values back in and you're done. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values back in and you're done. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values back in and you're done. And
+so you can kind of work your way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of work your way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can kind of work your way through
+that. And by doing that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And by doing that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And by doing that you're working
+you're sort of kind of we you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of kind of we you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of kind of we you're doing
+it in a way such that you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way such that you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a way such that you know yeah
+you're outside of an algebra here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're outside of an algebra here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're outside of an algebra here.
+you're just kind of doing what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of doing what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just kind of doing what you're
+doing at it. So, encourage people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at it. So, encourage people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at it. So, encourage people to do
+that, but I'm just telling you in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I'm just telling you in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but I'm just telling you in terms
+of how we choose what functions we pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we choose what functions we pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we choose what functions we pull
+and formally support. There's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and formally support. There's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and formally support. There's and
+there's a few that I've been wrestling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few that I've been wrestling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few that I've been wrestling
+with for a long time, you know, for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for a long time, you know, for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for a long time, you know, for a
+very long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time.
+Um, and uh and and just, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh and and just, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and uh and and just, you know,
+haven't been able to decide what to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to decide what to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to decide what to do.
+Maybe I should just pick a decision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should just pick a decision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should just pick a decision.
+Yeah. So, like a real simple example, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, like a real simple example, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, like a real simple example, if
+I had array one, two, three, B was null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had array one, two, three, B was null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had array one, two, three, B was null
+three, there would be only one collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, there would be only one collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, there would be only one collision
+and we doing only that was the last. No,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we doing only that was the last. No,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we doing only that was the last. No,
+if it was an addition it was so one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was an addition it was so one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was an addition it was so one two
+three and then the other one was null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the other one was null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the other one was null
+null.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null.
+So whether the so you mean but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whether the so you mean but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whether the so you mean but they have
+the same column or something like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same column or something like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same column or something like these
+are vectors these are row vectors. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors these are row vectors. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors these are row vectors. So,
+so basically we have a one column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have a one column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we have a one column vector
+with three, another column with one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three, another column with one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with three, another column with one and
+when we add them together, you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add them together, you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we add them together, you would get
+a three because it would be union. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three because it would be union. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three because it would be union. It
+would union the keys and then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would union the keys and then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would union the keys and then the only
+addition operation would be performed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation would be performed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation would be performed on
+the collision. If we did an or an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision. If we did an or an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision. If we did an or an and
+operation, then the result would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation, then the result would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation, then the result would just be
+one a ve an associated array with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a ve an associated array with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a ve an associated array with one
+element in in it. So, We can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in in it. So, We can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in in it. So, We can do
+I kind of lost you there. The question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of lost you there. The question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of lost you there. The question
+was is it or it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is it or it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is it or it depends on the
+operation. So plus formally is closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. So plus formally is closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. So plus formally is closer to
+set addition and so therefore is a union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set addition and so therefore is a union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set addition and so therefore is a union
+operation and is formally closer to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and is formally closer to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and is formally closer to set
+intersection and so it's an intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and so it's an intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and so it's an intersection
+operation there. Regardless in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation there. Regardless in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation there. Regardless in both
+cases the collision function is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the collision function is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the collision function is only
+applied where there is a collision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, so union so the keys are a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so union so the keys are a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so union so the keys are a part of
+a set and so they get the union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set and so they get the union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set and so they get the union and
+intersection properties of strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection properties of strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection properties of strict
+totally order set which simp which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally order set which simp which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally order set which simp which is
+which is the intuitive use of union. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the intuitive use of union. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the intuitive use of union. So
+right they belong to the same set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they belong to the same set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they belong to the same set the
+same set you only define binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set you only define binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set you only define binary
+operations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on
+social elements of the set. So the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social elements of the set. So the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social elements of the set. So the only
+uh so the so they get so they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the so they get so they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the so they get so they they they
+get um we'll get into that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um we'll get into that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um we'll get into that a little bit
+later but they they essentially have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but they they essentially have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but they they essentially have the
+binary operations of a strict totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operations of a strict totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operations of a strict totally
+ordered set which is equality and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set which is equality and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered set which is equality and less
+than those questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Yes. Well there's a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. Well there's a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Yes. Well there's a few more
+there's another 40ome slides. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another 40ome slides. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another 40ome slides. So so
+but actually you've gotten a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you've gotten a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually you've gotten a lot of the
+good question here. So, so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question here. So, so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question here. So, so the thing
+though to recognize is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to recognize is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to recognize is that there's a
+lot of choices here and the algebra you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of choices here and the algebra you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of choices here and the algebra you
+are in is determined by the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in is determined by the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in is determined by the function
+that you choose and that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose and that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you choose and that we actually
+you'll find yourself switching between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find yourself switching between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find yourself switching between
+different algebbras fairly frequently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algebbras fairly frequently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algebbras fairly frequently.
+That's how we use spreadsheets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we use spreadsheets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how we use spreadsheets.
+Sometimes we do this operation and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we do this operation and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we do this operation and now
+we're in this algebra and we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this algebra and we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in this algebra and we do this
+operation and now we're in this algebra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and now we're in this algebra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and now we're in this algebra.
+And so that's the big thing to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's the big thing to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's the big thing to kind of
+get get away there. So let's get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get away there. So let's get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get away there. So let's get into
+this a little bit more deal. That's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more deal. That's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more deal. That's sort
+of the big overall. So I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big overall. So I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the big overall. So I think we've
+talked about this we the the that let S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this we the the that let S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this we the the that let S
+is an infinitely strict totally ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinitely strict totally ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an infinitely strict totally ordered
+set total order is an implementation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set total order is an implementation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set total order is an implementation not
+a theoretical requirement. So so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical requirement. So so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theoretical requirement. So so the
+fact that we were imposing this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we were imposing this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we were imposing this infinite
+strict that that they're totally ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict that that they're totally ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict that that they're totally ordered
+that we don't just allow equality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just allow equality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't just allow equality is
+more of an implementation detail. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an implementation detail. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an implementation detail. It is
+very useful for me to internally store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for me to internally store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for me to internally store
+things in order so I can look things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in order so I can look things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in order so I can look things up
+quickly. However, mathematically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. However, mathematically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. However, mathematically,
+strictly, if we just had a test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly, if we just had a test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly, if we just had a test of
+equality, we probably all the math hangs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality, we probably all the math hangs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality, we probably all the math hangs
+together there. All values and keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there. All values and keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there. All values and keys are
+drawn from the set. And the allowable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from the set. And the allowable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from the set. And the allowable
+operations on them of you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on them of you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on them of you know two
+values or keys is you know less than,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or keys is you know less than,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or keys is you know less than,
+equal to or greater than. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to or greater than. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to or greater than. So those are
+the three functions that we essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three functions that we essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three functions that we essentially
+allow. strictly to to order set only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow. strictly to to order set only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow. strictly to to order set only is
+is two but which is less than and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two but which is less than and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two but which is less than and less
+than or equal to but you get essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to but you get essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to but you get essentially
+the third one for free. In addition, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one for free. In addition, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one for free. In addition, we
+have the concept of three special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the concept of three special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the concept of three special
+symbols here which we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols here which we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols here which we've talked about
+which is the null, the empty set,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the null, the empty set,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the null, the empty set,
+uh a least element in the set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a least element in the set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a least element in the set and a
+maximal element of the set. So v less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal element of the set. So v less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal element of the set. So v less
+than or equal to plus infinity is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to plus infinity is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to plus infinity is always
+true and plus infinity is we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and plus infinity is we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and plus infinity is we're saying
+it is an element of the the maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an element of the the maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an element of the the maximal
+element is a part of the set greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a part of the set greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is a part of the set greater
+than equal to infinity is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to infinity is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to infinity is negative
+infinity is always true and the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is always true and the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity is always true and the empty
+set is the like in all set theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the like in all set theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is the like in all set theory the
+empty set is a formal member of of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a formal member of of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a formal member of of all
+sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we'll talk about the did did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we'll talk about the did did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we'll talk about the did did that
+sort of get to your question about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get to your question about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of get to your question about about
+the operations that are defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations that are defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operations that are defined on the
+keys? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys? Yeah.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Right. So then we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So then we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So then we talked about the
+collision functions and there sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision functions and there sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision functions and there sort of
+two sort of contextual functions here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of contextual functions here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of contextual functions here.
+union intersection because there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union intersection because there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union intersection because there's the
+two operations that make sense and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations that make sense and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations that make sense and then
+three conditions less than equal to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions less than equal to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three conditions less than equal to or
+greater than that is in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that is in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that is in order to
+preserve this strict totally order set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve this strict totally order set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve this strict totally order set
+once I go to values that are reals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I go to values that are reals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I go to values that are reals or
+integers I have more operations but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers I have more operations but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers I have more operations but if
+I'm just limiting myself to values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just limiting myself to values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just limiting myself to values that
+are members of a strict totally ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members of a strict totally ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are members of a strict totally ordered
+set this is all I have so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is all I have so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is all I have so that means
+that you have sort of d + five possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have sort of d + five possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have sort of d + five possible
+outcomes to any collision function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes to any collision function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes to any collision function that
+is you could have the collision function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could have the collision function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could have the collision function
+function actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function actually
+choose to put out the value of its of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to put out the value of its of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to put out the value of its of
+its underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its underlying
+key, it could produce vub1 or v2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key, it could produce vub1 or v2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key, it could produce vub1 or v2 or
+empty or minus infinity or plus or sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty or minus infinity or plus or sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty or minus infinity or plus or sets
+of these. So that's a fairly finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. So that's a fairly finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these. So that's a fairly finite
+choice of results. If we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of results. If we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of results. If we're going to
+stay in this sort of restricted thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this sort of restricted thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in this sort of restricted thing,
+we have a very limited number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very limited number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very limited number of things
+that can actually happen. When you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually happen. When you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually happen. When you're
+actually applying a collision function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applying a collision function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applying a collision function
+on a particular, you know, where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular, you know, where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular, you know, where there's
+an intersection, you have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection, you have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection, you have a fairly
+finite number of of things. However, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of of things. However, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of of things. However, the
+total number of combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of combinations of these
+functions gives a very large number, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions gives a very large number, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions gives a very large number, you
+know, and their function pairs gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and their function pairs gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and their function pairs gives a
+very large number of possible algebbras.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of possible algebbras.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large number of possible algebbras.
+I did a back of calculation said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a back of calculation said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a back of calculation said it was
+10 to the 30th. It might be even more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 30th. It might be even more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 30th. It might be even more to
+that and in fact it might be formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact it might be formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact it might be formally
+infinite for all I know. So but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite for all I know. So but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite for all I know. So but that was
+an easy calculation. There's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy calculation. There's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy calculation. There's a lot of
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+algebbras. Um and and this is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras. Um and and this is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras. Um and and this is a fairly
+impressive level of functionality given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive level of functionality given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive level of functionality given
+our rel relatively small numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rel relatively small numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rel relatively small numbers of
+assumptions that we have here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we have here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that we have here.
+But we are going to focus here on just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we are going to focus here on just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we are going to focus here on just
+the nice collision functions, the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice collision functions, the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice collision functions, the ones
+that seem to feel like they give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to feel like they give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to feel like they give us
+intuitively useful things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively useful things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively useful things.
+So we are not going to use keys as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we are not going to use keys as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we are not going to use keys as
+outputs to our function here. Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to our function here. Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs to our function here. Okay, we
+will in some context, but in for this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in some context, but in for this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in some context, but in for this it
+is the so the results and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so the results and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the so the results and we're going to
+say the results are always single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the results are always single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the results are always single
+valued. We're not going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued. We're not going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued. We're not going to deal with
+with results expand our set our values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with results expand our set our values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with results expand our set our values
+to be sets of values. But although in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sets of values. But although in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sets of values. But although in
+certain context we will do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain context we will do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain context we will do that but
+mathematically let's restrict ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically let's restrict ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically let's restrict ourselves
+for that. We're going to do no tests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. We're going to do no tests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. We're going to do no tests on
+special symbols and we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbols and we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbols and we're just going to
+basically say our collision function can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say our collision function can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say our collision function can
+be essentially you know if we have v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially you know if we have v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially you know if we have v
+less than v2 the answers can be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than v2 the answers can be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than v2 the answers can be one of
+these five. If it's equal to these it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five. If it's equal to these it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five. If it's equal to these it
+can be one of these four. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one of these four. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one of these four. If it's
+greater than these it can be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than these it can be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than these it can be one of
+these five. So that gives a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five. So that gives a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five. So that gives a fairly
+limited number of possible collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of possible collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited number of possible collision
+functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions.
+And all these properties are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all these properties are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all these properties are consistent
+with strict totally ordered set. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strict totally ordered set. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with strict totally ordered set. And uh
+generally when we handle a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when we handle a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally when we handle a value of
+this, it's handled by the union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's handled by the union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's handled by the union and
+intersection function first. It never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection function first. It never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection function first. It never
+actually gets passed through to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets passed through to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets passed through to this to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's move on here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on here.
+And just as I said, well, what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just as I said, well, what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just as I said, well, what about
+concatenation? In fact, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation? In fact, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation? In fact, there are
+contexts where we will want the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts where we will want the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts where we will want the results
+to be we want to concatenate a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we want to concatenate a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we want to concatenate a couple of
+strings together or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings together or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings together or something like that.
+And um you know that's fairly supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um you know that's fairly supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um you know that's fairly supported
+I think you know uh the results can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know uh the results can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know uh the results can be
+uh the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sets
+themselves. Um you would have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Um you would have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Um you would have a new
+special symbol symbol which is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol symbol which is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special symbol symbol which is the set
+itself. Um you have now different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Um you have now different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Um you have now different
+collision functions. So you have union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision functions. So you have union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision functions. So you have union
+and then I want to union values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to union values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to union values or
+intersect and then union values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and then union values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect and then union values and
+union and intersection. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and intersection. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union and intersection. So those are
+your functions there. And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions there. And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your functions there. And there's
+actually a few instances I think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few instances I think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a few instances I think we've
+already showed one of them in one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showed one of them in one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already showed one of them in one of the
+examples where we actually do this. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we actually do this. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we actually do this. So I
+just sort of throwing that in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of throwing that in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of throwing that in there that
+concatenation is a concept that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation is a concept that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation is a concept that we do
+think about. I don't think we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. I don't think we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about. I don't think we've
+developed the formalism as richly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the formalism as richly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the formalism as richly in a
+situation where the values are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the values are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the values are simply
+single single values but it's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single values but it's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single single values but it's certainly
+uh we certainly can and do do that. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the annihilator. Yeah, I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the annihilator. Yeah, I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the annihilator. Yeah, I could
+have I have I might have a typo here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have I might have a typo here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have I might have a typo here. I
+should double check that. So, yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should double check that. So, yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should double check that. So, yeah. So,
+V union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V union
+that. All right. So, that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. So, that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. So, that should be
+intersection and that should be union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and that should be union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and that should be union
+and that should be um intersection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should be um intersection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should be um intersection and
+that should be union. So, I just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be union. So, I just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be union. So, I just got
+them flip-flopped there. So, thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them flip-flopped there. So, thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them flip-flopped there. So, thank you.
+Full marks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Full marks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Full marks to
+you. You will make that change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So that one is intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that one is intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that one is intersection
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+three should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three should be
+intersection. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Very good. We'll check in the SVN in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. We'll check in the SVN in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. We'll check in the SVN in the
+next down time. It will be part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next down time. It will be part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next down time. It will be part of your
+disc. Moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc. Moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc. Moving
+on. All right. So, one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All right. So, one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. All right. So, one of the things
+we're eventually going to work towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're eventually going to work towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're eventually going to work towards
+is trying to make matrix multiply work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to make matrix multiply work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to make matrix multiply work
+in this context. Okay. Um, we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context. Okay. Um, we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context. Okay. Um, we've already
+talked about the duality between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the duality between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the duality between the
+fundamental operation of graphs which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of graphs which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental operation of graphs which is
+breath for search and vector matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath for search and vector matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath for search and vector matrix
+multiply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply.
+um we continue to want to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we continue to want to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we continue to want to be able to use
+that. It's a very powerful feature. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's a very powerful feature. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. It's a very powerful feature. And
+what we find is that in graph algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that in graph algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find is that in graph algorithms
+where we're dealing with things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're dealing with things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're dealing with things on
+strings or other types of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings or other types of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings or other types of operations
+that most graph algorithms can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most graph algorithms can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most graph algorithms can be
+reduced to operations what are called on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to operations what are called on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to operations what are called on
+semi- rings. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi- rings. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi- rings. So those are
+generalizations of normal linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of normal linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of normal linear algebra
+whereby your two core operations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby your two core operations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby your two core operations here
+the what is called the elementwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is called the elementwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is called the elementwise
+multiply and the element addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and the element addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and the element addition
+operation are this has the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation are this has the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation are this has the property of
+being associative and distribute over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being associative and distribute over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being associative and distribute over
+the plus operation and plus has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus operation and plus has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus operation and plus has the
+property of being associative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being associative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of being associative and
+commutive. And examples of this include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutive. And examples of this include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutive. And examples of this include
+the traditional matrix multiply plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional matrix multiply plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional matrix multiply plus and
+multiply min plus or uh or uh uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply min plus or uh or uh uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply min plus or uh or uh uh or or
+max plus in fact there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max plus in fact there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max plus in fact there's a whole
+subbranch of algebra called max plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbranch of algebra called max plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbranch of algebra called max plus
+algebbras which which do this. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras which which do this. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras which which do this. Another
+one is orand and other types of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is orand and other types of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is orand and other types of things.
+So mathematically you know semi- rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mathematically you know semi- rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mathematically you know semi- rings
+are certainly um um well studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly um um well studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certainly um um well studied
+uh more in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more in the context of
+um specific algebbras like min plus min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific algebbras like min plus min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specific algebbras like min plus min
+plus or max plus or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or max plus or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or max plus or something like that.
+ears kind of with the associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears kind of with the associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears kind of with the associative arrays
+we're dealing with while you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with while you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with while you know you
+could be hopping and popping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be hopping and popping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be hopping and popping back and
+forth between you know within the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between you know within the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between you know within the same
+expression you could be moving back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you could be moving back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you could be moving back and
+forth between these different algebbras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these different algebbras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these different algebbras
+so I think that's a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's a little bit different
+we're taking sort of a bigger view a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking sort of a bigger view a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking sort of a bigger view a
+more datacentric view our data can be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more datacentric view our data can be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more datacentric view our data can be of
+different kinds and then impose upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds and then impose upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds and then impose upon it
+different algebbras as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algebbras as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different algebbras as we move
+forward and the real theory questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the real theory questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the real theory questions
+that we're trying to answer here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to answer here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to answer here is we
+have this concept of associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this concept of associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this concept of associative array
+which is kind of new. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of new. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of new. We have the
+traditional of linear algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional of linear algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional of linear algebra and
+there's going to be areas where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be areas where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be areas where they
+overlap there. The ideas your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap there. The ideas your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap there. The ideas your intuition
+from linear algebra and your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear algebra and your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear algebra and your intuition
+from associative arrays will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from associative arrays will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from associative arrays will be very
+very well connected. Okay? And there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well connected. Okay? And there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well connected. Okay? And there's
+going to be places where associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be places where associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be places where associative
+arrays give you new properties that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays give you new properties that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays give you new properties that you
+didn't have in linear algebra and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have in linear algebra and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have in linear algebra and those
+will allow you to do do new things. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to do do new things. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow you to do do new things. And
+there's going to be cases where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be cases where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be cases where your
+linear algebra intuition is wrong. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra intuition is wrong. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra intuition is wrong. That
+is taking your linear algebra intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking your linear algebra intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking your linear algebra intuition
+and applying it to associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying it to associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and applying it to associative arrays
+will will lead you into things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will lead you into things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will lead you into things that are
+that that won't make sense. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't make sense. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't make sense. And so this
+is kind of what we're trying to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what we're trying to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of what we're trying to sort of
+give people a sense here of where, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people a sense here of where, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people a sense here of where, you
+know, where they overlap, where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where they overlap, where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, where they overlap, where you
+should watch out, and where there's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should watch out, and where there's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should watch out, and where there's new
+properties that you didn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you didn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that you didn't know about
+that you should maybe take advantage of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should maybe take advantage of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should maybe take advantage of.
+uh the the biggest one being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the biggest one being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the biggest one being the
+universal conformance of addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal conformance of addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal conformance of addition and
+multiplication of all associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of all associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of all associative
+arrays. So any two associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. So any two associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. So any two associative arrays
+regardless of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of their
+size can be multiplied and added to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size can be multiplied and added to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size can be multiplied and added to each
+other unlike traditional linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unlike traditional linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unlike traditional linear algebra
+where we have very strict constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have very strict constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have very strict constraints
+about the dimensions of matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dimensions of matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dimensions of matrices in
+order for them to be added. And we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for them to be added. And we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for them to be added. And we do
+use this all the time. We use this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this all the time. We use this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this all the time. We use this all
+the time. Essentially in almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Essentially in almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time. Essentially in almost exactly
+in the example that we talked that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example that we talked that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the example that we talked that was a
+question that was brought up earlier. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was brought up earlier. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that was brought up earlier. We
+can add a vector of three elements and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add a vector of three elements and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add a vector of three elements and a
+vector of five elements and and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of five elements and and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of five elements and and have
+something that makes sense. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes sense. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that makes sense. Okay.
+Likewise, we can multiply a 10 by 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, we can multiply a 10 by 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Likewise, we can multiply a 10 by 12
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+6x4 and have something that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x4 and have something that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6x4 and have something that actually
+makes sense. So that's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. So that's a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. So that's a very powerful
+concept and I'd say it's used one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and I'd say it's used one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and I'd say it's used one of the
+most commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most commonly used
+features. All right. So we've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. All right. So we've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. All right. So we've done the
+basic definition. Now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definition. Now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic definition. Now we're going to
+sort of kind of probably move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of probably move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kind of probably move a little
+bit quicker here into the group theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit quicker here into the group theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit quicker here into the group theory.
+So the group theory is when we you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the group theory is when we you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the group theory is when we you we
+you pick various functions. What kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick various functions. What kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick various functions. What kind of
+algebbras result of that? So we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras result of that? So we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebbras result of that? So we're going
+to talk about p binary operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about p binary operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about p binary operators and
+then get into commutative monoids, semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get into commutative monoids, semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then get into commutative monoids, semi-
+rings and then something we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and then something we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings and then something we call the
+feld. So our joke there is that so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feld. So our joke there is that so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feld. So our joke there is that so a
+field is what when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is what when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is what when you do the
+traditional mathematics of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional mathematics of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional mathematics of linear
+algebra you're doing them over the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you're doing them over the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you're doing them over the real
+field or the complex field of numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or the complex field of numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or the complex field of numbers.
+It's a set of numbers with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a set of numbers with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a set of numbers with certain
+defined properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined properties.
+Okay. When we impose this condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. When we impose this condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. When we impose this condition that
+we are doing with strict totally ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing with strict totally ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing with strict totally ordered
+sets we don't have an additive inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we don't have an additive inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets we don't have an additive inverse.
+There's no way to formally subtract two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to formally subtract two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no way to formally subtract two
+words from each other. We can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from each other. We can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from each other. We can't have a
+string and a negative string. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and a negative string. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and a negative string. So we
+don't get like a and minus a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get like a and minus a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get like a and minus a which is
+part of a field. So we have a feld which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a field. So we have a feld which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a field. So we have a feld which
+is a field without an inverse. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a field without an inverse. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a field without an inverse. So
+mathematicians are very funny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians are very funny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians are very funny and
+they'll when they do this they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll when they do this they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll when they do this they often
+will drop the i or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drop the i or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will drop the i or something like that
+you know to to to to make that concept.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to to to to make that concept.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to to to to make that concept.
+So we will be doing math over a uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will be doing math over a uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will be doing math over a uh we
+can have much of the pro uh properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have much of the pro uh properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have much of the pro uh properties
+of linear algebra. We just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra. We just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear algebra. We just have to
+recognize that we don't have additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that we don't have additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that we don't have additive
+inverse. So it's sort of like vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So it's sort of like vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. So it's sort of like vector
+spaces over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces over
+felds or sometimes they're called semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felds or sometimes they're called semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felds or sometimes they're called semi
+vector spaces. You can put semi in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces. You can put semi in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces. You can put semi in front
+of anything and it's like it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything and it's like it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything and it's like it's a little
+bit of this but minus something. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this but minus something. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this but minus something. So so
+this is kind of our operator road map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of our operator road map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of our operator road map.
+So you see here we began with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see here we began with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see here we began with three
+definitions. We've narrow we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. We've narrow we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. We've narrow we will have
+narrowed it down to 200 operators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed it down to 200 operators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed it down to 200 operators of
+interest of those kind of nice collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of those kind of nice collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of those kind of nice collision
+functions and union functions. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and union functions. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and union functions. There's
+about 200 combinations that work well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 combinations that work well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 combinations that work well.
+We will find that 18 of those operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will find that 18 of those operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will find that 18 of those operators
+are associative. So not associative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associative. So not associative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are associative. So not associative in
+terms of associative array but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of associative array but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of associative array but
+associative in terms of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative in terms of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative in terms of the normal
+formal mathematical concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal mathematical concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal mathematical concept of
+associivity. We will find that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associivity. We will find that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associivity. We will find that and so
+those f those form what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those f those form what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those f those form what are called
+semigroups. Um 14 of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semigroups. Um 14 of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semigroups. Um 14 of them are
+commutative which means they are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative which means they are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative which means they are a
+billion semigroups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion semigroups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion semigroups.
+Commutility is not really something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commutility is not really something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commutility is not really something that
+is like you know that just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know that just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know that just means that
+you can switch the order of operations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can switch the order of operations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can switch the order of operations.
+You know a plus b is the same as b plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know a plus b is the same as b plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know a plus b is the same as b plus
+a. Um not something that you kind of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Um not something that you kind of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Um not something that you kind of is
+a strict requirement but gosh it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict requirement but gosh it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strict requirement but gosh it's so
+nice to have to not have to be like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have to not have to be like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have to not have to be like oh
+no I switch the order and now the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I switch the order and now the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I switch the order and now the answer
+is different. So traditional matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different. So traditional matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different. So traditional matrix
+multiply is like that right? It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is like that right? It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply is like that right? It's like
+if you switch, you know, a * b is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch, you know, a * b is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you switch, you know, a * b is not
+the same thing as b * a. And so, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as b * a. And so, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as b * a. And so, and we
+and we will have that as well. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will have that as well. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will have that as well. But
+commutatively is really nice. We then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutatively is really nice. We then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutatively is really nice. We then
+take these 14 operations and explore all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these 14 operations and explore all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these 14 operations and explore all
+their possible pairs. There's 196 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their possible pairs. There's 196 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their possible pairs. There's 196 of
+them. We look at which one of them's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. We look at which one of them's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. We look at which one of them's
+distribute. There's 74 that distribute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute. There's 74 that distribute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute. There's 74 that distribute.
+So, they form semi- rings. We then look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they form semi- rings. We then look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they form semi- rings. We then look
+to see if we have an an identity and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have an an identity and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we have an an identity and an
+annihilator. Do we have some special or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilator. Do we have some special or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilator. Do we have some special or
+some of our special symbols? Can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our special symbols? Can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our special symbols? Can they
+perform that role? in which case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that role? in which case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that role? in which case they
+can form a a feld and then we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form a a feld and then we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form a a feld and then we can create
+essentially vector semi-paces or vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially vector semi-paces or vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially vector semi-paces or vector
+spaces over these felds and we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces over these felds and we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces over these felds and we'll have
+about 18 of them when we're all done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 of them when we're all done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 of them when we're all done.
+And the good thing is when you get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the good thing is when you get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the good thing is when you get all
+done with this all the ones that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this all the ones that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this all the ones that you
+like are still in the game, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are still in the game, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are still in the game, you know,
+and a few of the ones you might like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of the ones you might like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few of the ones you might like,
+you know, some of my favorites, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, some of my favorites, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, some of my favorites, you
+know, they don't get as far down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they don't get as far down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they don't get as far down this
+this path as you want. But then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path as you want. But then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path as you want. But then you have
+these properties. You're like, "Okay, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties. You're like, "Okay, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties. You're like, "Okay, I
+have vector space properties and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vector space properties and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vector space properties and other
+types of things." And I'm sure some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things." And I'm sure some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things." And I'm sure some of
+you will find uh issues or comments or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find uh issues or comments or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find uh issues or comments or
+criticisms. We haven't written this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms. We haven't written this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms. We haven't written this up
+formally in journals. I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in journals. I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally in journals. I've been
+desperately trying to hire abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately trying to hire abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately trying to hire abstract
+algebraists at summer students and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraists at summer students and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraists at summer students and and
+have not been successful so far. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been successful so far. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been successful so far. So if
+you know any abstract algebraists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any abstract algebraists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any abstract algebraists that
+would like to work on this, we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to work on this, we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to work on this, we would be
+happy to to pay them to help us work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to to pay them to help us work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to to pay them to help us work on
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+If we extend our definition of values to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we extend our definition of values to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we extend our definition of values to
+include sets, i.e. to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include sets, i.e. to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include sets, i.e. to include
+concatenation, this is essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation, this is essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation, this is essentially what
+it does. You know, it adds four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does. You know, it adds four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does. You know, it adds four
+functions here. They actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here. They actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions here. They actually make it
+through all these operations here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these operations here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these operations here and
+they basically keep on going, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically keep on going, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically keep on going, but then
+they fall away here when we try and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall away here when we try and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall away here when we try and get
+to this final failed uh step. So, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this final failed uh step. So, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this final failed uh step. So, but
+you know, this is still a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is still a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, this is still a very useful
+space to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be
+in. All right. All right. So, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. All right. All right. So, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. All right. All right. So, let me
+explain a little bit of how we how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit of how we how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a little bit of how we how we
+sort of navigate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of navigate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of navigate this
+space. So, if we limit ourselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So, if we limit ourselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So, if we limit ourselves to
+special sort of function combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sort of function combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sort of function combinations
+that are associative and communive. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associative and communive. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are associative and communive. So,
+just remember associative just means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember associative just means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember associative just means you
+can group your parentheses however you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can group your parentheses however you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can group your parentheses however you
+want. I always have to look it up. Never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. I always have to look it up. Never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. I always have to look it up. Never
+once been like associative. I mean, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once been like associative. I mean, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once been like associative. I mean, I
+just I don't know. There's there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know. There's there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't know. There's there's just
+never been intuitive to me. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been intuitive to me. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been intuitive to me. But that's
+the grouping of parenthesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grouping of parenthesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grouping of parenthesis.
+um commutivity just means that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um commutivity just means that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um commutivity just means that you can
+flip. So these are our functions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip. So these are our functions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip. So these are our functions. So
+these are all the 18 here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the 18 here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the 18 here and then the
+grade one's grade out of the ones you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade one's grade out of the ones you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade one's grade out of the ones you
+lose because of the commutativity. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose because of the commutativity. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose because of the commutativity. So
+basically this function which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this function which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this function which is just
+left which just says return the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which just says return the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left which just says return the left
+value you know in all circumstances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you know in all circumstances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you know in all circumstances.
+Well, obviously that's not commutative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, obviously that's not commutative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, obviously that's not commutative.
+Uh, and the right value. And quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and the right value. And quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and the right value. And quite
+frankly, left and right are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly, left and right are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly, left and right are sort of
+silly functions, right? You should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly functions, right? You should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly functions, right? You should just
+kind of, you don't sometimes almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of, you don't sometimes almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of, you don't sometimes almost
+essentially a no. You if you knew you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a no. You if you knew you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a no. You if you knew you
+wanted the left value, you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the left value, you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the left value, you just take the
+left value and and move on. So, so, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left value and and move on. So, so, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left value and and move on. So, so, uh,
+so that doesn't really, so then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't really, so then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that doesn't really, so then we're
+left with a lot of the ones were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a lot of the ones were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a lot of the ones were like
+essentially union max. So, basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially union max. So, basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially union max. So, basically
+take the max value, union min. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max value, union min. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max value, union min. Um, I
+call this the intersection delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the intersection delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this the intersection delta
+function. and just return it only gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. and just return it only gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. and just return it only gives
+you an answer if the values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an answer if the values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an answer if the values are the
+same. Uh this is essentially the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Uh this is essentially the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. Uh this is essentially the union
+if the if this is sort of like the exor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if this is sort of like the exor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if this is sort of like the exor
+function if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if there's a
+collision blow it away. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision blow it away. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision blow it away. Um and then
+there's various sort of other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various sort of other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various sort of other kind of
+more unusual combinations here dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unusual combinations here dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unusual combinations here dealing
+with the the special uh functions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the special uh functions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the special uh functions we
+tend to kind of really live mostly here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to kind of really live mostly here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to kind of really live mostly here.
+These tends to be the ones that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These tends to be the ones that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These tends to be the ones that really
+are the ones you use a lot. Uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones you use a lot. Uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones you use a lot. Uh, I
+haven't really used these too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much. All right. And so we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. All right. And so we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. All right. And so we're left with
+these a billion, what are called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a billion, what are called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these a billion, what are called a
+billion semigroups or these 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion semigroups or these 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion semigroups or these 14
+highlighted one here. Jeremy, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted one here. Jeremy, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted one here. Jeremy, I'm going
+to get lost here. What does a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lost here. What does a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lost here. What does a billion
+mean? Uh, so a billion is a semigroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Uh, so a billion is a semigroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Uh, so a billion is a semigroup
+that is commutative. That's all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is commutative. That's all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is commutative. That's all it
+means. So basically it means you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. So basically it means you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. So basically it means you have
+associivity and then it's a billion if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associivity and then it's a billion if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associivity and then it's a billion if
+you add commutivity to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add commutivity to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add commutivity to it.
+So any sets of numbers that obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any sets of numbers that obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any sets of numbers that obey
+grouping operations and are communive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping operations and are communive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping operations and are communive is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+billion. I mean I think a bell did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion. I mean I think a bell did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion. I mean I think a bell did a lot
+more that he didn't need to get his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that he didn't need to get his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that he didn't need to get his name
+associated with that. You know it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that. You know it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that. You know it could
+have just been called a com sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just been called a com sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just been called a com sometimes
+just called the commutative semigroup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called the commutative semigroup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called the commutative semigroup
+you know so you know it's lucky when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you know it's lucky when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so you know it's lucky when you
+get your name added to some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your name added to some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your name added to some really
+trivial operation. I mean he did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial operation. I mean he did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial operation. I mean he did a lot
+of things. So, but they they threw him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. So, but they they threw him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. So, but they they threw him
+on here. And in fact, in group theory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. And in fact, in group theory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. And in fact, in group theory,
+they complain about this and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complain about this and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they complain about this and there are
+numerous rants about how they've named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous rants about how they've named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous rants about how they've named
+all their groups after people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their groups after people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their groups after people and they
+don't tell you anything, you know, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you anything, you know, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell you anything, you know, as
+opposed to other branches of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to other branches of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to other branches of D
+mathematics would simply just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would simply just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics would simply just call this
+a commutative semigroup. So, or just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commutative semigroup. So, or just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a commutative semigroup. So, or just a
+commutative associative group, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative associative group, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative associative group, you know,
+that might be even more more uh more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be even more more uh more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be even more more uh more uh
+more and of all the different properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and of all the different properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and of all the different properties
+and most of them you can combine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them you can combine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of them you can combine in
+whatever way you want. There's almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way you want. There's almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way you want. There's almost a
+different infinite number of groups. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different infinite number of groups. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different infinite number of groups. So
+there's certain ones that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain ones that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain ones that are most
+useful. Let's see here. So now we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. Let's see here. So now we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. Let's see here. So now we start
+I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh a group and a semi-roup. Um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a group and a semi-roup. Um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a group and a semi-roup. Um I want to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+uh oh it's an a billion group without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh it's an a billion group without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh it's an a billion group without
+inverses. So a semigroup there. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. So a semigroup there. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. So a semigroup there. So these
+are all a billion semigroup or a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all a billion semigroup or a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all a billion semigroup or a billion
+groups without inverses or commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups without inverses or commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups without inverses or commutative
+associative groups without inverses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative groups without inverses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative groups without inverses you
+know so you know you get you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know you get you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so you know you get you see the
+problem you know and so I guess he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know and so I guess he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you know and so I guess he
+studied them a lot so he got his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied them a lot so he got his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied them a lot so he got his name
+associated with them and proved their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them and proved their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them and proved their
+properties and stuff. So um we have 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and stuff. So um we have 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and stuff. So um we have 14
+of those that form 196 pairs. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those that form 196 pairs. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those that form 196 pairs. So these
+will begin to so we want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to so we want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to so we want to look at the
+ones that are distributive. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are distributive. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are distributive. So that
+basically means we have our multiply we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means we have our multiply we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means we have our multiply we
+assign one of those operators to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign one of those operators to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign one of those operators to be the
+addition operation and the other to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation and the other to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition operation and the other to be
+the multiplication operation and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication operation and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplication operation and we need
+to show that it uh it is distributive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that it uh it is distributive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that it uh it is distributive
+and of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of those
+19674 operator pairs are distributive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19674 operator pairs are distributive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19674 operator pairs are distributive
+these are called semi- rings or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called semi- rings or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called semi- rings or they
+could be called rings. So a semi- ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be called rings. So a semi- ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be called rings. So a semi- ring
+is a ring without an inverse. So rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ring without an inverse. So rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a ring without an inverse. So rings
+without inverses and without identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inverses and without identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inverses and without identity
+elements. And if you look at the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And if you look at the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And if you look at the various
+definitions, I mean, there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions, I mean, there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions, I mean, there's the
+Wikipedia definition, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia definition, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia definition, which
+mathematicians will say is that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians will say is that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians will say is that's not
+really a true definition. There's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a true definition. There's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a true definition. There's the
+Wolfrin math rule definition, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfrin math rule definition, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wolfrin math rule definition, which is
+more rigorous. Um, and and they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous. Um, and and they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rigorous. Um, and and they often
+disagree on this stuff. Um, I tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on this stuff. Um, I tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on this stuff. Um, I tend to be
+like, you know, if Wikipedia says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, if Wikipedia says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, if Wikipedia says it's
+true, then most people on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, then most people on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true, then most people on the planet
+Earth believe that that is what is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth believe that that is what is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth believe that that is what is true.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+therefore, you should be aware that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, you should be aware that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, you should be aware that that
+is the truth that most people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the truth that most people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the truth that most people will
+believe. So, so I I don't know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe. So, so I I don't know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe. So, so I I don't know which one
+we've chosen here, whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen here, whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen here, whether it's the
+Wikipedia or the Wolf room. There's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia or the Wolf room. There's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia or the Wolf room. There's also
+various encyclopedias that define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various encyclopedias that define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various encyclopedias that define this
+stuff too. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff too. Yes.
+Define what? Ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ring. Well, a ring would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ring. Well, a ring would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ring. Well, a ring would
+be this and it would have inverses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this and it would have inverses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this and it would have inverses and
+identity elements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity elements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity elements.
+So it's basically something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's basically something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's basically something that
+satisfies that's distributive. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that's distributive. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies that's distributive. All
+right. And has uh inverses and identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements. But if you type ring in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. But if you type ring in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. But if you type ring in you
+the Wikip you know the wiki and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wikip you know the wiki and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wikip you know the wiki and I should
+say it's the great thing about Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the great thing about Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's the great thing about Wikipedia
+is like all the definitions are linked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like all the definitions are linked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like all the definitions are linked.
+So you just like by after seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you just like by after seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you just like by after seven or eight
+clicks it kind of all holds together. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks it kind of all holds together. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicks it kind of all holds together. So
+it's it's it's pretty nice and wolf is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's pretty nice and wolf is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's pretty nice and wolf is
+the same way. you can kind of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. you can kind of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way. you can kind of if you
+want to just just enough knowledge to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just just enough knowledge to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just just enough knowledge to be
+dangerous then they really you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then they really you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous then they really you know the
+internet that's that the internet's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that's that the internet's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet that's that the internet's your
+friend right so um so moving on here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend right so um so moving on here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend right so um so moving on here and
+this is something that's less important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's less important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's less important
+but you know kind of for completeness if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know kind of for completeness if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know kind of for completeness if
+we're going to head towards vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to head towards vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to head towards vector space
+we need to address which is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to address which is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to address which is the concept
+of identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identity
+elements so the additive identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the additive identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so the additive identity so
+zero is the additive identity if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the additive identity if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is the additive identity if you add
+it in a normal when you think of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a normal when you think of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a normal when you think of normal
+math you add zero to something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you add zero to something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you add zero to something it
+doesn't change it. All right. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change it. All right. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change it. All right. And the
+choices for additive identity elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for additive identity elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices for additive identity elements
+could be we have three special symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be we have three special symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be we have three special symbols
+and we could pick them. We have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could pick them. We have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could pick them. We have the
+multiplicative identity which is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative identity which is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative identity which is one and
+the multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiplicative
+annihilators. So of the choices here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators. So of the choices here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilators. So of the choices here we
+have 12 semi- rings with the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 semi- rings with the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 12 semi- rings with the appropriate
+zero you know these zeros and ones. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know these zeros and ones. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you know these zeros and ones. We
+have four that actually have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four that actually have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four that actually have two
+combinations and we have 16 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and we have 16 total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and we have 16 total
+operations of the six mill six six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of the six mill six six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of the six mill six six
+operators. These are different operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators. These are different operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators. These are different operators
+and again we call these felds without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we call these felds without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we call these felds without
+inverses. I'll get into a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. I'll get into a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. I'll get into a little bit
+more. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So for
+instance we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we can skip that for now. So just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can skip that for now. So just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can skip that for now. So just
+a better way to look at that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to look at that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better way to look at that is these
+are our operator pairs. Okay. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our operator pairs. Okay. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our operator pairs. Okay. And we
+wanted to see which one of them's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see which one of them's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see which one of them's sort
+of form these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of form these these
+these felds. So the ones that distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these felds. So the ones that distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these felds. So the ones that distribute
+are marked with the D here. The ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are marked with the D here. The ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are marked with the D here. The ones
+that distribute and have a 01 operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribute and have a 01 operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribute and have a 01 operator
+pair that works are shown in the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that works are shown in the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair that works are shown in the square
+here. And some of them have two. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And some of them have two. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And some of them have two. So if I
+pair make plus uh union min and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair make plus uh union min and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair make plus uh union min and uh
+multiply uh intersection min and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh intersection min and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh intersection min and I
+define zero to be the empty value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define zero to be the empty value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define zero to be the empty value and
+plus to be I mean one to be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus to be I mean one to be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus to be I mean one to be plus
+infinity then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then I can
+create a uh a feld essentially out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh a feld essentially out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh a feld essentially out of
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Um, I had a lot of debate with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I had a lot of debate with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I had a lot of debate with someone
+about this one, whether I can have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one, whether I can have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one, whether I can have plus
+infinity be the zero element and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity be the zero element and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity be the zero element and have it
+be less than the one element. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the one element. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than the one element. You know,
+was the requirement that zero actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the requirement that zero actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the requirement that zero actually
+be less than one was sort of in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than one was sort of in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less than one was sort of in in this
+definition. So I think it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So I think it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. So I think it's kind of like
+when I talked to math like ah it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked to math like ah it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked to math like ah it's kind
+of what you want, you know, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you want, you know, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you want, you know, then you
+make it that. So so this just shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that. So so this just shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it that. So so this just shows the
+full space of things that are possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space of things that are possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full space of things that are possible.
+Um if we go back to our concatenation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we go back to our concatenation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if we go back to our concatenation
+operators here. So these were our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here. So these were our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here. So these were our four
+concatenation operators and our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation operators and our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation operators and our our
+functions or collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or collision
+functions. And this shows you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And this shows you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. And this shows you what that
+set looks like. So these are the 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set looks like. So these are the 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set looks like. So these are the 4x4
+pairs here. All operators you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs here. All operators you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs here. All operators you know they
+all distribute and six of the 16 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distribute and six of the 16 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distribute and six of the 16 of
+these form semi- rings because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these form semi- rings because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these form semi- rings because you're
+able to construct these various zeros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct these various zeros.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to construct these various zeros.
+And this isn't like rigorous, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this isn't like rigorous, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this isn't like rigorous, you know.
+I mean, someone could I probably I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, someone could I probably I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, someone could I probably I might
+have messed one up or few up here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed one up or few up here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have messed one up or few up here or
+there or something like that. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or something like that. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or something like that. Um, but
+this just kind of gives you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just kind of gives you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just kind of gives you a sense of
+the space that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. moving forward here. So we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. moving forward here. So we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. moving forward here. So we get into
+vector spaces. So we can have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces. So we can have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces. So we can have uh
+associated array vector addition. Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated array vector addition. Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated array vector addition. Again
+all associated arrays are conformant. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all associated arrays are conformant. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all associated arrays are conformant. We
+have uh the concept of scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the concept of scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh the concept of scalar
+multiplication which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication which is essentially
+applied to all values. So one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to all values. So one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to all values. So one of the
+things I really struggle with so scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I really struggle with so scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I really struggle with so scalar
+multiplication kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication kind of makes sense
+right? If I have an associative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If I have an associative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? If I have an associative array
+and I multiply it by a scaler, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply it by a scaler, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I multiply it by a scaler, I can
+imagine just applying that to the, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine just applying that to the, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine just applying that to the, you
+know, in an in an intersection sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in an in an intersection sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, in an in an intersection sense
+only to the to the key, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the to the key, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to the to the key, you know, the
+keys that are defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys that are defined by
+one. Scalar addition though is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Scalar addition though is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Scalar addition though is very
+difficult. The scalar addition only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. The scalar addition only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. The scalar addition only
+apply to if I have a scaler plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to if I have a scaler plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to if I have a scaler plus an
+associative array, does it only apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array, does it only apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array, does it only apply to
+the keys or is a scalar really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys or is a scalar really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys or is a scalar really the
+associative array that's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative array that's defined
+everywhere over all things? So it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere over all things? So it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere over all things? So it's it's
+infinite. So that's something I struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. So that's something I struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite. So that's something I struggle
+with. So when you ask why is scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So when you ask why is scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So when you ask why is scalar
+addition not supported in D4M it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition not supported in D4M it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition not supported in D4M it's
+because like I don't know what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I don't know what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I don't know what it's
+supposed to mean you know and uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mean you know and uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to mean you know and uh and you
+can easily just pop out the values add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily just pop out the values add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily just pop out the values add
+whatever you want stuff them back in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want stuff them back in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want stuff them back in and
+and be on your way and then you're safe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be on your way and then you're safe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be on your way and then you're safe.
+Um so the vector space that we form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the vector space that we form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the vector space that we form you
+know it it meets the plus requirements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it meets the plus requirements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it meets the plus requirements.
+It commutes it's associative. We have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It commutes it's associative. We have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It commutes it's associative. We have an
+identity but we have no inverse. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but we have no inverse. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity but we have no inverse. So we
+have to be careful. That's why we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful. That's why we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful. That's why we don't
+have that and a vector space. It meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that and a vector space. It meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that and a vector space. It meets
+the scalar requirements. So all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar requirements. So all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar requirements. So all
+associative ray operator pairs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative ray operator pairs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associative ray operator pairs that
+yield felds also result in vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield felds also result in vector spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield felds also result in vector spaces
+without inverse spa verses. Maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inverse spa verses. Maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without inverse spa verses. Maybe we
+call these vector semi-paces. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these vector semi-paces. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these vector semi-paces. I don't
+know what or vector spaces over a feld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what or vector spaces over a feld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what or vector spaces over a feld
+or something like that. What kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. What kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that. What kind of
+properties here? Well, we have scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here? Well, we have scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties here? Well, we have scale
+identities. That's great. You can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities. That's great. You can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities. That's great. You can create
+subspaces. That makes sense too. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces. That makes sense too. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces. That makes sense too. The
+concept of a span. Yes, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a span. Yes, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a span. Yes, you can
+definitely do concepts of spans. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do concepts of spans. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely do concepts of spans. Does
+span equal a subspace? So this is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span equal a subspace? So this is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span equal a subspace? So this is a big
+question in vector space theory. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in vector space theory. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in vector space theory. Your
+spans have you know and subspaces uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans have you know and subspaces uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans have you know and subspaces uh is
+there not sure linear dependence is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not sure linear dependence is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there not sure linear dependence is a
+you know is there a non-trivial linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is there a non-trivial linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is there a non-trivial linear
+combination of vectors equal to the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of vectors equal to the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of vectors equal to the plus
+identity. You really can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. You really can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. You really can't do this
+without an additive inverse. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an additive inverse. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an additive inverse. And so that
+becomes a little bit so we really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit so we really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a little bit so we really kind
+of need to redefine linear independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of need to redefine linear independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of need to redefine linear independence
+which we can do. Um, but there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do. Um, but there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do. Um, but there's a lot
+of the proofs of linear independence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proofs of linear independence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proofs of linear independence and
+dependence that rely on the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that rely on the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence that rely on the existence of
+inverses. And you probably could, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. And you probably could, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. And you probably could, you
+know, circle your way around that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, circle your way around that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, circle your way around that.
+Question. Are you are are you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Are you are are you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question. Are you are are you just
+missing the additive inverse or both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the additive inverse or both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the additive inverse or both the
+both? Both. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both? Both. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both? Both. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.
+Um so one of the things is consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one of the things is consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one of the things is consider a
+unique a linear combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique a linear combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique a linear combination of two
+associated array vectors under what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated array vectors under what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated array vectors under what
+conditions do they create a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions do they create a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions do they create a unique
+result. So this really depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So this really depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. So this really depends on what
+you choose. So for instance if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose. So for instance if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose. So for instance if we have a
+if we have a vector you know a1 and a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a vector you know a1 and a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a vector you know a1 and a2
+when we multiply it by coefficients a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply it by coefficients a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply it by coefficients a1
+and a2 and we use these as our plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a2 and we use these as our plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a2 and we use these as our plus and
+our multiply and this is our zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our multiply and this is our zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our multiply and this is our zero and
+one you know where are a1 uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know where are a1 uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know where are a1 uniquely
+determined you know and so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined you know and so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined you know and so for instance
+if I pick in this case our canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick in this case our canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick in this case our canonical
+identity vectors which is a1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity vectors which is a1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity vectors which is a1 is equal to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+and minus infinity here then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus infinity here then we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus infinity here then we find
+that we can you uh cover the space very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can you uh cover the space very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can you uh cover the space very
+nicely. Um if we do it the other, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. Um if we do it the other, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. Um if we do it the other, we
+can't. A better way to view that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't. A better way to view that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't. A better way to view that is in
+the drawing here. So here's my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing here. So here's my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawing here. So here's my whole
+space of coefficients A1 and A2. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of coefficients A1 and A2. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of coefficients A1 and A2. And we
+see that A1 and A2 uniquely define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that A1 and A2 uniquely define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that A1 and A2 uniquely define a
+result with these basis vectors and A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result with these basis vectors and A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result with these basis vectors and A1
+and A2 are completely degenerate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 are completely degenerate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 are completely degenerate with
+these basis vectors. So depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basis vectors. So depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basis vectors. So depending on the
+kinds of basis vectors you have, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of basis vectors you have, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of basis vectors you have, you can
+create unique stuff or not unique stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create unique stuff or not unique stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create unique stuff or not unique stuff.
+you give yourselves actual values here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give yourselves actual values here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give yourselves actual values here.
+You know, basically if a one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, basically if a one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, basically if a one is just
+equal to this value and a2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this value and a2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this value and a2 is equal to
+this value, this shows you what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value, this shows you what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value, this shows you what that
+looks like. There's places where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. There's places where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like. There's places where it's
+unique. There's places where they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique. There's places where they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique. There's places where they're the
+same and there's places where one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and there's places where one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and there's places where one of
+them is unique but the other is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is unique but the other is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is unique but the other is not
+unique. So again, there's a very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique. So again, there's a very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique. So again, there's a very rich
+possible you can construct, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you can construct, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you can construct, you know,
+using associative raises basis vectors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using associative raises basis vectors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using associative raises basis vectors a
+very rich set of things. And the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich set of things. And the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rich set of things. And the same
+thing goes with multivalued vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes with multivalued vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes with multivalued vectors.
+Again, different types of spaces here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, different types of spaces here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, different types of spaces here.
+We really need to kind of work this out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We really need to kind of work this out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We really need to kind of work this out.
+Anybody's interested? We're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody's interested? We're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody's interested? We're very
+interested in having people help us work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having people help us work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having people help us work
+this stuff out. Uh even going, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff out. Uh even going, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff out. Uh even going, you know,
+which of these operations makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these operations makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these operations makes
+sense? Transpose makes total sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Transpose makes total sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Transpose makes total sense.
+Transposing of associative arrays makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transposing of associative arrays makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transposing of associative arrays makes
+total sense. And it's a very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense. And it's a very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense. And it's a very efficient
+operation, by the way. In D4M, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation, by the way. In D4M, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation, by the way. In D4M, you can
+do transposes very efficiently. It works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do transposes very efficiently. It works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do transposes very efficiently. It works
+out very nicely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very nicely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out very nicely.
+Um, special matrices, submatrices, zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, special matrices, submatrices, zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, special matrices, submatrices, zero
+matrices, square matrices, diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices, square matrices, diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices, square matrices, diagonal
+matrices, yes, although diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices, yes, although diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices, yes, although diagonal
+matrices are a little bit tricky. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are a little bit tricky. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are a little bit tricky. Uh,
+upper lower triangular, yes, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lower triangular, yes, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper lower triangular, yes, you can
+kind of do this. Skew symmetric, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do this. Skew symmetric, no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do this. Skew symmetric, no.
+Hermesian, not really. Elementary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermesian, not really. Elementary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermesian, not really. Elementary and
+row column sort of row column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row column sort of row column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row column sort of row column
+equivalents sort of under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents sort of under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents sort of under certain
+conditions. So there's cases these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So there's cases these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So there's cases these are
+all things you can do in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things you can do in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things you can do in linear algebra
+and sometimes you can do them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you can do them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes you can do them with
+associate arrays and sometimes you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate arrays and sometimes you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate arrays and sometimes you can't
+you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about
+them. Matrix multiply is sort of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Matrix multiply is sort of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Matrix multiply is sort of our
+crown jewel always conformant can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown jewel always conformant can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crown jewel always conformant can
+multiply any sizes whenever you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply any sizes whenever you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply any sizes whenever you want.
+Um there's two ways to think about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's two ways to think about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's two ways to think about this.
+You can make your head hurt a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make your head hurt a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make your head hurt a little bit
+when you start dealing with the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start dealing with the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start dealing with the null
+elements and like when does the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and like when does the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and like when does the union
+operator get applied and when does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator get applied and when does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator get applied and when does the
+So when you do computation there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you do computation there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you do computation there's two
+ways to to formulate a matrix multiply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to formulate a matrix multiply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to to formulate a matrix multiply.
+There's the inner product formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the inner product formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the inner product formulation
+which is typically what people use when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically what people use when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is typically what people use when
+they actually program it up because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually program it up because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually program it up because it
+tends to be more efficient. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be more efficient. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be more efficient. That's
+basically you take each row and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you take each row and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you take each row and each
+column you do an inner product and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you do an inner product and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you do an inner product and then
+do the result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the result.
+Okay, mathematically from a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, mathematically from a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, mathematically from a theory
+perspective, it you get yourself in less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, it you get yourself in less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective, it you get yourself in less
+trouble if you think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble if you think in terms of the
+outer product formulation, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer product formulation, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer product formulation, which is
+basically you take each row and vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you take each row and vector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you take each row and vector,
+you do their outer product to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do their outer product to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do their outer product to form a
+matrix and then you take all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you take all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then you take all of these
+and then combine them all together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine them all together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then combine them all together,
+okay, with with the operation. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, with with the operation. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, with with the operation. And that
+that theoretically that will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theoretically that will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theoretically that will actually
+keeps you staying here. And that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps you staying here. And that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps you staying here. And that's the
+way to think about it mathematically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it mathematically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it mathematically.
+a variety of matrix multiplies examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of matrix multiplies examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of matrix multiplies examples
+I won't go into them here obviously they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go into them here obviously they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't go into them here obviously they
+depend heavily on what our collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend heavily on what our collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend heavily on what our collision
+function you know G is here gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know G is here gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you know G is here gives you
+different values and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behaviors the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors the identity
+element maybe a left identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element maybe a left identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element maybe a left identity right
+identity in some senses we it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in some senses we it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in some senses we it seems to
+be okay but it's there's not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay but it's there's not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay but it's there's not really the
+identity available is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity available is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity available is a little bit
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverses. Boy, is it hard to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. Boy, is it hard to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. Boy, is it hard to construct
+inverses when you don't have underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses when you don't have underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses when you don't have underlying
+inverses. It's just really tricky. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. It's just really tricky. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses. It's just really tricky. And
+so probably are not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably are not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably are not going to get
+anything looks like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything looks like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything looks like an
+inverse. You can do vectors in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. You can do vectors in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. You can do vectors in certain
+restrictive cases sort of. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive cases sort of. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive cases sort of. There are
+actually papers written about this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually papers written about this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually papers written about this but
+it's only on very then the row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only on very then the row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only on very then the row and
+column keys need to be the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keys need to be the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keys need to be the same and
+stuff and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and so you
+know one thing I really would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing I really would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one thing I really would like to
+explore is the pseudo inverse. So pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore is the pseudo inverse. So pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore is the pseudo inverse. So pseudo
+inverse a+ satisfies these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a+ satisfies these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse a+ satisfies these properties
+and I actually think that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually think that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually think that we are
+probably be pretty good shape for pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be pretty good shape for pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be pretty good shape for pseudo
+inverse and the pseudo inverse is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and the pseudo inverse is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and the pseudo inverse is what
+you need to solve the least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve the least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to solve the least squares
+problem and I think solving the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I think solving the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I think solving the least
+squares problem is actually something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem is actually something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem is actually something we
+might really be interested in doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might really be interested in doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might really be interested in doing in
+some of our problems. So I do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our problems. So I do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our problems. So I do need to
+work this out if people would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out if people would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this out if people would like
+to explore this with me. We have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore this with me. We have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore this with me. We have a whole
+set of theorems that we'd like to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of theorems that we'd like to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of theorems that we'd like to prove.
+Spanning theorems, linear independence,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanning theorems, linear independence,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanning theorems, linear independence,
+identities, inverses, determinants,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities, inverses, determinants,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities, inverses, determinants,
+pseudo inverses, igen vectors,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverses, igen vectors,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo inverses, igen vectors,
+convolutions, all these for which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions, all these for which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions, all these for which of
+these, you know, do these apply. A lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, you know, do these apply. A lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, you know, do these apply. A lot
+of good math that could be done here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good math that could be done here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good math that could be done here.
+Call to arms for those of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Call to arms for those of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Call to arms for those of people who are
+interested in this type of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this type of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this type of thing.
+And so just to summarize, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so just to summarize, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so just to summarize, you know, the
+algebra of associates provides us kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of associates provides us kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of associates provides us kind
+of this mathematical foundation. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mathematical foundation. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this mathematical foundation. I think
+I've tried to show you the core parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to show you the core parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried to show you the core parts
+that are really well solid and expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really well solid and expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really well solid and expand
+that to the point so you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the point so you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the point so you can see where
+it is. Well, we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Well, we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. Well, we don't really know
+exactly what should be happen here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what should be happen here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what should be happen here and
+give you a little bit of logic, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of logic, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little bit of logic, you
+know, behind how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, behind how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, behind how we do
+this. Um, a small number of assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, a small number of assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, a small number of assumption
+really yields really a rich mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yields really a rich mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yields really a rich mathematical
+environment. And so I have a short code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. And so I have a short code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment. And so I have a short code
+example which is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is really just
+It's not really teaching you anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not really teaching you anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not really teaching you anything
+know new. It's just to show you that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know new. It's just to show you that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know new. It's just to show you that I
+tested all these properties using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested all these properties using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested all these properties using
+D4M which was nice and really in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4M which was nice and really in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D4M which was nice and really in a very
+kind of a spreadsheet kind of style. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a spreadsheet kind of style. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a spreadsheet kind of style. And
+so I'm just going to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to show you that
+there's really just one example takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really just one example takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really just one example takes a
+few seconds to run but um but uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds to run but um but uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds to run but um but uh and
+then the assignments. So these are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the assignments. So these are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the assignments. So these are in
+this in this in this part in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this in this part in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this in this part in the
+directory. Oh, I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeps and then the assignment should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps and then the assignment should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps and then the assignment should you
+show do it is now sort of if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show do it is now sort of if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show do it is now sort of if you didn't
+do the last assignment well you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the last assignment well you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the last assignment well you're going
+to need to do that to now do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to do that to now do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to do that to now do this
+assignment so basically for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so basically for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so basically for those of you
+who did the last assignmentative array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the last assignmentative array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the last assignmentative array
+of of of a drawing and looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a drawing and looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of a drawing and looking at the
+edges and stuff like that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and stuff like that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and stuff like that I want you to
+think about that associative array and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that associative array and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that associative array and
+think about which kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which kind of these
+operations would make sense if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations would make sense if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations would make sense if you were
+to try and add them or multiply them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and add them or multiply them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and add them or multiply them or
+whatever just explore that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever just explore that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever just explore that a little bit
+and just write up you know okay I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just write up you know okay I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just write up you know okay I think
+these kind of operations would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of operations would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of operations would make
+sense here you know addition would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here you know addition would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense here you know addition would make
+sense if it's union and the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if it's union and the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if it's union and the collision
+function is is this or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is is this or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is is this or something like
+that you know you'll have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you'll have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you'll have to think about
+what your values are could just be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your values are could just be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your values are could just be your
+values are just one you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are just one you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are just one you know something
+like that you might be like oh my values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you might be like oh my values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you might be like oh my values
+are zero one and I want one plus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero one and I want one plus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero one and I want one plus one to
+equal zero so you might have an or or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero so you might have an or or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal zero so you might have an or or an
+exor operation or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor operation or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor operation or something like that.
+So, so just sort of think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so just sort of think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so just sort of think about what
+your example was and think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example was and think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example was and think about these
+ideas a little bit and just write a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas a little bit and just write a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas a little bit and just write a few
+sentences on kind of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences on kind of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences on kind of what that
+means. Uh the last slide here is just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh the last slide here is just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh the last slide here is just we
+don't really get this question, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really get this question, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really get this question, but if
+you want to compare kind of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare kind of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to compare kind of what the
+difference between associative arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between associative arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between associative arrays
+are and the algebra defined by COD that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the algebra defined by COD that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the algebra defined by COD that
+sort of is the basis of SQL, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is the basis of SQL, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is the basis of SQL, this is
+just a little table that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little table that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little table that sort of
+describes some of the differences there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tVzaX9u6YAE.txt b/tVzaX9u6YAE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8857fb2dfa4d81ddb166d709fbba4c8830db20da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tVzaX9u6YAE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's time we started uh solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's time we started uh solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's time we started uh solving
+differential equations. Uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. Uh this is the
+third lecture of the uh term and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lecture of the uh term and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lecture of the uh term and I have
+yet to solve a single differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to solve a single differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to solve a single differential
+equation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in this
+class. Uh well that will be rectified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Uh well that will be rectified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Uh well that will be rectified
+from now till the end of the term. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once you learn separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you learn separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you learn separation of
+variables which is the most elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which is the most elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which is the most elementary
+method there is the single I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there is the single I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method there is the single I think the
+single most important equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single most important equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single most important equation
+uh is the one that's called the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the one that's called the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the one that's called the first
+order linear equation both because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order linear equation both because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order linear equation both because it
+occurs frequently in models uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs frequently in models uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs frequently in models uh because
+it's solvable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solvable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solvable and
+uh I think that's enough the if If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that's enough the if If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that's enough the if If you
+dropped the course after today, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the course after today, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the course after today, you'll
+still have learned the most two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have learned the most two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have learned the most two
+important methods. Separation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important methods. Separation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important methods. Separation of
+variables and first order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and first order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and first order linear
+equations. So what does such an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So what does such an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So what does such an equation
+look like? Well, I'll write it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like? Well, I'll write it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like? Well, I'll write it in there
+are several ways of writing it, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ways of writing it, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ways of writing it, but I
+think the most basic is this. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the most basic is this. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the most basic is this. I'm going
+to use x as the independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use x as the independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use x as the independent variable
+because that's what your book does. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what your book does. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what your book does. But
+in the applications, it's often t time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the applications, it's often t time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the applications, it's often t time
+that's the independent variable. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the independent variable. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the independent variable. And
+I'll try to give you examples which show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to give you examples which show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to give you examples which show
+that. So the equation looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the equation looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the equation looks like
+this. A fun some function of x * y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. A fun some function of x * y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. A fun some function of x * y prime
+plus some other function of x time y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other function of x time y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other function of x time y is
+equal to yet another function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to yet another function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to yet another function of
+x. Obviously the x doesn't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Obviously the x doesn't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Obviously the x doesn't have the same
+status here that y does. So y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status here that y does. So y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status here that y does. So y is
+extremely limited how it can appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely limited how it can appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely limited how it can appear in
+the equation. But x can be uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. But x can be uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation. But x can be uh pretty
+much arbitrary pl in those places. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much arbitrary pl in those places. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much arbitrary pl in those places. So
+that's the equation we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation we're talking about
+and and uh I'll put it up. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh I'll put it up. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh I'll put it up. This is the
+first version of it and we'll call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version of it and we'll call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version of it and we'll call them
+purple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple.
+Now why is that called a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why is that called a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now why is that called a linear
+equation? Uh the word linear is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Uh the word linear is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Uh the word linear is a very
+heavily used word in mathematics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily used word in mathematics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily used word in mathematics,
+science and engineering. For the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering. For the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering. For the
+moment, the best simple answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, the best simple answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, the best simple answer is
+because it's linear in y and y prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear in y and y prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's linear in y and y prime.
+The variables y and y prime. Well, y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The variables y and y prime. Well, y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The variables y and y prime. Well, y
+prime is not a variable. Well, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is not a variable. Well, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is not a variable. Well, you'll
+learn in a certain sense it helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in a certain sense it helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in a certain sense it helps to
+think of it as one. Not right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one. Not right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as one. Not right now
+perhaps, but think of it as linear by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps, but think of it as linear by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps, but think of it as linear by
+anal. The most closely analogous thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal. The most closely analogous thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal. The most closely analogous thing
+would be the equation an equ a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the equation an equ a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the equation an equ a linear
+equation that looked like a real linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that looked like a real linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that looked like a real linear
+equation the kind you studied in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the kind you studied in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the kind you studied in high
+school which would look like this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which would look like this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school which would look like this it
+would have two variables and uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two variables and uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two variables and uh I guess
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+coefficients equal c now that's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal c now that's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients equal c now that's a linear
+equation and that's the sense in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's the sense in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's the sense in which
+this is linear it's linear in y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linear it's linear in y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is linear it's linear in y prime
+and y which are the analoges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y which are the analoges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y which are the analoges of the
+variables y1 and y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A little bit of terminology. If C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little bit of terminology. If C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A little bit of terminology. If C is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero, it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, it's called
+homogeneous. The same way this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous. The same way this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous. The same way this equation
+is called homogeneous as you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called homogeneous as you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called homogeneous as you know from
+1802. If the right hand side is zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802. If the right hand side is zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802. If the right hand side is zero. So
+C of X I should write here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X I should write here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of X I should write here but I
+won't. That's called homogeneous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now this is a a common form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is a a common form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this is a a common form for the
+equation but it's not what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's not what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but it's not what's called
+standard form. The standard form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and since this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and since this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and since this is going to be a
+prime course of prime course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime course of prime course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime course of prime course of
+confusion which is probably completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion which is probably completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion which is probably completely
+correct but a prime source of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but a prime source of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but a prime source of confusion
+is what I meant. uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I meant. uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I meant. uh the
+standard linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underline is the first coefficient of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline is the first coefficient of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline is the first coefficient of y
+prime is taken to be one. So if I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is taken to be one. So if I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is taken to be one. So if I divide
+you can always convert that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always convert that to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always convert that to a
+standard form by simply dividing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form by simply dividing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form by simply dividing through
+by it. And if I do that, the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it. And if I do that, the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it. And if I do that, the equation
+will look like y prime plus. Now, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like y prime plus. Now, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like y prime plus. Now, it's
+common to not call it b anymore, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to not call it b anymore, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to not call it b anymore, the
+coefficient, because it's really b over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient, because it's really b over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient, because it's really b over
+a. And therefore, it's common to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And therefore, it's common to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. And therefore, it's common to adopt
+yet a new letter for it. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a new letter for it. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet a new letter for it. And the
+standard one that many people use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one that many people use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard one that many people use is
+p. How about the right hand side? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. How about the right hand side? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p. How about the right hand side? We
+need a new letter for that, too. It's c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new letter for that, too. It's c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a new letter for that, too. It's c
+over a, but we'll call it uh q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when I talk about the standard linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I talk about the standard linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I talk about the standard linear
+form for a for a linear first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for a for a linear first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for a for a linear first order
+equation, it's absolutely that that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, it's absolutely that that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, it's absolutely that that I'm
+talking about. Now you immediately see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Now you immediately see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Now you immediately see
+there's a potential for confusion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential for confusion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential for confusion here
+because what did I call the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what did I call the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what did I call the standard
+form for a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for a first order
+equation? So I'm going to say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? So I'm going to say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? So I'm going to say not
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+standard first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form. What's what would that be? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What's what would that be? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. What's what would that be? Well,
+it would be y prime equals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be y prime equals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be y prime equals and
+everything else on the left hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else on the left hand side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else on the left hand side.
+So it would be y prime. And now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be y prime. And now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it would be y prime. And now if I
+turn this into the standard first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this into the standard first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this into the standard first order
+form, it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, it would
+be p of x y + q of x. But of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be p of x y + q of x. But of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be p of x y + q of x. But of course,
+nobody would write negative p of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now it's I explicitly want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now it's I explicitly want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now it's I explicitly want to say
+that this is a form which I will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a form which I will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a form which I will never
+use for this equation although half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this equation although half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for this equation although half the
+books in the world do. Uh in short this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in the world do. Uh in short this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in the world do. Uh in short this
+poor little first order equation belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor little first order equation belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor little first order equation belongs
+to two ethnic groups. It's both a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two ethnic groups. It's both a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two ethnic groups. It's both a first
+order equation and therefore its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation and therefore its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation and therefore its
+standard form should be written this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form should be written this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form should be written this way
+but it's also a linear equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also a linear equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also a linear equation and
+therefore its standard form should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its standard form should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore its standard form should be
+used this way. Well uh it has to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this way. Well uh it has to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this way. Well uh it has to decide
+and I have decided for it. It is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have decided for it. It is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have decided for it. It is above
+all a linear equation not just a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a linear equation not just a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a linear equation not just a first
+order equation and this in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation and this in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation and this in this course
+this will always be the standard form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always be the standard form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always be the standard form.
+Now well what on earth is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now well what on earth is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now well what on earth is the
+difference? Oh, if you don't do it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference? Oh, if you don't do it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference? Oh, if you don't do it that
+way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way,
+uh the difference is entirely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference is entirely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the difference is entirely in the
+sign of P. But if you get the sign of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of P. But if you get the sign of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of P. But if you get the sign of P
+wrong in the answers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the answers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in the answers,
+uh it's just disaster from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just disaster from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just disaster from that point
+on. A trivial little change of sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. A trivial little change of sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. A trivial little change of sign in
+the answer produces solutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer produces solutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer produces solutions and
+functions which have totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which have totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which have totally different
+behavior and you're going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you're going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you're going to be really
+lost in this course. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in this course. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in this course. So I
+uh maybe I should draw a line through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should draw a line through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should draw a line through it
+to indicate uh please don't pay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate uh please don't pay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate uh please don't pay any
+attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatsoever. Except that we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever. Except that we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever. Except that we're not going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+that. Okay. Well, what's so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Well, what's so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. Well, what's so important
+about this equation? Well, number one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this equation? Well, number one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this equation? Well, number one,
+it can always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can always be
+solved. That's a very very big thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved. That's a very very big thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved. That's a very very big thing in
+differential equations. But it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. But it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations. But it's also
+the equation which arises in a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation which arises in a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation which arises in a variety
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models. Now I can I'm just going to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Now I can I'm just going to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. Now I can I'm just going to list
+a few of them. Uh all of them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them. Uh all of them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of them. Uh all of them I think
+you will meet in the either in part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will meet in the either in part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will meet in the either in part one
+or part two of problem sets over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or part two of problem sets over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or part two of problem sets over these
+first uh couple of problem sets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh couple of problem sets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh couple of problem sets or
+second and third maybe. But uh of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third maybe. But uh of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and third maybe. But uh of them
+I'm going to put at the very top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put at the very top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put at the very top of the
+list. I'll what I'll call here I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. I'll what I'll call here I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. I'll what I'll call here I'll give
+it two names. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two names. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it two names. Uh the
+temperature diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model well that's I'm sorry it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well that's I'm sorry it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model well that's I'm sorry it would be
+better to call it temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to call it temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to call it temperature
+concentration by uh analogy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by uh analogy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by uh analogy.
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration model. There's the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration model. There's the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration model. There's the mixing
+model which is hardly less important. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is hardly less important. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is hardly less important. In
+other words, it's almost as important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, it's almost as important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, it's almost as important.
+Uh you have that on your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you have that on your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you have that on your problem
+set. Um and then there are other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Um and then there are other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. Um and then there are other uh
+slightly less important models. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less important models. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly less important models. There's
+a model of radioactive decay. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of radioactive decay. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model of radioactive decay. There's a
+model of a bank interest, bank account.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um various motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um various motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um various motion
+models, you know, uh Newton's law uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, you know, uh Newton's law uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models, you know, uh Newton's law uh
+type problems if you can figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type problems if you can figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type problems if you can figure out a
+way of uh getting rid of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh getting rid of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of uh getting rid of the second
+derivative. Some motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. Some motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. Some motion
+problems. Classic example is the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Classic example is the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. Classic example is the motion
+of a rocket being fired off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etc. Now today I have to pick a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Now today I have to pick a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Now today I have to pick a model
+and I'm the one I'm going to pick uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm the one I'm going to pick uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm the one I'm going to pick uh is
+uh this temperature concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this temperature concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this temperature concentration
+model. So this is going to be today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model. Uh tomorrow's model in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Uh tomorrow's model in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model. Uh tomorrow's model in the
+recitation I'm asking the recitations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I'm asking the recitations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I'm asking the recitations to
+among other things make sure they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things make sure they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things make sure they do a
+mixing problem. uh to show a to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing problem. uh to show a to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing problem. uh to show a to show you
+how to do it and b because it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and b because it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it and b because it's on the
+problem set. So that's that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set. So that's that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set. So that's that's not a good
+reason but it's not a bad one. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but it's not a bad one. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but it's not a bad one. The
+others are either in part one or we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are either in part one or we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are either in part one or we'll
+take them up later in the term. Uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them up later in the term. Uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them up later in the term. Uh this
+is not going to be the only lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be the only lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be the only lecture on
+the linear equation. There'll be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation. There'll be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation. There'll be another
+one next week of equal importance but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next week of equal importance but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one next week of equal importance but we
+can't do everything today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do everything today.
+So let's talk about the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about the temperature
+concentration model. Uh except I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration model. Uh except I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration model. Uh except I'm going
+to change its name to the I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change its name to the I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change its name to the I'm going to
+change its name to the condu conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction diffusion model. I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction diffusion model. I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction diffusion model. I'll put
+conduction over there and diffusion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction over there and diffusion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction over there and diffusion uh
+over here. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say since as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see the similarities or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the similarities or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the similarities or they're
+practically the same model. All that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the same model. All that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the same model. All that's
+changed from one to the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed from one to the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed from one to the other is the
+name of the ideas. In one case you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the ideas. In one case you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the ideas. In one case you call
+it temperature and the other you case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it temperature and the other you case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it temperature and the other you case
+you call it concentration but the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it concentration but the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it concentration but the actual
+mathematics isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics isn't
+identical. But so let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical. But so let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical. But so let's begin with
+conduction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, here's a So I I need a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, here's a So I I need a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, here's a So I I need a simple
+physical situation that I'm modeling. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation that I'm modeling. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation that I'm modeling. So
+imagine a tank of some liquid. Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a tank of some liquid. Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a tank of some liquid. Water
+will do as well as anything. And in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do as well as anything. And in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do as well as anything. And in the
+inside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside is
+a suspended somehow. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suspended somehow. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suspended somehow. There's a
+chamber. A metal cube will do. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber. A metal cube will do. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber. A metal cube will do. And let's
+suppose that its walls are partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that its walls are partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that its walls are partly
+insulated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated.
+Not so much that no heat can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not so much that no heat can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not so much that no heat can get
+through. There is no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. There is no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. There is no such thing as
+perfect insulation anyway except maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect insulation anyway except maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect insulation anyway except maybe a
+an absolute vac a perfect vacuum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh now inside so here on the outside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now inside so here on the outside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now inside so here on the outside is
+liquid. Okay. On the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Okay. On the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid. Okay. On the
+inside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what I'm interested in is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm interested in is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'm interested in is the
+temperature of this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of this thing.
+I'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call that
+T. Now that's different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Now that's different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T. Now that's different from the
+temperature of the external water bath.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the external water bath.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the external water bath.
+So I'll call that uh T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll call that uh T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll call that uh T
+sub. T for temperature measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub. T for temperature measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub. T for temperature measured in
+Celsius. Let's say for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. Let's say for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. Let's say for the sake of
+definitess. But this is the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitess. But this is the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitess. But this is the external
+temperature. So I'll indicate it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E.
+Now what is the model? Well, in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is the model? Well, in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what is the model? Well, in other
+words, how do I set up a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, how do I set up a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, how do I set up a differential
+equation to model this situation? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to model this situation? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to model this situation? Well,
+it's based on a physical law, which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on a physical law, which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on a physical law, which I
+think you know, you've had simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know, you've had simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know, you've had simple
+examples like this. the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like this. the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like this. the so-called
+Newton's law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cooling which says that the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling which says that the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling which says that the rate of
+change the rate the temperature uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate the temperature uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate the temperature uh the
+the heat goes from the outside to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat goes from the outside to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat goes from the outside to the
+inside by conduction only. Heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside by conduction only. Heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside by conduction only. Heat of
+course can travel in various ways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can travel in various ways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can travel in various ways by
+convection by conduction as here or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection by conduction as here or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection by conduction as here or by
+radiation are the three most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation are the three most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation are the three most
+common. I don't of these I only want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common. I don't of these I only want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common. I don't of these I only want one
+namely transmission of heat by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely transmission of heat by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely transmission of heat by
+conduction and that's the way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and that's the way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and that's the way it's
+probably a little better to call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little better to call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little better to call it the
+conduction model rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction model rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction model rather than the
+temperature model which might be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature model which might be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature model which might be uh
+involve other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve other ways
+of for the heat to be traveling. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the heat to be traveling. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for the heat to be traveling. So
+dt the independent variable is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt the independent variable is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt the independent variable is not going
+to be x as it was over there. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x as it was over there. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be x as it was over there. It's going
+to be t for time. So let's let's maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be t for time. So let's let's maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be t for time. So let's let's maybe I
+should write that down. t equals time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write that down. t equals time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should write that down. t equals time
+capital t equals temperature and degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t equals temperature and degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t equals temperature and degrees
+Celsius. So you put in the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. So you put in the degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius. So you put in the degrees
+Celsius if you want. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius if you want. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius if you want. So it's
+proportional to the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the temperature
+difference between these two. Now uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two. Now uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two. Now uh how
+shall I write the difference?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write the difference?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall I write the difference?
+uh write it this way uh because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write it this way uh because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write it this way uh because if you
+don't you'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you'll be in
+trouble. Now why do I write it that way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. Now why do I write it that way?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. Now why do I write it that way?
+Well, I write it that way because this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I write it that way because this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I write it that way because this I
+want this constant to be positive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this constant to be positive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this constant to be positive a
+positive constant. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive constant. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive constant. In
+general, any constants or parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, any constants or parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, any constants or parameters
+which are physical have some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are physical have some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are physical have some physical
+significance, one always wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance, one always wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance, one always wants to
+arrange the equation so that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the equation so that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange the equation so that they're
+positive numbers. The way people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers. The way people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers. The way people
+normally think of these things, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think of these things, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think of these things, this is
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity. The conductivity of what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity. The conductivity of what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity. The conductivity of what?
+Well, I don't know of this system of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't know of this system of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I don't know of this system of the
+situation, the conductivity of the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, the conductivity of the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, the conductivity of the wall
+or if the wall if the metal were just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the wall if the metal were just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the wall if the metal were just by
+itself, it would at any rate, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself, it would at any rate, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself, it would at any rate, it's a
+constant. It's it's thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's it's thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's it's thought of as a
+constant. And uh why positive? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And uh why positive? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And uh why positive? Well,
+because if the external temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the external temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the external temperature is
+bigger than the internal temperature, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the internal temperature, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the internal temperature, I
+expect T to rise. The internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect T to rise. The internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect T to rise. The internal
+temperature to rise. That means dtdt its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to rise. That means dtdt its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to rise. That means dtdt its
+slope should be positive. So in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope should be positive. So in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope should be positive. So in other
+words, if t is bigger than t, I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if t is bigger than t, I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, if t is bigger than t, I expect
+this number to be positive. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number to be positive. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number to be positive. And that
+tells you that k must be a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that k must be a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that k must be a positive
+constant. If I had turned it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. If I had turned it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. If I had turned it the other
+way, express the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, express the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, express the difference in the
+reverse order, k would then be negative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse order, k would then be negative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse order, k would then be negative,
+have to be negative in order that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be negative in order that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be negative in order that this
+turn out to be positive in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be positive in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be positive in that
+situation I described. And since nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I described. And since nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I described. And since nobody
+wants negative values of K, uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants negative values of K, uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants negative values of K, uh you have
+to write the equation in this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the equation in this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the equation in this form
+rather than the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around. So there's our differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. So there's our differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. So there's our differential
+equation. It will probably have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It will probably have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. It will probably have an
+initial condition. So it could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition. So it could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition. So it could be the
+temperature at the starting time should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the starting time should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at the starting time should
+be some given number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some given number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some given number
+T0. But the condition could be given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T0. But the condition could be given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T0. But the condition could be given in
+other ways. One could ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways. One could ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways. One could ask what's the
+temperature as time goes to infinity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as time goes to infinity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as time goes to infinity for
+example. uh there are different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. uh there are different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. uh there are different ways of
+giving that initial condition. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that initial condition. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving that initial condition. Okay,
+that's the conduction model. What would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conduction model. What would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conduction model. What would
+the diffusion model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be? The diffusion model mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? The diffusion model mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? The diffusion model mathematically
+would be word for word the same. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be word for word the same. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be word for word the same. The
+only difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is that
+now what I imagine is I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I imagine is I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I imagine is I'll draw the
+picture the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way except now I'm going to put label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way except now I'm going to put label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way except now I'm going to put label
+the inside not with a T but with a C. C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside not with a T but with a C. C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inside not with a T but with a C. C
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+concentration. It's in an external water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. It's in an external water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. It's in an external water
+bath let's say. Uh so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath let's say. Uh so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath let's say. Uh so there's an
+external concentration. And what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external concentration. And what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external concentration. And what I'm
+talking about is some chemical. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is some chemical. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is some chemical. Let's
+say salt is will do as well as anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say salt is will do as well as anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say salt is will do as well as anything.
+So C is equal to salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+inside and C would be the salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and C would be the salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and C would be the salt
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside outside in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside outside in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside outside in the water
+bath. Now I have I imagine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath. Now I have I imagine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bath. Now I have I imagine some
+mechanism. So this is a salt solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. So this is a salt solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism. So this is a salt solution.
+That's a salt solution. And I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a salt solution. And I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a salt solution. And I imagine
+some mechanism by which it the salt can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism by which it the salt can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mechanism by which it the salt can
+diffuse. It's a diffusion model now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse. It's a diffusion model now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse. It's a diffusion model now.
+Diffuse from here into there or possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diffuse from here into there or possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diffuse from here into there or possibly
+out the other way. And that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other way. And that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other way. And that's usually
+done by vaguely referring to uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by vaguely referring to uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by vaguely referring to uh that the
+outside is a semi-permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is a semi-permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is a semi-permeable
+membrane. Semi-permeable so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane. Semi-permeable so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane. Semi-permeable so that the
+salt will have a little hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt will have a little hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt will have a little hard time
+getting through uh but permeable so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through uh but permeable so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting through uh but permeable so that
+it won't be blocked completely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be blocked completely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't be blocked completely.
+So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a
+membrane. You write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane. You write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane. You write the
+semi-permeable membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside outside the inside. Well, I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside outside the inside. Well, I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside outside the inside. Well, I give
+up out, you know, not membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out, you know, not membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up out, you know, not membrane
+somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. Membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Membrane
+wall. How's that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, what's the equation? Well, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the equation? Well, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what's the equation? Well, the
+equation is the same except it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the same except it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the same except it's called
+the diffusion equation. I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion equation. I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion equation. I don't think
+Newton got his name on this. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton got his name on this. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton got his name on this. Uh the
+diffusion equation says that the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation says that the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation says that the rate at
+which the salt diffuses across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the salt diffuses across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the salt diffuses across the
+membrane, which is the same up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane, which is the same up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane, which is the same up to a
+constant as the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant as the rate at which the
+concentration inside changes is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside changes is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration inside changes is some
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+u usually called K still.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u usually called K still.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u usually called K still.
+Okay. Do I contradict my Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do I contradict my Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do I contradict my Yeah. Okay.
+Let's keep calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's keep calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's keep calling
+K1. Now it's different. Times CE minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. Now it's different. Times CE minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. Now it's different. Times CE minus
+C. And for the same reason as before, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. And for the same reason as before, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. And for the same reason as before, if
+the external concentration is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external concentration is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external concentration is bigger
+than the internal concentration, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the internal concentration, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the internal concentration, we
+expect salt to flow in. That will make C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect salt to flow in. That will make C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect salt to flow in. That will make C
+rise. It will make this positive. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise. It will make this positive. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise. It will make this positive. And
+therefore, we want K to be positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, we want K to be positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, we want K to be positive.
+Just K1 to be positive for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just K1 to be positive for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just K1 to be positive for the same
+reason it had to be positive before. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it had to be positive before. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it had to be positive before. So
+in each case the model that I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case the model that I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case the model that I'm talking
+about is the differential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the differential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the differential is the
+differential equation. So maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. So maybe I should
+uh let's put that make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's put that make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's put that make that
+clear or I would say that this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or I would say that this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear or I would say that this first
+order differential equation models this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation models this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation models this
+physical situation and the same thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation and the same thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation and the same thing is
+true on the other side over here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true on the other side over here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true on the other side over here. This
+is the diffusion equation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion equation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diffusion equation and this is
+the conduction equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now if you were in any doubt about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you were in any doubt about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you were in any doubt about the
+power of differential equations, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of differential equations, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of differential equations, the
+point is when I talk about this thing, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is when I talk about this thing, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is when I talk about this thing, I
+don't have to say which of these I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to say which of these I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to say which of these I'm
+following. I'll use neutral variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. I'll use neutral variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following. I'll use neutral variables
+like y and x to solve these equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like y and x to solve these equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like y and x to solve these equations.
+But clearly I'm with a single stroke I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But clearly I'm with a single stroke I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But clearly I'm with a single stroke I
+will be handling both situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be handling both situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be handling both situations
+together. And that's the power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that's the power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that's the power of the
+method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+Now you obviously must be wondering look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you obviously must be wondering look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now you obviously must be wondering look
+uh hey these look very very spe he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hey these look very very spe he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hey these look very very spe he said
+he was going to talk about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was going to talk about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was going to talk about the first
+general first order equation but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general first order equation but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general first order equation but these
+look rather special to me well not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look rather special to me well not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look rather special to me well not too
+special how should we write it suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special how should we write it suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special how should we write it suppose I
+write I'll write it the let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I'll write it the let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write I'll write it the let's take the
+temperature equation just to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equation just to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equation just to uh have
+something definite notice that it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something definite notice that it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something definite notice that it's in a
+form corresponding ing to Newton's law,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form corresponding ing to Newton's law,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form corresponding ing to Newton's law,
+but it is not in the standard linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not in the standard linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not in the standard linear
+form. Let's put it in standard linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Let's put it in standard linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Let's put it in standard linear
+form. So at least you can see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. So at least you can see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. So at least you can see that it's
+a linear equation. So if I put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear equation. So if I put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear equation. So if I put it in
+standard form, it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form, it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form, it's going to look like
+dt d little t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt d little t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt d little t plus
+kt is equal to k *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt is equal to k *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt is equal to k *
+t. Now compare that with the general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Now compare that with the general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Now compare that with the general the
+way the general equation is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the general equation is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the general equation is supposed to
+look that yellow box over there. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that yellow box over there. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that yellow box over there. the
+standard linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard linear
+form. How are they going to compare?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. How are they going to compare?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. How are they going to compare?
+Well, this is a pretty general function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is a pretty general function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is a pretty general function.
+This is general. This is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is general. This is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is general. This is a general
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+t because you know I can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because you know I can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t because you know I can make the
+external temperature. I can suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external temperature. I can suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external temperature. I can suppose it
+behaves in any way I like. Steadily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves in any way I like. Steadily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves in any way I like. Steadily
+rising, decaying exponentially, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising, decaying exponentially, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising, decaying exponentially, maybe
+oscillating back and forth for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating back and forth for some
+reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason.
+The only way in which it's not general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only way in which it's not general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only way in which it's not general
+is that this K is a constant. So I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this K is a constant. So I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this K is a constant. So I will
+ask you to be generous. If let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to be generous. If let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to be generous. If let's imagine
+the conductivity is changing over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity is changing over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity is changing over time.
+So this is usually constant but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is usually constant but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is usually constant but there's
+no law which says it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be. How could a conductivity change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. How could a conductivity change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. How could a conductivity change over
+time? Well, uh we could suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? Well, uh we could suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time? Well, uh we could suppose for
+example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we could suppose that this wall was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could suppose that this wall was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we could suppose that this wall was
+made of slowly congealing jell-o for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of slowly congealing jell-o for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of slowly congealing jell-o for
+instance uh you know it starts out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh you know it starts out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance uh you know it starts out as
+liquid then it gets solid and jello jell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid then it gets solid and jello jell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid then it gets solid and jello jell
+doesn't transmit heat uh I believe quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't transmit heat uh I believe quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't transmit heat uh I believe quite
+as well as as liquid does as a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would is jell-o a solid or a liquid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would is jell-o a solid or a liquid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would is jell-o a solid or a liquid I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+So let's forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So with this understanding but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So with this understanding but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So with this understanding but so
+let's say not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say not necessarily
+here but not necessarily uh I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but not necessarily uh I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but not necessarily uh I can think
+of this therefore by allowing K to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this therefore by allowing K to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this therefore by allowing K to vary
+with time and the external temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and the external temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and the external temperature
+to vary with time. I can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary with time. I can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary with time. I can think of it as
+a general linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation. So these models are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So these models are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So these models are not
+special. They're fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special. They're fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special. They're fairly
+general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general.
+Well, I did promise you I would solve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I did promise you I would solve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I did promise you I would solve an
+equation and in this lecture I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and in this lecture I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and in this lecture I still
+have not solved any equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not solved any equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not solved any equations.
+Okay, time to stop temporizing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, time to stop temporizing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, time to stop temporizing and
+solve. So I'm going to in order not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve. So I'm going to in order not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve. So I'm going to in order not to
+play favorites with these two models,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play favorites with these two models,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play favorites with these two models,
+I'll go back to and to get you used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to and to get you used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go back to and to get you used to
+thinking of new variables all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of new variables all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of new variables all the time.
+That is you know uh being eclectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is you know uh being eclectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is you know uh being eclectic
+switching from one variable to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching from one variable to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching from one variable to another
+according to which particular lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which particular lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which particular lecture
+you happen to be to be sitting in. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be to be sitting in. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to be to be sitting in. So
+let's take our equation in the form y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our equation in the form y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take our equation in the form y
+prime plus p of xy the general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus p of xy the general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus p of xy the general form
+using the old variables equals q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the old variables equals q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the old variables equals q
+ofx. solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. solve
+me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+well, there are different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there are different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there are different ways of
+describing the solution process. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the solution process. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the solution process. No
+matter how you do it, it amounts to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you do it, it amounts to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how you do it, it amounts to the
+same amount of work. And there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work. And there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of work. And there's always
+a trick involved in each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trick involved in each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trick involved in each one of them
+since you can't suppress a trick by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you can't suppress a trick by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you can't suppress a trick by
+doing the problem some other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the problem some other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the problem some other way.
+Uh the way I'm going to do it I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the way I'm going to do it I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the way I'm going to do it I think is
+the best. That's why I'm giving it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best. That's why I'm giving it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best. That's why I'm giving it to
+you. It leads to it's the easiest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. It leads to it's the easiest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. It leads to it's the easiest to
+remember leads to the least work. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember leads to the least work. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember leads to the least work. But I
+have colleagues who would fight with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have colleagues who would fight with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have colleagues who would fight with me
+on that point. So since they're not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point. So since they're not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that point. So since they're not here
+to fight with me, I I am free to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight with me, I I am free to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fight with me, I I am free to do
+whatever I like. The one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I like. The one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I like. The one of the main
+reasons is that of doing it the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons is that of doing it the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons is that of doing it the way I'm
+going to do is because I want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is because I want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is because I want you to get
+one more word into your conscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word into your conscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word into your conscience
+consciousness and that's the word two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness and that's the word two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness and that's the word two
+words integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words integrating
+factor. I'm going to solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. I'm going to solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. I'm going to solve this equation
+by finding an integrating factor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding an integrating factor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding an integrating factor of the
+form u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x. What's an integrating factor? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. What's an integrating factor? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. What's an integrating factor? Well,
+I'll show you uh not by writing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you uh not by writing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you uh not by writing an
+elaborate definition on the board, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate definition on the board, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborate definition on the board, but
+showing you what its function is. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what its function is. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you what its function is. It's a
+certain function u of x. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain function u of x. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain function u of x. I don't know
+what it is, but here's what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but here's what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is, but here's what I wanted to
+do. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. I want
+to multiply I'm going to drop the x's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply I'm going to drop the x's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply I'm going to drop the x's uh
+just so that the thing looks less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that the thing looks less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that the thing looks less
+complicated. So, what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So, what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. So, what I want to do is
+multiply this equation through by u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation through by u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this equation through by u of
+x. That's why it's called a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's why it's called a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. That's why it's called a factor
+because you're going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to multiply
+everything through by it. So, it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through by it. So, it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through by it. So, it's going
+to look like u y prime plus p u y equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q. And now this thing is so far it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. And now this thing is so far it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. And now this thing is so far it's
+just a factor. What makes it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor. What makes it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a factor. What makes it an
+integrating factor is that this after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor is that this after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor is that this after I
+do that I want this to turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I want this to turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that I want this to turn out to be
+the derivative of something with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of something with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of something with respect
+to x. You see the motivation for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. You see the motivation for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x. You see the motivation for that.
+If this turns out to be the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this turns out to be the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this turns out to be the derivative
+of something because I've chosen u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something because I've chosen u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something because I've chosen u so
+cleverly then I'll be able to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly then I'll be able to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly then I'll be able to solve the
+equation immediately just by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation immediately just by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation immediately just by integrating
+this with respect to x and integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x and integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to x and integrating
+that with respect to x. You just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to x. You just then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with respect to x. You just then
+integrate both sides with respect to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides with respect to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides with respect to x
+and the equation is solved. Now the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equation is solved. Now the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equation is solved. Now the only
+question is what should I choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what should I choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what should I choose for
+you? Well, what I'm this if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Well, what I'm this if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Well, what I'm this if you think of
+the product formula, there might be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product formula, there might be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product formula, there might be many
+things to try here, but there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to try here, but there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to try here, but there's only one
+reasonable thing to try. Try to pick u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to try. Try to pick u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to try. Try to pick u
+so that it's the derivative of u * y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's the derivative of u * y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it's the derivative of u * y.
+See how reasonable that is. If I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See how reasonable that is. If I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See how reasonable that is. If I use the
+product rule on this, the first term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on this, the first term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule on this, the first term is
+u * y prime. The second term would be u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u * y prime. The second term would be u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u * y prime. The second term would be u
+prime * y. Well, I've got the y there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime * y. Well, I've got the y there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime * y. Well, I've got the y there.
+So, this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this will
+work. Works if what? If what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Works if what? If what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Works if what? If what the
+condition that you must satisfy in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that you must satisfy in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that you must satisfy in order
+for that to be true? Well, it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be true? Well, it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be true? Well, it must be
+that after I do the differentiation, u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after I do the differentiation, u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after I do the differentiation, u
+prime turns out to be p *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u. So is it clear we want this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So is it clear we want this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u. So is it clear we want this is
+something we want to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to be equal
+to and my the thing I'll try to do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and my the thing I'll try to do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and my the thing I'll try to do it is
+by choosing u in such a way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing u in such a way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing u in such a way that this
+equality will take place and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality will take place and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality will take place and then I'll
+be able to solve the equation and now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve the equation and now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve the equation and now so
+here's what my u prime must satisfy hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what my u prime must satisfy hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what my u prime must satisfy hey
+we can solve that but please don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve that but please don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve that but please don't
+forget that p is p of x it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that p is p of x it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that p is p of x it's a function
+of x so if you separate variables I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so if you separate variables I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x so if you separate variables I'm
+going to do this so What is it? du over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so What is it? du over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this so What is it? du over
+u = p of x * dx. If I integrate that, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u = p of x * dx. If I integrate that, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u = p of x * dx. If I integrate that, so
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables, integrate, and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables, integrate, and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables, integrate, and you're going
+to get du over u integrates to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get du over u integrates to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get du over u integrates to be the
+log of u and the other side integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of u and the other side integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of u and the other side integrates
+to be the integral of p of x dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of p of x dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of p of x dx.
+And you can put an arbitrary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can put an arbitrary constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can put an arbitrary constant
+there or you can think of it as already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you can think of it as already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or you can think of it as already
+implied by the indefinite integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by the indefinite integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied by the indefinite integral.
+Well, that doesn't tell us yet what U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that doesn't tell us yet what U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that doesn't tell us yet what U
+is. What should U be? Notice I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. What should U be? Notice I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. What should U be? Notice I don't
+have to find every possible U, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find every possible U, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find every possible U, which
+works. All I'm looking for is one. All I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. All I'm looking for is one. All I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. All I'm looking for is one. All I
+want is a single U which satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a single U which satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is a single U which satisfies that
+equation. Well, U equals the integral E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Well, U equals the integral E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Well, U equals the integral E
+to the integral of P dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of P dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of P dx.
+That's not too beautiful looking. But by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not too beautiful looking. But by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not too beautiful looking. But by
+differential equations can things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations can things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations can things can
+get so complicated that by the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so complicated that by the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so complicated that by the you know
+in a week or two you will think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week or two you will think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a week or two you will think of this
+as an extremely simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extremely simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an extremely simple
+formula. So there's the formula for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So there's the formula for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. So there's the formula for our
+integrating factor. We found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. We'll always be able to write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We'll always be able to write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We'll always be able to write an
+integrating factor. Don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. Don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. Don't worry about
+the arbitrary constant because you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constant because you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constant because you only
+need one such u. So no arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one such u. So no arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one such u. So no arbitrary
+constant since only one since only one u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+needed and that's the solution the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and that's the solution the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and that's the solution the way
+we solve the linear equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the linear equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solve the linear equation.
+Okay, let's uh take over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's uh take over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's uh take over and
+um actually do it. I think I it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually do it. I think I it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually do it. I think I it would be
+better to summarize it as a clear-cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to summarize it as a clear-cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to summarize it as a clear-cut
+method. Uh so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So what's our method?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's the method for solving y prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the method for solving y prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the method for solving y prime plus
+p y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p y =
+q. Well, the first place, make sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Well, the first place, make sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Well, the first place, make sure it's
+in standard standard linear form. If it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard standard linear form. If it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard standard linear form. If it
+isn't, you must put it in that form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't, you must put it in that form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't, you must put it in that form.
+Notice the formula for the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice the formula for the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice the formula for the integrating
+factor. The formula for the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. The formula for the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. The formula for the integrating
+factor involves p, the integral of p dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor involves p, the integral of p dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor involves p, the integral of p dx.
+So, you better get the right p,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you better get the right p,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you better get the right p,
+otherwise you're sunk. Okay? So put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're sunk. Okay? So put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're sunk. Okay? So put it
+in standard linear form. That way you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard linear form. That way you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard linear form. That way you'll
+have the right P. Notice that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right P. Notice that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right P. Notice that if you
+wrote it in that form and all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it in that form and all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it in that form and all you
+remembered was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered was
+integral e to the integral p dx, the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral e to the integral p dx, the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral e to the integral p dx, the p
+would have the wrong sign. That if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the wrong sign. That if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the wrong sign. That if
+you're going to write that p should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write that p should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write that p should
+should have a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a negative sign
+there. So do it this way and no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So do it this way and no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So do it this way and no other
+way. Otherwise you'll get confused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Otherwise you'll get confused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Otherwise you'll get confused and
+get wrong signs and as I say that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrong signs and as I say that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrong signs and as I say that will
+produce wrong answers and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce wrong answers and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce wrong answers and not just
+slightly wrong answers but disastrously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong answers but disastrously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wrong answers but disastrously
+wrong answers from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answers from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answers from the point of view of
+the modeling if you really want answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling if you really want answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modeling if you really want answers
+to physical problems. So here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical problems. So here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical problems. So here's a
+standard linear then find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard linear then find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard linear then find the
+integrating factor. So calculate e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. So calculate e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. So calculate e to
+the integral pdx the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and uh then
+multiply both I'm putting this is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both I'm putting this is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both I'm putting this is both
+put underline that as many times as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put underline that as many times as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put underline that as many times as you
+have room in your notes. uh multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room in your notes. uh multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room in your notes. uh multiply
+both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by
+uh this integrating factor by uh e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this integrating factor by uh e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this integrating factor by uh e to
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pdx and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdx and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdx and then
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate. Okay, let's take a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate. Okay, let's take a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate. Okay, let's take a simple
+example. Suppose we started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Suppose we started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Suppose we started with the
+equation xy prime minus y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation xy prime minus y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation xy prime minus y =
+uh I had a x^2 x cub something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had a x^2 x cub something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had a x^2 x cub something like that
+x cubed I think yeah x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cub
+okay what's the first thing to do ah put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the first thing to do ah put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the first thing to do ah put
+it in standard form so step zero will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in standard form so step zero will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in standard form so step zero will be
+to write it as y prime minus 1 /x * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it as y prime minus 1 /x * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it as y prime minus 1 /x * y
+=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 there are two standard error let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 there are two standard error let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 there are two standard error let's
+do the work first and then I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work first and then I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work first and then I'll talk
+about mistakes and now what well we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mistakes and now what well we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mistakes and now what well we now
+calculate the integrating factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the integrating factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the integrating factor so
+that's I would do it do it in steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I would do it do it in steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I would do it do it in steps you
+can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can integrate
+uh one /x right that integrates to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one /x right that integrates to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one /x right that integrates to minus
+log x so the integrating factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log x so the integrating factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log x so the integrating factor is
+e to the integral of this dx. So it's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the integral of this dx. So it's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the integral of this dx. So it's e
+to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log
+x. Now in real life, that's not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now in real life, that's not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now in real life, that's not the way
+to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave
+that. What is e to the negative log x?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What is e to the negative log x?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What is e to the negative log x?
+Well, think of it as e to the log x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think of it as e to the log x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think of it as e to the log x to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minus1. Or in other words, it is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1. Or in other words, it is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1. Or in other words, it is e to
+the log x is x. So it's x to the minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log x is x. So it's x to the minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log x is x. So it's x to the minus.
+So it's 1 /x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's 1 /x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's 1 /x.
+So the integrating factor is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/x. Okay. Multiply both sides by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x. Okay. Multiply both sides by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x. Okay. Multiply both sides by the
+integrating factor. Both sides of what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. Both sides of what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. Both sides of what?
+Both sides of this the equation written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both sides of this the equation written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both sides of this the equation written
+in standard form and both sides. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard form and both sides. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in standard form and both sides. So it's
+going to be 1 /x y prime -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 /x y prime -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 1 /x y prime -
+1x^2 y is equal to x^2 * 1 /x which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x^2 y is equal to x^2 * 1 /x which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x^2 y is equal to x^2 * 1 /x which is
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply
+x. Now if you have done the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now if you have done the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Now if you have done the work
+correctly you should be able now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you should be able now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly you should be able now to
+integrate the left hand side directly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the left hand side directly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the left hand side directly.
+So I'm going to write it this way. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write it this way. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write it this way. I
+always recommend that you put in as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend that you put in as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend that you put in as an
+extra step uh well I won't put in as put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra step uh well I won't put in as put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra step uh well I won't put in as put
+in as an extra step the reason for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as an extra step the reason for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as an extra step the reason for using
+that integrating factor in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrating factor in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integrating factor in other words
+that the left hand side is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left hand side is supposed to
+be now 1 /x * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime I always put in that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I always put in that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I always put in that because
+there's always a chance you made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a chance you made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a chance you made a
+mistake or forgot something look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake or forgot something look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake or forgot something look at it
+mentally differentiate it using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally differentiate it using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally differentiate it using the
+product rule just to check that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just to check that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just to check that in fact
+it is turns out to be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is turns out to be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is turns out to be the same as the
+left hand side. So what do we get? 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side. So what do we get? 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side. So what do we get? 1 /x
+* y prime + y * the derivative of 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y prime + y * the derivative of 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y prime + y * the derivative of 1 /x
+which indeed is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which indeed is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which indeed is -
+1/x^2. And now finally uh that's 3 a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x^2. And now finally uh that's 3 a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/x^2. And now finally uh that's 3 a.
+Continue do the integration. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continue do the integration. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continue do the integration. So you're
+going to get let's see if we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get let's see if we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get let's see if we can do it
+all on one board. 1 /x * y is equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one board. 1 /x * y is equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on one board. 1 /x * y is equal to x
++ a constant. x sorry x^2 / 2 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ a constant. x sorry x^2 / 2 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ a constant. x sorry x^2 / 2 plus a
+constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+And the final step will be therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the final step will be therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the final step will be therefore I
+now want want to isolate y by itself. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want want to isolate y by itself. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want want to isolate y by itself. So
+y will be equal to multiply through by x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y will be equal to multiply through by x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y will be equal to multiply through by x
+cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over
+2 + c *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + c *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + c *
+x. And that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution. Okay, let's do one a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Okay, let's do one a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. Okay, let's do one a little
+slightly more complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's try this one. Uh, now my equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's try this one. Uh, now my equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's try this one. Uh, now my equation
+is going to be one. I'll still keep 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one. I'll still keep 2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one. I'll still keep 2,
+y, and x as the variables. I'll I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y, and x as the variables. I'll I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y, and x as the variables. I'll I'll use
+t in a minute or two. 1 + cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in a minute or two. 1 + cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in a minute or two. 1 + cossine
+x. So, I'm not going to give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So, I'm not going to give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So, I'm not going to give you this
+one in standard form either. Either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in standard form either. Either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in standard form either. Either
+trick question. Uh, y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question. Uh, y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question. Uh, y prime
+uh minus sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus sin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus sin x
+* y is equal to um anything reasonable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y is equal to um anything reasonable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y is equal to um anything reasonable I
+guess I think uh what x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I think uh what x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I think uh what x I
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+2x make it more exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, now I think I should warn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now I think I should warn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now I think I should warn you
+where the mistakes are uh just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mistakes are uh just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the mistakes are uh just so that
+you can make all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make all of
+them. So this is mistake number one. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So this is mistake number one. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So this is mistake number one. You
+don't put it in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form. Mistake number two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Mistake number two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form. Mistake number two,
+uh uh generally people can do step one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh generally people can do step one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh generally people can do step one
+fine. Uh mistake number two is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Uh mistake number two is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Uh mistake number two is you
+don't this is my most common mistake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't this is my most common mistake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't this is my most common mistake so
+I'm very sensitive to it but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sensitive to it but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very sensitive to it but that
+doesn't mean if you make it you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean if you make it you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean if you make it you'll get
+any sympathy from me. I don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sympathy from me. I don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sympathy from me. I don't give
+sympathy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathy to
+myself. Uh you're so intent and so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. Uh you're so intent and so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself. Uh you're so intent and so happy
+at having found the integrating factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at having found the integrating factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at having found the integrating factor
+you forget to multiply Q by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget to multiply Q by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget to multiply Q by the
+integrating factor also you just handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor also you just handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor also you just handle
+the second the left hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second the left hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second the left hand side of the
+equation and you forget about the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you forget about the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and you forget about the right
+hand side. So the both the emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. So the both the emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. So the both the emphasis on
+the both here is the right hand please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both here is the right hand please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the both here is the right hand please
+include the Q please include the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the Q please include the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the Q please include the right
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+side. Any other mistakes? Uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Any other mistakes? Uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Any other mistakes? Uh well
+nothing that I can think of. Oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that I can think of. Oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that I can think of. Oh maybe
+only anyway we're not going to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only anyway we're not going to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only anyway we're not going to make any
+mistakes for the rest of this lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes for the rest of this lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes for the rest of this lecture.
+So what do we do? We write this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do we do? We write this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do we do? We write this in
+standard form. So it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form. So it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form. So it's going to look
+like y prime minus sin x sin x / 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like y prime minus sin x sin x / 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like y prime minus sin x sin x / 1 +
+cosine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x
+* y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y
+equals my heart sinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals my heart sinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals my heart sinks
+because I I I'm know I'm supposed to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I I'm know I'm supposed to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I I'm know I'm supposed to m
+integrate something like this and boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate something like this and boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate something like this and boy
+that that's going to give me problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to give me problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to give me problems.
+Okay. Well, not yet. Uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, not yet. Uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, not yet. Uh what's the
+integrating factor? The integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor? The integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor? The integrating
+factor is well we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is well we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is well we want to calculate the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+of sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin
+x over 1 + cosine that's the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 1 + cosine that's the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 1 + cosine that's the integral of
+p dx and after that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p dx and after that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p dx and after that we have to
+exponentiate it. Well can you do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it. Well can you do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it. Well can you do this?
+Yeah but if you stare at a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah but if you stare at a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah but if you stare at a little while
+you can see that the top is the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the top is the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the top is the bottom
+is the derivative of the bottom. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the bottom. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of the bottom. That is
+great. That means it integrates to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. That means it integrates to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. That means it integrates to be
+the log of 1 + cossine x. Is that right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of 1 + cossine x. Is that right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log of 1 + cossine x. Is that right?
+1 / 1 + cosine x * the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / 1 + cosine x * the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / 1 + cosine x * the derivative of
+this which is cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is cossine
+x. Therefore the integrating factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Therefore the integrating factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Therefore the integrating factor
+is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. In other words it is 1 + cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In other words it is 1 + cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. In other words it is 1 + cossine
+x. Therefore so this was step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Therefore so this was step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Therefore so this was step
+zero. Uh step one we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh step one we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Uh step one we found the
+integrating factor. And now step two, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. And now step two, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor. And now step two, we
+multiply through by the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by the integrating
+factor. And what do we get? We multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And what do we get? We multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And what do we get? We multiply
+through the standard form equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the standard form equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the standard form equation by
+the integrating factor. And if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrating factor. And if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrating factor. And if you do
+that, what you get is well y prime gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what you get is well y prime gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, what you get is well y prime gets
+the coefficient 1 + cossine x. y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient 1 + cossine x. y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient 1 + cossine x. y prime
+minus sin x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x. Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x. Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x. Oh
+dear. Well, I hoped somebody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear. Well, I hoped somebody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dear. Well, I hoped somebody would
+giggle at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giggle at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giggle at this
+point. What's giggleable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. What's giggleable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. What's giggleable about
+it? Well, that all this was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Well, that all this was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Well, that all this was totally
+wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work. That's called spinning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. That's called spinning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. That's called spinning your
+wheels. No, it's not spinning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. No, it's not spinning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. No, it's not spinning your
+wheels. It's doing what you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. It's doing what you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels. It's doing what you're supposed
+to do uh and finding out that you wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh and finding out that you wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do uh and finding out that you wasted
+the entire time doing what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time doing what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire time doing what you were
+supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do. Well, we get in other words, the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Well, we get in other words, the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Well, we get in other words, the net
+effect of this is to end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this is to end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this is to end up with the
+same equation we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation we started
+with. But what is the point? The point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But what is the point? The point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But what is the point? The point
+is of of having done all this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of of having done all this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of of having done all this was
+because now the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the left hand side is
+exactly the derivative of something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the derivative of something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the derivative of something and
+the left hand side is should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is should be the
+derivative of what? Well, it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of what? Well, it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of what? Well, it should be
+the derivative of 1 + cossine x*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of 1 + cossine x*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of 1 + cossine x*
+y all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime. Now you can check that that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Now you can check that that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Now you can check that that's in
+fact the case. It's 1 + cosine x y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the case. It's 1 + cosine x y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the case. It's 1 + cosine x y prime
+plus minus sin x the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus sin x the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus sin x the derivative of this
+side time y. So if you had thought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side time y. So if you had thought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side time y. So if you had thought in
+looking at the equation to say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the equation to say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the equation to say to
+yourself, hm, this is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, hm, this is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, hm, this is the derivative of
+that, maybe I'll just check right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, maybe I'll just check right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, maybe I'll just check right away
+to see if it's the derivative of 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it's the derivative of 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it's the derivative of 1 plus
+cosine x. Well, you would have saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x. Well, you would have saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x. Well, you would have saved
+that work. Uh, well, you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. Uh, well, you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work. Uh, well, you don't have to
+be brilliant or clever or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brilliant or clever or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brilliant or clever or anything like
+that. You do it. you can follow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You do it. you can follow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You do it. you can follow your
+nose and it's just I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and it's just I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and it's just I want to give you a
+positive experience in solving linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience in solving linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive experience in solving linear
+equations not not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations not not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations not not too
+negative. Anyway, so we got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Anyway, so we got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. Anyway, so we got to this
+point. So this is 2x and now we're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So this is 2x and now we're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So this is 2x and now we're ready
+to solve the equation which is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the equation which is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the equation which is uh the
+solution now will be 1 + cossine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now will be 1 + cossine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now will be 1 + cossine x
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+y is equal to x^2 + a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to x^2 + a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is equal to x^2 + a constant.
+And uh so y is equal to x^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so y is equal to x^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh so y is equal to x^2 /
+uh x^2 + a constant divided by 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x^2 + a constant divided by 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x^2 + a constant divided by 1 +
+cosine x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose I had given you initial an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I had given you initial an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose I had given you initial an
+initial condition which I didn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition which I didn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition which I didn't but
+suppose the initial condition said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the initial condition said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the initial condition said that
+y of zero were were one for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of zero were were one for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of zero were were one for instance
+then the solution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the solution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the solution would
+be so this is an if I'm throwing it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so this is an if I'm throwing it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so this is an if I'm throwing it at
+the end just to make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end just to make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end just to make it a little bit
+more of a problem how would I put then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a problem how would I put then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a problem how would I put then I
+could evaluate the constant uh by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evaluate the constant uh by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evaluate the constant uh by using
+the initial condition what would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition what would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition what would it be
+this would be on the left hand side one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be on the left hand side one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be on the left hand side one
+on the right hand side would be c over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side would be c over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side would be c over
+2. So I would get 1 = C / 2. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So I would get 1 = C / 2. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. So I would get 1 = C / 2. Is that
+correct? Cosine of 0 is 1. So that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct? Cosine of 0 is 1. So that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct? Cosine of 0 is 1. So that's two
+down below. Therefore C is equal to 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below. Therefore C is equal to 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below. Therefore C is equal to 2.
+And that would then complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would then complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would then complete the
+solution where would be x^2 + 2 over 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where would be x^2 + 2 over 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution where would be x^2 + 2 over 1 +
+cosine x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now let's
+uh you can do this in general of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do this in general of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can do this in general of course
+and get a general formula. Uh and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a general formula. Uh and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a general formula. Uh and we'll
+have occasion to use that next week but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occasion to use that next week but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occasion to use that next week but
+for now why don't we concentrate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now why don't we concentrate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now why don't we concentrate on the
+most interesting case namely that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case namely that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting case namely that of the
+linear equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation with constant
+coefficient. that is. So let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. that is. So let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. that is. So let's look at
+the linear equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation with constant
+coefficient because that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient because that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient because that's the one that
+most closely models the conduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely models the conduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most closely models the conduction and
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation. So what I'm interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So what I'm interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. So what I'm interested in is
+since this is the of them all probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the of them all probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is the of them all probably
+it's most the most important case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most the most important case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most the most important case is the
+one where P is a constant uh because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where P is a constant uh because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where P is a constant uh because of
+its application to that and and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its application to that and and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its application to that and and many of
+the other the bank account for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the bank account for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other the bank account for example
+all of those would use a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those would use a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those would use a constant
+coefficient. So uh how is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. So uh how is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient. So uh how is the thing
+going to look? Well, I'll use the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look? Well, I'll use the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look? Well, I'll use the uh
+cooling let's let's use the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling let's let's use the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling let's let's use the temperature
+model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for
+example. The temperature model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. The temperature model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. The temperature model the
+equation will be dtdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plus
+kt is equal to now notice on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt is equal to now notice on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt is equal to now notice on the right
+hand side this is a common error you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this is a common error you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this is a common error you
+don't put te you have to put k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put te you have to put k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't put te you have to put k
+uh because that's what the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because that's what the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because that's what the equation
+says. uh if you think units, you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. uh if you think units, you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says. uh if you think units, you won't
+have any trouble. Uh units have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble. Uh units have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any trouble. Uh units have to be
+compatible on both sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible on both sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible on both sides of a
+differential equation. And therefore,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And therefore,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. And therefore,
+whatever the units were for capital KT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the units were for capital KT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the units were for capital KT,
+I'd have to have the same units on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to have the same units on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have to have the same units on the
+right hand side, which indicates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side, which indicates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side, which indicates I
+cannot have KT on the left of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have KT on the left of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have KT on the left of the
+differential equation and just T on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and just T on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and just T on the
+right and expect the units to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and expect the units to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and expect the units to be
+compatible. It's that's not possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible. It's that's not possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible. It's that's not possible.
+So that's a good way of remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a good way of remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a good way of remembering that
+if you're modeling temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're modeling temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're modeling temperature or
+concentration, you have to have the K on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, you have to have the K on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, you have to have the K on
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+sides. Okay, let's do now a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. Okay, let's do now a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. Okay, let's do now a lot of this
+we're going to do in our head now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in our head now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do in our head now
+because this is uh this is really too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is uh this is really too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is uh this is really too
+easy. What's the integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. What's the integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. What's the integrating
+factor? Well, the integrating factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor? Well, the integrating factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor? Well, the integrating factor is
+going to be the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the integral of
+K. The coefficient now is just K. P is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. The coefficient now is just K. P is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. The coefficient now is just K. P is a
+constant K. And if I integrate k dt, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K. And if I integrate k dt, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K. And if I integrate k dt, I
+get kt. And I exponentiate that. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kt. And I exponentiate that. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get kt. And I exponentiate that. So the
+integrating factor is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating factor is e to the
+kt. I multiply through both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. I multiply through both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. I multiply through both
+sides. Multiply by e to the kt. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. Multiply by e to the kt. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. Multiply by e to the kt. And
+what's the resulting equation? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the resulting equation? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the resulting equation? Well,
+it's going to be I'll write it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be I'll write it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be I'll write it in the
+compact form. It's going to be e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form. It's going to be e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form. It's going to be e to the
+kt time t all prime. The differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt time t all prime. The differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt time t all prime. The differentiation
+now of course is with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course is with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course is with respect to the
+time and that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's equal to
+k t e whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k t e whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k t e whatever that
+is times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kt. This is a function of t of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. This is a function of t of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. This is a function of t of course
+the function of little time of sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of little time of sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of little time of sorry
+little t time. Okay. And now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little t time. Okay. And now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little t time. Okay. And now finally
+we're going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the answer? Well, it is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the answer? Well, it is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the answer? Well, it is e to the
+So, we're going to get e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to get e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to get e to the
+kt time t is sorry k little t k * times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt time t is sorry k little t k * times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt time t is sorry k little t k * times
+the temperature is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is equal to the
+integral of k t I'll put the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of k t I'll put the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of k t I'll put the the fact
+that it's a function of t inside just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a function of t inside just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a function of t inside just to
+remind you e to the kt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you e to the kt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you e to the kt.
+uh and now I'll put the arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now I'll put the arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now I'll put the arbitrary
+constant let's let's put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant let's let's put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant let's let's put in the
+arbitrary constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly so what will t be okay t will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so what will t be okay t will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so what will t be okay t will
+look like this finally it will be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this finally it will be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this finally it will be e to
+the kt that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kt that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kt that's on the
+outside then you will integrate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside then you will integrate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside then you will integrate of
+course the difficulty of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the difficulty of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the difficulty of doing this
+integral depends entirely upon how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral depends entirely upon how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral depends entirely upon how this
+external temperature varies but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external temperature varies but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external temperature varies but anyway
+it's going to be k times that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be k times that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be k times that function
+which I haven't specified ly e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't specified ly e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't specified ly e
+kt plus c * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kt. Now some people uh many in fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. Now some people uh many in fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kt. Now some people uh many in fact and
+almost always in the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always in the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always in the engineering
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+uh almost never write indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost never write indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost never write indefinite
+integrals because an indefinite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals because an indefinite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals because an indefinite integral
+is indefinite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indefinite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indefinite.
+In other words, this covers not just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, this covers not just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, this covers not just one
+function but a whole multitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but a whole multitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but a whole multitude of
+functions which differ from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which differ from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which differ from each other
+by an arbitrary constant. So in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arbitrary constant. So in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an arbitrary constant. So in a
+formula like this, there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like this, there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like this, there's a certain
+vagueness and it's further compounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness and it's further compounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness and it's further compounded by
+the fact I don't know whether to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact I don't know whether to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact I don't know whether to put the
+arbit whether the arbitrary constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbit whether the arbitrary constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbit whether the arbitrary constant is
+here. I seem to have put it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I seem to have put it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I seem to have put it explicitly
+on the outside the way you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside the way you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside the way you're used to
+doing from calculus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing from calculus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing from calculus.
+Many people therefore prefer and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many people therefore prefer and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many people therefore prefer and I think
+you should learn this to do what is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should learn this to do what is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should learn this to do what is done
+in the very first section of the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first section of the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very first section of the notes
+called definite integral solutions. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called definite integral solutions. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called definite integral solutions. They
+like if it if there's an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it if there's an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if it if there's an initial
+condition saying that the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition saying that the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition saying that the internal
+temperature at time zero is some given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at time zero is some given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at time zero is some given
+value. What they like to do is make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. What they like to do is make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. What they like to do is make this
+thing definite by integrating here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing definite by integrating here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing definite by integrating here from
+zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+t and making this a dummy variable. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and making this a dummy variable. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and making this a dummy variable. You
+see what that does is it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that does is it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that does is it gives you a
+particular function whereas it was a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function whereas it was a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function whereas it was a I'm
+sorry I didn't put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I didn't put in the
+dt1 minus two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What it does is that when time is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it does is that when time is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it does is that when time is zero
+all this automatically disappears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this automatically disappears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this automatically disappears and
+the arbitrary constant will then be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constant will then be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constant will then be well
+it's t so in other words c * this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's t so in other words c * this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's t so in other words c * this which
+is one is then equal to t in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one is then equal to t in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one is then equal to t in other words
+if I make this zero then I can write c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make this zero then I can write c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make this zero then I can write c
+as equal to this arbitrary starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to this arbitrary starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equal to this arbitrary starting
+value now when you do this the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now when you do this the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value now when you do this the essential
+thing and we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we're going to come back to
+this next week. But right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week. But right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week. But right away that
+because K is negative is positive. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is negative is positive. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is negative is positive. I
+wanted since I emphasized that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted since I emphasized that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted since I emphasized that so so
+much at the beginning of the period I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much at the beginning of the period I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much at the beginning of the period I
+want to conclude by showing you what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conclude by showing you what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to conclude by showing you what its
+significance is. This part disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance is. This part disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance is. This part disappears
+because K is positive. The conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is positive. The conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is positive. The conductivity
+is positive. This part disappears as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive. This part disappears as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive. This part disappears as T
+goes to zero. This goes to zero as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. This goes to zero as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. This goes to zero as T
+goes to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the solution that remains.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the solution that remains.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the solution that remains.
+This therefore is called the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This therefore is called the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This therefore is called the steady
+state solution. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution. The
+thing which the temperature behaves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which the temperature behaves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which the temperature behaves like
+as t goes to infinity. This is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as t goes to infinity. This is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as t goes to infinity. This is called
+the tangent because it disappears as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent because it disappears as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent because it disappears as t
+goes to infinity. It depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. It depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity. It depends on the
+initial condition but it disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition but it disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition but it disappears.
+Which shows you that in the long run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which shows you that in the long run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which shows you that in the long run for
+this type of problem the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of problem the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of problem the initial
+condition makes no difference. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition makes no difference. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition makes no difference. The
+function behaves always the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves always the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function behaves always the same way as
+t goes to infinity.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tXXRIwRBTTE.txt b/tXXRIwRBTTE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c370de426898338824b6570fe34c843854595460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tXXRIwRBTTE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+another one i want to talk to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one i want to talk to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one i want to talk to you about
+because it's very common uh in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very common uh in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very common uh in certain
+forms of engineering is a robust design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of engineering is a robust design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of engineering is a robust design
+uh rogue it sounds better if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rogue it sounds better if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rogue it sounds better if i have a
+robust design that seems very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design that seems very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust design that seems very positive
+we wouldn't want a weak design wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't want a weak design wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't want a weak design wouldn't
+we uh so it's a very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh so it's a very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh so it's a very positive
+affect what it means technically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what it means technically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect what it means technically in the
+way it's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's used
+is a product whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product whose
+performance is minimally sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is minimally sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is minimally sensitive to
+factors causing variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors causing variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors causing variability
+so for example it basically says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it basically says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it basically says that
+the standard deviation around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation around
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+average performance is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance is smaller
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a
+useful thing in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing in many cases
+so here i have the green and the red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i have the green and the red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i have the green and the red and
+the green is more robust its standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green is more robust its standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green is more robust its standard
+deviation is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is less
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+useful if you're trying to do various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if you're trying to do various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful if you're trying to do various
+things for example if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for example if you're trying to
+tune into a signal a radio signal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune into a signal a radio signal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune into a signal a radio signal or
+whatever you want something that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want something that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want something that is that
+you can really hone in on and keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really hone in on and keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really hone in on and keep on
+or if you're fitting parts together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're fitting parts together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're fitting parts together so
+standard example would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard example would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard example would be uh
+fitting an axle a steel axle into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting an axle a steel axle into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting an axle a steel axle into a
+steel will for making for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel will for making for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel will for making for
+railroad cars and you want to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad cars and you want to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad cars and you want to have the
+tolerances as small as possible so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances as small as possible so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances as small as possible so it
+fits well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits well
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+as a general thing this is not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a general thing this is not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a general thing this is not what you
+necessarily want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want
+for example if we're in a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we're in a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we're in a startup
+we don't want to we want to limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to we want to limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to we want to limit the
+downside for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside for sure
+but we want the standard deviation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want the standard deviation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want the standard deviation to
+the upside to be as high as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upside to be as high as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upside to be as high as possible
+that is we'd like to say all right our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we'd like to say all right our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we'd like to say all right our
+good design is not one that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good design is not one that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good design is not one that is this
+tight design here but one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight design here but one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight design here but one that
+eliminates the downside yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates the downside yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates the downside yeah
+but that stretches off the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that stretches off the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that stretches off the upside
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+uh and it would be even better if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it would be even better if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it would be even better if this
+had a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a higher
+standard even greater standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard even greater standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard even greater standard deviation
+more towards the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more towards the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more towards the upside
+and in fact that is the notion of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that is the notion of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that is the notion of a lot
+of flexibility design as you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flexibility design as you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flexibility design as you're trying
+to do two things as with the garage case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two things as with the garage case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two things as with the garage case
+you're trying to limit the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to limit the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to limit the downside
+limit the losses but give as much chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the losses but give as much chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the losses but give as much chance
+as reasonably possible for the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reasonably possible for the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reasonably possible for the upside
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the notion of robust design being a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of robust design being a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of robust design being a good
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+is very valuable in some situations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very valuable in some situations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very valuable in some situations but
+really isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really isn't
+what we want in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in general
+as we want to limit the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we want to limit the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we want to limit the downside
+maximize the variability the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the variability the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the variability the standard
+deviation caused by the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation caused by the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation caused by the upside
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+once you think about it in those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you think about it in those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you think about it in those terms
+it's fairly obvious but in fact it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly obvious but in fact it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly obvious but in fact it's not
+necessarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily uh
+the obvious thing if you talk about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing if you talk about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing if you talk about if
+you look at design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at design
+books and others that sort of talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and others that sort of talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and others that sort of talk about
+what they want and we really ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want and we really ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want and we really ought to
+have a robust design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robust design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a robust design
+it has a limited applicability but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a limited applicability but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a limited applicability but for
+system design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system design
+under uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty
+it is not the most useful guidance in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the most useful guidance in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the most useful guidance in my
+opinion at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general and i will get more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general and i will get more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general and i will get more into
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+what we're looking for is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking for is a way of
+showing the dimensions of choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the dimensions of choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the dimensions of choice
+that we'd have so in this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd have so in this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd have so in this particular one
+it refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it refers to the
+case by rania hassan doing satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by rania hassan doing satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case by rania hassan doing satellite
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+she had various alternatives a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had various alternatives a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had various alternatives a rigid
+fleet where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet where
+the elements could move and then other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements could move and then other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements could move and then other
+alternatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives and
+they had some value some measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some value some measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some value some measure
+performance expected value the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance expected value the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance expected value the standard
+deviations such as for robustness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations such as for robustness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations such as for robustness the
+value of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility
+the amount of uh of cost uh that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of uh of cost uh that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of uh of cost uh that you'd
+have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay
+the present values the maximum possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present values the maximum possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present values the maximum possible
+gain the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the minimum
+maximum possible loss or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum possible loss or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum possible loss or
+elements that you might think of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that you might think of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that you might think of and
+just to illustrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to illustrate that
+in general we'd like somehow want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we'd like somehow want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we'd like somehow want to
+display or make obvious the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display or make obvious the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display or make obvious the range of
+parameters and to think about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and to think about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and to think about what is
+the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best
+uh the preferred trade-off and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the preferred trade-off and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the preferred trade-off and so in
+this particular case we've surrounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case we've surrounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular case we've surrounded in
+red boxes the one that is the best by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red boxes the one that is the best by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red boxes the one that is the best by
+each measure and then you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each measure and then you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each measure and then you can see that
+without going into detail that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into detail that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into detail that this
+particular one seems the best overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one seems the best overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one seems the best overall
+but it's not necessarily the best in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not necessarily the best in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not necessarily the best in all
+circumstances and it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and it's perfectly
+reasonable to expect that people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to expect that people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to expect that people could
+look at this or think about this and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this or think about this and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this or think about this and say
+hmm they're trade-offs between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm they're trade-offs between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm they're trade-offs between these two
+between different designs which ones do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different designs which ones do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different designs which ones do
+i choose and that choice is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i choose and that choice is not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i choose and that choice is not one
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+meaningful to be optimized because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to be optimized because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful to be optimized because how
+many units of standard deviation offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many units of standard deviation offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many units of standard deviation offset
+how many units of expected value is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many units of expected value is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many units of expected value is not
+something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+mathematically defined in any useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically defined in any useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically defined in any useful way
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what is the the take away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the take away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the take away from the
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+is that expected value is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that expected value is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that expected value is not a
+sufficient measure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient measure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient measure uh
+i've said this before but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said this before but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've said this before but i want to
+emphasize it although that we've used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it although that we've used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize it although that we've used it
+a lot as a way to get into the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot as a way to get into the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot as a way to get into the material
+of dealing with uncertainty um in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with uncertainty um in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with uncertainty um in an
+in an initial way uh we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an initial way uh we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an initial way uh we want to think
+about it in more subtle ways to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in more subtle ways to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in more subtle ways to think
+about the maximum and minimum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maximum and minimum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the maximum and minimum that
+happen we want to be able to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we want to be able to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we want to be able to compare
+alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives
+some of these things we can't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things we can't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things we can't show
+graphically that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically that much
+such as the capital expenditures or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the capital expenditures or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the capital expenditures or the
+benefit cost or various measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit cost or various measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit cost or various measures the
+value of flexibility so that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility so that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of flexibility so that there are
+different ways to think about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to think about it and
+what i want to leave you with for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to leave you with for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to leave you with for today
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+valuation of a system design over its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of a system design over its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of a system design over its
+main dimensions is not at all obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main dimensions is not at all obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main dimensions is not at all obvious
+there's a lot of subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of subtleties
+about it as fran uh flat flan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as fran uh flat flan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as fran uh flat flan
+alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+very correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need to think about ways in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about ways in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think about ways in which we
+as analysts and managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as analysts and managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as analysts and managers
+can identify the dominant solutions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify the dominant solutions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify the dominant solutions the
+one that are clearly better than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that are clearly better than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that are clearly better than others
+and discard the others and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discard the others and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and discard the others and then think
+about what the trade-offs are along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the trade-offs are along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the trade-offs are along that
+curve if you want the dominant curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if you want the dominant curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve if you want the dominant curve the
+predo optimal curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predo optimal curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predo optimal curve
+to think about what are the ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what are the ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what are the ones that we
+want to keep and explore as to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep and explore as to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep and explore as to the
+relative merits and to help the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative merits and to help the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative merits and to help the people
+we're working for either our bosses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working for either our bosses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working for either our bosses or
+ourselves or a more general public as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves or a more general public as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves or a more general public as to
+what is the preferred design or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the preferred design or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the preferred design or where
+there's a negotiation between them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t_EcSVTWmwk.txt b/t_EcSVTWmwk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76d86e4c5bcd333f289d8c989ae09d3392e548a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t_EcSVTWmwk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have seen that under some conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that under some conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have seen that under some conditions
+the binomial PMF is well approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial PMF is well approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial PMF is well approximated by
+a Poisson PMF but we have also seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson PMF but we have also seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Poisson PMF but we have also seen the
+central limit theorem that tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem that tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem that tells us that
+the binomial PMF can be approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial PMF can be approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binomial PMF can be approximated
+using a normal random variable can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a normal random variable can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a normal random variable can we
+reconcile these two facts let us look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile these two facts let us look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile these two facts let us look
+into the situation in some more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the situation in some more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the situation in some more detail
+consider a Poisson process that has rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a Poisson process that has rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a Poisson process that has rate
+equal to 1 and consider that Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and consider that Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 and consider that Poisson
+process running over the unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process running over the unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process running over the unit time
+interval we take the unit interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we take the unit interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval we take the unit interval and
+we split it into many small sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it into many small sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we split it into many small sub
+intervals where each sub interval has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals where each sub interval has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals where each sub interval has a
+length of 1 over N and let X I be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of 1 over N and let X I be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of 1 over N and let X I be the
+number of arrivals that we get during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that we get during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals that we get during
+the i's interval X I is a Poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i's interval X I is a Poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i's interval X I is a Poisson random
+variable and the mean of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the mean of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the mean of that random
+variable or the parameter of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or the parameter of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or the parameter of that random
+variable is just the duration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just the duration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is just the duration of the
+time interval since the rate is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval since the rate is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval since the rate is 1 so
+it's a Poisson random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Poisson random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Poisson random variable with
+parameter 1 over N now let us look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 1 over N now let us look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 1 over N now let us look at
+the total number of arrivals the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of arrivals the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of arrivals the total
+number of arrivals is the sum of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals is the sum of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals is the sum of how
+many arrivals we had during each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrivals we had during each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many arrivals we had during each one of
+these intervals and we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals and we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals and we know the
+distribution of s s is a Poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of s s is a Poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of s s is a Poisson random
+variable with parameter equal to 1 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with parameter equal to 1 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with parameter equal to 1 now
+here what we have is a sum of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we have is a sum of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we have is a sum of random
+variables that are independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are independent and
+identically distributed they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed they are
+identically distributed because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed because all of
+these intervals have the same length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals have the same length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals have the same length and
+they're independent because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent because in the
+Poisson process what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process what happens in
+different intervals are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervals are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervals are independent
+events so we are in a situation where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so we are in a situation where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events so we are in a situation where we
+could apply the central limit theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply the central limit theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply the central limit theorem we
+have a sum of many independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum of many independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sum of many independent
+identically distributed random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+and by letting n go to infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by letting n go to infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by letting n go to infinity the
+central limit theorem appears to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem appears to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem appears to tell us
+that s is going to be normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is going to be normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s is going to be normal
+now how can we reconcile these two facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we reconcile these two facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we reconcile these two facts
+we know that the Poisson distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the Poisson distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the Poisson distribution is
+not the same as a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as a normal distribution
+what is the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cut
+well the cut is the following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the cut is the following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the cut is the following the
+central limit theorem applies to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem applies to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem applies to a
+situation where we fix a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we fix a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we fix a certain
+probability distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution the
+distribution of the x i's and the tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the x i's and the tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the x i's and the tells
+us that as we add more and more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that as we add more and more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that as we add more and more of these
+X is asymptotically we obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is asymptotically we obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is asymptotically we obtain a
+distribution that's well approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's well approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's well approximated by
+a normal on the other hand what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal on the other hand what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal on the other hand what we have
+here is actually different the x i's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually different the x i's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually different the x i's do
+not have a fixed distribution but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a fixed distribution but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a fixed distribution but rather
+the distribution of x i depends on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is if we change n so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we change n so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we change n so that we're
+adding more random variables we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more random variables we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more random variables we are
+adding more random variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more random variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more random variables that are
+now coming from a different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now coming from a different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now coming from a different distribution
+and this is not a situation to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not a situation to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not a situation to which the
+central limit theorem applies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem applies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central limit theorem applies and
+therefore this conclusion here is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this conclusion here is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this conclusion here is not
+justified and so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified and so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified and so there is no
+contradiction between the two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction between the two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction between the two types of
+approximations to summarize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to summarize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to summarize the
+situation is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is as follows
+consider a binomial random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a binomial random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a binomial random variable with
+some parameters N and P now let P be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters N and P now let P be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters N and P now let P be
+fixed and let n go to infinity in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and let n go to infinity in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and let n go to infinity in that
+case the binomial random variable can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the binomial random variable can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the binomial random variable can be
+thought of as the sum of n Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as the sum of n Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as the sum of n Bernoulli
+random variables and those Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and those Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and those Bernoulli
+random variables have a parameter P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables have a parameter P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables have a parameter P
+which is fixed so we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fixed so we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fixed so we're dealing with the
+sum of iid random variables from a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of iid random variables from a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of iid random variables from a fixed
+distribution and this is the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this is the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this is the situation
+where the central limit theorem applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central limit theorem applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the central limit theorem applies
+and we have a normal approximation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a normal approximation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a normal approximation on
+the other hand if we take the product n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we take the product n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we take the product n
+times P which is the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P which is the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P which is the expected value of
+this binomial to stay constant but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binomial to stay constant but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binomial to stay constant but we
+let n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let n
+to infinity and at the same time left P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and at the same time left P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and at the same time left P
+go to zero then in this regime in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero then in this regime in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero then in this regime in the
+limit this random variable will be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this random variable will be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit this random variable will be well
+approximated by a Poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by a Poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by a Poisson random
+variable so we have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we have two different
+approximations both of them are valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations both of them are valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations both of them are valid
+but they're valid in different regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're valid in different regimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're valid in different regimes
+now although they are different there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now although they are different there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now although they are different there is
+actually an interesting case in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting case in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an interesting case in which
+the two will not really differ and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will not really differ and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two will not really differ and this
+is the following consider a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following consider a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following consider a Poisson
+random variable with parameter N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with parameter N and
+we're interested in the limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the limit as n goes
+to infinity we can think of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity we can think of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity we can think of this random
+variable as the number of arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the number of arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the number of arrivals
+during an interval of length and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of length and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an interval of length and in a
+Poisson process with arrival rate equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process with arrival rate equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process with arrival rate equal
+to 1 now let us take this interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 now let us take this interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 now let us take this interval and
+split it into n intervals each of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into n intervals each of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into n intervals each of which
+has a length of 1 and let us call X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a length of 1 and let us call X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a length of 1 and let us call X I
+the number of arrivals in the i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals in the i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of arrivals in the i's
+interval our Poisson random variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval our Poisson random variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval our Poisson random variable is
+going to be of course equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of course equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be of course equal to the sum
+of the number of arrivals during each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of arrivals during each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of arrivals during each
+one of the intervals each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the intervals each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the intervals each one of these
+random variables is Poisson with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables is Poisson with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables is Poisson with
+parameter equal to 1 and these random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to 1 and these random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to 1 and these random
+variables are actually iid now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are actually iid now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are actually iid now what's
+happening in this case is that even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this case is that even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in this case is that even when
+we increase n because we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase n because we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we increase n because we're using
+constant length intervals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length intervals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant length intervals the
+distribution of the x i's doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the x i's doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the x i's doesn't change
+so this is a situation in which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a situation in which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a situation in which we are
+going to get approximately a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get approximately a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get approximately a normal
+random variable as n goes to infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as n goes to infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable as n goes to infinity so
+what we see is that the poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that the poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that the poisson random
+variable but with a very large parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but with a very large parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but with a very large parameter
+starts to approach the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to approach the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to approach the normal
+distribution and this in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and this in particular
+would tell us that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell us that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell us that these two
+approximations that we have in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we have in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations that we have in some
+regime they would start to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime they would start to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime they would start to agree
+now all this discussion here has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all this discussion here has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all this discussion here has been
+asymptotic we talked about P going to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic we talked about P going to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptotic we talked about P going to 0
+and going to infinity but in any real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to infinity but in any real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to infinity but in any real
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+you will be given actual numbers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be given actual numbers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be given actual numbers and you
+cannot really tell is this number close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really tell is this number close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really tell is this number close
+to zero or is it not here we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero or is it not here we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero or is it not here we need some
+rules of thumb or maybe some experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb or maybe some experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of thumb or maybe some experience
+let us look at some examples in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at some examples in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at some examples in this
+case n times P is equal to 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case n times P is equal to 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case n times P is equal to 1 so the
+number of arrivals or the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals or the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals or the values of the
+binomial random variable will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial random variable will take
+values 0 1 2 3 but with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 0 1 2 3 but with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 0 1 2 3 but with high probability
+not a lot more than that so the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot more than that so the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot more than that so the binomial
+random variable is really a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is really a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is really a discrete
+random variable there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable there's no way to
+approximate it with a normal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it with a normal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate it with a normal on the
+other hand P is very small so a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand P is very small so a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand P is very small so a Poisson
+approximation would be very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would be very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would be very reasonable
+in this situation on the other hand if P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation on the other hand if P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation on the other hand if P
+is equal to one-third then definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one-third then definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one-third then definitely
+one-third is not a small number a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third is not a small number a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third is not a small number a
+Poisson approximation would not apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson approximation would not apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson approximation would not apply
+but n is pretty big so that a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but n is pretty big so that a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but n is pretty big so that a normal
+approximation would be appropriate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would be appropriate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would be appropriate and
+finally in this case we would obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in this case we would obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally in this case we would obtain a
+Poisson approximation with parameter a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson approximation with parameter a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson approximation with parameter a
+hundred because n times P is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred because n times P is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred because n times P is a hundred
+but the Poisson random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Poisson random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Poisson random variable with
+parameter 100 is also well approximated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 100 is also well approximated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter 100 is also well approximated
+by a normal or to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a normal or to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a normal or to think about it
+differently we start with a Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we start with a Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we start with a Bernoulli
+distribution that's very skewed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's very skewed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's very skewed only
+probability of success is just 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success is just 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of success is just 100 and
+this makes it difficult for the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it difficult for the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes it difficult for the central
+limit theorem to apply when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem to apply when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem to apply when you start
+with a very asymmetric distribution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very asymmetric distribution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very asymmetric distribution on
+the other hand because we're adding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand because we're adding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand because we're adding so
+many of them the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them the central limit theorem
+actually does take hold and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does take hold and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does take hold and so this is
+an example where both approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where both approximations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where both approximations
+will be valid so finally to conclude we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be valid so finally to conclude we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be valid so finally to conclude we
+have two different approximations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different approximations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two different approximations they
+are valid in different regimes and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid in different regimes and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid in different regimes and in
+practice you need to do some thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you need to do some thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you need to do some thinking
+before deciding to choose one verse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deciding to choose one verse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before deciding to choose one verse
+the other approximation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uFsM8pc36QQ.txt b/uFsM8pc36QQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af5afdaf0158b6226fcf979b2793059835aa1641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uFsM8pc36QQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, guys. I'm going to I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, guys. I'm going to I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, guys. I'm going to I'm going
+to get started. If you haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started. If you haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started. If you haven't done
+attendance yet, you can do it uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance yet, you can do it uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance yet, you can do it uh at the
+break or afterwards. Um anything will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break or afterwards. Um anything will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break or afterwards. Um anything will
+work. Okay. So, just a few quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. So, just a few quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. So, just a few quick
+announcements. So, homework one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements. So, homework one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements. So, homework one is
+posted and due Friday. Um I had it up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and due Friday. Um I had it up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and due Friday. Um I had it up on
+here. Are are there any like questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Are are there any like questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Are are there any like questions
+about homework 1 or anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homework 1 or anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about homework 1 or anything about the
+procedure? So, uh Lee Marie is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure? So, uh Lee Marie is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure? So, uh Lee Marie is going to
+have office hours shortly after class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office hours shortly after class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have office hours shortly after class
+4:30 to 5:30 in E51145. So if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:30 to 5:30 in E51145. So if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4:30 to 5:30 in E51145. So if you have
+any questions, you can ask her as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions, you can ask her as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions, you can ask her as well
+or you can ask me now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can ask me now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can ask me now if you think
+they're applicable to the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applicable to the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're applicable to the general
+class. Um, okay, cool. So, okay. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, okay, cool. So, okay. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um, okay, cool. So, okay. So, I'm
+going to proceed then. Uh, so I hope so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to proceed then. Uh, so I hope so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to proceed then. Uh, so I hope so,
+so most of you, I think, have started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of you, I think, have started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of you, I think, have started
+playing in the online tournaments. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in the online tournaments. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing in the online tournaments. I
+hope you guys, if you haven't, I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys, if you haven't, I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you guys, if you haven't, I hope
+you plan on starting soon. Um, yeah, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan on starting soon. Um, yeah, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plan on starting soon. Um, yeah, I I
+hope they've been fun so far. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope they've been fun so far. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope they've been fun so far. Okay, so
+today I'm going to focus more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to focus more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to focus more
+specifically on poker itself. Um, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on poker itself. Um, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on poker itself. Um, I know
+last class I talked about a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I talked about a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class I talked about a lot of like
+general concepts on decision-m and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concepts on decision-m and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concepts on decision-m and how
+to think about, you know, exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about, you know, exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about, you know, exploiting
+your opponent versus playing in an ash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent versus playing in an ash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent versus playing in an ash
+equilibrium way. Today I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium way. Today I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium way. Today I'm going to
+focus mostly on poker and try to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus mostly on poker and try to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus mostly on poker and try to give a
+lot of hand examples. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hand examples. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hand examples. And I'm going to
+introduce uh post flop play which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh post flop play which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh post flop play which I
+didn't really talk about last time. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about last time. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really talk about last time. So,
+so basically what happens after you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what happens after you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what happens after you see
+the flop. Okay. So, I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop. Okay. So, I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop. Okay. So, I'm going to just
+start with an example hand. So, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an example hand. So, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an example hand. So, we get
+uh ace queen offsuit in hijack minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ace queen offsuit in hijack minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ace queen offsuit in hijack minus
+one. So, I think I called it lowjack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, I think I called it lowjack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So, I think I called it lowjack in
+an earlier slide in in last class, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier slide in in last class, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earlier slide in in last class, but
+basically it's it's four away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's four away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's it's four away from the
+button. So, it's how many people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. So, it's how many people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. So, it's how many people the
+thing that matters is how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that matters is how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that matters is how many people
+behind have cards and could be left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind have cards and could be left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind have cards and could be left to
+act. So, we raise we raise a bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act. So, we raise we raise a bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act. So, we raise we raise a bit bigger
+than 2.25 big blinds, but I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2.25 big blinds, but I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2.25 big blinds, but I'm not going
+to nitpick that for now. So, we're a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nitpick that for now. So, we're a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nitpick that for now. So, we're a bit
+deeper stack. So, we want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper stack. So, we want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper stack. So, we want to build a
+bigger pot cuz we think we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger pot cuz we think we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger pot cuz we think we have an
+advantage, I guess. Um, okay. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage, I guess. Um, okay. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage, I guess. Um, okay. So, it's
+folded to both blinds and both blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to both blinds and both blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to both blinds and both blinds
+call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call.
+Okay. So, the flop comes uh 98 deuce.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the flop comes uh 98 deuce.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the flop comes uh 98 deuce.
+So, we we sort of missed the flop. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we we sort of missed the flop. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we we sort of missed the flop. Um,
+and the small blind checks and the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the small blind checks and the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the small blind checks and the big
+blind checks. Okay. So, what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind checks. Okay. So, what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind checks. Okay. So, what what
+happened is player so far. Um, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is player so far. Um, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is player so far. Um, okay. So,
+now we we have a decision here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we have a decision here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we have a decision here
+essentially. So first I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. So first I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially. So first I want to talk
+about checking to the pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about checking to the pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about checking to the pre flop
+aggressor. So this is sort of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor. So this is sort of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor. So this is sort of this is
+sort of a conventional way to play. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a conventional way to play. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a conventional way to play. Um
+so they both check. So we were the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they both check. So we were the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they both check. So we were the pre
+flop aggressor. So in this case I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor. So in this case I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor. So in this case I mean
+by pre flop aggressor the the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pre flop aggressor the the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pre flop aggressor the the person who
+put in the last raise pre flop. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the last raise pre flop. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the last raise pre flop. And the
+reason why this is significant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this is significant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this is significant is
+because in some sense we have a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense we have a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense we have a stronger
+range of hands than they do because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands than they do because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands than they do because we
+could potentially have pocket aces,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially have pocket aces,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially have pocket aces,
+which is the best hand and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the best hand and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the best hand and it's going to
+be a good hand on pretty much any flop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good hand on pretty much any flop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good hand on pretty much any flop.
+Um whereas it's much harder. It's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas it's much harder. It's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um whereas it's much harder. It's much
+more unlikely for them to have pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unlikely for them to have pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unlikely for them to have pocket
+aces because if they had pocket aces, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces because if they had pocket aces, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces because if they had pocket aces, it
+would be a good play and a tempting play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good play and a tempting play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good play and a tempting play
+to re-race pre flop. So basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-race pre flop. So basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to re-race pre flop. So basically
+they're sort of just recognizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of just recognizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of just recognizing the
+fact that you know on average we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you know on average we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you know on average we're
+going to have a better hand than them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a better hand than them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a better hand than them.
+So they're going to check to us and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're going to check to us and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're going to check to us and let
+us bet because in general on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us bet because in general on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us bet because in general on average
+they would prefer if the pot was smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would prefer if the pot was smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would prefer if the pot was smaller
+and we would prefer if the pot was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would prefer if the pot was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would prefer if the pot was
+bigger because our range is better. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger because our range is better. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger because our range is better. So
+um yeah so they they both check to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so they they both check to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so they they both check to us
+and right so like like let's say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so like like let's say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right so like like let's say they
+had a pretty good hand like let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a pretty good hand like let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a pretty good hand like let's say
+small blind had 10 9 10 nine suited or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind had 10 9 10 nine suited or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind had 10 9 10 nine suited or
+something which is the top pair. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is the top pair. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is the top pair. So, the
+highest pair on this board, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest pair on this board, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest pair on this board, that's a
+pretty good hand. Um, but that's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand. Um, but that's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand. Um, but that's still a
+hand that loses to pocket aces. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that loses to pocket aces. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that loses to pocket aces. And
+there's still the risk if he bets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the risk if he bets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still the risk if he bets out
+with 10 nine. We could just raise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 nine. We could just raise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 nine. We could just raise and
+then he has to be worried, you know, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has to be worried, you know, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has to be worried, you know, do
+we have pocket aces? There's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pocket aces? There's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have pocket aces? There's basically
+always going to be this worry of pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be this worry of pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be this worry of pocket
+aces and pocket kings and just big pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces and pocket kings and just big pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces and pocket kings and just big pairs
+that he has to be worried about that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has to be worried about that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has to be worried about that we
+have to worry about less. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about less. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about less. Um,
+occasionally someone there probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally someone there probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally someone there probably
+should slow play pocket aces pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should slow play pocket aces pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should slow play pocket aces pre flop
+and just call, but most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call, but most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just call, but most of the time
+it'll be a better idea for them to re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a better idea for them to re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be a better idea for them to re
+raise to get more money in pre flop. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to get more money in pre flop. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to get more money in pre flop. So
+that's why they both check to us. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they both check to us. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they both check to us. So now
+we have the opportunity to bet or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the opportunity to bet or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the opportunity to bet or to
+check back. So let let me first talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back. So let let me first talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back. So let let me first talk
+about how big to bet if we decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how big to bet if we decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how big to bet if we decide to
+bet. So here we bet 200 into 375, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So here we bet 200 into 375, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So here we bet 200 into 375, which
+is about half the pot. And um so between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about half the pot. And um so between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about half the pot. And um so between
+betting big and betting small, it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting big and betting small, it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting big and betting small, it's sort
+of the same principles I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same principles I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same principles I talked about
+last class between raising big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class between raising big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class between raising big and
+raising small preop. So the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising small preop. So the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising small preop. So the advantage of
+betting small, so the disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting small, so the disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting small, so the disadvantage of
+betting small is that you give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting small is that you give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting small is that you give your
+opponent better odds to call. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent better odds to call. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent better odds to call. So like
+let's say they have, I don't know, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have, I don't know, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have, I don't know, like
+jack 10 here, a hand that's losing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack 10 here, a hand that's losing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack 10 here, a hand that's losing to
+you. They have they have a better odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. They have they have a better odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. They have they have a better odds
+to call and a cheaper price to call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and a cheaper price to call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and a cheaper price to call to
+see another card to try to beat you. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another card to try to beat you. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another card to try to beat you. But
+on the other hand, you know, our hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand, you know, our hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand, you know, our hand
+isn't amazing. Our hand isn't good here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't amazing. Our hand isn't good here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't amazing. Our hand isn't good here.
+Essentially, we've missed the flop. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, we've missed the flop. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially, we've missed the flop. We
+haven't impaired our hand. And if if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't impaired our hand. And if if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't impaired our hand. And if if we
+get raised, we're probably going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get raised, we're probably going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get raised, we're probably going to have
+to fold. And the more we bet, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold. And the more we bet, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold. And the more we bet, the more
+we lose when we get raised. So, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose when we get raised. So, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lose when we get raised. So, it's the
+same sweet spot principles. If you bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sweet spot principles. If you bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sweet spot principles. If you bet
+too small, you get called too often by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, you get called too often by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small, you get called too often by
+worse hands that can just have good odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hands that can just have good odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hands that can just have good odds
+to call. And if you bet too big, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call. And if you bet too big, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call. And if you bet too big, you're
+just losing a lot when you get raised.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just losing a lot when you get raised.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just losing a lot when you get raised.
+So, a good rule of thumb is to bet half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a good rule of thumb is to bet half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a good rule of thumb is to bet half
+the pot on the flop and then like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot on the flop and then like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot on the flop and then like a
+slightly bigger percentage on the turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger percentage on the turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger percentage on the turn
+like 60% and then an even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60% and then an even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 60% and then an even bigger
+percentage on the on the river like 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage on the on the river like 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage on the on the river like 70%
+or something something like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something something like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something something like that is
+about reasonable. You could bet up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reasonable. You could bet up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reasonable. You could bet up to
+like 100% of pot on the river. So, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100% of pot on the river. So, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 100% of pot on the river. So, I'd
+say just somewhere between 50 to 100% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just somewhere between 50 to 100% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just somewhere between 50 to 100% of
+pot is a good amount to bet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is a good amount to bet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is a good amount to bet and the
+fraction should increase as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction should increase as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction should increase as you get
+closer to the river.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the river.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the river.
+So, this might seem slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this might seem slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this might seem slightly
+contradictory because what I said last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory because what I said last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory because what I said last
+class was you were able last class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was you were able last class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class was you were able last class I
+said you want to give your opponent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you want to give your opponent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you want to give your opponent you
+don't want to give your opponent great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give your opponent great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give your opponent great
+odds but in some sense if we get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds but in some sense if we get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds but in some sense if we get to the
+river right all the cards have come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river right all the cards have come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river right all the cards have come out
+there's there's no more unknown cards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no more unknown cards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no more unknown cards so
+either they have the better hand or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they have the better hand or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either they have the better hand or we
+have the better hand but there's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the better hand but there's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the better hand but there's it's
+there's going to be no uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be no uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be no uncertainty in
+what cards could still come. So in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cards could still come. So in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cards could still come. So in some
+sense you might think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you might think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you might think it's more
+intuitive to bet smaller on the turn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to bet smaller on the turn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive to bet smaller on the turn and
+river and bigger on the flop because on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and bigger on the flop because on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and bigger on the flop because on
+the flop they have more chances to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop they have more chances to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop they have more chances to to
+outdraw us whereas on the turn and river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdraw us whereas on the turn and river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdraw us whereas on the turn and river
+we have they have fewer let me just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have they have fewer let me just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have they have fewer let me just find
+the all right now I don't have to stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all right now I don't have to stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all right now I don't have to stand
+there okay so so this might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so so this might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so so this might seem
+contradictory right so I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory right so I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictory right so I'm saying that
+bigger on the river but on the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger on the river but on the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger on the river but on the river
+they actually have in some sense there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have in some sense there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have in some sense there's
+on the river there's there it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the river there's there it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the river there's there it's more
+determined whether whether their hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined whether whether their hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined whether whether their hand is
+good or not. So why is this? Why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or not. So why is this? Why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or not. So why is this? Why do we
+want to bet bigger on the turn than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bet bigger on the turn than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bet bigger on the turn than the
+flop? Whereas on the flop, any hand sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop? Whereas on the flop, any hand sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop? Whereas on the flop, any hand sort
+of has closer to 50% equity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has closer to 50% equity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has closer to 50% equity because
+anything can still happen with two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can still happen with two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can still happen with two cards
+to come. So the main reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come. So the main reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come. So the main reason is because
+when you bet the flop, they're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bet the flop, they're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bet the flop, they're not just
+deciding to call your flop bet for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding to call your flop bet for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding to call your flop bet for the
+equity there. They also potentially have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity there. They also potentially have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity there. They also potentially have
+to call a turn bet and a river bet. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a turn bet and a river bet. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call a turn bet and a river bet. And
+essentially this factor, the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this factor, the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this factor, the fact that
+they have to you can threaten to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to you can threaten to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to you can threaten to bet
+again on the turn and bet again on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the turn and bet again on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the turn and bet again on the
+river and they have to call all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and they have to call all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and they have to call all these
+bets is a bigger factor than the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets is a bigger factor than the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets is a bigger factor than the fact
+that they have there's slightly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have there's slightly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have there's slightly um
+better odds to call on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better odds to call on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better odds to call on the
+flop. Okay. So, another important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Okay. So, another important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Okay. So, another important thing
+to say is when I said bet 50 between 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is when I said bet 50 between 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is when I said bet 50 between 50
+to 100% of the pot, I mean, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100% of the pot, I mean, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100% of the pot, I mean, I think
+that's it's it's very important to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's it's very important to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's it's very important to bet
+at least some fractions of the pot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some fractions of the pot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some fractions of the pot,
+especially when they're checking to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when they're checking to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when they're checking to you
+because in some sense betting small is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense betting small is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense betting small is
+strictly worse than checking. Like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly worse than checking. Like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly worse than checking. Like in
+this case, you bet 50, which I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, you bet 50, which I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, you bet 50, which I guess
+isn't nothing, but imagine you bet $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't nothing, but imagine you bet $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't nothing, but imagine you bet $1
+here. The the issue with this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The the issue with this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The the issue with this is the
+rules of betting say, right? If anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of betting say, right? If anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of betting say, right? If anyone
+bets any positive amount, then the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets any positive amount, then the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets any positive amount, then the guys
+who checked now have a chance to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who checked now have a chance to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who checked now have a chance to check
+raise. So, if you're betting small,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So, if you're betting small,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So, if you're betting small,
+which is almost the same as checking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost the same as checking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost the same as checking,
+all you're doing is giving your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing is giving your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're doing is giving your opponent
+a free option. You're you're allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free option. You're you're allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free option. You're you're allowing
+them the opportunity to say, "Okay, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the opportunity to say, "Okay, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the opportunity to say, "Okay, you
+know, I could have just like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I could have just like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I could have just like if you
+check, you see the turn and the turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check, you see the turn and the turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check, you see the turn and the turn
+comes, but by betting now, they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes, but by betting now, they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes, but by betting now, they have the
+opportunity a second chance to bet."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity a second chance to bet."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity a second chance to bet."
+Yeah. How does this change if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. How does this change if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. How does this change if you have
+like the nuts? Should you bet like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the nuts? Should you bet like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the nuts? Should you bet like you
+want calls at that point, right? Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want calls at that point, right? Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want calls at that point, right? Right.
+Right. Exactly. Yeah. So, so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Exactly. Yeah. So, so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Exactly. Yeah. So, so I'm going
+to get to that. Yeah. So, if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that. Yeah. So, if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that. Yeah. So, if you have a
+good hand, Yeah. you you'll bet too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand, Yeah. you you'll bet too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand, Yeah. you you'll bet too
+because you want calls. Um, right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want calls. Um, right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want calls. Um, right now
+I'm just talking about a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just talking about a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just talking about a general
+strategy to play with your entire range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to play with your entire range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy to play with your entire range
+of hands. And in general, I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands. And in general, I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands. And in general, I guess that's
+how I'm trying to encourage people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm trying to encourage people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I'm trying to encourage people to
+think about poker in this class. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about poker in this class. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about poker in this class. Like
+instead of thinking about what cards do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking about what cards do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of thinking about what cards do
+I have and what cards do my opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have and what cards do my opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have and what cards do my opponent
+have, we I I I try to talk in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, we I I I try to talk in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, we I I I try to talk in terms of
+what is the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability distribution
+over my opponent's hands and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my opponent's hands and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my opponent's hands and what's the
+probability distribution over my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over my hands
+in his eyes essentially. So, so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his eyes essentially. So, so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his eyes essentially. So, so I'm just
+talking about a gen a general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a gen a general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a gen a general uh
+scenario. Yeah. Um Okay, cool. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. Yeah. Um Okay, cool. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. Yeah. Um Okay, cool. So,
+right. So, you you never want to bet too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, you you never want to bet too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, you you never want to bet too
+small. Basically, it's better to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Basically, it's better to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. Basically, it's better to just
+not bet. There's no point to bet really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bet. There's no point to bet really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bet. There's no point to bet really
+small because you're giving away a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because you're giving away a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because you're giving away a free
+option. Okay. So, yeah. So, this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Okay. So, yeah. So, this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option. Okay. So, yeah. So, this is this
+is what I just said. Essentially, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I just said. Essentially, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I just said. Essentially, um
+because remember, just because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember, just because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember, just because they
+checked doesn't mean they have bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked doesn't mean they have bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked doesn't mean they have bad
+hands. They're often checking regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. They're often checking regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. They're often checking regardless
+for the reasons I described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons I described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reasons I described
+earlier. Okay. So in this situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. Okay. So in this situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. Okay. So in this situation with
+ace queen offsuit, I think both betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen offsuit, I think both betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen offsuit, I think both betting
+200 and checking are reasonable plays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 and checking are reasonable plays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 and checking are reasonable plays.
+And let's analyze the advantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's analyze the advantages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's analyze the advantages and
+disadvantages of both. So So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of both. So So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of both. So So the
+advantage of betting 200 is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of betting 200 is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of betting 200 is that you
+don't give some garbage hand like king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give some garbage hand like king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give some garbage hand like king
+jack a chance to outdraw you. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack a chance to outdraw you. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack a chance to outdraw you. So in this
+situation, if we bet 200, probably if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, if we bet 200, probably if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, if we bet 200, probably if
+someone had king jack, they'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had king jack, they'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had king jack, they'll probably
+just fold because it's a it's almost one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold because it's a it's almost one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold because it's a it's almost one
+of the worst hands on this on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst hands on this on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the worst hands on this on this
+board. Um, and if we bet 200, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um, and if we bet 200, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um, and if we bet 200, then
+they're gonna fold and then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna fold and then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna fold and then we could
+just win the pot right there. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just win the pot right there. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just win the pot right there. If we
+don't bet, maybe the turn will come a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bet, maybe the turn will come a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bet, maybe the turn will come a
+king or a jack and they can beat us. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king or a jack and they can beat us. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king or a jack and they can beat us. So,
+what's the advantage of checking? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage of checking? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage of checking? The
+advantage of checking is we get to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of checking is we get to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of checking is we get to see
+the turn card for sure. We can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn card for sure. We can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn card for sure. We can't get
+check raise. Like right now, if we bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raise. Like right now, if we bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raise. Like right now, if we bet
+and we get check raise, we probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get check raise, we probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get check raise, we probably have
+to fold with no pair. But if we check,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold with no pair. But if we check,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold with no pair. But if we check,
+we might see a queen or an ace on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might see a queen or an ace on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might see a queen or an ace on the
+turn, which would be great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, which would be great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, which would be great.
+And another advantage of checking is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another advantage of checking is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another advantage of checking is in
+some sense when you bet in this spot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense when you bet in this spot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense when you bet in this spot,
+you're only called by hands that beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only called by hands that beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only called by hands that beat
+you. You know, you're going to get king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You know, you're going to get king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You know, you're going to get king
+jack to fold, which is still fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack to fold, which is still fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack to fold, which is still fine
+because they have six outs, but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have six outs, but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have six outs, but you are
+ahead of them. So, it's not the it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of them. So, it's not the it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of them. So, it's not the it's not
+the end of the world to just check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world to just check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world to just check and
+you know, if the turn comes like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if the turn comes like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if the turn comes like a
+deuce, you're still ahead. And if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce, you're still ahead. And if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce, you're still ahead. And if it
+checks all the way to showdown, like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks all the way to showdown, like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks all the way to showdown, like all
+the way to the point where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the point where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the point where you have to
+flip over your cards, you're still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip over your cards, you're still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip over your cards, you're still going
+to beat king jack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat king jack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat king jack.
+Whereas whereas when you bet, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas whereas when you bet, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas whereas when you bet, you're
+essentially getting all the hands you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially getting all the hands you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially getting all the hands you're
+ahead of to fold. Like if they have A7,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of to fold. Like if they have A7,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of to fold. Like if they have A7,
+which you're also ahead of, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're also ahead of, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're also ahead of, they're
+probably going to fold. And pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to fold. And pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to fold. And pretty much
+all the hands that beat you, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hands that beat you, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hands that beat you, you
+probably aren't going to fold. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't going to fold. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably aren't going to fold. Like
+maybe someone will fold pocket threes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someone will fold pocket threes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someone will fold pocket threes or
+something, but for the most part, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, but for the most part, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, but for the most part, you're
+going to get called by a nine. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called by a nine. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called by a nine. You're
+going to get called by an eight. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called by an eight. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get called by an eight. So it's
+this idea of like sort of adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of like sort of adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of like sort of adverse
+selection. You're you're you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. You're you're you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection. You're you're you're getting
+called only by hands that beat you, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called only by hands that beat you, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called only by hands that beat you, and
+you're just holding out everything else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just holding out everything else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just holding out everything else.
+So overall, I'd say these about balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall, I'd say these about balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So overall, I'd say these about balance
+out and you can I think betting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you can I think betting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you can I think betting or
+checking is are both fine. Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is are both fine. Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is are both fine. Okay. So now
+let's suppose it's the same spot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose it's the same spot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose it's the same spot and we
+had king queen. We had king queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had king queen. We had king queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had king queen. We had king queen
+instead of ace queen. Um so pretend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of ace queen. Um so pretend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of ace queen. Um so pretend all
+the action was the same. All the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action was the same. All the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action was the same. All the pre
+flop action, the flop action, everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop action, the flop action, everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop action, the flop action, everything
+was the same except just our cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same except just our cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same except just our cards
+changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed.
+Um so in this case if we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in this case if we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in this case if we do the same
+comparison again we'll see that betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again we'll see that betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again we'll see that betting
+has a bigger advantage now because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bigger advantage now because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bigger advantage now because we
+can get hands like ace jack and a7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get hands like ace jack and a7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get hands like ace jack and a7 to
+fold. Those hands previously we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Those hands previously we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Those hands previously we were
+beating with ace queen but now we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating with ace queen but now we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beating with ace queen but now we don't
+want to risk getting a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk getting a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk getting a situation where
+it's checked to showdown and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's checked to showdown and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's checked to showdown and everyone
+flips over their cards and we lose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips over their cards and we lose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips over their cards and we lose to
+ace jack or a7. So I'd say in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace jack or a7. So I'd say in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace jack or a7. So I'd say in this case
+now with king queen instead of ace queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with king queen instead of ace queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with king queen instead of ace queen
+betting has a lot more advantage because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting has a lot more advantage because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting has a lot more advantage because
+we're getting better hands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better hands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting better hands to
+fold. Okay. And this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Okay. And this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Okay. And this is what you're
+talking about. Yeah. What if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Yeah. What if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. Yeah. What if you have
+the nuts? So in this case if so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts? So in this case if so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuts? So in this case if so suppose
+now we change our king to a queen. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we change our king to a queen. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we change our king to a queen. So we
+actually have a really good hand. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a really good hand. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a really good hand. We
+have pocket queens which is an over pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket queens which is an over pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket queens which is an over pair
+a pair above any card on the flop. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair above any card on the flop. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair above any card on the flop. So
+now let's look at the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at the advantages of
+betting versus checking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting versus checking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting versus checking.
+So now the one advantage of betting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the one advantage of betting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the one advantage of betting that
+we never had before because we all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never had before because we all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never had before because we all have
+we always had bad hands is now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always had bad hands is now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always had bad hands is now we can
+get worse hands to call us if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse hands to call us if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get worse hands to call us if they have
+10 n or ace8 or pocket fives they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 n or ace8 or pocket fives they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 n or ace8 or pocket fives they're
+probably going to call and we're beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to call and we're beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to call and we're beating
+them so we're just going to win more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we're just going to win more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we're just going to win more
+money and the advantage of checking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the advantage of checking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and the advantage of checking is
+essentially none. Um so the the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially none. Um so the the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially none. Um so the the correct
+play I think is clearly to bet in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think is clearly to bet in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I think is clearly to bet in this
+situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+So essentially what I'm trying to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially what I'm trying to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially what I'm trying to get at
+is so I I call this the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I I call this the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I I call this the fundamental
+theorem of poker. It's sort of a madeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of poker. It's sort of a madeup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of poker. It's sort of a madeup
+term, but essentially so one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, but essentially so one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, but essentially so one of the one
+of the main things you should realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things you should realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main things you should realize
+when you're betting post is the a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're betting post is the a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're betting post is the a bet
+basically accomplishes one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically accomplishes one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically accomplishes one of two
+things. So with your good hands, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So with your good hands, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So with your good hands, you
+want to bet because you can get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bet because you can get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bet because you can get them to
+call with worse but still good hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with worse but still good hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with worse but still good hands.
+And we call this value betting. So with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we call this value betting. So with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we call this value betting. So with
+the pocket queens, this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pocket queens, this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pocket queens, this is what you're
+doing is value betting when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is value betting when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is value betting when you when you
+bet. And then with the bottom hands in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. And then with the bottom hands in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. And then with the bottom hands in
+your range, you should bet to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range, you should bet to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range, you should bet to get them
+to fold better, but still pretty weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold better, but still pretty weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold better, but still pretty weak
+hands. So in this case, when we had king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. So in this case, when we had king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. So in this case, when we had king
+queen, we would be we would be betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen, we would be we would be betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen, we would be we would be betting
+to get them to fold ace jack. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to fold ace jack. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get them to fold ace jack. So this is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+bluffing. So essentially, the point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing. So essentially, the point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing. So essentially, the point of a
+bet should either be a value bet because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet should either be a value bet because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet should either be a value bet because
+you have a really good hand or a bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really good hand or a bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a really good hand or a bluff
+because you have a really bad hand. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a really bad hand. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a really bad hand. And
+you want to sort of think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sort of think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to sort of think in terms of
+that way. And you know, if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. And you know, if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. And you know, if you if you
+ever find yourself making a bet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find yourself making a bet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find yourself making a bet and
+you're not sure whether it's a value bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure whether it's a value bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure whether it's a value bet
+or a bluff, then chances are you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bluff, then chances are you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a bluff, then chances are you maybe
+shouldn't be betting. So with the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be betting. So with the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be betting. So with the middle
+hands in your range, you should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands in your range, you should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands in your range, you should check
+because if you bet, you fold out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you bet, you fold out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you bet, you fold out all the
+weaker hands and you keep in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker hands and you keep in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker hands and you keep in the
+stronger hands. Okay, does that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger hands. Okay, does that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger hands. Okay, does that does
+that make sense? So this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? So this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense? So this is like the
+fundamental concept in poker essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept in poker essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concept in poker essentially
+um that that we should try to realize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that we should try to realize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that we should try to realize.
+Um okay, so I I sort of made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, so I I sort of made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, so I I sort of made this
+diagram. So the best hands are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So the best hands are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So the best hands are at the
+top of the rectangles. The worst cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the rectangles. The worst cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the rectangles. The worst cards
+the worst hands are at the bottom. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst hands are at the bottom. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst hands are at the bottom. So
+once again, we're thinking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, we're thinking in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, we're thinking in terms of
+our entire range of possibilities. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire range of possibilities. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire range of possibilities. So
+post flop, we want to sort of So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flop, we want to sort of So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flop, we want to sort of So that's
+on the left. Post flop, we want to bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left. Post flop, we want to bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left. Post flop, we want to bet
+the best hands, bluff the worst hands,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hands, bluff the worst hands,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hands, bluff the worst hands,
+and then check things in the middle. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then check things in the middle. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then check things in the middle. And
+then pre flop, basically we fold all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pre flop, basically we fold all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pre flop, basically we fold all the
+bad hands and then we we raise or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands and then we we raise or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands and then we we raise or if
+someone's already raised, we re raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's already raised, we re raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's already raised, we re raise
+the best hands and we just raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hands and we just raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best hands and we just raise the
+pretty good hands. Um I'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hands. Um I'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hands. Um I'll talk more
+about pre flop in a future lecture. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pre flop in a future lecture. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pre flop in a future lecture. But
+um I just wanted to contrast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to contrast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to contrast this
+because I don't want someone to think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want someone to think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want someone to think,
+you know, if I have 72 offuit pre flop,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if I have 72 offuit pre flop,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if I have 72 offuit pre flop,
+I should be bluffing. um because it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be bluffing. um because it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be bluffing. um because it it's
+a different scenario because pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different scenario because pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different scenario because pre flop
+you're choosing what percentage of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing what percentage of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing what percentage of hands
+to play and it's strictly better to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play and it's strictly better to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play and it's strictly better to just
+choose the best 30% or the best 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the best 30% or the best 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the best 30% or the best 40%
+instead of choosing the best 10% and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of choosing the best 10% and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of choosing the best 10% and the
+worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst
+10%. Okay. So, so going back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%. Okay. So, so going back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%. Okay. So, so going back to this
+principle with 77, so it's still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle with 77, so it's still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle with 77, so it's still the
+same situation. So, I'm analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation. So, I'm analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation. So, I'm analyzing the
+same situation many many times with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation many many times with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same situation many many times with
+different with seven. in the right play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with seven. in the right play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different with seven. in the right play
+is definitely to check because I so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely to check because I so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is definitely to check because I so with
+ace queen it's it's in a similar spot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen it's it's in a similar spot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen it's it's in a similar spot to
+ace queen in that it's also you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen in that it's also you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace queen in that it's also you get
+called only by better hands and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called only by better hands and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called only by better hands and you
+mostly only fold out worse hands but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly only fold out worse hands but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly only fold out worse hands but
+with ace queen at least there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ace queen at least there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ace queen at least there was the
+advantage that if they called with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that if they called with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage that if they called with like
+an eight or a nine we could turn we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight or a nine we could turn we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eight or a nine we could turn we we
+have more chances to beat them we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more chances to beat them we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more chances to beat them we could
+turn an ace or a queen and win more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn an ace or a queen and win more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn an ace or a queen and win more
+money or alternatively we could like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or alternatively we could like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or alternatively we could like
+turn a jack which gives us a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a jack which gives us a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a jack which gives us a straight
+draw and try to bluff them off of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and try to bluff them off of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and try to bluff them off of their
+eight or something whereas with pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or something whereas with pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or something whereas with pocket
+sevens, there's less room to play. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens, there's less room to play. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens, there's less room to play. So, I
+think with pocket sevens, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with pocket sevens, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with pocket sevens, you should
+definitely check out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely check out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely check out this
+flop. Um, so, okay. So, some other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Um, so, okay. So, some other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Um, so, okay. So, some other stuff
+about continuation betting on flops. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about continuation betting on flops. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about continuation betting on flops. Um,
+I wouldn't bluff super scary flops. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't bluff super scary flops. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't bluff super scary flops. By
+super scary, I essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scary, I essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super scary, I essentially
+mathematically it just means there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it just means there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it just means there's um
+there's a lot of uncertainty because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of uncertainty because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of uncertainty because so
+many things are possible. And basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are possible. And basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are possible. And basically,
+this happens when there's three cards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when there's three cards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens when there's three cards of
+the same suit and they're all connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same suit and they're all connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same suit and they're all connected.
+So, whenever the board is like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, whenever the board is like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, whenever the board is like this um
+you know, it looks scary. It looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it looks scary. It looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it looks scary. It looks very
+uh coordinated but mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinated but mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coordinated but mathematically
+speaking it's essentially saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's essentially saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's essentially saying
+anything can happen and no one should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can happen and no one should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can happen and no one should
+fold if you have anything at all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold if you have anything at all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold if you have anything at all because
+you know if you have any 10 you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have any 10 you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have any 10 you have a
+chance of making a straight if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making a straight if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making a straight if you have
+a reasonable heart you have a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable heart you have a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable heart you have a chance of
+making a flush just any hand is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a flush just any hand is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a flush just any hand is going to
+have a reasonable chance same as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable chance same as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonable chance same as you
+know if even if you have like an ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if even if you have like an ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if even if you have like an ace
+like I guess as we do you have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess as we do you have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess as we do you have a chance
+of turning a higher pair. Um, so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turning a higher pair. Um, so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turning a higher pair. Um, so I would
+just check and basically give up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check and basically give up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check and basically give up on this
+on this flop or check and hope you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this flop or check and hope you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this flop or check and hope you hit
+an ace or a queen, I guess. And another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace or a queen, I guess. And another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace or a queen, I guess. And another
+thing is, uh, continuation betting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is, uh, continuation betting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is, uh, continuation betting into
+too many people. If you have nothing, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people. If you have nothing, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many people. If you have nothing, it
+can be an advanced play in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an advanced play in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an advanced play in certain
+situations. If everyone else also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations. If everyone else also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations. If everyone else also
+recognizes that, you know, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that, you know, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes that, you know, if you're
+continuation betting into five people,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation betting into five people,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation betting into five people,
+you must have such a good hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have such a good hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must have such a good hand that
+they're going to hold fold a hand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to hold fold a hand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to hold fold a hand as
+good as say like pocket eights here. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as say like pocket eights here. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as say like pocket eights here. But
+for the most part in practice, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part in practice, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part in practice, I would
+say if the pot has like six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if the pot has like six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if the pot has like six or seven
+people, I wouldn't try to bet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, I wouldn't try to bet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, I wouldn't try to bet on the
+flop with over cards to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop with over cards to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop with over cards to try to get
+everybody to fold because someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to fold because someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody to fold because someone's
+going to have two hearts. So, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two hearts. So, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two hearts. So, or
+someone's going to have a seven,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's going to have a seven,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's going to have a seven,
+someone's going to have a pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's going to have a pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's going to have a pair.
+Um, okay. So, so I talked about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so I talked about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so I talked about sort of
+when you want to bet post. So, now we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to bet post. So, now we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to bet post. So, now we'll
+talk a bit more about when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit more about when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a bit more about when you want to
+call bets post flaw. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bets post flaw. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call bets post flaw. And I'm going to
+try to give a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give a lot of different
+situations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations.
+So now let's look at calling bets. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's look at calling bets. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's look at calling bets. And I
+think you uh newer players especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you uh newer players especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you uh newer players especially
+tend to call with hands weaker than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to call with hands weaker than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to call with hands weaker than than
+you need to. So the general rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to. So the general rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to. So the general rule of
+thumb is unless your opponent bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is unless your opponent bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is unless your opponent bets
+extremely small, which they should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small, which they should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely small, which they should not
+do by what I explained. Um you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by what I explained. Um you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by what I explained. Um you should
+fold most of your hands to a half pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold most of your hands to a half pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold most of your hands to a half pot
+bet. So in some sense, most hands miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So in some sense, most hands miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So in some sense, most hands miss
+most flops. And when you miss, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most flops. And when you miss, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most flops. And when you miss, there's
+really not a reason to do anything other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a reason to do anything other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a reason to do anything other
+than to fold. Um, there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to fold. Um, there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to fold. Um, there's a lot of
+tournaments you can always play the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments you can always play the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments you can always play the next
+tournament and get dealt a new hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament and get dealt a new hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament and get dealt a new hand and
+try to have a good hand. So, um, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have a good hand. So, um, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to have a good hand. So, um, okay.
+So, okay. So, now I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, now I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, now I'm going to change
+the situation up a bit, but once again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation up a bit, but once again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation up a bit, but once again,
+I'm going to analyze the same betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to analyze the same betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to analyze the same betting
+situation over different hands. So, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation over different hands. So, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation over different hands. So, now
+it's everyone folds to is folds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone folds to is folds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's everyone folds to is folds to the
+button. We're still 40 bets deep because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. We're still 40 bets deep because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. We're still 40 bets deep because
+the blinds are 2550 and we have um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds are 2550 and we have um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds are 2550 and we have um we
+have 2,000 and so the button makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2,000 and so the button makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2,000 and so the button makes it
+125 and we decide to call with our hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 and we decide to call with our hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+125 and we decide to call with our hand.
+Okay. So, so let's say we have queen 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so let's say we have queen 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so let's say we have queen 9
+suited in this case and okay, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited in this case and okay, let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited in this case and okay, let's say
+the flop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop is
+1072. So, we check um we check as a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1072. So, we check um we check as a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1072. So, we check um we check as a form
+of respect to the pre- flop razer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respect to the pre- flop razer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of respect to the pre- flop razer and
+then they bet half pot. So here, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they bet half pot. So here, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they bet half pot. So here, this is
+a situation where, you know, we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where, you know, we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where, you know, we've got
+no pair, no draw. I guess we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pair, no draw. I guess we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pair, no draw. I guess we have an
+over card. We have an over card and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over card. We have an over card and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over card. We have an over card and the
+queen, and we can turn a pair of queens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen, and we can turn a pair of queens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen, and we can turn a pair of queens
+to beat his pair of tens, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat his pair of tens, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat his pair of tens, but that's
+only three cards that help us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three cards that help us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three cards that help us.
+Basically, the the correct play is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, the the correct play is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically, the the correct play is just
+a fold. You essentially have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold. You essentially have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold. You essentially have nothing
+here. You know, you have some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You know, you have some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You know, you have some like
+speculative straight draws where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative straight draws where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative straight draws where if you
+hit a jack and then an eight, like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a jack and then an eight, like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a jack and then an eight, like if
+you have two cards that come for you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two cards that come for you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two cards that come for you,
+then you can do a straight. But for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do a straight. But for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do a straight. But for the
+most part, we've got nothing. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part, we've got nothing. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part, we've got nothing. We just
+fold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold.
+Um, here are some other situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here are some other situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here are some other situations where
+you should just fold. So, here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just fold. So, here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just fold. So, here we have
+ace high, but the board has three pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace high, but the board has three pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace high, but the board has three pretty
+big cards and there's a decent chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cards and there's a decent chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cards and there's a decent chance
+he's going to have one of them. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have one of them. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have one of them. And if
+he doesn't, he's going to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't, he's going to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't, he's going to have like
+queen 10 or 10 ner or something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 10 or 10 ner or something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 10 or 10 ner or something with
+straight or some kind of straight draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight or some kind of straight draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight or some kind of straight draw
+with a lot of outs. So, there's just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of outs. So, there's just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of outs. So, there's just no
+reason to play hands like these. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to play hands like these. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to play hands like these. So,
+it's totally fine if you um if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally fine if you um if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's totally fine if you um if you lose
+uh a lot of hands as long as you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of hands as long as you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot of hands as long as you win
+more chips on the hands that you do win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chips on the hands that you do win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chips on the hands that you do win.
+So just fold this. Not much reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just fold this. Not much reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just fold this. Not much reason to
+play here. You have this this board is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here. You have this this board is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play here. You have this this board is a
+bit better for you. You have ace9 high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better for you. You have ace9 high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better for you. You have ace9 high
+on a six high board, but there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a six high board, but there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a six high board, but there's a lot
+of straight draws and there is a flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight draws and there is a flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straight draws and there is a flush
+draw, a stage flush draw on this board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, a stage flush draw on this board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, a stage flush draw on this board.
+So I would still fold. Um here we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would still fold. Um here we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would still fold. Um here we even
+have a pair. But this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair. But this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair. But this is an example
+where I think I'd fold even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think I'd fold even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think I'd fold even though you
+have a pair. Um so we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair. Um so we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair. Um so we have we have a
+pair of nines here, which is decent, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of nines here, which is decent, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of nines here, which is decent, but
+once again there's three hearts and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again there's three hearts and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again there's three hearts and it's
+easy for him to make a flush or make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for him to make a flush or make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy for him to make a flush or make a
+straight. And even if he doesn't, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. And even if he doesn't, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. And even if he doesn't, we're
+going to be we're going to have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we're going to have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be we're going to have to check
+um check to him on the turn, check to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um check to him on the turn, check to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um check to him on the turn, check to
+him on the river, and then they can bet,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on the river, and then they can bet,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him on the river, and then they can bet,
+and then we have to decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to decide whether to
+call or not. So, just overall there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or not. So, just overall there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call or not. So, just overall there's
+there's a lot of there's it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of there's it's going to
+play. Um and this is what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um and this is what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um and this is what I'm talking
+about about being out of position. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about being out of position. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about about being out of position. So,
+we're we have to act first on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to act first on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to act first on every
+street. So, it's going to be tougher to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. So, it's going to be tougher to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. So, it's going to be tougher to
+make good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good
+decisions. Okay. So now we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. Okay. So now we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. Okay. So now we're getting
+some better hands, but I think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some better hands, but I think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some better hands, but I think I would
+advocate still folding these. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate still folding these. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate still folding these. So here
+our hand is it's it's not bad. We've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hand is it's it's not bad. We've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hand is it's it's not bad. We've got
+um we basically got a four out straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we basically got a four out straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we basically got a four out straight
+draw, which is usually called a gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, which is usually called a gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, which is usually called a gut
+shot. Um you need to hit an eight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. Um you need to hit an eight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot. Um you need to hit an eight to
+turn a straight. And also we've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a straight. And also we've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a straight. And also we've got uh
+diamonds. If we if we hit two diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds. If we if we hit two diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds. If we if we hit two diamonds
+in a row, we can make it flush. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row, we can make it flush. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row, we can make it flush. Um, but
+overall on this spot, I would still fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall on this spot, I would still fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall on this spot, I would still fold
+just because we even though we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we even though we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we even though we've got
+four outs to our gutshot, we've got no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four outs to our gutshot, we've got no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four outs to our gutshot, we've got no
+combinations. We've got no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations. We've got no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations. We've got no other
+combinations to help us. Like a nine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to help us. Like a nine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations to help us. Like a nine is
+essentially useless when there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially useless when there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially useless when there's three
+higher cards on the board. Turning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cards on the board. Turning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher cards on the board. Turning a
+nine doesn't help us at all. Turning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine doesn't help us at all. Turning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine doesn't help us at all. Turning a
+seven doesn't help us at all. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven doesn't help us at all. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven doesn't help us at all. Um, and
+furthermore, even if we turn an eight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, even if we turn an eight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, even if we turn an eight,
+it's possible. So, if we turn an eight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible. So, if we turn an eight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible. So, if we turn an eight,
+then queen n makes a better straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then queen n makes a better straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then queen n makes a better straight
+than us. And also king queen, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than us. And also king queen, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than us. And also king queen, which
+already has a straight, is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a straight, is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already has a straight, is a better
+straight than us. So even when we hit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight than us. So even when we hit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight than us. So even when we hit an
+eight, it's not even we're not even 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, it's not even we're not even 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, it's not even we're not even 100%
+sure we're going to win the hand. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're going to win the hand. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we're going to win the hand. And we
+could just put all our chips in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just put all our chips in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just put all our chips in after
+hitting an eight and lose all our chips.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting an eight and lose all our chips.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting an eight and lose all our chips.
+So I would fold this as well. A four out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would fold this as well. A four out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would fold this as well. A four out
+gutshot is pretty bad unless you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gutshot is pretty bad unless you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gutshot is pretty bad unless you have
+other stuff to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff to go with
+it. Okay. So in this case, we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So in this case, we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So in this case, we have a
+better straight draw. So in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better straight draw. So in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better straight draw. So in this case,
+we have an eight out straight draw. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an eight out straight draw. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an eight out straight draw. Um
+because an eight gives us a straight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an eight gives us a straight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an eight gives us a straight,
+eight through a queen. But a a king also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight through a queen. But a a king also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight through a queen. But a a king also
+gives gives us a straight. We have nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives us a straight. We have nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives gives us a straight. We have nine
+through king. But in this case, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through king. But in this case, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through king. But in this case, I would
+still I would still recommend folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I would still recommend folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still I would still recommend folding
+just because if a king comes, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because if a king comes, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because if a king comes, then you
+know, we do have a straight, but we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we do have a straight, but we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we do have a straight, but we lose
+to any ace. So 10, jack, queen, king,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any ace. So 10, jack, queen, king,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any ace. So 10, jack, queen, king,
+ace is going to just be a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace is going to just be a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace is going to just be a higher
+straight than our nine through king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight than our nine through king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight than our nine through king
+straight. So even though um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. So even though um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. So even though um we have a
+lot of outs, the outs aren't that good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of outs, the outs aren't that good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of outs, the outs aren't that good.
+And it's possible we just once again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's possible we just once again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's possible we just once again we
+make a second best hand, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a second best hand, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a second best hand, which is the
+worst possible situation in poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible situation in poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible situation in poker
+because you're going to put a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to put a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to put a lot of
+money in and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in and you're going to
+lose. Okay, so this is another example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose. Okay, so this is another example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose. Okay, so this is another example.
+I would fold pocket fives on queen jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would fold pocket fives on queen jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would fold pocket fives on queen jack
+10. You have a small pair. You started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. You have a small pair. You started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10. You have a small pair. You started
+with a small pair, but you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small pair, but you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small pair, but you didn't
+improve at all. The flop did not help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve at all. The flop did not help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve at all. The flop did not help
+your hand at all, and it most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand at all, and it most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand at all, and it most likely
+helped your opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped your opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped your opponent's
+hand. Okay, so Okay. So, here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay, so Okay. So, here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay, so Okay. So, here's a
+question you can ask. So, in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask. So, in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you can ask. So, in all these
+spots, I say fold, but what if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, I say fold, but what if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots, I say fold, but what if I think
+bluff raising would work? You know, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff raising would work? You know, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff raising would work? You know, what
+if I think I can get him to fold if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think I can get him to fold if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think I can get him to fold if I
+raise? So, so what I want to uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise? So, so what I want to uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise? So, so what I want to uh what I
+want to say is when you're bluffing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is when you're bluffing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say is when you're bluffing on
+the flop, it's usually because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop, it's usually because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop, it's usually because you have
+some kind of draw or some kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of draw or some kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of draw or some kind of nice
+speculative hand that has a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative hand that has a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative hand that has a chance of
+turning into a good hand. In all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning into a good hand. In all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning into a good hand. In all the
+examples I showed, not only are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I showed, not only are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I showed, not only are our
+hands bad, there's not that many good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands bad, there's not that many good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands bad, there's not that many good
+cards for us with the exception of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards for us with the exception of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards for us with the exception of maybe
+the 79 hand where if you turn an eight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 79 hand where if you turn an eight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 79 hand where if you turn an eight,
+it's pretty good. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good. But
+um yeah, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah, even
+this even this hand, if you turn an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even this hand, if you turn an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even this hand, if you turn an
+eight, it's not that good cuz the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, it's not that good cuz the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, it's not that good cuz the board
+is then going to be uh 8 10 jack queen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to be uh 8 10 jack queen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to be uh 8 10 jack queen.
+So we're only playing with a one card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only playing with a one card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only playing with a one card
+street, which is still fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, which is still fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, which is still fairly easy to
+put us on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put us on.
+Okay, so before I get to spots where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so before I get to spots where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so before I get to spots where
+maybe we want to raise potentially bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to raise potentially bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we want to raise potentially bluff
+raise, let me just go to go through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise, let me just go to go through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise, let me just go to go through some
+spots where I think calling is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots where I think calling is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots where I think calling is a pretty
+good play. So here I think calling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play. So here I think calling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play. So here I think calling with
+Ace9 high on this board is reasonable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace9 high on this board is reasonable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace9 high on this board is reasonable.
+In the in the example where I said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the in the example where I said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the in the example where I said you
+should fold, the flop was 654. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fold, the flop was 654. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should fold, the flop was 654. Um, and
+it was a flush draw. So there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a flush draw. So there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a flush draw. So there were
+straight draws and flush draws. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draws and flush draws. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draws and flush draws. In this
+case, the board is paired, which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the board is paired, which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the board is paired, which really
+helps us because there's just fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us because there's just fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us because there's just fewer
+combinations of pairs that he can make.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of pairs that he can make.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of pairs that he can make.
+Um, and a three is a pretty small card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and a three is a pretty small card.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and a three is a pretty small card.
+So, it's pretty unlikely they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's pretty unlikely they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's pretty unlikely they have a
+three. So, Ace9 high is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So, Ace9 high is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So, Ace9 high is pretty good
+here. You have two over cards. You even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You have two over cards. You even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You have two over cards. You even
+have a diamond back door flush draw. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a diamond back door flush draw. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a diamond back door flush draw. So,
+I would call here. Okay. So, we So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call here. Okay. So, we So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call here. Okay. So, we So,
+getting better here. This hand is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better here. This hand is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better here. This hand is even
+better. We have ace3. We have bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. We have ace3. We have bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. We have ace3. We have bottom
+pair on this. Pretty safe flop. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair on this. Pretty safe flop. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair on this. Pretty safe flop. It is
+three different cards and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different cards and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different cards and they could
+have a jack or a five, but just overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jack or a five, but just overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jack or a five, but just overall
+against their range, we're we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their range, we're we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against their range, we're we have
+tremendous equity here. So, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous equity here. So, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous equity here. So, I would
+call. So note when I say call, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. So note when I say call, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. So note when I say call, not
+raise. I'll give you examples of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. I'll give you examples of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. I'll give you examples of how
+good, roughly speaking, our hand has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, roughly speaking, our hand has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, roughly speaking, our hand has to
+be to raise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to raise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to raise.
+Um, all right. So here I would call. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So here I would call. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So here I would call. The
+board is very scary, but we have second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is very scary, but we have second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is very scary, but we have second
+pair. And I think second pair is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair. And I think second pair is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair. And I think second pair is just
+second pair with the best kicker, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pair with the best kicker, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pair with the best kicker, the
+ace. So that's definitely good enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace. So that's definitely good enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace. So that's definitely good enough to
+call. With ace 9, I think this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. With ace 9, I think this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. With ace 9, I think this would be
+borderline whether you call. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline whether you call. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borderline whether you call. I think
+calling is okay, but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is okay, but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is okay, but not
+mandatory. Okay. Uh, here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. Okay. Uh, here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. Okay. Uh, here's another
+example. second pair on a safer board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. second pair on a safer board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. second pair on a safer board.
+This is a pretty good hand. Um I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a pretty good hand. Um I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a pretty good hand. Um I mean if
+they've got an ace, we're not drawing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an ace, we're not drawing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an ace, we're not drawing to
+that many outs, but if they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many outs, but if they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many outs, but if they don't have
+an ace, they're not drawing to that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace, they're not drawing to that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace, they're not drawing to that many
+outs. Um, so it's because whenever big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. Um, so it's because whenever big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. Um, so it's because whenever big
+cards come on the flop, like an ace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards come on the flop, like an ace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards come on the flop, like an ace and
+a king, in some sense, even if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king, in some sense, even if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king, in some sense, even if there's
+flush and straight draws, more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush and straight draws, more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush and straight draws, more of the
+more of who's going to win has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of who's going to win has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of who's going to win has been
+decided because if you've got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided because if you've got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided because if you've got a big
+pair, like if you've got an ace or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair, like if you've got an ace or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair, like if you've got an ace or a
+king, then there's not like an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, then there's not like an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, then there's not like an even
+bigger card that can come on the turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger card that can come on the turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger card that can come on the turn to
+beat you. And if you don't have it, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you. And if you don't have it, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you. And if you don't have it, then
+you, you know, like if you have 10 nine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, you know, like if you have 10 nine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, you know, like if you have 10 nine,
+even if you turn a 10, you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you turn a 10, you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you turn a 10, you're not going
+to outdraw a seven. So, so here I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outdraw a seven. So, so here I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outdraw a seven. So, so here I would
+just call here you have a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call here you have a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call here you have a pretty good
+pair of pocket eights on 933. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of pocket eights on 933. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of pocket eights on 933. You
+honestly you have a very good hand here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly you have a very good hand here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly you have a very good hand here.
+But I just think in this case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I just think in this case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I just think in this case where
+there's no flush draws, no straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flush draws, no straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no flush draws, no straight
+draws, there's not really that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws, there's not really that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws, there's not really that much
+reason to raise because it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to raise because it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to raise because it's not like
+you're going to get called by worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get called by worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get called by worse
+hands that often that I would still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that often that I would still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that often that I would still only
+call even though in some sense your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call even though in some sense your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call even though in some sense your hand
+is very very strong here. Like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very strong here. Like I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very strong here. Like I would
+expect you to have the better hand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to have the better hand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to have the better hand more
+than 80% of the time. But the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80% of the time. But the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80% of the time. But the problem is
+when you raise they're only playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you raise they're only playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you raise they're only playing the
+20% that beats you which is hands with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% that beats you which is hands with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% that beats you which is hands with
+nines, hands with threes and like pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines, hands with threes and like pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nines, hands with threes and like pocket
+tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens
+plus. So here I would also recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. So here I would also recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. So here I would also recommend
+calling even though we have top pair. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling even though we have top pair. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling even though we have top pair. So
+top pair the highest pair on the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top pair the highest pair on the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top pair the highest pair on the board.
+It's a pair of aces which seems you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a pair of aces which seems you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a pair of aces which seems you know
+it seems like we have a good hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like we have a good hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like we have a good hand we
+should raise but once again our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should raise but once again our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should raise but once again our our
+other card which is very relevant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card which is very relevant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other card which is very relevant is
+very small in this case. So we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small in this case. So we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small in this case. So we're going
+to lose to ace queen any kind of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose to ace queen any kind of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose to ace queen any kind of big
+ace. And furthermore, there's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace. And furthermore, there's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace. And furthermore, there's not that
+much reason to raise cuz we're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much reason to raise cuz we're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much reason to raise cuz we're not that
+scared of letting him see a turn card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared of letting him see a turn card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared of letting him see a turn card
+with say 10 9 um because even if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say 10 9 um because even if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with say 10 9 um because even if he
+turns a 10 or a nine, he's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a 10 or a nine, he's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a 10 or a nine, he's not going to
+beat us. So, right. So, the reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat us. So, right. So, the reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat us. So, right. So, the reason to
+raise is essentially do not let your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise is essentially do not let your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise is essentially do not let your
+opponent see more cards and give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent see more cards and give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent see more cards and give them
+outs. But they don't have that many outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. But they don't have that many outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. But they don't have that many outs
+if we're ahead of them. So, I would So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're ahead of them. So, I would So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're ahead of them. So, I would So,
+this is you can say this is like a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can say this is like a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you can say this is like a way
+ahead way behind situation. That's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead way behind situation. That's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead way behind situation. That's some
+terminology that you might hear, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you might hear, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you might hear, which
+basically means you're either way ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means you're either way ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means you're either way ahead
+because they don't have an ace or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have an ace or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't have an ace or you're
+way behind because they've got ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way behind because they've got ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way behind because they've got ace
+queen. And when you're way ahead or way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen. And when you're way ahead or way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen. And when you're way ahead or way
+behind, you don't really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind, you don't really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind, you don't really want to be
+raising because he's just going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising because he's just going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising because he's just going to call
+you when you're way behind and he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're way behind and he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you're way behind and he's just
+going to fold when you're way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold when you're way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold when you're way
+ahead. Okay, so here we're getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Okay, so here we're getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Okay, so here we're getting into
+some pretty good hands. Um, ace jack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty good hands. Um, ace jack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty good hands. Um, ace jack on
+jack 10 n with a flush draw. I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack 10 n with a flush draw. I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack 10 n with a flush draw. I think if
+you raise it's not it wouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise it's not it wouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise it's not it wouldn't be the
+end of the world. The issue is I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world. The issue is I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the world. The issue is I think I
+think 2,000 chips when the blinds were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 2,000 chips when the blinds were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 2,000 chips when the blinds were
+only 2550 is still a bit much to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 2550 is still a bit much to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 2550 is still a bit much to put in
+your entire stack uh on this flop. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire stack uh on this flop. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire stack uh on this flop. And
+just because even though you have top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because even though you have top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because even though you have top
+pair with the best kicker, there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair with the best kicker, there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair with the best kicker, there's a lot
+of straights. And even if he's like even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straights. And even if he's like even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of straights. And even if he's like even
+if let's say they have like queen nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say they have like queen nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if let's say they have like queen nine
+of hearts and him that's behind a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts and him that's behind a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts and him that's behind a view
+currently because they only have a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently because they only have a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently because they only have a pair
+of nines. There's just so going to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nines. There's just so going to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nines. There's just so going to be so
+many straight and flush outs they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many straight and flush outs they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many straight and flush outs they're
+going to have that you're not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have that you're not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have that you're not you're
+never really getting it in ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really getting it in ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really getting it in ahead of
+equity by that much. So I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity by that much. So I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity by that much. So I would just
+call and see what the turn is. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and see what the turn is. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and see what the turn is. Um but
+that's maybe the best one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the best one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe the best one of the
+examples of the strongest hands you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the strongest hands you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the strongest hands you can
+have where I would still recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where I would still recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have where I would still recommend
+calling. Um, in this case, we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling. Um, in this case, we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling. Um, in this case, we got a
+small over pair, but I I would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small over pair, but I I would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small over pair, but I I would still
+call even though once again, we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call even though once again, we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call even though once again, we have the
+best hand probably 80% plus of the time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best hand probably 80% plus of the time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best hand probably 80% plus of the time,
+but once again, when you raise, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again, when you raise, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once again, when you raise, you're
+only getting played back at by the 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only getting played back at by the 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only getting played back at by the 20%
+that beats you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats you.
+So, okay. Yeah. So, and notice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. Yeah. So, and notice there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. Yeah. So, and notice there
+when I went through these examples, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went through these examples, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I went through these examples, the
+stack size was very important, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size was very important, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size was very important, right?
+So, from the first class, the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from the first class, the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from the first class, the important
+things are position, stack size, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are position, stack size, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are position, stack size, and
+cards. In this case, I the position was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. In this case, I the position was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. In this case, I the position was
+the button. The cards I've showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button. The cards I've showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button. The cards I've showed you
+what the cards are. Um, but the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cards are. Um, but the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cards are. Um, but the stack
+size, the fact that you're playing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size, the fact that you're playing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size, the fact that you're playing for
+potentially 2,000 chips is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially 2,000 chips is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially 2,000 chips is very
+important. And if you're playing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And if you're playing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And if you're playing for
+fewer chips, then you can risk gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer chips, then you can risk gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer chips, then you can risk gambling
+a lot more, as I'll show you later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more, as I'll show you later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more, as I'll show you later.
+Okay. So, another note is you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, another note is you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, another note is you could
+argue for check raising in some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for check raising in some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for check raising in some of these
+call situations. Um, especially the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call situations. Um, especially the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call situations. Um, especially the ones
+where your hand was more vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your hand was more vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your hand was more vulnerable to
+overcards. So, let me just quickly run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards. So, let me just quickly run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards. So, let me just quickly run
+through them again. So, I'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them again. So, I'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them again. So, I'll describe
+what they are. So this is this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are. So this is this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are. So this is this is one of
+them because here you could argue okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because here you could argue okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because here you could argue okay I
+want to raise cuz if I call what if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to raise cuz if I call what if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to raise cuz if I call what if he
+has jack 10 then he can he has six outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has jack 10 then he can he has six outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has jack 10 then he can he has six outs
+right here this is another example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is another example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here this is another example what
+if they have 10 nine they can turn a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have 10 nine they can turn a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have 10 nine they can turn a 10
+or a nine and beat us here this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a nine and beat us here this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a nine and beat us here this is not
+an example here I think calling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here I think calling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example here I think calling is
+clearly correct because the only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly correct because the only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly correct because the only because
+the only bad cards are like a queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only bad cards are like a queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only bad cards are like a queen
+because an ace gives you two pairs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an ace gives you two pairs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an ace gives you two pairs so
+it's there's just very few scary there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's just very few scary there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's just very few scary there's
+very the board is already scary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the board is already scary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the board is already scary and
+there's not that many over cards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that many over cards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not that many over cards that
+could come. This is another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come. This is another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come. This is another example
+because in this case there's actually no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case there's actually no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case there's actually no
+scary cards in some sense. No card is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary cards in some sense. No card is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary cards in some sense. No card is
+there's not no card that you're afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not no card that you're afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not no card that you're afraid
+of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving
+him. This is an example where you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. This is an example where you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. This is an example where you could
+argue for raising. You know, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for raising. You know, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue for raising. You know, you don't
+want Jack 10 to see another card. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Jack 10 to see another card. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want Jack 10 to see another card. That's
+reasonable. Yeah. Um here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. Yeah. Um here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. Yeah. Um here there's no
+risk. It's completely safe. So I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. It's completely safe. So I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. It's completely safe. So I would
+never raise here. Um, here I guess there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never raise here. Um, here I guess there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never raise here. Um, here I guess there
+are some bad cards, but it's if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some bad cards, but it's if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some bad cards, but it's if you
+raise they can just call with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise they can just call with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise they can just call with their
+draws anyway to try to hit. Um, so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws anyway to try to hit. Um, so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws anyway to try to hit. Um, so here
+this is an example where you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example where you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example where you know you
+could argue for raising to not let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue for raising to not let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue for raising to not let them
+see a turn card. Okay. So, so yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a turn card. Okay. So, so yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a turn card. Okay. So, so yeah,
+these are reasonable arguments and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are reasonable arguments and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are reasonable arguments and I
+think raising some of these call hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think raising some of these call hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think raising some of these call hands
+would not be a terrible play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a terrible play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be a terrible play.
+Um, but I think for most of these, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I think for most of these, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but I think for most of these, the
+advantages of calling still outweigh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of calling still outweigh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of calling still outweigh the
+advantages the advantages of raising,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages the advantages of raising,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages the advantages of raising,
+especially if your opponent is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if your opponent is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if your opponent is also
+capable of bluffing because like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of bluffing because like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of bluffing because like let's
+say you you check raise. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you you check raise. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you you check raise. So let's say
+they make it 150, you make it 400. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it 150, you make it 400. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make it 150, you make it 400. And
+then let's say they go all in, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's say they go all in, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's say they go all in, but
+they're going to go all in not only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go all in not only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to go all in not only with
+hands that beat you like pocket sevens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that beat you like pocket sevens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that beat you like pocket sevens
+plus. They'll also occasionally do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. They'll also occasionally do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus. They'll also occasionally do this
+with hands like Ace3 or Ace4. Hands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands like Ace3 or Ace4. Hands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands like Ace3 or Ace4. Hands that
+have an overcard in the ace but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an overcard in the ace but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an overcard in the ace but also
+have a gutshot straight draw like Ace3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gutshot straight draw like Ace3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a gutshot straight draw like Ace3
+or Ace4 has um has can can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Ace4 has um has can can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Ace4 has um has can can make a
+straight. Then you're just in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. Then you're just in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. Then you're just in a very
+tough spot. Basically, if you call,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough spot. Basically, if you call,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough spot. Basically, if you call,
+you're you're not in a good situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not in a good situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're not in a good situation
+cuz you're often behind. But if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're often behind. But if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're often behind. But if you
+fold, then you're also folding into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold, then you're also folding into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold, then you're also folding into a
+lot of weaker hands. So there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of weaker hands. So there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of weaker hands. So there's just a
+lot of ways for the hand to go badly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways for the hand to go badly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ways for the hand to go badly be
+if you raise because your hand sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise because your hand sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you raise because your hand sort of
+it's too it's not good enough to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too it's not good enough to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too it's not good enough to raise
+and call if they re raise yet it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call if they re raise yet it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and call if they re raise yet it's too
+good to sort of waste as a check raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to sort of waste as a check raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to sort of waste as a check raise
+bluff and just like fold if they re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff and just like fold if they re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff and just like fold if they re
+raise right like let's say um like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise right like let's say um like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise right like let's say um like let's
+say my plan here with pocket sixes is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my plan here with pocket sixes is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my plan here with pocket sixes is to
+check raise and fold if they do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raise and fold if they do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raise and fold if they do anything
+else but then like you could argue why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but then like you could argue why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but then like you could argue why
+am I doing this with a hand as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I doing this with a hand as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I doing this with a hand as good as
+pocket sixes is why don't I do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sixes is why don't I do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sixes is why don't I do this with
+10 9 because it's going to be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 9 because it's going to be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 9 because it's going to be a similar
+result most of the time they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result most of the time they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result most of the time they're going to
+either fold and I'm going to win the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fold and I'm going to win the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fold and I'm going to win the pot
+with 10 9 or they're going to raise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 9 or they're going to raise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 9 or they're going to raise and
+I'm going to have to fold with 10 9. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to fold with 10 9. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to fold with 10 9. Um
+occasionally they'll call but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they'll call but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally they'll call but you could
+argue in that case I would almost rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in that case I would almost rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in that case I would almost rather
+have 10 nine than pocket sixes cuz cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 nine than pocket sixes cuz cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 nine than pocket sixes cuz cuz
+pocket sixes I'm just going to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sixes I'm just going to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sixes I'm just going to always
+lose and 10 9 who knows I can turn a 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and 10 9 who knows I can turn a 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and 10 9 who knows I can turn a 10.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+um, anyway, so, so the long story short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, anyway, so, so the long story short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, anyway, so, so the long story short
+is I would just recommend just calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I would just recommend just calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I would just recommend just calling
+with most of those hands, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most of those hands, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with most of those hands, although
+there's definitely lots of arguments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely lots of arguments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely lots of arguments you
+can make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make for
+raising. Uh, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising. Uh, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising. Uh, yeah,
+I didn't get why wouldn't you want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get why wouldn't you want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get why wouldn't you want to to
+be raise if you have the top pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be raise if you have the top pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be raise if you have the top pair and
+the top top?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top top?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top top?
+Cuz if you give them uh the draws, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuz if you give them uh the draws, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuz if you give them uh the draws, at
+least you want to make the pot bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you want to make the pot bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you want to make the pot bigger
+than it is right now, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is right now, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is right now, right?
+you're talking about this situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about this situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about this situation.
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, that's a
+good point. Um so, um yeah, I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. Um so, um yeah, I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point. Um so, um yeah, I think that
+the main reason is just your like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is just your like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is just your like
+overall equity against their range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall equity against their range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall equity against their range is
+pretty low on this board compared to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low on this board compared to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low on this board compared to an
+average situation. If you have top pair,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average situation. If you have top pair,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average situation. If you have top pair,
+top kicker, like if the board is jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top kicker, like if the board is jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top kicker, like if the board is jack
+72, your equity against their range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72, your equity against their range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72, your equity against their range is
+probably something like 85%. Whereas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like 85%. Whereas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like 85%. Whereas on
+this board, your your equity is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board, your your equity is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board, your your equity is just
+overall a lot less. There's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall a lot less. There's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall a lot less. There's a lot more
+hands that beat you. So there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that beat you. So there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands that beat you. So there's there's
+a lot higher probability that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot higher probability that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot higher probability that if you
+raise and call and put all your money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and call and put all your money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise and call and put all your money in
+that you're behind basically. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're behind basically. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're behind basically. So there's
+just a huge risk of that. So but yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge risk of that. So but yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a huge risk of that. So but yeah, I
+do agree. It it does feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do agree. It it does feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do agree. It it does feel very
+unsatisfying to only call and let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying to only call and let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying to only call and let them
+see those cards. But I think it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those cards. But I think it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those cards. But I think it's sort
+of the lesser of two evils in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lesser of two evils in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lesser of two evils in this
+situation between putting all your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation between putting all your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation between putting all your money
+in with this hand versus letting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with this hand versus letting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with this hand versus letting them
+see some cards. Yeah. All right. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some cards. Yeah. All right. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some cards. Yeah. All right. Cool.
+Um Okay. So just how good does my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. So just how good does my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. So just how good does my hand
+have to be to raise? And the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be to raise? And the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be to raise? And the question
+depends on the effective stack size. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the effective stack size. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the effective stack size. But
+when the effective stack size is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the effective stack size is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the effective stack size is fairly
+deep, so let's say 40 big blinds, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep, so let's say 40 big blinds, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep, so let's say 40 big blinds, I
+think is about the 40 big blinds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is about the 40 big blinds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is about the 40 big blinds or
+deeper. So, you know, you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper. So, you know, you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper. So, you know, you have a lot of
+chips, you're playing for a lot of chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips, you're playing for a lot of chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips, you're playing for a lot of chips
+relative to the blinds, you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the blinds, you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the blinds, you need a
+pretty good hand to want to put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand to want to put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good hand to want to put all your
+money in. Um, so a general rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in. Um, so a general rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in. Um, so a general rule of thumb
+is two pair or bigger. And um, yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two pair or bigger. And um, yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two pair or bigger. And um, yeah,
+once again, this is only this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, this is only this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, this is only this is only
+applicable when the effective sack size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable when the effective sack size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable when the effective sack size
+is large. And a lot of the online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large. And a lot of the online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large. And a lot of the online
+tournaments, especially the ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments, especially the ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments, especially the ones where
+the blinds go up quickly, the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds go up quickly, the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds go up quickly, the effective
+stack size can be around 10 or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size can be around 10 or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack size can be around 10 or even
+lower pretty quickly. Uh yeah. Uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower pretty quickly. Uh yeah. Uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower pretty quickly. Uh yeah. Uh how
+much do all of these decisions depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do all of these decisions depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do all of these decisions depend on
+their position or your position? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position or your position? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position or your position? Okay,
+that's a very good question actually. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question actually. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question actually. Um
+right, so so so in this situation uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so so so in this situation uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, so so so in this situation uh so
+the answer is essentially yeah, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is essentially yeah, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is essentially yeah, it
+depends a lot. Um and this the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot. Um and this the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot. Um and this the examples
+I gave are specifically for the button.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave are specifically for the button.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave are specifically for the button.
+Yeah. So, um I would say if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, um I would say if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, um I would say if they were
+under the gun instead of the button, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun instead of the button, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun instead of the button, you
+need to play you need to play somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to play you need to play somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to play you need to play somewhat
+differently because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently because they're going to
+have cuz on the button, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cuz on the button, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cuz on the button, you know,
+they're going to have 55% of hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have 55% of hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have 55% of hands and
+let's say here like 10 9 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here like 10 9 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say here like 10 9 is a
+possibility, but um actually maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility, but um actually maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility, but um actually maybe a
+better example is I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better example is I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better example is I think this is a
+board where where it's really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board where where it's really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board where where it's really different
+because against against a if they raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because against against a if they raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because against against a if they raise
+from the button, you know, they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button, you know, they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button, you know, they could
+have 55% of hands and Ace3 is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 55% of hands and Ace3 is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 55% of hands and Ace3 is a pretty
+good hand here. But if they raise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand here. But if they raise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good hand here. But if they raise from
+under the gun and they're pretty tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun and they're pretty tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun and they're pretty tight
+and their range is pocket eights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their range is pocket eights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their range is pocket eights are
+better and ace queen, ace jack, ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and ace queen, ace jack, ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and ace queen, ace jack, ace
+king, then you're doing a lot worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, then you're doing a lot worse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, then you're doing a lot worse.
+Yeah. Yeah. So it it definitely matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So it it definitely matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So it it definitely matters
+a lot. And yeah, I mean Yeah. So I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot. And yeah, I mean Yeah. So I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot. And yeah, I mean Yeah. So I guess
+I can't I can't go through every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't go through every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't I can't go through every single
+possibility, right? Like this position,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility, right? Like this position,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility, right? Like this position,
+this stack size with this. Um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stack size with this. Um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stack size with this. Um so so
+yeah. So you do have to do a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So you do have to do a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So you do have to do a bit of
+extrapolation. Um like if they're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation. Um like if they're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation. Um like if they're right
+now in this these examples, they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this these examples, they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this these examples, they're the
+bun. If they're the cut off, their range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bun. If they're the cut off, their range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bun. If they're the cut off, their range
+is going to be a bit stronger. Um, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bit stronger. Um, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a bit stronger. Um, if
+they're the hijack, their range will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the hijack, their range will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the hijack, their range will be
+a bit stronger. Yeah. Yeah, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit stronger. Yeah. Yeah, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit stronger. Yeah. Yeah, that's a
+very good question. Yeah. Very, very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question. Yeah. Very, very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question. Yeah. Very, very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+point. Yeah, because in all the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Yeah, because in all the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Yeah, because in all the analysis
+I just did, I'm assuming their range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did, I'm assuming their range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did, I'm assuming their range
+includes hands as bad as like 87 suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes hands as bad as like 87 suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes hands as bad as like 87 suited
+and stuff, which isn't going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff, which isn't going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff, which isn't going to be the
+case if they were earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if they were earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if they were earlier
+position. Okay. So, all right. So, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay. So, all right. So, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay. So, all right. So, how
+good does my hand have to be to raise?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good does my hand have to be to raise?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good does my hand have to be to raise?
+Um, so two pair are better. by two pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so two pair are better. by two pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so two pair are better. by two pair
+or better. I mean two pair where both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better. I mean two pair where both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better. I mean two pair where both of
+your cards make a pair here where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards make a pair here where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards make a pair here where one
+pair is on the flop. Um I wouldn't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is on the flop. Um I wouldn't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is on the flop. Um I wouldn't count
+this as two pair and you know this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as two pair and you know this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as two pair and you know this two
+pair is complete trash because any card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is complete trash because any card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair is complete trash because any card
+beats you. So I wouldn't go all in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats you. So I wouldn't go all in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats you. So I wouldn't go all in here.
+Um this one's also pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this one's also pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this one's also pretty
+bad. So okay. So now when would Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So okay. So now when would Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So okay. So now when would Okay. So
+So I think this is one this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think this is one this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think this is one this is basically
+the best thing that can happen to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing that can happen to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best thing that can happen to you in
+poker pretty much. Um almost this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker pretty much. Um almost this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker pretty much. Um almost this exact
+situation. So, here we've got um yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So, here we've got um yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So, here we've got um yeah,
+we got three of a kind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three of a kind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three of a kind and
+um and there's also a lot of draws. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's also a lot of draws. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there's also a lot of draws. So,
+we're going to get played back at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get played back at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get played back at a
+decent amount cuz he could have hearts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent amount cuz he could have hearts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent amount cuz he could have hearts,
+he'd have like queen, jack. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd have like queen, jack. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd have like queen, jack. Um there's
+just so much stuff that isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so much stuff that isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so much stuff that isn't going to
+fold and we're always going to be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and we're always going to be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and we're always going to be way
+ahead. Pretty much always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Pretty much always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead. Pretty much always going to be
+way ahead. Um so, so so yeah, I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead. Um so, so so yeah, I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ahead. Um so, so so yeah, I actually
+think this is very close to the dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is very close to the dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is very close to the dream
+situation. Um, does anyone have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Um, does anyone have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Um, does anyone have an idea
+why this situation is almost in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this situation is almost in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this situation is almost in some
+sense even better than say we had pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense even better than say we had pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense even better than say we had pocket
+tens? Um, yeah. If you have pocket 10,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens? Um, yeah. If you have pocket 10,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens? Um, yeah. If you have pocket 10,
+that's likely to have a 10. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's likely to have a 10. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's likely to have a 10. Exactly.
+Okay. All right. I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. I'm going to give you a
+I'm going to give you a $20 gift.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a $20 gift.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you a $20 gift.
+Um, no more no more playoffs today. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, no more no more playoffs today. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, no more no more playoffs today. So,
+you can see Okay. Um, right. So, so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see Okay. Um, right. So, so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see Okay. Um, right. So, so it's
+almost even better in some sense to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost even better in some sense to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost even better in some sense to have
+pocket fives cuz as uh as Ben said, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fives cuz as uh as Ben said, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fives cuz as uh as Ben said, if
+you have pocket fives, there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have pocket fives, there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have pocket fives, there's there's
+he could have a 10 and put in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have a 10 and put in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could have a 10 and put in a lot of
+money. If you have pocket tens, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. If you have pocket tens, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money. If you have pocket tens, even
+though you're crushing even harder, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're crushing even harder, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're crushing even harder, it's
+almost like you've taken all the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like you've taken all the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like you've taken all the good
+cards away and he's just always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards away and he's just always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards away and he's just always going to
+fold. So, okay. Um here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. So, okay. Um here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. So, okay. Um here's another
+situation where your hand's very good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where your hand's very good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where your hand's very good.
+Although, I think you can make a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although, I think you can make a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although, I think you can make a case
+for just calling here. Um, yeah, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just calling here. Um, yeah, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just calling here. Um, yeah, I don't
+want to say you you have to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you you have to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say you you have to raise
+because your hand is just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your hand is just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your hand is just so
+invulnerable. And even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invulnerable. And even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invulnerable. And even though the
+chances that he has the remaining ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that he has the remaining ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that he has the remaining ace
+and a better card to go with it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a better card to go with it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a better card to go with it is
+pretty small, there's there is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small, there's there is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small, there's there is still a
+lot of um I guess like adverse selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um I guess like adverse selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um I guess like adverse selection
+in this case where because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case where because there's no
+draws when you raise, he will fold a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws when you raise, he will fold a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws when you raise, he will fold a lot
+of stuff. And the stuff that he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff. And the stuff that he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff. And the stuff that he does
+play, it's not going to only include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, it's not going to only include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, it's not going to only include the
+remaining ace like he will call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ace like he will call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining ace like he will call with
+pocket sevens almost certainly, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sevens almost certainly, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sevens almost certainly, but it
+does include it. it does significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does include it. it does significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does include it. it does significantly
+make his range more likely to be the ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his range more likely to be the ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make his range more likely to be the ace
+that beats you. So I think just calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats you. So I think just calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats you. So I think just calling
+is okay. Um here obviously you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. Um here obviously you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. Um here obviously you have the
+best possible hand. Although once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible hand. Although once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best possible hand. Although once again
+I think just calling as a sort of a trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just calling as a sort of a trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think just calling as a sort of a trap
+is reasonable. Um although I I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reasonable. Um although I I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reasonable. Um although I I I would
+advocate just raising. I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate just raising. I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate just raising. I think it's the
+simpler play. You know calling I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler play. You know calling I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler play. You know calling I think
+you'll see a lot of a lot of high stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a lot of a lot of high stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a lot of a lot of high stakes
+players do as a trap but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players do as a trap but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players do as a trap but it's a very
+very tricky play. I think raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky play. I think raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky play. I think raising
+definitely has lots of merits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely has lots of merits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely has lots of merits because
+like if they've got king like even ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they've got king like even ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they've got king like even ace
+king, they they're not going to fold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, they they're not going to fold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king, they they're not going to fold.
+They just want to get all the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They just want to get all the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They just want to get all the money in
+because they're they're probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're they're probably going
+to think you're more likely to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think you're more likely to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think you're more likely to have a
+single heart than two hearts. So if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single heart than two hearts. So if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single heart than two hearts. So if they
+had ace king, especially when it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ace king, especially when it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ace king, especially when it's only
+40 big blinds, they're probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 big blinds, they're probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 big blinds, they're probably just
+going to be happy putting all the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happy putting all the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be happy putting all the money
+in and before you can see a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and before you can see a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and before you can see a fourth
+heart. So, like in this case, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. So, like in this case, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. So, like in this case, even
+though you don't need a fourth card to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't need a fourth card to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't need a fourth card to
+make a flush, a fourth card is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a flush, a fourth card is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a flush, a fourth card is a really
+bad card for you cuz that sort of kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad card for you cuz that sort of kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad card for you cuz that sort of kills
+all the action you're getting from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the action you're getting from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the action you're getting from from
+a king, from a pair of kings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king, from a pair of kings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king, from a pair of kings or
+something. Yeah. Um, okay. So, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Yeah. Um, okay. So, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Yeah. Um, okay. So, this is a
+similar situation. Although, in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar situation. Although, in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar situation. Although, in this
+case, I would say a flush a raise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I would say a flush a raise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I would say a flush a raise is
+mandatory. Um, in the previous case, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. Um, in the previous case, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandatory. Um, in the previous case, I I
+I think it's not mandatory because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not mandatory because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's not mandatory because your
+hand is so safe. If you're if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is so safe. If you're if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is so safe. If you're if you decide
+to try to trap your opponent, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to trap your opponent, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to trap your opponent, there's
+you'll never like end up trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never like end up trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll never like end up trapping
+yourself. Whereas here, if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Whereas here, if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Whereas here, if they just
+have any heart higher than a six, if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any heart higher than a six, if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any heart higher than a six, if a
+fourth card comes, they they're beating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth card comes, they they're beating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth card comes, they they're beating
+you now. And worst of all is, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now. And worst of all is, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now. And worst of all is, you know,
+let's say they have 10 of hearts, nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have 10 of hearts, nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they have 10 of hearts, nine
+of diamonds. If you raise, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diamonds. If you raise, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diamonds. If you raise, you could
+have easily gotten them to fold that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have easily gotten them to fold that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have easily gotten them to fold that 10
+of hearts probably. Um although that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts probably. Um although that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts probably. Um although that 10
+of hearts, nine of diamonds is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts, nine of diamonds is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hearts, nine of diamonds is a bit
+good. Let's say like nine of hearts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Let's say like nine of hearts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Let's say like nine of hearts,
+eight of diamonds there. They almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of diamonds there. They almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight of diamonds there. They almost
+certainly would have folded their higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly would have folded their higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly would have folded their higher
+heart. And now you just lost an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. And now you just lost an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart. And now you just lost an entire
+pot because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot because you didn't
+raise. So here I would raise. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So here I would raise. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So here I would raise. Um you
+have a straight. You are drawing dead if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a straight. You are drawing dead if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a straight. You are drawing dead if
+they have a flush. But with only 40 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a flush. But with only 40 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a flush. But with only 40 big
+blinds, I think the chances of a flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds, I think the chances of a flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds, I think the chances of a flush
+is unlikely enough. Getting it in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unlikely enough. Getting it in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unlikely enough. Getting it in is
+okay. With 100 big blinds, you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. With 100 big blinds, you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. With 100 big blinds, you could
+still raise, but probably not go all in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still raise, but probably not go all in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still raise, but probably not go all in.
+Um two pair. The board is sort of scary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um two pair. The board is sort of scary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um two pair. The board is sort of scary,
+but two pair is definitely good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two pair is definitely good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two pair is definitely good enough
+here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So
+um all right. So these are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right. So these are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right. So these are examples
+where you had really good hands and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had really good hands and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had really good hands and I
+said you should just raise and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you should just raise and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you should just raise and get the
+money in and be happy about it. Um so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in and be happy about it. Um so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in and be happy about it. Um so do
+I need such a good hand? There's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need such a good hand? There's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need such a good hand? There's some
+other situations where a one pair hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where a one pair hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situations where a one pair hand
+is sort of good enough. And so coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of good enough. And so coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of good enough. And so coming
+back to the jack ace jack example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the jack ace jack example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the jack ace jack example you
+asked. So we'll see some of that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked. So we'll see some of that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked. So we'll see some of that. Um
+okay. So in this case I think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So in this case I think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So in this case I think if you
+have pocket aces that's definitely good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket aces that's definitely good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket aces that's definitely good
+enough to get it in. Although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get it in. Although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get it in. Although you
+shouldn't have pocket aces that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have pocket aces that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have pocket aces that often
+here because most of the time you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because most of the time you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because most of the time you should
+be re- raising pre flop. But, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be re- raising pre flop. But, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be re- raising pre flop. But, you know,
+if you if you decide not to raise pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you decide not to raise pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you decide not to raise pocket
+aces pre flop and you end up with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces pre flop and you end up with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces pre flop and you end up with it
+here, then then I guess raising is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then then I guess raising is good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then then I guess raising is good.
+You're going to be having the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to be having the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to be having the better
+hand. Although, you know, if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Although, you know, if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Although, you know, if you were
+trapping them pre flop, maybe you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping them pre flop, maybe you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping them pre flop, maybe you just
+want to trap them again and call again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trap them again and call again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trap them again and call again
+since there's not that many scary cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's not that many scary cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's not that many scary cards.
+Um, so here's an example of an ace jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's an example of an ace jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's an example of an ace jack
+situation where I think getting in in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I think getting in in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I think getting in in is
+fine just because there's still draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine just because there's still draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine just because there's still draws
+and there's still lots of worse hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's still lots of worse hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's still lots of worse hands
+that will give you action, but overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you action, but overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you action, but overall
+your equity against their range is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equity against their range is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equity against their range is much
+much higher on Jack 7 deuce than Jack 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher on Jack 7 deuce than Jack 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher on Jack 7 deuce than Jack 10
+9. Um, so I would just raise and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9. Um, so I would just raise and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9. Um, so I would just raise and be
+happy getting in 43 blinds here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy getting in 43 blinds here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy getting in 43 blinds here.
+Um, here's a similar example, king jack,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here's a similar example, king jack,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, here's a similar example, king jack,
+but we've also got the second best flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've also got the second best flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've also got the second best flush
+draw. So, it's just very hard to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw. So, it's just very hard to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw. So, it's just very hard to get it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+bat. Okay. So, we'll see some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. Okay. So, we'll see some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. Okay. So, we'll see some examples
+where we have fewer chips. So, in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have fewer chips. So, in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have fewer chips. So, in the in
+the last case, all the hands, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last case, all the hands, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last case, all the hands, we
+essentially had 40 big blinds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially had 40 big blinds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially had 40 big blinds.
+Essentially had a lot of chips. Um, so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially had a lot of chips. Um, so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Essentially had a lot of chips. Um, so,
+okay. So, now let's look at a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, now let's look at a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, now let's look at a situation
+where all the players So, we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the players So, we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the players So, we only have
+um 1250 to start the hand. So that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1250 to start the hand. So that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1250 to start the hand. So that's uh
+25 big blinds. And okay, so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 big blinds. And okay, so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 big blinds. And okay, so in this
+case, even if you got top pair with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, even if you got top pair with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, even if you got top pair with a
+mediocre uh kicker, I would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre uh kicker, I would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre uh kicker, I would just be
+prepared to go all in. Um because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to go all in. Um because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to go all in. Um because we
+were risking a lot fewer chips. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were risking a lot fewer chips. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were risking a lot fewer chips. We're
+risking a lot fewer chips relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking a lot fewer chips relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risking a lot fewer chips relative to
+the blinds. So here I would just go go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds. So here I would just go go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blinds. So here I would just go go
+all in. So here are some Yes. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. So here are some Yes. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. So here are some Yes. So I'm
+showing you some examples where, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some examples where, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you some examples where, you
+know, if I'm 40 or more big blinds deep,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I'm 40 or more big blinds deep,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I'm 40 or more big blinds deep,
+I wouldn't be happy getting all my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be happy getting all my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't be happy getting all my money
+in. But when I'm only 25 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But when I'm only 25 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But when I'm only 25 big blinds
+deep, I'm very happy to get all my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep, I'm very happy to get all my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep, I'm very happy to get all my money
+in. Um, this is another example. Top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, this is another example. Top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, this is another example. Top
+hair, top kicker. It is a scary board in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair, top kicker. It is a scary board in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair, top kicker. It is a scary board in
+some sense, but there you just got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense, but there you just got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense, but there you just got you
+just got to gamble for it when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to gamble for it when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got to gamble for it when when the
+pot is already so big on the flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is already so big on the flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot is already so big on the flop
+relative to your stack. Um, same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to your stack. Um, same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to your stack. Um, same thing
+again here. So earlier I had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here. So earlier I had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here. So earlier I had some
+examples of this on similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this on similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this on similar to this
+where I said you just call. But when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said you just call. But when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I said you just call. But when
+you've only got um when you've only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got um when you've only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only got um when you've only got
+four to five times the flop, sorry, four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five times the flop, sorry, four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five times the flop, sorry, four
+to five times the pot on the flop, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five times the pot on the flop, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five times the pot on the flop, I
+would just go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just go for
+it. Um okay, I'll quickly run through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um okay, I'll quickly run through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um okay, I'll quickly run through
+this session. This is this section. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session. This is this section. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this session. This is this section. This
+is a slightly more advanced play where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slightly more advanced play where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a slightly more advanced play where
+um where you don't check to the pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you don't check to the pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where you don't check to the pre flop
+razor. So, this whole time I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor. So, this whole time I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razor. So, this whole time I've been
+talking about checking to the pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about checking to the pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about checking to the pre flop
+razer as a form of respect. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razer as a form of respect. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+razer as a form of respect. Um,
+respecting that the pre flop razor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting that the pre flop razor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting that the pre flop razor's
+range contains aces and yours probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range contains aces and yours probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range contains aces and yours probably
+doesn't. Um, so when do we want to lead?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. Um, so when do we want to lead?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. Um, so when do we want to lead?
+So, from a theoretical point of view, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from a theoretical point of view, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, from a theoretical point of view, so
+from a trying to play optimally point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trying to play optimally point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a trying to play optimally point of
+view, essentially we want to lead flops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, essentially we want to lead flops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, essentially we want to lead flops
+that hit our range um better than his um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit our range um better than his um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit our range um better than his um
+even though his range contains aces,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though his range contains aces,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though his range contains aces,
+which is like a universal best hand. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like a universal best hand. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like a universal best hand. So,
+they're rare, but they do exist. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rare, but they do exist. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rare, but they do exist. Um, and
+I think it's okay if you never lead, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's okay if you never lead, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's okay if you never lead, but
+I'm going to quickly run through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to quickly run through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to quickly run through this
+session, this section. Um, showing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session, this section. Um, showing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session, this section. Um, showing some
+examples where I think leading is fine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where I think leading is fine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where I think leading is fine,
+but I think it's an advanced unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's an advanced unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's an advanced unnecessary
+play. So, okay. So, here's an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. So, okay. So, here's an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. So, okay. So, here's an example.
+Um, I I hope this is visible. So, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I I hope this is visible. So, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I I hope this is visible. So, we've
+only we're pretty shallow here. So, most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we're pretty shallow here. So, most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we're pretty shallow here. So, most
+of the situations where leading is good,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situations where leading is good,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situations where leading is good,
+um, you're fairly shallow. So, they So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you're fairly shallow. So, they So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, you're fairly shallow. So, they So,
+uh, cut off two from the other. So, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, cut off two from the other. So, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, cut off two from the other. So, one
+from the button makes it 1,200 at 300,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button makes it 1,200 at 300,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button makes it 1,200 at 300,
+600. And there's anties. So we call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600. And there's anties. So we call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600. And there's anties. So we call with
+nine deuce suited with uh 4 and 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine deuce suited with uh 4 and 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine deuce suited with uh 4 and 1 half
+to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one
+odds. Okay. So and so here we flop 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. So and so here we flop 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. So and so here we flop 256
+and I lead a third of flop a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I lead a third of flop a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I lead a third of flop a third of
+pot planning essentially to get all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot planning essentially to get all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot planning essentially to get all my
+money in. Um because we're so shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in. Um because we're so shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in. Um because we're so shallow
+like I only started the hand with 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I only started the hand with 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I only started the hand with 10 big
+blinds. Essentially any pair is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. Essentially any pair is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. Essentially any pair is going to
+be good enough to get all my money in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good enough to get all my money in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good enough to get all my money in.
+Although maybe not if he raises from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although maybe not if he raises from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although maybe not if he raises from
+under the gun, but uh from from cutoff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun, but uh from from cutoff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun, but uh from from cutoff,
+I'm happy to put all my money in against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to put all my money in against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to put all my money in against
+this. Um so what's the rationale? So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um so what's the rationale? So our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um so what's the rationale? So our
+hands good enough to put all our money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands good enough to put all our money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands good enough to put all our money
+in and it's essentially a better flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's essentially a better flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's essentially a better flop
+for our range because we're short enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our range because we're short enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our range because we're short enough
+where the the immediate equity pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the immediate equity pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the immediate equity pre flop
+means so much to us that we're calling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so much to us that we're calling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so much to us that we're calling a
+very wide range of hands. Basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide range of hands. Basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide range of hands. Basically a
+lot of hands that includes twos, threes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hands that includes twos, threes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of hands that includes twos, threes,
+fours, fives, and sixes. Whereas his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours, fives, and sixes. Whereas his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours, fives, and sixes. Whereas his
+range he opened from button. So he sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range he opened from button. So he sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range he opened from button. So he sorry
+he he opened from cut off. You know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he opened from cut off. You know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he opened from cut off. You know even
+though it contains more monstrous hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it contains more monstrous hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it contains more monstrous hands
+than ours like pocket aces. It also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ours like pocket aces. It also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ours like pocket aces. It also just
+contains a lot of hands like jack 10,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of hands like jack 10,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of hands like jack 10,
+queen 10. Basically hands that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 10. Basically hands that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen 10. Basically hands that don't
+connect with this board cuz if he had 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with this board cuz if he had 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with this board cuz if he had 65
+he probably isn't going to open. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably isn't going to open. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he probably isn't going to open. At
+least I don't think by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I don't think by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I don't think by my
+recommendations he should be opening 65.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations he should be opening 65.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations he should be opening 65.
+Whereas we can have hands like 65. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas we can have hands like 65. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas we can have hands like 65. We
+can have hands like 43. Um so I lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have hands like 43. Um so I lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have hands like 43. Um so I lead
+here. So, it's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, it's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, it's it's basically
+essentially saying, you know, I'm no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying, you know, I'm no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying, you know, I'm no
+longer respecting you because the flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer respecting you because the flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer respecting you because the flop
+came in a very specific way where now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in a very specific way where now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in a very specific way where now my
+range of hands is actually better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands is actually better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of hands is actually better than
+your range of hands. So, I'm essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of hands. So, I'm essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range of hands. So, I'm essentially
+the pre-op aggressor and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-op aggressor and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre-op aggressor and I'm going to
+bet and try to make the pot big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and try to make the pot big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and try to make the pot big and
+force you into a tough situation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you into a tough situation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you into a tough situation with
+your weaker range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weaker range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your weaker range.
+Um, and yeah, and we can play play like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yeah, and we can play play like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yeah, and we can play play like
+this with our good hands and with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our good hands and with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with our good hands and with our
+bad hands like 73. We have a gut shot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands like 73. We have a gut shot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands like 73. We have a gut shot,
+but we can we can bluff with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can we can bluff with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can we can bluff with it.
+Um, so here's another example. So under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's another example. So under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here's another example. So under
+the gun raises, we call with ace9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun raises, we call with ace9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun raises, we call with ace9
+suited, which I think is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, which I think is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, which I think is a bit
+speculative, but um, whatever. We decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative, but um, whatever. We decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculative, but um, whatever. We decide
+to call and we leave the 1075 flop where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and we leave the 1075 flop where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and we leave the 1075 flop where
+we have a flush draw. And once again, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a flush draw. And once again, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a flush draw. And once again, I
+think it's reasonable. So it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable. So it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's reasonable. So it's it's
+deep. It's fairly deep, but we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep. It's fairly deep, but we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep. It's fairly deep, but we can have
+even though they can have aces, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they can have aces, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though they can have aces, we can
+have more hands like um we can have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more hands like um we can have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more hands like um we can have more
+pocket fives, pocket sevens type hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fives, pocket sevens type hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket fives, pocket sevens type hands
+than him who might not open those. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than him who might not open those. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than him who might not open those. And
+also he almost certainly isn't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also he almost certainly isn't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also he almost certainly isn't ever
+gonna have nine eight of diamonds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have nine eight of diamonds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have nine eight of diamonds or
+jack knight of diamonds hands that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack knight of diamonds hands that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack knight of diamonds hands that are
+basically monstrous draws whereas we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically monstrous draws whereas we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically monstrous draws whereas we
+can. So once again I bet because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. So once again I bet because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. So once again I bet because I don't
+really want him to check back ace king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want him to check back ace king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want him to check back ace king
+or pocket eights or something which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pocket eights or something which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pocket eights or something which he
+probably will because you know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will because you know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will because you know if they
+if they have ace king they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have ace king they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have ace king they're going to
+think um the board is fairly scary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um the board is fairly scary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um the board is fairly scary.
+They're probably not going to fold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're probably not going to fold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're probably not going to fold that
+much because there's so many draws if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because there's so many draws if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because there's so many draws if I
+bet. So they're just going to check back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So they're just going to check back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. So they're just going to check back
+ace king. And that essentially has uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace king. And that essentially has uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace king. And that essentially has uh
+that essentially has two problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially has two problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that essentially has two problems is
+we're not beating ace king unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not beating ace king unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not beating ace king unless we
+improve. So by betting we basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve. So by betting we basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve. So by betting we basically we
+just make the pot bigger against ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the pot bigger against ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make the pot bigger against ace
+king and nines and we we can get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king and nines and we we can get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king and nines and we we can get them to
+fold whereas if we check it might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold whereas if we check it might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold whereas if we check it might just
+get shut down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get shut down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get shut down.
+Um and yeah so so yeah one caveat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah so so yeah one caveat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah so so yeah one caveat about
+leading though is if your opponent knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading though is if your opponent knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading though is if your opponent knows
+leading is part of your strategy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading is part of your strategy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading is part of your strategy then
+your range is significantly weaker when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range is significantly weaker when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your range is significantly weaker when
+you actually check. So, as a result, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually check. So, as a result, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually check. So, as a result, if
+your opponent knows you're the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent knows you're the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent knows you're the type of
+player who, let's say on a, you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player who, let's say on a, you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player who, let's say on a, you know, so
+this is really getting next higher next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really getting next higher next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really getting next higher next
+and next level, but if they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next level, but if they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next level, but if they know that
+you're the type of player who will lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the type of player who will lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the type of player who will lead
+a lot of your hands on a 256 flop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your hands on a 256 flop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your hands on a 256 flop in
+this specific situation, then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific situation, then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific situation, then when you
+check to them with a hand like Jack 10,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to them with a hand like Jack 10,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check to them with a hand like Jack 10,
+they can basically just bet and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can basically just bet and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can basically just bet and know
+you'll almost certainly fold because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll almost certainly fold because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll almost certainly fold because you
+you you're leading a lot of your good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're leading a lot of your good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you're leading a lot of your good
+hands. So, that's another caveat caveat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. So, that's another caveat caveat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. So, that's another caveat caveat
+about leading. It's um it's very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leading. It's um it's very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leading. It's um it's very tricky
+to balance correctly because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance correctly because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to balance correctly because you need
+to, you know, if you're leading bluffs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, you know, if you're leading bluffs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, you know, if you're leading bluffs,
+you need to also lead some good hands to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to also lead some good hands to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to also lead some good hands to
+balance it out, but then you also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it out, but then you also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance it out, but then you also need
+to check some good hands occasionally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check some good hands occasionally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check some good hands occasionally to
+balance out all the bad hands you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out all the bad hands you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out all the bad hands you're
+checking so that your opponent can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so that your opponent can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking so that your opponent can't
+just bet for free. So, it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bet for free. So, it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bet for free. So, it's a very
+tricky play. And I wanted to quickly run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky play. And I wanted to quickly run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky play. And I wanted to quickly run
+through it to, you know, to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it to, you know, to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it to, you know, to just say
+it's out there and, you know, when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there and, you know, when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there and, you know, when you
+watch poker and you see people not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch poker and you see people not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch poker and you see people not
+automatically check to the pre-pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically check to the pre-pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically check to the pre-pop
+aggressor, sort of give you an idea why,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor, sort of give you an idea why,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor, sort of give you an idea why,
+but it is a fairly advanced and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a fairly advanced and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a fairly advanced and um
+tricky play and it's easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky play and it's easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky play and it's easy to make
+mistakes leading, which is why I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes leading, which is why I think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes leading, which is why I think,
+you know, I I think it's fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I I think it's fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I I think it's fine if
+throughout this course you never lead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this course you never lead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this course you never lead.
+Um, okay. So, now I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, now I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, now I'm going to talk
+about some implied odds and reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some implied odds and reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some implied odds and reverse
+implied odds. So, okay. So, here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied odds. So, okay. So, here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied odds. So, okay. So, here's a
+situation. So note that uh so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So note that uh so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. So note that uh so we have
+the worst hand in poker. Um we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst hand in poker. Um we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst hand in poker. Um we got six
+but we've only got three big blinds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've only got three big blinds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've only got three big blinds.
+Okay. And hijack raises to 2400. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And hijack raises to 2400. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And hijack raises to 2400. So the
+question is do we want to do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do we want to do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do we want to do we want to
+call in this situation? So we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in this situation? So we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in this situation? So we're putting
+in 1,600. Um so we can do a quick equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1,600. Um so we can do a quick equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1,600. Um so we can do a quick equity
+calculation. So if we call we're all in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. So if we call we're all in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation. So if we call we're all in.
+So the only thing that matters is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only thing that matters is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only thing that matters is the
+equity of our hand against his range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity of our hand against his range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity of our hand against his range.
+That's essentially the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essentially the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's essentially the only thing that
+matters cuz he has no more decisions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters cuz he has no more decisions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters cuz he has no more decisions. So
+optimal play doesn't even matter in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play doesn't even matter in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play doesn't even matter in this
+case. It's a strict mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. It's a strict mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. It's a strict mathematical
+expectation calculation and um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation calculation and um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation calculation and um and we're
+actually so you basically we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you basically we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so you basically we need to
+call two big blinds. So 1,600 that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call two big blinds. So 1,600 that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call two big blinds. So 1,600 that's two
+big blinds to win. How much is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds to win. How much is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds to win. How much is already
+in the pot is uh 5 1/2, right? 5 1/2 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot is uh 5 1/2, right? 5 1/2 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot is uh 5 1/2, right? 5 1/2 big
+blinds. So they they made a big raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. So they they made a big raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. So they they made a big raise
+here. They made it they made it 3x. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. They made it they made it 3x. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. They made it they made it 3x. Um
+so we need 2 over 7.5 which is 27%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need 2 over 7.5 which is 27%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need 2 over 7.5 which is 27%
+equity. And if we put them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. And if we put them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. And if we put them on a
+reasonable range from that position, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable range from that position, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable range from that position, we
+have 28% equity, which is about to call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 28% equity, which is about to call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 28% equity, which is about to call.
+So I think calling is a fine play. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think calling is a fine play. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I think calling is a fine play. Okay,
+I'm not making fun of this person who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not making fun of this person who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not making fun of this person who I
+think probably was me. Um, so yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably was me. Um, so yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably was me. Um, so yeah,
+calling is a fine play. And so now, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is a fine play. And so now, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is a fine play. And so now, but
+I want to emphasize, okay, so if calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to emphasize, okay, so if calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to emphasize, okay, so if calling
+is a good play because it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good play because it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good play because it's positive
+expectancy, why don't we call when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy, why don't we call when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy, why don't we call when we
+have more chips?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more chips?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more chips?
+So, in this situation, um, you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in this situation, um, you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, in this situation, um, you know, if
+someone called, they would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone called, they would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone called, they would probably be
+ridiculed, right? Why are you calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculed, right? Why are you calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculed, right? Why are you calling
+with 27 offsuit against a hijack raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 27 offsuit against a hijack raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 27 offsuit against a hijack raise
+that isn't even giving you good odds?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't even giving you good odds?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't even giving you good odds?
+Cuz they raised at 3x, which is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuz they raised at 3x, which is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cuz they raised at 3x, which is a big
+raise. So, why is it bad in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So, why is it bad in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. So, why is it bad in this case
+when you have more chips? And the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more chips? And the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more chips? And the reason
+is essentially what's called reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially what's called reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially what's called reverse
+implied odds. So, in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied odds. So, in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied odds. So, in the first
+situation, we called because we were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, we called because we were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, we called because we were all
+in and the equity calculation said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the equity calculation said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and the equity calculation said we
+could. But in the second situation, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. But in the second situation, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could. But in the second situation, even
+though the equity calculation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the equity calculation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the equity calculation is the
+same and we do have the right odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and we do have the right odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and we do have the right odds to
+call pre flop, the hand isn't over,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call pre flop, the hand isn't over,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call pre flop, the hand isn't over,
+there's still potentially 46,000 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still potentially 46,000 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still potentially 46,000 more
+chips to be put in post flop. And with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips to be put in post flop. And with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips to be put in post flop. And with a
+hand like seven deuce offsuit, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand like seven deuce offsuit, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand like seven deuce offsuit, it's not
+only is it a weak hand, it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it a weak hand, it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is it a weak hand, it's very hard
+to play. When we hit a pair, we hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play. When we hit a pair, we hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play. When we hit a pair, we hit a
+small pair, we're often not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pair, we're often not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pair, we're often not going to be
+sure whether we have the better hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether we have the better hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether we have the better hand.
+We're going to have to decide whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to have to decide whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to have to decide whether to
+fold or call them down, and we're often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold or call them down, and we're often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold or call them down, and we're often
+going to be wrong. Um, so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wrong. Um, so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be wrong. Um, so it's a very
+very easy fold in this situation even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy fold in this situation even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy fold in this situation even
+though you have the odds because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have the odds because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have the odds because these
+reverse implied odds hurt you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse implied odds hurt you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse implied odds hurt you so much
+when there's still potentially 46,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's still potentially 46,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's still potentially 46,000 to
+play for post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for post
+fold. Okay. So here, let's say instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Okay. So here, let's say instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Okay. So here, let's say instead
+of 72 offsuit, I had ace two off suit. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 72 offsuit, I had ace two off suit. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 72 offsuit, I had ace two off suit. I
+would still fold. So if you do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still fold. So if you do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still fold. So if you do the same
+equity calculation, we actually have 43%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity calculation, we actually have 43%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity calculation, we actually have 43%
+against his range, which is tremendous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against his range, which is tremendous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against his range, which is tremendous.
+Um, but you only need 27% equity to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you only need 27% equity to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you only need 27% equity to all
+to to all in, right? So why would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to all in, right? So why would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to all in, right? So why would we
+fold when we have 43% equity and we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold when we have 43% equity and we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold when we have 43% equity and we only
+need 27% equity? The reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 27% equity? The reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 27% equity? The reason is because
+once again, reverse imply dots. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, reverse imply dots. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, reverse imply dots. Um, so
+there used to actually be this way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to actually be this way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there used to actually be this way you
+could cheat in online coder. Um, so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cheat in online coder. Um, so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could cheat in online coder. Um, so they
+had this thing called disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this thing called disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this thing called disconnect
+protection, which is if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection, which is if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection, which is if someone
+disconnects, this is really stupid and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects, this is really stupid and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnects, this is really stupid and I
+I got cheated by this so many times. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got cheated by this so many times. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got cheated by this so many times. Um,
+basically if you disconnected instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you disconnected instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you disconnected instead of
+your hand getting folded, essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand getting folded, essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand getting folded, essentially
+there's no more betting and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more betting and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more betting and all the
+cards are dealt and the person who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are dealt and the person who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards are dealt and the person who like
+wins the hand just wins the pot. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the hand just wins the pot. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins the hand just wins the pot. Okay?
+So essentially by disconnecting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially by disconnecting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially by disconnecting you
+could say, "Okay, screw you. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, "Okay, screw you. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say, "Okay, screw you. There's no
+more betting. We're just going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more betting. We're just going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more betting. We're just going to see
+until the river and whoever wins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the river and whoever wins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the river and whoever wins the
+hand is going to win the whole pot." So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is going to win the whole pot." So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is going to win the whole pot." So
+basically, you could cheat in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, you could cheat in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, you could cheat in this
+situation even if you had 72 offsuit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation even if you had 72 offsuit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation even if you had 72 offsuit by
+just calling and then disconnecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calling and then disconnecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calling and then disconnecting
+immediately and then none of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and then none of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and then none of this
+reverse implied odds exist. But um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse implied odds exist. But um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse implied odds exist. But um you
+can't shoot like this anymore. So don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't shoot like this anymore. So don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't shoot like this anymore. So don't
+try to make that play. So yeah. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make that play. So yeah. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make that play. So yeah. So in
+this case, even though you have 43%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, even though you have 43%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, even though you have 43%
+equity, I would fold. Um here with 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity, I would fold. Um here with 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity, I would fold. Um here with 98
+suited, it's a whole different story. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, it's a whole different story. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, it's a whole different story. We
+only have 37% equity, which is worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 37% equity, which is worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 37% equity, which is worse
+than 43%. But I would call um with 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 43%. But I would call um with 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 43%. But I would call um with 98
+suited, you can make a flush and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, you can make a flush and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, you can make a flush and make a
+better hand than him. You can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better hand than him. You can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better hand than him. You can make a
+straight and get him to put in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and get him to put in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and get him to put in a lot of
+money with a good pair. Um and yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with a good pair. Um and yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with a good pair. Um and yeah,
+you're still out of position. you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still out of position. you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still out of position. you still
+have to ask act second, but overall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask act second, but overall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask act second, but overall it's
+just a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a much better
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+situation. Okay. So, so now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Okay. So, so now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. Okay. So, so now I want to
+talk about implied odds. So, with the 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about implied odds. So, with the 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about implied odds. So, with the 98
+suited, you know, I sort of talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, you know, I sort of talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited, you know, I sort of talked about
+it's the the implied odds, the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the implied odds, the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the implied odds, the fact that
+you still have to play for more chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to play for more chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have to play for more chips
+after um on the turn and river almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um on the turn and river almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after um on the turn and river almost
+works in their favor because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in their favor because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in their favor because you can
+make straights and flushes and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make straights and flushes and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make straights and flushes and have a
+very good hand and be fairly certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good hand and be fairly certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good hand and be fairly certain
+you're winning and get him to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning and get him to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're winning and get him to put in
+more money with a worse hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money with a worse hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money with a worse hand.
+So implied odds is basically Yeah. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So implied odds is basically Yeah. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So implied odds is basically Yeah. It's
+um it's when the odds are in your favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's when the odds are in your favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's when the odds are in your favor
+because you're playing a hand that plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're playing a hand that plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're playing a hand that plays
+well post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well post
+flop. Okay. So Okay. So let's look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Okay. So Okay. So let's look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Okay. So Okay. So let's look at an
+example where implied odds I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where implied odds I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where implied odds I think are
+good. So this is called set mining. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So this is called set mining. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So this is called set mining. This
+is a play that's I think so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a play that's I think so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a play that's I think so I'm going to
+go through it even though it's a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it even though it's a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it even though it's a play
+that's sort of dying in poker. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of dying in poker. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of dying in poker. I think
+it's a play that no longer works that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a play that no longer works that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a play that no longer works that
+well in practice nowadays, at least at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in practice nowadays, at least at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in practice nowadays, at least at
+like um at fairly high stakes, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um at fairly high stakes, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um at fairly high stakes, but it's
+in theory I think it teaches you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory I think it teaches you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory I think it teaches you a very
+good thing about uh about implied odds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about uh about implied odds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about uh about implied odds.
+So in this case, under the gun raises do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, under the gun raises do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, under the gun raises do
+3x 2400 when the blinds are 400 800 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x 2400 when the blinds are 400 800 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x 2400 when the blinds are 400 800 and
+we decide to call. So if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decide to call. So if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we decide to call. So if you do the
+calculation, we don't have enough equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation, we don't have enough equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation, we don't have enough equity
+to call. But why do we call? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call. But why do we call? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call. But why do we call? So
+essentially, we're we're in position cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, we're we're in position cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, we're we're in position cuz
+we we have the button. And also, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have the button. And also, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have the button. And also, we can
+win essentially a huge pot when we hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win essentially a huge pot when we hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win essentially a huge pot when we hit a
+third deuce. So now, this only happens a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third deuce. So now, this only happens a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third deuce. So now, this only happens a
+small percent of the time. Um, if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small percent of the time. Um, if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small percent of the time. Um, if you do
+the calculation, this happens roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation, this happens roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation, this happens roughly
+1/8 of the time. You're going to hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 of the time. You're going to hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 of the time. You're going to hit a
+third deuce 1/8 of the time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third deuce 1/8 of the time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third deuce 1/8 of the time. And
+essentially, when you don't hit a deuce,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, when you don't hit a deuce,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, when you don't hit a deuce,
+you're against an under the gun raise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're against an under the gun raise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're against an under the gun raise.
+So, he's going to have a really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he's going to have a really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he's going to have a really strong
+range. You're going to lose the pot 7/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. You're going to lose the pot 7/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range. You're going to lose the pot 7/8
+of the time, essentially, roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, essentially, roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, essentially, roughly
+speaking. So, what this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking. So, what this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking. So, what this is essentially
+saying is, you know, if I'm only winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is, you know, if I'm only winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is, you know, if I'm only winning
+the pot 1/8 of the time, I need to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot 1/8 of the time, I need to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot 1/8 of the time, I need to win
+on average eight times as much as I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average eight times as much as I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average eight times as much as I lose
+for it to be worth it, right? But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be worth it, right? But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be worth it, right? But the
+point is, at least back in the day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is, at least back in the day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is, at least back in the day in
+poker, you essentially do because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker, you essentially do because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker, you essentially do because when
+you do hit the deuce, they just they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do hit the deuce, they just they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do hit the deuce, they just they're
+going to have pocket aces or pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have pocket aces or pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have pocket aces or pocket
+kings or you know that fop will come a62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings or you know that fop will come a62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kings or you know that fop will come a62
+and they'll have ace king. They'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have ace king. They'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have ace king. They'll just
+have a tremendously good hand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendously good hand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tremendously good hand that's
+still crushed by your hand so often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still crushed by your hand so often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still crushed by your hand so often that
+you definitely essentially 1/8 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely essentially 1/8 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely essentially 1/8 of the
+time you lose 2400 chips and sorry 7/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you lose 2400 chips and sorry 7/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you lose 2400 chips and sorry 7/8
+of the time you lose 2400 chips and 1/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you lose 2400 chips and 1/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you lose 2400 chips and 1/8
+of the time you win their whole stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you win their whole stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time you win their whole stack of
+80,000 chips essentially is how um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 chips essentially is how um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80,000 chips essentially is how um what
+the best situation is. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best situation is. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best situation is. So
+um yeah so you need a lot of chips for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so you need a lot of chips for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so you need a lot of chips for
+this to be a good play. um you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a good play. um you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be a good play. um you know,
+even if you have 40 big blinds, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have 40 big blinds, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you have 40 big blinds, which is
+by our standards fairly deep, it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our standards fairly deep, it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our standards fairly deep, it's still
+not that good because once again, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that good because once again, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that good because once again, you
+only win 1/8 of the time. So, you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only win 1/8 of the time. So, you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only win 1/8 of the time. So, you really
+need to win a lot when you when you win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to win a lot when you when you win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to win a lot when you when you win.
+And like, you know, when you hit a two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like, you know, when you hit a two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like, you know, when you hit a two,
+it's not 100% sure that he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 100% sure that he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 100% sure that he's going to
+put in all his money. So, the fact So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all his money. So, the fact So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in all his money. So, the fact So,
+basically, you you're only winning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, you you're only winning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, you you're only winning a
+huge pot even less than 18. Like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge pot even less than 18. Like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge pot even less than 18. Like, you
+need to hit a two and you need them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hit a two and you need them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to hit a two and you need them to
+have aces or kings. So, you know, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have aces or kings. So, you know, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have aces or kings. So, you know, that's
+that's going to be like 120th or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be like 120th or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be like 120th or
+whatever. But the point is if um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. But the point is if um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. But the point is if um the the
+point is if the stack is so deep then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is if the stack is so deep then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is if the stack is so deep then
+it's still worth it is essentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still worth it is essentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still worth it is essentially um
+and the reason why it's sort of dying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it's sort of dying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why it's sort of dying in
+poker is because I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is because I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is because I think you know
+nowadays players are good enough where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays players are good enough where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays players are good enough where
+even if they have aces under the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they have aces under the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they have aces under the gun
+sort of they've realized the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they've realized the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of they've realized the optimal
+strategy isn't to always put all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy isn't to always put all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy isn't to always put all your
+money in on a 752 flop. But um but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in on a 752 flop. But um but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in on a 752 flop. But um but but
+yeah, long story short, I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, long story short, I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, long story short, I think this is
+a fine play. I think it's fine if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine play. I think it's fine if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fine play. I think it's fine if you do
+it in the current league cuz it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the current league cuz it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the current league cuz it's it's
+it's tough to fold aces on a 75 deuce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough to fold aces on a 75 deuce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough to fold aces on a 75 deuce
+flop. Um, and yeah, I think it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Um, and yeah, I think it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop. Um, and yeah, I think it's a it's
+a good play to know about at least. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good play to know about at least. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good play to know about at least. Um,
+so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another
+hand. Uh, so cut off raises to 2,000. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Uh, so cut off raises to 2,000. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Uh, so cut off raises to 2,000. We
+have jack 10 suited on the button. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jack 10 suited on the button. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have jack 10 suited on the button. So
+once again, we don't have direct odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, we don't have direct odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again, we don't have direct odds to
+call, but um, we have good implied odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call, but um, we have good implied odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call, but um, we have good implied odds
+because we're in position and we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in position and we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in position and we've got
+a suited connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suited connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suited connected
+hand. Okay, so I'm going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay, so I'm going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay, so I'm going to go through
+the whole hand because there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hand because there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hand because there's going to
+be more examples of implied odds here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more examples of implied odds here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more examples of implied odds here.
+So both blinds fold and they the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So both blinds fold and they the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So both blinds fold and they the pre
+flop aggressor the cutoff continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor the cutoff continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor the cutoff continuation
+bets about uh a bit less than half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets about uh a bit less than half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets about uh a bit less than half of
+pot and we have a flush draw here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot and we have a flush draw here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot and we have a flush draw here. So
+what is the effective stack size? Even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effective stack size? Even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effective stack size? Even
+though we started the hand with 80,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we started the hand with 80,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we started the hand with 80,000
+um they only have they only started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they only have they only started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they only have they only started the
+hand with 30,000. So the effective stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with 30,000. So the effective stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand with 30,000. So the effective stack
+size is only 30,000. So we're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is only 30,000. So we're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is only 30,000. So we're definitely
+not folding. We could call or we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not folding. We could call or we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not folding. We could call or we could
+raise. The problem with raising is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. The problem with raising is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise. The problem with raising is when
+we raise and they go all in, we're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise and they go all in, we're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise and they go all in, we're sort
+of in a really crappy situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a really crappy situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in a really crappy situation where
+our hands good too good to really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands good too good to really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands good too good to really want
+to fold but too weak to have the odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold but too weak to have the odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold but too weak to have the odds to
+call is all in. Um so so I think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is all in. Um so so I think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call is all in. Um so so I think just
+calling is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is the right
+play and yeah and raising gives him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and yeah and raising gives him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and yeah and raising gives him the
+opportunity to re raise all in. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to re raise all in. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to re raise all in. If we
+call he he can't say oh guess what now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call he he can't say oh guess what now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call he he can't say oh guess what now
+I'm putting in more chips right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting in more chips right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting in more chips right? So,
+okay. So, we miss on the turn, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, we miss on the turn, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, we miss on the turn, which
+kind of sucks. And they bet fairly big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks. And they bet fairly big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks. And they bet fairly big.
+They bet 8,000 into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They bet 8,000 into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They bet 8,000 into uh
+12,000. So, let's do an an let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,000. So, let's do an an let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,000. So, let's do an an let's do an
+analysis. So, okay. So, a simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. So, okay. So, a simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. So, okay. So, a simplifying
+assump assumption. Let's assume they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assump assumption. Let's assume they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assump assumption. Let's assume they
+have it. Okay, let's assume we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it. Okay, let's assume we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it. Okay, let's assume we we
+modeled them as fairly tight. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled them as fairly tight. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled them as fairly tight. When
+they're making this bet, they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making this bet, they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making this bet, they've got a
+speed. We're not going to win the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. We're not going to win the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. We're not going to win the hand
+by rivering a jack or a 10. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rivering a jack or a 10. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by rivering a jack or a 10. We need to
+river a diamond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river a diamond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river a diamond.
+So essentially, let's assume they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially, let's assume they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially, let's assume they just
+have ace king or they have a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ace king or they have a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ace king or they have a they're
+going to have a pair of aces at least.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a pair of aces at least.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a pair of aces at least.
+So we need to call 8,000 to win 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to call 8,000 to win 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to call 8,000 to win 20,000
+in the pot. So we need 8 over 28 or 29%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot. So we need 8 over 28 or 29%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pot. So we need 8 over 28 or 29%
+equity. And if you count there's nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. And if you count there's nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. And if you count there's nine
+diamonds out of 46 cards. So we so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds out of 46 cards. So we so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds out of 46 cards. So we so we
+only have 20% equity and we need 29%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 20% equity and we need 29%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 20% equity and we need 29%
+equity. Um but I would still call. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. Um but I would still call. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity. Um but I would still call. So,
+because when we call and we hit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we call and we hit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we call and we hit our
+flush, we can actually we can bet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush, we can actually we can bet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush, we can actually we can bet on the
+river and there's a decent chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and there's a decent chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and there's a decent chance that
+we're going to get called. Whereas, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get called. Whereas, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get called. Whereas, if
+we call and we miss our flush, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call and we miss our flush, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call and we miss our flush, we can
+just happily fold. Does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happily fold. Does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happily fold. Does that make sense
+to everyone? So, we don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone? So, we don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone? So, we don't really have
+the odds to call here, but we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds to call here, but we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds to call here, but we call
+because we can if we hit our diamond, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can if we hit our diamond, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can if we hit our diamond, we
+can go all in on the river and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go all in on the river and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go all in on the river and there's a
+decent chance they're going to call us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent chance they're going to call us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent chance they're going to call us
+and we're going to win more money. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to win more money. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to win more money. So,
+we actually do have the odds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do have the odds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually do have the odds.
+essentially we have the implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have the implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we have the implied
+odds. Okay. So here's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. So here's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. So here's a similar
+scenario. So pretend the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. So pretend the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario. So pretend the same thing
+happened but this was the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but this was the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but this was the situation
+instead. In this case I think we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead. In this case I think we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead. In this case I think we we
+should definitely fold. So what changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely fold. So what changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely fold. So what changed
+was instead of having two diamonds on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of having two diamonds on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was instead of having two diamonds on
+the board and two diamonds in our hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and two diamonds in our hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and two diamonds in our hand
+now there's three diamonds on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's three diamonds on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's three diamonds on the board
+and one diamond in our hand. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one diamond in our hand. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one diamond in our hand. So it's
+worse for many many reasons. So one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse for many many reasons. So one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse for many many reasons. So one is
+one is when when you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is when when you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is when when you only have one
+diamond in your hand and there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond in your hand and there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond in your hand and there's three
+diamonds on the board. um the board if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds on the board. um the board if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds on the board. um the board if
+they had like ace king, it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like ace king, it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like ace king, it's going to be
+more obvious that we probably have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious that we probably have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more obvious that we probably have a
+flush if we bet on the river and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush if we bet on the river and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush if we bet on the river and they
+have like ace king. So, they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like ace king. So, they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like ace king. So, they're probably
+just going to fold ace king. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to fold ace king. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to fold ace king. So, we're
+not going to get paid off when we hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get paid off when we hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get paid off when we hit
+the diamond. And even worse, we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond. And even worse, we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diamond. And even worse, we're we're
+not even drawing to the best to the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even drawing to the best to the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even drawing to the best to the best
+hand. Like, what if they have ace king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Like, what if they have ace king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Like, what if they have ace king
+with the king of diamonds? Then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the king of diamonds? Then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the king of diamonds? Then we're
+just crushed. We're drawing dead in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crushed. We're drawing dead in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just crushed. We're drawing dead in this
+situation. There's no cards that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. There's no cards that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. There's no cards that can
+help us win. So, that's just such a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us win. So, that's just such a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us win. So, that's just such a huge
+risk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk.
+Um so, yeah. And also a small thing, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, yeah. And also a small thing, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so, yeah. And also a small thing, but
+the board is paired. So it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board is paired. So it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board is paired. So it's possible
+they have like pocket aces or ace5. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like pocket aces or ace5. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have like pocket aces or ace5. They
+they already have a full house. And even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have a full house. And even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they already have a full house. And even
+if we hit the best flush, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we hit the best flush, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we hit the best flush, we're not
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+win. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. Okay.
+So, okay. So, that was a good example, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, that was a good example, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, that was a good example, I
+think, of when you have the implied odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, of when you have the implied odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, of when you have the implied odds
+to call with your draw to try to hit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call with your draw to try to hit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call with your draw to try to hit.
+When you don't have the implied odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you don't have the implied odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you don't have the implied odds to
+try to hit, but we can also bluff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to hit, but we can also bluff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to hit, but we can also bluff with
+draws. So in all the examples I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws. So in all the examples I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws. So in all the examples I gave you
+before where you check raise the flop,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where you check raise the flop,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before where you check raise the flop,
+we had a good hand, right? But obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a good hand, right? But obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a good hand, right? But obviously
+this is predictable. If they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is predictable. If they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is predictable. If they know that
+we only check raise their flop bet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only check raise their flop bet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only check raise their flop bet with
+two pair or better, they can just fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pair or better, they can just fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pair or better, they can just fold
+whenever they have one pair or worse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they have one pair or worse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they have one pair or worse,
+right? So draws, not only are they good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So draws, not only are they good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So draws, not only are they good
+for implied odds purposes where you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implied odds purposes where you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for implied odds purposes where you call
+and then only put in more money when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only put in more money when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then only put in more money when you
+hit, they're also very good for bluffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit, they're also very good for bluffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit, they're also very good for bluffing
+in certain situations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain situations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain situations.
+So, um, so essentially what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so essentially what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so essentially what you'll
+realize is bluffing is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is bluffing is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize is bluffing is sort of
+equivalent to having a draw in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having a draw in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to having a draw in some
+sense because the hands you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because the hands you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because the hands you want to
+bluff with are the hands that have some,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff with are the hands that have some,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluff with are the hands that have some,
+uh, draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, draw
+value. So, here's an example. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So, here's an example. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value. So, here's an example. Um, the
+button raises to 1,600. Uh, so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button raises to 1,600. Uh, so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button raises to 1,600. Uh, so we're
+we're 20 big blinds deep and we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 20 big blinds deep and we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 20 big blinds deep and we're in
+the big blind with 10 9 and we call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind with 10 9 and we call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind with 10 9 and we call with
+our 4.5 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 4.5 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our 4.5 to1
+odds. Okay. Okay. And the flop is Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. Okay. And the flop is Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds. Okay. Okay. And the flop is Jack
+105. So, we've got what I would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105. So, we've got what I would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+105. So, we've got what I would consider
+a good draw. So, a good draw, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good draw. So, a good draw, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good draw. So, a good draw, I would
+say, usually means either an open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, usually means either an open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, usually means either an open-ended
+straight draw, so four in a row to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draw, so four in a row to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draw, so four in a row to a
+straight. So, there's eight potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. So, there's eight potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. So, there's eight potential
+cards that complete your straight, or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that complete your straight, or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards that complete your straight, or a
+flush draw, which usually has nine outs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush draw, which usually has nine outs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush draw, which usually has nine outs.
+Okay? And then they bet 2500. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then they bet 2500. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then they bet 2500. And then
+we go all in in this situation. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all in in this situation. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go all in in this situation. Um,
+essentially, we're bluffing. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, we're bluffing. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially, we're bluffing. We're
+hoping they fold. But why is this a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping they fold. But why is this a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping they fold. But why is this a good
+play? So, you know, it seems pretty sane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? So, you know, it seems pretty sane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play? So, you know, it seems pretty sane
+to just call instead, right? Because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just call instead, right? Because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just call instead, right? Because we
+can call, we can have perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call, we can have perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can call, we can have perfect
+information of when we hit, when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of when we hit, when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of when we hit, when we
+don't, and only risk more money if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't, and only risk more money if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't, and only risk more money if we
+do. But it's actually also quite a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. But it's actually also quite a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. But it's actually also quite a good
+play to go all in because, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play to go all in because, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play to go all in because, you know,
+even though it looks like we have a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks like we have a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it looks like we have a bad
+hand to be risking all our chips because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to be risking all our chips because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to be risking all our chips because
+we only have 10 high, the point is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have 10 high, the point is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have 10 high, the point is the
+fact that we have 10 high doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have 10 high doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have 10 high doesn't matter
+because they're never calling our all-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're never calling our all-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're never calling our all-
+in with like a naked queen high or king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with like a naked queen high or king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with like a naked queen high or king
+high, right? They're not going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, right? They're not going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, right? They're not going to call
+with a random hand one. So, what matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a random hand one. So, what matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a random hand one. So, what matters
+isn't um how good our hand is. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't um how good our hand is. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't um how good our hand is. In this
+case, 10 high. What matters is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, 10 high. What matters is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, 10 high. What matters is how many
+outs we have against the hands that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs we have against the hands that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs we have against the hands that they
+call. Um so, in this case, we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. Um so, in this case, we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call. Um so, in this case, we're always
+going to have eight outs. Even if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have eight outs. Even if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have eight outs. Even if they
+have the best possible hand, like pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best possible hand, like pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best possible hand, like pocket
+jacks, we're still going to have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks, we're still going to have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacks, we're still going to have eight
+outs. So, this is a great hand to bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. So, this is a great hand to bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs. So, this is a great hand to bluff
+with because if we call, we're we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because if we call, we're we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because if we call, we're we might
+just lose the pot to like queen high by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lose the pot to like queen high by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lose the pot to like queen high by
+the river. Whereas if we check raise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river. Whereas if we check raise all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river. Whereas if we check raise all
+in, we're just it's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, we're just it's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, we're just it's essentially the
+opposite of what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of what I was talking about
+before with like the being adversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with like the being adversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with like the being adversely
+selected here, it's just essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected here, it's just essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected here, it's just essentially
+being beneficially selected because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being beneficially selected because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being beneficially selected because all
+the hands that barely beat you, he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands that barely beat you, he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands that barely beat you, he's
+going to fold. And if they have a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold. And if they have a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold. And if they have a hand
+as good as when they have a hand as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as when they have a hand as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as when they have a hand as good
+as Jack Jack, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Jack Jack, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Jack Jack, it's
+almost it's almost like wasted. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's almost like wasted. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's almost like wasted. you
+know, they have they got their jack with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they have they got their jack with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, they have they got their jack with
+if they had jack, they're hoping we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had jack, they're hoping we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they had jack, they're hoping we have
+like pocket eights that only has one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pocket eights that only has one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pocket eights that only has one out
+against them. But here we have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them. But here we have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them. But here we have a much
+worse hand than pocket eights with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hand than pocket eights with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse hand than pocket eights with eight
+outs against them. Um, you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs against them. Um, you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs against them. Um, you can like
+contrast this with having say like 65 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast this with having say like 65 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast this with having say like 65 on
+the spot. 65 is a really bad hand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot. 65 is a really bad hand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot. 65 is a really bad hand to
+raise with. You just want to be calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise with. You just want to be calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise with. You just want to be calling
+because it's sort of the opposite. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the opposite. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of the opposite. Your
+any hand that beats you is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand that beats you is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand that beats you is going to be
+crushing you and you're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing you and you're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing you and you're just going to
+fold out the hands that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold out the hands that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold out the hands that are already
+losing to your 65.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing to your 65.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing to your 65.
+Um, but yeah, so 65 if you're against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but yeah, so 65 if you're against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but yeah, so 65 if you're against
+like ace jack, you only have five outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ace jack, you only have five outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ace jack, you only have five outs
+and you have close to 0% equity against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have close to 0% equity against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have close to 0% equity against
+pocket jacks. So, right. So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket jacks. So, right. So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket jacks. So, right. So, this is
+essentially the bluffing epiphany. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the bluffing epiphany. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the bluffing epiphany. So,
+when you're bluffing, the when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're bluffing, the when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're bluffing, the when you're
+bluffing before the river, the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing before the river, the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing before the river, the thing
+that matters isn't how good our hand is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters isn't how good our hand is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters isn't how good our hand is.
+It's how many outs we have. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's how many outs we have. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's how many outs we have. Okay. So,
+right. Okay. So, this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, this is essentially
+just me talking about the the bluffing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me talking about the the bluffing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just me talking about the the bluffing
+epiphany. So you want to always bluff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany. So you want to always bluff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epiphany. So you want to always bluff
+with hands that have a high number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands that have a high number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hands that have a high number of
+outs against the hands that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs against the hands that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs against the hands that you get
+called by. So here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by. So here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called by. So here's an example of
+something that's not bluffing. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not bluffing. Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not bluffing. Okay. Um
+so the cutoff raises to 90 and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cutoff raises to 90 and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cutoff raises to 90 and uh we
+call with seven six of diamonds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with seven six of diamonds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call with seven six of diamonds on the
+big blind. And this happens randomly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind. And this happens randomly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind. And this happens randomly.
+You know sometimes you'll see someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know sometimes you'll see someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know sometimes you'll see someone
+make a play like this and it's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a play like this and it's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a play like this and it's you're
+going to see someone make a play like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see someone make a play like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see someone make a play like
+this and it's going to work and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's going to work and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it's going to work and they're
+going to look like a genius. Um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a genius. Um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a genius. Um so we
+check through the pre flop razor. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check through the pre flop razor. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check through the pre flop razor. We've
+got nothing, but we have a read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nothing, but we have a read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nothing, but we have a read that
+they like scratch your ear or something,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like scratch your ear or something,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like scratch your ear or something,
+so they're weak. So, we check raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're weak. So, we check raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're weak. So, we check raise
+hoping that they fold. Um, so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they fold. Um, so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that they fold. Um, so we get
+called and you know, we still got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and you know, we still got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and you know, we still got
+absolutely nothing here. And we bet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing here. And we bet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing here. And we bet on
+the turn because that's the only way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn because that's the only way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turn because that's the only way we
+could potentially win the hand. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially win the hand. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could potentially win the hand. And they
+call and then we still have nothing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and then we still have nothing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and then we still have nothing. And
+as a last resort, we go all in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a last resort, we go all in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a last resort, we go all in on the
+river. And you know, a good percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river. And you know, a good percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river. And you know, a good percent of
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+going to look like a genius for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a genius for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a genius for making
+this bluff, right? So, basically, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bluff, right? So, basically, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bluff, right? So, basically, this
+is not So, yeah, this is not bluffing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not So, yeah, this is not bluffing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not So, yeah, this is not bluffing.
+This is essentially like opening your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is essentially like opening your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is essentially like opening your
+wallet and giving your money to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet and giving your money to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet and giving your money to your
+opponent. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent. So,
+um when when you're bluff Yeah. when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when when you're bluff Yeah. when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when when you're bluff Yeah. when
+you're checking, you're essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're checking, you're essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're checking, you're essentially the
+the reason why you were checking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why you were checking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why you were checking in the
+first place as a bluff is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place as a bluff is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place as a bluff is because you
+had some chance of making a good hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some chance of making a good hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some chance of making a good hand.
+And essentially a bluff is because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And essentially a bluff is because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And essentially a bluff is because your
+the the hand that you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hand that you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hand that you could have
+potentially made, the flush that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially made, the flush that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially made, the flush that you
+potentially could have made, didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially could have made, didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially could have made, didn't get
+there. It's not because you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. It's not because you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. It's not because you started with
+a hand that could never make anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand that could never make anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand that could never make anything on
+this board and didn't get there. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board and didn't get there. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board and didn't get there. So, um,
+okay. So, here's a So, here's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, here's a So, here's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, here's a So, here's a similar
+situation where I think makes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I think makes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I think makes a lot more
+sense. So, it's going to be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So, it's going to be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So, it's going to be a similar
+board, but we have 10 nine cards. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, but we have 10 nine cards. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, but we have 10 nine cards. And
+here we check raise their flop um their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we check raise their flop um their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we check raise their flop um their
+flop bet. So this situation is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop bet. So this situation is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop bet. So this situation is a bit
+different than the jack 10 diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the jack 10 diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the jack 10 diamond
+situation from a while ago where we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation from a while ago where we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation from a while ago where we only
+called with a flush draw. The reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called with a flush draw. The reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called with a flush draw. The reason why
+raising here is better is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising here is better is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising here is better is because the
+stack sizes is deeper. So with the jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack sizes is deeper. So with the jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack sizes is deeper. So with the jack
+10 of diamonds hand, the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of diamonds hand, the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 of diamonds hand, the problem with
+check raising was there's a risk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raising was there's a risk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check raising was there's a risk they
+would go all in and we would fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go all in and we would fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go all in and we would fold
+because we don't have good enough odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have good enough odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have good enough odds
+yet. Our hand is so good. Here our hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Our hand is so good. Here our hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet. Our hand is so good. Here our hand
+is similarly good, but because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similarly good, but because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similarly good, but because it's so
+shallow, because it's so deep. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow, because it's so deep. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow, because it's so deep. So, we
+actually started the hand with uh with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started the hand with uh with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started the hand with uh with I
+think a 100 big blinds instead of 40 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a 100 big blinds instead of 40 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a 100 big blinds instead of 40 big
+blinds. Um they're pretty unlikely to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. Um they're pretty unlikely to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds. Um they're pretty unlikely to go
+all in. So, here check raising as check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. So, here check raising as check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. So, here check raising as check
+raising 10 kn of hearts has a lot lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 10 kn of hearts has a lot lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising 10 kn of hearts has a lot lower
+chance of getting blown off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting blown off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting blown off the
+hand. Okay. And we get called and um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay. And we get called and um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Okay. And we get called and um we
+turn a 15 out draw. So, we had nine outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a 15 out draw. So, we had nine outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a 15 out draw. So, we had nine outs
+here, right? But the jack now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? But the jack now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? But the jack now
+essentially gives us 15 outs because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gives us 15 outs because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially gives us 15 outs because it
+gives us the eight open-ended straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the eight open-ended straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the eight open-ended straight
+outs plus the nine flush outs minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs plus the nine flush outs minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs plus the nine flush outs minus the
+two from double counting. So 15 outs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from double counting. So 15 outs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from double counting. So 15 outs and
+we bet 650 here. So it's the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bet 650 here. So it's the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bet 650 here. So it's the same it's
+the same hand as a 76 suit. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hand as a 76 suit. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hand as a 76 suit. It's the
+same hand as the stupid play. Um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hand as the stupid play. Um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same hand as the stupid play. Um we're
+betting here and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting here and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting here and we get
+called. So some notes here. our hand was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called. So some notes here. our hand was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called. So some notes here. our hand was
+good enough where, you know, even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough where, you know, even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough where, you know, even though
+when we bet 650 into the pot on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we bet 650 into the pot on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we bet 650 into the pot on this
+turn, um, they could go all in. If they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, um, they could go all in. If they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, um, they could go all in. If they
+have like ace jack, they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like ace jack, they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like ace jack, they're probably
+going to go all in and, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all in and, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all in and, you know, it's
+going to suck. But that's we have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suck. But that's we have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suck. But that's we have good
+enough odds at this case in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough odds at this case in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough odds at this case in this case
+because we have so many outs um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have so many outs um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have so many outs um that we
+can even call an all in. So, it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call an all in. So, it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call an all in. So, it's it's
+fine. We can just call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. We can just call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. We can just call.
+Um and yeah, so note that by check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah, so note that by check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah, so note that by check
+raising the flop betting turn. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the flop betting turn. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the flop betting turn. So the
+good thing about playing draws like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about playing draws like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about playing draws like this
+is that now if we play draws like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now if we play draws like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now if we play draws like this,
+we can also get play our good hands like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also get play our good hands like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also get play our good hands like
+ace8 or pocket deuces like this and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace8 or pocket deuces like this and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace8 or pocket deuces like this and get
+paid off a lot more. So okay, so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid off a lot more. So okay, so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid off a lot more. So okay, so we get
+called and then the river is a king. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and then the river is a king. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and then the river is a king. Um
+it's not the scariest card, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the scariest card, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the scariest card, but you
+know, we we can have queen t of hearts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we we can have queen t of hearts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we we can have queen t of hearts.
+We could easily have queen t of hearts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could easily have queen t of hearts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could easily have queen t of hearts.
+Um, so we go all in here and um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we go all in here and um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we go all in here and um, you
+know, even if the king wasn't scary at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if the king wasn't scary at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if the king wasn't scary at
+all, like even if the king was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, like even if the king was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, like even if the king was like a
+three or a deuce, I'm fine with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or a deuce, I'm fine with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or a deuce, I'm fine with just
+going all in because that's the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in because that's the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in because that's the only way
+we can win the hand. But it's a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can win the hand. But it's a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can win the hand. But it's a fine
+excuse here to go all in with 10 high on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse here to go all in with 10 high on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse here to go all in with 10 high on
+the river and say that's the only way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and say that's the only way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river and say that's the only way I
+could have won the hand because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have won the hand because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have won the hand because there
+was a reason I was check raising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reason I was check raising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reason I was check raising and
+representing all the strength on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all the strength on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing all the strength on the
+flopping turn, right? It's because I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flopping turn, right? It's because I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flopping turn, right? It's because I had
+a heart draw. My heart draw didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart draw. My heart draw didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart draw. My heart draw didn't get
+there. So now I need you desperately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So now I need you desperately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So now I need you desperately to
+have a chance of winning the hand, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance of winning the hand, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chance of winning the hand, go
+all in. But it's it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. But it's it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in. But it's it's um it's
+reasonable. The reason why I got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. The reason why I got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable. The reason why I got to this
+situation, this bad situation, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, this bad situation, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, this bad situation, is
+because essentially I got unlucky,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially I got unlucky,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because essentially I got unlucky,
+right? I had a chance of hitting a flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I had a chance of hitting a flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I had a chance of hitting a flush
+and I didn't. It's not like the 76 case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't. It's not like the 76 case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I didn't. It's not like the 76 case
+where I knew I was going to get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I knew I was going to get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I knew I was going to get in this
+situation, which is not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, which is not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, which is not a good
+situation, but here I got a bit unlucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, but here I got a bit unlucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, but here I got a bit unlucky
+to get in this situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in this situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in this situation.
+Um okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay.
+So all right. All right. So, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right. All right. So, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all right. All right. So, I think
+this is the last example. So, last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last example. So, last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last example. So, last
+example of when you when you give up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of when you when you give up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of when you when you give up on
+a bluff. So, sometimes, you know, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bluff. So, sometimes, you know, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bluff. So, sometimes, you know, you're
+bluffing, you don't have a great hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing, you don't have a great hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing, you don't have a great hand,
+but sometimes you just give up cuz you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you just give up cuz you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes you just give up cuz you
+figure out your opponent's not folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out your opponent's not folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out your opponent's not folding
+or like the board comes out in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the board comes out in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the board comes out in a way
+where it's not theoretically a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not theoretically a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not theoretically a good idea
+for your opponent to fold. Um, so hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your opponent to fold. Um, so hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your opponent to fold. Um, so hijack
+minus one makes 90 cut off calls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one makes 90 cut off calls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one makes 90 cut off calls and
+we're 100 bets deep. We call with Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 100 bets deep. We call with Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're 100 bets deep. We call with Jack
+nine of hearts from the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of hearts from the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine of hearts from the big
+blind. Okay. So the flop is a 10 seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind. Okay. So the flop is a 10 seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind. Okay. So the flop is a 10 seven
+deuce. And so we have a we we we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce. And so we have a we we we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuce. And so we have a we we we get a
+decent flop. So once again, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent flop. So once again, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent flop. So once again, you know, we
+have we have a reasonable draw here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a reasonable draw here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a reasonable draw here, we
+have some reason to be bluffing. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some reason to be bluffing. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some reason to be bluffing. We
+don't have nothing. We have some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nothing. We have some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have nothing. We have some reason
+to be bluffing because even though bas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bluffing because even though bas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bluffing because even though bas
+essentially we're hoping to turn eight,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're hoping to turn eight,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we're hoping to turn eight,
+even though the chances of that is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the chances of that is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the chances of that is only
+four out of 47, which is low, um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four out of 47, which is low, um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four out of 47, which is low, um it's
+but it's still something. And it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still something. And it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still something. And it's much
+better to bluff with a 4 out of 47
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to bluff with a 4 out of 47
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to bluff with a 4 out of 47
+chance of making a monster hand than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making a monster hand than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making a monster hand than a
+zero out of 47 chance. So, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero out of 47 chance. So, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero out of 47 chance. So, okay. So,
+here this was interesting. The pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was interesting. The pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this was interesting. The pre flop
+aggressor checked, which is fine. As the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor checked, which is fine. As the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressor checked, which is fine. As the
+pre flop aggressor, you're not forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop aggressor, you're not forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop aggressor, you're not forced to
+bet the flop. So, but this but note but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the flop. So, but this but note but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet the flop. So, but this but note but
+note that the pre flop aggressor is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the pre flop aggressor is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the pre flop aggressor is not
+the guy who bet the flop. So, the cutoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who bet the flop. So, the cutoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who bet the flop. So, the cutoff
+bets the flop, but the cutoff was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets the flop, but the cutoff was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bets the flop, but the cutoff was not
+the pre flop aggressor. Okay? So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre flop aggressor. Okay? So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre flop aggressor. Okay? So, the
+cutoff shouldn't have pocket aces. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff shouldn't have pocket aces. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoff shouldn't have pocket aces. They
+could occasionally, but it's less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could occasionally, but it's less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could occasionally, but it's less likely
+than usual that that they have fought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual that that they have fought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual that that they have fought
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+aces. So, they bet and we decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces. So, they bet and we decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces. So, they bet and we decide to
+check race here. Um, and yeah, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check race here. Um, and yeah, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check race here. Um, and yeah, I think
+this is a very reasonable play. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very reasonable play. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very reasonable play. So, what
+are the reasons? One, so yeah, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reasons? One, so yeah, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reasons? One, so yeah, we have
+something we can try to we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can try to we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can try to we can try to
+turn an eight. Um, and also, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn an eight. Um, and also, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn an eight. Um, and also, you know,
+turning a jack is fine. We could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a jack is fine. We could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning a jack is fine. We could also
+turn a heart and um, so we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a heart and um, so we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a heart and um, so we have lots of
+backdoor draws. Um, we could turn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdoor draws. Um, we could turn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backdoor draws. Um, we could turn a
+heart that'll give us four hearts. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart that'll give us four hearts. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart that'll give us four hearts. We
+could turn even like a queen will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn even like a queen will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn even like a queen will give
+us an open-ended straight draw. A king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an open-ended straight draw. A king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us an open-ended straight draw. A king
+will also give us an open-ended straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also give us an open-ended straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also give us an open-ended straight
+draw. So that's the weird case where so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw. So that's the weird case where so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw. So that's the weird case where so
+if the turn is a king then the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the turn is a king then the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the turn is a king then the board
+will be king 107 and we'll have jack 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be king 107 and we'll have jack 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be king 107 and we'll have jack 9
+and then an eight or a queen will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an eight or a queen will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an eight or a queen will give
+us a straight. It's one of the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a straight. It's one of the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a straight. It's one of the rare
+cases. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. It's called
+um it's called a double gut shot or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called a double gut shot or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called a double gut shot or a
+double gutter. So it's one of the weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double gutter. So it's one of the weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double gutter. So it's one of the weird
+it's one of the strange cases to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the strange cases to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the strange cases to watch
+out for. It's possible to have an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for. It's possible to have an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for. It's possible to have an eight
+out straight draw even though you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out straight draw even though you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out straight draw even though you don't
+have four do a straight. So one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four do a straight. So one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four do a straight. So one example
+is where you have like um where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have like um where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have like um where it's
+like this one where you have a king and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one where you have a king and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one where you have a king and
+then jack to nine and then seven. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then jack to nine and then seven. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then jack to nine and then seven. And
+another example is where let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is where let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is where let's say you
+have like king jack on an ace 1076
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like king jack on an ace 1076
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like king jack on an ace 1076
+board. Then essentially the essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Then essentially the essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Then essentially the essentially
+it's ace king blank jack 10 blank uh 87.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ace king blank jack 10 blank uh 87.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ace king blank jack 10 blank uh 87.
+So then you can have a hit a nine or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then you can have a hit a nine or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then you can have a hit a nine or a
+queen. So, there's a couple of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen. So, there's a couple of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen. So, there's a couple of weird
+straight draws you can have. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draws you can have. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draws you can have. Um, but
+anyways, the point is, so yeah, I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, the point is, so yeah, I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways, the point is, so yeah, I think
+this is a good play, not only because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good play, not only because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good play, not only because we
+have a crappy hand that's basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crappy hand that's basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crappy hand that's basically so
+basically a crappy draw is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a crappy draw is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a crappy draw is a really good
+hand to bluff with, but also the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to bluff with, but also the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to bluff with, but also the fact
+that their range isn't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their range isn't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their range isn't particularly
+strong here cuz they can't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong here cuz they can't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong here cuz they can't really have
+aces. So, the I mean, they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces. So, the I mean, they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces. So, the I mean, they can have
+pocket sevens or pocket deuces, I guess,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sevens or pocket deuces, I guess,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket sevens or pocket deuces, I guess,
+but um also we're attacking the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um also we're attacking the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um also we're attacking the fact
+that he's not the pre flop razor. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not the pre flop razor. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's not the pre flop razor. So
+their their range isn't that strong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their range isn't that strong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their range isn't that strong.
+Okay. So So hijack minus one, the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So hijack minus one, the pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So hijack minus one, the pre
+flop aggressor gets out of the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor gets out of the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop aggressor gets out of the way and
+then cut off calls us. And then the turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut off calls us. And then the turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then cut off calls us. And then the turn
+is a seven, which is basically the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a seven, which is basically the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a seven, which is basically the worst
+card in the deck for us. I'd say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in the deck for us. I'd say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in the deck for us. I'd say the
+seven of clubs. Uh even if it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of clubs. Uh even if it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of clubs. Uh even if it was like
+the seven of spades, it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of spades, it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seven of spades, it would have been
+better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better.
+Um so so why is this the worst card? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so why is this the worst card? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so so why is this the worst card? So
+first of all, it doesn't help us at all,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, it doesn't help us at all,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all, it doesn't help us at all,
+right? It doesn't give us any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It doesn't give us any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It doesn't give us any kind of
+better straight draw or better flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better straight draw or better flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better straight draw or better flush
+draw or a pair. And further of all, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw or a pair. And further of all, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw or a pair. And further of all, it's
+it's fair it's um it's fairly safe. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair it's um it's fairly safe. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fair it's um it's fairly safe. You
+know, even if even if the turn was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if even if the turn was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if even if the turn was an
+ace, we could at least pretend we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace, we could at least pretend we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace, we could at least pretend we have
+an ace. The seven is a fairly safe card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace. The seven is a fairly safe card.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace. The seven is a fairly safe card.
+If they have a pair of tens, they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they have a pair of tens, they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If they have a pair of tens, they're not
+jeopardized because an ace king. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardized because an ace king. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardized because an ace king. Um
+furthermore, the main issue is his range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, the main issue is his range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore, the main issue is his range
+is going to be a lot more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a lot more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a lot more likely to
+contain a seven than our range. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a seven than our range. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a seven than our range. Because
+remember what I said earlier, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said earlier, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said earlier, you don't
+really want to be raising, check raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be raising, check raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be raising, check raising
+the flop with your middle of the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop with your middle of the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flop with your middle of the road
+hands. Because your middle of the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. Because your middle of the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. Because your middle of the road
+hands, you want to just call because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands, you want to just call because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands, you want to just call because
+when you raise, you're getting called by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you raise, you're getting called by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you raise, you're getting called by
+worse. Sorry, you're getting called by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse. Sorry, you're getting called by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse. Sorry, you're getting called by
+better and you're folding out worse. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and you're folding out worse. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and you're folding out worse. So
+probably if I had a seven on the flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I had a seven on the flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I had a seven on the flop
+here, I'm never check raising. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm never check raising. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm never check raising. So
+basically, I can't have a seven here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, I can't have a seven here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, I can't have a seven here.
+And and furthermore, they're a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and furthermore, they're a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and furthermore, they're a lot more
+likely to have a seven. So this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have a seven. So this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have a seven. So this just
+really hurts us. Essentially, it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hurts us. Essentially, it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hurts us. Essentially, it's just
+a bad situation where their range is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad situation where their range is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad situation where their range is a
+lot stronger than our range and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot stronger than our range and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot stronger than our range and
+basically the best thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the best thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the best thing we can do is
+just fold our hand. Um, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold our hand. Um, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fold our hand. Um, there's no
+point, you know, there's no point to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, you know, there's no point to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, you know, there's no point to try
+to continue bluffing. Like, it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue bluffing. Like, it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue bluffing. Like, it's sort of
+like playing the who's taller game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing the who's taller game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like playing the who's taller game where
+you don't get to see my height, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get to see my height, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get to see my height, but you
+know that I was like malnourished as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I was like malnourished as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I was like malnourished as a
+kid. Like, you just know on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid. Like, you just know on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid. Like, you just know on average
+there's no way I'm going to be taller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way I'm going to be taller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way I'm going to be taller
+than you. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you. So,
+um, the right thing to do here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the right thing to do here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the right thing to do here is just
+sober bluff. and it was like the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober bluff. and it was like the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sober bluff. and it was like the worst
+card that came. But um we just give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that came. But um we just give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that came. But um we just give up
+the hand which is fine and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand which is fine and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand which is fine and then and then
+they take down the pot, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take down the pot, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take down the pot, right? So
+bluffing epiphany 2 is basically other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing epiphany 2 is basically other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing epiphany 2 is basically other
+than counting how many outs we have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than counting how many outs we have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than counting how many outs we have,
+it's important to analyze what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to analyze what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to analyze what we're
+representing. What else is in our range?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing. What else is in our range?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing. What else is in our range?
+You know, we're bluffing. We don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, we're bluffing. We don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, we're bluffing. We don't have
+a good hand, but what's the good hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hand, but what's the good hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hand, but what's the good hand
+that we could potentially have in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could potentially have in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could potentially have in some
+other parallel universes that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parallel universes that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parallel universes that we're
+representing? Um and in this case, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing? Um and in this case, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing? Um and in this case, there
+just really isn't anything. Um, so yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really isn't anything. Um, so yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really isn't anything. Um, so yeah,
+so like an ace turn would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like an ace turn would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like an ace turn would have been
+fine. Even a six turn would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Even a six turn would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. Even a six turn would have been
+okay cuz we could have represented 98.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz we could have represented 98.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cuz we could have represented 98.
+So one of the best times to bluff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the best times to bluff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the best times to bluff is
+when your draw missed but a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your draw missed but a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your draw missed but a different
+draw completed. So like if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw completed. So like if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw completed. So like if you had a
+straight draw and you were bluffing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draw and you were bluffing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight draw and you were bluffing the
+flop and then the turn completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop and then the turn completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop and then the turn completes the
+flush, it's reasonable to bet. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush, it's reasonable to bet. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush, it's reasonable to bet. I mean,
+you do run into the risk that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do run into the risk that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do run into the risk that they have
+the flush, but also it's just they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flush, but also it's just they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flush, but also it's just they're
+going to be more scared of the flush.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more scared of the flush.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more scared of the flush.
+And similarly, yeah, like if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And similarly, yeah, like if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And similarly, yeah, like if you have a
+if you have a flush draw and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a flush draw and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a flush draw and the
+straight completes, you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight completes, you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight completes, you could also
+bet. Okay, so yeah, so ran through a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. Okay, so yeah, so ran through a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet. Okay, so yeah, so ran through a lot
+of poker concepts today. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poker concepts today. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poker concepts today. So that's the
+end. I'll give a quick summary. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. I'll give a quick summary. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. I'll give a quick summary. So
+hopefully this will give hopefully this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this will give hopefully this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this will give hopefully this
+will give people more ideas on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give people more ideas on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give people more ideas on how to
+play um online. I know I sort of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play um online. I know I sort of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play um online. I know I sort of left
+you guys in the dark last time. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in the dark last time. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys in the dark last time. I mean,
+I ran through things pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran through things pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran through things pretty quickly
+this, but hopefully, you know, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but hopefully, you know, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but hopefully, you know, as you
+play more, it's okay if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more, it's okay if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more, it's okay if you didn't
+understand everything immediately, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything immediately, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything immediately, but
+hopefully as you play more, you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as you play more, you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as you play more, you'll be
+like, "Ah, apply odds or you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Ah, apply odds or you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Ah, apply odds or you'll be
+reminded of examples from this class."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of examples from this class."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of examples from this class."
+So, yeah. So, we covered continuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. So, we covered continuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. So, we covered continuation
+betting, the pre flop aggressor, getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting, the pre flop aggressor, getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting, the pre flop aggressor, getting
+the respect, being able to bet, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect, being able to bet, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect, being able to bet, the
+fundamental theorem of poker about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of poker about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of poker about how
+you bet your good hands and fluff your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet your good hands and fluff your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet your good hands and fluff your
+bad hands. Um, we analyze different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands. Um, we analyze different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad hands. Um, we analyze different
+flops and I try to give you a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flops and I try to give you a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flops and I try to give you a general
+idea of what sorts of how good your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what sorts of how good your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what sorts of how good your hand
+needs to be on certain kinds of flops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be on certain kinds of flops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be on certain kinds of flops.
+Um, and yeah, so when I showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yeah, so when I showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and yeah, so when I showed you the
+different flops, you know what I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flops, you know what I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flops, you know what I told
+you, I didn't like mathematically prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I didn't like mathematically prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I didn't like mathematically prove
+that calling is good or raising is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calling is good or raising is good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calling is good or raising is good.
+It's basically just like from experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically just like from experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's basically just like from experience
+and from doing calculations, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from doing calculations, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from doing calculations, I know
+roughly your equity is good enough, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly your equity is good enough, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly your equity is good enough, but
+I didn't like mathematically prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like mathematically prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't like mathematically prove it.
+So, you essentially just have to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you essentially just have to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you essentially just have to trust
+me. um in that sense for the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. um in that sense for the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. um in that sense for the example of
+flops that I showed you because I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flops that I showed you because I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flops that I showed you because I didn't
+show any calculations. Um yeah, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show any calculations. Um yeah, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show any calculations. Um yeah, we
+talked about when to lead, we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when to lead, we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about when to lead, we talked
+about implied odds, reverse implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implied odds, reverse implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about implied odds, reverse implied
+odds, set mining, bluffing withdraws,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds, set mining, bluffing withdraws,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds, set mining, bluffing withdraws,
+and then the two bluffing epiphanies. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the two bluffing epiphanies. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the two bluffing epiphanies. Um
+and yeah, so it's important to So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah, so it's important to So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah, so it's important to So
+basically, it's much easier to play good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, it's much easier to play good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, it's much easier to play good
+hands than bad hands in poker in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands than bad hands in poker in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands than bad hands in poker in some
+sense because when you have a good hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because when you have a good hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because when you have a good hand,
+you just bet and hope your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just bet and hope your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just bet and hope your opponent
+calls. But it's important to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls. But it's important to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls. But it's important to know how to
+play bad hands aka bluff. So that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play bad hands aka bluff. So that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play bad hands aka bluff. So that your
+opponent also might call you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent also might call you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent also might call you when you
+have a good hand cuz if you're the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good hand cuz if you're the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good hand cuz if you're the type
+of player who never bluffs, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of player who never bluffs, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of player who never bluffs, then the
+game is uninteresting, right? So because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uninteresting, right? So because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is uninteresting, right? So because
+then your opponent just always folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your opponent just always folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your opponent just always folds
+whenever you do anything. So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do anything. So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you do anything. So that's why
+it's important to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to think about the
+bluffing epiphanies. Um okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing epiphanies. Um okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bluffing epiphanies. Um okay, cool.
+Yeah, thanks and hope you continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, thanks and hope you continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, thanks and hope you continue to
+play online.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uP2Acm9uEGk.txt b/uP2Acm9uEGk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ab0d4ea6326002076533ce3acd829010f0a7a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uP2Acm9uEGk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+In that case, I'll I'll move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, I'll I'll move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, I'll I'll move on to
+introduce uh Colonel Gordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh Colonel Gordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh Colonel Gordon
+Fullerton, who got his bachelor's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fullerton, who got his bachelor's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fullerton, who got his bachelor's and
+master's degree from Caltech uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree from Caltech uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree from Caltech uh in
+mechanical engineering uh did ROC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering uh did ROC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering uh did ROC and
+went on to the Air Force where uh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to the Air Force where uh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on to the Air Force where uh well I
+guess he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess he
+uh in the course of his career about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the course of his career about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the course of his career about a
+135 different types of airplanes, 16,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 different types of airplanes, 16,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+135 different types of airplanes, 16,000
+flying hours.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying hours.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying hours.
+Uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he
+um he flew F86 interceptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he flew F86 interceptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he flew F86 interceptors
+um B-47 bombers before going to Air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B-47 bombers before going to Air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B-47 bombers before going to Air
+Force test pilot school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force test pilot school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force test pilot school
+um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the
+mid60s. uh in ' 66 he was chosen by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid60s. uh in ' 66 he was chosen by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid60s. uh in ' 66 he was chosen by the
+air force for the manned orbiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air force for the manned orbiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air force for the manned orbiting
+laboratory which was going to be the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory which was going to be the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory which was going to be the air
+force's uh space station. Uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force's uh space station. Uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force's uh space station. Uh that
+program was cancelled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was cancelled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was cancelled in
+1969 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1969 and
+the uh well uh some of the astronauts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh well uh some of the astronauts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh well uh some of the astronauts
+came over to NASA and became NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came over to NASA and became NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came over to NASA and became NASA
+astronauts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronauts.
+Um that was in the heyday of Apollo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that was in the heyday of Apollo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that was in the heyday of Apollo and
+Gordon was support crew on the last four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon was support crew on the last four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gordon was support crew on the last four
+Apollo missions. Then went on to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo missions. Then went on to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apollo missions. Then went on to be the
+uh test pilot on three of the first five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test pilot on three of the first five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test pilot on three of the first five
+uh approach and landing tests. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach and landing tests. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh approach and landing tests. If you
+remember, that's when the uh shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, that's when the uh shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, that's when the uh shuttle
+Enterprise, which was not designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise, which was not designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise, which was not designed for
+orbital flight, but was designed to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital flight, but was designed to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital flight, but was designed to test
+the basically the last 50,000 ft down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the last 50,000 ft down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the last 50,000 ft down to
+the ground, was dropped from the 747,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground, was dropped from the 747,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground, was dropped from the 747,
+uh went on to pilot the third shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went on to pilot the third shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went on to pilot the third shuttle
+flight, which was one of the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, which was one of the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, which was one of the orbital
+flight tests. That was the flight which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight tests. That was the flight which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight tests. That was the flight which
+landed in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed in New
+Mexico and then commanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and then commanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico and then commanded
+STS-51F which was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it was the first flight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was the first flight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was the first flight of the
+instrument pointing system. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pointing system. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pointing system. That was
+also the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the flight
+uh I'm trying to think that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm trying to think that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm trying to think that was the
+flight where you lost the engine. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight where you lost the engine. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight where you lost the engine. Yeah,
+we which we talked about that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we which we talked about that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we which we talked about that was the
+one the one flight where where we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one flight where where we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one flight where where we had an
+engine. We went over that in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. We went over that in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. We went over that in in some
+detail. So they was Well, that's fine. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. So they was Well, that's fine. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. So they was Well, that's fine. I
+mean, because I think they should hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, because I think they should hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, because I think they should hear
+about it from what it seemed like inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from what it seemed like inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it from what it seemed like inside
+the cockpit now that they they've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit now that they they've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit now that they they've heard
+kind of the technical details. In any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the technical details. In any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the technical details. In any
+case, uh after leaving the astronaut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, uh after leaving the astronaut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, uh after leaving the astronaut
+office, uh Gordon has moved into pilot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, uh Gordon has moved into pilot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, uh Gordon has moved into pilot's
+heaven, which is Edwards Air Force Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven, which is Edwards Air Force Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven, which is Edwards Air Force Base
+in the Dryen Test Flight Center, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dryen Test Flight Center, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Dryen Test Flight Center, uh
+where he basically spends all his time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he basically spends all his time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he basically spends all his time,
+well, not all of his time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, not all of his time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, not all of his time because
+there's management stuff as well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's management stuff as well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's management stuff as well,
+unfortunately. that's the price you pay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately. that's the price you pay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately. that's the price you pay.
+But basically, he gets to fly airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But basically, he gets to fly airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But basically, he gets to fly airplanes
+for a living and uh lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living and uh lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a living and uh lots of different
+kinds uh including the carrier aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds uh including the carrier aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds uh including the carrier aircraft
+and the B-52 which launches uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B-52 which launches uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B-52 which launches uh various
+test aircraft and uh and a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test aircraft and uh and a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test aircraft and uh and a whole bunch
+of uh of other airplanes. Um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of other airplanes. Um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of other airplanes. Um so if you
+remember you know in the whole systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you know in the whole systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you know in the whole systems
+engineering uh approach to things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh approach to things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh approach to things we
+talk about the conceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the conceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the conceive
+design manufacture test and operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design manufacture test and operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design manufacture test and operation.
+So this is basically the final lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is basically the final lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is basically the final lecture
+and this is the test and operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the test and operation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the test and operation of
+the space shuttle from a pilot's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space shuttle from a pilot's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space shuttle from a pilot's point
+of view. So with that I'll give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view. So with that I'll give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view. So with that I'll give it to
+you Gordon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Gordon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Gordon.
+Okay. Thanks. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Thanks. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Thanks. I
+uh I was sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in your uh place back uh 1958 when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your uh place back uh 1958 when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in your uh place back uh 1958 when I
+was a grad student at Caltech for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a grad student at Caltech for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a grad student at Caltech for a year
+before heading off to the Air Force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before heading off to the Air Force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before heading off to the Air Force.
+Uh wow, almost 50 years ago. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh wow, almost 50 years ago. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh wow, almost 50 years ago. But
+uh the real blessing of my life is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the real blessing of my life is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the real blessing of my life is to be
+able to do what I love to do for as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do what I love to do for as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do what I love to do for as long
+as I've done it beyond all reason. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've done it beyond all reason. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've done it beyond all reason. And
+uh anyway, I hope to share some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway, I hope to share some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anyway, I hope to share some of that
+with you this morning. This is my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you this morning. This is my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you this morning. This is my first
+time through this pitch. Uh feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this pitch. Uh feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this pitch. Uh feel free to
+to holler out any questions as we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to holler out any questions as we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to holler out any questions as we go and
+we'll stumble through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stumble through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stumble through it
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+Uh I plan to talk about uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I plan to talk about uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I plan to talk about uh three
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh phases of uh the orbiter test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phases of uh the orbiter test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh phases of uh the orbiter test
+program. The first were were called ALT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. The first were were called ALT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program. The first were were called ALT,
+the approach and landing tests. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach and landing tests. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approach and landing tests. They
+consisted of really uh 13 flights, five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of really uh 13 flights, five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of really uh 13 flights, five
+captive inert flights where the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive inert flights where the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive inert flights where the uh
+Enterprise was flown on top of the 747,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise was flown on top of the 747,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise was flown on top of the 747,
+but nobody in the cockpit. Controls were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody in the cockpit. Controls were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody in the cockpit. Controls were
+locked. Uh that was to clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked. Uh that was to clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked. Uh that was to clear the
+envelope for the the uh kind of unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope for the the uh kind of unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope for the the uh kind of unlikely
+looking combination of a 74 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking combination of a 74 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking combination of a 74 with a
+orbiter on top. Then there were five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter on top. Then there were five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter on top. Then there were five
+captive act or three captive active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive act or three captive active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captive act or three captive active
+flights where we were manned up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights where we were manned up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights where we were manned up in the
+orbiter where the systems running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter where the systems running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter where the systems running the
+electronics the uh hydraulics were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics the uh hydraulics were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics the uh hydraulics were
+active the controls were free to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the controls were free to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the controls were free to move a
+little bit not full throw and we uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit not full throw and we uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit not full throw and we uh also
+determined how high the uh combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined how high the uh combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined how high the uh combination
+could get because altitude was uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get because altitude was uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get because altitude was uh and it
+wasn't 50,000 ft it was more like 28,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 50,000 ft it was more like 28,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't 50,000 ft it was more like 28,000
+ft max even with the the the 74 engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft max even with the the the 74 engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft max even with the the the 74 engines
+over boosted. That followed by five free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over boosted. That followed by five free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over boosted. That followed by five free
+flights where we uh actually pushed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights where we uh actually pushed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights where we uh actually pushed a
+button, launched off the top and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button, launched off the top and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button, launched off the top and uh and
+glided to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glided to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glided to a
+landing. The orbital flight test part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing. The orbital flight test part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing. The orbital flight test part of
+the shuttle program oft consisted of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shuttle program oft consisted of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shuttle program oft consisted of
+four flights uh STS's one through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four flights uh STS's one through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four flights uh STS's one through four
+of varying durations. The first STS1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying durations. The first STS1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of varying durations. The first STS1 was
+planned for just a couple days, get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned for just a couple days, get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned for just a couple days, get up
+and get down and um have a look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get down and um have a look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get down and um have a look at how
+things looked after it flu. STS2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things looked after it flu. STS2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things looked after it flu. STS2 was
+supposed to be five days. They had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be five days. They had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be five days. They had a
+fuel cell problem that cut their flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel cell problem that cut their flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel cell problem that cut their flight
+short unfortunately for the crew. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short unfortunately for the crew. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short unfortunately for the crew. Uh
+then uh I was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh I was on
+STS3. We were scheduled for seven days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS3. We were scheduled for seven days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS3. We were scheduled for seven days
+and because of a of a raging dust storm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of a of a raging dust storm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of a of a raging dust storm
+at the planning planned landing site, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the planning planned landing site, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the planning planned landing site, uh
+we got an extra day. a real blessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an extra day. a real blessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an extra day. a real blessing
+with the no uh no tests to do. We had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the no uh no tests to do. We had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the no uh no tests to do. We had a
+free day in orbit and uh ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free day in orbit and uh ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free day in orbit and uh ended up with
+eight days STS4 planned and flew seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight days STS4 planned and flew seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight days STS4 planned and flew seven
+days landing on the 4th of July with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days landing on the 4th of July with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days landing on the 4th of July with uh
+President Reagan out there to watch. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Reagan out there to watch. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Reagan out there to watch. And
+uh then there were then we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there were then we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there were then we get into
+operational flights of which there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational flights of which there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational flights of which there have
+been a lot something over a hundred. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot something over a hundred. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot something over a hundred. The
+last flight to fly, the return to flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last flight to fly, the return to flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last flight to fly, the return to flight
+uh was STS 114, but the numbering system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was STS 114, but the numbering system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was STS 114, but the numbering system
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+uh went through a couple phases. So, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went through a couple phases. So, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh went through a couple phases. So, uh
+there haven't been 114 flights. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been 114 flights. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there haven't been 114 flights. I don't
+know how many it has been, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many it has been, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many it has been, but there
+have been a bunch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, I'll talk about three of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll talk about three of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll talk about three of the uh
+well, more than three flights, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, more than three flights, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, more than three flights, but the
+the ALT flights. Uh the crew patch, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ALT flights. Uh the crew patch, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ALT flights. Uh the crew patch, you
+always got to have a crew patch. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always got to have a crew patch. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always got to have a crew patch. That's
+a major hurdle that you uh uh have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major hurdle that you uh uh have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major hurdle that you uh uh have to
+overcome when you're assigned to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome when you're assigned to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome when you're assigned to a
+cruise, get the patch designed, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise, get the patch designed, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise, get the patch designed, and then
+get it approved by upper management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it approved by upper management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it approved by upper management.
+uh my uh part of the uh OFT STS3 in 1982
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh part of the uh OFT STS3 in 1982
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh part of the uh OFT STS3 in 1982
+and finally uh then an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally uh then an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally uh then an operational
+flight 51F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1985. My job uh prior to any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985. My job uh prior to any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985. My job uh prior to any of these
+flights uh I worked into was a dream job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights uh I worked into was a dream job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights uh I worked into was a dream job
+for uh really system engineering I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh really system engineering I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh really system engineering I guess
+and uh for a pilot. I'd been to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for a pilot. I'd been to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for a pilot. I'd been to test
+pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot
+school. I was intrigued with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. I was intrigued with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school. I was intrigued with all the
+airplanes I flew with a cockpit design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes I flew with a cockpit design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes I flew with a cockpit design
+and uh was very aware of the flaws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh was very aware of the flaws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh was very aware of the flaws of
+cockpit design. Uh seems like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit design. Uh seems like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit design. Uh seems like uh
+sometimes engineers lay awake nights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes engineers lay awake nights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes engineers lay awake nights
+trying to make it hard to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it hard to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it hard to operate
+subsystems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems.
+So I uh got in uh at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I uh got in uh at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I uh got in uh at the beginning of
+uh of the orbiter uh crew interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the orbiter uh crew interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the orbiter uh crew interface and
+became uh before it was over sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh before it was over sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became uh before it was over sort of the
+ZAR uh was responsible to sign off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZAR uh was responsible to sign off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZAR uh was responsible to sign off all
+the drawings, lots of uh reviews. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawings, lots of uh reviews. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawings, lots of uh reviews. It was
+a great uh responsibility because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh responsibility because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great uh responsibility because I was
+uh uh immediately and early into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh immediately and early into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh immediately and early into
+subsystem design because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem design because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystem design because you have to
+know what the subsystem does to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the subsystem does to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the subsystem does to make any
+intelligent choice of what the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent choice of what the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent choice of what the controls
+and displays should be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and displays should be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and displays should be.
+This is a view of uh an orbit, not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a view of uh an orbit, not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a view of uh an orbit, not the
+Enterprise, but uh probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise, but uh probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise, but uh probably the
+uh whether it's a simulator or the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether it's a simulator or the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether it's a simulator or the real
+airplane. They look alike, but uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. They look alike, but uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane. They look alike, but uh one of
+the orbital capable shuttles. Uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital capable shuttles. Uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital capable shuttles. Uh lots
+This is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like
+the the little old ladies always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little old ladies always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little old ladies always say
+when when you're out on static display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you're out on static display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you're out on static display
+for armed forces day and oh, look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for armed forces day and oh, look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for armed forces day and oh, look at all
+the the uh things. How do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh things. How do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh things. How do you remember
+what they all do? Well, that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they all do? Well, that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they all do? Well, that's that
+really is a challenge uh to make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a challenge uh to make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a challenge uh to make make
+things straightforward and uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things straightforward and uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things straightforward and uh uh I
+became painfully aware especially later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became painfully aware especially later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became painfully aware especially later
+on when we had a lot of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we had a lot of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when we had a lot of experiments
+coming in that engineers in their little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in that engineers in their little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in that engineers in their little
+ivory tower building a system in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivory tower building a system in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivory tower building a system in the lab
+so totally personally familiar with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so totally personally familiar with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so totally personally familiar with how
+their stuff works that it doesn't bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff works that it doesn't bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their stuff works that it doesn't bother
+them that the switches are unlabeled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that the switches are unlabeled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that the switches are unlabeled or
+labeled illog logically and they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled illog logically and they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled illog logically and they bring
+that all in and want to put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all in and want to put it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all in and want to put it in the
+orbiter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter and
+uh and when the crew says wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and when the crew says wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and when the crew says wait a minute
+uh I have to remember that before I turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to remember that before I turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have to remember that before I turn
+on switch A, switch C and D have got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on switch A, switch C and D have got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on switch A, switch C and D have got to
+be turned on in this order or the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned on in this order or the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turned on in this order or the whole
+thing will blow up. And they say, "Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will blow up. And they say, "Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will blow up. And they say, "Oh
+yeah, that's the way it is." And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, that's the way it is." And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, that's the way it is." And they
+know it so well personally. And yet when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so well personally. And yet when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it so well personally. And yet when
+you're overwhelmed with a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overwhelmed with a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're overwhelmed with a whole lot of
+experiments, I'm sure you ran into it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments, I'm sure you ran into it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments, I'm sure you ran into it on
+your flight. Uh that that all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight. Uh that that all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight. Uh that that all the stuff
+that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just
+uh uh totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh totally
+uh familiar to the guy that invented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh familiar to the guy that invented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh familiar to the guy that invented it
+becomes a challenge when you're faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a challenge when you're faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a challenge when you're faced
+with a whole lot of them, a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole lot of them, a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a whole lot of them, a limited
+amount of time to learn it. And uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time to learn it. And uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time to learn it. And uh so
+standardization of what uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization of what uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardization of what uh the the
+scheme especially in the software most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme especially in the software most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme especially in the software most
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Well, there are a lot of gadgets. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there are a lot of gadgets. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there are a lot of gadgets. In
+fact, if you count all the switches,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, if you count all the switches,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, if you count all the switches,
+uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+gauges, circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges, circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges, circuit
+breakers upstairs, downstairs, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakers upstairs, downstairs, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakers upstairs, downstairs, and the
+med deck, there's about 2100 total in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med deck, there's about 2100 total in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+med deck, there's about 2100 total in
+the orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter
+cockpit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit.
+Uh, but the real challenge is what shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but the real challenge is what shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but the real challenge is what shows
+up on the screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the screens
+here. Uh, and so the software was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh, and so the software was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh, and so the software was a
+bigger thing in making them all play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger thing in making them all play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger thing in making them all play
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+Here's a higher view. And the overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a higher view. And the overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a higher view. And the overhead
+panel above your head and the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel above your head and the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel above your head and the forward
+cockpit has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit has a lot of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+switches. Uh an example of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches. Uh an example of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches. Uh an example of what I'm
+talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about.
+Uh this array of switches right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this array of switches right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this array of switches right here
+controls the reaction control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the reaction control system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the reaction control system
+valving the uh and then the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valving the uh and then the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valving the uh and then the orbital
+maneuvering system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering system.
+uh back in Apollo, which I worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back in Apollo, which I worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh back in Apollo, which I worked on
+when I first came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first came to
+uh Johnson Space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Johnson Space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Johnson Space
+Center, I learned uh while lying many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center, I learned uh while lying many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center, I learned uh while lying many
+hours in the uh Apollo uh crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the uh Apollo uh crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours in the uh Apollo uh crew
+simulator that that had the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that that had the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator that that had the worst
+cockpit ever designed by man.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit ever designed by man.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit ever designed by man.
+Uh as an example, uh it had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh as an example, uh it had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh as an example, uh it had a a
+pressurization system, a helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurization system, a helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurization system, a helium
+pressurization system to push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurization system to push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurization system to push the
+propellants for the reaction control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellants for the reaction control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellants for the reaction control
+jets out of the tanks and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets out of the tanks and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets out of the tanks and then the
+valves that went to the various array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valves that went to the various array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valves that went to the various array of
+thrusters all around the command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters all around the command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrusters all around the command
+module. And uh one would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And uh one would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module. And uh one would think
+logically, okay, if you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically, okay, if you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically, okay, if you have something
+to turn on the helium, you'd label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on the helium, you'd label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on the helium, you'd label it
+helium on off. And uh then the manifold,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium on off. And uh then the manifold,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium on off. And uh then the manifold,
+the next branch in the Christmas tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next branch in the Christmas tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next branch in the Christmas tree
+manifold would be uh system A versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold would be uh system A versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold would be uh system A versus
+system B or something like that. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B or something like that. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system B or something like that. And in
+fact, it had names like that, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it had names like that, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, it had names like that, but they
+put the switches in a long row and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the switches in a long row and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the switches in a long row and they
+labeled them A through H right there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them A through H right there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them A through H right there on
+the panel. Uh no clue as to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel. Uh no clue as to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel. Uh no clue as to what you
+were throwing. So every move you made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were throwing. So every move you made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were throwing. So every move you made in
+the cockpit, some of these things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit, some of these things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cockpit, some of these things were
+critical, required you to either be, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical, required you to either be, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical, required you to either be, you
+know, a metal giant or open a checklist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a metal giant or open a checklist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a metal giant or open a checklist
+and say, "Okay, to pressurize system B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, "Okay, to pressurize system B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, "Okay, to pressurize system B,
+I've got to throw B on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to throw B on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to throw B on and
+then A next and then H last or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then A next and then H last or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then A next and then H last or something
+like that."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that."
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+uh obviously unacceptable and became my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously unacceptable and became my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously unacceptable and became my
+uh career and uh mania to try to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh career and uh mania to try to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh career and uh mania to try to improve
+that. The first orbiter simulator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. The first orbiter simulator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. The first orbiter simulator uh
+built was called the OAS orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built was called the OAS orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built was called the OAS orbiter
+aeroflight simulator. It was a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeroflight simulator. It was a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeroflight simulator. It was a on a
+moving base platform like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving base platform like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving base platform like the the
+standard airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard airline
+uh simulators you see today. Uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simulators you see today. Uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simulators you see today. Uh this is
+uh Fred Hayes and I sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fred Hayes and I sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fred Hayes and I sitting in the
+cockpit. This one was built originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit. This one was built originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit. This one was built originally
+to be uh the Enterprise. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the Enterprise. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the Enterprise. And the
+Enterprise uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise uh was
+uh OV 101 in the scheme of things uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OV 101 in the scheme of things uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OV 101 in the scheme of things uh a
+numbering of orbiters as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of orbiters as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of orbiters as they were
+built. Uh 101 had only the systems it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. Uh 101 had only the systems it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built. Uh 101 had only the systems it
+needed to fly approach and landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to fly approach and landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to fly approach and landing
+tests. The plan was to retrofit it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests. The plan was to retrofit it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests. The plan was to retrofit it later
+to make it into an orbit capable. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it into an orbit capable. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it into an orbit capable. But
+for the uh ALT program, it had just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh ALT program, it had just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh ALT program, it had just what
+you needed and only that to fly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed and only that to fly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed and only that to fly in the
+atmosphere, very short flights. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, very short flights. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, very short flights. But this
+is our first chance to look at uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first chance to look at uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our first chance to look at uh what
+we had uh and what we're getting into as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh and what we're getting into as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had uh and what we're getting into as
+far as uh pilot concerns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as uh pilot concerns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as uh pilot concerns.
+I guess you've had all the subsystems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you've had all the subsystems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess you've had all the subsystems,
+right? You're all completely briefed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You're all completely briefed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You're all completely briefed and
+experts on subsystems by the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on subsystems by the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on subsystems by the people that
+have preceded me here in the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have preceded me here in the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have preceded me here in the course.
+I'll give you though a quick uh quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you though a quick uh quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you though a quick uh quick
+review here. Uh the avionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review here. Uh the avionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review here. Uh the avionic
+system the the shuttle is built with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the the shuttle is built with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the the shuttle is built with a
+inside the outer mo line as a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the outer mo line as a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the outer mo line as a the
+pressure vessel that is roughly uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel that is roughly uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure vessel that is roughly uh back
+to the forward bulkhead of the payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the forward bulkhead of the payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the forward bulkhead of the payload
+bay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay and uh
+is embedded inside the uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded inside the uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is embedded inside the uh basically
+aluminum structure with a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum structure with a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum structure with a thermal
+protection system applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection system applied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection system applied to the
+outside. And most of the avionics are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. And most of the avionics are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. And most of the avionics are in
+racks right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks right up
+here, right in there with you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right in there with you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right in there with you in the
+cockpit on the on the mid deck. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit on the on the mid deck. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit on the on the mid deck. The
+storage lockers are aft of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage lockers are aft of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage lockers are aft of the
+uh racks full of black boxes and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh racks full of black boxes and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh racks full of black boxes and lots of
+wires. And the other place there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires. And the other place there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires. And the other place there were
+avionics is back here just after the aft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics is back here just after the aft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avionics is back here just after the aft
+bulkhead of the payload bay. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkhead of the payload bay. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkhead of the payload bay. And there
+are some areas where they put uh items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some areas where they put uh items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some areas where they put uh items
+like rate gyros and accelerometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a long way
+back. it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. it
+uh from a systems engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a systems engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a systems engineering
+standpoint. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. Uh
+we Fred Hayes and I were out at Palmdale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Fred Hayes and I were out at Palmdale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Fred Hayes and I were out at Palmdale
+where they built all the orbiters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they built all the orbiters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they built all the orbiters.
+uh late one night. Seems like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh late one night. Seems like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh late one night. Seems like that the
+testing always happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing always happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing always happens
+uh after 2:00 a.m. Uh the tests would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 2:00 a.m. Uh the tests would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 2:00 a.m. Uh the tests would
+run round the clock and uh we were out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run round the clock and uh we were out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run round the clock and uh we were out
+there way after midnight in the cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there way after midnight in the cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there way after midnight in the cockpit
+participating in the first time. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in the first time. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in the first time. They're
+going to close the loop between the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close the loop between the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close the loop between the rate
+gyros and the flight control system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyros and the flight control system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyros and the flight control system
+which is contained back up here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is contained back up here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is contained back up here in the
+nose and the uh general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and the uh general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose and the uh general purpose
+computers. Uh the whole orbiter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Uh the whole orbiter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Uh the whole orbiter was
+suspended on some some big airfield bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended on some some big airfield bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended on some some big airfield bags
+so it had compliance to move and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it had compliance to move and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it had compliance to move and uh
+hydraulic system was on uh powered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system was on uh powered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system was on uh powered by a
+facility hydraulic source. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility hydraulic source. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility hydraulic source. So the
+elevons were powered and the rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevons were powered and the rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevons were powered and the rudder
+speed break was powered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed break was powered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed break was powered and
+uh and the process let us down for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the process let us down for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the process let us down for the
+very first time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first time that
+uh we're going to close the loop between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to close the loop between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to close the loop between
+the software up here and the rate gyros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software up here and the rate gyros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software up here and the rate gyros
+particularly acceler accelerometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly acceler accelerometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly acceler accelerometers
+mounted back in the back and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted back in the back and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted back in the back and it was a
+milestone and we had people stationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone and we had people stationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestone and we had people stationed
+around the back to see if anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the back to see if anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the back to see if anything
+uh without hydraulic fluid or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without hydraulic fluid or whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without hydraulic fluid or whatever.
+Uh anyway, we uh we went up to the glare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh anyway, we uh we went up to the glare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh anyway, we uh we went up to the glare
+shield, pushed the button to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield, pushed the button to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shield, pushed the button to go into
+CSS, control stick steering, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSS, control stick steering, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CSS, control stick steering, which
+hooked the stick up now uh to the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked the stick up now uh to the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooked the stick up now uh to the flight
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+Um I'll never forget, we pushed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'll never forget, we pushed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'll never forget, we pushed the
+button and a uh a rumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and a uh a rumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and a uh a rumble
+started and the rumble built very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and the rumble built very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and the rumble built very
+rapidly to a violent rumble. I We were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly to a violent rumble. I We were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly to a violent rumble. I We were
+being bounced around the cockpit. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bounced around the cockpit. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bounced around the cockpit. This
+is 150,000 pounds of airplane is dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 150,000 pounds of airplane is dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 150,000 pounds of airplane is dancing
+on these rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these rubber
+bags and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags and
+uh uh it didn't take us long to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it didn't take us long to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it didn't take us long to say this
+doesn't feel good. We pulled the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel good. We pulled the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't feel good. We pulled the button
+that down modes back to direct control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down modes back to direct control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down modes back to direct control.
+So there's no feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no feedback.
+And the upshot of it was that these ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the upshot of it was that these ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the upshot of it was that these ra
+arrows are mounted on this flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are mounted on this flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows are mounted on this flexible
+bulkhead and that hadn't been uh taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkhead and that hadn't been uh taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulkhead and that hadn't been uh taken
+into account properly. And so there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account properly. And so there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account properly. And so there was
+a a structural resonance that uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a structural resonance that uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a structural resonance that uh was
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+diversion pretty. In spite of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion pretty. In spite of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion pretty. In spite of all the
+ground tests down at Downey and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground tests down at Downey and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground tests down at Downey and the
+Ironbird mockups and everything, we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ironbird mockups and everything, we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ironbird mockups and everything, we put
+it in the real airplane. It it tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the real airplane. It it tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the real airplane. It it tried to
+jump off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+supports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports and
+uh uh Fred and I were in the cockpit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Fred and I were in the cockpit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh Fred and I were in the cockpit.
+Our eyes were big and we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our eyes were big and we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our eyes were big and we call the
+control room which were people back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room which were people back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room which were people back in
+ajacent room. Seems like most spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajacent room. Seems like most spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ajacent room. Seems like most spacecraft
+tests traditionally are done. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests traditionally are done. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests traditionally are done. The
+engineers are all locked in a windowless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are all locked in a windowless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are all locked in a windowless
+room. No view of the real hardware down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. No view of the real hardware down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. No view of the real hardware down
+at the Cape. They're miles away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cape. They're miles away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Cape. They're miles away.
+uh when the spacecraft's either out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the spacecraft's either out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the spacecraft's either out on
+the pad or in the uh the main checkout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pad or in the uh the main checkout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pad or in the uh the main checkout
+building. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building. And so
+uh they they said, "No, procedure says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they said, "No, procedure says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they said, "No, procedure says
+this is okay. We want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay. We want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is okay. We want you to
+re-engage." So we tried one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engage." So we tried one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engage." So we tried one more time
+and this time the guys stationed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time the guys stationed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time the guys stationed in the
+back that were watching said, "This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that were watching said, "This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that were watching said, "This
+doesn't look good." They started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good." They started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good." They started
+hollering on the loop. So we pitched it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollering on the loop. So we pitched it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollering on the loop. So we pitched it
+off and we went into a raging argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and we went into a raging argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and we went into a raging argument
+whether we need to complete this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we need to complete this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we need to complete this test
+the engineers were saying and said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers were saying and said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers were saying and said we
+don't want to break something and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to break something and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to break something and they
+got people out of bed down in Downey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got people out of bed down in Downey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got people out of bed down in Downey
+California the controls engineers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California the controls engineers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California the controls engineers and so
+it was a a uh a memorable night. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a a uh a memorable night. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a a uh a memorable night. Uh the
+uh the resolution was finally uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the resolution was finally uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the resolution was finally uh a
+redesign of uh the mounting area back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign of uh the mounting area back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign of uh the mounting area back
+there and and a reanalysis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and a reanalysis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and a reanalysis of the
+uh vibrational modes of the FB bulkhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational modes of the FB bulkhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational modes of the FB bulkhead
+sorted all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted all
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh there's what we had back in uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's what we had back in uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's what we had back in uh for
+crew interface. As you saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew interface. As you saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew interface. As you saw in the
+earlier picture up front, three CRTs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier picture up front, three CRTs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier picture up front, three CRTs,
+monochrome, green. That's a that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrome, green. That's a that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochrome, green. That's a that was
+either green or nothing on the screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either green or nothing on the screen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either green or nothing on the screen.
+And we had a keyboard, two keyboards,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we had a keyboard, two keyboards,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we had a keyboard, two keyboards,
+three CRTs. So, there's always this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CRTs. So, there's always this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CRTs. So, there's always this
+little uh concern when you're punching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh concern when you're punching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh concern when you're punching
+on a keyboard. You want to be sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a keyboard. You want to be sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a keyboard. You want to be sure it's
+selected to the CRT you think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to the CRT you think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected to the CRT you think you're
+doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something
+on. Another marginal design. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Another marginal design. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. Another marginal design. But that's
+that's what we ended up with. You notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we ended up with. You notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we ended up with. You notice
+we don't we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we got a
+hexadimal keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexadimal keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexadimal keyboard
+here. Uh we got some strange keys called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh we got some strange keys called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Uh we got some strange keys called
+item uh an electric and ops which had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh an electric and ops which had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh an electric and ops which had to
+do with this uh truly unique way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this uh truly unique way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this uh truly unique way you
+cause things to happen through software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause things to happen through software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause things to happen through software
+and lots of things were critical through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of things were critical through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of things were critical through
+software and then this uh rather dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and then this uh rather dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and then this uh rather dim
+green screen. This was way before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green screen. This was way before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green screen. This was way before the
+days uh I guess Bill Gates was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh I guess Bill Gates was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh I guess Bill Gates was still
+here at MIT or maybe even hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT or maybe even hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT or maybe even hadn't
+registered yet. I don't know. It was way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered yet. I don't know. It was way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered yet. I don't know. It was way
+before Windows uh 1.0. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Windows uh 1.0. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Windows uh 1.0. And so
+uh it seems almost conical now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems almost conical now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it seems almost conical now when you
+compare it to even modern airliner crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to even modern airliner crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to even modern airliner crew
+interface with glass cockpits. But uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with glass cockpits. But uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with glass cockpits. But uh uh
+we were breaking new ground here and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were breaking new ground here and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were breaking new ground here and it
+it even at the time seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even at the time seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it even at the time seemed
+because that's all they were willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all they were willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's all they were willing to
+uh embrace in the way of uh of computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embrace in the way of uh of computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embrace in the way of uh of computer
+control and design and it was unique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and design and it was unique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and design and it was unique and
+it caused lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caused lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it caused lots of
+uh uh headaches and delays. Uh the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh headaches and delays. Uh the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh headaches and delays. Uh the big
+thing about the orbiter with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the orbiter with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the orbiter with its
+uh I'll go back uh data processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll go back uh data processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll go back uh data processing
+system the decision was made Everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the decision was made Everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the decision was made Everything
+is going to be done in these all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be done in these all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be done in these all
+powerful general purpose computers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful general purpose computers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful general purpose computers of
+which there were five in an array that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there were five in an array that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there were five in an array that
+work together. Flight control, system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together. Flight control, system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together. Flight control, system
+management, navigation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, navigation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, navigation,
+uh inertial subsystem control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inertial subsystem control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inertial subsystem control of
+everything. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. And
+so the result was the software loads as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result was the software loads as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result was the software loads as
+they were built had lots of flaws when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were built had lots of flaws when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were built had lots of flaws when
+they came down. Yeah, we couldn't fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came down. Yeah, we couldn't fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came down. Yeah, we couldn't fix
+them. You know, we had cases as as dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. You know, we had cases as as dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. You know, we had cases as as dumb
+as a display that showed the freon loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a display that showed the freon loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a display that showed the freon loop
+a pump on and it when it got through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pump on and it when it got through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pump on and it when it got through all
+the software build, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software build, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software build, it was
+backwards. It would say off when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. It would say off when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards. It would say off when it was
+really on. Seemed like a simple fix,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on. Seemed like a simple fix,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on. Seemed like a simple fix,
+right? Go back to the programmer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Go back to the programmer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Go back to the programmer and
+rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+code. But we couldn't do it. We had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. But we couldn't do it. We had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code. But we couldn't do it. We had to
+live with it for a long period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with it for a long period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with it for a long period of time
+through training until another whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through training until another whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through training until another whole
+load was built because the load that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load was built because the load that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load was built because the load that
+would fix this dumb little ble mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fix this dumb little ble mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fix this dumb little ble mistake
+uh was also the one that steered you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was also the one that steered you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was also the one that steered you
+during asset and they didn't want to. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during asset and they didn't want to. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during asset and they didn't want to. So
+everything was frozen and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was frozen and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was frozen and there was
+great fear of changing anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fear of changing anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fear of changing anything that
+would ricochet through something truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ricochet through something truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ricochet through something truly
+critical. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical. And
+so even when we got to uh SDS3, we flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when we got to uh SDS3, we flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even when we got to uh SDS3, we flew
+with a book about this thick of program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a book about this thick of program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a book about this thick of program
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+uh that that told you line after line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that told you line after line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that told you line after line
+what was wrong, you know, what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was wrong, you know, what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was wrong, you know, what was
+backwards, what was uh was a a trap. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards, what was uh was a a trap. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards, what was uh was a a trap. And
+uh really a big challenge for the crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really a big challenge for the crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really a big challenge for the crew
+to embrace and live with because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embrace and live with because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embrace and live with because there
+just wasn't time in the program to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't time in the program to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't time in the program to build
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+load, check it out through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load, check it out through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load, check it out through all the
+different labs that had to certify it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a vote for modular software where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a vote for modular software where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a vote for modular software where
+you can you can change something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can change something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can change something here
+and be assured you're not bollocking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be assured you're not bollocking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be assured you're not bollocking up
+something else in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine. Ohms RCS. This is the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Ohms RCS. This is the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Ohms RCS. This is the the two
+pods either side of the vertical tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pods either side of the vertical tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pods either side of the vertical tail
+are uh couple big ohms propellant tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh couple big ohms propellant tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh couple big ohms propellant tanks
+oxidizer and fuel hypergolic. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer and fuel hypergolic. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizer and fuel hypergolic. So, we
+didn't need any ignition system. As soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need any ignition system. As soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need any ignition system. As soon
+as these came together in a thruster,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these came together in a thruster,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these came together in a thruster,
+uh you had thrust and uh there were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you had thrust and uh there were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you had thrust and uh there were I
+think 44 main thrusters. Here's four y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 44 main thrusters. Here's four y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 44 main thrusters. Here's four y
+jets uh firing out to the side. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets uh firing out to the side. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets uh firing out to the side. This
+would be pitch jets. Uh the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pitch jets. Uh the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pitch jets. Uh the same thing
+repeated on the other side and up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated on the other side and up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated on the other side and up in the
+nose of the forward RCS. Uh so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose of the forward RCS. Uh so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose of the forward RCS. Uh so they had
+jets that fired up and out to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets that fired up and out to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets that fired up and out to the side
+and down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down and
+Uh I mentioned the controls in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I mentioned the controls in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I mentioned the controls in the
+cockpit which we did. One of my uh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit which we did. One of my uh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit which we did. One of my uh great
+successes was getting the orbiter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes was getting the orbiter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes was getting the orbiter uh
+panels to be arranged in a in a plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels to be arranged in a in a plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels to be arranged in a in a plumbing
+uh layout so that you could see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layout so that you could see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh layout so that you could see what
+you're pressurizing when you turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pressurizing when you turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pressurizing when you turn on the
+helium for a given leg and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium for a given leg and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium for a given leg and that sort of
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+Helium tanks are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helium tanks are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helium tanks are what
+pressurized and a really clever system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized and a really clever system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized and a really clever system
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of O control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of O control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of O control that
+is when you're in zero G and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're in zero G and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're in zero G and you got
+propellant floating around randomly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant floating around randomly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant floating around randomly and
+you turn on the helium to push it toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on the helium to push it toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn on the helium to push it toward
+the outlet. If the outlet's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlet. If the outlet's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outlet. If the outlet's uh
+uncovered, the helium's going to square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered, the helium's going to square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncovered, the helium's going to square
+right up. But they an elaborate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up. But they an elaborate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right up. But they an elaborate system
+of surface tension kind of baffles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surface tension kind of baffles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of surface tension kind of baffles that
+kept and trapped fuel near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept and trapped fuel near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept and trapped fuel near the
+uh near the outlet of the tank. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near the outlet of the tank. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near the outlet of the tank. So that
+when the thrust came on and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the thrust came on and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the thrust came on and all the
+propellant went down where it should, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant went down where it should, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propellant went down where it should, it
+sort of recharged this uh chamber at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recharged this uh chamber at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of recharged this uh chamber at the
+bottom of the tanks to uh to keep it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the tanks to uh to keep it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the tanks to uh to keep it uh
+flowing smoothly and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing smoothly and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing smoothly and not
+uh not lose all the pressurization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I remember the
+first my impression of of what reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first my impression of of what reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first my impression of of what reaction
+control jets would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control jets would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control jets would be like
+is based on science fiction movies where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on science fiction movies where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on science fiction movies where
+you see the spacecraft out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the spacecraft out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the spacecraft out there and
+there's little squirts of jets, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little squirts of jets, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little squirts of jets, you
+know, that nudge nudge you around. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that nudge nudge you around. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that nudge nudge you around. And
+we went out to uh the uh ground test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went out to uh the uh ground test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went out to uh the uh ground test
+facility at White Sands on a field trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility at White Sands on a field trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility at White Sands on a field trip
+out there where they had a actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there where they had a actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there where they had a actually had
+the forward RCS set up and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward RCS set up and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward RCS set up and they were
+going to do real firings of of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do real firings of of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do real firings of of the main
+jets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets out
+there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And
+uh we were probably couple hundred feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were probably couple hundred feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we were probably couple hundred feet
+away from the test setup and we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the test setup and we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the test setup and we're out
+there waiting uh for the the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there waiting uh for the the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there waiting uh for the the sequence of
+jet firings to start on a test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the first one, the first firing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first one, the first firing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the first one, the first firing of
+one of the main jets, which are right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main jets, which are right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main jets, which are right up
+around 900 pounds to thrust was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 900 pounds to thrust was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 900 pounds to thrust was just a
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+pulse and everybody went about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and everybody went about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse and everybody went about three
+feet off the ground. I mean, it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet off the ground. I mean, it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet off the ground. I mean, it was like
+like you fired a howitzer. It was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you fired a howitzer. It was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you fired a howitzer. It was just
+stunning. Wham bam. And it just blew you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning. Wham bam. And it just blew you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning. Wham bam. And it just blew you
+away. and had the realization we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. and had the realization we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. and had the realization we're
+going to be in the cockpit here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the cockpit here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the cockpit here and
+these things are firing right outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are firing right outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are firing right outside
+the windshield. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield. Uh
+uh they did in space uh the ignition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they did in space uh the ignition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they did in space uh the ignition
+transient uh ricochets through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient uh ricochets through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient uh ricochets through the
+structure. You can hear this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can hear this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can hear this kind of
+booming effect, but once they're on, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming effect, but once they're on, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming effect, but once they're on, if
+it's a long duration firing, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long duration firing, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long duration firing, it's
+silent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent.
+And the same way visually you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the same way visually you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the same way visually you can see a
+flash when when the uh the fuel is led a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash when when the uh the fuel is led a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash when when the uh the fuel is led a
+little bit in front of the oxidizer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in front of the oxidizer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in front of the oxidizer to
+make sure you don't overheat something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't overheat something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you don't overheat something.
+And so there's incomplete combustion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's incomplete combustion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there's incomplete combustion at
+the ignition as you can see a flash go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignition as you can see a flash go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ignition as you can see a flash go
+out there. But once on during an ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. But once on during an ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. But once on during an ohms
+burn for instance when these ohm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn for instance when these ohm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn for instance when these ohm
+tensions are firing and you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions are firing and you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions are firing and you're looking
+back at the aft you see the flash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the aft you see the flash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the aft you see the flash and
+they're on and they're pushing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on and they're pushing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on and they're pushing and you
+can feel it but otherwise invisible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel it but otherwise invisible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel it but otherwise invisible.
+That's the way you remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the way you remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the way you remember.
+Yeah. On the other hand, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. On the other hand, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. On the other hand, there are
+verier jets, little guys. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verier jets, little guys. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verier jets, little guys. I don't know
+if they're shown here, but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're shown here, but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're shown here, but there's
+little 25 pound thrusters or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 25 pound thrusters or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little 25 pound thrusters or something
+that's used 98% of the time on orbit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used 98% of the time on orbit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used 98% of the time on orbit.
+You really are doing the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You really are doing the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You really are doing the kind of thing
+with the verteier jets. And you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verteier jets. And you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the verteier jets. And you can't
+hear those or see anything when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear those or see anything when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear those or see anything when they're
+going off. In fact, we uh got everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off. In fact, we uh got everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off. In fact, we uh got everybody
+quiet and kind of held on to the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and kind of held on to the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet and kind of held on to the walls
+just trying to see if we could barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see if we could barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to see if we could barely
+detect when a verier jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect when a verier jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect when a verier jet
+fired physically in the cockpit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um the orbiter is one giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the orbiter is one giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the orbiter is one giant
+uh heat transfer machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat transfer machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat transfer machine.
+uh lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of
+uh lots of calories of heat energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of calories of heat energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lots of calories of heat energy
+pumped around from one end to the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped around from one end to the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumped around from one end to the other.
+Uh and so there's uh there's a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so there's uh there's a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so there's uh there's a water
+loops within the cabin that transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops within the cabin that transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops within the cabin that transfer the
+heat to freon loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to freon loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to freon loops that
+are the fluid is pumped through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fluid is pumped through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fluid is pumped through the
+radiators to reject heat. Uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators to reject heat. Uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators to reject heat. Uh there are
+spite of all these heat rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all these heat rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spite of all these heat rejection
+systems then there are heaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems then there are heaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems then there are heaters
+everywhere. Whole banks of heaters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Whole banks of heaters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. Whole banks of heaters to
+keep stuff from freezing. And uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep stuff from freezing. And uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep stuff from freezing. And uh then
+for the landing and takeoff phases there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the landing and takeoff phases there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the landing and takeoff phases there
+are flash evaporators that that flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flash evaporators that that flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flash evaporators that that flash
+water andor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water andor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water andor
+uh ammonia. when you get down where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ammonia. when you get down where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ammonia. when you get down where
+water when you're down in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water when you're down in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water when you're down in the atmosphere
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh you use ammonia to uh cool the loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you use ammonia to uh cool the loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you use ammonia to uh cool the loops
+and of course the payload bay doors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the payload bay doors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the payload bay doors are
+closed. So uh it turns out STS3 was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. So uh it turns out STS3 was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. So uh it turns out STS3 was a a
+major test of it was test all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major test of it was test all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major test of it was test all these
+loops and how the structure responded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and how the structure responded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and how the structure responded to
+long durations and given attitudes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long durations and given attitudes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long durations and given attitudes with
+the sun shining on one side and cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun shining on one side and cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun shining on one side and cold
+space on the other side and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on the other side and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space on the other side and how the
+structure would uh distort or hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure would uh distort or hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure would uh distort or hopefully
+not distort and how all that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distort and how all that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not distort and how all that system
+would work. As it turned out, uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work. As it turned out, uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work. As it turned out, uh, you
+like lots of redundancy. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of redundancy. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lots of redundancy. This is
+probably the the weak point I thought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the the weak point I thought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the the weak point I thought in
+the whole orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole orbiter
+design. Uh, we got three engines. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Uh, we got three engines. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Uh, we got three engines. We
+proved that you can get there when only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that you can get there when only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that you can get there when only
+two. Uh, but the freon loops, there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Uh, but the freon loops, there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Uh, but the freon loops, there were
+two. We done it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. We done it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. We done it through the
+radiators. And if one freon loop pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators. And if one freon loop pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators. And if one freon loop pump
+quit, you're in a severe emergency. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit, you're in a severe emergency. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit, you're in a severe emergency. That
+means stop everything. power down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means stop everything. power down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means stop everything. power down
+severely. Turn off all the the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely. Turn off all the the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severely. Turn off all the the computers
+except one. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one. Uh
+uh get in a proper attitude and be ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get in a proper attitude and be ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get in a proper attitude and be ready
+and go into a uh panic reconfiguration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into a uh panic reconfiguration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into a uh panic reconfiguration
+to come back and land. Uh originally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and land. Uh originally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back and land. Uh originally the
+design had three freon loops. It could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design had three freon loops. It could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design had three freon loops. It could
+lose one and go on with uh with uh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose one and go on with uh with uh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose one and go on with uh with uh no no
+concern. But as it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. But as it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. But as it turned out
+uh the heat loads were so high and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the heat loads were so high and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the heat loads were so high and the
+weight uh criticality uh determined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight uh criticality uh determined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight uh criticality uh determined that
+all we had uh electrical power to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we had uh electrical power to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we had uh electrical power to run
+were two loops and uh so we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two loops and uh so we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were two loops and uh so we ended up
+with uh a single free loop which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a single free loop which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh a single free loop which
+fortunately as far as I know never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately as far as I know never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately as far as I know never
+failed but if it had it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed but if it had it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed but if it had it would have been
+a crash uh de-orbit and uh uh landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crash uh de-orbit and uh uh landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crash uh de-orbit and uh uh landing
+under severely powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under severely powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under severely powered
+conditions. So the well it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So the well it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So the well it's kind of
+mundane and people don't worry they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane and people don't worry they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane and people don't worry they
+don't think about it as a primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it as a primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think about it as a primary
+system. The uh thermal control really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The uh thermal control really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The uh thermal control really
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+critical payload bay doors. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical payload bay doors. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical payload bay doors. This is a
+busy chart but it indicates these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy chart but it indicates these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy chart but it indicates these are
+really comp complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comp complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comp complicated.
+60 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 ft
+long and something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and something like
+uh 120 little motor driven latches to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 120 little motor driven latches to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 120 little motor driven latches to uh
+latch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch them
+closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed.
+Uh and you don't just go chunk closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you don't just go chunk closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and you don't just go chunk closed
+like the Bombay on a B-52 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Bombay on a B-52 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Bombay on a B-52 and it's
+closed to close the payload bay doors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed to close the payload bay doors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed to close the payload bay doors.
+You you uh get them close and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you uh get them close and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you uh get them close and then the
+latches along the bulkhead all in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches along the bulkhead all in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches along the bulkhead all in a
+zipper fashion have to sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipper fashion have to sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipper fashion have to sequentially
+close and then you go down the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then you go down the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and then you go down the the
+center section to to latch the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center section to to latch the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center section to to latch the two uh
+left and right doors together. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right doors together. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right doors together. All
+software controlled to uh and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software controlled to uh and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software controlled to uh and there was
+a lot of concern that we addressed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of concern that we addressed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of concern that we addressed on
+SCS3 particularly about whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCS3 particularly about whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCS3 particularly about whether this is
+all going to work. If you've been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to work. If you've been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to work. If you've been uh
+floating around with these pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around with these pointed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around with these pointed to
+dark space, would they distort to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark space, would they distort to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark space, would they distort to where
+the zipper scheme would work? We worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zipper scheme would work? We worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zipper scheme would work? We worried
+about it enough that uh part of our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it enough that uh part of our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it enough that uh part of our uh
+emergency training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency training
+uh contingency training. spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contingency training. spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contingency training. spent a lot of
+time underwater in the neutral buoyancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time underwater in the neutral buoyancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time underwater in the neutral buoyancy
+tank uh looking at a system going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank uh looking at a system going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank uh looking at a system going out
+EVA with a uh a series of comealongs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVA with a uh a series of comealongs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EVA with a uh a series of comealongs,
+you know, the kind of things you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the kind of things you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the kind of things you use to
+pull a motor out of a car. Uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a motor out of a car. Uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull a motor out of a car. Uh that that
+kind of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing.
+uh that we could go down there and hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we could go down there and hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we could go down there and hook
+up and lash the the doors shut actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and lash the the doors shut actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and lash the the doors shut actually
+uh kind of manually get them shut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of manually get them shut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of manually get them shut and
+then latch them shut with these. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then latch them shut with these. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then latch them shut with these. Uh so
+uh fortunately that's never had to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fortunately that's never had to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fortunately that's never had to use
+and this complex system has worked good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this complex system has worked good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this complex system has worked good
+but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was
+scary the first time we flew it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary the first time we flew it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary the first time we flew it on
+STS3 was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concern. Okay what I got here hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. Okay what I got here hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern. Okay what I got here hydraulic
+system hydraulics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hydraulics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system hydraulics are
+uh hydroine powered uh turbines that run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hydroine powered uh turbines that run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hydroine powered uh turbines that run
+at some ridiculous RPM like 200,000 RPM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some ridiculous RPM like 200,000 RPM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some ridiculous RPM like 200,000 RPM
+to drive hydraulic pumps back here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive hydraulic pumps back here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive hydraulic pumps back here in
+the back end. And then they're crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end. And then they're crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end. And then they're crucial
+during uh launch uh because they got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during uh launch uh because they got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during uh launch uh because they got to
+hold the elevons in position, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the elevons in position, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the elevons in position, but they
+also got to provide the muscle to gimble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got to provide the muscle to gimble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got to provide the muscle to gimble
+the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+engines and keep you steering straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and keep you steering straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines and keep you steering straight
+during launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during launch
+uh during entry. They're what you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during entry. They're what you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during entry. They're what you use to
+fly when you get back into a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly when you get back into a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly when you get back into a dynamic
+pressure situation. Control the rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure situation. Control the rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure situation. Control the rudder
+speed brake. And uh the body flap body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed brake. And uh the body flap body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed brake. And uh the body flap body
+flap is a big surface all that sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap is a big surface all that sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap is a big surface all that sticks
+out underneath the uh main engine bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out underneath the uh main engine bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out underneath the uh main engine bells
+and is a slowm moving trim device. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a slowm moving trim device. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a slowm moving trim device. The
+body flap is always moved. Uh you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body flap is always moved. Uh you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body flap is always moved. Uh you go
+through this Mach 25 to Mach zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Mach 25 to Mach zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this Mach 25 to Mach zero
+envelope and the the uh The trim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and the the uh The trim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and the the uh The trim
+conditions necessary with these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions necessary with these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions necessary with these big
+eleons varies a lot. So to desaturate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleons varies a lot. So to desaturate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleons varies a lot. So to desaturate
+the elevons and keep them in uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevons and keep them in uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevons and keep them in uh and
+basically faired with the wing, the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically faired with the wing, the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically faired with the wing, the body
+flaps your trim device and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps your trim device and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flaps your trim device and it's you know
+it's like this row of tables long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this row of tables long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this row of tables long and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+wide. I remember asking to see the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide. I remember asking to see the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide. I remember asking to see the motor
+that it's driven a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's driven a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's driven a whole lot of
+mechanical advantage uh by a hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical advantage uh by a hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical advantage uh by a hydraulic
+motor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor.
+A guy took me around. I couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A guy took me around. I couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A guy took me around. I couldn't find
+the actuator, you know, for the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actuator, you know, for the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actuator, you know, for the body
+flap. He showed me the motor is this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap. He showed me the motor is this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flap. He showed me the motor is this big
+around and this long little hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and this long little hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and this long little hydraulic
+motor. So, you can do anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. So, you can do anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor. So, you can do anything with
+mechanical advantage,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical advantage,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical advantage,
+uh, but didn't have to move very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast. Uh, finally on the system pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Uh, finally on the system pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Uh, finally on the system pictures
+here, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the
+RMS, hopefully you've heard about this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS, hopefully you've heard about this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS, hopefully you've heard about this,
+was built by SPAR up in Canada. is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built by SPAR up in Canada. is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built by SPAR up in Canada. is
+Canadian's main uh contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian's main uh contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian's main uh contribution to the
+orbiter program. Pretty magical device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter program. Pretty magical device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter program. Pretty magical device
+mounted along it can go on either side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted along it can go on either side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted along it can go on either side,
+but for our flights uh mounted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our flights uh mounted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for our flights uh mounted on the
+left hand side or the right if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side or the right if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side or the right if you're
+looking out the back windows at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out the back windows at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking out the back windows at it and
+uh head joints logically called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh head joints logically called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh head joints logically called the
+shoulder joint, elbow, wrist joint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder joint, elbow, wrist joint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder joint, elbow, wrist joint.
+Uh all electrically electric motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all electrically electric motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all electrically electric motor
+driven uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven uh
+But the interesting thing was a control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the interesting thing was a control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the interesting thing was a control.
+You had hand controllers um mounted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You had hand controllers um mounted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You had hand controllers um mounted in
+the out part of the on the right console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out part of the on the right console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out part of the on the right console
+in the back where you looked out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back where you looked out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back where you looked out and you
+could work in a mode where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work in a mode where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work in a mode where you were
+actually driving in the end uh left,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually driving in the end uh left,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually driving in the end uh left,
+right, up, down, in, out without regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, up, down, in, out without regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, up, down, in, out without regard
+to what every joint was done. That's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what every joint was done. That's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what every joint was done. That's all
+resolved by the software and uh worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by the software and uh worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved by the software and uh worked
+well. The endeector was a a clever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The endeector was a a clever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. The endeector was a a clever uh
+kind of a hollow cylindrical device that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hollow cylindrical device that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a hollow cylindrical device that
+that would rotate inside and uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would rotate inside and uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would rotate inside and uh three
+cables that would be out out curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables that would be out out curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables that would be out out curved
+around the periphery of the inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the periphery of the inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the periphery of the inside this
+cavity when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity when when
+activated. You put this over a post on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated. You put this over a post on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated. You put this over a post on
+whatever you wanted to grab onto with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you wanted to grab onto with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you wanted to grab onto with a
+knob on the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob on the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob on the end.
+you go over the post and then rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over the post and then rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go over the post and then rotate the
+inner barrel and the cables would wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner barrel and the cables would wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner barrel and the cables would wrap
+up and grab onto the post and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and grab onto the post and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and grab onto the post and then they
+would retract in to rigidize and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would retract in to rigidize and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would retract in to rigidize and that
+was the grabber on the RMS and we flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the grabber on the RMS and we flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the grabber on the RMS and we flew
+this uh on STS3 show you later. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh on STS3 show you later. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh on STS3 show you later. Okay.
+Well, anyway, that's the subsystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, anyway, that's the subsystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, anyway, that's the subsystem
+review. Uh let me uh show you how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. Uh let me uh show you how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. Uh let me uh show you how things
+went during pro landing tests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went during pro landing tests.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went during pro landing tests.
+Now, let's see. Got to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let's see. Got to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let's see. Got to get back
+to I've never figured out how to embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I've never figured out how to embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I've never figured out how to embed
+video in PowerPoint, so I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in PowerPoint, so I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in PowerPoint, so I'm going to be
+doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+manually. Any questions while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually. Any questions while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually. Any questions while we're
+waiting on this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, this is the desert around where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is the desert around where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, this is the desert around where I
+live and a hila monster and the Joshua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and a hila monster and the Joshua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and a hila monster and the Joshua
+tree set the scene. And uh here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree set the scene. And uh here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree set the scene. And uh here you have
+uh OV 101. The numbering system, as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OV 101. The numbering system, as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh OV 101. The numbering system, as it
+turned out, is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out, is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out, is kind of
+uh interesting. They built OV99 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting. They built OV99 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting. They built OV99 as the
+structural test article uh was strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural test article uh was strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural test article uh was strictly
+built to be in the lab. and uh uh do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to be in the lab. and uh uh do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built to be in the lab. and uh uh do all
+the structural testing on it. 101 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural testing on it. 101 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural testing on it. 101 then
+was the first orbiter uh built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first orbiter uh built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first orbiter uh built the
+Enterprise being hauled from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise being hauled from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise being hauled from
+Palmdale across the back roads and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmdale across the back roads and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palmdale across the back roads and the
+desert roads to get over to Edwards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert roads to get over to Edwards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert roads to get over to Edwards in
+these scenes. And uh one of one was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scenes. And uh one of one was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scenes. And uh one of one was the
+ALT airplane. You can see kind of phony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT airplane. You can see kind of phony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT airplane. You can see kind of phony
+looking RCS. Uh it it had as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking RCS. Uh it it had as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking RCS. Uh it it had as I mentioned
+only the systems that you needed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the systems that you needed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the systems that you needed to uh
+fly atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly atmospheric
+flight. So this was a big thing getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. So this was a big thing getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. So this was a big thing getting
+it cross country.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cross country.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cross country.
+Um it had a pedo boom on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it had a pedo boom on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it had a pedo boom on
+it. It had just simulated uh thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It had just simulated uh thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It had just simulated uh thermal
+protection styrofoam painted to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection styrofoam painted to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection styrofoam painted to look
+kind of like they thought the the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like they thought the the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like they thought the the space
+vehicles would look but wasn't real.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles would look but wasn't real.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles would look but wasn't real.
+that was put in the uh mating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put in the uh mating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put in the uh mating and
+docking device which is at uh NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docking device which is at uh NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+docking device which is at uh NASA
+Dryden where I work now hoisted up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dryden where I work now hoisted up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dryden where I work now hoisted up and
+then the uh 747 905 the first shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh 747 905 the first shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh 747 905 the first shuttle
+carrier aircraft uh was pulled under and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier aircraft uh was pulled under and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier aircraft uh was pulled under and
+they mated them up. I remember flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mated them up. I remember flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mated them up. I remember flying
+out to Edwards and seeing this unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Edwards and seeing this unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Edwards and seeing this unlikely
+combination and uh I thought the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh I thought the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and uh I thought the first
+time I saw the two together I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I saw the two together I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I saw the two together I thought
+they can't be serious. But then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be serious. But then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be serious. But then I
+realized I was going to be in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I was going to be in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I was going to be in it.
+So uh there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh there were
+uh 13 total flights. This is a taxi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 13 total flights. This is a taxi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 13 total flights. This is a taxi
+test. When when you get a aerodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. When when you get a aerodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. When when you get a aerodynamic
+test, you can sneak up. So you do baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, you can sneak up. So you do baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test, you can sneak up. So you do baby
+steps. This was just a uh high-speed run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. This was just a uh high-speed run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. This was just a uh high-speed run
+down the runway to see if it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the runway to see if it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the runway to see if it would
+rotate and anything would uh shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and anything would uh shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate and anything would uh shake
+alarmingly. And that looked good. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmingly. And that looked good. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarmingly. And that looked good. So,
+uh, preparations proceeded for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, preparations proceeded for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, preparations proceeded for the first
+of the captive inert flights. Uh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the captive inert flights. Uh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the captive inert flights. Uh, this
+is Fitz Fton and Tom Merry, both real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Fitz Fton and Tom Merry, both real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Fitz Fton and Tom Merry, both real
+good friends, and they were the crew on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends, and they were the crew on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good friends, and they were the crew on
+the 747 for this very first milestone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 747 for this very first milestone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 747 for this very first milestone
+flight. A lot of people were out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. A lot of people were out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. A lot of people were out
+watching and wondering if it would fly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and wondering if it would fly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and wondering if it would fly,
+which it did very well. And, uh, off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it did very well. And, uh, off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it did very well. And, uh, off it
+went. You notice a a longerh front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went. You notice a a longerh front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went. You notice a a longerh front
+attach structure there and the orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach structure there and the orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach structure there and the orbiter
+is purposely on there at an angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is purposely on there at an angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is purposely on there at an angle of
+attack to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack to
+uh to uh produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh produce
+lift. I fly the 74 for ferry flights now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift. I fly the 74 for ferry flights now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift. I fly the 74 for ferry flights now
+uh to to haul orbiters back to the Cape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to haul orbiters back to the Cape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to haul orbiters back to the Cape
+when they landed Edwards as the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they landed Edwards as the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they landed Edwards as the last one
+did. And uh the nose the front uh bipod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. And uh the nose the front uh bipod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did. And uh the nose the front uh bipod
+is much shorter so that the orbiter's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much shorter so that the orbiter's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much shorter so that the orbiter's
+down for less drag for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for less drag for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for less drag for the
+combination. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination. But
+uh this setup here was so that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this setup here was so that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this setup here was so that we could
+get the orbiter off the top and not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the orbiter off the top and not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the orbiter off the top and not get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+tail. There's a rumble. The crew noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail. There's a rumble. The crew noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail. There's a rumble. The crew noticed
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+shaking is still the case when you fly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking is still the case when you fly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking is still the case when you fly.
+These uh vertical fins are added onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These uh vertical fins are added onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These uh vertical fins are added onto
+the horizontal stabs to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal stabs to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal stabs to increase
+directional stability because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional stability because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional stability because the
+orbiter blanks a lot of flow over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter blanks a lot of flow over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter blanks a lot of flow over the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+vertical. And in fact, they overdid it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. And in fact, they overdid it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical. And in fact, they overdid it a
+little bit. There's too much directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. There's too much directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. There's too much directional
+stability which has resulted in a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability which has resulted in a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability which has resulted in a weird
+situation is your crosswind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is your crosswind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is your crosswind
+limit when you have an orbiter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when you have an orbiter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when you have an orbiter on
+board is greater than when it's not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is greater than when it's not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is greater than when it's not.
+you got so much directional stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got so much directional stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got so much directional stability in
+a crosswind there's a strong weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crosswind there's a strong weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crosswind there's a strong weather
+veining and you run out a normal rudder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veining and you run out a normal rudder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veining and you run out a normal rudder
+without an orbiter but uh so you're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an orbiter but uh so you're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without an orbiter but uh so you're good
+only to 15 knots crosswind with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to 15 knots crosswind with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to 15 knots crosswind with the
+orbiter on uh the limit is 20 knots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter on uh the limit is 20 knots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter on uh the limit is 20 knots and
+it's a good limit I've flown them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good limit I've flown them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good limit I've flown them both
+ways in crosswinds and indeed at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in crosswinds and indeed at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in crosswinds and indeed at those
+numbers you run out of rudder as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you run out of rudder as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you run out of rudder as you
+land and are rolling out the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and are rolling out the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and are rolling out the strong
+weather bing tendency is is leading you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather bing tendency is is leading you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather bing tendency is is leading you
+off the side of the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the side of the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the side of the runway
+Anyway, that looked good. And so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that looked good. And so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, that looked good. And so they
+came back and and we had a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back and and we had a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back and and we had a a big
+post-flight party. Alt was great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-flight party. Alt was great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-flight party. Alt was great for
+parties. We had 13 post-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parties. So, uh after five flight and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties. So, uh after five flight and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties. So, uh after five flight and at
+the same time uh we're doing the ALT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time uh we're doing the ALT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time uh we're doing the ALT
+flights, we're developing a shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, we're developing a shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, we're developing a shuttle
+training aircraft. This is a Gulf Stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training aircraft. This is a Gulf Stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training aircraft. This is a Gulf Stream
+2 with big uh side force generators on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 with big uh side force generators on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 with big uh side force generators on
+the belly and it's an airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belly and it's an airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the belly and it's an airborne
+simulator. Uh the left seat is set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator. Uh the left seat is set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator. Uh the left seat is set up
+with orbiter instruments and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with orbiter instruments and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with orbiter instruments and uh the
+right seat was the standard Gulfream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seat was the standard Gulfream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seat was the standard Gulfream
+cockpit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit.
+We flew I've flown thousands of dives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We flew I've flown thousands of dives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We flew I've flown thousands of dives at
+the ground in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground in the
+STA preparing for the the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STA preparing for the the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STA preparing for the the whole idea of
+uh first time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first time for
+sure unpowered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure unpowered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure unpowered
+uh landing that you have to do right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh landing that you have to do right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh landing that you have to do right the
+first time. and back in the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time. and back in the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time. and back in the simulator
+here for lots more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runs. And it was it was a great time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs. And it was it was a great time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs. And it was it was a great time
+because everything was brand new. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything was brand new. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything was brand new. Uh
+very interesting. Uh this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting. Uh this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting. Uh this this is a
+camera and an actual model. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and an actual model. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and an actual model. This is
+before the days of computerenerated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the days of computerenerated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the days of computerenerated uh
+video. Uh so it uh flew the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video. Uh so it uh flew the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video. Uh so it uh flew the little
+camera down to landing and we learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera down to landing and we learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera down to landing and we learned a
+lot about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about uh
+characteristics. One that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. One that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. One that we really
+wondered about when when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about when when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered about when when you
+were when you made a lateral input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when you made a lateral input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were when you made a lateral input to
+roll the orbiter in the simulator, it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the orbiter in the simulator, it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the orbiter in the simulator, it it
+would bang you. It would there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bang you. It would there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bang you. It would there was this
+lateral lurch we called it. Uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral lurch we called it. Uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral lurch we called it. Uh it would
+jolt you sideways and we thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jolt you sideways and we thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jolt you sideways and we thought this
+can't be real. It doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be real. It doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be real. It doesn't make any
+sense. No airplane we ever flew does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. No airplane we ever flew does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. No airplane we ever flew does
+that. Uh we squawkked it. They came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh we squawkked it. They came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh we squawkked it. They came back
+and said, "Well, equations all worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said, "Well, equations all worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said, "Well, equations all worked
+out." So, uh, we live with it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out." So, uh, we live with it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out." So, uh, we live with it and
+thought it was just a artifact that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was just a artifact that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was just a artifact that was
+snuck in there and didn't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuck in there and didn't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuck in there and didn't worry about
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, now
+the captive active started where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captive active started where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captive active started where we
+actually got in and uh, cranked things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got in and uh, cranked things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got in and uh, cranked things
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+Uh on the second flight I was chasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh on the second flight I was chasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh on the second flight I was chasing in
+the T38 and Engle and Truly were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T38 and Engle and Truly were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T38 and Engle and Truly were in the
+cockpit and I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit and I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit and I noticed
+uh shiny looking uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shiny looking uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shiny looking uh on the
+side. That big X on the CRT is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. That big X on the CRT is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. That big X on the CRT is what
+happens when the computer that's driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the computer that's driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the computer that's driving
+that CRT quits. That's sort of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CRT quits. That's sort of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CRT quits. That's sort of the uh
+the panic symbol when the X shows up. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panic symbol when the X shows up. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panic symbol when the X shows up. Uh
+anyway, I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, I noticed
+uh a leak as it turned out to be. Had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a leak as it turned out to be. Had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a leak as it turned out to be. Had a
+severe hydroine leak. Hydroine is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe hydroine leak. Hydroine is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe hydroine leak. Hydroine is bad
+stuff to have leaking. And uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to have leaking. And uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to have leaking. And uh one of the
+APU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APU
+uh supply tanks let go. Plus they had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh supply tanks let go. Plus they had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh supply tanks let go. Plus they had an
+overtemp. Uh so we uh we found things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtemp. Uh so we uh we found things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtemp. Uh so we uh we found things
+that were wrong. It would have been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were wrong. It would have been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were wrong. It would have been uh
+it made these captor flights worthwhile.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made these captor flights worthwhile.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made these captor flights worthwhile.
+Uh if we just gone and launched off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we just gone and launched off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh if we just gone and launched off on
+the first one, it could have been more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one, it could have been more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one, it could have been more
+exciting than it needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be. So we had five of those and Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So we had five of those and Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So we had five of those and Fred
+Hayes and I got the oddnumbered flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayes and I got the oddnumbered flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayes and I got the oddnumbered flights
+one, three, and five. Five more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, three, and five. Five more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, three, and five. Five more
+postflight parties and then we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postflight parties and then we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postflight parties and then we decided
+we're ready to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to go.
+So it was on uh well this is the last of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was on uh well this is the last of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was on uh well this is the last of
+the captive active flights. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captive active flights. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the captive active flights. The the
+scheme by which we planned to get off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme by which we planned to get off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme by which we planned to get off of
+here and not take off the tail of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not take off the tail of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and not take off the tail of the
+747 was that the 74 would go as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 was that the 74 would go as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+747 was that the 74 would go as high as
+it could go. It could get up to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go. It could get up to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could go. It could get up to around
+27,000 ft uh with engines over boosted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27,000 ft uh with engines over boosted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27,000 ft uh with engines over boosted.
+Pratt went said you can go this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt went said you can go this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pratt went said you can go this long
+with extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with extra
+power and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and then
+uh nose over and speed up to 240 knots.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nose over and speed up to 240 knots.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nose over and speed up to 240 knots.
+It was climbing maybe 190 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was climbing maybe 190 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was climbing maybe 190 200
+knots with a with a little downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots with a with a little downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots with a with a little downhill
+push. We got up to 240. At 240,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push. We got up to 240. At 240,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push. We got up to 240. At 240,
+the the SCA pilots would go to idle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the SCA pilots would go to idle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the SCA pilots would go to idle
+power and air brakes up to put drag on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and air brakes up to put drag on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and air brakes up to put drag on
+the carrier at that condition of 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrier at that condition of 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrier at that condition of 240
+knots. And that the angle of attack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots. And that the angle of attack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knots. And that the angle of attack of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh orbiter, it was actually lifting its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbiter, it was actually lifting its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orbiter, it was actually lifting its
+more than its own weight. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than its own weight. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than its own weight. So the the
+result is we really dropped the carrier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we really dropped the carrier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is we really dropped the carrier.
+As it turns out, there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As it turns out, there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As it turns out, there are three
+quarters of a G difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of a G difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of a G difference between the
+two. And so when Fred, we get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And so when Fred, we get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And so when Fred, we get a lot of
+views for some reason of Fred's left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views for some reason of Fred's left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views for some reason of Fred's left
+shoulder. He's in the left seat and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder. He's in the left seat and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder. He's in the left seat and he
+mashed the separation button after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashed the separation button after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mashed the separation button after the
+after Fitz and the carrier aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Fitz and the carrier aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Fitz and the carrier aircraft
+hollered carrier ready. That is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollered carrier ready. That is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hollered carrier ready. That is they
+were back at idle with the speed brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were back at idle with the speed brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were back at idle with the speed brakes
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+uh push the go button and bang off uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh push the go button and bang off uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh push the go button and bang off uh
+all seven uh explosive bolts would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seven uh explosive bolts would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seven uh explosive bolts would
+blow. Control room was in Houston.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow. Control room was in Houston.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow. Control room was in Houston.
+Strangely enough, we're talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangely enough, we're talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strangely enough, we're talking to
+people back in the uh in the old JSC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people back in the uh in the old JSC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people back in the uh in the old JSC
+control room when we're out at Edwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room when we're out at Edwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room when we're out at Edwards
+flying these flights, but it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying these flights, but it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying these flights, but it was just
+like they were there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they were there.
+Okay, we're coming up on a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're coming up on a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're coming up on a condition
+and this was in August of 77. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was in August of 77. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was in August of 77. All the
+ALT flights happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT flights happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT flights happened in
+1977.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh you notice there's a tail cone on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you notice there's a tail cone on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you notice there's a tail cone on
+here. The tail cone was flown on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The tail cone was flown on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The tail cone was flown on the
+first three flights. Uh it makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three flights. Uh it makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three flights. Uh it makes a big
+difference. It smooths the flow so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. It smooths the flow so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. It smooths the flow so that
+the buffet on the tail of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffet on the tail of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buffet on the tail of the the
+carrier aircraft was less and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier aircraft was less and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier aircraft was less and it just
+double the L over D of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the L over D of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the L over D of the
+orbiter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter.
+Uh, okay. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arm and uh we'll get there. Get a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and uh we'll get there. Get a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm and uh we'll get there. Get a go
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+patrol. And we had two chases. One off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patrol. And we had two chases. One off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patrol. And we had two chases. One off
+to the right and one in trail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and one in trail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and one in trail
+separation just like uh the engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation just like uh the engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation just like uh the engineer
+said. And the load cells that we head on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. And the load cells that we head on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. And the load cells that we head on
+there testing exactly which way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there testing exactly which way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there testing exactly which way the
+thing was tugging before we did it. Said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was tugging before we did it. Said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was tugging before we did it. Said
+we would do straight up. This is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do straight up. This is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would do straight up. This is slow
+motion. Nothing's leaking. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Nothing's leaking. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Nothing's leaking. This is
+vortexes off the wing tips causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortexes off the wing tips causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortexes off the wing tips causing
+condensation. And away we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation. And away we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation. And away we
+went. And the next I mean simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went. And the next I mean simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went. And the next I mean simultaneously
+with this bang that shutters through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this bang that shutters through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this bang that shutters through the
+airplane when all these explosive bolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane when all these explosive bolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane when all these explosive bolts
+a big X and a CRT in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big X and a CRT in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big X and a CRT in front of
+me. So uh we had cards and I had uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So uh we had cards and I had uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. So uh we had cards and I had uh we
+practiced this and my job while Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced this and my job while Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced this and my job while Fred
+flew. He uh he actually got a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew. He uh he actually got a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew. He uh he actually got a vertical
+clear from this chase pilot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from this chase pilot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from this chase pilot and then
+then rolled into a bank and a lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rolled into a bank and a lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then rolled into a bank and a lateral
+clear from the guy that was chasing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the guy that was chasing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the guy that was chasing from
+behind and knew that was okay to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and knew that was okay to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and knew that was okay to push
+over because we're only now at 200 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because we're only now at 200 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over because we're only now at 200 knots
+and we wanted to get to 300 and it took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get to 300 and it took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get to 300 and it took
+a considerable pushover to get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a considerable pushover to get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a considerable pushover to get up to
+speed. Meanwhile, I'm pulling circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Meanwhile, I'm pulling circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Meanwhile, I'm pulling circuit
+breakers on rag giros and turning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakers on rag giros and turning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakers on rag giros and turning off
+accelerometers at our pre-planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometers at our pre-planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerometers at our pre-planned
+uh uh procedure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh procedure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh procedure to
+uh accommodate flaws in the redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accommodate flaws in the redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accommodate flaws in the redundancy
+management. When you lose one computer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. When you lose one computer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. When you lose one computer,
+you also take out part of the sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also take out part of the sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also take out part of the sensors
+and the flight control system. And to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the flight control system. And to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the flight control system. And to be
+sure that a subsequent failure wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that a subsequent failure wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that a subsequent failure wouldn't
+put you in worse shape, it took about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you in worse shape, it took about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you in worse shape, it took about a
+minute's worth of manual reconfiguration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute's worth of manual reconfiguration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute's worth of manual reconfiguration
+on my part. And I kind of missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my part. And I kind of missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my part. And I kind of missed the
+whole first part of the flight. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole first part of the flight. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole first part of the flight. When I
+turned around, I realized, hey, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around, I realized, hey, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned around, I realized, hey, this
+thing is flying good. It's smooth and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is flying good. It's smooth and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is flying good. It's smooth and uh
+it's on speed and Fred was uh flying. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on speed and Fred was uh flying. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on speed and Fred was uh flying. We
+flew a rectangular pattern out of a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew a rectangular pattern out of a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flew a rectangular pattern out of a down
+one leg here as we nosed over. And I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one leg here as we nosed over. And I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one leg here as we nosed over. And I got
+my chance to roll into a left 90 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chance to roll into a left 90 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my chance to roll into a left 90 degree
+turn and and fly base leg. And as I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and and fly base leg. And as I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and and fly base leg. And as I put
+the stick over to roll, they got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick over to roll, they got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick over to roll, they got this
+big lateral arch just like the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lateral arch just like the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lateral arch just like the simulator
+said. Uh I was it just stunned me. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. Uh I was it just stunned me. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said. Uh I was it just stunned me. So
+again, they were right after all. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they were right after all. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, they were right after all. Uh
+it's just the nature of something flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the nature of something flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the nature of something flying
+at high alpha and rotating about a a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high alpha and rotating about a a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high alpha and rotating about a a uh
+stability axis and the cockpit gets slid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability axis and the cockpit gets slid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability axis and the cockpit gets slid
+sideways. It's got big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways. It's got big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways. It's got big
+So, it flies like a fighter. It really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it flies like a fighter. It really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it flies like a fighter. It really
+does. And you're doing it all with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. And you're doing it all with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. And you're doing it all with a
+little stick that doesn't move much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stick that doesn't move much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stick that doesn't move much.
+Anyway, we u came down final at 290, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, we u came down final at 290, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, we u came down final at 290, I
+think it was. Uh flared out. My job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was. Uh flared out. My job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was. Uh flared out. My job is
+to put the gear down, a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the gear down, a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put the gear down, a critical
+function. And uh we're landing on Lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. And uh we're landing on Lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. And uh we're landing on Lake
+Bed 17 and the on the dry lake at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bed 17 and the on the dry lake at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bed 17 and the on the dry lake at
+Edwards, which is something like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwards, which is something like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwards, which is something like 10
+miles long. So, we're pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles long. So, we're pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles long. So, we're pretty good
+margins there. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins there. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins there. And uh
+Fred took the airplane back from me. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred took the airplane back from me. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fred took the airplane back from me. I
+only got the fly base leg, but uh he we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the fly base leg, but uh he we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got the fly base leg, but uh he we
+touched down at about 185. I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched down at about 185. I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched down at about 185. I think it
+was nice and smooth. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nice and smooth. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was nice and smooth. It was
+beautiful. The speed brakes come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful. The speed brakes come out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful. The speed brakes come out to
+help uh cushion the drotation. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh cushion the drotation. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh cushion the drotation. Those
+gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear
+down and we raised a little dust as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we raised a little dust as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we raised a little dust as we
+rolled to a stop. So it was a good day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, we had a really good postflight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we had a really good postflight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we had a really good postflight
+party after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party after this
+one. You can see the rudder speed break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. You can see the rudder speed break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. You can see the rudder speed break
+flared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared
+there and the elevons full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+And so now Joe Engel and Dick Truly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now Joe Engel and Dick Truly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now Joe Engel and Dick Truly did
+it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again
+uh couple weeks later or thereabouts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple weeks later or thereabouts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple weeks later or thereabouts,
+they they uh they got their And they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh they got their And they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they uh they got their And they uh
+did much the same flight, repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did much the same flight, repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did much the same flight, repeated
+it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And
+uh oh, one thing you see the pedo boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh, one thing you see the pedo boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh, one thing you see the pedo boom
+out there. Peter boom is strictly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Peter boom is strictly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Peter boom is strictly on the
+Enterprise put out there to get good air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise put out there to get good air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise put out there to get good air
+data out in front of this this big blot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out in front of this this big blot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out in front of this this big blot
+of an airplane, which is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an airplane, which is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an airplane, which is hard to
+get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get good
+measurements. There you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. There you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements. There you can
+see. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Okay.
+Let me get the next one going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Figure out how to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this because the excitement came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later on SCS1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on SCS1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on SCS1.
+Uh I looked out there when we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I looked out there when we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I looked out there when we're on
+final. I had time to look out and Look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final. I had time to look out and Look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final. I had time to look out and Look
+at the pedo beam and and it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pedo beam and and it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pedo beam and and it's going
+through an arc of about three feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an arc of about three feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an arc of about three feet
+at it was built with the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it was built with the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it was built with the perfect
+resonance of everything else with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of everything else with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance of everything else with the
+airplane and it was just a blur out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and it was just a blur out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane and it was just a blur out
+there going back and forth and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going back and forth and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going back and forth and I I
+really thought it was going to break off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought it was going to break off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thought it was going to break off
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u source did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+question somehow we had at least derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somehow we had at least derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somehow we had at least derived
+everything looked good and uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked good and uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looked good and uh actually
+it still put out good air speed even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still put out good air speed even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still put out good air speed even
+though it was a blur and I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a blur and I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it was a blur and I think the the
+beta averaged out and so uh anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta averaged out and so uh anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta averaged out and so uh anyway it
+wasn't a problem we noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a problem we noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a problem we noticed
+uh other than visually it looked like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than visually it looked like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than visually it looked like it
+was going to break off so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to break off so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to break off so they they
+changed and stiffened it up so it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and stiffened it up so it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and stiffened it up so it wasn't
+a problem on subsequent flights now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on subsequent flights now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem on subsequent flights now you
+can see here we're we're at freeflight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here we're we're at freeflight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here we're we're at freeflight
+four now which was the other crew uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now which was the other crew uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now which was the other crew uh
+with the tail cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tail cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tail cones
+off. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh our final project glide slope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our final project glide slope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our final project glide slope with
+tail cone on was 11 degrees. With tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail cone on was 11 degrees. With tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail cone on was 11 degrees. With tail
+cone off, it was 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone off, it was 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone off, it was 23
+degrees. Halves your L over D. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees. Halves your L over D. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees. Halves your L over D. So you're
+uh really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh really in
+a a steep dive. Normal uh ILS into Logan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a steep dive. Normal uh ILS into Logan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a steep dive. Normal uh ILS into Logan
+out here be two and a half degrees. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here be two and a half degrees. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here be two and a half degrees. So,
+uh, you're coming down, uh, gang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you're coming down, uh, gang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, you're coming down, uh, gang
+busters. And it's it's even worse in ALT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busters. And it's it's even worse in ALT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busters. And it's it's even worse in ALT
+than it was on the orbital, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was on the orbital, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was on the orbital, uh,
+missions, which were coming down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions, which were coming down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions, which were coming down with
+the same configuration, but much heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same configuration, but much heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same configuration, but much heavier
+heavier. You got more gravity working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier. You got more gravity working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier. You got more gravity working
+for you, and you can fly shallower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you, and you can fly shallower.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you, and you can fly shallower.
+Doesn't seem to figure, but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't seem to figure, but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't seem to figure, but that's the
+way it is. So, 19 degrees is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is. So, 19 degrees is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is. So, 19 degrees is a normal
+uh, return from orbit, final approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, return from orbit, final approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, return from orbit, final approach
+glide slope. We're up in the 20s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh kind of catching up a little. One of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of catching up a little. One of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of catching up a little. One of
+our jobs with uh uh on the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our jobs with uh uh on the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our jobs with uh uh on the flight
+preceding this was to try the braking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding this was to try the braking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding this was to try the braking.
+We just let her roll out on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just let her roll out on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just let her roll out on the first
+couple flights. They wanted to do brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple flights. They wanted to do brake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple flights. They wanted to do brake
+tests and Fred jumped on the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and Fred jumped on the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and Fred jumped on the brakes
+after we touched down and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we touched down and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we touched down and another
+resonance problem. interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance problem. interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance problem. interaction between
+the structure and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and the uh
+antiskid which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiskid which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiskid which
+is and I thought it was going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I thought it was going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I thought it was going to break
+the airplane. I it was just violent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane. I it was just violent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane. I it was just violent uh
+shuddering, shaking, everything rattling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuddering, shaking, everything rattling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuddering, shaking, everything rattling
+in the cockpit and I hollered at Fred,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cockpit and I hollered at Fred,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cockpit and I hollered at Fred,
+"Get off the brakes. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Get off the brakes. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Get off the brakes. We're going to
+break something." He said, "No, the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break something." He said, "No, the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break something." He said, "No, the card
+says we got to do max breaking." I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we got to do max breaking." I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we got to do max breaking." I was
+pleading with him to get off the brakes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleading with him to get off the brakes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleading with him to get off the brakes,
+which he did. Easy fix. When they flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he did. Easy fix. When they flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he did. Easy fix. When they flew
+the next flight here, they did hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next flight here, they did hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next flight here, they did hard
+braking and it was smooth. They went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking and it was smooth. They went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braking and it was smooth. They went
+into the change the resistor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the change the resistor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the change the resistor and the
+feedback uh electronics and that did it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh electronics and that did it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh electronics and that did it.
+I mean it was instant fix. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was instant fix. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it was instant fix. Uh so
+uh it says there still is reason to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it says there still is reason to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it says there still is reason to do
+flight test because surprises happen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, okay. So, now Freeflight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. So, now Freeflight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, okay. So, now Freeflight
+5. Turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. Turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. Turns out that
+um there was a little break here. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a little break here. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was a little break here. We're
+back at Houston and uh Prince Charles uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at Houston and uh Prince Charles uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at Houston and uh Prince Charles uh
+he wasn't married yet that time, but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't married yet that time, but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't married yet that time, but he
+came by on a visit and we gave him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came by on a visit and we gave him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came by on a visit and we gave him a
+ride in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride in
+uh the simulator. He'd had some flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simulator. He'd had some flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simulator. He'd had some flying
+time and he got into horrendous pio. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he got into horrendous pio. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and he got into horrendous pio. I
+mean, it was out of control and crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it was out of control and crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, it was out of control and crashed
+in the simulator and felt bad. We said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulator and felt bad. We said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simulator and felt bad. We said,
+"Nah, it's because you're not used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Nah, it's because you're not used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Nah, it's because you're not used to
+the stick and everything." And that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick and everything." And that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick and everything." And that was
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his
+tour. So now for this flight, he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour. So now for this flight, he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour. So now for this flight, he was
+actually out along the runway. They had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out along the runway. They had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out along the runway. They had
+him out there so he could watch. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out there so he could watch. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him out there so he could watch. And uh
+the objective here was to land on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective here was to land on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective here was to land on the
+concrete runway, put it right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete runway, put it right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete runway, put it right on the
+line. There's a white line 5,000 ft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. There's a white line 5,000 ft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. There's a white line 5,000 ft
+down. And Fred was really working at it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And Fred was really working at it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. And Fred was really working at it,
+putting in a lot of inputs. Look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a lot of inputs. Look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a lot of inputs. Look at the
+elevons going there. You see him? Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevons going there. You see him? Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevons going there. You see him? Uh,
+and he's making roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commands. And,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands. And,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands. And,
+uh, so we logged a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+landings and down and rolled to a stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landings and down and rolled to a stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landings and down and rolled to a stop.
+And, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And afterwards we crawl out and he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And afterwards we crawl out and he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And afterwards we crawl out and he came
+up to say hello and said, "Oh, you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to say hello and said, "Oh, you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to say hello and said, "Oh, you made
+me feel good. You guys did as bad as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel good. You guys did as bad as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me feel good. You guys did as bad as I
+did." There he is right there with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did." There he is right there with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did." There he is right there with his
+binoculars. Well, it scared everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binoculars. Well, it scared everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binoculars. Well, it scared everybody to
+death. I It It looked worse from outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death. I It It looked worse from outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death. I It It looked worse from outside
+than it did in the cockpit. And the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it did in the cockpit. And the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it did in the cockpit. And the the
+flight control flaw that we found though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight control flaw that we found though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight control flaw that we found though
+was serious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was serious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was serious.
+Uh you get elevons that do both pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you get elevons that do both pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you get elevons that do both pitch
+and roll. So in the software when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roll. So in the software when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roll. So in the software when you're
+asking for both pitch and roll at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for both pitch and roll at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for both pitch and roll at the
+same time it's got to decide which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it's got to decide which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time it's got to decide which one
+do I move. I'll uh stop this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I move. I'll uh stop this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I move. I'll uh stop this as
+a supposition of what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supposition of what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supposition of what would
+come.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh the software has to has to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the software has to has to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the software has to has to give
+priority and they decided to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and they decided to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority and they decided to give
+priority to pitch and uh role was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority to pitch and uh role was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority to pitch and uh role was sort
+taken second priority when you you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken second priority when you you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken second priority when you you had
+to limit the commands of the eleons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit the commands of the eleons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to limit the commands of the eleons to
+within the the uh capability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the the uh capability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the the uh capability of the
+hydraulic system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic system.
+So the result was a lag in roll response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the result was a lag in roll response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the result was a lag in roll response
+when you're working pitch hard and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working pitch hard and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working pitch hard and the
+lag was up around 210 to 310 of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag was up around 210 to 310 of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag was up around 210 to 310 of a
+second. You may be aware if studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. You may be aware if studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. You may be aware if studied
+flight control system any kind of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight control system any kind of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight control system any kind of system
+that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has
+uh three quarter second delay between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three quarter second delay between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three quarter second delay between uh
+input and response is asking for a pio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and response is asking for a pio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and response is asking for a pio
+pilot induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot induced
+oscillation. And we had a big time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. And we had a big time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation. And we had a big time in
+roll. Fred was clanking back and forth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll. Fred was clanking back and forth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll. Fred was clanking back and forth,
+stop to stop and roll, trying to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop to stop and roll, trying to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop to stop and roll, trying to level
+the wings after that first skip. I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings after that first skip. I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings after that first skip. I heard
+the controller banging over there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller banging over there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controller banging over there and I
+suggested if you get off, maybe it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested if you get off, maybe it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested if you get off, maybe it'll
+damp because we're we're doing this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp because we're we're doing this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp because we're we're doing this. And
+sure enough, that's that's what he did.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough, that's that's what he did.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure enough, that's that's what he did.
+He he stopped the inputs. The airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He he stopped the inputs. The airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He he stopped the inputs. The airplane
+damp right away. And then it went okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp right away. And then it went okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp right away. And then it went okay.
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's something that we we had to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's something that we we had to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's something that we we had to fix
+obviously. Here's a picture just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously. Here's a picture just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously. Here's a picture just
+uh microcond after uh liftoff on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microcond after uh liftoff on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh microcond after uh liftoff on one of
+the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+two. Well, the decision there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Well, the decision there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Well, the decision there was a lot
+of debate about do we go back and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate about do we go back and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of debate about do we go back and fix
+the flight control and fly some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight control and fly some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flight control and fly some more
+ALT, but this is a huge production. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT, but this is a huge production. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ALT, but this is a huge production. and
+it was cost and time and we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was cost and time and we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was cost and time and we weren't
+getting into orbit. A decision was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into orbit. A decision was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into orbit. A decision was made
+now we'll do it in simulators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll do it in simulators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll do it in simulators and
+in-flight simulators and uh fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-flight simulators and uh fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-flight simulators and uh fix the
+problem but press on. So that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but press on. So that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but press on. So that was the
+end of ALT at the end of which when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of ALT at the end of which when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of ALT at the end of which when you
+do flight tests you talk about opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do flight tests you talk about opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do flight tests you talk about opening
+the envelope of an airplane while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope of an airplane while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope of an airplane while the
+envelope of the space shuttle is 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope of the space shuttle is 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope of the space shuttle is 400
+nautical miles altitude and Mach 25 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles altitude and Mach 25 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles altitude and Mach 25 and
+in ALT we got the four miles and.3 Mach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ALT we got the four miles and.3 Mach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ALT we got the four miles and.3 Mach
+so it's really down in the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really down in the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really down in the lower left
+corner but worth doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner but worth doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner but worth doing.
+uh test results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test results.
+Uh I've mentioned as we went, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I've mentioned as we went, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I've mentioned as we went, we had
+that APU fuel leak, fixed it, didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that APU fuel leak, fixed it, didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that APU fuel leak, fixed it, didn't
+come back. Uh the Buffett uh lift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back. Uh the Buffett uh lift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back. Uh the Buffett uh lift the
+drag was right on what we expected. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag was right on what we expected. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag was right on what we expected. No
+surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises
+there. And qualities were good even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And qualities were good even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And qualities were good even with
+the lurch. It was not a not a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lurch. It was not a not a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lurch. It was not a not a problem.
+Uh mentioned the pedo boom, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mentioned the pedo boom, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mentioned the pedo boom, the
+antiskid, the SCA did the job, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiskid, the SCA did the job, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiskid, the SCA did the job, although
+it struggled to to get us up to With the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struggled to to get us up to With the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it struggled to to get us up to With the
+tail cone off, it could only get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail cone off, it could only get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail cone off, it could only get to
+about 18,000 ft. So, this was not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18,000 ft. So, this was not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18,000 ft. So, this was not a good
+program to build up your flying time. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to build up your flying time. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to build up your flying time. I
+got two uh it was about a total of uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two uh it was about a total of uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two uh it was about a total of uh in
+three flights about 12 minutes of flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three flights about 12 minutes of flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three flights about 12 minutes of flying
+time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time.
+And uh the biggie I mentioned the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the biggie I mentioned the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh the biggie I mentioned the uh the
+handling qualities, the PIO tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling qualities, the PIO tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling qualities, the PIO tendency
+that we fixed with lots of studies later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fixed with lots of studies later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fixed with lots of studies later
+and changes in the way the control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes in the way the control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes in the way the control uh
+equations were written. And as a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were written. And as a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations were written. And as a final
+thing, they did some more flights with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, they did some more flights with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, they did some more flights with
+the the nose lowered down and determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nose lowered down and determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nose lowered down and determined
+what the ferry flight performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ferry flight performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ferry flight performance of the
+combination is. I have later after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is. I have later after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is. I have later after
+flying in space checked out in the 747
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in space checked out in the 747
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in space checked out in the 747
+and still fly it on the ferry flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still fly it on the ferry flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still fly it on the ferry flights
+and it uh does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uh does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uh does the
+job. Burns lots of gas. I figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. Burns lots of gas. I figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. Burns lots of gas. I figured out
+that the combination cross country uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the combination cross country uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the combination cross country uh uh
+the mileage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mileage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mileage is
+uh about 300 feet per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 300 feet per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about 300 feet per
+gallon. So football field per gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon. So football field per gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon. So football field per gallon of
+fuel uh 40,000 pounds an hour a fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh 40,000 pounds an hour a fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel uh 40,000 pounds an hour a fuel
+flow uh it goes about one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh it goes about one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh it goes about one and a half
+times its own length on a gallon of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its own length on a gallon of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times its own length on a gallon of gas
+but gets there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't have to buy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to buy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have to buy the
+fuel. A lot of people said, "Wasn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. A lot of people said, "Wasn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. A lot of people said, "Wasn't this
+scary alt?" Actually, uh, from a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary alt?" Actually, uh, from a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary alt?" Actually, uh, from a risk
+standpoint, we had ejection seats, so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint, we had ejection seats, so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint, we had ejection seats, so if
+anything had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything had gone
+wrong anywhere along the line, we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong anywhere along the line, we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong anywhere along the line, we could
+have pulled the handle and jumped out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pulled the handle and jumped out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pulled the handle and jumped out.
+The scariest part of it was uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scariest part of it was uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The scariest part of it was uh when we
+got in and during the uh captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in and during the uh captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in and during the uh captain
+flights, we just walk up the stairway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, we just walk up the stairway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights, we just walk up the stairway
+and crawl through the hatch and same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crawl through the hatch and same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crawl through the hatch and same way
+getting out. But after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out. But after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out. But after the the
+uh captive active flights, we'd land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh captive active flights, we'd land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh captive active flights, we'd land
+still on on the orbiter. And they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on on the orbiter. And they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on on the orbiter. And they had
+this cherry picker to get us out. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cherry picker to get us out. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cherry picker to get us out. Now,
+the the situation here, it's a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the situation here, it's a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the situation here, it's a round
+hatch hinged at the bottom. Uh they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatch hinged at the bottom. Uh they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatch hinged at the bottom. Uh they only
+they only wanted one person at a time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only wanted one person at a time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only wanted one person at a time on
+the the end of this uh thing. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the end of this uh thing. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the end of this uh thing. So, you
+open the round hatch and then they bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the round hatch and then they bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the round hatch and then they bring
+this up. behind the ground and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up. behind the ground and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up. behind the ground and he
+doesn't want to get too close and ding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to get too close and ding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to get too close and ding.
+So, he leaves about this much of a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he leaves about this much of a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he leaves about this much of a gap
+from this round hatch which is 60 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this round hatch which is 60 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this round hatch which is 60 feet
+above the ground that you got to crawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground that you got to crawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground that you got to crawl
+out on your knees and then stand up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on your knees and then stand up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on your knees and then stand up and
+then make the leap across the uh thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the leap across the uh thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then make the leap across the uh thing
+onto this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this
+wobbly cage up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbly cage up there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wobbly cage up there.
+But, uh that's how our captive actives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, uh that's how our captive actives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, uh that's how our captive actives
+went.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, we're wearing regular flight suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we're wearing regular flight suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, we're wearing regular flight suit
+helmet like you would in a F-18 or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet like you would in a F-18 or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet like you would in a F-18 or any
+any fighter. Yeah. Not pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fighter. Yeah. Not pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fighter. Yeah. Not pressure
+suits. We didn't have a severe cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits. We didn't have a severe cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits. We didn't have a severe cabin
+pressure risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure risk
+at 25,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 25,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 25,000
+ft. I put here uh some uh let me get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft. I put here uh some uh let me get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft. I put here uh some uh let me get
+into the full screen mode here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the full screen mode here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the full screen mode here.
+some thoughts about what's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thoughts about what's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thoughts about what's different
+when you test an aircraft versus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you test an aircraft versus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you test an aircraft versus a
+spacecraft. With air airplane, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft. With air airplane, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft. With air airplane, you can
+do little baby steps, incremental tests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do little baby steps, incremental tests.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do little baby steps, incremental tests.
+You can do static runs of the propulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do static runs of the propulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do static runs of the propulsion
+up to the full power in the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the full power in the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the full power in the airplane
+itself. Then you taxi it slow and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Then you taxi it slow and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. Then you taxi it slow and then
+faster and faster down the runway. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster down the runway. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster and faster down the runway. You
+can rotate the nose a little bit. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate the nose a little bit. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate the nose a little bit. Uh the
+first flight you'll fly slow and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flight you'll fly slow and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flight you'll fly slow and leave
+the gear down and then land soon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear down and then land soon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gear down and then land soon and
+check everything. And you can hold off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check everything. And you can hold off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check everything. And you can hold off
+perfect day to do it. Uh, and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect day to do it. Uh, and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect day to do it. Uh, and then you
+go faster and faster to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster and faster to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go faster and faster to expand the
+envelope. If anything goes wrong, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope. If anything goes wrong, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope. If anything goes wrong, you
+can peel off and get back on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can peel off and get back on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can peel off and get back on the ground
+quick. And, uh, as I mentioned, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. And, uh, as I mentioned, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. And, uh, as I mentioned, you can
+always pull the handle and bail out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pull the handle and bail out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pull the handle and bail out if
+things go really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go really
+bad. You got a spacecraft, it's all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. You got a spacecraft, it's all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. You got a spacecraft, it's all or
+nothing. Uh, you got to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Uh, you got to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Uh, you got to use the
+propulsion at at its uh, full power. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion at at its uh, full power. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propulsion at at its uh, full power. uh
+all the critical systems that subsystems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the critical systems that subsystems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the critical systems that subsystems
+have got to work. Uh you can't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got to work. Uh you can't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got to work. Uh you can't make a
+quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+abort long delays like days are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort long delays like days are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort long delays like days are
+sometimes required to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes required to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes required to get back to the
+conditions where you can make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where you can make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions where you can make an
+appropriate landing and uh the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate landing and uh the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate landing and uh the weather
+can turn sour in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the time.
+So when you're gonna going to flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you're gonna going to flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you're gonna going to flight
+test a spacecraft, you got to have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a spacecraft, you got to have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test a spacecraft, you got to have a lot
+of redundancy in the design to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redundancy in the design to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of redundancy in the design to allow for
+the bad day. It has to carry you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad day. It has to carry you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad day. It has to carry you through
+a several amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a several amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a several amount of
+time and necessarily got to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and necessarily got to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and necessarily got to test
+everything to the limit. Uh wind tunnel,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the limit. Uh wind tunnel,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the limit. Uh wind tunnel,
+CFD, thermal vacuum is the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFD, thermal vacuum is the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CFD, thermal vacuum is the environment
+is uh lots more stressful. got to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lots more stressful. got to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh lots more stressful. got to have a
+lot of instrumentation so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of instrumentation so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of instrumentation so that you can
+tell what did go wrong or be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what did go wrong or be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what did go wrong or be sure that
+everything went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything went
+right. You're talking about an army of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. You're talking about an army of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. You're talking about an army of
+controllers in a control room to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in a control room to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in a control room to pull
+pull it off with a complex uh system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it off with a complex uh system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it off with a complex uh system
+like the shuttle and lots of simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shuttle and lots of simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shuttle and lots of simulation
+to get everybody trained. A biggie is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get everybody trained. A biggie is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get everybody trained. A biggie is to
+verify the software. I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the software. I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify the software. I mentioned the
+software is guaranteed to be wrong uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is guaranteed to be wrong uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is guaranteed to be wrong uh on
+the first release and several subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first release and several subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first release and several subsequent
+uh it's just the nature of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just the nature of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just the nature of building
+software. So getting that checked out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software. So getting that checked out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software. So getting that checked out is
+is a major one and procedures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major one and procedures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a major one and procedures.
+Um when we flew uh the orbital flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when we flew uh the orbital flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um when we flew uh the orbital flight
+the uh the checklist the stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the checklist the stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the checklist the stack of
+checklists just laid on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists just laid on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklists just laid on top of each
+other was about this high. for a 51F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was about this high. for a 51F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was about this high. for a 51F and
+it weighed 210
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weighed 210
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it weighed 210
+pounds just to uh called the flight data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds just to uh called the flight data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pounds just to uh called the flight data
+file and then lots of time and expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and then lots of time and expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and then lots of time and expense
+getting everybody really ready to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting everybody really ready to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting everybody really ready to go and
+uh and the ensure that when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the ensure that when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the ensure that when you're going
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+unknown part of the envelope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown part of the envelope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown part of the envelope that the
+margins on the flight control are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins on the flight control are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins on the flight control are
+adequate. So the surprises and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate. So the surprises and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate. So the surprises and the
+aerodyivatives that that hit you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodyivatives that that hit you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodyivatives that that hit you can be
+accommodated. I've uh rambled on a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodated. I've uh rambled on a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodated. I've uh rambled on a long
+time here. We could we can take the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here. We could we can take the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here. We could we can take the five
+minute break. I can answer questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break. I can answer questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break. I can answer questions.
+However you want to do it. Maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However you want to do it. Maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However you want to do it. Maybe it's
+time for a stretch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Two minute break.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Break's over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, the the next assignment for me was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the the next assignment for me was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the the next assignment for me was
+being put on a orbital flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put on a orbital flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being put on a orbital flight
+test and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+STS3, twoman crew, Jack Lasma, a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS3, twoman crew, Jack Lasma, a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS3, twoman crew, Jack Lasma, a uh a
+Marine and uh myself from the Air Force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marine and uh myself from the Air Force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marine and uh myself from the Air Force.
+We were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were
+uh in pressure suits you noticed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in pressure suits you noticed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in pressure suits you noticed uh
+there and on ejection seats in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and on ejection seats in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and on ejection seats in the
+Colombia. This is uh OV 101 102 101 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia. This is uh OV 101 102 101 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia. This is uh OV 101 102 101 was
+the Enterprise 102 uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise 102 uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enterprise 102 uh the
+Colombia and our countdown went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia and our countdown went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia and our countdown went
+smoothly. This was in March of 82. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly. This was in March of 82. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly. This was in March of 82. And
+this is a uh signature moment in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh signature moment in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a uh signature moment in your
+life when the SRB is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life when the SRB is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life when the SRB is like
+uh it is there's no doubt. I mean, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is there's no doubt. I mean, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is there's no doubt. I mean, it
+looks smooth and nice as you as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks smooth and nice as you as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks smooth and nice as you as we're
+flying through a cloud here on launch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through a cloud here on launch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying through a cloud here on launch.
+Uh vlogging weather time, I might add.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U but it's uh it is rough and noisy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but it's uh it is rough and noisy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but it's uh it is rough and noisy and
+rattly and uh the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattly and uh the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rattly and uh the acceleration
+is right away and it builds up to 3Gs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right away and it builds up to 3Gs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right away and it builds up to 3Gs
+when the main engines are throttled back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the main engines are throttled back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the main engines are throttled back
+the whole 3gs and so it's no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole 3gs and so it's no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole 3gs and so it's no doubt
+you're on your way somewhere really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your way somewhere really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on your way somewhere really fast
+wherever the solids want to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the solids want to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the solids want to go.
+Uh everything worked good right up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh everything worked good right up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh everything worked good right up to uh
+Mo and the external tank as you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo and the external tank as you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo and the external tank as you saw
+drifted away and then here come uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted away and then here come uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifted away and then here come uh the
+first order of business uh opening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order of business uh opening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order of business uh opening the
+payload bay doors so we can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload bay doors so we can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payload bay doors so we can get the
+start rejecting heat with the radiators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rejecting heat with the radiators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rejecting heat with the radiators
+that are mounted on the inside. Uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mounted on the inside. Uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are mounted on the inside. Uh we're
+tail down and as you watch here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail down and as you watch here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail down and as you watch here we're
+going right over Los Angeles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right over Los Angeles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going right over Los Angeles
+uh at the time. This is just north of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the time. This is just north of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the time. This is just north of
+LA. You can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is LA and uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is LA and uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is LA and uh this
+uh sorry this is uh Santa Monica and LAX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry this is uh Santa Monica and LAX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry this is uh Santa Monica and LAX
+and Palis Veries right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Palis Veries right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Palis Veries right
+there. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Anyway,
+uh the first thing we had to do is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first thing we had to do is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first thing we had to do is get
+out of theolyte. That is a sighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of theolyte. That is a sighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of theolyte. That is a sighting
+device that surveyors use and and take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that surveyors use and and take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that surveyors use and and take a
+daunting number of readings on on little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting number of readings on on little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting number of readings on on little
+targets that were pasted around inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that were pasted around inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that were pasted around inside
+the payload bay and on the doors as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payload bay and on the doors as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payload bay and on the doors as to
+measure where they were. And we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where they were. And we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where they were. And we did that
+through the flight every all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the flight every all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the flight every all the way
+along. Uh wasn't fast enough. Out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Uh wasn't fast enough. Out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along. Uh wasn't fast enough. Out in
+front of the nose there were some dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the nose there were some dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the nose there were some dark
+patches. That's where tile were, white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches. That's where tile were, white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches. That's where tile were, white
+tile, and fell off during launch. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile, and fell off during launch. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile, and fell off during launch. They
+actually found some washed up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found some washed up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found some washed up on the
+beach. Fortunately, none of the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. Fortunately, none of the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. Fortunately, none of the black
+tile on the bottom fell off, but we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile on the bottom fell off, but we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile on the bottom fell off, but we did
+lose some on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some on the
+top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top.
+Uh zero G is really one of the delights.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh zero G is really one of the delights.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh zero G is really one of the delights.
+There's two really good things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's two really good things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's two really good things about
+flying in orbit. Uh weightlessness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in orbit. Uh weightlessness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in orbit. Uh weightlessness and
+uh the view out the window.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the view out the window.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the view out the window.
+And that's like nothing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's like nothing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's like nothing that you
+experience even flying high performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience even flying high performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience even flying high performance
+airplanes. We had the uh RMS cranked up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. We had the uh RMS cranked up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes. We had the uh RMS cranked up.
+That was my job as the RMS operator. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my job as the RMS operator. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my job as the RMS operator. And
+we had a package in the back, the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a package in the back, the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a package in the back, the plasma
+diagnostic package to grab and move out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic package to grab and move out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic package to grab and move out
+there. There's some scenes that show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There's some scenes that show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There's some scenes that show you
+the housekeeping area. In the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housekeeping area. In the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housekeeping area. In the corner
+there is the uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and long duration space flight exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long duration space flight exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long duration space flight exercise
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+important. It's really not a big deal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's really not a big deal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. It's really not a big deal on
+a 7-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flight. Now, Jackson's a marine, as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. Now, Jackson's a marine, as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. Now, Jackson's a marine, as I
+mentioned, he he's got to have his daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, he he's got to have his daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned, he he's got to have his daily
+ration of push-ups. So, here we here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration of push-ups. So, here we here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ration of push-ups. So, here we here
+goes. How about a one-handed push-up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. How about a one-handed push-up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes. How about a one-handed push-up,
+Jack?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How about a no-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push? Uh, this is a quick summary. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push? Uh, this is a quick summary. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push? Uh, this is a quick summary. We
+went our seven days and uh the lake bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went our seven days and uh the lake bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went our seven days and uh the lake bed
+at Edwards had a really wet spring. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Edwards had a really wet spring. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Edwards had a really wet spring. It
+was unusable. So, we went to White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unusable. So, we went to White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was unusable. So, we went to White
+Sands, New Mexico. First day uh right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands, New Mexico. First day uh right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sands, New Mexico. First day uh right as
+we're about to light the engines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to light the engines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to light the engines to
+uh start de-orbit. They said, "Hold off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start de-orbit. They said, "Hold off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start de-orbit. They said, "Hold off
+because this terrible dust storm was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this terrible dust storm was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this terrible dust storm was
+going on." And we waited a day, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on." And we waited a day, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on." And we waited a day, a
+delightful day with nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful day with nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delightful day with nothing in the
+flight plan uh much to enjoy ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan uh much to enjoy ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan uh much to enjoy ourselves
+and then came down the next day. Now, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then came down the next day. Now, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then came down the next day. Now, I
+found another gotcha in handling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found another gotcha in handling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found another gotcha in handling
+qualities here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities here.
+Uh right here, Jack thought the nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh right here, Jack thought the nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh right here, Jack thought the nose
+might be coming down too fast and tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be coming down too fast and tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be coming down too fast and tried
+to stop it and ended up doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop it and ended up doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop it and ended up doing a little
+wheelie. And subsequent analysis showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelie. And subsequent analysis showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelie. And subsequent analysis showed
+that the whole response of the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole response of the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole response of the vehicle
+changes when you're down on the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you're down on the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes when you're down on the main
+gear only. And nobody thought of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear only. And nobody thought of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear only. And nobody thought of that.
+even though it would seem like uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it would seem like uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it would seem like uh well
+uh they're worried about pitch in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're worried about pitch in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're worried about pitch in the
+air but not while you're rolling on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air but not while you're rolling on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air but not while you're rolling on the
+main gear trying to drotate. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main gear trying to drotate. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main gear trying to drotate. So it
+resulted in more software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in more software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in more software
+changes. Another thing we learned they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. Another thing we learned they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. Another thing we learned they
+were pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u pushing for auto land and so we flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u pushing for auto land and so we flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u pushing for auto land and so we flew
+the the whole turn onto final and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole turn onto final and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole turn onto final and down
+final hands off in auto land program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final hands off in auto land program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final hands off in auto land program
+wanted to uh take this out of the hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh take this out of the hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to uh take this out of the hands
+of the crew. So, here on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crew. So, here on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crew. So, here on the third
+flight, they uh they had us sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, they uh they had us sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight, they uh they had us sitting
+there watching the airplane fly down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there watching the airplane fly down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there watching the airplane fly down to
+pre-flare and then the first chance Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flare and then the first chance Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flare and then the first chance Jack
+got to grab the stick was at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to grab the stick was at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to grab the stick was at the last
+minute to do the flare and landing. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to do the flare and landing. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to do the flare and landing. That
+was dumb when you look back at really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dumb when you look back at really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dumb when you look back at really
+dumb. And so now all flights, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb. And so now all flights, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb. And so now all flights, uh
+commander, if it's been auto down to, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commander, if it's been auto down to, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commander, if it's been auto down to, uh
+40,000 ft where you go subsonic will fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 ft where you go subsonic will fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40,000 ft where you go subsonic will fly
+manually all the way down to get a feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually all the way down to get a feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually all the way down to get a feel
+for the airplane. makes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airplane. makes a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the airplane. makes a lot more
+sense. So that's the way flights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So that's the way flights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So that's the way flights are
+done now. Uh here's where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now. Uh here's where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now. Uh here's where we started
+from orbit. This is how Cape Canaveral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from orbit. This is how Cape Canaveral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from orbit. This is how Cape Canaveral
+looks. Uh right here is the shuttle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks. Uh right here is the shuttle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks. Uh right here is the shuttle
+landing strip that's down there. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing strip that's down there. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing strip that's down there. You can
+see it. And the launch pads are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it. And the launch pads are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it. And the launch pads are these
+two dots. And so that's where usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dots. And so that's where usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dots. And so that's where usually
+shuttle flight starts and ends. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle flight starts and ends. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle flight starts and ends. Here's a
+picture of our payload bay on SDS3. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of our payload bay on SDS3. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of our payload bay on SDS3. And
+we did have a payload. Uh previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have a payload. Uh previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have a payload. Uh previous uh
+crews had pretty much empty payload bay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews had pretty much empty payload bay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crews had pretty much empty payload bay.
+But uh we had an environmental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we had an environmental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But uh we had an environmental uh
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+uh thing, a lot of instrumentation. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing, a lot of instrumentation. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing, a lot of instrumentation. Then
+this PDP that uh plasma diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDP that uh plasma diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDP that uh plasma diagnostic
+package that uh we actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that uh we actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package that uh we actually had
+something to grab with the manipulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to grab with the manipulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to grab with the manipulator
+arm as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm as you see
+here. Oh, I looked around. I found uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh, I looked around. I found uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh, I looked around. I found uh I
+don't know if you can recognize this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can recognize this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you can recognize this,
+but that's Cape Cod right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's Cape Cod right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's Cape Cod right
+there. Picture of MIT. Not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Picture of MIT. Not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Picture of MIT. Not a good
+picture, but there's got to be lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but there's got to be lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, but there's got to be lots
+better ones. But uh and here's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ones. But uh and here's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better ones. But uh and here's where we
+ended up. The White Sands area near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up. The White Sands area near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up. The White Sands area near
+Elmagoro, New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmagoro, New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmagoro, New
+Mexico. Okay, what did we learn? Uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico. Okay, what did we learn? Uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mexico. Okay, what did we learn? Uh this
+is a pretty cryptic uh summary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty cryptic uh summary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty cryptic uh summary.
+Uh training was a real problem. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh training was a real problem. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh training was a real problem. The
+first two crews that flew SCS one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two crews that flew SCS one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two crews that flew SCS one and
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+were had all the attention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were had all the attention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were had all the attention of the
+training people and the simulators. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training people and the simulators. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training people and the simulators. They
+had priority properly. So uh we were uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had priority properly. So uh we were uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had priority properly. So uh we were uh
+on the third flight had low priority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third flight had low priority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third flight had low priority and
+really struggled and we found when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really struggled and we found when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really struggled and we found when we
+got in the simulators that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the simulators that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the simulators that they didn't
+when they didn't work right nobody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they didn't work right nobody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they didn't work right nobody could
+explain why whether many times we try an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why whether many times we try an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why whether many times we try an
+ascent and crash and burn and you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent and crash and burn and you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent and crash and burn and you always
+were scratching your head is this real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scratching your head is this real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were scratching your head is this real
+is this the way the orbiter flies or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the way the orbiter flies or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the way the orbiter flies or is
+it some flaw in the simulator. So early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some flaw in the simulator. So early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some flaw in the simulator. So early
+on uh you're developing not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you're developing not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you're developing not only the
+orbiter but the training facilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter but the training facilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbiter but the training facilities and
+the people didn't understand the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people didn't understand the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people didn't understand the system.
+We had more exposure from ALT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had more exposure from ALT to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had more exposure from ALT to
+subsystems than the people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems than the people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems than the people that were
+supposed to be the experts. So it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the experts. So it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be the experts. So it was a
+group learning process and a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group learning process and a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group learning process and a long way
+from what happens now when crews go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what happens now when crews go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what happens now when crews go in
+and they get the straight word right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get the straight word right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get the straight word right
+from the beginning on how things are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning on how things are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning on how things are.
+the tiles fell off. Not good. Uh they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiles fell off. Not good. Uh they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiles fell off. Not good. Uh they uh
+changed the bonding scheme, improved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the bonding scheme, improved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the bonding scheme, improved the
+quality control, and fortunately for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control, and fortunately for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality control, and fortunately for the
+program, no critical tiles fell off. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, no critical tiles fell off. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program, no critical tiles fell off. But
+uh that was alarming. We looked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was alarming. We looked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was alarming. We looked out
+there, we reported it, took pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we reported it, took pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we reported it, took pictures of
+it, looking at these gaps in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, looking at these gaps in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, looking at these gaps in and the
+system right out front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right out front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right out front of the
+windshield. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield. But
+uh uh the ground said, Oh, don't worry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the ground said, Oh, don't worry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the ground said, Oh, don't worry.
+That's a cool area during entry. Entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a cool area during entry. Entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a cool area during entry. Entry
+is at 40 degrees angle of attack, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 40 degrees angle of attack, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 40 degrees angle of attack, so it
+is cool on top. Uh they were right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cool on top. Uh they were right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cool on top. Uh they were right.
+Everything was fine. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything was fine. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything was fine. But
+uh uh another tile thing was after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh another tile thing was after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh another tile thing was after the
+flight. Well, actually I'll delay that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. Well, actually I'll delay that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. Well, actually I'll delay that.
+It was really more after the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was really more after the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was really more after the next
+flight. I mentioned how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. I mentioned how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight. I mentioned how
+uh how the ride is. Uh first two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the ride is. Uh first two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how the ride is. Uh first two minutes
+are rough and exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rough and exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rough and exciting.
+The next uh six or seven are smooth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next uh six or seven are smooth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next uh six or seven are smooth and
+unbelievably smooth when you get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably smooth when you get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievably smooth when you get on the
+main engines and then more vibration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main engines and then more vibration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main engines and then more vibration and
+you're getting sitting in the chairs now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sitting in the chairs now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sitting in the chairs now
+and just a steady relentless push. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a steady relentless push. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just a steady relentless push. It's
+a spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectacular
+ride but you're back in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride but you're back in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride but you're back in the uh
+seat. uh APU oil overheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat. uh APU oil overheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat. uh APU oil overheat
+uh during that 3G part actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during that 3G part actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during that 3G part actually about
+two minutes before MO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes before MO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes before MO
+uh the ground called said we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ground called said we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ground called said we need to
+shut down one APU. We're up past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down one APU. We're up past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down one APU. We're up past the
+point where we could uh live without all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we could uh live without all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we could uh live without all
+three APUs running. So I had a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three APUs running. So I had a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three APUs running. So I had a chance to
+test what I worked on years previously.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what I worked on years previously.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test what I worked on years previously.
+Uh when the cockpit design you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh when the cockpit design you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh when the cockpit design you're
+concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about
+visibility when you're squashed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility when you're squashed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility when you're squashed in the
+3Gs and access and uh the APU switches,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3Gs and access and uh the APU switches,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3Gs and access and uh the APU switches,
+we had to put them down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to put them down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to put them down here and
+uh I I worried I remember worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I worried I remember worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I worried I remember worrying
+specifically if we got to get to the APU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if we got to get to the APU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if we got to get to the APU
+switches, the guy in the right seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches, the guy in the right seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches, the guy in the right seat
+under 3Gs, can he lift the helmet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 3Gs, can he lift the helmet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 3Gs, can he lift the helmet and
+look over there and find the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over there and find the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look over there and find the correct
+switch? And you do not want to shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch? And you do not want to shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch? And you do not want to shut down
+the wrong one, one of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong one, one of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong one, one of the good
+ones. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And
+uh uh turned out, I guess, with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh turned out, I guess, with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh turned out, I guess, with the
+adrenaline lifting this heavy helmet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline lifting this heavy helmet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adrenaline lifting this heavy helmet of
+3Gs, I did it without even thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3Gs, I did it without even thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3Gs, I did it without even thinking
+about it and went right to the switch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and went right to the switch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and went right to the switch.
+So, it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it uh it
+worked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked.
+Uh general habit habitability was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh general habit habitability was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh general habit habitability was good
+in the orbiter. Uh first time anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orbiter. Uh first time anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the orbiter. Uh first time anybody
+lived there for uh eight days. A good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived there for uh eight days. A good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived there for uh eight days. A good
+way to think about living in the orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about living in the orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about living in the orbiter
+or think of it as a camping trip. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think of it as a camping trip. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or think of it as a camping trip. You
+know, you go on a camping trip, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you go on a camping trip, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you go on a camping trip, you
+don't worry about hot water and showers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about hot water and showers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about hot water and showers
+and all the nicities of home. You get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the nicities of home. You get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the nicities of home. You get in
+that frame of mind and it's fine. Food's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame of mind and it's fine. Food's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame of mind and it's fine. Food's
+adequate. The facilities are okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate. The facilities are okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate. The facilities are okay.
+Although in in our case, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although in in our case, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although in in our case, the
+uh the toilet uh ground to a halt. it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the toilet uh ground to a halt. it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the toilet uh ground to a halt. it
+it's a drone that rotates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a drone that rotates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a drone that rotates to
+centrifically uh sling all feal material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifically uh sling all feal material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifically uh sling all feal material
+out and contain it and it ground to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and contain it and it ground to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and contain it and it ground to a
+halt. So, we were into a real camping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt. So, we were into a real camping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halt. So, we were into a real camping
+trip for a while on that. It worked out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip for a while on that. It worked out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip for a while on that. It worked out.
+Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the
+uh the arm worked great. RMS the uh main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the arm worked great. RMS the uh main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the arm worked great. RMS the uh main
+jets I mentioned earlier uh are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets I mentioned earlier uh are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets I mentioned earlier uh are uh
+unfortunately use the main jets much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately use the main jets much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately use the main jets much.
+It'd be hard to sleep with them booming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'd be hard to sleep with them booming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'd be hard to sleep with them booming
+away, but you use the verers most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, but you use the verers most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, but you use the verers most of the
+time. Verers are uh critical to smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Verers are uh critical to smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Verers are uh critical to smooth
+operation over long periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation over long periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation over long periods of
+time. All we spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. All we spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. All we spent a lot of time
+uh for instance tail sun uh for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance tail sun uh for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance tail sun uh for like
+three days. We put the tail right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days. We put the tail right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three days. We put the tail right at the
+sun and stayed in that inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and stayed in that inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun and stayed in that inertial
+attitude. And so it cooked the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude. And so it cooked the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude. And so it cooked the back end
+while the front end of the orbiter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the front end of the orbiter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the front end of the orbiter is
+cold. And we took all the theatellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold. And we took all the theatellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold. And we took all the theatellite
+measurements, opened and closed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements, opened and closed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements, opened and closed the
+doors. All of that uh worked fine. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors. All of that uh worked fine. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors. All of that uh worked fine. The
+systems handled it. A lot of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems handled it. A lot of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems handled it. A lot of it was
+ground analysis and how the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground analysis and how the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground analysis and how the temperatures
+were were extensively instrumented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were extensively instrumented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were extensively instrumented and
+uh we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we did
+notice a strange thing is not strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a strange thing is not strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a strange thing is not strange
+but it became apparent when uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it became apparent when uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it became apparent when uh when
+you're in orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in orbit
+uh when you're on the sunny side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you're on the sunny side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you're on the sunny side of the
+earth I mean it's as soon as the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth I mean it's as soon as the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth I mean it's as soon as the sun
+comes up it is high noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up it is high noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up it is high noon
+bright but there's no atmosphere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright but there's no atmosphere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright but there's no atmosphere around
+to diffuse the light. So when we're tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diffuse the light. So when we're tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to diffuse the light. So when we're tail
+sun, it's hidden behind perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun, it's hidden behind perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun, it's hidden behind perfectly
+eclipsed by the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eclipsed by the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eclipsed by the a
+structure. And so there's no small sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And so there's no small sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And so there's no small sun
+ball that be seen anywhere even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that be seen anywhere even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball that be seen anywhere even though
+it's bright sunny from just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bright sunny from just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bright sunny from just the
+reflections of the structure you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of the structure you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections of the structure you can see
+out the window. I noticed looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window. I noticed looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window. I noticed looking at the
+radiators which are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators which are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiators which are very very
+smooth concave surfaces out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth concave surfaces out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth concave surfaces out there and
+shiny silver colored and it looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny silver colored and it looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny silver colored and it looked like
+there were bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diamonds all along the surface when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds all along the surface when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds all along the surface when we
+were tail sun and finally figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tail sun and finally figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tail sun and finally figured out
+what what the was just little specks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the was just little specks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the was just little specks of
+dust on the radiator which you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust on the radiator which you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust on the radiator which you wouldn't
+even notice normally but tail sun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even notice normally but tail sun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even notice normally but tail sun with
+exactly tail sun's rays are coming right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly tail sun's rays are coming right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly tail sun's rays are coming right
+down exactly tangent to that surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly tangent to that surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down exactly tangent to that surface and
+the least little thing on it would flare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least little thing on it would flare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least little thing on it would flare
+and uh interesting effect uh which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh interesting effect uh which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh interesting effect uh which was
+took me a while to figure out what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me a while to figure out what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took me a while to figure out what all
+these bright spots on the radiators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bright spots on the radiators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bright spots on the radiators
+are. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh entry on STS3 was done uh to a about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entry on STS3 was done uh to a about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entry on STS3 was done uh to a about
+nine o'clock in the morning landing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine o'clock in the morning landing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine o'clock in the morning landing at
+White Sands, New Mexico. So we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Sands, New Mexico. So we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Sands, New Mexico. So we started
+the entry halfway around the world. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry halfway around the world. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry halfway around the world. It's
+dark and most of the entry was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and most of the entry was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and most of the entry was in the
+dark and uh the plasma light show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and uh the plasma light show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark and uh the plasma light show that
+happens as you get down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you get down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens as you get down in the
+atmosphere and the ionization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the ionization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the ionization that
+happens produces spectacular scene out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens produces spectacular scene out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens produces spectacular scene out
+the windshield. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield. I mean
+it's it also had us thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it also had us thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it also had us thinking about the
+missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing
+tile that uh are going but uh uh a night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile that uh are going but uh uh a night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile that uh are going but uh uh a night
+entry is really a show. My next flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is really a show. My next flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is really a show. My next flight
+was a day entry. Not nearly as uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a day entry. Not nearly as uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a day entry. Not nearly as uh uh
+spectacular.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular.
+Uh mentioned about grabbing the stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mentioned about grabbing the stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mentioned about grabbing the stick
+too late. Unfair to Jack. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late. Unfair to Jack. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too late. Unfair to Jack. And then the
+drotation. Okay. Now on to part three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drotation. Okay. Now on to part three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drotation. Okay. Now on to part three.
+How am I doing? We might make it yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+STS51F was uh a whole different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS51F was uh a whole different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STS51F was uh a whole different uh
+situation than the earlier test flights.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation than the earlier test flights.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation than the earlier test flights.
+One big difference. There were seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One big difference. There were seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One big difference. There were seven
+people instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people instead of
+two. With seven, we had to add a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. With seven, we had to add a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. With seven, we had to add a little
+bit on the patch to put the extra two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the patch to put the extra two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the patch to put the extra two
+names. Uh this is the 19th flight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names. Uh this is the 19th flight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names. Uh this is the 19th flight.
+There's 19 stars. It's primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's 19 stars. It's primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's 19 stars. It's primary
+experiment. This was a science flight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. This was a science flight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. This was a science flight.
+It was a space lab but without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a space lab but without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a space lab but without the
+laboratory. All equipment in the payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. All equipment in the payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory. All equipment in the payload
+bay full stem to stern with telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay full stem to stern with telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bay full stem to stern with telescopes
+mostly and uh all the telescopes mounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly and uh all the telescopes mounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly and uh all the telescopes mounted
+on the pointing system we had were solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pointing system we had were solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pointing system we had were solar
+telescopes. So we had the sun and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes. So we had the sun and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes. So we had the sun and the
+accurate part of the sky. Uh uh here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate part of the sky. Uh uh here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate part of the sky. Uh uh here's
+uh Orion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Orion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Orion and
+uh what is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it?
+Leo the backwards question mark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo the backwards question mark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo the backwards question mark.
+Yeah. And 19 stars. The 19. A lot of lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And 19 stars. The 19. A lot of lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And 19 stars. The 19. A lot of lot
+of symbology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symbology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symbology
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay. Let me uh a short entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video. Do the short one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um seven people included three mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seven people included three mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seven people included three mission
+specialists which uh Dr. Hoffman uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists which uh Dr. Hoffman uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists which uh Dr. Hoffman uh was
+when when he was down in Houston and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when he was down in Houston and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when he was down in Houston and we
+had two payload specialists, guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two payload specialists, guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two payload specialists, guys who
+were not uh full-time astronauts. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not uh full-time astronauts. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not uh full-time astronauts. They
+were solar physicists and they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solar physicists and they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were solar physicists and they were the
+experts on solar telescopes that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on solar telescopes that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts on solar telescopes that we had
+and went along to fly. Our first try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went along to fly. Our first try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and went along to fly. Our first try
+here at main engine ignition ended three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at main engine ignition ended three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at main engine ignition ended three
+seconds after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after
+ignition. We felt the spacecraft rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignition. We felt the spacecraft rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignition. We felt the spacecraft rock
+around the noise and then nothing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the noise and then nothing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the noise and then nothing. And
+we had a pad shut down because the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a pad shut down because the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a pad shut down because the left
+uh engine uh the automatic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engine uh the automatic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engine uh the automatic system
+detected a failure, a slow acting valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected a failure, a slow acting valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected a failure, a slow acting valve
+and it shut us off. So we're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shut us off. So we're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shut us off. So we're there
+wondering if we're on fire and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if we're on fire and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if we're on fire and whether
+we ought to race out and so forth. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to race out and so forth. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to race out and so forth. So,
+it was uh tense for a while, but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh tense for a while, but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh tense for a while, but there
+were wasn't any fire, just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wasn't any fire, just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wasn't any fire, just this
+automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic
+shutdown. So, we crawled out. Uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown. So, we crawled out. Uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shutdown. So, we crawled out. Uh we're
+told there'd be a two-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told there'd be a two-e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told there'd be a two-e
+delay. So, I went down and uh we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. So, I went down and uh we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay. So, I went down and uh we took
+the kids to Disneyland and had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids to Disneyland and had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids to Disneyland and had a good
+time. Went back home and started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Went back home and started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Went back home and started the
+whole training cycle again and came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole training cycle again and came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole training cycle again and came back
+two weeks later and uh got a good start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks later and uh got a good start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks later and uh got a good start
+this time. But not lying on our back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time. But not lying on our back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time. But not lying on our back on
+the pad strapped in for five hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pad strapped in for five hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pad strapped in for five hours
+because of some software uh glitches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some software uh glitches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some software uh glitches
+that had to be fixed and the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to be fixed and the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to be fixed and the computers
+reloaded and tested and we one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reloaded and tested and we one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reloaded and tested and we one of our
+reports was that five hours is knee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports was that five hours is knee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports was that five hours is knee
+limit. I mean you're lying on your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. I mean you're lying on your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. I mean you're lying on your back
+with your feet up in a pressure suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your feet up in a pressure suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your feet up in a pressure suit
+strapped in that's uh more than is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped in that's uh more than is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped in that's uh more than is
+reasonable to ask prior to launch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh on the way up. Well, I'll mention it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the way up. Well, I'll mention it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the way up. Well, I'll mention it
+later. Here's the instrument pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Here's the instrument pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Here's the instrument pointing
+system. This this baby was built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This this baby was built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. This this baby was built in
+Germany. It's this device, this gimbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. It's this device, this gimbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. It's this device, this gimbal
+device that held these four solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that held these four solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that held these four solar
+telescopes and the star treers. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes and the star treers. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes and the star treers. Uh
+here's a physics experiment. Uh the ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a physics experiment. Uh the ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a physics experiment. Uh the ohms
+engines are lit. It produces 116th of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are lit. It produces 116th of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines are lit. It produces 116th of a
+G. Uh the uh rest of the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Uh the uh rest of the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Uh the uh rest of the orbital
+maneuvering engines, if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering engines, if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maneuvering engines, if you're trying to
+That's what happens when the elms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what happens when the elms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what happens when the elms
+engines come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And
+uh you saw the water going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you saw the water going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you saw the water going
+across. Uh it's deja vu. We had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across. Uh it's deja vu. We had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across. Uh it's deja vu. We had the same
+old PDP package on this but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old PDP package on this but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old PDP package on this but with a
+difference this time. We we took it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this time. We we took it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference this time. We we took it out
+of the PO Bay, brought it up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PO Bay, brought it up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PO Bay, brought it up here.
+That's my right ear. You're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my right ear. You're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's my right ear. You're looking at
+in profile uh out the window. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in profile uh out the window. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in profile uh out the window. It's
+crowded up there. Seven people up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded up there. Seven people up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded up there. Seven people up on the
+flight deck all trying to get a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight deck all trying to get a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight deck all trying to get a view
+here, but we let go of it. And then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but we let go of it. And then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but we let go of it. And then uh
+it had a uh momentum wheel in there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a uh momentum wheel in there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a uh momentum wheel in there to
+cause it spin up slowly and we backed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it spin up slowly and we backed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it spin up slowly and we backed
+away from it and we flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it and we flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it and we flew
+uh couple of uh very challenging loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple of uh very challenging loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couple of uh very challenging loops
+around it. Here's a sequel to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. Here's a sequel to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it. Here's a sequel to the the
+hairbrush. This is not me. It's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairbrush. This is not me. It's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairbrush. This is not me. It's story
+musgrave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who has the same hairdo as I do and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the same hairdo as I do and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has the same hairdo as I do and he's
+getting spiffied up for the TV show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's all we did is horse around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all we did is horse around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all we did is horse around for
+for seven days. Got extended a day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven days. Got extended a day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for seven days. Got extended a day to
+eight days again. And this landing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight days again. And this landing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight days again. And this landing was
+back at Edwards runway 23 uh in August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at Edwards runway 23 uh in August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at Edwards runway 23 uh in August
+August 6th when it was 105 degrees, lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 6th when it was 105 degrees, lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+August 6th when it was 105 degrees, lots
+of lots of heat waves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of heat waves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of heat waves.
+Uh this landing was by far the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this landing was by far the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this landing was by far the most
+forward CG because we still had all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG because we still had all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward CG because we still had all that
+equipment in the payload bay and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the payload bay and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the payload bay and uh we
+were almost the heaviest orbiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost the heaviest orbiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were almost the heaviest orbiter
+landing. So getting the nose down before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing. So getting the nose down before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing. So getting the nose down before
+it fell down and crashed and broke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell down and crashed and broke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell down and crashed and broke the
+nose gear was one of my primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose gear was one of my primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose gear was one of my primary
+concerns on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Uh more about the uh the actual launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh more about the uh the actual launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh more about the uh the actual launch
+itself. There's the customary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. There's the customary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. There's the customary
+view. They put a camera right in close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. They put a camera right in close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. They put a camera right in close
+and got this really close-up view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But it was about it is about five and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was about it is about five and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was about it is about five and a
+half minutes after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes after this
+picture. We had delayed five hours. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. We had delayed five hours. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. We had delayed five hours. It's
+late afternoon. So very quickly heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon. So very quickly heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late afternoon. So very quickly heading
+out over the Atlantic. Uh we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the Atlantic. Uh we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the Atlantic. Uh we were in
+darkness and then Bango the uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness and then Bango the uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness and then Bango the uh remember
+it had been the left engine that got us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been the left engine that got us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had been the left engine that got us
+uh uh on the pad abort. Well, the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on the pad abort. Well, the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh on the pad abort. Well, the center
+engine shut down. There was we were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine shut down. There was we were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine shut down. There was we were at
+3GS. All of a sudden, we're at 2 G's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3GS. All of a sudden, we're at 2 G's or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3GS. All of a sudden, we're at 2 G's or
+something like that. Uh instant square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Uh instant square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Uh instant square
+wave cut off and acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave cut off and acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave cut off and acceleration and
+uh looking there and confirming and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking there and confirming and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh looking there and confirming and the
+center engine shut down. What had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center engine shut down. What had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center engine shut down. What had
+happened was that uh there are a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that uh there are a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that uh there are a number
+of sensors on the main engines. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensors on the main engines. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensors on the main engines. The
+particular one that got us was a uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one that got us was a uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one that got us was a uh the
+uh fuel high pressure turbo pump, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fuel high pressure turbo pump, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fuel high pressure turbo pump, a
+piece of machinery running at 75,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of machinery running at 75,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of machinery running at 75,000
+RPM, high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPM, high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPM, high
+pressures, the high-tech gear that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures, the high-tech gear that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures, the high-tech gear that makes
+the main engine so efficient, high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main engine so efficient, high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main engine so efficient, high
+ISP, but but really run at the limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISP, but but really run at the limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISP, but but really run at the limits of
+metal energy and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal energy and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal energy and uh
+technology. And the sensor that senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. And the sensor that senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. And the sensor that senses
+the output temperature was a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output temperature was a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output temperature was a series of
+four platinum wires in a cavity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four platinum wires in a cavity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four platinum wires in a cavity in the
+uh in the output of that turbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the output of that turbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the output of that turbo
+pump. And they had had some tendency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump. And they had had some tendency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump. And they had had some tendency for
+the wires to burn through. When they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires to burn through. When they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires to burn through. When they
+burned through, they they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned through, they they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned through, they they showed
+overtemp was the electrical result of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtemp was the electrical result of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtemp was the electrical result of a
+burn through one of these sensors. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn through one of these sensors. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn through one of these sensors. Well,
+we had two burn through and the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two burn through and the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two burn through and the software
+said that's That must mean there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's That must mean there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's That must mean there's two
+sensors say you're too hot. Shut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors say you're too hot. Shut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors say you're too hot. Shut the
+motor off. And it did. Uh there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor off. And it did. Uh there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor off. And it did. Uh there was no
+reaction. We just kept going straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. We just kept going straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. We just kept going straight
+and smooth. Uh but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smooth. Uh but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smooth. Uh but it was
+um now put us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what's called an abort. Well, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's called an abort. Well, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's called an abort. Well, here's
+the here's the crew. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the crew. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the crew. I
+got seven of us. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm uh need to practice this more. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh need to practice this more. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm uh need to practice this more. But
+anyway, it was a two shift operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it was a two shift operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it was a two shift operation.
+We're going to work around the clock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to work around the clock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to work around the clock.
+So, we had a red team and a blue team.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we had a red team and a blue team.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we had a red team and a blue team.
+And I was a commander, so I had a strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was a commander, so I had a strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was a commander, so I had a strike
+shirt. Abort to orbit. We had to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt. Abort to orbit. We had to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shirt. Abort to orbit. We had to call
+from the ground, confirm what we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground, confirm what we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground, confirm what we knew
+already. It means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. It means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already. It means
+uh turning that rotary knob to atto.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turning that rotary knob to atto.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh turning that rotary knob to atto.
+Abort to orbit. Kind of an oxymoron in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abort to orbit. Kind of an oxymoron in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abort to orbit. Kind of an oxymoron in a
+way. It's not really an abort. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It's not really an abort. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. It's not really an abort. It's
+passing on uh pushing the button behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on uh pushing the button behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing on uh pushing the button behind
+it. It mods the software in to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It mods the software in to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It mods the software in to do a
+couple things. Lower the insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things. Lower the insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things. Lower the insertion
+target. We've tried to tried to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. We've tried to tried to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target. We've tried to tried to get as
+high as orbit as performance would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as orbit as performance would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as orbit as performance would
+permit, but now we're going lower. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit, but now we're going lower. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit, but now we're going lower. Uh
+engine down cost you total performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine down cost you total performance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine down cost you total performance.
+Uh and uh we also started dumping ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh we also started dumping ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh we also started dumping ohms
+fuel. We had to turn on the ohms engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. We had to turn on the ohms engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. We had to turn on the ohms engines
+and we ended up dumping 4500 pounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up dumping 4500 pounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up dumping 4500 pounds of
+ohms fuel. a little bit of extra thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms fuel. a little bit of extra thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms fuel. a little bit of extra thrust
+but a significant loss of weight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant loss of weight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a significant loss of weight to
+allow the remaining performance to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the remaining performance to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the remaining performance to get
+us to an acceptable orbit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to an acceptable orbit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to an acceptable orbit.
+And the last, interestingly, the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last, interestingly, the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the last, interestingly, the last
+sim we did and training in Houston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim we did and training in Houston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim we did and training in Houston
+before we went to the Cape to Fly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went to the Cape to Fly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we went to the Cape to Fly about
+two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days
+before was an integrated sim where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was an integrated sim where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before was an integrated sim where we're
+tied into all the controllers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into all the controllers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied into all the controllers and
+everybody's working at a team and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's working at a team and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's working at a team and the
+very last run we had was a an atto on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last run we had was a an atto on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last run we had was a an atto on a
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+to some gun. That's what we did. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some gun. That's what we did. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some gun. That's what we did. We
+always had trouble uh starting a watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had trouble uh starting a watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always had trouble uh starting a watch
+and you try to do everything internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to do everything internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to do everything internally
+on the crew so that if you lose calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the crew so that if you lose calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the crew so that if you lose calm
+with the ground you can can complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ground you can can complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the ground you can can complete the
+emergency uh properly on your own uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency uh properly on your own uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency uh properly on your own uh on
+atto's before we had to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atto's before we had to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atto's before we had to start a
+stopwatch at the time we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch at the time we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch at the time we started the
+ohms dump and we had a chart to go in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms dump and we had a chart to go in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms dump and we had a chart to go in to
+find out how many minutes of ohms dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how many minutes of ohms dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how many minutes of ohms dump
+we needed to do given at what velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to do given at what velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed to do given at what velocity
+we lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we lost the
+engine and uh Story's job was to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and uh Story's job was to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and uh Story's job was to do the
+watch and in excitement of all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and in excitement of all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch and in excitement of all the other
+stuff we had to do to get the elms on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we had to do to get the elms on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we had to do to get the elms on,
+we'd always forget the watch. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd always forget the watch. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd always forget the watch. But this
+time, he got the watch going. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, he got the watch going. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, he got the watch going. So, we
+actually did it right. And uh we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did it right. And uh we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did it right. And uh we knew
+that when we got to uh where we burned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we got to uh where we burned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we got to uh where we burned
+out all the available fuel, which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the available fuel, which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the available fuel, which we
+did, we went to a fuel depletion cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did, we went to a fuel depletion cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did, we went to a fuel depletion cut off
+uh that uh we'd be really close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh we'd be really close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that uh we'd be really close to
+having to do a right away another burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do a right away another burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do a right away another burn
+to get an acceptable orbit. Uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an acceptable orbit. Uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an acceptable orbit. Uh we're
+right on the boundary as it turned out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the boundary as it turned out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the boundary as it turned out.
+Uh we dumped the right amount of put us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we dumped the right amount of put us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we dumped the right amount of put us
+every last drop of main main propellant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every last drop of main main propellant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every last drop of main main propellant
+gone. We were just on the boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone. We were just on the boundary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone. We were just on the boundary of
+not having to do the first ohms burn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to do the first ohms burn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having to do the first ohms burn and
+we could relax for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could relax for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could relax for uh
+uh 45 minutes later halfway around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 45 minutes later halfway around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 45 minutes later halfway around the
+world to do the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do the final
+circularization. So it worked out good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularization. So it worked out good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularization. So it worked out good
+except we're in a lot lower orbit than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we're in a lot lower orbit than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we're in a lot lower orbit than
+we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had
+planned. Uh and everything about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned. Uh and everything about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned. Uh and everything about this
+space lab flight depended on the orbit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space lab flight depended on the orbit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space lab flight depended on the orbit.
+So we into a giant replant. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we into a giant replant. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we into a giant replant. There's a
+nice picture of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice picture of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice picture of uh
+the IPS also explain the the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IPS also explain the the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IPS also explain the the situation
+of of the inhibit switch on and off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the inhibit switch on and off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the inhibit switch on and off and
+Oh, yeah. I don't know if I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. I don't know if I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, yeah. I don't know if I don't know
+how much you were aware of what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you were aware of what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you were aware of what was
+going on there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a switch in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a switch in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a switch in the
+cockpit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockpit that
+uh you have a lot of parameters that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a lot of parameters that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a lot of parameters that are
+monitored in the software on the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored in the software on the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored in the software on the main
+engines which uh which if they go out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines which uh which if they go out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines which uh which if they go out of
+tolerance will shut the engine off. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance will shut the engine off. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance will shut the engine off. In
+fact, that's exactly why we lost uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, that's exactly why we lost uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, that's exactly why we lost uh the
+the center engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center engine.
+Uh but right after that engine shutdown,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but right after that engine shutdown,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but right after that engine shutdown,
+we're in a state where we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a state where we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a state where we really don't
+want to lose another engine because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lose another engine because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lose another engine because if
+we had with only one left, we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with only one left, we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with only one left, we did not
+have the performance to get to orbit. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the performance to get to orbit. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the performance to get to orbit. We
+would have had to have gone to Zerugosa,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to have gone to Zerugosa,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to have gone to Zerugosa,
+Spain and land in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and land in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain and land in the middle of the
+night where it was 10,000 foot overcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night where it was 10,000 foot overcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night where it was 10,000 foot overcast
+and raining. And I mean, if we pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raining. And I mean, if we pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and raining. And I mean, if we pulled
+that off, we would have deserved some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off, we would have deserved some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off, we would have deserved some
+kind of medal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of medal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of medal.
+Uh and uh so as as a pre-planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh so as as a pre-planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and uh so as as a pre-planned
+procedure when you lose one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure when you lose one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure when you lose one engine
+before the point where you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the point where you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the point where you can make
+stagger into orbit on one remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger into orbit on one remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger into orbit on one remaining
+engine uh you inhibit the limits. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh you inhibit the limits. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine uh you inhibit the limits. You
+throw a switch that that says, "Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a switch that that says, "Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a switch that that says, "Okay,
+now you're telling the engines to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're telling the engines to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're telling the engines to keep
+running regardless of over temps or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running regardless of over temps or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running regardless of over temps or
+anything because you take the chance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because you take the chance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because you take the chance,
+which is a big one, if something let go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a big one, if something let go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a big one, if something let go,
+uh to to uh not be susceptible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to uh not be susceptible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to uh not be susceptible to the
+same thing that got us for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that got us for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing that got us for the first
+engine, that is a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine, that is a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine, that is a sensor
+failure." And so we did that. that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure." And so we did that. that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure." And so we did that. that we
+inhibited the limits until we got to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited the limits until we got to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited the limits until we got to a
+point in the energy profile where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the energy profile where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the energy profile where we
+were preto that that's the call pressto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were preto that that's the call pressto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were preto that that's the call pressto
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+that you're now at a velocity where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're now at a velocity where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're now at a velocity where you
+can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it
+into acceptable low orbit on one engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acceptable low orbit on one engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acceptable low orbit on one engine
+if you should lose another one at presto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you should lose another one at presto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you should lose another one at presto
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+the the plan was we'll reenable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the plan was we'll reenable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the plan was we'll reenable the
+limits so we're not hanging it out on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so we're not hanging it out on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits so we're not hanging it out on a
+possible second engine failure. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible second engine failure. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible second engine failure. Uh, and
+we'd accept the second engine failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd accept the second engine failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd accept the second engine failure
+because we know we could make it on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know we could make it on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know we could make it on one
+engine. So, we did that. The call came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. So, we did that. The call came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. So, we did that. The call came
+up. We went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. We went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. We went to
+enable and then before we got there, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable and then before we got there, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable and then before we got there, we
+got another call from the ground that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another call from the ground that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another call from the ground that
+said, "Go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Go back to
+inhibit." Well, there wasn't time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit." Well, there wasn't time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit." Well, there wasn't time to get
+a full explanation. We dutifully did it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full explanation. We dutifully did it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a full explanation. We dutifully did it.
+What they saw on the ground is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they saw on the ground is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What they saw on the ground is more
+failures on the the right engine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures on the the right engine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures on the the right engine.
+Remember the left got us on the pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the left got us on the pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the left got us on the pad
+abort. The center engine shut down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort. The center engine shut down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abort. The center engine shut down on
+the way up. And to make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up. And to make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up. And to make everything
+equal, the right engine the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal, the right engine the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal, the right engine the same
+sensors. They could see on the ground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors. They could see on the ground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors. They could see on the ground.
+It's not visible in the cockpit. Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not visible in the cockpit. Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not visible in the cockpit. Each of
+those four platinum wires and they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four platinum wires and they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four platinum wires and they saw
+those starting to go or clearly a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those starting to go or clearly a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those starting to go or clearly a design
+problem here. And uh because they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here. And uh because they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here. And uh because they could
+tell those are going to go and get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell those are going to go and get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell those are going to go and get us
+that second engine. So that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second engine. So that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second engine. So that's why we
+went back to inhibit the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to inhibit the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to inhibit the rest of the
+way. So it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So it was
+u a good war story, but we got there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a good war story, but we got there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a good war story, but we got there uh
+and we started operating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started operating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we started operating the
+IPS the uh platform uh built in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPS the uh platform uh built in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IPS the uh platform uh built in Germany
+uh with all the telescopes. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with all the telescopes. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with all the telescopes. These are
+star trackers to uh align where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star trackers to uh align where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star trackers to uh align where it is
+and this baby could point. Uh the spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this baby could point. Uh the spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this baby could point. Uh the spec
+was one arcsec of accuracy. An arcsec is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one arcsec of accuracy. An arcsec is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one arcsec of accuracy. An arcsec is
+the size of a dime. If you're standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a dime. If you're standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a dime. If you're standing
+at the Capitol and looking at a dime at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Capitol and looking at a dime at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Capitol and looking at a dime at
+the Lincoln Memorial, that's how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lincoln Memorial, that's how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lincoln Memorial, that's how much it
+tends. But when we cranked it up, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends. But when we cranked it up, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends. But when we cranked it up, it
+didn't work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work with a
+hoot. Uh they just couldn't get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoot. Uh they just couldn't get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoot. Uh they just couldn't get it to
+stabilize or point where it was supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize or point where it was supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize or point where it was supposed
+to. And for three days, the payload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And for three days, the payload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. And for three days, the payload
+specialists and the MS's were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists and the MS's were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialists and the MS's were in
+constant communication with the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant communication with the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant communication with the ground
+and they patched the software in a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they patched the software in a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they patched the software in a major
+way and kept sending up new software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and kept sending up new software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and kept sending up new software
+loads to get this thing to work. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads to get this thing to work. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads to get this thing to work. And
+voila, on the third day, they finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila, on the third day, they finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voila, on the third day, they finally
+got it right. And then it worked well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. And then it worked well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it right. And then it worked well
+and got a lot of good uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+science. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. Just
+a an aside, when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an aside, when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an aside, when you're looking at
+pictures from space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures from space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures from space,
+uh you tend to think you walk around out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you tend to think you walk around out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you tend to think you walk around out
+here, the atmosphere is this big ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the atmosphere is this big ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the atmosphere is this big ocean
+of air above you, right? Lots of air way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air above you, right? Lots of air way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air above you, right? Lots of air way
+up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there.
+This this little bitty blue line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this little bitty blue line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this little bitty blue line right
+there, fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, fairly
+perceptible that always appears on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptible that always appears on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptible that always appears on any
+sunlit picture showing the limb of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlit picture showing the limb of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlit picture showing the limb of the
+Earth. That's the same blue as is as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. That's the same blue as is as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. That's the same blue as is as the
+sky, the scattering that causes the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky, the scattering that causes the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky, the scattering that causes the sky
+to be blue. And that's all the thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blue. And that's all the thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be blue. And that's all the thicker
+it is. It is just this little thin shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. It is just this little thin shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. It is just this little thin shell
+of atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atmosphere
+around, you know, at 18,000 ft. three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you know, at 18,000 ft. three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, you know, at 18,000 ft. three
+miles up, uh, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles up, uh, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles up, uh, you've
+lost half the atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost half the atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost half the atmospheric
+pressure and that's laying on a 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and that's laying on a 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and that's laying on a 8,000
+mile diameter globe. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile diameter globe. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile diameter globe. And so,
+uh, and that's where all of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and that's where all of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, and that's where all of human
+history has happened in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has happened in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history has happened in that little
+shell of air laying around the globe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of air laying around the globe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of air laying around the globe.
+Philosophical point for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophical point for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philosophical point for you
+engineers. What's uh, flying on orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. What's uh, flying on orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. What's uh, flying on orbit
+like? Well, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Well, it's
+uh it's one of the 215 pounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's one of the 215 pounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's one of the 215 pounds of
+checklist here. I'm checking propellant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist here. I'm checking propellant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist here. I'm checking propellant
+usage against what we got and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage against what we got and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage against what we got and where we
+are because we dumped 45,500 lb of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because we dumped 45,500 lb of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because we dumped 45,500 lb of
+crucial fuel that we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial fuel that we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial fuel that we needed to
+make the plan most maneuvers had ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the plan most maneuvers had ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the plan most maneuvers had ever
+been done in the in the orbiter on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in the in the orbiter on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done in the in the orbiter on our
+mission. And we really worked to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. And we really worked to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission. And we really worked to we
+didn't want an extra blip out of an RCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want an extra blip out of an RCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want an extra blip out of an RCS
+thruster. And it worked very well. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thruster. And it worked very well. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thruster. And it worked very well. We we
+got through seven days and even had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got through seven days and even had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got through seven days and even had
+enough to have another day of science on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have another day of science on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have another day of science on
+the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth
+day. But flying is mostly watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. But flying is mostly watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. But flying is mostly watching the
+clock. Everything happens according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock. Everything happens according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock. Everything happens according to
+time. And uh since you got 16 sunrises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And uh since you got 16 sunrises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And uh since you got 16 sunrises
+and sunsets every 24 hours, you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunsets every 24 hours, you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sunsets every 24 hours, you never
+know what time it is without the watch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what time it is without the watch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what time it is without the watch.
+Uh, and you're looking at a crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and you're looking at a crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and you're looking at a crew
+activity plan with everything laid out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity plan with everything laid out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity plan with everything laid out.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+so, we even had an alarm system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we even had an alarm system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we even had an alarm system you
+could set in the CRT to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set in the CRT to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set in the CRT to,
+uh, make a tone to wake you up. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, make a tone to wake you up. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, make a tone to wake you up. So, a
+lot of lot of clock watching, uh, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of clock watching, uh, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lot of clock watching, uh, to
+pull off a complex mission like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off a complex mission like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off a complex mission like this.
+That's just the the way life is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just the the way life is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just the the way life is on
+orbit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit.
+Now, here's uh one of our really serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, here's uh one of our really serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, here's uh one of our really serious
+high level scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level scientific
+objectives. This was the official name,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. This was the official name,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives. This was the official name,
+the carbonated beverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonated beverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbonated beverage
+test. Some uh I don't know if it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Some uh I don't know if it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test. Some uh I don't know if it's an
+MIT guy or not. He's a real serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT guy or not. He's a real serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT guy or not. He's a real serious
+academic type an Indian I think. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic type an Indian I think. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic type an Indian I think. Anyway,
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+a Coke can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Coke can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Coke can that
+had a lot of pressure regulators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of pressure regulators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of pressure regulators in
+there and lemoner flow annular things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and lemoner flow annular things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and lemoner flow annular things.
+Uh so many so that this coke can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so many so that this coke can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so many so that this coke can only
+held 4 ounces of coke. But he talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held 4 ounces of coke. But he talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held 4 ounces of coke. But he talked to
+the White House. Reagan was president.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House. Reagan was president.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the White House. Reagan was president.
+somebody on the staff approved going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the staff approved going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the staff approved going to
+fly these Coke cans and see if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly these Coke cans and see if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly these Coke cans and see if they had
+a system to provide pop in orbit, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to provide pop in orbit, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to provide pop in orbit, you
+know, with the regular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, with the regular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, with the regular kind of
+carbonation and uh dispensial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonation and uh dispensial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonation and uh dispensial
+can. So, we got the briefing and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. So, we got the briefing and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. So, we got the briefing and we had
+the forest sto in a locker and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest sto in a locker and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest sto in a locker and I got
+them out at the start of the test. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out at the start of the test. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out at the start of the test. But
+30 days before launch, all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 days before launch, all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 days before launch, all of a sudden
+this big thing came down. Pepsi got wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big thing came down. Pepsi got wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big thing came down. Pepsi got wind
+of this experiment and went to the White
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment and went to the White
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this experiment and went to the White
+House staff and they they got Pepsi put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House staff and they they got Pepsi put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House staff and they they got Pepsi put
+on and Pepsi went into a crash program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and Pepsi went into a crash program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and Pepsi went into a crash program
+to fly four cans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pepsi. So, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepsi. So, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pepsi. So, here's
+uh Carl Hennai's trying the Pepsi. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Carl Hennai's trying the Pepsi. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Carl Hennai's trying the Pepsi. You
+notice it looks a lot like a shaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it looks a lot like a shaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it looks a lot like a shaving
+cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream
+can. Well, that's how the Pepsi came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Well, that's how the Pepsi came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Well, that's how the Pepsi came
+out. Just like shaving cream. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Just like shaving cream. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Just like shaving cream. Just
+ball of stuff. And I mean, theirs was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of stuff. And I mean, theirs was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball of stuff. And I mean, theirs was a
+last minute deal. It didn't have any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute deal. It didn't have any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute deal. It didn't have any uh
+pressure regulators in it. It just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure regulators in it. It just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure regulators in it. It just uh
+blew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Now, we we worried about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Now, we we worried about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Now, we we worried about having
+to make a judgment which tasted better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a judgment which tasted better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a judgment which tasted better.
+Well, the the problem was they we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the the problem was they we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the the problem was they we didn't
+have any kind of refrigerator, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of refrigerator, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of refrigerator, so
+they're both warm. So, warm pop is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both warm. So, warm pop is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both warm. So, warm pop is not
+my favorite. And uh uh so they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite. And uh uh so they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite. And uh uh so they were not
+uh anything that anybody fought over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything that anybody fought over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything that anybody fought over
+either any either kind. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either any either kind. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either any either kind. But this
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+okay. If you let the Pepsi float around,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. If you let the Pepsi float around,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. If you let the Pepsi float around,
+it would coales a little CO2 in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would coales a little CO2 in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would coales a little CO2 in random
+fashion. But the the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. But the the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion. But the the physics of
+it, Carl found by blowing very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, Carl found by blowing very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, Carl found by blowing very carefully
+on the edge, he could get it spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge, he could get it spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge, he could get it spinning
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+And spinning cups would would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And spinning cups would would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And spinning cups would would have the
+froth at the poles and the the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froth at the poles and the the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+froth at the poles and the the liquid
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equator. And we always had a towel guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator. And we always had a towel guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator. And we always had a towel guy
+standing by to in case it drifted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing by to in case it drifted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing by to in case it drifted into
+something. Was getting pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Was getting pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Was getting pretty
+close. This is the end of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. And how he got it in his mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And how he got it in his mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And how he got it in his mouth
+without touching any of it. We had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching any of it. We had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without touching any of it. We had that
+same PDP, but as I mentioned, you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same PDP, but as I mentioned, you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same PDP, but as I mentioned, you saw in
+the movie, we let go of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie, we let go of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie, we let go of
+it. We actually maneuvered all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We actually maneuvered all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We actually maneuvered all around
+the orbiter and looked at the wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter and looked at the wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbiter and looked at the wake
+through the plasma. Let go of it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma. Let go of it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plasma. Let go of it. The
+proximity ops were very extensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity ops were very extensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity ops were very extensive and
+challenging and many many maneuvers. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and many many maneuvers. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and many many maneuvers. Uh
+that's the in the in the Caribbean, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the in the in the Caribbean, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the in the in the Caribbean, the
+tongue of the ocean, the spectacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue of the ocean, the spectacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue of the ocean, the spectacular
+coral uh reef around very deep water.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coral uh reef around very deep water.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coral uh reef around very deep water.
+Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's
+Gibralar. The rock I believe is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibralar. The rock I believe is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibralar. The rock I believe is right
+out here on the point. Mediterranean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here on the point. Mediterranean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here on the point. Mediterranean
+there in the Atlantic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here you've heard you can't see borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you've heard you can't see borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here you've heard you can't see borders
+from space. Not true. This is Israel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space. Not true. This is Israel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from space. Not true. This is Israel
+this way and Egypt this way. The Gaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and Egypt this way. The Gaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and Egypt this way. The Gaza
+Strip along here which uh has been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strip along here which uh has been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strip along here which uh has been in
+the news as of late.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in the same area, the Dead Sea, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the same area, the Dead Sea, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the same area, the Dead Sea, the
+Sea of Galilee. Here's most of Israel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea of Galilee. Here's most of Israel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea of Galilee. Here's most of Israel in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture. A little closer to home. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. A little closer to home. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. A little closer to home. This
+is most of New Jersey, Long Island.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most of New Jersey, Long Island.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most of New Jersey, Long Island.
+There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's
+Manhattan. That's River and East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+River. This been about 10,000 copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River. This been about 10,000 copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River. This been about 10,000 copies of
+this picture. This is Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. This is Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture. This is Southern
+California. This is San Diego right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California. This is San Diego right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California. This is San Diego right
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Los Angeles. And in a high-res print,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles. And in a high-res print,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Los Angeles. And in a high-res print,
+you can see water here, which is San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see water here, which is San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see water here, which is San
+Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco
+Bay. And the center of it all is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay. And the center of it all is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay. And the center of it all is the
+Analopee Valley right here where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analopee Valley right here where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Analopee Valley right here where uh
+where I live and where Edwards is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I live and where Edwards is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I live and where Edwards is right
+here. This is the San Andreas fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the San Andreas fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the San Andreas fault
+right through here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closer up of LA, which after the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer up of LA, which after the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer up of LA, which after the at the
+end of 51F, we we came right by Catalina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of 51F, we we came right by Catalina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of 51F, we we came right by Catalina
+Island, right up the Harbor Freeway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island, right up the Harbor Freeway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island, right up the Harbor Freeway and
+into Edwards. We went by uh Harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Edwards. We went by uh Harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Edwards. We went by uh Harbor
+Freeway at about uh Mach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 and closer up of the Dry Lake at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and closer up of the Dry Lake at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and closer up of the Dry Lake at
+Edwards and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwards and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edwards and the
+landing flight test results, which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing flight test results, which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing flight test results, which uh
+most of which I've mentioned already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh to finish up, I've got reports on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh to finish up, I've got reports on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh to finish up, I've got reports on
+a memory stick here, the pilot reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory stick here, the pilot reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory stick here, the pilot reports
+we wrote as crews uh which you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote as crews uh which you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote as crews uh which you can take
+at your leisure if you're interested. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your leisure if you're interested. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your leisure if you're interested. Uh
+copy it off and they're available. not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it off and they're available. not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it off and they're available. not
+great works of art, but the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great works of art, but the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great works of art, but the specific
+things that we learned on doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we learned on doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we learned on doing the
+flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh these are just thoughts of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are just thoughts of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are just thoughts of of
+transitioning into operation from test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning into operation from test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioning into operation from test
+mode which I got to see the whole gamut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode which I got to see the whole gamut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode which I got to see the whole gamut
+from beginning to uh full operational.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to uh full operational.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to uh full operational.
+So I apologize for running over but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you see
+everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+very thank you thank you very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thank you thank you very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thank you thank you very much for
+taking
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uuY13aUtFUo.txt b/uuY13aUtFUo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bad456a9f18be67d96e9484c1e19a2f3aba0cc58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uuY13aUtFUo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we are going to uh talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to uh talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we are going to uh talk about
+where consumer decisions come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where consumer decisions come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where consumer decisions come from
+remember last lecture we built a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last lecture we built a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember last lecture we built a supply
+curve and demand curve and I just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and demand curve and I just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and demand curve and I just sort
+of made them up and I said now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made them up and I said now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of made them up and I said now we're
+going to start to go back and build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to go back and build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start to go back and build up
+where they come from and today we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from and today we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they come from and today we'll
+start with the demand curve and start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the demand curve and start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the demand curve and start by
+talking about consumer preferences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about consumer preferences okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about consumer preferences okay
+so um the first thing we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the first thing we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um the first thing we're going to do
+is we're going to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to understand how
+consumers make choices now essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make choices now essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers make choices now essentially
+as I mentioned last time consumers make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time consumers make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned last time consumers make
+constrained choices they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained choices they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained choices they essentially
+make themselves as well as off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make themselves as well as off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make themselves as well as off as
+possible subject to a limited budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible subject to a limited budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible subject to a limited budget
+what we're going to start with today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to start with today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to start with today is
+forget the limited budget imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the limited budget imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the limited budget imagine we
+just all won the Mega Millions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all won the Mega Millions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all won the Mega Millions okay
+there's no budget we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no budget we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no budget we're just going to
+ask what to Consumers want and not worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what to Consumers want and not worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what to Consumers want and not worry
+about how they're going to pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they're going to pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they're going to pay for it
+okay so today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to talk about
+preferences we're talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences we're talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences we're talk about what
+consumers want and how we translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want and how we translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want and how we translate
+those wants and desires into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wants and desires into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wants and desires into a
+mathematical formulation that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation that allows us
+to derive demand curves okay the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive demand curves okay the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive demand curves okay the so
+basically we're going to do this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're going to do this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're going to do this we're
+going to ultimately for Consumer demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ultimately for Consumer demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ultimately for Consumer demand
+proceed in three steps the first step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in three steps the first step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed in three steps the first step is
+we're going to write down our underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down our underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down our underlying
+assumptions about consumer preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about consumer preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about consumer preferences
+we're going to talk about how consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how consumers
+talk about a set of axioms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a set of axioms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a set of axioms that
+determine the rules of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the rules of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the rules of consumer
+preferences across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences across
+Goods we'll then translate those set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods we'll then translate those set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods we'll then translate those set of
+a into a mathematical function we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into a mathematical function we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a into a mathematical function we call
+the utility function which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility function which is a
+mathematical expression of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical expression of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical expression of consumer
+preferences and then next time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and then next time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and then next time we'll
+introduce the budget constraint and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the budget constraint and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the budget constraint and talk
+about how consumers make choices given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how consumers make choices given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how consumers make choices given
+this mathematical utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical utility function and
+given the budget constraint they face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the budget constraint they face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the budget constraint they face
+okay so that's the road map of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the road map of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the road map of where
+we're going okay so today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay so today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going okay so today we're going to
+talk about pref es axiomatic rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about pref es axiomatic rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about pref es axiomatic rules of
+preferences and how they translate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and how they translate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and how they translate into
+the mathematical rules that govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical rules that govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical rules that govern
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+decisions so do this let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so do this let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so do this let's start by
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+preferences and let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and let's talk about the
+key assumptions we are going to make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key assumptions we are going to make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key assumptions we are going to make in
+modeling consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling consumer
+preferences so remember all models make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so remember all models make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences so remember all models make
+simplifying assumptions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumptions we're going to
+make um inexact models make simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um inexact models make simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make um inexact models make simplifying
+assumptions we're going to make three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we're going to make three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we're going to make three
+assumptions here the first assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here the first assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions here the first assumption
+we're going to make so what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make so what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make so what are the key
+assumptions the first assumption we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the first assumption we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the first assumption we're
+going to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completeness that is we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness that is we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness that is we are going to
+assume that when consumers are faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that when consumers are faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that when consumers are faced
+with two choices they're either going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two choices they're either going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two choices they're either going to
+prefer one or prefer the other or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer one or prefer the other or be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer one or prefer the other or be
+indiff but they're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiff but they're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiff but they're going to have an
+opinion they're not going to say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion they're not going to say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion they're not going to say I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+okay consumers will have opinions over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay consumers will have opinions over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay consumers will have opinions over
+all possible choices they'll like one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible choices they'll like one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible choices they'll like one by
+another they'll be indifferent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they'll be indifferent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they'll be indifferent but
+they'll have opinions over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have opinions over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have opinions over all possible
+choices it's a complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it's a complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices it's a complete set of
+preferences the second thing is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the second thing is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences the second thing is the same
+ass subject we've been making since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ass subject we've been making since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ass subject we've been making since
+kindergarten in all our math classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten in all our math classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kindergarten in all our math classes
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitivity okay which is the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity okay which is the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity okay which is the classic
+if you prefer a to B and B to C you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer a to B and B to C you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer a to B and B to C you must
+prefer a to c I'm pretty sure all MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer a to c I'm pretty sure all MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer a to c I'm pretty sure all MIT
+students know transitivity by now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students know transitivity by now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students know transitivity by now okay
+um so that is uh the second key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that is uh the second key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that is uh the second key
+assumption which is once again not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is once again not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption which is once again not a
+great not a big deal the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great not a big deal the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great not a big deal the third
+assumption is where economics gets its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is where economics gets its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is where economics gets its
+power the third assumption is a new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the third assumption is a new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the third assumption is a new one
+which we call the Assumption of nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the Assumption of nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call the Assumption of nons
+satiation or new to you the Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiation or new to you the Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiation or new to you the Assumption
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+non-satiation or basically more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation or basically more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation or basically more is
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+better okay the third assumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay the third assumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay the third assumption so
+these assumptions are standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions are standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions are standard
+assumptions make in math class complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions make in math class complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions make in math class complete
+Choice sets transitivity nons satiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice sets transitivity nons satiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice sets transitivity nons satiation
+is new to you that's the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new to you that's the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is new to you that's the assumption that
+basically more is always better now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically more is always better now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically more is always better now it
+doesn't mean more makes you equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean more makes you equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean more makes you equally
+happy it doesn't mean the 10th thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy it doesn't mean the 10th thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy it doesn't mean the 10th thing
+makes you as happy is the ninth thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you as happy is the ninth thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you as happy is the ninth thing it
+just means the 10th thing is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means the 10th thing is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means the 10th thing is always
+better than not having it more is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than not having it more is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than not having it more is always
+better okay so basically if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so basically if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay so basically if you're
+offered something for free you'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered something for free you'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered something for free you'll always
+take it okay it's always better than not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it okay it's always better than not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it okay it's always better than not
+having it that's because we live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it that's because we live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it that's because we live in a
+world of goods you might be thinking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of goods you might be thinking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of goods you might be thinking to
+yourself well if someone offered me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well if someone offered me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself well if someone offered me for
+free you know to stick me in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free you know to stick me in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free you know to stick me in the eye
+with a needle I wouldn't take that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a needle I wouldn't take that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a needle I wouldn't take that and
+you're right cuz that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right cuz that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right cuz that's a bad
+for most people I guess but uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people I guess but uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people I guess but uh we're
+going to operate in the world of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate in the world of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to operate in the world of goods
+so as long as things are Goods we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as things are Goods we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as things are Goods we always
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+more now with those in mind we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now with those in mind we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now with those in mind we can
+develop what we call indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what we call indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop what we call indifference curves
+which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are
+essentially preference Maps we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially preference Maps we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially preference Maps we're going
+to map people's preferences into a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map people's preferences into a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to map people's preferences into a set
+of what we call indifference curves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call indifference curves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call indifference curves so
+to do this let's start with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this let's start with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this let's start with a simple
+example okay imagine at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay imagine at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay imagine at the beginning of
+semester and your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and your parents
+are going to give you some money to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you some money to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to give you some money to buy
+the two things you care about slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things you care about slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things you care about slice of
+pizza and cookies that's all you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies that's all you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies that's all you care
+about in this world once again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this world once again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this world once again as
+someone asked last time work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone asked last time work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone asked last time work was
+simplifying two-dimensional assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying two-dimensional assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying two-dimensional assumptions
+in reality of course you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality of course you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality of course you care about
+buying 20 different things but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying 20 different things but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying 20 different things but the
+underlying logic won't change the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying logic won't change the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying logic won't change the math
+will just get harder and the graphs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get harder and the graphs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get harder and the graphs will
+become multi-dimensional hard to see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become multi-dimensional hard to see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become multi-dimensional hard to see so
+we're going to start with two goods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with two goods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with two goods but
+everything we do here works with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do here works with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we do here works with three
+four five six Etc Goods okay just harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six Etc Goods okay just harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six Etc Goods okay just harder
+math and Graphics so so let's say have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and Graphics so so let's say have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and Graphics so so let's say have
+two goods and let's say you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods and let's say you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two goods and let's say you're going to
+face three choices choice a is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face three choices choice a is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face three choices choice a is you can
+have two slices of pizza and one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two slices of pizza and one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two slices of pizza and one cookie
+Choice B is you can have two cookies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice B is you can have two cookies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice B is you can have two cookies you
+can have I'm sorry one slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have I'm sorry one slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have I'm sorry one slice of pizza
+and two cookies or Choice C is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cookies or Choice C is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two cookies or Choice C is you can
+have two slices of pizza and two cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two slices of pizza and two cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two slices of pizza and two cookies
+those are your three choices you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your three choices you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your three choices you're
+facing okay and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing okay and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing okay and let's
+assume given my preferences that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume given my preferences that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume given my preferences that I'm
+indifferent between A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between A and
+B let's assume that given my preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's assume that given my preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B let's assume that given my preference
+I'm indifferent between those two now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm indifferent between those two now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm indifferent between those two now
+where does that come from well we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from well we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that come from well we are
+going to take preferences as Primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take preferences as Primitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take preferences as Primitives
+we're not going to question where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to question where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to question where
+preferences come from people going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences come from people going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences come from people going to
+have their preferences it's genetics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their preferences it's genetics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their preferences it's genetics or
+nature nurture whatever that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature nurture whatever that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature nurture whatever that's something
+we deep delve more deeply into when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deep delve more deeply into when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deep delve more deeply into when we
+think about deeper economics but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about deeper economics but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about deeper economics but for now
+for this class preference is given so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class preference is given so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class preference is given so I
+have a set of preferences such that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of preferences such that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of preferences such that I'm
+indifferent between those two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between those two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between those two choices
+but I prefer opt C to both okay I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I prefer opt C to both okay I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I prefer opt C to both okay I'm a
+different between A and B but I prefer C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between A and B but I prefer C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between A and B but I prefer C
+okay so we can now graph my preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now graph my preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can now graph my preferences
+Andrew can I get a copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew can I get a copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew can I get a copy the
+handout uh so we can now graph my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout uh so we can now graph my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout uh so we can now graph my
+preferences and the graph of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the graph of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and the graph of my
+preferences is shown in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences is shown in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences is shown in figure
+21 okay everyone should have a handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 okay everyone should have a handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 okay everyone should have a handout
+remember they'll always be in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they'll always be in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember they'll always be in the back
+when you come in please make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come in please make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come in please make sure you
+grab them as you come in figure 2 one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them as you come in figure 2 one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab them as you come in figure 2 one is
+a map of my preferences okay on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of my preferences okay on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of my preferences okay on the x
+axis okay is I believe let me just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay is I believe let me just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis okay is I believe let me just I'm
+going to look at yours for a second you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at yours for a second you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at yours for a second you
+can look at your neighbors on the x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at your neighbors on the x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at your neighbors on the x-
+axis is cookies on the y axis is slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is cookies on the y axis is slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is cookies on the y axis is slices
+of pizza okay so indiff maps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza okay so indiff maps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza okay so indiff maps are
+essentially maps of how you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially maps of how you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially maps of how you choose
+between two goods you're choosing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two goods you're choosing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two goods you're choosing from
+okay so basically this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically this is your
+indifference map thank you um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference map thank you um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference map thank you um this is
+your indifference map and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your indifference map and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your indifference map and what you see
+is we have mapped the three points a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have mapped the three points a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have mapped the three points a b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+c a is one uh two slice of pizza in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a is one uh two slice of pizza in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a is one uh two slice of pizza in one
+cookie B is two cookies and one slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie B is two cookies and one slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie B is two cookies and one slice of
+pizza C is two of both and we have drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza C is two of both and we have drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza C is two of both and we have drawn
+a curve between A and B we label this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve between A and B we label this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve between A and B we label this an
+indifference curve it's an indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve it's an indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve it's an indifference
+curve because I said you're indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because I said you're indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because I said you're indifferent
+between A and B so there's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B so there's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between A and B so there's a one
+indifference curve goes through both A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve goes through both A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve goes through both A
+and B because you're indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B because you're indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B because you're indifferent between
+those choices remember completeness says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices remember completeness says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those choices remember completeness says
+you can't not care complet completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't not care complet completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't not care complet completeness
+says you have to choose but it's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to choose but it's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to choose but it's okay to
+be indiff okay but Point C is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indiff okay but Point C is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be indiff okay but Point C is on a
+higher indifference curve because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher indifference curve because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher indifference curve because you
+prefer Point C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Point C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Point C to
+both okay so there's going to be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so there's going to be four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so there's going to be four
+properties of indifference curves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of indifference curves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of indifference curves these
+indifference curs which you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curs which you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curs which you're going to
+work with extensively throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with extensively throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with extensively throughout the
+semester are going to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties properties of indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties properties of indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties properties of indifference
+curves first property okay is consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves first property okay is consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves first property okay is consumers
+prefer higher indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the further out the indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the further out the indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the further out the indifference
+curve is the more preferred it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is the more preferred it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is the more preferred it is okay
+and that just follows from non-satiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just follows from non-satiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just follows from non-satiation
+more is better so quantities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better so quantities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is better so quantities that are
+further out away from the away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out away from the away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out away from the away from the
+uh uh away from the origin are better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh away from the origin are better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh away from the origin are better
+okay the second property is indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second property is indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second property is indifference
+curves are downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sloping we're not say anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping we're not say anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping we're not say anything about the
+sheet yet just the slope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet yet just the slope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet yet just the slope that
+indifference curves are downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves are downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves are downward
+sloping and once again this follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and once again this follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and once again this follows from
+non-satiation why because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation why because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation why because if
+indifference curves were upward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves were upward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves were upward sloping
+it wouldn't sat you wouldn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't sat you wouldn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't sat you wouldn't satisfy
+non-satiation look at figure 2 two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation look at figure 2 two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation look at figure 2 two with
+an upward sloping indifference curve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping indifference curve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upward sloping indifference curve an
+upward this is just one particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward this is just one particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward this is just one particular kind
+of upward sloping IND difference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of upward sloping IND difference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of upward sloping IND difference curve
+but true for all of them if the differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but true for all of them if the differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but true for all of them if the differ
+curve is upward sloping that mean you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is upward sloping that mean you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is upward sloping that mean you'll
+be a different between one cookie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different between one cookie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a different between one cookie and
+one slice of pizza and two cookies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice of pizza and two cookies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice of pizza and two cookies and
+two slices a pizza that would violate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices a pizza that would violate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slices a pizza that would violate
+non-satiation you can't be indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation you can't be indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation you can't be indifferent
+between less and more you have to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less and more you have to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between less and more you have to always
+like more better so difference cures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more better so difference cures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more better so difference cures
+have to be downward sloping through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be downward sloping through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be downward sloping through
+non-satiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation
+Okay the third is indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the third is indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay the third is indifference curves
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross indifference curves never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross indifference curves never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross indifference curves never
+cross and the reason because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and the reason because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross and the reason because the
+difference curves can't cross is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves can't cross is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves can't cross is because
+that would violate transitivity and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate transitivity and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would violate transitivity and more
+is better so let's look at figure 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better so let's look at figure 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better so let's look at figure 2
+three with Crossing indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with Crossing indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three with Crossing indifference
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+okay in this graph figure 2 three A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this graph figure 2 three A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this graph figure 2 three A and
+B are on the same indifference curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are on the same indifference curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are on the same indifference curve and
+A and C are on the same indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C are on the same indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C are on the same indifference
+curve that means you must be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that means you must be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that means you must be a different
+between a and b and different between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b and different between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b and different between a
+and C well if you're different between A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C well if you're different between A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C well if you're different between A
+and B and A and C by transitivity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and A and C by transitivity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and A and C by transitivity you
+must be IND different between B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be IND different between B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be IND different between B and C
+but that can't be true you can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that can't be true you can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that can't be true you can't be
+different B and C because B is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different B and C because B is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different B and C because B is more than
+C okay B is is a dominant you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay B is is a dominant you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay B is is a dominant you get the
+same amount of cookies and more pizza so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of cookies and more pizza so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of cookies and more pizza so
+you by definition have to like B better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by definition have to like B better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you by definition have to like B better
+than C so you can't be you violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C so you can't be you violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than C so you can't be you violates
+jointly transitivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly transitivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jointly transitivity and
+non-satiation okay so that's the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation okay so that's the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-satiation okay so that's the third
+property and the fourth property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and the fourth property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and the fourth property is
+basically completeness which is which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically completeness which is which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically completeness which is which we
+express as only one indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express as only one indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express as only one indifference curve
+through any given point you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any given point you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any given point you can't have
+two indifference curves that cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indifference curves that cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indifference curves that cross
+through one Point okay so one I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one Point okay so one I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one Point okay so one I see
+through any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any given
+point per Point per precise allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point per Point per precise allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point per Point per precise allocation
+going be one because otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be one because otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going be one because otherwise you
+wouldn't know how to feel okay there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know how to feel okay there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know how to feel okay there has
+to be one IND difference curve through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one IND difference curve through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one IND difference curve through
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+okay so let's with these rules in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's with these rules in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's with these rules in mind
+let's talk about how you can use IND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how you can use IND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about how you can use IND
+difference curves here's how I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves here's how I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves here's how I learned
+about difference curves when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about difference curves when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about difference curves when I was
+student in 1401 here's how I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in 1401 here's how I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in 1401 here's how I learned
+difference curves actually a semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves actually a semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves actually a semester
+later I still didn't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I still didn't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I still didn't quite understand
+how I left 1401 cuz I was as smart as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I left 1401 cuz I was as smart as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I left 1401 cuz I was as smart as
+you all okay but I had a year op and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all okay but I had a year op and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all okay but I had a year op and my
+year op was with a graduate student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year op was with a graduate student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year op was with a graduate student and
+this graduate student was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graduate student was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graduate student was trying to
+decide on where to go for their job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on where to go for their job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on where to go for their job and
+they said to me look we can express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said to me look we can express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said to me look we can express it
+in difference curve this is one of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference curve this is one of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in difference curve this is one of a few
+graphs I'll draw for you this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs I'll draw for you this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs I'll draw for you this semester
+he said look there's two things I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look there's two things I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look there's two things I care
+about I care about school quality like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I care about school quality like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I care about school quality like
+how highly ranked is where I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how highly ranked is where I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how highly ranked is where I'm going to
+go are my colleagues the smartest Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go are my colleagues the smartest Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go are my colleagues the smartest Etc
+and I care about location which is how's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I care about location which is how's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I care about location which is how's
+the weather really this is weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather really this is weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather really this is weather
+okay and he had two choices his choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he had two choices his choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he had two choices his choices
+were Princeton great quality mediocre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Princeton great quality mediocre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Princeton great quality mediocre
+weather or Santa Cruz not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather or Santa Cruz not as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather or Santa Cruz not as good
+quality great weather to Santa Cruz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality great weather to Santa Cruz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality great weather to Santa Cruz I
+don't know how anybody studies there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how anybody studies there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how anybody studies there you
+can like walk out steps out and surf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like walk out steps out and surf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like walk out steps out and surf
+okay and he basically said look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he basically said look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he basically said look at this
+point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm
+indifferent I'm indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent I'm indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent I'm indifferent between
+better job at Princeton but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at Princeton but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job at Princeton but you know
+mediocre weather and a worst job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre weather and a worst job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediocre weather and a worst job at
+Santa Cruz no offense to Santa Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa Cruz no offense to Santa Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Santa Cruz no offense to Santa Cruz
+Princeton's an amazing place Santa Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton's an amazing place Santa Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton's an amazing place Santa Cruz
+is still a great place but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a great place but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still a great place but it's not
+Princeton okay a worst job at Santa Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton okay a worst job at Santa Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton okay a worst job at Santa Cruz
+uh and awesome weather and being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and awesome weather and being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and awesome weather and being able to
+Surf every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surf every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surf every
+day so he said I'm indifferent he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so he said I'm indifferent he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so he said I'm indifferent he said
+in the end what did he decide to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end what did he decide to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end what did he decide to do in
+the end he decided to go to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end he decided to go to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end he decided to go to a place
+called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The
+IMF which is not the thing from the Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMF which is not the thing from the Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMF which is not the thing from the Tom
+Cruz movies but actually uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz movies but actually uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cruz movies but actually uh the
+international monetary fund because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international monetary fund because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international monetary fund because that
+was in DC which had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in DC which had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in DC which had better
+weather and was so it wasn't as good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and was so it wasn't as good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and was so it wasn't as good a
+job as Princeton this is Princeton this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as Princeton this is Princeton this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job as Princeton this is Princeton this
+is Santa Cruz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Santa Cruz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Santa Cruz
+but it was better weather it wasn't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was better weather it wasn't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was better weather it wasn't as
+good weather as Santa Cruz but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weather as Santa Cruz but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good weather as Santa Cruz but it was a
+better job and he decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job and he decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job and he decided that
+combination made him happier is he right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination made him happier is he right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination made him happier is he right
+no he's not right there's no sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he's not right there's no sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he's not right there's no sense of
+right preferences or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right preferences or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right preferences or your
+preferences okay you might all feel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay you might all feel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay you might all feel very
+differently about this set of choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about this set of choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about this set of choices
+does anybody's preferences are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody's preferences are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody's preferences are correct
+or wrong okay this is just how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong okay this is just how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or wrong okay this is just how we
+thought about this job choice and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this job choice and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this job choice and how we
+used an indifference map to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an indifference map to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an indifference map to explain
+it okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay questions about
+that question about how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question about how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question about how these
+indifference curves work yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves work yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves work yeah
+speak loudly so everyone can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks that's a great question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks that's a great question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks that's a great question so
+basically once again the the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically once again the the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically once again the the question is
+how do you put quality into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put quality into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you put quality into this
+framework well essentially what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework well essentially what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework well essentially what you
+would do is you would say then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is you would say then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is you would say then I have
+two Dimensions be quality and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions be quality and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions be quality and quantity
+of one good you'd have to add either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one good you'd have to add either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one good you'd have to add either a
+third dimension or you say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third dimension or you say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third dimension or you say it's a
+different choice so it we'll do a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so it we'll do a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so it we'll do a lot in
+this course you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course you could think of
+sequential choices so let's say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential choices so let's say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential choices so let's say for
+example you want to decide between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you want to decide between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you want to decide between uh
+cook and pizza you decide and now within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook and pizza you decide and now within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook and pizza you decide and now within
+cookies you want to decide you decide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies you want to decide you decide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies you want to decide you decide I
+want to allocate $6 to cookies now I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to allocate $6 to cookies now I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to allocate $6 to cookies now I say
+my choice is one unbelievable $6 cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my choice is one unbelievable $6 cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my choice is one unbelievable $6 cookie
+or six terrible $1 cookies that's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six terrible $1 cookies that's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six terrible $1 cookies that's a new
+indifference curve you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve you've already
+decided first how many you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided first how many you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided first how many you're going to
+spend on cookies then you decide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on cookies then you decide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend on cookies then you decide so
+that's we can always break any monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we can always break any monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we can always break any monster
+decision to a set of sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to a set of sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to a set of sequential
+two-dimensional decisions so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional decisions so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional decisions so that's how
+you do it okay good question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it okay good question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it okay good question other
+questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I I always get that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I I always get that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I I always get that question
+it's technically different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically different but
+effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same okay good if I don't see your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay good if I don't see your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay good if I don't see your hand
+by the way shout out it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way shout out it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way shout out it's a big
+classroom okay so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay so now we're going to
+move on move on from preferences and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on move on from preferences and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on move on from preferences and go
+on to talking about utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay point two topic two utility okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay point two topic two utility okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay point two topic two utility okay so
+basically underlying where preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically underlying where preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically underlying where preferences
+come from is a mathematical function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from is a mathematical function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from is a mathematical function we
+call the utility function it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the utility function it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the utility function it's basically
+how we mathematically represent these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we mathematically represent these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we mathematically represent these
+graphical indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical indifference
+curves okay so it set so for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so it set so for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so it set so for example a
+common form of utility function will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common form of utility function will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common form of utility function will use
+a lot this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot this semester
+okay is is the log utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is is the log utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is is the log utility function
+which is the which we express the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the which we express the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the which we express the form
+utility is the square root in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is the square root in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is the square root in this case
+of pizza slices times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza slices times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza slices times the number of
+cookies that is a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies that is a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies that is a mathematical
+representation of preferences it says my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of preferences it says my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of preferences it says my
+utility is a square root of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a square root of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a square root of the number
+of slices of pizza times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slices of pizza times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slices of pizza times the number of
+cookies s stands for pizza because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies s stands for pizza because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies s stands for pizza because it's
+slices because we use P Elsewhere for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices because we use P Elsewhere for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices because we use P Elsewhere for
+prices I don't be confusing okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices I don't be confusing okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices I don't be confusing okay so that
+says note this is consistent with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says note this is consistent with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says note this is consistent with what I
+wrote up there about indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote up there about indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote up there about indifference
+curse two slice of pizza and one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse two slice of pizza and one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse two slice of pizza and one cookie
+gives me square root of two utility one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me square root of two utility one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me square root of two utility one
+slice of pizza and two cookies gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza and two cookies gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza and two cookies gives me
+square root of two utility so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two utility so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two utility so I'm
+indifferent two slice pizza in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent two slice pizza in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent two slice pizza in two
+cookies gives me two utility so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies gives me two utility so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies gives me two utility so I'm
+happier so this is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier so this is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier so this is consistent with the
+indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a different IND that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a different IND that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a different IND that you
+could write down like I said I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write down like I said I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write down like I said I'm not
+judging anybody's preferences but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging anybody's preferences but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judging anybody's preferences but that
+would be a different mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a different mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a different mathematical
+function this is one of an infinite set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is one of an infinite set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is one of an infinite set
+of mathematical functions right down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical functions right down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematical functions right down
+this is not a true representation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a true representation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a true representation this
+is an example you can write any utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example you can write any utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example you can write any utility
+function you guys want to think of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you guys want to think of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you guys want to think of we
+can write it down and we'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down and we'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down and we'll write down
+many of them this semester but I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them this semester but I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them this semester but I need to
+work with this one first till we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this one first till we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this one first till we
+understand the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what well no but it shows your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what well no but it shows your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what well no but it shows your
+indiffer between s and C but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiffer between s and C but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiffer between s and C but it would
+show that you it would show that you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you it would show that you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you it would show that you are
+you prefer uh more of both but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer uh more of both but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prefer uh more of both but it's true
+it shows you're indifferent between s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you're indifferent between s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you're indifferent between s
+time C that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what oh oh that's a great Point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh oh that's a great Point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh oh that's a great Point uh
+that's an excellent point the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent point the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent point the reason
+we're going to need square root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need square root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need square root is
+because it's going to it's it's a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to it's it's a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to it's it's a form
+of preferences that's it's a a a rule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences that's it's a a a rule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences that's it's a a a rule on
+preference going to help us do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference going to help us do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference going to help us do a lot of
+things well in this semester I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in this semester I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well in this semester I'll
+explain that in one minute it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that in one minute it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that in one minute it's a good
+question now I understand thank you yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now I understand thank you yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now I understand thank you yes
+in fact that question leads to a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that question leads to a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that question leads to a natural
+next question which is what the hell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question which is what the hell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question which is what the hell is
+utility what does it mean and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility what does it mean and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility what does it mean and the answer
+is utility means nothing cardinally it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utility means nothing cardinally it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utility means nothing cardinally it
+only is meanings ordinally that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is meanings ordinally that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only is meanings ordinally that's what I
+mean is a utility of three is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a utility of three is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a utility of three is a
+meaningless concept utility only matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless concept utility only matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless concept utility only matters
+in an ordinal sense in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ordinal sense in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an ordinal sense in the sense of
+ranking choices so utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking choices so utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking choices so utility functions
+will simply be mappings that we use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be mappings that we use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply be mappings that we use to
+rank choices not mappings that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank choices not mappings that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank choices not mappings that we used
+say this choice is 50% better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this choice is 50% better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this choice is 50% better than that
+choice it's only for ranking so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's only for ranking so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice it's only for ranking so the
+number itself doesn't matter and by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number itself doesn't matter and by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number itself doesn't matter and by that
+same question well the ranking of s time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question well the ranking of s time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question well the ranking of s time
+C was the same as ranking of square s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C was the same as ranking of square s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C was the same as ranking of square s
+time C so why do we write it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C so why do we write it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time C so why do we write it that way
+okay and the reason we write it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason we write it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason we write it that way
+is because the utility functions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the utility functions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the utility functions of this
+general form of this power form of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of this power form of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form of this power form of less
+than one um will deliver an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one um will deliver an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one um will deliver an important
+rear World consequence and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear World consequence and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear World consequence and we see that
+through the notion of marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+utility okay so once again this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility okay so once again this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility okay so once again this is just
+one form of preferences the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of preferences the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one form of preferences the question is
+absolutely right this mapping would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this mapping would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this mapping would work
+just fine as s time C or S2 time c s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine as s time C or S2 time c s or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine as s time C or S2 time c s or
+s to the millionth time C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the millionth time C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to the millionth time C to the
+millionth because the because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth because the because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionth because the because the
+numbers don't matter it's the ranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't matter it's the ranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers don't matter it's the ranking
+that matters all those little the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters all those little the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters all those little the same
+ranking but those functions deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking but those functions deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking but those functions deliver
+something very different which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very different which would
+violate the way we think about the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the way we think about the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate the way we think about the real
+world which is that basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is that basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is that basically the
+fundamental driver of all consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driver of all consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental driver of all consumer
+decision will make this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision will make this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision will make this semester
+remember I said everything I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said everything I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said everything I'm going to
+tell you a hundred times things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a hundred times things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a hundred times things are
+really important this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important this is really
+important okay the fundamental driver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay the fundamental driver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay the fundamental driver is
+the key assumption that we make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diminishing margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin
+utility that is we assume more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that is we assume more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility that is we assume more is
+better but the next unit is not quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the next unit is not quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but the next unit is not quite as
+good as the one before we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the one before we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as the one before we assume
+marginal utility diminishes we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility diminishes we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility diminishes we assume
+each additional unit makes you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional unit makes you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each additional unit makes you less
+happy than the one before which wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy than the one before which wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy than the one before which wouldn't
+be true if we didn't have the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if we didn't have the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true if we didn't have the square
+root function there okay why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root function there okay why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root function there okay why do we
+assume that because it makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that because it makes sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that because it makes sense okay
+it makes sense that basically 10th slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that basically 10th slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that basically 10th slice
+of pizza makes you less happy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza makes you less happy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza makes you less happy in the
+ninth slice of pizza it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth slice of pizza it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth slice of pizza it makes sense that
+the fifth cookie makes you less happy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth cookie makes you less happy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth cookie makes you less happy in
+the fourth cookie it makes sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth cookie it makes sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth cookie it makes sense that
+your fifth favorite movie makes you less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fifth favorite movie makes you less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fifth favorite movie makes you less
+happy than your fourth favorite movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy than your fourth favorite movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy than your fourth favorite movie
+now it could be tiny increments between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it could be tiny increments between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it could be tiny increments between
+them but it makes sense that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it makes sense that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but it makes sense that when you
+rank things the next one is worth less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank things the next one is worth less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank things the next one is worth less
+okay so for example let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example let's go to figure
+24 and let's hold the number of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 and let's hold the number of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 and let's hold the number of pizza
+slices by the way Andrew we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices by the way Andrew we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices by the way Andrew we should
+change that instead of holding pizza say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that instead of holding pizza say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that instead of holding pizza say
+hold pizza slices okay let's change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold pizza slices okay let's change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold pizza slices okay let's change the
+number of pizza slices constant at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pizza slices constant at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pizza slices constant at two
+let's assume you you for sure decide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume you you for sure decide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume you you for sure decide you
+want two slices of pizza now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two slices of pizza now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want two slices of pizza now you're
+going to ask yourself how does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask yourself how does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask yourself how does my
+utility vary as I uh have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility vary as I uh have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility vary as I uh have additional
+cookies the answer is if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies the answer is if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies the answer is if I have one
+cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie
+my utility is 1.4 of two if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my utility is 1.4 of two if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my utility is 1.4 of two if I have two
+cookies my utility is two if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies my utility is two if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies my utility is two if I have
+three cookies it's 2.45 and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cookies it's 2.45 and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cookies it's 2.45 and so on okay
+basically what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you see is that the
+incremental utility from each additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental utility from each additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental utility from each additional
+cookie is falling that's shown in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie is falling that's shown in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie is falling that's shown in figure
+2-5 figure 2-5 illustrates diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-5 figure 2-5 illustrates diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-5 figure 2-5 illustrates diminishing
+margin utility each additional cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility each additional cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility each additional cookie
+makes you less happy holding constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you less happy holding constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you less happy holding constant
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+pizzas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizzas okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+basically this is an enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is an enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is an enormously
+sensible uh assumption it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible uh assumption it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible uh assumption it's an
+assumption as I said no one can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as I said no one can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption as I said no one can tell you
+what your preferences should be but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your preferences should be but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your preferences should be but it
+turns out we think most in we think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we think most in we think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we think most in we think most
+people's preferences satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's preferences satisfy the
+principle of diminishing margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of diminishing margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of diminishing margin utility
+and that is going to drive a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to drive a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is going to drive a lot of the
+mathematics we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics we're going to do this
+semester it's not we will we will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester it's not we will we will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester it's not we will we will give
+you examples where it's not true we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples where it's not true we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you examples where it's not true we'll
+give you examples of increasing margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you examples of increasing margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you examples of increasing margin
+utility and constant margin utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and constant margin utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and constant margin utility and
+have you discuss them but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you discuss them but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you discuss them but we're going to
+generally soon diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question that's a great question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's a great question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's a great question that
+would be that's um essentially in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that's um essentially in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that's um essentially in this
+with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+preferences it would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences it would say that
+essentially your preferen are such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your preferen are such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially your preferen are such that
+if you can't have a cookie you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't have a cookie you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't have a cookie you don't
+care how much pizza get that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how much pizza get that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how much pizza get that doesn't
+violate non-satiation because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate non-satiation because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate non-satiation because basically
+that is uh non-satiation says more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh non-satiation says more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh non-satiation says more of
+everything is better it doesn't say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is better it doesn't say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is better it doesn't say more
+of one thing is better more of any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing is better more of any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one thing is better more of any one
+thing is better non says more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is better non says more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is better non says more of
+everything is better it can't be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is better it can't be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is better it can't be true
+that you get more of everything you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get more of everything you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get more of everything you're
+better off it can be true getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off it can be true getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off it can be true getting more
+one thing doesn't make you better off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing doesn't make you better off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing doesn't make you better off so
+think about left shoes and right shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about left shoes and right shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about left shoes and right shoes
+okay it doesn't matter how many once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't matter how many once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't matter how many once you
+have if you only have one left shoe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you only have one left shoe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you only have one left shoe it
+doesn't matter how many right shoes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how many right shoes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how many right shoes you
+have so it doesn't violate more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so it doesn't violate more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so it doesn't violate more as
+better it's just but you'll be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's just but you'll be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's just but you'll be better
+off with two left shoes and two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with two left shoes and two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with two left shoes and two right
+shoes than one left shoe and one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes than one left shoe and one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoes than one left shoe and one right
+shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe
+yeah good question good I love these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question good I love these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good question good I love these
+questions thank you so much okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions thank you so much okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions thank you so much okay so
+basically with that in mind let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with that in mind let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically with that in mind let's talk
+about how do we can now go back and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we can now go back and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we can now go back and ask
+well what drives the shape and slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what drives the shape and slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what drives the shape and slope of
+indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference
+curves okay so what is the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so what is the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so what is the slope of the
+indifference curve the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve the slope of the
+indifference curve is the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is the rate at which
+we're willing to trade off just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're willing to trade off just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're willing to trade off just
+definitionally mathematically the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitionally mathematically the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitionally mathematically the rate
+which we're willing to trade off slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're willing to trade off slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're willing to trade off slices
+of pizza for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza for
+cookies okay the rate which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies okay the rate which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies okay the rate which you're
+willing to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade
+off trade off basically one good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off trade off basically one good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off trade off basically one good for
+another okay so we'll call that Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay so we'll call that Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another okay so we'll call that Delta s
+Delta C is the slope at any point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is the slope at any point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is the slope at any point that's
+the slope of the indifference curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the indifference curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the indifference curve the
+rate at which you're willing to trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which you're willing to trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which you're willing to trade
+the good on the Y AIS for the good on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the Y AIS for the good on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good on the Y AIS for the good on
+the x-axis we're going to just Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis we're going to just Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis we're going to just Define it
+this way for convenience obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way for convenience obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way for convenience obviously you
+can invert it doesn't change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invert it doesn't change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can invert it doesn't change anything
+but for convenience we'll always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for convenience we'll always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for convenience we'll always think
+of it this way the rate at which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way the rate at which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it this way the rate at which you're
+willing to trade the good on the y- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade the good on the y- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trade the good on the y- axis
+for the good on the x- axis okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good on the x- axis okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good on the x- axis okay and
+we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call
+this the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the marginal rate of
+substitution the mrss a key concept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the mrss a key concept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution the mrss a key concept for
+this class the mrss the marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the mrss the marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class the mrss the marginal rate of
+substitution okay that is the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay that is the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay that is the rate at
+which you're willing to trade off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're willing to trade off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're willing to trade off the
+good on the y- axis for the good on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good on the y- axis for the good on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good on the y- axis for the good on the
+x-axis okay now you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay now you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay now you're not really
+trading we're not in some ancient barter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading we're not in some ancient barter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading we're not in some ancient barter
+system where you're trading pizza for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're trading pizza for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're trading pizza for
+cookies but effectively you are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies but effectively you are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies but effectively you are because
+of opportunity cost given a budget we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity cost given a budget we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opportunity cost given a budget we
+haven't given you a budget yet but next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you a budget yet but next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you a budget yet but next
+time we will given a budget any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will given a budget any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will given a budget any money
+you spend on Pizza you can't spend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend on Pizza you can't spend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend on Pizza you can't spend on
+cookies and vice versa so effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and vice versa so effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and vice versa so effectively
+it's a trade by buying a slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trade by buying a slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trade by buying a slice of pizza
+you're essentially trading away cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially trading away cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're essentially trading away cookies
+not the only trading away but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only trading away but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only trading away but you're
+trading away the money you could use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading away the money you could use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading away the money you could use to
+buy cookies okay so in the world with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cookies okay so in the world with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy cookies okay so in the world with
+only two goods whenever you buy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two goods whenever you buy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two goods whenever you buy one
+you're trading away the other now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading away the other now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trading away the other now
+doesn't operate directly operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate directly operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't operate directly operates
+through the budget constraint but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the budget constraint but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the budget constraint but that's
+the way to think about it so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about it so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about it so you're
+substituting pizza for cookies now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting pizza for cookies now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting pizza for cookies now how
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+relate to the utility function well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the utility function well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the utility function well
+here's what's kind of cool okay think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's kind of cool okay think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what's kind of cool okay think
+about an incremental Move Along an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an incremental Move Along an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an incremental Move Along an
+indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference
+curve an incremental Move Along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve an incremental Move Along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve an incremental Move Along
+indifference curve is essentially you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is essentially you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is essentially you're
+giving up a little slice a little slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up a little slice a little slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving up a little slice a little slice
+of piece to get a little more cookie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piece to get a little more cookie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of piece to get a little more cookie on
+the margin so that's saying you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin so that's saying you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin so that's saying you are you
+give up Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up Delta
+s times the Marg utility of slice so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times the Marg utility of slice so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times the Marg utility of slice so you
+give up a little bit of slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up a little bit of slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up a little bit of slice of pizza
+which you liked mu that's your margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you liked mu that's your margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you liked mu that's your margin
+utility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for
+pizza and you're getting a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and you're getting a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and you're getting a little more
+cookie which you value at your margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie which you value at your margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie which you value at your margin
+utility for cookies okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for cookies okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for cookies okay that's the
+equation of that's a Delta along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that's a Delta along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of that's a Delta along that
+curve okay you give up a little pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay you give up a little pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay you give up a little pizza
+which cost you margin utility of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cost you margin utility of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cost you margin utility of pizza
+you get some cookies which which gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some cookies which which gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some cookies which which gains
+you marginality of cookies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you marginality of cookies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you marginality of cookies okay
+rewriting this we get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this we get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting this we get get
+that Delta s Delta C which I said is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mrss is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss is equal to minus
+mu C over muu the mrss is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu C over muu the mrss is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu C over muu the mrss is the ratio of
+margin utilities that is the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities that is the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities that is the slope of
+the indifference curve is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curve is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indifference curve is the ratio of
+the margin utilities and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utilities and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin utilities and that's how we
+tie the math and the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the math and the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie the math and the graph
+together that's how the math the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's how the math the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's how the math the graph
+together that basically the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that basically the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that basically the slope of the
+indifference curve is the mrss is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is the mrss is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve is the mrss is the
+negative opposite of the ratio of margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative opposite of the ratio of margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative opposite of the ratio of margin
+utilities now this is very tricky here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities now this is very tricky here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities now this is very tricky here's
+the one thing you need to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you need to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you need to keep in mind
+which is to remember that Marg the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to remember that Marg the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to remember that Marg the
+reason there's a negative sign is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there's a negative sign is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there's a negative sign is that
+margin utilities are negative functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities are negative functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utilities are negative functions
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+quantity the more you get the lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the more you get the lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the more you get the lower your
+margin utility is utility is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility is utility is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility is utility is a positive
+function of quantity but because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of quantity but because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of quantity but because of
+diminishing margin utility margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility margin
+utility is a negative function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a negative function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility is a negative function of
+quantity got to keep embed that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity got to keep embed that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity got to keep embed that in your
+brain okay moris better says utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay moris better says utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay moris better says utility is
+a positive function of quantity except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive function of quantity except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive function of quantity except
+of course in this important case was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in this important case was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in this important case was
+pointed out there positive function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out there positive function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out there positive function of
+both things going up but margin utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both things going up but margin utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both things going up but margin utility
+is a negative function of quantity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative function of quantity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative function of quantity okay
+you're less Happy by the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less Happy by the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're less Happy by the next
+incremental unit than you were by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental unit than you were by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental unit than you were by the
+ones before okay so basically as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones before okay so basically as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones before okay so basically as you get
+fewer slices and more cookies what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer slices and more cookies what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer slices and more cookies what is
+happening well the Marg ility of slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening well the Marg ility of slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening well the Marg ility of slices
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+rising you're giving up pizza slices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising you're giving up pizza slices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising you're giving up pizza slices so
+your Marg utility is going up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Marg utility is going up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Marg utility is going up the
+marginality of cookies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginality of cookies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginality of cookies is
+falling okay so what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling okay so what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling okay so what you get is
+basically a decline in the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a decline in the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a decline in the value of the
+mrss the margil of pizzas is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss the margil of pizzas is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss the margil of pizzas is slightly
+Rising okay margil cookies is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising okay margil cookies is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rising okay margil cookies is slightly
+falling this ratio Falls so the mrss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling this ratio Falls so the mrss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling this ratio Falls so the mrss
+Falls so you get this downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls so you get this downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls so you get this downward
+sloping indifference curve okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping indifference curve okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping indifference curve okay so this
+is sort of hard so let's see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of hard so let's see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of hard so let's see this
+mathematically and graphically let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically and graphically let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically and graphically let's
+start with the math okay let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the math okay let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the math okay let's start
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+math okay we said utility is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay we said utility is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math okay we said utility is the square
+root of s * C okay so what is the margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of s * C okay so what is the margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of s * C okay so what is the margin
+utility of cookies well we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies well we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies well we're just going
+to differentiate this with respect to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate this with respect to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate this with respect to C
+differentiate this function with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this function with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this function with respect
+to C what do you get so Delta U Delta C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C what do you get so Delta U Delta C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C what do you get so Delta U Delta C
+you get 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 0.5
+time the number of slices of pizza over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the number of slices of pizza over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the number of slices of pizza over
+the square root of s *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay what is the margin utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay what is the margin utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay what is the margin utility of
+pizza slice of pizza you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza slice of pizza you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza slice of pizza you get
+du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du
+DS equals 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals 0.5 * C over Square < TK of s
+* C and once again I apologize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C and once again I apologize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* C and once again I apologize for the
+handwriting please ask if it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting please ask if it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting please ask if it's not clear
+okay so I'm just differing this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just differing this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just differing this function
+to get the two Marge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the two Marge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the two Marge
+utilities okay if I take based on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities okay if I take based on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities okay if I take based on these
+two Marge utilities the mrss which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Marge utilities the mrss which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Marge utilities the mrss which is
+the the negative of the ratio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative of the ratio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the negative of the ratio the
+mrss equals minus s over C for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss equals minus s over C for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrss equals minus s over C for this
+particular example don't these aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example don't these aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example don't these aren't
+general rules I'm deriving here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules I'm deriving here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general rules I'm deriving here for this
+example the mrss is minus s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the mrss is minus s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the mrss is minus s over
+C so basically what the Mrs is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so basically what the Mrs is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so basically what the Mrs is showing
+you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+that the mrss for slice of cookies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mrss for slice of cookies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mrss for slice of cookies for
+slice of pizza opposed to cookies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza opposed to cookies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of pizza opposed to cookies is
+rising as you get more slices and foll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising as you get more slices and foll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising as you get more slices and foll
+as you get more cookies so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more cookies so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more cookies so let's see
+this in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in figure
+26 okay figure 26 shows the indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay figure 26 shows the indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 okay figure 26 shows the indifference
+curve again but now with the mrss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve again but now with the mrss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve again but now with the mrss is
+plotted remember the indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted remember the indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted remember the indifference curve
+is not linear in this case so mrss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear in this case so mrss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not linear in this case so mrss
+changes along the indifference curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes along the indifference curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes along the indifference curve so
+I'm giving you local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm giving you local
+approximations to the mrss at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to the mrss at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to the mrss at different
+points to the indiference curve but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the indiference curve but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to the indiference curve but it's
+very important to remember this is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to remember this is key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to remember this is key
+because the DI Mission utility you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the DI Mission utility you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the DI Mission utility you are
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah yeah figure 2.5 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah figure 2.5 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah figure 2.5 is just
+giving you local approximations those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you local approximations those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you local approximations those
+points are solved by differentiation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are solved by differentiation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are solved by differentiation but
+those are local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are local
+approximations okay yep so basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay yep so basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay yep so basically um
+that's the thing our graphs are never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing our graphs are never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing our graphs are never
+going to be as precise as our math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as precise as our math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as precise as our math
+because we of because we essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we of because we essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we of because we essentially
+want to use linear mathematics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use linear mathematics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use linear mathematics for
+nonlinear for nonlinear graphs and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear for nonlinear graphs and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear for nonlinear graphs and so
+we're going to end up with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end up with a lot of
+local local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local local
+approximations okay so basically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay so basically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations okay so basically in
+other words at Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words at Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words at Point
+a okay um at Point a um you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay um at Point a um you have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay um at Point a um you have four
+slices of pizza in one cookies at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza in one cookies at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza in one cookies at point
+B you have two of each and at Point C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you have two of each and at Point C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you have two of each and at Point C
+you have four cookies and one slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four cookies and one slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have four cookies and one slice of
+pizza and according to this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and according to this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and according to this utility
+function you're indifferent right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're indifferent right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're indifferent right all
+those give two as the utility all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those give two as the utility all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those give two as the utility all those
+combinations give utility of two you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give utility of two you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give utility of two you're
+indifferent okay now but at Point a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent okay now but at Point a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent okay now but at Point a even
+though you're different between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're different between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're different between all
+three points they have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points they have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points they have very different
+mrs's at Point a the mrss is minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs's at Point a the mrss is minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs's at Point a the mrss is minus four
+you would be willing to give up four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be willing to give up four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be willing to give up four
+slices of pizza to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza to get one
+cookie at Point C the mrss is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie at Point C the mrss is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie at Point C the mrss is minus
+one4 you'd be willing to give up only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 you'd be willing to give up only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one4 you'd be willing to give up only
+one slice of pizza to get four cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice of pizza to get four cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one slice of pizza to get four cooked
+why what's changed between points A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's changed between points A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's changed between points A and
+C why is the Mrs changed so radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C why is the Mrs changed so radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C why is the Mrs changed so radically
+between points A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between points A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between points A and
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C
+yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+sorry you have you have fewer slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you have you have fewer slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you have you have fewer slices of
+pizza exactly so basically what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza exactly so basically what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza exactly so basically what's
+happening is as your slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is as your slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is as your slice of pizza
+Falls and then by definition your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls and then by definition your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls and then by definition your
+cookies goes up your margin utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes up your margin utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes up your margin utility of
+pizza Rises and your Mar utility cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza Rises and your Mar utility cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza Rises and your Mar utility cookies
+fall when you're point a you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall when you're point a you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall when you're point a you really want
+pizza you're happy to give cookies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you're happy to give cookies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza you're happy to give cookies to
+get pizza because you get I'm sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pizza because you get I'm sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pizza because you get I'm sorry you
+really want want cookies I'm sorry my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want want cookies I'm sorry my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want want cookies I'm sorry my
+bad at Point a you really want cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at Point a you really want cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad at Point a you really want cookies
+you got four slices of pizza you're full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got four slices of pizza you're full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got four slices of pizza you're full
+already you want a cookie okay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you want a cookie okay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you want a cookie okay when
+you're at Point C it's like what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at Point C it's like what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at Point C it's like what do you
+do with four cookies you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with four cookies you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with four cookies you're not going to
+have enough protein in your dinner your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough protein in your dinner your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough protein in your dinner your
+mom will be upset okay so you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom will be upset okay so you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom will be upset okay so you basically
+want to trade some of those cookies back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trade some of those cookies back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trade some of those cookies back
+for some pizza okay and then at point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pizza okay and then at point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pizza okay and then at point B
+you see the mrss is minus one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mrss is minus one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mrss is minus one because
+given this utility function at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this utility function at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this utility function at that
+point you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're essentially
+indifferent you're indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent you're indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent you're indifferent between
+pizza and cookies at point B Okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies at point B Okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and cookies at point B Okay so so
+that that is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is why we
+graph we graph the um we graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we graph the um we graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we graph the um we graph the
+indifference curves uh in this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves uh in this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves uh in this way as
+concave uh as concave indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave uh as concave indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave uh as concave indifference
+curves concave to the origin because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves concave to the origin because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves concave to the origin because
+basically we want um we want to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we want um we want to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we want um we want to satisfy
+this principle diminishing marginal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle diminishing marginal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this principle diminishing marginal rate
+of substitution for those you who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution for those you who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution for those you who really
+want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be
+technical the real technical definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical the real technical definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical the real technical definition
+is diminishing margin substitution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing margin substitution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing margin substitution you
+don't always have to have diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always have to have diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always have to have diminishing
+utility we generally you could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility we generally you could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility we generally you could write
+down functions which don't have dimin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down functions which don't have dimin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down functions which don't have dimin
+utility but do have diminishing Margate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but do have diminishing Margate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but do have diminishing Margate
+of substitution if you are so inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution if you are so inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution if you are so inclined
+the technical definition is is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical definition is is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical definition is is that what
+drives what what drives utility theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what what drives utility theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives what what drives utility theory
+is diminishing margin R of substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing margin R of substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diminishing margin R of substitution
+but almost always we'll have diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost always we'll have diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but almost always we'll have diminishing
+margin utility as well that's all I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility as well that's all I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility as well that's all I'll
+say about it you can forget it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about it you can forget it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about it you can forget it if you
+want but if it's bugging you that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but if it's bugging you that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but if it's bugging you that's why
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now consider what would be like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider what would be like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now consider what would be like I'm
+sorry so it's it's convex to the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it's it's convex to the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it's it's convex to the origin
+my bad I'm sorry convex to the origin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad I'm sorry convex to the origin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bad I'm sorry convex to the origin in
+difference curves convex in difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves convex in difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference curves convex in difference
+curves consider what would be like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves consider what would be like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves consider what would be like with
+a concave to the origin and difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concave to the origin and difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concave to the origin and difference
+curve as in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve as in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve as in figure
+27 consider what life would be like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 consider what life would be like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 consider what life would be like we
+often do proes by the negative okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do proes by the negative okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do proes by the negative okay this
+is for the utility function figure 27 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the utility function figure 27 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the utility function figure 27 is
+for is drawn for the utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is drawn for the utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is drawn for the utility function
+X2 plus y^2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 plus y^2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 plus y^2 =
+65 that's utility function that's graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 that's utility function that's graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 that's utility function that's graph
+there well uh I should say S2 Plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well uh I should say S2 Plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well uh I should say S2 Plus I
+shouldn't say X and Y I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say X and Y I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't say X and Y I should say
+S2 S2 Plus C s equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 S2 Plus C s equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 S2 Plus C s equal
+65 okay now once again you can't tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 okay now once again you can't tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 okay now once again you can't tell me
+that utility function is wrong people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility function is wrong people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that utility function is wrong people
+have different preferences but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences but it
+doesn't satisfy what we could think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy what we could think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy what we could think is a
+common sense principle which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense principle which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense principle which is that
+would say that when you have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that when you have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that when you have eight
+slices of pizza in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza in one
+cookie you you'd be willing to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie you you'd be willing to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie you you'd be willing to give up
+um when you have eight slices of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you have eight slices of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you have eight slices of pizza
+uh and one cookie you would give up only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one cookie you would give up only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one cookie you would give up only
+an eighth of a slice of pizza to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eighth of a slice of pizza to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eighth of a slice of pizza to get a
+cookie so you really wouldn't give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie so you really wouldn't give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie so you really wouldn't give up
+much pizza to get a cookie and yet when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pizza to get a cookie and yet when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pizza to get a cookie and yet when
+you're down all the way of having seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down all the way of having seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're down all the way of having seven
+cookies and four slices of pizza then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and four slices of pizza then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and four slices of pizza then
+you give up almost two slices of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give up almost two slices of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give up almost two slices of pizza
+to have a cookie it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a cookie it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a cookie it doesn't make sense
+why would you give up more pizza when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you give up more pizza when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you give up more pizza when
+you have less Pizza when you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less Pizza when you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have less Pizza when you already
+have eight slices of pizza why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight slices of pizza why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have eight slices of pizza why are you
+less L of a a pizza for a cookie than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less L of a a pizza for a cookie than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less L of a a pizza for a cookie than
+when you have more slices of pizza uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more slices of pizza uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more slices of pizza uh
+when you have fewer slices of pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have fewer slices of pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have fewer slices of pizza and
+more cookies it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cookies it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cookies it doesn't make sense
+that's why we gener now it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we gener now it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we gener now it doesn't make
+sense let's be clear I'm not saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense let's be clear I'm not saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense let's be clear I'm not saying it's
+inconsistent with reality okay like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with reality okay like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent with reality okay like I
+said we don't have strict laws like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't have strict laws like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we don't have strict laws like
+equal MC s in this class there's someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal MC s in this class there's someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal MC s in this class there's someone
+out there who has these preferences I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there who has these preferences I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there who has these preferences I
+guarantee it what I'm saying is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee it what I'm saying is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee it what I'm saying is most
+people do not and so we're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do not and so we're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do not and so we're going to try
+to in this class like I said make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this class like I said make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this class like I said make a
+series of simplifying assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of simplifying assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of simplifying assumptions that
+explain most of reality even they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain most of reality even they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain most of reality even they
+explain 100% of reality okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain 100% of reality okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain 100% of reality okay and
+diminishing mrss is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing mrss is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing mrss is one of those
+assumptions okay and that's why um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay and that's why um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay and that's why um
+diminishing mrss makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing mrss makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing mrss makes
+sense uh because it delivers the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh because it delivers the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh because it delivers the fact
+that the more you have of one good the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more you have of one good the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the more you have of one good the
+less you care about having the next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you care about having the next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you care about having the next unit
+of it okay let me stop there questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay let me stop there questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay let me stop there questions
+about that this is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that this is really really
+important for all of consumer Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all of consumer Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all of consumer Theory
+it's actually going to be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually going to be important for
+production Theory too this General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production Theory too this General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production Theory too this General
+notion of diminishing production the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of diminishing production the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of diminishing production the we
+call it diminishing marginal product but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it diminishing marginal product but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it diminishing marginal product but
+it's going to be the same sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the same sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the same sort of thing
+so questions about how this where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so questions about how this where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so questions about how this where this
+all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay
+you know throughout this class you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know throughout this class you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know throughout this class you want
+to ask yourself does this pass the mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself does this pass the mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself does this pass the mom
+test that is could you go home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that is could you go home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that is could you go home and
+explain this to your non-economist mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to your non-economist mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to your non-economist mom
+and you should understand this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should understand this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should understand this well
+enough that you can I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you can I don't know if
+she'd be interested but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd be interested but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she'd be interested but it doesn't
+matter she's your mom she has to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter she's your mom she has to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter she's your mom she has to listen
+to you so basically make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so basically make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so basically make sure you
+understand it that well okay now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that well okay now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that well okay now let's
+go to an example yeah I'm sorry go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead uh the only point of a concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh the only point of a concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead uh the only point of a concave
+disc would to represent the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc would to represent the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc would to represent the set of
+preferences I wrot there I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences I wrot there I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences I wrot there I mean there's
+no there's no point or not point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no point or not point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's no point or not point it's
+just simply saying that there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply saying that there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply saying that there exists
+someone in the world who has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the world who has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the world who has that
+utility function this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function this is their
+preferences but you won't generally ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences but you won't generally ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences but you won't generally ever
+see one does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one does that make
+sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+right okay so let's go to an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's go to an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so let's go to an example
+there's actually a wonderful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a wonderful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a wonderful example of
+diminishing margin utility and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing margin utility and how it
+operates in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates in the real
+world which is um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which is um different
+sizes of consumer goods of consumer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of consumer goods of consumer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of consumer goods of consumer uh
+consumption Goods so for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Goods so for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Goods so for example at
+Starbucks according to Alex's detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks according to Alex's detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starbucks according to Alex's detailed
+research you can get a tall ice coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you can get a tall ice coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research you can get a tall ice coffee
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+$455 or you can get twice as much coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$455 or you can get twice as much coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$455 or you can get twice as much coffee
+whatever the hell they call the big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the hell they call the big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the hell they call the big one
+for 90 more cents so $455 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 90 more cents so $455 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 90 more cents so $455 for the
+smallest 90 cents more to double your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest 90 cents more to double your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest 90 cents more to double your
+amount of coffee or McDonald's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of coffee or McDonald's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of coffee or McDonald's a small
+Coke is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke is
+229 a large Coke which is more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+229 a large Coke which is more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+229 a large Coke which is more than
+twice as big is 299
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big is 299
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice as big is 299
+so essentially you are paying much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you are paying much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you are paying much less
+to increase the quantity why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the quantity why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase the quantity why is
+that yeah loudly so we can here go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead exactly so you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead exactly so you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead exactly so you think about
+yourself walking to McDonald's on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself walking to McDonald's on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself walking to McDonald's on a on a
+hot day okay or Starbucks on a cold day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot day okay or Starbucks on a cold day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot day okay or Starbucks on a cold day
+and you really need to be saded you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really need to be saded you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really need to be saded you're
+you're you're either very very cold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're either very very cold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're either very very cold or
+very hot you need to be SED but a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot you need to be SED but a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot you need to be SED but a small
+will get you most of the way there now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get you most of the way there now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get you most of the way there now a
+large is better buy more is better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is better buy more is better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large is better buy more is better but
+it's not as much better you just needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as much better you just needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as much better you just needed
+to be Sav you need to make sure you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Sav you need to make sure you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Sav you need to make sure you got
+your your liquids in so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your liquids in so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your liquids in so you're not
+willing to pay as much for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay as much for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay as much for the
+incremental quantity you're not willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental quantity you're not willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental quantity you're not willing
+to pay as much and the key thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay as much and the key thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay as much and the key thing is that
+basically um uh that companies recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um uh that companies recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um uh that companies recognize
+this and this is where we start to dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is where we start to dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is where we start to dip
+into producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into producer
+Theory companies are making their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory companies are making their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory companies are making their
+business decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decision
+based on what they know about consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what they know about consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what they know about consumer
+preferences this is why someone asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences this is why someone asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences this is why someone asked
+you know why we ever have a concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we ever have a concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why we ever have a concave
+indifference curve this is why companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve this is why companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve this is why companies
+don't believe they're concave uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe they're concave uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe they're concave uh uh
+concave indifference curves because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave indifference curves because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave indifference curves because they
+price this way they know that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price this way they know that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price this way they know that most
+people care less about the additional 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care less about the additional 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people care less about the additional 16
+ounces they do about the first 16 ounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces they do about the first 16 ounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ounces they do about the first 16 ounces
+now if if maybe you all thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if if maybe you all thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if if maybe you all thought that was
+common sense or maybe you never thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense or maybe you never thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common sense or maybe you never thought
+about why that is but this is once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is but this is once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is but this is once again
+an illustration of how a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illustration of how a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an illustration of how a common
+phenomenon in society that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in society that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in society that exists
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+can be explained by what's an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be explained by what's an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be explained by what's an incredibly
+simple model remember we came into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model remember we came into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model remember we came into this
+class knowing nothing about utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class knowing nothing about utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class knowing nothing about utility and
+all that stuff we' already got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff we' already got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that stuff we' already got an
+explained an incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained an incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained an incredibly important
+phenomenon in the world and there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in the world and there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon in the world and there's many
+other choices and things that you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices and things that you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other choices and things that you'll see
+that that can be explained by this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be explained by this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that can be explained by this model
+OKAY questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OKAY questions about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah great question someone to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great question someone to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great question someone to answer
+that how does it benefit Starbucks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does it benefit Starbucks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does it benefit Starbucks and
+McDonald's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah so basically if they McDonald's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically if they McDonald's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah so basically if they McDonald's if
+if they price essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they price essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they price essentially the
+calculation we ar going to producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we ar going to producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we ar going to producer
+Theory yet but I'll give you a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory yet but I'll give you a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory yet but I'll give you a heads up
+the calculation McDonald's and Starbucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation McDonald's and Starbucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation McDonald's and Starbucks
+are doing are I want to you're right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing are I want to you're right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing are I want to you're right the
+next let's say the next let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's say the next let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next let's say the next let's say the
+first I mean the cost the inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I mean the cost the inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I mean the cost the inputs of
+stuff is so cheap I mean you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is so cheap I mean you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is so cheap I mean you'd be
+disgusted how McDonald's for their sodas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusted how McDonald's for their sodas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusted how McDonald's for their sodas
+it's like probably about three three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like probably about three three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like probably about three three to
+four cents for them to make a soda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cents for them to make a soda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cents for them to make a soda in
+terms of the marginal cost of a soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the marginal cost of a soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the marginal cost of a soda
+Okay so let's say it's 3 cents for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's say it's 3 cents for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's say it's 3 cents for a
+small and 4 cents for a large okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and 4 cents for a large okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and 4 cents for a large okay so
+basically they're if if they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're if if they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're if if they couldn't
+get if preferences were such and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if preferences were such and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if preferences were such and you can
+write preference this way where I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write preference this way where I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write preference this way where I never
+want anything more than a small like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anything more than a small like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want anything more than a small like
+literally our stomachs can't hold more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally our stomachs can't hold more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally our stomachs can't hold more
+than a small then they nobody pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a small then they nobody pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a small then they nobody pay a
+penny more for a large and they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny more for a large and they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny more for a large and they wouldn't
+make it but nobody's that way every most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it but nobody's that way every most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it but nobody's that way every most
+people pay a penny more for a large so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay a penny more for a large so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pay a penny more for a large so
+then your question is how much more can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your question is how much more can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your question is how much more can
+I charge before people don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I charge before people don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I charge before people don't want the
+larges anymore and that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larges anymore and that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larges anymore and that's essentially
+the calculation they're doing is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation they're doing is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation they're doing is there
+they comput and they've got people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they comput and they've got people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they comput and they've got people
+hundreds of people doing this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people doing this all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of people doing this all the
+time saying look if we charge 69 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time saying look if we charge 69 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time saying look if we charge 69 cents
+people buy the large if we buy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy the large if we buy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people buy the large if we buy if we
+charge 70 cents people buy a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge 70 cents people buy a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge 70 cents people buy a couple
+fewer larges but we make one cent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer larges but we make one cent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer larges but we make one cent more
+but once it go about 71 no longer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once it go about 71 no longer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once it go about 71 no longer makes
+sense and that's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and that's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and that's essentially the
+business decision making we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decision making we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business decision making we'll talk
+about in a few lectures which is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a few lectures which is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a few lectures which is how to
+businesses decide how to set their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses decide how to set their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses decide how to set their
+prices here we're just showing this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices here we're just showing this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices here we're just showing this set
+their prices and response to a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices and response to a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices and response to a principle
+we now know is generally true which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know is generally true which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now know is generally true which
+diminishing marginal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal rate of
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+other questions good question other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions good question other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions good question other
+questions all right well let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right well let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right well let's stop
+there um we will it's a little early but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we will it's a little early but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um we will it's a little early but
+that's all I got for today so we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I got for today so we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I got for today so we will uh
+come back on Wednesday and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back on Wednesday and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back on Wednesday and we'll talk
+about what happens when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when you actually
+have a limit on how much you can spend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w6Gfm4D_pmw.txt b/w6Gfm4D_pmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8d609cbe0f6ed75e8fa1b4d45d74686b2dddd35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w6Gfm4D_pmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15464 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh today we're going to talk or it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh today we're going to talk or it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh today we're going to talk or it's the
+first technical discussion of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first technical discussion of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first technical discussion of the actual
+solar cell device itself. Uh we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device itself. Uh we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device itself. Uh we talked
+last class about the sun uh and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class about the sun uh and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class about the sun uh and about
+the nature of the solar resource. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the solar resource. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the solar resource. Uh
+today we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+the interaction of light with matter. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of light with matter. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of light with matter. Uh
+in particular we're focusing on light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're focusing on light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're focusing on light
+absorption. Uh this lecture could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Uh this lecture could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Uh this lecture could
+alternatively be called light not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively be called light not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively be called light not
+getting absorbed or optical losses. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting absorbed or optical losses. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting absorbed or optical losses. Um
+both are important uh and both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are important uh and both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are important uh and both are
+related as we'll see. So this is um part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related as we'll see. So this is um part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related as we'll see. So this is um part
+of the fundamentals of the course. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamentals of the course. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamentals of the course. Uh
+just to situate ourselves uh we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to situate ourselves uh we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to situate ourselves uh we're here
+right now in the fundamentals the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the fundamentals the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in the fundamentals the first
+third of the course. Then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the course. Then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the course. Then we'll talk
+about the technologies and the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technologies and the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the technologies and the cross
+cutting themes. And what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting themes. And what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting themes. And what we're going to
+talk about is extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is extremely important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is extremely important
+because it allows us to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows us to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows us to understand the
+technologies. Uh once we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. Uh once we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. Uh once we begin
+discussing them and we discuss cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them and we discuss cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing them and we discuss cost
+trade-offs of implementing uh this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs of implementing uh this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs of implementing uh this uh
+particular technique to the wafer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technique to the wafer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular technique to the wafer to
+absorb more light, we can appreciate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb more light, we can appreciate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb more light, we can appreciate how
+much uh we can quantify the impact of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh we can quantify the impact of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh we can quantify the impact of of
+that uh technology development and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh technology development and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh technology development and we
+can also later on ascribe a cost to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also later on ascribe a cost to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also later on ascribe a cost to it
+uh to determine uh the total uh cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to determine uh the total uh cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to determine uh the total uh cost
+benefit analysis. So conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis. So conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis. So conversion
+efficiency is really what dictates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is really what dictates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is really what dictates the
+performance of the device. The solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the device. The solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the device. The solar
+cell device uh it's how the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device uh it's how the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device uh it's how the solar cell
+device converts sunlight uh the uh input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device converts sunlight uh the uh input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device converts sunlight uh the uh input
+energy to some usable output energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to some usable output energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to some usable output energy
+which is in the form of electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the form of electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the form of electricity
+typically from a solar panel. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically from a solar panel. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically from a solar panel. So the
+electricity coming out of these leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity coming out of these leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity coming out of these leads
+for instance right here. And uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance right here. And uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance right here. And uh that
+conversion efficiency that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion efficiency that simple
+equation um for most solar cells can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um for most solar cells can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um for most solar cells can
+break down into the following. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into the following. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down into the following. You have
+inputs. Sorry for the small font here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs. Sorry for the small font here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs. Sorry for the small font here.
+This reads solar spectrum. That's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This reads solar spectrum. That's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This reads solar spectrum. That's your
+input. Your output which is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. Your output which is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. Your output which is the uh
+charge collection. It's a collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection. It's a collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge collection. It's a collected
+charge coming out of your device and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge coming out of your device and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge coming out of your device and a
+bunch of steps in between. So from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps in between. So from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of steps in between. So from the
+solar spectrum we have to absorb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum we have to absorb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum we have to absorb that
+light. Then we have to excite charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. Then we have to excite charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. Then we have to excite charge
+within the material. Then we that charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the material. Then we that charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the material. Then we that charge
+has to move around inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to move around inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to move around inside of the
+material to get to the metallic contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to get to the metallic contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to get to the metallic contacts
+in the front side. Um charge separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front side. Um charge separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front side. Um charge separation
+has to occur for there to be a voltage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to occur for there to be a voltage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to occur for there to be a voltage.
+And finally, the charge collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, the charge collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, the charge collection
+process. And so the total efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And so the total efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. And so the total efficiency of
+this device is the product of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device is the product of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this device is the product of each of
+these uh individual processes. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh individual processes. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh individual processes. Right?
+And so if you're making a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you're making a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if you're making a solar cell
+device, and I know about a third of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, and I know about a third of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, and I know about a third of you
+are uh based on your background surveys,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh based on your background surveys,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh based on your background surveys,
+um this diagram right here will ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this diagram right here will ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this diagram right here will ring
+true to you. Uh it's Liebik's law of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to you. Uh it's Liebik's law of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true to you. Uh it's Liebik's law of the
+minimum. Uh what this is representing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Uh what this is representing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum. Uh what this is representing is
+a barrel uh that has water being dripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel uh that has water being dripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel uh that has water being dripped
+into it. And the water will flow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. And the water will flow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it. And the water will flow out of
+whatever uh piece of wood is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh piece of wood is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh piece of wood is the
+shortest. And in the case of a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest. And in the case of a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest. And in the case of a solar
+cell device, you can ascribe a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device, you can ascribe a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device, you can ascribe a certain
+name to each of these pieces of wood. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to each of these pieces of wood. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name to each of these pieces of wood. Uh
+we'll learn what each of those are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn what each of those are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn what each of those are with
+time, but one of the big ones is optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but one of the big ones is optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, but one of the big ones is optical
+losses. And uh the optical losses tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. And uh the optical losses tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. And uh the optical losses tend
+to be rather severe on some of our lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather severe on some of our lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be rather severe on some of our lab
+scale cells. And so one of the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale cells. And so one of the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale cells. And so one of the easiest
+ways of boosting efficiency is simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of boosting efficiency is simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of boosting efficiency is simply uh
+to take care of your optical losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of your optical losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take care of your optical losses and
+to minimize the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the amount of light
+reflected uh or not absorbed and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh or not absorbed and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh or not absorbed and to
+maximize the amount of light that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the amount of light that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the amount of light that's
+actually absorbed. And so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually absorbed. And so to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually absorbed. And so to do that
+there are a number of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a number of standard
+techniques and some cutting edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and some cutting edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and some cutting edge
+research areas and I'll attempt to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research areas and I'll attempt to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research areas and I'll attempt to give
+you a broad overview and survey of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a broad overview and survey of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a broad overview and survey of both
+uh assuming of course that you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assuming of course that you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assuming of course that you've done
+your your background reading. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your background reading. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your background reading. So the
+learning objectives um to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives um to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objectives um to be the first
+is to be able to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be able to calculate the
+reflectance and non-absorption uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and non-absorption uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and non-absorption uh
+optical losses of a solar cell. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical losses of a solar cell. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical losses of a solar cell. So this
+is essentially all the light that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially all the light that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially all the light that's not
+absorbed right we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed right we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed right we want to be able to
+calculate that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that.
+The second is to describe the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second is to describe the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second is to describe the physical
+underpinnings and the implementations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and the implementations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings and the implementations of
+four to five uh there are five here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five uh there are five here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five uh there are five here I
+added one at the end um four to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one at the end um four to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added one at the end um four to five
+advanced methods of reducing optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced methods of reducing optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced methods of reducing optical
+losses. So there are technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. So there are technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. So there are technologies
+techniques that we've used that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've used that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that we've used that we've
+developed over time that we can use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over time that we can use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over time that we can use uh
+to minimize the optical losses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical losses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize the optical losses to
+minimize the amount of light reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of light reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the amount of light reflected
+or not absorbed inside of the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not absorbed inside of the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not absorbed inside of the solar cell
+device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device.
+So to think of this pictorially we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to think of this pictorially we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to think of this pictorially we can
+come up with the following diagram where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the following diagram where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with the following diagram where
+we have some incident energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some incident energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some incident energy in this
+case incident light. Here's our medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case incident light. Here's our medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case incident light. Here's our medium
+here's the amount of light that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the amount of light that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the amount of light that gets
+absorbed. Here's the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed. Here's the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed. Here's the amount of light
+that gets transmitted right through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets transmitted right through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets transmitted right through that
+does not get absorbed uh within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not get absorbed uh within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not get absorbed uh within the
+material upon passing through it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material upon passing through it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material upon passing through it. And
+there's a certain amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of light that
+just gets reflected off the front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets reflected off the front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets reflected off the front of
+your solar cell device. We want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell device. We want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell device. We want to
+obviously maximize this part right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So to begin, we give a quick review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to begin, we give a quick review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to begin, we give a quick review of
+light, the nature of light. Um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light, the nature of light. Um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light, the nature of light. Um this is
+uh going back to the particle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going back to the particle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going back to the particle wave
+duality of light. It will be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of light. It will be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality of light. It will be useful
+alternatively to think about light as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively to think about light as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively to think about light as a
+particle quant of light or to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle quant of light or to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle quant of light or to think
+about light as a wave depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a wave depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light as a wave depending on what
+light management technique we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management technique we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management technique we're going
+to be describing. And uh in particular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be describing. And uh in particular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be describing. And uh in particular I
+I'd like to just highlight these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just highlight these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just highlight these
+equations over here. Uh the uh notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations over here. Uh the uh notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations over here. Uh the uh notion
+that one can define the energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can define the energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can define the energy of a
+photon coming in uh and that photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon coming in uh and that photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon coming in uh and that photon has
+a certain wavelength a certain frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain wavelength a certain frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain wavelength a certain frequency
+a certain wavelength associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain wavelength associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain wavelength associated with it
+frequency and wavelength um related of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength um related of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength um related of
+course by the speed of light uh planks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by the speed of light uh planks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by the speed of light uh planks
+constant and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so forth.
+So the just to uh situate ourselves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the just to uh situate ourselves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the just to uh situate ourselves with
+broad numbers uh so when we dive in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad numbers uh so when we dive in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad numbers uh so when we dive in and
+talk about uh spatial dimensions uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh spatial dimensions uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh spatial dimensions uh in
+relation to the wavelength of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the wavelength of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the wavelength of the light
+we're in a situation where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in a situation where we can
+actually have a a horse sense common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a a horse sense common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a a horse sense common
+sense about it. Um the visible photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about it. Um the visible photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about it. Um the visible photon
+wavelengths are usually in the hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are usually in the hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are usually in the hundreds
+of nanometers right and the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nanometers right and the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nanometers right and the solar
+spectrum peaks somewhere around 550.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum peaks somewhere around 550.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum peaks somewhere around 550.
+Just good numbers to have in mind. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just good numbers to have in mind. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just good numbers to have in mind. So
+this was that solar spectrum the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that solar spectrum the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was that solar spectrum the uh
+integrated solar radiance versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated solar radiance versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated solar radiance versus
+wavelength right. Um and the uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right. Um and the uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right. Um and the uh second
+point that is is is equally valid. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is is is equally valid. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is is is equally valid. We
+can describe the uh the wavelengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the uh the wavelengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe the uh the wavelengths of
+the incoming light wavelengths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light wavelengths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light wavelengths of the
+incoming light lambda or we can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light lambda or we can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light lambda or we can describe
+the energies of the incoming light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of the incoming light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of the incoming light uh
+this e subph the energy of the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e subph the energy of the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e subph the energy of the photons
+right and so to just to situate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so to just to situate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so to just to situate
+ourselves again um the visible photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves again um the visible photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves again um the visible photon
+energies are typically in a range of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are typically in a range of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are typically in a range of uh
+6 to 6 eV electron volts uh again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to 6 eV electron volts uh again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to 6 eV electron volts uh again with
+the peak of the solar spectrum at 550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the solar spectrum at 550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the solar spectrum at 550
+nmters somewhere around 2.3 eV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmters somewhere around 2.3 eV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmters somewhere around 2.3 eV
+so a simple thing to keep in mind uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a simple thing to keep in mind uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a simple thing to keep in mind uh for
+those uh high energy particle physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh high energy particle physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh high energy particle physicists
+in the room that when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room that when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room that when we're talking
+about visible light, we're interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visible light, we're interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visible light, we're interacting
+with a very specific type of of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific type of of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very specific type of of electron
+inside of our system. It's the veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our system. It's the veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our system. It's the veence
+electrons. These are the electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. These are the electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons. These are the electrons that
+are typically most loosely bound inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically most loosely bound inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically most loosely bound inside
+of a system or uh I say the outer shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a system or uh I say the outer shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a system or uh I say the outer shells
+of the atoms within the uh within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms within the uh within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atoms within the uh within the
+material. Um you're typically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Um you're typically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Um you're typically not
+interacting with core shell electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with core shell electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with core shell electrons
+with visible light. For that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visible light. For that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with visible light. For that you need
+x-rays. So uh the uh this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays. So uh the uh this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays. So uh the uh this is just
+something to keep in mind. Um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind. Um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind. Um when we
+start looking at the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at the wavelength
+dependence of absorption inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of absorption inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of absorption inside of a
+material um you can have for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um you can have for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um you can have for example in
+the visible range uh a decreasing depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible range uh a decreasing depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible range uh a decreasing depth
+of penetration of the light with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of penetration of the light with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of penetration of the light with
+increasing energy. Whereas with X-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy. Whereas with X-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing energy. Whereas with X-rays
+it's the exact opposite. It's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact opposite. It's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact opposite. It's because
+you're dealing with different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with different types of
+electrons in the material. So just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the material. So just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the material. So just to
+situate ourselves I know we have a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves I know we have a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situate ourselves I know we have a fair
+number of physicists and chemists in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of physicists and chemists in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of physicists and chemists in the
+room. That's a message geared toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. That's a message geared toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. That's a message geared toward
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+Um let's describe how light interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's describe how light interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's describe how light interacts
+with matter and uh first off come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter and uh first off come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter and uh first off come up
+with a few variables define a few units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few variables define a few units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a few variables define a few units
+that will make it easier for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it easier for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make it easier for us to
+understand how uh light is interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how uh light is interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how uh light is interacting
+with matter. And so here what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter. And so here what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with matter. And so here what I've done
+for you is uh placed the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is uh placed the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is uh placed the equation that
+describes the complex index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the complex index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the complex index of
+refraction of a material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction of a material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction of a material.
+What this means effectively you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this means effectively you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this means effectively you can
+think about uh this refractive index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh this refractive index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh this refractive index of
+the material as being uh comprised of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material as being uh comprised of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material as being uh comprised of
+two different components. Um for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different components. Um for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different components. Um for now
+it's going to be fairly uh cerebral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be fairly uh cerebral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be fairly uh cerebral but
+I'm going to reduce it to practice in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reduce it to practice in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to reduce it to practice in in
+a couple of slides. The real component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides. The real component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides. The real component
+of the refractive index and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the refractive index and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the refractive index and the
+refractive index is uh material specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is uh material specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index is uh material specific
+property. So if I have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. So if I have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. So if I have for example
+silicon or if I have silicon nitrite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon or if I have silicon nitrite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon or if I have silicon nitrite or
+if I have a particular type of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a particular type of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a particular type of glass
+it'll have a particular refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a particular refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll have a particular refractive
+index. It's comprised of a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index. It's comprised of a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index. It's comprised of a real
+component which indicates the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which indicates the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which indicates the phase
+velocity inside of the material and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity inside of the material and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity inside of the material and an
+imaginary component which can be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary component which can be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary component which can be thought
+of as an extinction coefficient and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an extinction coefficient and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an extinction coefficient and it
+is related to the attenuation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the attenuation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the attenuation of the
+light intensity as it travels through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensity as it travels through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensity as it travels through
+that material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material.
+The measurements uh for those who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The measurements uh for those who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The measurements uh for those who have
+already taken measurements before on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken measurements before on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken measurements before on a
+spectroscopic ellipseometer this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic ellipseometer this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic ellipseometer this is how
+you measure that parameter up there. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure that parameter up there. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure that parameter up there. Um
+we don't have to dive too deeply into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to dive too deeply into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to dive too deeply into
+that for the purposes of the class. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the purposes of the class. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the purposes of the class. This
+just uh for background why these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh for background why these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh for background why these values
+are important. These values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important. These values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important. These values here
+describe the interaction of light inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the interaction of light inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the interaction of light inside
+of a medium inside of a material and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a medium inside of a material and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a medium inside of a material and we
+use that information to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that information to calculate
+engineering relevant parameters such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering relevant parameters such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering relevant parameters such as
+reflectance of light off of a surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance of light off of a surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance of light off of a surface.
+So if we want to calculate what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to calculate what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we want to calculate what is the
+reflectance of light off of this silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance of light off of this silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance of light off of this silicon
+right here, I can calculate it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, I can calculate it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, I can calculate it by
+knowing these properties right here. by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these properties right here. by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing these properties right here. by
+knowing uh the real and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing uh the real and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing uh the real and imaginary
+components of the refractive index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the refractive index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the refractive index of
+silicon in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon in this case
+and the reason that's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason that's important is
+because we want to minimize reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to minimize reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to minimize reflection
+off of surfaces right so I've come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of surfaces right so I've come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of surfaces right so I've come up
+with the first equation right here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first equation right here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first equation right here which
+is describing the reflectance from air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the reflectance from air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the reflectance from air
+to a solid in this case from air where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a solid in this case from air where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a solid in this case from air where
+the refractive index is one to a solid u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index is one to a solid u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index is one to a solid u
+namely say for example silicon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely say for example silicon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely say for example silicon right
+here or glass which has a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or glass which has a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or glass which has a finite
+refractive index uh typically greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index uh typically greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index uh typically greater
+than one. And so I have an equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. And so I have an equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. And so I have an equation here
+that describes a reflectance. Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a reflectance. Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes a reflectance. Let me
+dive a little deeper into it and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive a little deeper into it and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive a little deeper into it and try to
+understand what exactly that equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what exactly that equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what exactly that equation is
+telling you. Right? So from the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you. Right? So from the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you. Right? So from the folks
+who have uh studied mechanics, uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have uh studied mechanics, uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have uh studied mechanics, uh many
+of you are are mechanical engineers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are are mechanical engineers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are are mechanical engineers in
+the room. You may recall uh studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room. You may recall uh studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room. You may recall uh studying a
+problem wherein you have two springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wherein you have two springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem wherein you have two springs
+that are connected. Um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected. Um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected. Um they have
+different uh spring constants, different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh spring constants, different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh spring constants, different
+stiffnesses, shall we say, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses, shall we say, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses, shall we say, and you
+excite a wave over here. It travels down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite a wave over here. It travels down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite a wave over here. It travels down
+and when it reaches the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it reaches the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it reaches the interface
+between the two, part of the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two, part of the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two, part of the wave is
+reflected back and part continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back and part continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back and part continues
+through. The speed the of of the wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. The speed the of of the wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. The speed the of of the wave is
+changing as it goes from one spring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as it goes from one spring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing as it goes from one spring to
+the other because the stiffness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other because the stiffness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other because the stiffness is
+changing of the springs. And the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing of the springs. And the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing of the springs. And the amount
+reflected can be described by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected can be described by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected can be described by this
+equation right here, which looks awfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here, which looks awfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here, which looks awfully
+like the equation right above it, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the equation right above it, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the equation right above it, which
+is describing the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the amount of light
+reflected off of an interface. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off of an interface. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off of an interface. And in
+reality, those ends uh have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality, those ends uh have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality, those ends uh have a very
+similar meaning. um the n and the z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar meaning. um the n and the z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar meaning. um the n and the z the
+n in the case of light which is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in the case of light which is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in the case of light which is the real
+component of the refractive index might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the refractive index might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the refractive index might
+mind you this parameter right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you this parameter right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you this parameter right here this
+indicates phase velocity in a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates phase velocity in a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates phase velocity in a material
+it could also be thought of very loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be thought of very loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be thought of very loosely
+as the ability of an electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ability of an electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ability of an electromagnetic
+wave coming into a material to slush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave coming into a material to slush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave coming into a material to slush
+those electrons around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons around
+not exactly a stiffness coefficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a stiffness coefficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a stiffness coefficient but
+it bears some uh rough resemblance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bears some uh rough resemblance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bears some uh rough resemblance so
+this is a method for you to gain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a method for you to gain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a method for you to gain a
+foothold in this new area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in this new area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foothold in this new area of
+understanding of understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of understanding the
+refractive index of a material based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of a material based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of a material based on
+something you've already seen before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already seen before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already seen before.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, I would I would advise taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I would I would advise taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I would I would advise taking this
+analogy as far as it will go until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy as far as it will go until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy as far as it will go until it
+breaks down. Push it as far as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down. Push it as far as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down. Push it as far as it goes
+until it breaks down. And you'll see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it breaks down. And you'll see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it breaks down. And you'll see at
+some point it actually does, but it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it actually does, but it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it actually does, but it's uh
+it's a useful uh place to to start. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful uh place to to start. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a useful uh place to to start. So,
+um I'm going to ask you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to ask you a couple of
+questions. This might be rather new for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. This might be rather new for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. This might be rather new for
+a lot of folks. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of folks. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of folks. Um
+but the purpose of asking these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the purpose of asking these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the purpose of asking these
+questions is to get you thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is to get you thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is to get you thinking and
+eventually we'll get uh to a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get uh to a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get uh to a point of
+heightened understanding as a result. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened understanding as a result. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened understanding as a result. Um
+tinted windows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinted windows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinted windows.
+So if you have a tinted window um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a tinted window um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a tinted window um what
+is typically happening at that tinted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically happening at that tinted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically happening at that tinted
+window? Why can't you see inside?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window? Why can't you see inside?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window? Why can't you see inside?
+What would you imagine is going on? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you imagine is going on? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would you imagine is going on? So
+let me go back to this reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to this reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to this reflectance
+equation right here. This one, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here. This one, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here. This one, right?
+How would you how would you modify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would you how would you modify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would you how would you modify a
+reflectance off of uh a window, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off of uh a window, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off of uh a window, let's
+say, and let's drop the k's for now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, and let's drop the k's for now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, and let's drop the k's for now?
+Let's let's leave those aside and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's leave those aside and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's leave those aside and just
+focus on this parameter right here. N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this parameter right here. N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this parameter right here. N
+minus one quantity squared and plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one quantity squared and plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one quantity squared and plus one
+quantity squared. What would increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared. What would increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared. What would increase
+the reflectance off of that window? If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance off of that window? If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance off of that window? If I
+have a larger N or a smaller N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I have a bigger N, right, I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a bigger N, right, I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a bigger N, right, I would get
+bigger reflectance. Is that right? R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger reflectance. Is that right? R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger reflectance. Is that right? R
+goes up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up.
+Well, you'd have to plot it out, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you'd have to plot it out, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you'd have to plot it out, I
+guess. Right. So, if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Right. So, if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Right. So, if I change the
+refractive index of the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the material that
+I'm I'm working with, I can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm working with, I can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm working with, I can change the
+reflectivity off of that interface, off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity off of that interface, off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity off of that interface, off
+of that surface. So if I add a coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that surface. So if I add a coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that surface. So if I add a coating
+for instance to a window that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance to a window that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance to a window that increases
+the reflectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectivity
+then the amount of light that is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the amount of light that is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the amount of light that is able to
+to escape from the inside uh to my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to escape from the inside uh to my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to escape from the inside uh to my eyes
+decreases. Now with normal incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases. Now with normal incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases. Now with normal incident
+light uh there is a beautiful symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh there is a beautiful symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light uh there is a beautiful symmetry
+involved that is the amount reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved that is the amount reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved that is the amount reflected
+off of one side is equal to the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of one side is equal to the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of one side is equal to the amount
+of light reflected off the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light reflected off the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light reflected off the other side.
+Right? So, just the same way that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, just the same way that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So, just the same way that I'm
+losing the ability to see inside, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing the ability to see inside, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing the ability to see inside, the
+folks inside are also losing the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks inside are also losing the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks inside are also losing the ability
+to see out, but they can still see out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see out, but they can still see out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see out, but they can still see out.
+Why is that? Why is it that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that? Why is it that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that? Why is it that with the
+same reflectivity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reflectivity?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reflectivity?
+They're able to see outside and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're able to see outside and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're able to see outside and I'm not
+able to see in through that tinted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see in through that tinted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see in through that tinted
+window, through that car, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, through that car, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window, through that car, for example,
+that's driving by with the tinted glass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driving by with the tinted glass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driving by with the tinted glass.
+Why can't I see inside, but they can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can't I see inside, but they can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why can't I see inside, but they can see
+out? What's going on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? What's going on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? What's going on?
+Yeah, I hear somebody. light on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I hear somebody. light on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I hear somebody. light on the
+outside is much stronger in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is much stronger in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside is much stronger in terms of
+absolute amount of light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amount of light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amount of light.
+Yep. Exactly. So, um yes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Exactly. So, um yes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. Exactly. So, um yes, the
+reflectivity as a percentage is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity as a percentage is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity as a percentage is the same
+for both parties. Right. But the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both parties. Right. But the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both parties. Right. But the amount
+of light, the magnitude of light from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light, the magnitude of light from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light, the magnitude of light from
+the outside is much much greater than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside is much much greater than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside is much much greater than it
+is on the inside. Can anybody give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the inside. Can anybody give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the inside. Can anybody give me an
+just a gut sense? If I'm outside on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a gut sense? If I'm outside on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a gut sense? If I'm outside on a
+sunny day, how much brighter is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day, how much brighter is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunny day, how much brighter is it
+outside versus inside right here? Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside versus inside right here? Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside versus inside right here? Factor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+100? maybe a factor of 10, somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100? maybe a factor of 10, somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100? maybe a factor of 10, somewhere in
+that range. Um, and so when you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range. Um, and so when you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that range. Um, and so when you walk
+outside on a sunny day, you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on a sunny day, you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside on a sunny day, you'll notice
+your eyes adjusting a little bit. It'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes adjusting a little bit. It'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes adjusting a little bit. It'll
+take a minute. Um, and when you walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute. Um, and when you walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a minute. Um, and when you walk
+back inside, it'll take a minute for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back inside, it'll take a minute for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back inside, it'll take a minute for
+your eyes to adjust as well. Uh, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to adjust as well. Uh, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eyes to adjust as well. Uh, that's
+because of the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the difference in
+intensities. So, if you imagine being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities. So, if you imagine being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities. So, if you imagine being
+outside of that car and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that car and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that car and having
+10 times the amount of light uh being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times the amount of light uh being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times the amount of light uh being
+reflected, right? um that small amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected, right? um that small amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected, right? um that small amount
+of light that is actually transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that is actually transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that is actually transmitting
+through the window from the car to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the window from the car to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the window from the car to the
+outside world will be washed out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world will be washed out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world will be washed out by the
+amount of reflected light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reflected light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of reflected light.
+Whereas if you're inside the car um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you're inside the car um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas if you're inside the car um
+there's a lot of light coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of light coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of light coming through
+that window. Even though a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window. Even though a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window. Even though a lot of it
+gets reflected, there's still a sizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected, there's still a sizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected, there's still a sizable
+amount coming through and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount coming through and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount coming through and the amount of
+light that gets reflected off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that gets reflected off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that gets reflected off that
+window of the internal light is is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window of the internal light is is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window of the internal light is is small
+in relation to to the outside light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to to the outside light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to to the outside light that
+is being transmitted through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being transmitted through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being transmitted through that
+window. So it's important to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. So it's important to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window. So it's important to think about
+these um these processes both in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um these processes both in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um these processes both in terms
+of the reflectance as a percentage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reflectance as a percentage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reflectance as a percentage but
+also the magnitudes of the light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the magnitudes of the light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the magnitudes of the light uh
+involved. What if that glass pane was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. What if that glass pane was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved. What if that glass pane was
+flipped around? Would it change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped around? Would it change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped around? Would it change anything
+if I took that glass and just flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took that glass and just flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took that glass and just flipped
+it? Would it change it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Would it change it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Would it change it?
+What about the symmetry argument?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the symmetry argument?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What about the symmetry argument?
+Right? that the amount of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? that the amount of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? that the amount of light is
+reflected the the R reflectance is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected the the R reflectance is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected the the R reflectance is the
+same from both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same from both sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same from both sides.
+Is it not the case that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it not the case that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it not the case that there's a
+coating on the outside? So is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the outside? So is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the outside? So is the change
+in refractive indexes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in refractive indexes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in refractive indexes that
+it's an abrupt change from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an abrupt change from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an abrupt change from the outside
+looking at this coating because on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this coating because on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this coating because on the
+inside you're going through some medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you're going through some medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside you're going through some medium
+of glass which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass which is
+more index matched than the outside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more index matched than the outside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more index matched than the outside.
+Yeah. So um I would advise you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um I would advise you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So um I would advise you to
+actually walk through that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually walk through that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually walk through that calculation
+and what you'll find is it winds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll find is it winds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you'll find is it winds up
+being the same. Um and it's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same. Um and it's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same. Um and it's because you
+have to take all reflectances off of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take all reflectances off of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take all reflectances off of all
+these interfaces into account. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces into account. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interfaces into account. Um there
+are in fact three interfaces. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact three interfaces. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact three interfaces. Uh the
+air, the glass, the glass, the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air, the glass, the glass, the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air, the glass, the glass, the uh
+anti-reflection coding and the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding and the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding and the entire
+reflection coding the outside. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding the outside. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding the outside. Um this
+of course without getting into quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course without getting into quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course without getting into quarter
+wave effects which we'll get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave effects which we'll get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave effects which we'll get into a
+minute. There there are some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. There there are some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. There there are some uh
+there's some higher order effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some higher order effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some higher order effects that
+deal with phase change which which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with phase change which which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with phase change which which we
+haven't discussed right now. We're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discussed right now. We're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't discussed right now. We're we're
+just assuming that all of these layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assuming that all of these layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assuming that all of these layers
+are uh well above the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh well above the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh well above the wavelength of the
+light in terms of thickness and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in terms of thickness and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in terms of thickness and that
+these um equations these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um equations these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um equations these linear
+equations are valid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are valid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are valid.
+Very good. So um this is just to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. So um this is just to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very good. So um this is just to get us
+situated with this new concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated with this new concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated with this new concept of
+reflectance. Uh and again a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance. Uh and again a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance. Uh and again a very
+powerful equation. Um keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful equation. Um keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful equation. Um keep in mind that
+this is a very specific form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very specific form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very specific form of the
+reflectance from an air into a solid. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance from an air into a solid. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance from an air into a solid. If
+you're going from a solid into a solid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from a solid into a solid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going from a solid into a solid,
+you'll add uh your your N1 and your N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add uh your your N1 and your N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll add uh your your N1 and your N2
+depending on uh what material going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh what material going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh what material going from
+and and or what material going into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or what material going into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or what material going into and
+what material coming from. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what material coming from. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what material coming from. So, we're
+happy to walk through that perhaps um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to walk through that perhaps um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to walk through that perhaps um
+during recitation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recitation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recitation.
+Okay. So, what we're going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what we're going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what we're going to do now is
+we we've talked about reflectance off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've talked about reflectance off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we've talked about reflectance off of
+surfaces. What I'd like to do is talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. What I'd like to do is talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces. What I'd like to do is talk
+about a light absorption inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a light absorption inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a light absorption inside of a
+material. So let's imagine that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So let's imagine that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So let's imagine that through
+the techniques that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques that we're going to be
+discussing later on in lecture, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing later on in lecture, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing later on in lecture, we
+managed to minimize the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to minimize the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to minimize the amount of
+reflectance off the front surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off the front surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off the front surface and
+now the light that's incident on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the light that's incident on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the light that's incident on the
+material is actually going to go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is actually going to go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is actually going to go inside
+and get absorbed by the material inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get absorbed by the material inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get absorbed by the material inside.
+We need to be able to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to be able to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to be able to understand how
+light gets absorbed inside of matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets absorbed inside of matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light gets absorbed inside of matter.
+And for that we apply a very simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for that we apply a very simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for that we apply a very simple uh
+formulation inside of this class which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation inside of this class which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation inside of this class which
+is called Beer Lbert's law which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Beer Lbert's law which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Beer Lbert's law which is a
+very powerful um very simple yet very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful um very simple yet very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful um very simple yet very
+powerful uh formulation that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh formulation that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh formulation that describes
+not only the interaction of light with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the interaction of light with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the interaction of light with
+the solar cell material but also light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell material but also light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell material but also light
+through the atmosphere um light through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the atmosphere um light through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the atmosphere um light through
+water uh many other uh forms of optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh many other uh forms of optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh many other uh forms of optical
+absorption. And for that, um, I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. And for that, um, I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. And for that, um, I'd like
+to call Joe up for a quick demo, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Joe up for a quick demo, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Joe up for a quick demo, uh,
+that he put together, uh, that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he put together, uh, that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he put together, uh, that will
+allow us to actually plot out, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to actually plot out, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to actually plot out, uh,
+Beerenberg's law. And I', I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beerenberg's law. And I', I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beerenberg's law. And I', I'd like to
+start with, um, what I would think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with, um, what I would think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with, um, what I would think of as
+as a simple hypothesis. What we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a simple hypothesis. What we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a simple hypothesis. What we're going
+to be doing, uh, and Joe will explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing, uh, and Joe will explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing, uh, and Joe will explain
+this in a minute. What we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute. What we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute. What we're going to be
+doing is taking many, uh, sheets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is taking many, uh, sheets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is taking many, uh, sheets of
+material. Uh, this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Uh, this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Uh, this is just some
+polyethylene material, a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene material, a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene material, a little bit
+discolored, and we're going to shine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discolored, and we're going to shine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discolored, and we're going to shine a
+laser down onto this photo diode. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser down onto this photo diode. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser down onto this photo diode. The
+photo diode current will be measured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo diode current will be measured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo diode current will be measured by
+this little current meter right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little current meter right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little current meter right here.
+And we'll be inserting these panes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll be inserting these panes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll be inserting these panes of of
+plastic in the middle. And as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the middle. And as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic in the middle. And as we
+increase the thickness of the plastic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the thickness of the plastic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the thickness of the plastic,
+uh applying good pressure in between to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applying good pressure in between to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh applying good pressure in between to
+minimize the uh reflectance uh the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the uh reflectance uh the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the uh reflectance uh the air
+gap for instance, um as we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap for instance, um as we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap for instance, um as we increase the
+thickness of the polyethylene, um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the polyethylene, um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the polyethylene, um we
+will plot the total transmitted light as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will plot the total transmitted light as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will plot the total transmitted light as
+measured by that photo diode. And so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by that photo diode. And so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by that photo diode. And so I'm
+going to come up with a hypothesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up with a hypothesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up with a hypothesis of
+what's going to happen. I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen. I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen. I'm going to say
+that if we double the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we double the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we double the thickness of the
+polyethylene that we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene that we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene that we're going to have
+the amount of light going through. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light going through. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light going through. And
+if we triple, we're going to reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we triple, we're going to reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we triple, we're going to reduce it
+by a third. And if we quadruple, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a third. And if we quadruple, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a third. And if we quadruple, we're
+going to reduce it by a fourth. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce it by a fourth. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reduce it by a fourth. And
+let's see if that hypothesis is correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that hypothesis is correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that hypothesis is correct.
+It's not, but we're going to we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not, but we're going to we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not, but we're going to we're going
+to test it. And um it it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it. And um it it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it. And um it it's it's a
+logical thing you might assume. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical thing you might assume. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical thing you might assume. Uh and
+then we'll walk through a derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll walk through a derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll walk through a derivation
+that will correct our our our missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will correct our our our missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will correct our our our missed
+logic. So go ahead, Joe. Take it away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic. So go ahead, Joe. Take it away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic. So go ahead, Joe. Take it away.
+So if you guys want to play along,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you guys want to play along,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you guys want to play along,
+that's fine, too. Um I know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine, too. Um I know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine, too. Um I know there's
+lines on the side of your notes. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the side of your notes. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines on the side of your notes. You can
+make a little graph paper. Um, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little graph paper. Um, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little graph paper. Um, and it
+comes out looking really nice. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out looking really nice. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out looking really nice. Um, so
+basically what we're we have is a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're we have is a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what we're we have is a laser
+pointer and a photo diode. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and a photo diode. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer and a photo diode. And the
+current out of this photo diode is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current out of this photo diode is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current out of this photo diode is uh
+directly proportional to the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional to the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional to the light
+hitting that photo diode. Um, and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that photo diode. Um, and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that photo diode. Um, and it has
+a quantum efficiency which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum efficiency which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantum efficiency which we're going
+to learn what that is in a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn what that is in a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn what that is in a few lectures
+of about 60%. So um, of the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 60%. So um, of the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 60%. So um, of the photons
+hitting it, you'll get certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it, you'll get certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting it, you'll get certain number of
+electrons out and that ratio is 60%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out and that ratio is 60%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons out and that ratio is 60%.
+And so first of all, we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so first of all, we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so first of all, we're going to see
+what it's like what the power of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like what the power of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like what the power of our
+Yeah. So right now we're getting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So right now we're getting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So right now we're getting about
+1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3
+2 milliamps. So Tony is going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 milliamps. So Tony is going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 milliamps. So Tony is going to plot
+that and then as we keep increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then as we keep increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then as we keep increasing and
+put one layer of polyethylene that drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one layer of polyethylene that drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one layer of polyethylene that drops
+to 75.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 75.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 75.
+So before we go on to the next one, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we go on to the next one, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So before we go on to the next one, what
+do people predict the next dot is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people predict the next dot is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people predict the next dot is going
+to drop uh the the total intensity to?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop uh the the total intensity to?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop uh the the total intensity to?
+Is it going to be kind of a linear line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be kind of a linear line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be kind of a linear line
+like that? You would expect it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that? You would expect it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that? You would expect it, right?
+Because you're you're doubling it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you're you're doubling it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because you're you're doubling it. So
+you you'd expect the intensity to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd expect the intensity to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you'd expect the intensity to drop
+by another factor of two. Why not? Where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another factor of two. Why not? Where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another factor of two. Why not? Where
+where am I where am I getting a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I where am I getting a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where am I where am I getting a mistake
+here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here?
+It's somebody says exponential. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's somebody says exponential. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's somebody says exponential. There's
+kind of the sense that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the sense that it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the sense that it should be
+exponential. Why don't we add some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. Why don't we add some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential. Why don't we add some more
+filter uh in front and and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh in front and and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter uh in front and and we'll see
+what what exactly this this comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what exactly this this comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what exactly this this comes out to
+be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be.
+This is a two. Now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a two. Now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a two. Now we get
+4343.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4343.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4343.
+Okay. All right. Why don't we do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Why don't we do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Why don't we do one
+more just to see what sort of trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just to see what sort of trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just to see what sort of trend
+we're getting? still 26.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting? still 26.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting? still 26.
+Ah, wow. Okay. So, it it didn't go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, wow. Okay. So, it it didn't go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, wow. Okay. So, it it didn't go in a
+straight line. It's actually starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line. It's actually starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line. It's actually starting to
+curve down. Cool. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down. Cool. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve down. Cool. Okay.
+And we keep going. 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we keep going. 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we keep going. 16
+16.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Look at that. What sort of curve is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at that. What sort of curve is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at that. What sort of curve is it?
+Exponential.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential.
+Exponential. It looks like one at least.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential. It looks like one at least.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential. It looks like one at least.
+Um, and we can test whether or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we can test whether or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we can test whether or not that
+hypothesis is correct by an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is correct by an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is correct by an exponential
+fit, which happens to match pretty well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit, which happens to match pretty well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit, which happens to match pretty well.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+now, one other quick thing you notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, one other quick thing you notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, one other quick thing you notice is
+that if you look at the fit, um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the fit, um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the fit, um, the
+first points a little bit higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first points a little bit higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first points a little bit higher than
+that fit. Anyone have an idea of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit. Anyone have an idea of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit. Anyone have an idea of why
+that might be the case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the case?
+What are we ignoring in this experiment?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are we ignoring in this experiment?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are we ignoring in this experiment?
+The reflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reflection.
+The reflections. Yeah. So the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reflections. Yeah. So the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The reflections. Yeah. So the first one
+you reflect light and um certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect light and um certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reflect light and um certain amount
+gets transmitted through that front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transmitted through that front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets transmitted through that front
+surface and then absorbed. And so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then absorbed. And so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then absorbed. And so right
+now we're ignoring this one minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ignoring this one minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're ignoring this one minus r
+component. Um but it's so small that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Um but it's so small that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Um but it's so small that it
+really doesn't matter for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter for this
+experiment. These things don't reflect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. These things don't reflect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. These things don't reflect a
+lot of light. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of light. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of light. So
+cool. Well uh why don't we give a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Well uh why don't we give a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Well uh why don't we give a quick
+roundo? Well done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundo? Well done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundo? Well done.
+Can I grab one of those? This is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I grab one of those? This is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I grab one of those? This is going
+to be important for the libertian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important for the libertian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important for the libertian
+scattering demo. Sure. Yep. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering demo. Sure. Yep. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering demo. Sure. Yep. Cool.
+Okay. So, we we notice that we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we we notice that we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we we notice that we have some
+uh exponential character to the decay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponential character to the decay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exponential character to the decay of
+the intensity of the transmitted light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the transmitted light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of the transmitted light
+through a medium and the amount that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a medium and the amount that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a medium and the amount that's
+absorbed is following another trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed is following another trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed is following another trend
+which is just one minus that. Right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one minus that. Right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one minus that. Right? So,
+it's the amount of light that's absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the amount of light that's absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the amount of light that's absorbed
+is is following a curve that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is following a curve that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is following a curve that looks
+something like that. Right? Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Right? Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Right? Okay. So
+let's uh look through the formalism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh look through the formalism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh look through the formalism of
+beer's law and try to understand why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer's law and try to understand why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer's law and try to understand why why
+it is that we come up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that we come up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that we come up with that
+exponential function right here. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right here. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function right here. So if
+we assume that light is coming in into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that light is coming in into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that light is coming in into a
+medium and light is decaying exp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and light is decaying exp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and light is decaying exp is
+decaying in some function through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying in some function through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying in some function through that
+medium and a certain light amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and a certain light amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and a certain light amount of
+light is transmitted. Uh we know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is transmitted. Uh we know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is transmitted. Uh we know of
+course from our little experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from our little experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from our little experiment that
+it follows some exponential function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows some exponential function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows some exponential function.
+But how do we justify that to ourselves?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do we justify that to ourselves?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But how do we justify that to ourselves?
+Well, first off, we're going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first off, we're going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first off, we're going to ignore
+reflections off the front surface,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections off the front surface,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections off the front surface,
+right? We just talked about them. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We just talked about them. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We just talked about them. We can
+calculate them. Let's leave that aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them. Let's leave that aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate them. Let's leave that aside
+for now as a parallel calculation. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now as a parallel calculation. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now as a parallel calculation. We're
+just concerning ourselves with what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just concerning ourselves with what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just concerning ourselves with what's
+happening inside of the medium. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside of the medium. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside of the medium. So, if
+we assume that the change of intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that the change of intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that the change of intensity
+within that medium in each little delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that medium in each little delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that medium in each little delta
+thickness is going to be affected by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is going to be affected by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is going to be affected by uh
+some sort of scattering intensity within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of scattering intensity within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of scattering intensity within
+the medium. And this uh sigma here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium. And this uh sigma here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium. And this uh sigma here can
+refer to a variety of processes. uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a variety of processes. uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to a variety of processes. uh it
+can refer to absorption events um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to absorption events um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to absorption events um that
+result in the generation of free charge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the generation of free charge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the generation of free charge.
+They can refer to gener uh absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can refer to gener uh absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They can refer to gener uh absorption
+events that just heat the material up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that just heat the material up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that just heat the material up uh
+and generate phonons, lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate phonons, lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate phonons, lattice
+vibrations. Um there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations. Um there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations. Um there are a number of
+processes embedded in this sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes embedded in this sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes embedded in this sigma and
+that's why this formalism is so powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this formalism is so powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this formalism is so powerful
+because it doesn't care really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't care really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't care really what the
+physical nature of that sigma is. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical nature of that sigma is. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical nature of that sigma is. It
+just matters that there is an absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matters that there is an absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matters that there is an absorption
+per unit distance thickness traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit distance thickness traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit distance thickness traveled
+inside of the material that is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material that is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material that is constant
+throughout the entire material. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire material. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire material. So the
+sigma here is independent of thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma here is independent of thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma here is independent of thickness
+throughout. And then as you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. And then as you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout. And then as you integrate
+through you wind up with that beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you wind up with that beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you wind up with that beautiful
+exponential function at the end. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function at the end. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function at the end. Um the
+uh sigma l um * n uh we collapse the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sigma l um * n uh we collapse the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sigma l um * n uh we collapse the n
+and the sigma here into an alpha. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma here into an alpha. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma here into an alpha. That
+alpha is an absorption coefficient. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is an absorption coefficient. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is an absorption coefficient. The
+L is the total length or the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the total length or the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is the total length or the total
+thickness of this medium right here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of this medium right here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of this medium right here. So
+if we increase the total thickness,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the total thickness,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we increase the total thickness,
+we're going to uh decrease the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh decrease the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh decrease the total
+amount of light coming through uh via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light coming through uh via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light coming through uh via
+that exponential function. The alpha on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential function. The alpha on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential function. The alpha on
+the other hand is not a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand is not a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand is not a geometric
+parameter. It's an intrinsic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. It's an intrinsic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. It's an intrinsic material
+parameter. To put that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. To put that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. To put that in terms of
+mechanical engineering for many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering for many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering for many of the
+mechanical engineers in the room, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers in the room, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers in the room, you
+recall from solid mechanics 201 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from solid mechanics 201 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from solid mechanics 201 that you
+have geometric parameters that determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have geometric parameters that determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have geometric parameters that determine
+say for example structural response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example structural response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example structural response and
+intrinsic material parameters like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic material parameters like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic material parameters like
+Young's modulus uh that determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus uh that determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Young's modulus uh that determine the
+structural response of a system. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural response of a system. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural response of a system. And
+likewise in here in the optical shall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise in here in the optical shall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise in here in the optical shall we
+say response we have a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say response we have a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say response we have a fundamental
+intrinsic material parameter our alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic material parameter our alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic material parameter our alpha
+the absorption coefficient and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption coefficient and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absorption coefficient and a
+geometric parameter rl which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric parameter rl which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric parameter rl which is the
+thickness. Okay. And the beauty of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. Okay. And the beauty of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. Okay. And the beauty of this
+formalism right here is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism right here is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism right here is that we can
+measure experimentally just like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure experimentally just like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure experimentally just like we did
+right there our alphas for materials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there our alphas for materials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there our alphas for materials.
+And so from an engineering point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so from an engineering point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so from an engineering point of
+view, we don't really it to first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, we don't really it to first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view, we don't really it to first order
+it doesn't really matter what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what sort of
+scattering or absorption process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or absorption process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering or absorption process is
+happening inside of the material for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside of the material for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening inside of the material for us
+to calculate the amount of transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the amount of transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the amount of transmitted
+light. We just need to know the alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. We just need to know the alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. We just need to know the alpha.
+We need to know the optical absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to know the optical absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to know the optical absorption
+coefficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient.
+This alpha will vary as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This alpha will vary as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This alpha will vary as a function of
+wavelength inside of a material because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength inside of a material because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength inside of a material because
+obviously the physical absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the physical absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the physical absorption
+mechanisms are varying as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are varying as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are varying as a function of
+wavelength. the resonances with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength. the resonances with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength. the resonances with
+different electronic states within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic states within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electronic states within the
+material that light depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that light depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that light depends on the
+energy of the light depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the light depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the light depends on the
+frequency. So there's a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So there's a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So there's a wavelength
+dependence. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence. Um
+yeah and uh that general equation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh that general equation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh that general equation is the
+same one that drives the reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that drives the reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same one that drives the reduction of
+light intensity as it travels through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensity as it travels through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light intensity as it travels through
+the atmosphere. So if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere. So if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere. So if we increase the
+atmospheric path length, we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric path length, we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric path length, we'll be
+reducing the amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the amount of light that
+actually reaches the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaches the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reaches the surface of the
+earth. That's why at air mass 2 or air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. That's why at air mass 2 or air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth. That's why at air mass 2 or air
+mass 3, there's less solar flux coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 3, there's less solar flux coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 3, there's less solar flux coming
+down than at air mass one or air mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down than at air mass one or air mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down than at air mass one or air mass
+zero. The alpha obviously is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. The alpha obviously is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. The alpha obviously is going to be
+very different for our atmosphere than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for our atmosphere than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for our atmosphere than
+it was for these little uh polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for these little uh polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for these little uh polyethylene
+sheets, right? Because the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets, right? Because the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets, right? Because the nature of the
+scattering and absorption processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and absorption processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and absorption processes are
+very different for the atmosphere than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for the atmosphere than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different for the atmosphere than
+it is for here, the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for here, the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for here, the density of the
+material and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and so forth.
+Any questions? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Yes.
+What was N? So the the n um uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was N? So the the n um uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What was N? So the the n um uh there's
+uh there's a certain uh scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a certain uh scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a certain uh scattering
+intensity and then there's a certain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and then there's a certain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and then there's a certain um
+number uh density for example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh density for example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh density for example of the
+material. Um so this alpha here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Um so this alpha here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Um so this alpha here is um
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say
+density neutral. What we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density neutral. What we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density neutral. What we've done is
+we've um we we have the u the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um we we have the u the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um we we have the u the alpha
+encapsulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulating
+the physical parameters of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical parameters of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical parameters of the material
+and the uh absorption uh processes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh absorption uh processes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the uh absorption uh processes all
+in one variable very nicely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one variable very nicely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one variable very nicely and
+succinctly. Um and the only geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly. Um and the only geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly. Um and the only geometric
+parameter that is of essence is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that is of essence is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that is of essence is really
+our L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our L.
+It's called an absorption coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called an absorption coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called an absorption coefficient
+but is it more of an extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it more of an extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is it more of an extinction
+coefficient really is kind of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient really is kind of confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient really is kind of confusing
+that it includes scattering. So um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it includes scattering. So um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it includes scattering. So um the
+the extinction coefficient absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extinction coefficient absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extinction coefficient absorption
+coefficient um yes there there in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient um yes there there in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient um yes there there in in
+solar research uh when we talk about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar research uh when we talk about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar research uh when we talk about an
+absorption coefficient inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient inside of a
+material often times we're operating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material often times we're operating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material often times we're operating in
+a wavelength regime of light where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength regime of light where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wavelength regime of light where in
+free charge is excited. But we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge is excited. But we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free charge is excited. But we can also
+keep increasing the the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep increasing the the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep increasing the the wavelength of
+the light say out to 10 microns um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light say out to 10 microns um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light say out to 10 microns um very
+long wavelength light very low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wavelength light very low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wavelength light very low energy
+light and that can excite free carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that can excite free carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that can excite free carriers
+within the material uh that carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the material uh that carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the material uh that carriers
+that are already excited essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are already excited essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are already excited essentially
+excited them further without generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited them further without generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited them further without generating
+any new free carriers inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new free carriers inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new free carriers inside of our
+material. So we won't necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So we won't necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So we won't necessarily be
+generating more current by shining light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating more current by shining light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating more current by shining light
+on it but we'll be absorbing light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but we'll be absorbing light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but we'll be absorbing light
+nevertheless in our material. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless in our material. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless in our material. So it's
+important to keep I would say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep I would say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep I would say uh the
+underlying physical processes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical processes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying physical processes that are
+occurring distinct. Later on we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring distinct. Later on we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring distinct. Later on we'll get
+to that. Uh for now it's important just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. Uh for now it's important just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that. Uh for now it's important just
+to I would say recognize that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I would say recognize that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I would say recognize that we have an
+exponential decay of the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay of the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay of the intensity of
+the light as it goes through the medium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light as it goes through the medium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light as it goes through the medium.
+Uh and then over the next few classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then over the next few classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and then over the next few classes
+we're going to get to exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to exactly what
+physical processes are going on. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes are going on. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical processes are going on. But uh
+I'm glad people are are asking those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad people are are asking those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad people are are asking those
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+Okay. So again uh alpha is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again uh alpha is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So again uh alpha is a function of
+the wavelength of light and the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of light and the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of light and the property
+of the medium. And let me just flash up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medium. And let me just flash up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medium. And let me just flash up
+some curves of alpha versus wavelength.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curves of alpha versus wavelength.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curves of alpha versus wavelength.
+So people have uh some exposure to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people have uh some exposure to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So people have uh some exposure to to
+those numbers. Um again we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers. Um again we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers. Um again we're we're
+talking about a an energy range uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a an energy range uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a an energy range uh quite
+broad here from about 6.2 eV uh to 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad here from about 6.2 eV uh to 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad here from about 6.2 eV uh to 62
+eV. Uh the visible wavelength range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eV. Uh the visible wavelength range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eV. Uh the visible wavelength range
+would be somewhere in this regime right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhere in this regime right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be somewhere in this regime right
+here. Right? So a very limited band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right? So a very limited band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Right? So a very limited band and
+the infrared out here ultraviolet over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrared out here ultraviolet over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrared out here ultraviolet over
+here. And we can see for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we can see for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we can see for a variety of
+different types of materials what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of materials what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of materials what the
+absorption coefficient is. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient is. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient is. Right? So
+here we have germanmanium.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have germanmanium.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have germanmanium.
+The red would be crystallin silicon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The red would be crystallin silicon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The red would be crystallin silicon,
+gallium arsenide, indium phospide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide, indium phospide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arsenide, indium phospide and
+amorphous silicon. So let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous silicon. So let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous silicon. So let's do a little
+quick calculation just to get us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation just to get us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick calculation just to get us a
+little limber. We're u starting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little limber. We're u starting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little limber. We're u starting to get
+into the semester. So the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the semester. So the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the semester. So the energy level
+starts going down. What we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going down. What we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going down. What we're going to
+do is we're going to pick a value say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to pick a value say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to pick a value say
+550 nanometers. Why did I pick 550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 nanometers. Why did I pick 550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 nanometers. Why did I pick 550
+again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again?
+near the peak of the solar spectrum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the peak of the solar spectrum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the peak of the solar spectrum,
+right? It matters. And we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It matters. And we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It matters. And we're going to
+look at two different materials. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two different materials. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at two different materials. We're
+going to look at silicon and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at silicon and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at silicon and we're going
+to look at gallium arsenide. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at gallium arsenide. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at gallium arsenide. And we're
+going to calculate the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the thickness
+necessary to absorb 90% of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to absorb 90% of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to absorb 90% of the incoming
+light at 550 nmters. What I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at 550 nmters. What I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light at 550 nmters. What I want you to
+do is turn to your neighbor and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is turn to your neighbor and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is turn to your neighbor and once
+again with your neighbor calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with your neighbor calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with your neighbor calculate what
+thickness of material what thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of material what thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of material what thickness of
+gallium arssonide the yellow curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arssonide the yellow curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium arssonide the yellow curve and
+what thickness of silicon the red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what thickness of silicon the red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what thickness of silicon the red curve
+is necessary to absorb 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to absorb 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is necessary to absorb 90% of the
+incoming light at 550 nmters you go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light at 550 nmters you go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming light at 550 nmters you go for
+it I'll give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll give you uh
+say a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to make sure people are setting this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure people are setting this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure people are setting this up
+right I divided by I kn right to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I divided by I kn right to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I divided by I kn right to absorb
+90% of the light that would be 0.1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the light that would be 0.1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the light that would be 0.1 right
+1 minus 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 0.9
+okay so as you're as you're finalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as you're as you're finalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as you're as you're finalizing
+your calculations I just wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations I just wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculations I just wanted to make
+sure people set this up right again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people set this up right again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure people set this up right again if
+we're absorbing be 90% of the light it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're absorbing be 90% of the light it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're absorbing be 90% of the light it
+means only 10% of the light is going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means only 10% of the light is going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means only 10% of the light is going out
+the other side that means our I is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that means our I is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side that means our I is going
+to be 1/10enth of I not or I / I is 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1/10enth of I not or I / I is 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1/10enth of I not or I / I is 0.1
+right then we would take the log of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we would take the log of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we would take the log of both
+sides typically and solve for our our L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides typically and solve for our our L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides typically and solve for our our L
+based on the alphas that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the alphas that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the alphas that we have here
+again units of alpha would be in inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again units of alpha would be in inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again units of alpha would be in inverse
+centimeters and so the L's that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters and so the L's that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters and so the L's that you
+obtained let's go for galliumside first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained let's go for galliumside first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained let's go for galliumside first
+did anybody manage to walk all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody manage to walk all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody manage to walk all the way
+through that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that calculation
+20 nanome uh 20 micrometers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 nanome uh 20 micrometers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 nanome uh 20 micrometers.
+20 micrometers for our gallium marinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 micrometers for our gallium marinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 micrometers for our gallium marinite
+or for our silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for our silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for our silicon
+uh gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gallium
+gallium. Did anybody get any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium. Did anybody get any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallium. Did anybody get any other
+numbers for gallium marin4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microns? Yeah, that's that's sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns? Yeah, that's that's sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns? Yeah, that's that's sounding
+more in the ballpark. Anybody else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the ballpark. Anybody else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the ballpark. Anybody else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 as well. So I'm I'm getting uh I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 as well. So I'm I'm getting uh I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 as well. So I'm I'm getting uh I I I
+would have guessed that the number would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed that the number would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have guessed that the number would
+be rather small for GI Mars 9. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rather small for GI Mars 9. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rather small for GI Mars 9. So
+something in the range of of um say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of of um say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the range of of um say a
+micron in that order. Uh why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron in that order. Uh why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron in that order. Uh why don't we
+give folks enough time to walk through I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give folks enough time to walk through I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give folks enough time to walk through I
+I know I rushed you on the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I rushed you on the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I rushed you on the calculations
+here. We have material to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have material to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We have material to get through
+and I wanted to see perform under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to see perform under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to see perform under
+pressure. But um how about the silicon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure. But um how about the silicon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure. But um how about the silicon?
+Is it larger or smaller? Let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it larger or smaller? Let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it larger or smaller? Let's just go
+for order of magnitude first um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for order of magnitude first um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for order of magnitude first um and and
+and uh general trend and then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh general trend and then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh general trend and then try to
+pick up the the precise number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the the precise number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the the precise number for
+silicon crystal and silicon that is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon crystal and silicon that is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon crystal and silicon that is with
+an optical absorption coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical absorption coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optical absorption coefficient in
+order of magnitude less than gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude less than gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude less than gallium
+arsenide is the thickness needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide is the thickness needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide is the thickness needed to
+absorb same amount of light going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb same amount of light going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb same amount of light going to be
+greater or smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or smaller
+greater by an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater by an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater by an order
+order of magnitude brilliant okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude brilliant okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude brilliant okay so
+whatever number you got for your gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number you got for your gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever number you got for your gallium
+arsenide you could uh translate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide you could uh translate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenide you could uh translate it
+fairly easily all right so that was 550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily all right so that was 550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easily all right so that was 550
+and there's a lot of um of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of um of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of um of solar
+radiation right around 550. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right around 550. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation right around 550. So the
+numbers that I have on the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I have on the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I have on the top of my
+head some work somewhere out to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head some work somewhere out to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head some work somewhere out to be on
+the order of a micron little less for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a micron little less for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a micron little less for
+for gallium arsenide somewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gallium arsenide somewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gallium arsenide somewhere on the
+order of 10 microns or so for silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 microns or so for silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 microns or so for silicon
+out here. But now if we go out to 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. But now if we go out to 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. But now if we go out to 800
+there's still a lot of solar flux out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of solar flux out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a lot of solar flux out
+there. If you recall the solar spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. If you recall the solar spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. If you recall the solar spectrum
+as the folks have been doing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the folks have been doing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the folks have been doing their
+homework there is still a lot of flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework there is still a lot of flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework there is still a lot of flux
+out around 800. As a matter of fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around 800. As a matter of fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around 800. As a matter of fact it
+it continues going all the way out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues going all the way out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it continues going all the way out to
+here. although decaying intensity alla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. although decaying intensity alla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. although decaying intensity alla
+black body alla uh um right um and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body alla uh um right um and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body alla uh um right um and at
+800 nmters uh wavelength light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 nmters uh wavelength light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 nmters uh wavelength light the
+optical absorption coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical absorption coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical absorption coefficient is
+dropped by about an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped by about an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped by about an order of magnitude
+relative to the peak of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the peak of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the peak of the solar
+spectrum and that's why most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and that's why most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and that's why most of the
+solar cells that you see of crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that you see of crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that you see of crystal and
+silicon are on the order of 100 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon are on the order of 100 microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon are on the order of 100 microns
+typically a little thicker for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a little thicker for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a little thicker for some
+technological reasons which we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological reasons which we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological reasons which we'll get to
+make difficult to handle very very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make difficult to handle very very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make difficult to handle very very thin
+Um, but if you just assume one pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but if you just assume one pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but if you just assume one pass
+through the material, you'd need about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material, you'd need about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material, you'd need about
+that thickness to absorb a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thickness to absorb a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thickness to absorb a lot of the
+light. And I'll pass around some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And I'll pass around some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And I'll pass around some of
+these materials right here, uh, just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials right here, uh, just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials right here, uh, just so
+you can get a sense of of how thick they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a sense of of how thick they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a sense of of how thick they
+are. Um, here we go. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Um, here we go. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Um, here we go. Actually,
+here's what I'm going to do. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do. I'm going
+to take out the big pieces and leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out the big pieces and leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take out the big pieces and leave the
+small ones in here that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ones in here that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ones in here that are already
+broken. And you can actually pick them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken. And you can actually pick them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken. And you can actually pick them
+up if you like. Just be aware that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you like. Just be aware that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if you like. Just be aware that um
+these little pieces of silicon are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces of silicon are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these little pieces of silicon are um
+silicon is brittle material. It's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is brittle material. It's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is brittle material. It's like
+glass, right? So if you have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass, right? So if you have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass, right? So if you have a little
+shard of silicon, it can poke you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shard of silicon, it can poke you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shard of silicon, it can poke you just
+like a shard of glass can. So treat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shard of glass can. So treat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a shard of glass can. So treat it
+with the same amount of respect that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same amount of respect that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same amount of respect that you
+would a very very thin uh piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would a very very thin uh piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would a very very thin uh piece of
+glass. But you can see here that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass. But you can see here that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass. But you can see here that if you
+look at the thickness of these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the thickness of these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the thickness of these materials
+inside of that little uh bin, these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that little uh bin, these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that little uh bin, these are
+small shards of silicon solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shards of silicon solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small shards of silicon solar cell
+wafers. Um their thickness is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafers. Um their thickness is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafers. Um their thickness is in the
+order of 100 microns. Um those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100 microns. Um those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 100 microns. Um those are
+particularly thin. uh you have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly thin. uh you have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly thin. uh you have other
+solar cells that are uh 170 microns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that are uh 170 microns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells that are uh 170 microns.
+It's typical thickness for silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's typical thickness for silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's typical thickness for silicon and
+for galliumside you can deposit thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for galliumside you can deposit thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for galliumside you can deposit thin
+films that are on the order of a micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that are on the order of a micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that are on the order of a micron
+thick or less or less. Um you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick or less or less. Um you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick or less or less. Um you can go
+down to a few hundreds of nanometers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a few hundreds of nanometers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a few hundreds of nanometers and
+still make actually the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make actually the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still make actually the record
+efficiency galliumsite solar cell is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency galliumsite solar cell is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency galliumsite solar cell is a
+few hundred nmters thick. And our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred nmters thick. And our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred nmters thick. And our
+calculations right here assumed one pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations right here assumed one pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations right here assumed one pass
+through the material, right? That's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material, right? That's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material, right? That's all
+we gave the light. We only we only gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave the light. We only we only gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave the light. We only we only gave
+it one chance to go through the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one chance to go through the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one chance to go through the material
+and get absorbed. What could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get absorbed. What could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get absorbed. What could you
+envision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision
+would increase the total amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase the total amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would increase the total amount of light
+absorbed? What could you do to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed? What could you do to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed? What could you do to your
+solar cell device to increase the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device to increase the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device to increase the total
+amount of light absorbed inside of it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light absorbed inside of it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of light absorbed inside of it?
+You put an anti-reflective coating on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You put an anti-reflective coating on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You put an anti-reflective coating on.
+Let's let's do something much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's do something much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's do something much more
+simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple.
+A reflective coating on the back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A reflective coating on the back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A reflective coating on the back.
+A reflective coating in the back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A reflective coating in the back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A reflective coating in the back.
+Absolutely. Yeah. So if the light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Yeah. So if the light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Yeah. So if the light goes
+through the solar cell and doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the solar cell and doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the solar cell and doesn't get
+absorbed, that 10% of the light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed, that 10% of the light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed, that 10% of the light that
+didn't make it, that's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it, that's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it, that's going to get
+reflected back. It's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back. It's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected back. It's going to get
+another chance to go through. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance to go through. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chance to go through. So if you
+absorb 90% of the light on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb 90% of the light on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb 90% of the light on the first
+pass, you'll absorb 99% of the light on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass, you'll absorb 99% of the light on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass, you'll absorb 99% of the light on
+two bounces, right? Or on one bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bounces, right? Or on one bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bounces, right? Or on one bounce
+rather, on two trips, two optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather, on two trips, two optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather, on two trips, two optical path
+lengths through the material. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths through the material. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths through the material. And so the
+term optical path length is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term optical path length is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term optical path length is a very
+important term here because the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here because the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here because the optical
+path length does not have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length does not have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length does not have to be the
+thickness of the material. Ideally, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the material. Ideally, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the material. Ideally, the
+optical path length through the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length through the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length through the material
+is much much thicker than the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much much thicker than the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much much thicker than the actual
+material itself. And over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material itself. And over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material itself. And over the next few
+slides, we're going to learn how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides, we're going to learn how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides, we're going to learn how we
+engineer that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer that.
+So, methods to improve optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, methods to improve optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, methods to improve optical
+absorption. Um, generally these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Um, generally these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. Um, generally these are
+called light trapping. Uh, not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called light trapping. Uh, not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called light trapping. Uh, not all of
+these entail trapping the light. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entail trapping the light. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entail trapping the light. Um,
+actually most of them do. Um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of them do. Um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually most of them do. Um we also
+call them light management uh as a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them light management uh as a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them light management uh as a more
+general uh term that includes reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh term that includes reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh term that includes reflection
+um and uh and absorption inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and absorption inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and absorption inside of the
+material. So the very simplest thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So the very simplest thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. So the very simplest thing we
+can do on the front surface. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on the front surface. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on the front surface. So what
+we're going to do is take this step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is take this step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is take this step by
+step as light goes into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as light goes into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step as light goes into the into the
+solar cell from the front side. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell from the front side. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell from the front side. We're
+going to take step by step what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take step by step what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take step by step what can we
+do to improve the amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to improve the amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to improve the amount of light that
+is absorbed. The first thing that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absorbed. The first thing that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absorbed. The first thing that we can
+do is texturize our front surface. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is texturize our front surface. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is texturize our front surface. If we
+don't have texture on our front surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have texture on our front surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have texture on our front surface
+is if it's absolutely flat what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's absolutely flat what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it's absolutely flat what we call
+specular surface specular coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular surface specular coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specular surface specular coming from
+the the root mirror right uh in Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the root mirror right uh in Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the root mirror right uh in Latin
+languages for example Italian specu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages for example Italian specu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages for example Italian specu is
+is mirror so uh a flat silicon substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mirror so uh a flat silicon substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mirror so uh a flat silicon substrate
+a specular surface would reflect some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specular surface would reflect some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specular surface would reflect some
+finite amount of light and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite amount of light and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite amount of light and we can
+calculate that now because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that now because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that now because we know that
+it relates to the real component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to the real component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it relates to the real component of the
+refractive index of the material. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the material. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of the material. Now if
+we texturize our surface uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we texturize our surface uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we texturize our surface uh this is
+representing kind of a a pyramid uh type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing kind of a a pyramid uh type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing kind of a a pyramid uh type
+texturization. If the light comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization. If the light comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization. If the light comes in and
+some fraction doesn't get abs uh doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction doesn't get abs uh doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction doesn't get abs uh doesn't
+go into the material. There's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the material. There's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the material. There's there's
+some component of that ray that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component of that ray that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some component of that ray that's going
+into the material over here but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the material over here but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the material over here but we're
+ignoring it in this drawing. We're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring it in this drawing. We're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring it in this drawing. We're just
+focusing on the light the rays that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the light the rays that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the light the rays that get
+reflected. That beam that gets reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected. That beam that gets reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected. That beam that gets reflected
+off instead of just going back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off instead of just going back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off instead of just going back out
+toward the sun. It's now going toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the sun. It's now going toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the sun. It's now going toward
+the material again. So it has a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material again. So it has a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material again. So it has a second
+chance of getting absorbed. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting absorbed. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of getting absorbed. And so you
+just went for example if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went for example if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went for example if you have a
+let's say if you have a 10% reflectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have a 10% reflectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say if you have a 10% reflectivity
+on the surface you went from a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface you went from a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface you went from a 10%
+reflectivity over here to a 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity over here to a 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity over here to a 1%
+reflectivity over here right because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity over here right because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity over here right because now
+you have the total amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the total amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the total amount of light that
+gets reflected is 1 minus 0.9 squared as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected is 1 minus 0.9 squared as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected is 1 minus 0.9 squared as
+opposed to 1 - 0.9 to the 1. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to 1 - 0.9 to the 1. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to 1 - 0.9 to the 1. In this
+case right here the amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right here the amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right here the amount of light that
+gets reflected assuming it's 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected assuming it's 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected assuming it's 10%
+reflective would be 1 minus 0.9 right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective would be 1 minus 0.9 right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective would be 1 minus 0.9 right?
+So 10% of light and over here the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 10% of light and over here the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 10% of light and over here the amount
+of light that gets reflected would be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that gets reflected would be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light that gets reflected would be 1
+minus 0.9 quantity squared. So 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.9 quantity squared. So 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 0.9 quantity squared. So 1%
+instead of 10. So texturization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10. So texturization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 10. So texturization
+increases the probability that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability that light
+will enter the device. And uh what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enter the device. And uh what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will enter the device. And uh what it
+also does this is a secondary benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does this is a secondary benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also does this is a secondary benefit is
+it increases the path length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increases the path length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it increases the path length the
+effective path length of the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective path length of the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective path length of the incoming
+light. And the way to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And the way to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And the way to understand that
+particular phenomenon is called Snell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phenomenon is called Snell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular phenomenon is called Snell's
+law. Well, even in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. Well, even in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. Well, even in the absence of
+Snell's law, no, let's go there. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law, no, let's go there. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law, no, let's go there. Let's
+go there. Um, so we have a texturized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there. Um, so we have a texturized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there. Um, so we have a texturized
+front surface. What's happening? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface. What's happening? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface. What's happening? Well,
+as the material goes from one medium to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the material goes from one medium to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the material goes from one medium to
+another, the refractive index changes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, the refractive index changes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another, the refractive index changes.
+We discussed this right at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed this right at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We discussed this right at the beginning
+of lecture. So, the the the the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture. So, the the the the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture. So, the the the the way in
+which the electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electromagnetic wave
+oscillates the the electrons inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates the the electrons inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates the the electrons inside of
+the system is changing from one medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is changing from one medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is changing from one medium
+to another. Let's say from air into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another. Let's say from air into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another. Let's say from air into the
+solar cell device from air into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device from air into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device from air into our
+silicon for example right here. Now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon for example right here. Now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon for example right here. Now we
+can ascribe the refractive indices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ascribe the refractive indices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ascribe the refractive indices to
+air and to our silicon like so. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and to our silicon like so. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and to our silicon like so. And the
+light path will obey what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light path will obey what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light path will obey what is called
+Snell's law which is the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law which is the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law which is the product of the
+refractive index and sign of that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and sign of that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index and sign of that angle
+the angle relative to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle relative to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle relative to the surface
+normal. So a simple way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal. So a simple way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal. So a simple way to think about
+this is when light goes from a low index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when light goes from a low index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when light goes from a low index
+of refraction medium to a high index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction medium to a high index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of refraction medium to a high index of
+refraction medium, light bends toward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction medium, light bends toward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction medium, light bends toward or
+away from the normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the normal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the normal.
+So if I'm going from air into silicon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm going from air into silicon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I'm going from air into silicon,
+light would bend toward the normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light would bend toward the normal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light would bend toward the normal.
+Right? So here my theta 1 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So here my theta 1 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So here my theta 1 is going to be
+greater than theta 2. My light has bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than theta 2. My light has bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than theta 2. My light has bent
+toward the normal. If this is my silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the normal. If this is my silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the normal. If this is my silicon
+and this white stuff over here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this white stuff over here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this white stuff over here is my
+air, right? So light came in, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air, right? So light came in, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air, right? So light came in, it
+encountered the surface. The theta 1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the surface. The theta 1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered the surface. The theta 1 was
+defined as the angle uh uh of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the angle uh uh of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the angle uh uh of of the
+light relative to the surface normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light relative to the surface normal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light relative to the surface normal.
+That was my theta 1. My theta 2 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my theta 1. My theta 2 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my theta 1. My theta 2 is going
+to be given as the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given as the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given as the ratio of the
+refractive indices. And because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices. And because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices. And because the
+refractive index of silicon is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of silicon is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of silicon is going to
+be greater than that of air, light would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than that of air, light would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than that of air, light would
+bend toward the normal. And so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend toward the normal. And so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend toward the normal. And so what I
+have on a macroscopic view over here, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on a macroscopic view over here, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on a macroscopic view over here, if
+this is my surface texture, light was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my surface texture, light was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my surface texture, light was
+coming in, it's now bent. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in, it's now bent. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in, it's now bent. And so the
+effective optical path length is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective optical path length is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective optical path length is now
+larger than the thickness of my device.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thickness of my device.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the thickness of my device.
+It's kind of cool. So um there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of cool. So um there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of cool. So um there are two
+benefits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits to
+texturizing your front surface. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturizing your front surface. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturizing your front surface. One is
+you have an additional pass, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an additional pass, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an additional pass, right?
+Additional bounce, an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Additional bounce, an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Additional bounce, an additional
+encounter with the material. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with the material. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter with the material. So that
+reflected light gets another chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light gets another chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light gets another chance to
+go in. And the second benefit is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in. And the second benefit is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in. And the second benefit is that
+you're able to increase the optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to increase the optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to increase the optical path
+length by um by uh the uh delta in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length by um by uh the uh delta in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length by um by uh the uh delta in in in
+refractive indices and the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices and the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices and the fact that the
+path of the light obeys Snell's law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the light obeys Snell's law.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of the light obeys Snell's law.
+Now, another really interesting aside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, another really interesting aside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, another really interesting aside of
+Snell's law is that if light is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law is that if light is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snell's law is that if light is trying
+to go from a high index medium to a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a high index medium to a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a high index medium to a low
+index medium and if it's coming in at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index medium and if it's coming in at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index medium and if it's coming in at a
+very oblique angle like this, if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oblique angle like this, if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oblique angle like this, if you run
+through Snell's law, you don't get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Snell's law, you don't get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Snell's law, you don't get an
+angle coming out. It actually follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle coming out. It actually follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle coming out. It actually follows
+along the surface or actually bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the surface or actually bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the surface or actually bounces
+back in most often depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in most often depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in most often depending on the
+angle. And you have what is called total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And you have what is called total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And you have what is called total
+internal reflection, which is this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection, which is this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal reflection, which is this case
+right over here. that little bounce,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here. that little bounce,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over here. that little bounce,
+that friendly bounce uh of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that friendly bounce uh of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that friendly bounce uh of the light
+that went in, bounced off the backside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went in, bounced off the backside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went in, bounced off the backside,
+and then was reflected back in. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then was reflected back in. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then was reflected back in. That's a
+total internal reflection event. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection event. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection event. And
+that happens in solar modules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in solar modules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens in solar modules right
+here. When light comes in, bounces off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. When light comes in, bounces off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. When light comes in, bounces off
+of the white back skin right here, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the white back skin right here, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the white back skin right here, and
+then uh gets scattered off at an angle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh gets scattered off at an angle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh gets scattered off at an angle,
+it can have a total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can have a total internal reflection
+off of the front surface glass and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the front surface glass and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the front surface glass and have
+a second chance of getting back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second chance of getting back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second chance of getting back into the
+uh solar cells inside. So, that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar cells inside. So, that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar cells inside. So, that's one of
+the reasons why you see this white uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why you see this white uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why you see this white uh
+spacing, the the white colored material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing, the the white colored material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing, the the white colored material
+in between the cells, so that the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the cells, so that the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the cells, so that the light
+gets reflected off of there. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected off of there. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected off of there. It doesn't
+make it very aesthetically pleasing. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very aesthetically pleasing. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it very aesthetically pleasing. You
+might want it to look all black. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want it to look all black. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want it to look all black. And if
+you do want it to look all black, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want it to look all black, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want it to look all black, what
+would you do instead?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Instead of changing the back skin, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of changing the back skin, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of changing the back skin, what
+what other component might you change?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other component might you change?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other component might you change?
+The front, right? You might change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The front, right? You might change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The front, right? You might change the
+the nature of the anti-reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the anti-reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the anti-reflection
+coating on the glass. We'll get to entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the glass. We'll get to entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the glass. We'll get to entry
+reflection coatings in a minute. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coatings in a minute. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coatings in a minute. So,
+even if a panel looks black, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a panel looks black, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if a panel looks black, there are
+some really aesthetically pleasing solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really aesthetically pleasing solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really aesthetically pleasing solar
+panels out there that look completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels out there that look completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels out there that look completely
+black. They may still have white back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black. They may still have white back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black. They may still have white back
+skin, but the glass is just very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin, but the glass is just very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin, but the glass is just very good at
+absorbing that light and preventing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing that light and preventing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing that light and preventing it
+from escaping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from escaping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from escaping.
+Okay. So, to engineer front and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, to engineer front and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, to engineer front and back
+surface reflectances, you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface reflectances, you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface reflectances, you really have to
+carefully select your refractive indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully select your refractive indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully select your refractive indices
+and your materials that you put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your materials that you put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your materials that you put on
+either side. And it's very important,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. And it's very important,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. And it's very important,
+extremely important. Um to make a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important. Um to make a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important. Um to make a long
+story short, the record efficiency solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short, the record efficiency solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short, the record efficiency solar
+cell that was announced this past year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that was announced this past year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that was announced this past year
+uh in gallium arsenide was achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in gallium arsenide was achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in gallium arsenide was achieved
+because of good light management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of good light management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of good light management.
+And we'll explain how that came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll explain how that came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll explain how that came about
+perhaps in towards lectures uh uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in towards lectures uh uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in towards lectures uh uh maybe
+lectures eight or nine. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures eight or nine. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures eight or nine. So I'm going to
+play a little game with you which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little game with you which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a little game with you which is to
+look at a swimming pool. Um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a swimming pool. Um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a swimming pool. Um this is a
+pool filled with water which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool filled with water which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool filled with water which is
+refractive index 1.3. air is one. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index 1.3. air is one. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index 1.3. air is one. And so
+that's the normal view what we have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normal view what we have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normal view what we have.
+Light bends toward the normal, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light bends toward the normal, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light bends toward the normal, right?
+And so you're able to look down inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you're able to look down inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you're able to look down inside
+the pool uh at stuff that uh is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool uh at stuff that uh is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pool uh at stuff that uh is is not
+in your line of sight, not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your line of sight, not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your line of sight, not in your
+direct line of sight. That's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct line of sight. That's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct line of sight. That's because
+when you look down, the ray of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look down, the ray of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look down, the ray of light is
+traveling like this and it bends toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling like this and it bends toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling like this and it bends toward
+the normal and likewise uh symmetric. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal and likewise uh symmetric. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal and likewise uh symmetric. So
+you're seeing uh material down there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing uh material down there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing uh material down there.
+What what change of property would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what change of property would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What what change of property would give
+you these two images over here? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these two images over here? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these two images over here? Let me
+give you a hint. In one of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint. In one of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint. In one of those two
+images, the refractive index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, the refractive index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images, the refractive index of the
+medium inside of the pool is not 1.3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium inside of the pool is not 1.3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium inside of the pool is not 1.3.
+It's 0.9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's 0.9. And in another one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 0.9. And in another one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 0.9. And in another one of these
+two, the um refractive index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, the um refractive index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, the um refractive index of the
+medium is actually going to be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is actually going to be negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium is actually going to be negative.
+We'll call it a negative refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it a negative refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call it a negative refractive
+negative refractive index material. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative refractive index material. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative refractive index material. A
+negative index material. So, which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative index material. So, which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative index material. So, which of
+these two do you think is is which? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two do you think is is which? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two do you think is is which? Why
+don't you turn to your neighbor quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you turn to your neighbor quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you turn to your neighbor quickly
+and chat about it without peeking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chat about it without peeking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chat about it without peeking at
+your lecture notes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, see what they have here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let me walk through as you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me walk through as you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me walk through as you begin
+honing in on on your your answers here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honing in on on your your answers here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honing in on on your your answers here,
+think about what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what would happen to the
+reflectivity of that front surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity of that front surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity of that front surface of
+the water and what would happen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and what would happen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water and what would happen to the
+angle that the light travels as it uh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the light travels as it uh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that the light travels as it uh go
+or the the angle of of of refraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the angle of of of refraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the angle of of of refraction of
+bending, shall we say, as a light goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending, shall we say, as a light goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending, shall we say, as a light goes
+from one medium to another. So if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one medium to another. So if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one medium to another. So if we go
+to a refractive index material of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a refractive index material of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a refractive index material of minus
+1.3 will we change the reflectivity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 will we change the reflectivity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 will we change the reflectivity at
+all?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It depends but um the the the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It depends but um the the the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It depends but um the the the answers
+here are are are are shown uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are are are are shown uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are are are are shown uh for this
+particular system. It would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system. It would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system. It would require
+sitting down and walking through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down and walking through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting down and walking through the
+equations. But um in essence right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. But um in essence right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. But um in essence right here
+with the pool filled with the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pool filled with the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pool filled with the negative
+refractive index material uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index material uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index material uh you're
+really affecting um the angle at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affecting um the angle at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affecting um the angle at which
+light is is coming out of the pool. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is is coming out of the pool. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is is coming out of the pool. Uh
+here you can see the corner of the pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the corner of the pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see the corner of the pool
+which you shouldn't even be able to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't even be able to see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you shouldn't even be able to see.
+It's just that the light traveled this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that the light traveled this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just that the light traveled this
+way and then came back. Uh because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then came back. Uh because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then came back. Uh because it
+was a negative refractive uh index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a negative refractive uh index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a negative refractive uh index
+material. Light actually did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Light actually did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. Light actually did something
+like this. Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Z
+Oh, that's just a corner. Um so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that's just a corner. Um so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, that's just a corner. Um so what is
+in that pool? That is a computerenerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pool? That is a computerenerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that pool? That is a computerenerated
+uh graphic. This is not a real pool. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graphic. This is not a real pool. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graphic. This is not a real pool. Um
+there there exists negative refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there exists negative refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there exists negative refractive
+index materials but but they not not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index materials but but they not not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index materials but but they not not in
+that volume yet. Um these are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that volume yet. Um these are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that volume yet. Um these are relatively
+small uh small things. Um and and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh small things. Um and and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small uh small things. Um and and very
+much a study in in uh in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a study in in uh in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a study in in uh in in in
+fundamental science. So uh in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental science. So uh in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental science. So uh in this case
+right here um we have less of a of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um we have less of a of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here um we have less of a of of an
+acute uh bending of our our angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute uh bending of our our angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acute uh bending of our our angle of
+light. So we don't get to see quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So we don't get to see quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. So we don't get to see quite as
+many features right here toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many features right here toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many features right here toward the
+edge. And uh the reflectivity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. And uh the reflectivity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. And uh the reflectivity has
+changed um as a result of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed um as a result of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed um as a result of having
+drastically modified our our reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically modified our our reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically modified our our reflection
+condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition.
+Why does the reflectivity seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does the reflectivity seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does the reflectivity seem to have
+gone up and index has gone down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up and index has gone down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up and index has gone down?
+Um in in uh that particular case, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in in uh that particular case, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in in uh that particular case, I
+think what they were getting at is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what they were getting at is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what they were getting at is this
+is coming off of an SPI website. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming off of an SPI website. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coming off of an SPI website. I think
+what they were getting at is mostly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were getting at is mostly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were getting at is mostly just
+a change in the reflectivity, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the reflectivity, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change in the reflectivity, right? So
+they were trying to emphasize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to emphasize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were trying to emphasize that you
+were modifying um uh the the reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were modifying um uh the the reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were modifying um uh the the reflection
+off the surface in addition to the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the surface in addition to the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the surface in addition to the angle
+at which the light was exiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the light was exiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the light was exiting the
+material. I'm going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I'm going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I'm going to um
+uh come back to Snell's law in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come back to Snell's law in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come back to Snell's law in a minute
+but uh for uh the time being I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh for uh the time being I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh for uh the time being I want to
+move on to the next uh concept here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next uh concept here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to the next uh concept here
+which is uh limbian reflector. you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh limbian reflector. you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh limbian reflector. you'll
+hear this topic or this uh word thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this topic or this uh word thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this topic or this uh word thrown
+around quite a lot in the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around quite a lot in the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around quite a lot in the solar cell
+community and it's used rather liberally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and it's used rather liberally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and it's used rather liberally
+to mean a lot of things although in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean a lot of things although in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean a lot of things although in uh
+in optics it has a very specific meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optics it has a very specific meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in optics it has a very specific meaning
+so I'm going to show you that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to show you that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to show you that very
+specific meaning and then describe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meaning and then describe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific meaning and then describe for
+you what it has very loosely come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it has very loosely come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what it has very loosely come to
+mean in the solar industry so a diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the solar industry so a diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in the solar industry so a diffuse
+uh lambertian reflector uh will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambertian reflector uh will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lambertian reflector uh will follow
+uh a reflectance um that that follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reflectance um that that follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reflectance um that that follows a
+cosine theta dependence right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta dependence right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta dependence right so if you
+have light coming into a sample uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light coming into a sample uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have light coming into a sample uh the
+surface normal and the outgoing light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normal and the outgoing light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface normal and the outgoing light
+ray form an angle theta and if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray form an angle theta and if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray form an angle theta and if the two
+are perfectly aligned you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly aligned you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perfectly aligned you get a lot of
+reflectance off of that angle. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off of that angle. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance off of that angle. If the
+two are perpendicular to one another,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are perpendicular to one another,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are perpendicular to one another,
+you would get zero reflectance in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get zero reflectance in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get zero reflectance in that
+angle. And so the reflectance parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And so the reflectance parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle. And so the reflectance parallel
+to the surface here is zero. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface here is zero. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface here is zero. And
+everywhere in between, the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in between, the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in between, the magnitude of
+reflectance is varying as cosine theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is varying as cosine theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance is varying as cosine theta.
+That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the
+I would say the the the pedantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say the the the pedantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say the the the pedantic
+definition of a lumbrion reflector. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a lumbrion reflector. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a lumbrion reflector. Um
+often in the solar industry, you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the solar industry, you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in the solar industry, you'll hear
+people probably because of a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably because of a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably because of a lack of
+optics background just call any randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics background just call any randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics background just call any randomly
+reflecting surface scatter. Um it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting surface scatter. Um it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting surface scatter. Um it's a
+very loosely used term. Um, and it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loosely used term. Um, and it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very loosely used term. Um, and it it it
+is wrong uh by the book, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong uh by the book, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wrong uh by the book, but
+nevertheless, it's one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, it's one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, it's one of these things
+that that that live on in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that live on in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that live on in in our
+industry. Um, so the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Um, so the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Um, so the difference between
+a specular reflectant a reflector, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specular reflectant a reflector, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specular reflectant a reflector, the
+ones that we've just been analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we've just been analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that we've just been analyzing
+right now, and an immortion reflector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, and an immortion reflector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, and an immortion reflector is
+that typically the way these are uh made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically the way these are uh made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically the way these are uh made
+is that you do have a a random texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you do have a a random texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you do have a a random texture
+on your surface. And that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your surface. And that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your surface. And that's probably
+where where the origin of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the origin of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the origin of this
+misunderstanding comes about. um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding comes about. um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding comes about. um we
+don't get a random uh uh reflectance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a random uh uh reflectance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get a random uh uh reflectance of
+the light coming off, but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light coming off, but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light coming off, but the the
+surface itself can be uh rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface itself can be uh rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface itself can be uh rather
+texturized. So, for example, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturized. So, for example, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturized. So, for example, if you
+suspect that this little material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that this little material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that this little material right
+here might behave like a lumbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might behave like a lumbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here might behave like a lumbers
+scatterer, uh you might put it inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterer, uh you might put it inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterer, uh you might put it inside of
+a te of a of a tool uh and rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a te of a of a tool uh and rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a te of a of a tool uh and rotate the
+angle, right? And measure the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle, right? And measure the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle, right? And measure the amount of
+reflected light as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a function of the
+angle uh to determine whether or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh to determine whether or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh to determine whether or not it
+follows this cosine theta dependence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this cosine theta dependence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this cosine theta dependence.
+And the reason it's important is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason it's important is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason it's important is because
+the back skins of our solar modules can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back skins of our solar modules can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back skins of our solar modules can
+quite often be limbs scatterers. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often be limbs scatterers. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often be limbs scatterers. And we
+have a certain amount of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain amount of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain amount of light that
+comes off at some angle here that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at some angle here that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at some angle here that will
+get trapped by total internal reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trapped by total internal reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trapped by total internal reflection
+inside of our modules. So uh if instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our modules. So uh if instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of our modules. So uh if instead
+of having uh macroscopic pyramids right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having uh macroscopic pyramids right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having uh macroscopic pyramids right
+here, we had very very small pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we had very very small pyramids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we had very very small pyramids
+still not subwavelength but but smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not subwavelength but but smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not subwavelength but but smaller
+features. For example, the texturization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. For example, the texturization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features. For example, the texturization
+on the back skin right here. and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back skin right here. and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back skin right here. and it
+managed to scatter the light at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to scatter the light at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to scatter the light at a
+particular angle that got caught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle that got caught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angle that got caught by
+total internal reflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total internal reflection.
+Macroscopically, we might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macroscopically, we might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macroscopically, we might be able to
+describe the scattering behavior of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the scattering behavior of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the scattering behavior of that
+surface as a limb scatterer, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as a limb scatterer, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface as a limb scatterer, but it's
+those waves, those those rays that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves, those those rays that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves, those those rays that are
+bouncing off at those large angles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off at those large angles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off at those large angles that
+are causing uh the total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are causing uh the total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are causing uh the total internal
+reflection event.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection event.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection event.
+Okay. And so, um the notion of scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so, um the notion of scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so, um the notion of scatter
+is important on the back sides of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important on the back sides of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important on the back sides of solar
+cell devices. We would obviously uh want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell devices. We would obviously uh want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell devices. We would obviously uh want
+to even change the the the scattering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even change the the the scattering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even change the the the scattering uh
+profile. We wouldn't want necessarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile. We wouldn't want necessarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile. We wouldn't want necessarily uh
+uh specular reflectance. We might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specular reflectance. We might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specular reflectance. We might want
+to maximize the amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize the amount of light
+reflected off at particular angles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off at particular angles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected off at particular angles.
+And um there's of course research being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um there's of course research being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um there's of course research being
+done uh to figure out how to make light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh to figure out how to make light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh to figure out how to make light
+do that. Uh I'll show you one example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Uh I'll show you one example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Uh I'll show you one example at
+the very end of lecture, a paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of lecture, a paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end of lecture, a paper that
+was just published in science last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just published in science last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just published in science last week
+as an example. And so these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example. And so these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example. And so these uh
+scattering centers off the backs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering centers off the backs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering centers off the backs of the
+rear sides of cells uh would operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear sides of cells uh would operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear sides of cells uh would operate
+more or less in the following manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less in the following manner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less in the following manner.
+You'd have incoming light. Let's ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd have incoming light. Let's ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd have incoming light. Let's ignore
+front surface texturing for now. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface texturing for now. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface texturing for now. Let's
+just focus on the back side. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the back side. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focus on the back side. And if you
+have some random, what does he call it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some random, what does he call it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some random, what does he call it?
+a random reflector, a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random reflector, a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random reflector, a randomly
+texturized reflector on the back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturized reflector on the back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturized reflector on the back that
+reflects off in say a lumbersian uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off in say a lumbersian uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects off in say a lumbersian uh
+fashion, you'll have some fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion, you'll have some fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion, you'll have some fraction of
+that light scattered off at an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light scattered off at an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light scattered off at an angle
+that is uh large enough uh relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh large enough uh relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh large enough uh relative to
+the uh the the surface normal that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the surface normal that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the surface normal that it is
+trapped by total internal reflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped by total internal reflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped by total internal reflection.
+And you don't only have to texture your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you don't only have to texture your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you don't only have to texture your
+back skin. Uh you can also texture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back skin. Uh you can also texture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back skin. Uh you can also texture the
+bus bars. The bus bars are these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus bars. The bus bars are these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus bars. The bus bars are these little
+metal wires right here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal wires right here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal wires right here that are
+collecting the charge from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the charge from each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the charge from each of the
+solar cells. And they're connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells. And they're connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells. And they're connecting
+essentially the front side of one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the front side of one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the front side of one cell
+to the back side of the next. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back side of the next. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back side of the next. If you
+want to think of it as a cathode to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of it as a cathode to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think of it as a cathode to the
+anode, cathode to the anode, cathode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode, cathode to the anode, cathode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode, cathode to the anode, cathode to
+the anode, and stringing all these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anode, and stringing all these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anode, and stringing all these cells
+together in series. And this metal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in series. And this metal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in series. And this metal right
+here is just really shiny and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just really shiny and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just really shiny and it's
+reflecting light right back out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting light right back out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting light right back out into
+space. What if we instead were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. What if we instead were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. What if we instead were to
+texture that metal so that when laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture that metal so that when laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture that metal so that when laser
+light shined on it, a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light shined on it, a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light shined on it, a certain amount
+would be reflected off at an angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reflected off at an angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be reflected off at an angle and
+then caught by total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then caught by total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then caught by total internal
+reflection? And that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection? And that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection? And that's exactly what
+you're seeing right here. The light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing right here. The light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing right here. The light
+bounced here on a textured bus bar,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced here on a textured bus bar,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced here on a textured bus bar,
+bounced off of the glass more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced off of the glass more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced off of the glass more or less
+around here halfway, and then got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here halfway, and then got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here halfway, and then got a
+second chance to enter the cell over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance to enter the cell over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second chance to enter the cell over
+here. Obviously, some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Obviously, some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Obviously, some of it is
+reflecting off so we can see it, but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off so we can see it, but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting off so we can see it, but a
+lot of it's going in. And uh that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it's going in. And uh that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it's going in. And uh that little
+innovation right there, which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right there, which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right there, which was
+developed in the building right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the building right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the building right next
+door by Professor Ellie Saxs, uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door by Professor Ellie Saxs, uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door by Professor Ellie Saxs, uh can
+gain module performances somewhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain module performances somewhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain module performances somewhere on
+the order of a few percent relative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few percent relative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of a few percent relative.
+So that might not sound like a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might not sound like a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that might not sound like a whole
+lot, but if you're a hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot, but if you're a hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot, but if you're a hundred billion
+dollar industry, 1% is a lot of money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar industry, 1% is a lot of money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar industry, 1% is a lot of money.
+So it it does add up. Um yeah, so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it does add up. Um yeah, so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it it does add up. Um yeah, so that
+goes back to the total internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the total internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the total internal
+reflection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection.
+So um there is a a limit to all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um there is a a limit to all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um there is a a limit to all of this
+texturization. Um there's a limit to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization. Um there's a limit to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization. Um there's a limit to how
+much we can trap light simply by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can trap light simply by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can trap light simply by um
+modifying the or corrugating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the or corrugating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying the or corrugating the
+surfaces uh to enhance these uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces uh to enhance these uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces uh to enhance these uh the
+optical path length with these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length with these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length with these types of
+uh uh bounces using Snell's law and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh bounces using Snell's law and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh bounces using Snell's law and uh
+and of course the the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the the general
+reflectivity equations and uh gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity equations and uh gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectivity equations and uh gentleman
+by the name of Eliovich uh who's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name of Eliovich uh who's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the name of Eliovich uh who's now a
+professor in Berkeley uh calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Berkeley uh calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor in Berkeley uh calculated
+these uh parameters I think back in 1982
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh parameters I think back in 1982
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh parameters I think back in 1982
+and came up with uh an up an upper limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came up with uh an up an upper limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came up with uh an up an upper limit
+to the optical path length. He said u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optical path length. He said u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optical path length. He said u
+after a long series of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a long series of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a long series of of of
+calculations uh derived an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh derived an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh derived an expression
+for the maximum increase of the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum increase of the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the maximum increase of the optical
+path length due to surface texturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length due to surface texturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path length due to surface texturing
+which was 4 n squared and that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 4 n squared and that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was 4 n squared and that uh
+yablanovich limit to this day is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yablanovich limit to this day is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yablanovich limit to this day is a
+pretty good litness test for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good litness test for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good litness test for uh the
+ability of a material to trap light. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of a material to trap light. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of a material to trap light. So
+if you have silicon for instance with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have silicon for instance with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have silicon for instance with a
+refractive index of let's say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of let's say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of let's say in the
+infrared somewhere around 3.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared somewhere around 3.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared somewhere around 3.6
+your yablanovich limit is around 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yablanovich limit is around 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yablanovich limit is around 50
+which means that you can increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you can increase the
+optical path length by a factor of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length by a factor of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length by a factor of 50
+relative to the thickness of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the thickness of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the thickness of your
+material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material.
+If you have an organic material which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have an organic material which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have an organic material which
+has a refractive index typically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a refractive index typically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a refractive index typically of
+around maximum two then that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around maximum two then that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around maximum two then that would be
+squared 16 somewhere in that range you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 16 somewhere in that range you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 16 somewhere in that range you
+can increase you know probably on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase you know probably on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase you know probably on the
+order of 20 uh the optical path length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 20 uh the optical path length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 20 uh the optical path length
+inside of the material through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material through
+texturization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texturization.
+So this is a useful uh uh parameter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a useful uh uh parameter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a useful uh uh parameter for
+those who are doing research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are doing research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are doing research in
+photovoltaics the graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics the graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photovoltaics the graduate students
+especially and so I think the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially and so I think the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially and so I think the graduate
+students have a will have a question at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have a will have a question at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have a will have a question at
+some point on the oblanovich limit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point on the oblanovich limit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point on the oblanovich limit um
+and so that's a useful parameter to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a useful parameter to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a useful parameter to keep
+in your mind let me uh touch upon a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind let me uh touch upon a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind let me uh touch upon a few
+uh other forms of trapping light we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other forms of trapping light we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other forms of trapping light we've
+so far just assume that light behaves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far just assume that light behaves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far just assume that light behaves um
+uh like a a continuous uh wave doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a a continuous uh wave doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like a a continuous uh wave doesn't
+interfere with anything doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with anything doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with anything doesn't
+interfere with itself. Now, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself. Now, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with itself. Now, we're going
+to um uh discuss uh some anti-reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh discuss uh some anti-reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh discuss uh some anti-reflection
+effects which derive from the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects which derive from the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects which derive from the notion
+that light is a wave and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a wave and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a wave and can
+constructively indestructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively indestructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively indestructively
+interfere. Um what we have right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere. Um what we have right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere. Um what we have right here is
+a layer of another material with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer of another material with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layer of another material with a
+refractive index say n1 which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index say n1 which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index say n1 which is in
+between our n0 which is at air and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our n0 which is at air and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between our n0 which is at air and our
+n2 which is the absorber material let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 which is the absorber material let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 which is the absorber material let's
+say the silicon. So we have a grading of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the silicon. So we have a grading of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the silicon. So we have a grading of
+refractive indices going from air our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices going from air our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive indices going from air our
+anti-reflection coding in the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding in the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding in the silicon
+and right over here we have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right over here we have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right over here we have a certain
+thickness D1 and over here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness D1 and over here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness D1 and over here we have a
+certain thickness D2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thickness D2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain thickness D2.
+So um what is happening in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um what is happening in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um what is happening in these two
+images? Let me show you with another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images? Let me show you with another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images? Let me show you with another a
+little bit more clear figure coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clear figure coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clear figure coming from
+our beloved Wikipedia uh and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beloved Wikipedia uh and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beloved Wikipedia uh and then go
+back to that other image right there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that other image right there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that other image right there. So
+what's happening is we have an incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is we have an incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is we have an incoming
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+that for some reason is ignoring Snell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some reason is ignoring Snell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some reason is ignoring Snell's
+law. It's beyond me. But anyway, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. It's beyond me. But anyway, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. It's beyond me. But anyway, the
+wave is going in a straight line. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is going in a straight line. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is going in a straight line. Um
+should be bending toward the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bending toward the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be bending toward the surface
+normal obviously. But um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal obviously. But um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal obviously. But um we have
+reflections off of this interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections off of this interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections off of this interface and
+this interface right here, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface right here, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interface right here, right? And
+because the thickness of this this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the thickness of this this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the thickness of this this uh
+layer is in the order of lambda over 4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is in the order of lambda over 4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer is in the order of lambda over 4,
+that means that the wave that's going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the wave that's going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the wave that's going in
+will be phase shifted relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be phase shifted relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be phase shifted relative to the
+wave that's reflected off the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's reflected off the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that's reflected off the front
+surface. First by lambda over four, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. First by lambda over four, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface. First by lambda over four, then
+two times lambda over 4. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times lambda over 4. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times lambda over 4. In other words,
+land over two, which means that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land over two, which means that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land over two, which means that the two
+waves are out of phase by land over two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are out of phase by land over two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are out of phase by land over two,
+which means that they will destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that they will destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that they will destructively
+interfere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere.
+The peak will be at a trough. The trough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The peak will be at a trough. The trough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The peak will be at a trough. The trough
+will be at a peak, right? And so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a peak, right? And so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a peak, right? And so the two
+waves are going to be destructively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are going to be destructively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves are going to be destructively
+interfering when they come out. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering when they come out. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering when they come out. If you
+add these two together due to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two together due to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two together due to the wave
+nature of light, you get suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of light, you get suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of light, you get suppressed
+reflectance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance.
+And that's a really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a really interesting
+property. You can begin varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. You can begin varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. You can begin varying the
+thickness of this layer and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of this layer and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of this layer and of course
+changing the nature of the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the nature of the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the nature of the reflected
+light. you can constructively interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. you can constructively interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. you can constructively interfere
+if you like and uh enhance the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like and uh enhance the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like and uh enhance the amount of
+reflected light as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a result of this
+interference effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect.
+Obviously in most solar cells we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously in most solar cells we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously in most solar cells we want to
+suppress reflection and so we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress reflection and so we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress reflection and so we go to
+great lengths to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lengths to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lengths to make sure that this
+thickness as well as the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness as well as the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness as well as the refractive
+index of the material is optimized for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the material is optimized for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the material is optimized for a
+particular um uh system. And so without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um uh system. And so without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um uh system. And so without
+going into the hairy math, um it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the hairy math, um it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the hairy math, um it it it
+to to calculate this right here, um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to calculate this right here, um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to calculate this right here, um it's
+it's definitely possible. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely possible. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely possible. It's
+definitely something that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that should be
+done. And I believe the graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And I believe the graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. And I believe the graduate
+students have it assigned as the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have it assigned as the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have it assigned as the very
+last problem in the homework. But um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem in the homework. But um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last problem in the homework. But um for
+a very simple kind of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple kind of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple kind of conceptual
+understanding that is wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that is wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that is wavelength
+independent if we want to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if we want to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if we want to minimize the
+reflectance at a particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance at a particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance at a particular uh
+wavelength let's call it u at a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength let's call it u at a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength let's call it u at a lambda
+kn which is the photon wavelength at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn which is the photon wavelength at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn which is the photon wavelength at the
+peak of the solar spectrum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the solar spectrum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the solar spectrum.
+We have to design the thickness of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to design the thickness of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have to design the thickness of our
+entry reflection coding uh to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry reflection coding uh to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry reflection coding uh to satisfy
+that equation right there. Essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation right there. Essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation right there. Essentially
+lambda over four that's the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over four that's the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda over four that's the phase shift
+we want upon one pass of the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want upon one pass of the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want upon one pass of the entry
+reflection coding. So that two passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding. So that two passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coding. So that two passes
+when it goes through and then back it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through and then back it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through and then back it's
+phase shifted relative to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifted relative to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifted relative to the surface
+reflected light by lambda over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light by lambda over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light by lambda over two
+divided by n. n being the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n. n being the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n. n being the refractive
+index of the material. Uh obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the material. Uh obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the material. Uh obviously the
+um the frequency of light is staying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the frequency of light is staying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the frequency of light is staying the
+same as it goes from one material to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as it goes from one material to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as it goes from one material to
+another but the wavelength uh would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but the wavelength uh would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but the wavelength uh would be
+changing. So uh that's uh why the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. So uh that's uh why the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. So uh that's uh why the n
+parameter appears right here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter appears right here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter appears right here in this
+equation. The t is the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. The t is the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. The t is the thickness of the
+optimal anti-reflection coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal anti-reflection coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal anti-reflection coding
+thickness. So just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. So just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. So just to
+give us a sense kind of an an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a sense kind of an an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us a sense kind of an an estimate
+and to give us some confidence in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to give us some confidence in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to give us some confidence in these
+engineering methods, what I'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering methods, what I'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering methods, what I'd like you
+to do is to calculate the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to calculate the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to calculate the thickness of
+an ideal anti-reflective coating. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal anti-reflective coating. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal anti-reflective coating. This
+anti-reflective coating right here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating right here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating right here on
+these cells, I apologize. They also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells, I apologize. They also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells, I apologize. They also have
+the metal on the front, so it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal on the front, so it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal on the front, so it's a little
+difficult to distinguish between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to distinguish between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to distinguish between the
+two. But in my right hand, this one, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But in my right hand, this one, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. But in my right hand, this one, I
+have a piece of bare silicon, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of bare silicon, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a piece of bare silicon, and you
+can see it's rather reflective. In my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's rather reflective. In my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it's rather reflective. In my
+left hand over here, I have a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand over here, I have a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand over here, I have a piece of
+silicon with an anti-reflective coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon with an anti-reflective coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon with an anti-reflective coating
+as well as some contact metalization on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as some contact metalization on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as some contact metalization on
+the front. Uh so that's why you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front. Uh so that's why you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front. Uh so that's why you see
+those grid lines but it looks very blue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those grid lines but it looks very blue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those grid lines but it looks very blue.
+It looks very blue because the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks very blue because the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks very blue because the cell is
+absorbing very well at the peak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing very well at the peak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing very well at the peak of the
+solar spectrum which is in the yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum which is in the yellow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum which is in the yellow.
+Right? So um calculate for me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So um calculate for me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So um calculate for me what is
+the optimal thickness of an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal thickness of an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal thickness of an entire
+reflection coating of silicon nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coating of silicon nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection coating of silicon nitride
+and we'll give it a refractive index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give it a refractive index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give it a refractive index of
+say 2.1. Let me see if that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2.1. Let me see if that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2.1. Let me see if that those
+numbers make sense. So refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make sense. So refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers make sense. So refractive index
+of silicon nitride somewhere around 550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon nitride somewhere around 550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon nitride somewhere around 550
+let's call it two just make our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it two just make our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it two just make our life
+simple and the peak of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and the peak of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and the peak of the solar
+spectrum we'll again call 550. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum we'll again call 550. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum we'll again call 550. So when
+we run the numbers quickly what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run the numbers quickly what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run the numbers quickly what should
+that thickness be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the con?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the con?
+Sure. So the n um the refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. So the n um the refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. So the n um the refractive index
+is going to be around two for silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be around two for silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be around two for silicon
+nitride. Um so we're going from air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride. Um so we're going from air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride. Um so we're going from air
+which is around refractive index one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around refractive index one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is around refractive index one to
+silicon nitride to silicon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon nitride to silicon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon nitride to silicon.
+And the peak of the solar spectrum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the peak of the solar spectrum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the peak of the solar spectrum or
+lambda kn which is the photon wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda kn which is the photon wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda kn which is the photon wavelength
+at the peak of the solar spectrum in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak of the solar spectrum in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak of the solar spectrum in in
+vacuum or in air um is 550 nmters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what thicknesses are uh folks coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what thicknesses are uh folks coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what thicknesses are uh folks coming
+up with? Order of magnitude?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with? Order of magnitude?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with? Order of magnitude?
+70 nimeters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 nimeters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 nimeters.
+70 nanometers. That's almost spot on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 nanometers. That's almost spot on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 nanometers. That's almost spot on to
+to the the the actual thickness, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the the actual thickness, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the the actual thickness, which
+is somewhere on the order of between 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere on the order of between 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere on the order of between 70
+to 80 nmters. Typically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80 nmters. Typically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80 nmters. Typically,
+you're telling me that something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me that something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me that something that is
+1,000th the thickness of my hair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th the thickness of my hair is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th the thickness of my hair is
+deposited on the surface of this wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited on the surface of this wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited on the surface of this wafer
+and is absorbing all this light. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is absorbing all this light. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is absorbing all this light. That's
+pretty cool. And it's not absorbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool. And it's not absorbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool. And it's not absorbing the
+light. The anti-reflective coating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. The anti-reflective coating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. The anti-reflective coating is
+not absorbing the light, which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absorbing the light, which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absorbing the light, which is really
+important. We want the solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We want the solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We want the solar cell
+underneath it to be absorbing the light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it to be absorbing the light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it to be absorbing the light.
+The anti-reflection coating is enabling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The anti-reflection coating is enabling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The anti-reflection coating is enabling
+the light to be absorbed because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light to be absorbed because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light to be absorbed because it's
+suppressing the reflectance. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing the reflectance. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing the reflectance. The
+reflected modes at that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected modes at that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected modes at that particular
+wavelength are suppressed because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength are suppressed because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength are suppressed because of the
+destructive interference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference.
+That's cool. I really I really get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's cool. I really I really get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's cool. I really I really get a
+kick out of anti-reflective codings. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out of anti-reflective codings. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick out of anti-reflective codings. So,
+uh they're they're 70 nmters thick. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're they're 70 nmters thick. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're they're 70 nmters thick. um
+and you gain quite a lot in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you gain quite a lot in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you gain quite a lot in terms of
+cell performance. I'll show you some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance. I'll show you some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell performance. I'll show you some um
+I'll show you some uh slides to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some uh slides to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you some uh slides to to to to
+drive that point home in a bit. Um okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that point home in a bit. Um okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive that point home in a bit. Um okay,
+uh this is really really briefly. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is really really briefly. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is really really briefly. I'll
+post these slides online so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post these slides online so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post these slides online so you can have
+access to them. Um if you use the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to them. Um if you use the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to them. Um if you use the matrix
+transfer method um as described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer method um as described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer method um as described
+beautifully in Gchen's uh uh textbook uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully in Gchen's uh uh textbook uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully in Gchen's uh uh textbook uh
+you can calculate the amount of of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the amount of of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the amount of of light
+reflected uh across a broad spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh across a broad spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected uh across a broad spectral
+range um for a given thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um for a given thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um for a given thickness of
+anti-reflection coding. So what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding. So what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coding. So what we did
+right now was to calculate a suppression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now was to calculate a suppression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now was to calculate a suppression
+of the light at a particular wavelength.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light at a particular wavelength.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light at a particular wavelength.
+Um but you can also calculate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but you can also calculate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but you can also calculate with the
+tools that are available to you uh the u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are available to you uh the u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are available to you uh the u
+reflect the reflectance of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the reflectance of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the reflectance of your
+particular device over a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device over a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device over a broader
+wavelength range. And that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength range. And that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength range. And that's pretty cool
+because now you can begin uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can begin uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can begin uh say
+multiplying uh this function right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh this function right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying uh this function right here
+against your solar spectrum uh and begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your solar spectrum uh and begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your solar spectrum uh and begin
+to calculate the total amount of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the total amount of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the total amount of light
+entering your sample and the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering your sample and the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering your sample and the total
+energy entering your sample equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy entering your sample equations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy entering your sample equations.
+Brilliant. Um the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliant. Um the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brilliant. Um the important thing to
+note here is that uh it really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here is that uh it really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here is that uh it really really
+matters right this is silicon under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters right this is silicon under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters right this is silicon under
+glass right here for example typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right here for example typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass right here for example typical
+solar cell material in blue it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell material in blue it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell material in blue it's better
+than the bare silicon why is it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bare silicon why is it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bare silicon why is it better
+than the bare silicon silicon under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bare silicon silicon under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bare silicon silicon under
+glass has a refractive index or 1.5 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass has a refractive index or 1.5 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass has a refractive index or 1.5 or
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+matching you go from air is one to 2.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you go from air is one to 2.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching you go from air is one to 2.3
+yes the difference It's small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the difference It's small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the difference It's small.
+Exactly. So if you recall that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So if you recall that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So if you recall that equation
+that described the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that described the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that described the amount of
+reflectance, there was that what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance, there was that what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance, there was that what was it
+n1 minus n2 quantity squared. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 minus n2 quantity squared. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 minus n2 quantity squared. Right? So
+the bigger the delta between the ends,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the delta between the ends,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the delta between the ends,
+the bigger the difference in refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the difference in refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the difference in refractive
+indices between material one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices between material one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices between material one and
+material 2, the more the reflectance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 2, the more the reflectance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material 2, the more the reflectance is
+going to be off of that interface. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be off of that interface. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be off of that interface. And
+so you can begin reducing reflectance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can begin reducing reflectance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can begin reducing reflectance
+off of a stack of light going both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a stack of light going both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a stack of light going both ways
+by grading the refractive index of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by grading the refractive index of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by grading the refractive index of the
+material. And that of course changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And that of course changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And that of course changes the
+reflectance in both directions. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance in both directions. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance in both directions. Um and
+so you get a reduction in the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a reduction in the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a reduction in the uh the
+total amount of reflected light when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of reflected light when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of reflected light when you
+put the silicon under glass because sil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the silicon under glass because sil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the silicon under glass because sil
+glass has a refractive index somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass has a refractive index somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass has a refractive index somewhere
+between air and silicon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between air and silicon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between air and silicon.
+And then you get a further reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you get a further reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you get a further reduction of
+the reflectance when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflectance when you have an
+anti-reflection coating with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coating with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflection coating with a
+refractive index somewhere around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index somewhere around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index somewhere around for
+this particular system. Silicon again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular system. Silicon again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular system. Silicon again
+has a high refractive index. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high refractive index. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high refractive index. Um this
+used an anti-reflective coating of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an anti-reflective coating of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an anti-reflective coating of of a
+refractive index of 2.3 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of 2.3 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index of 2.3 um
+of some thickness probably somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some thickness probably somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some thickness probably somewhere
+around let's see BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's see BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's see BT
+greater smaller probably around 65 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater smaller probably around 65 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater smaller probably around 65 75
+nanometers somewhere in that range. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers somewhere in that range. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers somewhere in that range. So
+um what this is saying is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this is saying is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this is saying is that you can
+minimize the reflection of light off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the reflection of light off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the reflection of light off of
+the front surface of your sample by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front surface of your sample by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front surface of your sample by
+using an intelligent combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an intelligent combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an intelligent combination of the
+very first equation that we were exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first equation that we were exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first equation that we were exposed
+to in the class today which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the class today which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the class today which was the
+reflected light as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected light as a function of
+refractive index. So essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index. So essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index. So essentially
+refractive index matching and secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index matching and secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index matching and secondly
+by engineering an anti-reflection or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by engineering an anti-reflection or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by engineering an anti-reflection or an
+anti-reflective coating which often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating which often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating which often
+times in the lingo of solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the lingo of solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the lingo of solar cell
+scientists we call it an arc an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists we call it an arc an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists we call it an arc an
+anti-reflective coating and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-reflective coating and those two
+things combined give us very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things combined give us very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things combined give us very low
+reflection off of the front surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection off of the front surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection off of the front surface.
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5% of our R&D cells that we make at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of our R&D cells that we make at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of our R&D cells that we make at MIT
+use these sorts of technologies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these sorts of technologies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these sorts of technologies which
+are pretty standard in the industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty standard in the industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty standard in the industry and
+you can see what the the the hit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the the the hit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the the the hit is
+right let's say if I'm just using a bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say if I'm just using a bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say if I'm just using a bare
+material if I'm getting 30% reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if I'm getting 30% reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material if I'm getting 30% reflection
+I'm getting a 30% drop in the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a 30% drop in the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting a 30% drop in the current
+output of my device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of my device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of my device
+that's pretty significant so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty significant so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty significant so these are
+simple ways to improve performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ways to improve performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple ways to improve performance of
+devices is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices is um
+if you want to become fancy and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to become fancy and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to become fancy and actually
+trace uh do what's called ray tracing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace uh do what's called ray tracing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace uh do what's called ray tracing uh
+to calculate the path of light through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the path of light through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the path of light through a
+medium um there is software available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um there is software available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium um there is software available
+that will take all of what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take all of what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will take all of what we've
+discussed today and calculate it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed today and calculate it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed today and calculate it for you
+so you don't have to walk through uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to walk through uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to walk through uh the
+the the the uh the expressions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh the expressions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the uh the expressions that we
+just walked through it is easy um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked through it is easy um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked through it is easy um in
+other words you plug something in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you plug something in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you plug something in uh you
+get some rate traces You can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some rate traces You can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some rate traces You can calculate
+reflectance and so forth, transmittance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and so forth, transmittance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflectance and so forth, transmittance,
+but it's as smart as what you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's as smart as what you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's as smart as what you put into
+it. It's really important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's really important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's really important to understand
+the fundamentals behind any simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals behind any simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals behind any simulation
+software because you will get out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software because you will get out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software because you will get out of it
+what you put into it. Um, you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put into it. Um, you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you put into it. Um, you will not
+be able to pick up on obvious things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick up on obvious things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick up on obvious things
+that the you you might have uh, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you you might have uh, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the you you might have uh, for
+example, double clicked on this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, double clicked on this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, double clicked on this little
+material here and defined it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here and defined it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material here and defined it's it's it's
+the real component of the refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real component of the refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real component of the refractive
+index completely wrong. And um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index completely wrong. And um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index completely wrong. And um and you
+might not notice it, you might not pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not notice it, you might not pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not notice it, you might not pick
+up on it if you don't have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it if you don't have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on it if you don't have some good
+intuition which is grounded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which is grounded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which is grounded in the
+fundamentals. And so it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals. And so it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals. And so it's important that
+you understand what we've presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what we've presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what we've presented
+today. It's important you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. It's important you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. It's important you understand the
+reading and of course do the pet as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and of course do the pet as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and of course do the pet as well
+uh to really drive the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really drive the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to really drive the those
+fundamentals home. So to kind of put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals home. So to kind of put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals home. So to kind of put a
+big umbrella over the entire lecture, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big umbrella over the entire lecture, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big umbrella over the entire lecture, um
+light management ensures that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management ensures that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management ensures that the
+absorptance is high. The absorptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance is high. The absorptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance is high. The absorptance
+would be essentially uh the amount of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially uh the amount of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be essentially uh the amount of of
+light getting absorbed inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light getting absorbed inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light getting absorbed inside of the
+material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material um
+normalized by the amount of light going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by the amount of light going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by the amount of light going
+in. So one minus r. So we have um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So one minus r. So we have um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So one minus r. So we have um we
+want to ensure that light enters the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ensure that light enters the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ensure that light enters the
+absorber. We want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber. We want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber. We want to minimize
+reflection. We want to ensure good light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection. We want to ensure good light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection. We want to ensure good light
+trapping inside of the absorber as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping inside of the absorber as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping inside of the absorber as well.
+The absorber being the material uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The absorber being the material uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The absorber being the material uh our
+solar our photovoltaic material the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar our photovoltaic material the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar our photovoltaic material the one
+that's absorbing the sunlight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absorbing the sunlight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absorbing the sunlight and
+ultimately going to be generating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately going to be generating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately going to be generating the
+charge. So we call the absorber. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. So we call the absorber. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge. So we call the absorber. So we
+want to ensure good light trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ensure good light trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ensure good light trapping
+inside of it. We want to ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it. We want to ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it. We want to ensure that the
+maximum amount of light gets gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of light gets gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of light gets gets uh
+trapped inside. We want to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped inside. We want to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapped inside. We want to maximize the
+optical path length within it. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length within it. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical path length within it. And we
+want to minimize reflectance off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize reflectance off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize reflectance off the
+front surface. There are fancier ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface. There are fancier ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface. There are fancier ways of
+light management as well that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management as well that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light management as well that don't
+involve light trapping necessarily but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve light trapping necessarily but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve light trapping necessarily but
+light manipulation or even semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light manipulation or even semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light manipulation or even semiconductor
+manipulation. Um you can for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation. Um you can for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation. Um you can for instance
+change you can uh change the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you can uh change the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you can uh change the wavelength
+of the incoming light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming light.
+Uh, one very simple example of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one very simple example of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one very simple example of this is
+when you shine, say for example, red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shine, say for example, red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you shine, say for example, red
+light on a phosphor and then it glows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a phosphor and then it glows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a phosphor and then it glows
+green in the dark, right? That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green in the dark, right? That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green in the dark, right? That's a
+wavelength change. Maybe not red, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength change. Maybe not red, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength change. Maybe not red, you
+probably have to shine blue uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to shine blue uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to shine blue uh to have
+it glow green. Um, that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it glow green. Um, that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it glow green. Um, that's an example of
+a of a spectral down converter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a spectral down converter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of a spectral down converter where
+it's taking a higher energy light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking a higher energy light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taking a higher energy light and
+converting it into lower energy light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it into lower energy light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting it into lower energy light.
+Um, likewise, there are folks out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, likewise, there are folks out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, likewise, there are folks out there
+trying to do spectral upconverters where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do spectral upconverters where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do spectral upconverters where
+they take two lower energy photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take two lower energy photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take two lower energy photons and
+somehow convert that into a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow convert that into a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow convert that into a higher
+energy photon, right? And so since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photon, right? And so since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photon, right? And so since our
+absorption coefficient is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption coefficient is dependent on
+wavelength, if we're able to shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength, if we're able to shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength, if we're able to shift the
+wavelength of the light around by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light around by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the light around by
+engineering materials near the surface,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering materials near the surface,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering materials near the surface,
+we can enhance absorption as well. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can enhance absorption as well. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can enhance absorption as well. That
+is a form a valid form of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form a valid form of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a form a valid form of light
+management has additional benefits as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management has additional benefits as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management has additional benefits as
+well. If we can eliminate the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. If we can eliminate the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. If we can eliminate the longer
+wavelength stuff out here, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength stuff out here, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength stuff out here, which is
+heat, um performance of most solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat, um performance of most solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat, um performance of most solar cells
+suffers when they get hot and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers when they get hot and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers when they get hot and we'll
+learn why that is about five or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn why that is about five or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn why that is about five or 10
+lectures from now. And so if we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now. And so if we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now. And so if we manage
+to do spectral upconverting or reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spectral upconverting or reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do spectral upconverting or reflect
+that long wavelength light away from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long wavelength light away from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long wavelength light away from our
+device, we can improve performance there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, we can improve performance there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device, we can improve performance there
+as well. That's another form of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. That's another form of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. That's another form of light
+management that doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that doesn't necessarily
+involve light trapping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve light trapping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve light trapping.
+Okay. So um again I wanted to to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um again I wanted to to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um again I wanted to to really
+emphasize uh that light management is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize uh that light management is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize uh that light management is
+necessary in devices. Uh this is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in devices. Uh this is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in devices. Uh this is no
+light trapping the blue curve and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light trapping the blue curve and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light trapping the blue curve and with
+light trapping. Light trapping being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light trapping. Light trapping being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light trapping. Light trapping being
+essentially just an engineered um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just an engineered um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just an engineered um
+coating on the back side on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the back side on the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coating on the back side on the back
+side of your device of lights coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of your device of lights coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of your device of lights coming in
+through here. I've engineered a coating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. I've engineered a coating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. I've engineered a coating
+on the back to reflect the light back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back to reflect the light back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back to reflect the light back so
+that it gets a second bounce through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gets a second bounce through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it gets a second bounce through the
+material. I've engineered the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I've engineered the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I've engineered the front
+surface texturized it so that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface texturized it so that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface texturized it so that we have
+not only the benefit of two bounces,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the benefit of two bounces,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the benefit of two bounces,
+double the chance of light going in u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the chance of light going in u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the chance of light going in u
+but also the um Snell's law working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um Snell's law working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the um Snell's law working in
+our favor in increasing the optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favor in increasing the optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favor in increasing the optical path
+length. And so all told, the one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And so all told, the one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. And so all told, the one reason
+why this boost is so big right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this boost is so big right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this boost is so big right here is
+because I'm increasing the optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm increasing the optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm increasing the optical path
+length, the effective optical path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, the effective optical path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length, the effective optical path
+length relative to the thickness of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length relative to the thickness of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length relative to the thickness of my
+material. And as a result, I'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And as a result, I'm getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And as a result, I'm getting a
+much larger uh current output. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger uh current output. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger uh current output. I'm
+generating many more uh free carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating many more uh free carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating many more uh free carriers
+inside of my material. I'm absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of my material. I'm absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of my material. I'm absorbing
+much more light inside of my material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more light inside of my material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more light inside of my material.
+Just a a very simple calculation versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a a very simple calculation versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a a very simple calculation versus
+cell thickness. And obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell thickness. And obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell thickness. And obviously the
+thicker and thicker and thicker you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker and thicker and thicker you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker and thicker and thicker you go
+in your device, the less important this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your device, the less important this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your device, the less important this
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes
+because the less important light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the less important light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the less important light
+trapping. I mean you have entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping. I mean you have entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping. I mean you have entire
+thickness of you can go it can absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of you can go it can absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of you can go it can absorb
+the majority of the light in one pass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the light in one pass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the light in one pass.
+But if you have um a thinner device uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you have um a thinner device uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you have um a thinner device uh
+it really begins to matter once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really begins to matter once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really begins to matter once the
+thickness of your device starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your device starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of your device starts
+approaching the optical absorption uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the optical absorption uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the optical absorption uh or
+one over the optical absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the optical absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the optical absorption
+coefficient which is the extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is the extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is the extension
+length. um then it really begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. um then it really begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. um then it really begins to
+matter with the absorption length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with the absorption length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with the absorption length.
+Light trapping can still matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light trapping can still matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light trapping can still matter for
+thick devices though because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick devices though because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick devices though because if you
+manage to make the light uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to make the light uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to make the light uh uh
+essentially refract or bend if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially refract or bend if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially refract or bend if you will
+uh so that it travels near the surface,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that it travels near the surface,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that it travels near the surface,
+the distance that those excited carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that those excited carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance that those excited carriers
+have to travel to be collected is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to travel to be collected is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to travel to be collected is
+shorter. And so you can get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter. And so you can get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter. And so you can get an
+additional benefit from thicker devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefit from thicker devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional benefit from thicker devices
+by engineering light trapping as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by engineering light trapping as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by engineering light trapping as well.
+Okay, any questions about this? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any questions about this? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, any questions about this? This is
+kind of important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of important.
+This is this is why we spent all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is why we spent all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is this is why we spent all this
+time in lecture today talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in lecture today talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in lecture today talking about
+light light management is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light management is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light light management is because of
+this plot right here. That's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot right here. That's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot right here. That's why
+um I just wanted to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just wanted to show you a
+cross-section of a very high efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of a very high efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of a very high efficiency
+device. This is one of the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. This is one of the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. This is one of the highest
+efficiency siliconbased devices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency siliconbased devices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency siliconbased devices that are
+out there. And we have um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. And we have um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. And we have um these
+so-called backside mirror which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called backside mirror which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called backside mirror which is
+really just a a layer of dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a a layer of dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a a layer of dialectric
+material typically that reflects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material typically that reflects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material typically that reflects the
+light off of that interface using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off of that interface using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off of that interface using the
+equation that we saw at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we saw at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we saw at the very
+beginning of class. The r equal to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class. The r equal to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class. The r equal to open
+parentheses 1 minus or n minus one^ 2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 1 minus or n minus one^ 2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 1 minus or n minus one^ 2 /
+open parenthesis uh n +1 quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open parenthesis uh n +1 quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open parenthesis uh n +1 quantity
+squared. So that's benefiting here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So that's benefiting here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. So that's benefiting here from
+the change of refractive index going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of refractive index going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change of refractive index going
+from your silicon to that dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your silicon to that dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your silicon to that dialectric
+material in the back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the back.
+um they definitely take good advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they definitely take good advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they definitely take good advantage
+of it. Where you have your metal, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Where you have your metal, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Where you have your metal, you're
+going to be absorbing the light or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be absorbing the light or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be absorbing the light or you
+have a higher probability of absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher probability of absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher probability of absorbing
+the light than you would if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light than you would if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light than you would if you had a
+dialectric uh semiconductor interface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric uh semiconductor interface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric uh semiconductor interface.
+So the device design can get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the device design can get pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the device design can get pretty
+complicated for these super high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for these super high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for these super high
+efficiency devices. Uh and they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency devices. Uh and they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency devices. Uh and they're uh
+worried quite a bit about light trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried quite a bit about light trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried quite a bit about light trapping
+other things as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things as well.
+How efficient is that one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How efficient is that one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How efficient is that one?
+This one right here um in uh the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one right here um in uh the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one right here um in uh the lab
+24.2% 2% in commercial production, 22%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.2% 2% in commercial production, 22%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.2% 2% in commercial production, 22%
+in change. 22.4 I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in change. 22.4 I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in change. 22.4 I think.
+Um, just to throw some last things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, just to throw some last things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, just to throw some last things out
+there since we're 5 minutes to closure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there since we're 5 minutes to closure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there since we're 5 minutes to closure.
+Um, Snell's law assumes that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Snell's law assumes that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Snell's law assumes that there's no
+phase shift of the light as it transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of the light as it transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift of the light as it transfers
+from one medium to another. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one medium to another. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one medium to another. If you
+introduce a phase shift, this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a phase shift, this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a phase shift, this is just a
+paper published in science last week uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published in science last week uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published in science last week uh
+by our friends over at Harvard, Fedric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our friends over at Harvard, Fedric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our friends over at Harvard, Fedric
+Kapasu. If you introduce a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kapasu. If you introduce a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kapasu. If you introduce a phase shift
+of a light as it goes through one medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a light as it goes through one medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a light as it goes through one medium
+or another, now you can start doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another, now you can start doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another, now you can start doing some
+fun things. If you introduce a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun things. If you introduce a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun things. If you introduce a constant
+phase shift gradient throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift gradient throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift gradient throughout the
+surface of a material, let's say right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a material, let's say right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a material, let's say right
+here, then you can cause each node, each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then you can cause each node, each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, then you can cause each node, each
+point within your material to lag by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within your material to lag by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point within your material to lag by an
+increasing amount. And so that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amount. And so that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amount. And so that your
+wavefront now bends, right? You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront now bends, right? You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront now bends, right? You can
+think of these as kind of a a hugan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as kind of a a hugan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as kind of a a hugan
+wavefront forming as a result of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront forming as a result of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront forming as a result of these
+these small nodes here. And if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small nodes here. And if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small nodes here. And if you can
+tailor the phase independently at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the phase independently at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the phase independently at each
+one of these points, you can cause an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points, you can cause an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points, you can cause an
+increasing delay as you go across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing delay as you go across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing delay as you go across and
+that will cause the light essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cause the light essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will cause the light essentially if
+you trace through the the points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trace through the the points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trace through the the points of
+maximum intensity, say the pink, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum intensity, say the pink, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum intensity, say the pink, you'll
+see that the light is bent. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the light is bent. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the light is bent. And that's
+pretty cool because now we can in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool because now we can in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool because now we can in in
+principle if if this uh this is hot off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if if this uh this is hot off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle if if this uh this is hot off
+the press and of course there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press and of course there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the press and of course there's a whole
+flurry of researchers out there trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry of researchers out there trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flurry of researchers out there trying
+to figure out how to how to use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to how to use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to how to use this to
+our advantage. But with anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our advantage. But with anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our advantage. But with anomalous
+refraction in principle now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction in principle now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction in principle now you can
+tailor the angle at which light bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the angle at which light bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor the angle at which light bends
+inside of the material. Perhaps you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material. Perhaps you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the material. Perhaps you can
+even exceed the oblanovich limit inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exceed the oblanovich limit inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exceed the oblanovich limit inside
+of the material right as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material right as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material right as a result of
+this. And so it's really exciting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so it's really exciting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And so it's really exciting.
+There's there's stuff coming up every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's stuff coming up every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's stuff coming up every
+day. This is the point. There's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. This is the point. There's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. This is the point. There's there's
+stuff coming out every day on light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out every day on light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out every day on light
+trapping and light management uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping and light management uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapping and light management uh for
+mostly it's for photonic devices. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's for photonic devices. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's for photonic devices. Um but
+they can be transferred over into solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be transferred over into solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be transferred over into solar
+cells as well. So it's good to keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as well. So it's good to keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells as well. So it's good to keep your
+eyes open. And um another example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes open. And um another example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes open. And um another example of the
+photon up uh down converters. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon up uh down converters. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon up uh down converters. Um there's
+uh recent reports in in SPIA SPIE a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recent reports in in SPIA SPIE a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh recent reports in in SPIA SPIE a lot
+of uh interest in the optics community.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interest in the optics community.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh interest in the optics community.
+Um there was a TR35 um uh award given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there was a TR35 um uh award given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there was a TR35 um uh award given to
+a person who's studying this topic. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who's studying this topic. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who's studying this topic. Uh
+so it is as well a very exciting and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is as well a very exciting and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is as well a very exciting and uh
+upand cominging field. Again the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upand cominging field. Again the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upand cominging field. Again the the the
+opportunities there of manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities there of manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities there of manipulating
+light are are are large are vast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light are are are large are vast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light are are are large are vast.
+So the laws, the laws if you will, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the laws, the laws if you will, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the laws, the laws if you will, that
+constrain us that we've discussed today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain us that we've discussed today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain us that we've discussed today
+in class, um, don't let that constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class, um, don't let that constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class, um, don't let that constrain
+your thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thinking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thinking.
+That's my final message. Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wFuIzicEWD8.txt b/wFuIzicEWD8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e8212dc6d9f25388c14c51ddd5ee9f3d5707c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wFuIzicEWD8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this goodie bag we'll be exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this goodie bag we'll be exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this goodie bag we'll be exploring
+atomic packing and solids through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing and solids through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing and solids through the
+cubic bravia lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic bravia lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic bravia lattices
+we'll make three ball and stick models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make three ball and stick models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make three ball and stick models
+of different cubic unit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cubic unit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different cubic unit cells
+for this you will need 31 balls and 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you will need 31 balls and 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you will need 31 balls and 44
+sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks
+24 for fcc 12 for sc and 8 for bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 for fcc 12 for sc and 8 for bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 for fcc 12 for sc and 8 for bcc
+if you don't have a fancy crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a fancy crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have a fancy crystal
+modeling kit like this any ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling kit like this any ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling kit like this any ball and
+stick equivalents will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick equivalents will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick equivalents will work
+a delicious alternative would be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delicious alternative would be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delicious alternative would be using
+toothpicks and marshmallows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpicks and marshmallows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpicks and marshmallows
+the objective of the goodie bag is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of the goodie bag is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of the goodie bag is to
+explore the different structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the different structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the different structures of
+crystalline materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline materials
+as you build the models consider how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you build the models consider how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you build the models consider how
+many nearest neighbors an atom has in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nearest neighbors an atom has in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nearest neighbors an atom has in an
+sc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sc
+a bcc and an fcc crystal so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bcc and an fcc crystal so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bcc and an fcc crystal so now we're
+going to construct our bravais lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct our bravais lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to construct our bravais lattices
+we'll start with simple cubic begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with simple cubic begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with simple cubic begin by
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+eight balls and connecting them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight balls and connecting them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight balls and connecting them with
+sticks such that each ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks such that each ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks such that each ball
+sits at the corner of a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits at the corner of a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits at the corner of a cube
+then for body centered cubic we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for body centered cubic we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for body centered cubic we're going
+to start with a single ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a single ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a single ball
+in the center of a cube and connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of a cube and connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of a cube and connect to
+eight other balls at the corners with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight other balls at the corners with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight other balls at the corners with
+sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for face center cubic is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for face center cubic is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for face center cubic is going to be a
+little more involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more involved
+we'll start with the corner of a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with the corner of a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with the corner of a cube
+and form tetrahedra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form tetrahedra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and form tetrahedra
+to other balls which themselves will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other balls which themselves will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other balls which themselves will
+form tetrahedra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form tetrahedra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form tetrahedra
+to another corner of a cube if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another corner of a cube if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another corner of a cube if we
+iterate through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate through this process
+we eventually end up with a full face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eventually end up with a full face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eventually end up with a full face
+centered cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic lattice
+we've now constructed three ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now constructed three ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now constructed three ball and
+stick models of cubic bravia lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick models of cubic bravia lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick models of cubic bravia lattices
+the simple cubic lattice has atoms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cubic lattice has atoms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cubic lattice has atoms at
+each of the eight corners of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the eight corners of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the eight corners of the unit
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+the body centered cubic lattice has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body centered cubic lattice has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body centered cubic lattice has an
+additional atom in the body center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional atom in the body center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional atom in the body center of
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+cell and the face centered cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the face centered cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and the face centered cubic lattice
+has an additional atom in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an additional atom in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an additional atom in each of the
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+face centers of the unit cell each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face centers of the unit cell each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face centers of the unit cell each of
+these lattices has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lattices has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lattices has a different
+coordination number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number
+that is an atom in each lattice has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an atom in each lattice has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an atom in each lattice has a
+different number of nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of nearest neighbors
+if we imagine these atoms as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine these atoms as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine these atoms as hard
+spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+rather than this ball and stick model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than this ball and stick model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than this ball and stick model we
+can see that each lattice will also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each lattice will also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each lattice will also have
+a different atomic packing factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different atomic packing factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different atomic packing factor
+that is each lattice will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is each lattice will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is each lattice will have a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+volume of space occupied in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of space occupied in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of space occupied in the unit
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+in general the coordination number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the coordination number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the coordination number of a
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+correlates with atomic packing factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with atomic packing factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates with atomic packing factor
+which itself correlates with stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself correlates with stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which itself correlates with stability
+that's why we don't often find simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't often find simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we don't often find simple
+cubic metallic solids in nature
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wNuBD4PYWvs.txt b/wNuBD4PYWvs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bd695799b9ca794f58a7b2eb49a7fc9d9f6c923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wNuBD4PYWvs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The topic for today is energy and power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Most of the time uh this semester up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time uh this semester up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Most of the time uh this semester up to
+now at least uh we focused a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least uh we focused a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at least uh we focused a lot on
+speed. Okay, we've been uh truly speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Okay, we've been uh truly speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed. Okay, we've been uh truly speed
+freaks looking at you know how fast can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaks looking at you know how fast can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaks looking at you know how fast can
+we switch this signal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch this signal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch this signal?
+What is the time domain waveform looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the time domain waveform looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the time domain waveform looks
+like look like? We've also looked at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look like? We've also looked at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look like? We've also looked at uh
+frequency responses of circuits. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses of circuits. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency responses of circuits. So this
+week uh we will spend on something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh we will spend on something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week uh we will spend on something a
+little bit different and that relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different and that relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different and that relates to
+energy and power. Energy and power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and power. Energy and power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and power. Energy and power is
+getting a lot more uh gaining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot more uh gaining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a lot more uh gaining in
+importance in uh certainly this decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in uh certainly this decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance in uh certainly this decade
+and will do so in the future and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will do so in the future and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will do so in the future and uh
+I'm going to work out a little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work out a little example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to work out a little example
+towards the end of the lecture and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the lecture and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the lecture and there
+you will see that if you do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that if you do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that if you do things
+naively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively
+uh your handheld devices you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your handheld devices you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your handheld devices you know your
+cell phone and uh your laptops and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone and uh your laptops and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone and uh your laptops and so on
+will just up and explode. Okay, you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just up and explode. Okay, you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just up and explode. Okay, you got
+to be a little little bit careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little little bit careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little little bit careful in
+terms of how to manage energy and power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to manage energy and power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how to manage energy and power.
+Okay. Um, before I get into that, uh, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, before I get into that, uh, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, before I get into that, uh, I
+just want to wrap up with a quick review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to wrap up with a quick review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to wrap up with a quick review
+of what we covered last week.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we ended last week by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we ended last week by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we ended last week by looking at
+positive feedback in analog circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback in analog circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback in analog circuits
+using an op amp. And in particular, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an op amp. And in particular, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using an op amp. And in particular, we
+built an oscillator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We built an oscillator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We built an oscillator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We built an oscillator that
+allowed us to charge a capacitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to charge a capacitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us to charge a capacitor and
+when the voltage across the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage across the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the voltage across the capacitor
+equal that at the uh uh minus terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that at the uh uh minus terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that at the uh uh minus terminal
+it would flip and keep doing so uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would flip and keep doing so uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would flip and keep doing so uh and
+at the output you would get a waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output you would get a waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output you would get a waveform
+that looked like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like this.
+You would get a square wave output. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would get a square wave output. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would get a square wave output. Now
+throughout the course we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course we've talked about
+getting square wave inputs and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting square wave inputs and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting square wave inputs and this is
+one example of how you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of how you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of how you can actually
+produce a square wave okay from pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a square wave okay from pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a square wave okay from pretty
+much from first principles using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from first principles using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from first principles using a
+capacitor resistors and an opamp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor resistors and an opamp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor resistors and an opamp.
+Now I just want to wrap up this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I just want to wrap up this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I just want to wrap up this little
+item here by talking about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item here by talking about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item here by talking about one
+application of an oscillator. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of an oscillator. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of an oscillator. Okay, this
+this application of the oscillator will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application of the oscillator will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application of the oscillator will
+really nicely close the loop on the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely close the loop on the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely close the loop on the body
+of knowledge relating to digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge relating to digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge relating to digital
+circuits that we've covered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that we've covered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits that we've covered in this
+course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+So what I want to talk about is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I want to talk about is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I want to talk about is um
+briefly is a a small digital system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is a a small digital system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly is a a small digital system with
+a sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sender
+and a receiver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the sender is sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the sender is sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the sender is sending a
+signal. receiver receives a signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. receiver receives a signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. receiver receives a signal and
+in this course we've talked about sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we've talked about sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we've talked about sender
+sending a sequence of ones and zeros. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a sequence of ones and zeros. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a sequence of ones and zeros. So
+say for example uh the sender wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example uh the sender wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example uh the sender wants to
+send a send some sort of a signal like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a send some sort of a signal like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a send some sort of a signal like
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we've seen that this is quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we've seen that this is quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we've seen that this is quite a
+legitimate signal. we get some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate signal. we get some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate signal. we get some kind of
+uh oscilly behavior because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oscilly behavior because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oscilly behavior because of the
+inductance and capacitance associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and capacitance associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and capacitance associated
+with the wire and u and what you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wire and u and what you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wire and u and what you've done
+is that you pretty much believed me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you pretty much believed me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you pretty much believed me when
+I've said that well this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that well this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said that well this really
+corresponds to a 1 zero the sender wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a 1 zero the sender wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a 1 zero the sender wants
+to send a 1 one signal to the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a 1 one signal to the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a 1 one signal to the receiver
+and the receiver gets it so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiver gets it so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the receiver gets it so this is a
+one this is a one this is a zero but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a one this is a zero but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a one this is a zero but if
+I'm a receiver okay I I'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a receiver okay I I'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a receiver okay I I'm going to look
+at the square wave okay there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the square wave okay there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the square wave okay there's no such
+thing as sending a one on a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as sending a one on a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as sending a one on a wire
+You can't send a one on a wire. You send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't send a one on a wire. You send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't send a one on a wire. You send
+a voltage signal or a current signal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage signal or a current signal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage signal or a current signal on
+a wire. Okay? So the the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire. Okay? So the the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire. Okay? So the the receiver
+receives a voltage signal. It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives a voltage signal. It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives a voltage signal. It's going to
+be zero for some time and then maybe 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for some time and then maybe 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero for some time and then maybe 5
+volts or 3 volts or whatever is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts or 3 volts or whatever is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts or 3 volts or whatever is your
+high and then zero again. So how does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then zero again. So how does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and then zero again. So how does my
+receiver know it's a 1 1 0? Why can't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver know it's a 1 1 0? Why can't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver know it's a 1 1 0? Why can't it
+be a 1 1 0 0? Right? Doesn't know. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 1 1 0 0? Right? Doesn't know. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 1 1 0 0? Right? Doesn't know. Okay.
+So how does the receiver know it's a 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the receiver know it's a 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how does the receiver know it's a 1 1
+0 sequence and not a you know uh a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 sequence and not a you know uh a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 sequence and not a you know uh a 50
+ones followed by 40 zeros? it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones followed by 40 zeros? it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones followed by 40 zeros? it doesn't
+know. So what we need need is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So what we need need is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So what we need need is for
+senders to be able to communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senders to be able to communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senders to be able to communicate with
+receivers, we need some kind of agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers, we need some kind of agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receivers, we need some kind of agreed
+upon time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon time
+when receivers sample the signal coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when receivers sample the signal coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when receivers sample the signal coming
+in and decide whether it's a one or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and decide whether it's a one or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and decide whether it's a one or a
+zero. Okay, they both have to agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, they both have to agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, they both have to agree on
+certain time bases when they look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time bases when they look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time bases when they look at uh
+the input. So one way to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input. So one way to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input. So one way to deal with this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+I can have a clock a square wave signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have a clock a square wave signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can have a clock a square wave signal
+which we call a clock in digital systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call a clock in digital systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call a clock in digital systems
+and ship it to the other side in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship it to the other side in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ship it to the other side in the
+following manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this clock signal can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this clock signal can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this clock signal can be
+applied to this sender and to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to this sender and to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to this sender and to this
+receiver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver.
+Okay. Okay, for more details on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, for more details on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, for more details on this uh
+let me recommend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page 735 of the course notes that talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 735 of the course notes that talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 735 of the course notes that talks
+about a detailed example of the use of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a detailed example of the use of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a detailed example of the use of a
+clock in a digital system. So what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock in a digital system. So what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock in a digital system. So what I can
+do is I can create a clock that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I can create a clock that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I can create a clock that looks
+like this square wave. Your clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this square wave. Your clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this square wave. Your clock
+provides a motion of time to the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a motion of time to the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a motion of time to the circuit
+and I have some kind of a clock signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some kind of a clock signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have some kind of a clock signal
+generator and I connect that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and I connect that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and I connect that to the
+sender and connect that to the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and connect that to the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and connect that to the receiver
+and now both the receiver and the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now both the receiver and the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now both the receiver and the sender
+have a notion of time. And what I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a notion of time. And what I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a notion of time. And what I can do
+is I can tell my receiver the sender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can tell my receiver the sender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can tell my receiver the sender and
+the receiver can have a an agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver can have a an agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver can have a an agreement
+between them that says that look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that says that look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them that says that look at the
+signal at your input when on the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at your input when on the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal at your input when on the rising
+edge of the clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whenever the clock rises whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the clock rises whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the clock rises whenever you
+see a rising edge look at the value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a rising edge look at the value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a rising edge look at the value in
+the wire and that's a value I sent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire and that's a value I sent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire and that's a value I sent.
+Okay. So by doing so what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So by doing so what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So by doing so what I can do is
+that the receiver can look at the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the receiver can look at the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the receiver can look at the signal
+at this at this rising edge it sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this rising edge it sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this rising edge it sees a
+zero if this is a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if this is a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if this is a v
+looks up here sees a one sees a one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up here sees a one sees a one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks up here sees a one sees a one here
+sees a one here and sees a zero. Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a one here and sees a zero. Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees a one here and sees a zero. Okay so
+it correctly samples 1 1 0 at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly samples 1 1 0 at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it correctly samples 1 1 0 at the
+receiving end and the sender can send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving end and the sender can send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving end and the sender can send
+the same sequence here once we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sequence here once we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sequence here once we have this
+time base. Okay, so this little brief uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time base. Okay, so this little brief uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time base. Okay, so this little brief uh
+uh brief foray into d circuits was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brief foray into d circuits was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brief foray into d circuits was to
+simply give you an an application of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply give you an an application of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply give you an an application of a
+circuit that can produce a square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that can produce a square wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that can produce a square wave.
+Okay, I can create a clock with a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I can create a clock with a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I can create a clock with a time
+base. Um also interestingly much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. Um also interestingly much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base. Um also interestingly much more
+fundamental is we've looked at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is we've looked at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental is we've looked at various
+abstractions throughout the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions throughout the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractions throughout the course.
+Okay, we talked about discretizing space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we talked about discretizing space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we talked about discretizing space
+and looking at lumped signals. What I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at lumped signals. What I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking at lumped signals. What I
+also want to point out is that a clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to point out is that a clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want to point out is that a clock
+can be viewed as another fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed as another fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be viewed as another fundamental
+abstraction in the digital domain where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction in the digital domain where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction in the digital domain where
+what I'm doing is discretizing time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is discretizing time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is discretizing time.
+What I'm saying is that look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm saying is that look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'm saying is that look in the
+digital domain we've already discretized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital domain we've already discretized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital domain we've already discretized
+value okay into zeros and ones okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay into zeros and ones okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay into zeros and ones okay we
+but we still had continuous time until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still had continuous time until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we still had continuous time until
+until now and what we do in digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now and what we do in digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until now and what we do in digital
+systems is to say that look let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is to say that look let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is to say that look let's
+digitize everything okay or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize everything okay or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize everything okay or rather
+discretise everything and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretise everything and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretise everything and let's
+discretise time as well into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretise time as well into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretise time as well into these
+points that happen on the rising edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that happen on the rising edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that happen on the rising edge of
+the clock which means that the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock which means that the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock which means that the circuit
+has meaning signals have meaning only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has meaning signals have meaning only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has meaning signals have meaning only
+when the clock is rising okay that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the clock is rising okay that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the clock is rising okay that tends
+to discretise time which means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discretise time which means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discretise time which means that I
+really don't care what happens to signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't care what happens to signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't care what happens to signal
+signals in this time as long as on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in this time as long as on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals in this time as long as on the
+rising edge of the clock I get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock I get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising edge of the clock I get the right
+value okay this concept is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay this concept is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay this concept is called
+discretizing time okay and a clock lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing time okay and a clock lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing time okay and a clock lets
+you do that all right so remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that all right so remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that all right so remember that
+in digital systems which you will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital systems which you will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in digital systems which you will learn
+about in4 I'm really discretizing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in4 I'm really discretizing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in4 I'm really discretizing two
+things discretizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things discretizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things discretizing
+values into zeros and ones and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into zeros and ones and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values into zeros and ones and at the
+same time also also discretizing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time also also discretizing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time also also discretizing time
+into uh into a time when I sample things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh into a time when I sample things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh into a time when I sample things
+and a time when I ignore values on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time when I ignore values on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a time when I ignore values on the
+wires. Okay, I think you will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires. Okay, I think you will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires. Okay, I think you will get to
+clocks in 64 after about a month. So, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in 64 after about a month. So, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks in 64 after about a month. So, uh
+initially you will you will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you will you will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you will you will just be
+focusing on the static the statics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the static the statics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the static the statics of
+the system without worrying about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system without worrying about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system without worrying about any
+dynamic uh clock introduced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic uh clock introduced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic uh clock introduced in the
+circuit. Okay, so that's just a brief uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. Okay, so that's just a brief uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit. Okay, so that's just a brief uh
+little interlude and uh with that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interlude and uh with that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interlude and uh with that let me
+get into today's topic of uh energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into today's topic of uh energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into today's topic of uh energy and
+power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+So why is this important? The reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is this important? The reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is this important? The reason
+this is important is that what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important is that what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important is that what really
+determines the size of your handheld?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the size of your handheld?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the size of your handheld?
+Okay, you may think oh it's electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you may think oh it's electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you may think oh it's electronics
+in the handheld. Okay, some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the handheld. Okay, some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the handheld. Okay, some of you may
+think oh the you know antenna in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh the you know antenna in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh the you know antenna in the
+handheld. Nope. Really what really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld. Nope. Really what really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handheld. Nope. Really what really
+really determines the size and weight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determines the size and weight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determines the size and weight of
+your handheld devices? your PDAs, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handheld devices? your PDAs, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handheld devices? your PDAs, your
+cell phones, your laptops and so on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones, your laptops and so on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones, your laptops and so on is
+by and large the battery. Okay, on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the battery. Okay, on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and large the battery. Okay, on page
+two of a little cartoon that shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a little cartoon that shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of a little cartoon that shows you
+that if we did not have you learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we did not have you learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we did not have you learn about
+energy and power, you know, that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and power, you know, that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and power, you know, that's what
+we would all be doing uh in order to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would all be doing uh in order to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would all be doing uh in order to use
+cell phones. Not surprisingly, the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones. Not surprisingly, the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones. Not surprisingly, the very
+first wireless phones ended up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wireless phones ended up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wireless phones ended up in
+automobiles, okay? because you had a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles, okay? because you had a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles, okay? because you had a big
+battery and so you had these uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and so you had these uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery and so you had these uh you know
+wireless phones only in cars because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless phones only in cars because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless phones only in cars because of
+a huge amount of research based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of research based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of research based on the
+knowledge the technologies I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the technologies I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge the technologies I'm going to
+talk about in today's lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in today's lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in today's lecture and
+Thursday's lecture you will see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's lecture you will see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday's lecture you will see very
+simple and elegant ways of reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and elegant ways of reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and elegant ways of reducing the
+amount of battery you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of battery you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of battery you need to be able to
+get uh some kind of function out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh some kind of function out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh some kind of function out of
+analog or digital devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or digital devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or digital devices
+okay um I also want you to take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I also want you to take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I also want you to take a look
+at page two of the handout that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at page two of the handout that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at page two of the handout that I've
+given you here Handout 63.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you here Handout 63.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you here Handout 63.
+Uh this handout talks about the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this handout talks about the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this handout talks about the absolute
+latest in digital fabrication technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest in digital fabrication technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest in digital fabrication technology
+out there. Okay. Um this is not a paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Okay. Um this is not a paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. Okay. Um this is not a paid
+commercial for IBM. So IBM has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial for IBM. So IBM has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial for IBM. So IBM has a
+technology called CU8. Okay. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called CU8. Okay. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology called CU8. Okay. It's called
+blue logic and it's it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue logic and it's it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue logic and it's it's called the
+copper 08 process. And uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper 08 process. And uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper 08 process. And uh in this
+process IBM is if if you look down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process IBM is if if you look down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process IBM is if if you look down the
+on page one for example IBM claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one for example IBM claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on page one for example IBM claims that
+it can build up to 72 million gates in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can build up to 72 million gates in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can build up to 72 million gates in a
+single chip. Okay with this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip. Okay with this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip. Okay with this technology
+they're able to build 70 to 80 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to build 70 to 80 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're able to build 70 to 80 million
+gates uh where a gate is uh unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates uh where a gate is uh unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates uh where a gate is uh unless
+otherwise mentioned pretty much defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise mentioned pretty much defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise mentioned pretty much defined
+as a twoinput NAND gate equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a twoinput NAND gate equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a twoinput NAND gate equivalent.
+Okay. So your inverter, your nan gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So your inverter, your nan gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So your inverter, your nan gate
+and so on count as a gate. And they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on count as a gate. And they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on count as a gate. And they can
+build up to 80 million of close to 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to 80 million of close to 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up to 80 million of close to 80
+million of these little suckers on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of these little suckers on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of these little suckers on a
+single chip. Just imagine that. And each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip. Just imagine that. And each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single chip. Just imagine that. And each
+chip is on the biggest chip they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is on the biggest chip they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip is on the biggest chip they can
+build is on the order of 18 to 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is on the order of 18 to 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build is on the order of 18 to 19
+millimeters on a side. Roughly 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters on a side. Roughly 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters on a side. Roughly 2
+centimeters on a side. Okay? So on a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters on a side. Okay? So on a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters on a side. Okay? So on a on
+a chip that's about one square inch, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chip that's about one square inch, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chip that's about one square inch, you
+can flung down 80 million gates. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flung down 80 million gates. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flung down 80 million gates. Um
+what's more important for today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important for today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's more important for today is
+what's on page two actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I've circled two things on page two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've circled two things on page two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've circled two things on page two.
+One thing that I've circled is power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One thing that I've circled is power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One thing that I've circled is power
+supply range in the 7 to point uh 7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply range in the 7 to point uh 7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply range in the 7 to point uh 7 to
+1.3 volts. Notice that that voltage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 volts. Notice that that voltage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 volts. Notice that that voltage the
+power supply voltage for these chips is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply voltage for these chips is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply voltage for these chips is
+significantly lower than the 5 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower than the 5 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower than the 5 volts
+that we've been nominally talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been nominally talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been nominally talking about
+in this course. Okay? When in doubt, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. Okay? When in doubt, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course. Okay? When in doubt, you
+know, our problems have used 5 volts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, our problems have used 5 volts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, our problems have used 5 volts.
+But notice that in this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But notice that in this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But notice that in this technology
+they're talking about using voltages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about using voltages for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're talking about using voltages for
+the power supply VS in the range of 7 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply VS in the range of 7 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply VS in the range of 7 to
+1.3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3.
+So why is it so much lower? Well, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is it so much lower? Well, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why is it so much lower? Well, we'll
+find out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out.
+Second, the second thing I've uh circled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, the second thing I've uh circled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second, the second thing I've uh circled
+is something called power dissipation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called power dissipation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called power dissipation.
+Okay? And you say power dissipation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And you say power dissipation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And you say power dissipation is
+set to be 0.006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be 0.006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to be 0.006
+microwatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwatts
+per megahertz per gate. Okay. So it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per megahertz per gate. Okay. So it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per megahertz per gate. Okay. So it says
+power dissipation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipation is
+six nanowatt 6 nanow per megahertz per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nanowatt 6 nanow per megahertz per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six nanowatt 6 nanow per megahertz per
+gate. Okay. So what they said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate. Okay. So what they said is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate. Okay. So what they said is that
+each gate of your circuit will dissipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate of your circuit will dissipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate of your circuit will dissipate
+this much power at a 1 MHz frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much power at a 1 MHz frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much power at a 1 MHz frequency.
+And what the the implication of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what the the implication of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what the the implication of that is
+that you should be able to convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to convert that
+single number to the power dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number to the power dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single number to the power dissipation
+in any chip that you might build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any chip that you might build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any chip that you might build
+depending on the number of gates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the number of gates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the number of gates that
+you have, the frequency you run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have, the frequency you run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have, the frequency you run the
+circuit at, uh the voltage that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit at, uh the voltage that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit at, uh the voltage that you use
+and so on and so forth. Okay, by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth. Okay, by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth. Okay, by the end
+of today's lecture, you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture, you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture, you will be able to
+take this number and parlay that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this number and parlay that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this number and parlay that into
+the power dissipation of your of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power dissipation of your of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power dissipation of your of any
+chip that you might want to build with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that you might want to build with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip that you might want to build with
+this. Okay, so that just serves as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, so that just serves as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay, so that just serves as a
+motivation that with the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that with the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that with the end of this
+lecture you will understand you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will understand you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you will understand you know how
+to very quickly you know in 5 seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very quickly you know in 5 seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very quickly you know in 5 seconds or
+less boom given a chip so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less boom given a chip so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less boom given a chip so yeah that
+should consume about 30 watts of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consume about 30 watts of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consume about 30 watts of power
+okay and what we also do is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we also do is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we also do is based on
+some examples here estimate the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples here estimate the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples here estimate the power of
+a uh not the pennymium 4 but a chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh not the pennymium 4 but a chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh not the pennymium 4 but a chip
+following the pennium 4 let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the pennium 4 let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the pennium 4 let's call it
+the pennium 5 would consume if it ran at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pennium 5 would consume if it ran at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pennium 5 would consume if it ran at
+1 ghahz okay and uh we will come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ghahz okay and uh we will come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ghahz okay and uh we will come up with
+some absolutely shocking numbers based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some absolutely shocking numbers based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some absolutely shocking numbers based
+on what you have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what you have learned
+Okay. So, u with that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, u with that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, u with that kind of
+motivation, let me get into talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation, let me get into talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation, let me get into talking
+about uh do theory and get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh do theory and get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh do theory and get into the
+foundations of energy and power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's get to page three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So to drive to drive the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to drive to drive the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to drive to drive the theoretical
+discussion I would like to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I would like to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion I would like to focus on the
+energy dissipated in a MOSFET gate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated in a MOSFET gate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated in a MOSFET gate.
+Okay. And fundamentally it will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And fundamentally it will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And fundamentally it will talk
+about looking at energy and power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at energy and power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at energy and power in
+circuits containing switches, resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits containing switches, resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits containing switches, resistors
+and capacitors. Okay. The MOSFET gate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capacitors. Okay. The MOSFET gate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capacitors. Okay. The MOSFET gate is
+simply a an illustrative example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a an illustrative example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a an illustrative example to
+drive the theory. But fundamentally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the theory. But fundamentally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the theory. But fundamentally what
+I'm going to show you I'll lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you I'll lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you I'll lead you
+through today will tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through today will tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through today will tell you how to
+compute the power and energy when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the power and energy when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the power and energy when you
+have capacitors, resistors and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have capacitors, resistors and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have capacitors, resistors and uh
+voltage sources and switches in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage sources and switches in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage sources and switches in your
+circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit.
+So uh so we'll look at a circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so we'll look at a circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh so we'll look at a circuit that
+looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your vanilla inverter circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So my inverter uh I apply some VIN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my inverter uh I apply some VIN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my inverter uh I apply some VIN
+signal here. It could be a square wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal here. It could be a square wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal here. It could be a square wave.
+It could be some sequence of ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be some sequence of ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be some sequence of ones and
+zeros. And this is the inverter that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. And this is the inverter that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. And this is the inverter that we
+all know and love. And this guy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know and love. And this guy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know and love. And this guy here is
+our I've stuck in a capacitor here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I've stuck in a capacitor here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I've stuck in a capacitor here. And
+this capacitor is meant to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor is meant to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor is meant to model the
+input gate capacitance of whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gate capacitance of whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gate capacitance of whatever this
+inverter drives plus any capacitance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter drives plus any capacitance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter drives plus any capacitance of
+the wire leading up to that gate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire leading up to that gate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire leading up to that gate and so
+on. So it's just a lump capacitor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So it's just a lump capacitor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So it's just a lump capacitor that
+I've stuck um on there. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stuck um on there. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stuck um on there. So I'm
+interested in determining a few things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in determining a few things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in determining a few things.
+One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is
+what we call the standby power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, you you will see all these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you you will see all these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you you will see all these terms
+being used in cell phones and so on. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in cell phones and so on. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used in cell phones and so on. In
+your cell phone, uh your cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone, uh your cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cell phone, uh your cell phone
+manufacturer gives you two numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer gives you two numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer gives you two numbers.
+Okay, of course, both are uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, of course, both are uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, of course, both are uh you know
+overexaggerations, but they give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexaggerations, but they give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overexaggerations, but they give you two
+numbers nonetheless. One number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers nonetheless. One number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers nonetheless. One number is the
+number of days that the cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days that the cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days that the cell phone
+battery will last when in standby mode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery will last when in standby mode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery will last when in standby mode,
+right? That's exactly where standby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's exactly where standby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's exactly where standby
+comes from. Okay, so in standby mode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from. Okay, so in standby mode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from. Okay, so in standby mode,
+how much power does your cell phone or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power does your cell phone or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power does your cell phone or
+how long will the battery last? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will the battery last? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long will the battery last? That's
+that's uh the standby power. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the standby power. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the standby power. And the
+second thing is what we call active use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is what we call active use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing is what we call active use
+power. Active use is when you are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. Active use is when you are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. Active use is when you are making
+a phone call and so on. What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone call and so on. What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phone call and so on. What is the
+power consumed? And then again your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumed? And then again your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumed? And then again your
+manufacturer of your cell phone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer of your cell phone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer of your cell phone will
+give you a much smaller number for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a much smaller number for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a much smaller number for the
+active use power of your uh cell phone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active use power of your uh cell phone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active use power of your uh cell phone.
+So um what I'm going to do is assume for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um what I'm going to do is assume for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um what I'm going to do is assume for
+the powers for the for discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers for the for discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers for the for discussion that
+the inverter is driven by a square wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverter is driven by a square wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverter is driven by a square wave
+signal of the following sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is VN and I would drive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is VN and I would drive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is VN and I would drive this
+with a signal of this sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The period applied at the input. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The period applied at the input. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The period applied at the input. So I'm
+switching the inverter on and off on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the inverter on and off on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the inverter on and off on and
+off on and off. Okay. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh t1 seconds for the high,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t1 seconds for the high,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t1 seconds for the high,
+t2 seconds for the low. Okay. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 seconds for the low. Okay. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t2 seconds for the low. Okay. So this is
+inverter and this is the input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and this is the input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter and this is the input signal
+and we'll keep coming to that coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep coming to that coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll keep coming to that coming
+back to that again and again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that again and again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that again and again.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So uh rather than directly taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh rather than directly taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh rather than directly taking this
+circuit and analyzing its power, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and analyzing its power, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit and analyzing its power, I would
+like to do a things a little bit round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do a things a little bit round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do a things a little bit round
+in a in a slightly roundabout manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a slightly roundabout manner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a slightly roundabout manner.
+What I'd like to do is show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'd like to do is show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I'd like to do is show you some
+very simple circuits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple circuits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple circuits.
+Okay? And analyze their standby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And analyze their standby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And analyze their standby and
+active powers and then show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active powers and then show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active powers and then show you that
+this circuit simply is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit simply is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit simply is a combination of
+some of the simple things that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simple things that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the simple things that you have
+seen. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so example one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example one.
+So example one uh I would like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So example one uh I would like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So example one uh I would like to take
+uh a simple circuit that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a simple circuit that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a simple circuit that looks like
+this. A voltage source V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. A voltage source V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. A voltage source V
+applied to uh across a resistor R. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to uh across a resistor R. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to uh across a resistor R. Some
+current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I
+okay and if I apply a voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I apply a voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I apply a voltage across
+this resistor that voltage will simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor that voltage will simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor that voltage will simply
+appear across the resistor. And uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear across the resistor. And uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear across the resistor. And uh the
+power is simply given by vi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is simply given by vi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is simply given by vi which is
+simply v ^ 2 / r. Okay, this is uh 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply v ^ 2 / r. Okay, this is uh 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply v ^ 2 / r. Okay, this is uh 62
+101 in uh in the very first chapter. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 in uh in the very first chapter. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 in uh in the very first chapter. Um
+that's a power that is dissipated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a power that is dissipated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a power that is dissipated by
+this resistor simply v ^ 2 / r. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor simply v ^ 2 / r. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistor simply v ^ 2 / r. That's
+the power dissipated by the resistor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power dissipated by the resistor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power dissipated by the resistor.
+Okay, where does that power come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, where does that power come from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, where does that power come from?
+That power come the voltage source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That power come the voltage source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That power come the voltage source
+supplies the power. So this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the power. So this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies the power. So this guy here
+supplies this power and this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies this power and this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies this power and this guy here
+dissipates it. Um what is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates it. Um what is the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates it. Um what is the energy
+that I dissipate in time t? Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I dissipate in time t? Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I dissipate in time t? Remember
+power is the rate of energy dissipation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the rate of energy dissipation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the rate of energy dissipation.
+And so energy is simply power multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so energy is simply power multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so energy is simply power multiplied
+by time. So for a circuit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time. So for a circuit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time. So for a circuit like this
+energy dissipated in time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated in time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated in time t
+in time t is simply vi t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time t is simply vi t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time t is simply vi t.
+Okay. So um for our gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um for our gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um for our gate
+for our gate remember we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our gate remember we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our gate remember we have two
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have VS we have RL we have RR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have VS we have RL we have RR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have VS we have RL we have RR
+VO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VO
+and VN. So VN is high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VN. So VN is high.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VN. So VN is high.
+If VN is high with respect to ground,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If VN is high with respect to ground,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If VN is high with respect to ground,
+then R on the switch is on and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R on the switch is on and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R on the switch is on and this is
+the circuit that I see. And in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that I see. And in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that I see. And in this
+situation, the power consumed is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, the power consumed is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, the power consumed is simply
+V ^ 2 V ^ 2 / by the resistance here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ^ 2 V ^ 2 / by the resistance here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V ^ 2 V ^ 2 / by the resistance here. So
+it's simply V² / RL + RN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply V² / RL + RN.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply V² / RL + RN.
+Okay, let me mark that with an asterisk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me mark that with an asterisk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me mark that with an asterisk.
+I will refer to this later. Similarly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will refer to this later. Similarly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will refer to this later. Similarly,
+when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh
+Vin is low,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the MOSFET is off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power
+is simply zero. I have no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply zero. I have no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply zero. I have no current
+flowing down and the power is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing down and the power is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing down and the power is zero.
+Okay, very absolutely basic stuff. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very absolutely basic stuff. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, very absolutely basic stuff. Okay,
+absolutely basic. So the power when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely basic. So the power when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely basic. So the power when I
+have the MOSFET on for the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the MOSFET on for the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the MOSFET on for the kind of
+inverters you've seen so far, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters you've seen so far, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters you've seen so far, this is
+the power consumed by the inverter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power consumed by the inverter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power consumed by the inverter.
+Okay. And this asterisk here is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this asterisk here is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And this asterisk here is simply
+to say, you know, hold that thought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, you know, hold that thought.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, you know, hold that thought.
+We'll get back to it uh a little later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me work out a second example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me work out a second example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me work out a second example.
+In the second example, I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the second example, I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the second example, I'd like to
+consider the following circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a voltage source VS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage source VS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a voltage source VS
+and uh with a strange arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh with a strange arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh with a strange arrangement of
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1
+with a resistance R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a resistance R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a resistance R1
+a capacitor C in this manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor C in this manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor C in this manner
+a switch S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a resistor R2 for now don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a resistor R2 for now don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a resistor R2 for now don't worry
+about how the circuit comes about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the circuit comes about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the circuit comes about just
+assume that I've drawn the circuit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I've drawn the circuit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I've drawn the circuit for
+you and um what I want to do is cons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um what I want to do is cons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um what I want to do is cons is
+compute the power under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the power under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the power under certain
+conditions. Uh notice that if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Uh notice that if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Uh notice that if this is
+off and this is off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this is off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this is off,
+okay, there's no current flowing either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, there's no current flowing either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, there's no current flowing either
+in this loop or this loop and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this loop or this loop and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this loop or this loop and the power
+consumed dissipated by the circuit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed dissipated by the circuit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed dissipated by the circuit is
+zero. Okay, but there is there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, but there is there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, but there is there are some
+arrangement of switches for which I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of switches for which I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of switches for which I do
+consume power. And so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume power. And so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume power. And so let me show you
+that arrangement of switches and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrangement of switches and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrangement of switches and what
+I'm going to do is assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is assume that the
+switches open and close with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches open and close with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches open and close with the
+following periodic cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following periodic cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following periodic cycle.
+Okay, let's assume that when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's assume that when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's assume that when this is
+high, S1 is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, S1 is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, S1 is closed
+and S_UB_2 is open. And when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S_UB_2 is open. And when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S_UB_2 is open. And when this is
+low, assume that S_sub_1 is open,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s_ub_2 is closed. And let's assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s_ub_2 is closed. And let's assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s_ub_2 is closed. And let's assume this
+is uh t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh t
+this is t1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is t1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is t1,
+this is t2. Okay, that uh sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is t2. Okay, that uh sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is t2. Okay, that uh sequence
+should be reminiscent of uh this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reminiscent of uh this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be reminiscent of uh this input
+that I'm feeding to this inverter. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm feeding to this inverter. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm feeding to this inverter. So
+all I'm telling you here is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm telling you here is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm telling you here is that I'm
+giving you the circuit. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the circuit. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the circuit. I want to
+compute its uh uh the power consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its uh uh the power consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute its uh uh the power consumption
+of the circuit. And what I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit. And what I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circuit. And what I'm telling you
+is that with the frequency of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with the frequency of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that with the frequency of capital
+with a time period of capital T for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time period of capital T for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time period of capital T for the
+first T1 seconds, this switch is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first T1 seconds, this switch is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first T1 seconds, this switch is closed
+and that is open. So this circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is open. So this circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is open. So this circuit
+applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies
+in the second half of the clock. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half of the clock. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half of the clock. This
+switch is open. So this circuit applies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And what I'm interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what I'm interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And what I'm interested in finding
+out is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is what is the
+what is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissipated in each cycle of uh time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated in each cycle of uh time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated in each cycle of uh time
+capital T. And I also want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T. And I also want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T. And I also want to find out
+the average power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average power.
+Okay. So, I just spend about 5 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I just spend about 5 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I just spend about 5 seconds
+staring at this and kind of uh intuitit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at this and kind of uh intuitit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staring at this and kind of uh intuitit
+what's going on here. So, I start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here. So, I start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here. So, I start by
+putting a voltage source here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a voltage source here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a voltage source here and I
+close the switch. Kachunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the switch. Kachunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the switch. Kachunk
+that's open. So, I start by closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open. So, I start by closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's open. So, I start by closing
+this. So, what happens when I close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, what happens when I close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, what happens when I close the
+switch? VS is going to charge up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch? VS is going to charge up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch? VS is going to charge up this
+capacitor, right? So, I get current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, right? So, I get current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, right? So, I get current
+flowing through my resistor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through my resistor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing through my resistor.
+So, I'm going to be charging up this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to be charging up this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to be charging up this uh
+capacitor here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor here.
+Okay? And then let's say I allow T1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then let's say I allow T1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then let's say I allow T1 to
+be as as large as possible. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as as large as possible. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as as large as possible. And so this
+capacitor is going to be charged up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is going to be charged up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is going to be charged up to
+all of VS. So after a long time, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of VS. So after a long time, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of VS. So after a long time, this
+guy gets to be VS on the capacitor. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets to be VS on the capacitor. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gets to be VS on the capacitor. And
+as it's charging up, I have current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's charging up, I have current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's charging up, I have current flow
+through the resistor. So it's sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resistor. So it's sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the resistor. So it's sitting
+there dissipating power. Notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there dissipating power. Notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there dissipating power. Notice that
+this sucker does not dissipate energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sucker does not dissipate energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sucker does not dissipate energy.
+It simply stores energy. So the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It simply stores energy. So the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It simply stores energy. So the energy
+supplied by the voltage source comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the voltage source comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the voltage source comes in.
+Some of it gets stored in the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of it gets stored in the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of it gets stored in the capacitor
+and some of it is being dissipated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of it is being dissipated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of it is being dissipated by
+the resistor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor.
+That gets me to the end of T1. At the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gets me to the end of T1. At the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That gets me to the end of T1. At the
+end of T2, I open this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of T2, I open this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of T2, I open this switch
+and close this switch. When I close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close this switch. When I close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close this switch. When I close the
+switch, I have some energy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch, I have some energy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch, I have some energy on the
+capacitor and that's begin to uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and that's begin to uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and that's begin to uh and the
+voltage across the capacitor begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the capacitor begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the capacitor begins to
+drive a current through this resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a current through this resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive a current through this resistor
+R2. And now the capacitor supplies its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2. And now the capacitor supplies its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2. And now the capacitor supplies its
+stored energy and its stored energy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy and its stored energy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored energy and its stored energy then
+begins to dissipate through resistor R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to dissipate through resistor R2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to dissipate through resistor R2.
+And if uh t2 is very long then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if uh t2 is very long then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if uh t2 is very long then all the
+all the charge in the capacitor drains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the charge in the capacitor drains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the charge in the capacitor drains
+out and the voltage on the capacitor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the voltage on the capacitor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the voltage on the capacitor at
+the end will be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end will be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end will be zero.
+So that's a sort of a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a sort of a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a sort of a high level
+description of what goes on. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what goes on. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of what goes on. And now
+let's go ahead and compute from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and compute from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and compute from from
+first principles uh the the energetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles uh the the energetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principles uh the the energetics
+of uh this little circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's look at uh the entire period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at uh the entire period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's look at uh the entire period
+capital T and as a first step look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and as a first step look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and as a first step look at
+T1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1.
+Okay. And so when uh T1 is uh in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so when uh T1 is uh in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so when uh T1 is uh in place
+S1 is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 is closed
+and S2 is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Accordingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accordingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accordingly
+the circuit that applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit that applies
+looks like this. I have VS S1 is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. I have VS S1 is closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. I have VS S1 is closed.
+So uh that's closed and I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh that's closed and I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh that's closed and I have this
+resistance R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have this capacitor C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this capacitor C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this capacitor C
+some voltage VC across the capacitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some voltage VC across the capacitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some voltage VC across the capacitor.
+Okay, you can go ahead and assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you can go ahead and assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you can go ahead and assume that
+uh VC of zero is zero that I start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh VC of zero is zero that I start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh VC of zero is zero that I start off
+start off my life with no charge uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off my life with no charge uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off my life with no charge uh with
+no voltage across the capacitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no voltage across the capacitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no voltage across the capacitor.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, first of all, let me plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first of all, let me plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, first of all, let me plot the
+waveforms and write the expressions down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and write the expressions down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms and write the expressions down
+and then compute the uh uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compute the uh uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then compute the uh uh energy
+supplied by the voltage source. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the voltage source. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the voltage source. Okay.
+And then look at where the energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then look at where the energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then look at where the energy uh
+energy goes. So, you all know uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes. So, you all know uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes. So, you all know uh or
+should know by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know by now
+if I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot
+VC as a function of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC as a function of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC as a function of time.
+Okay, remember this is really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember this is really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, remember this is really easy to
+do. The capaci VC as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. The capaci VC as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. The capaci VC as a function of time
+goes like this at time t equal to0. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this at time t equal to0. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this at time t equal to0. I'm
+telling you that the capacitor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the capacitor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the capacitor voltage
+is zero. Okay, I'm telling you that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. Okay, I'm telling you that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. Okay, I'm telling you that.
+Okay, so it's at zero. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's at zero. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so it's at zero. And then the
+capacitor charges up until it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor charges up until it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor charges up until it reaches
+VS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS.
+Okay, so I also know that after a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I also know that after a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I also know that after a long
+time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will be VS. Okay, after a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be VS. Okay, after a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be VS. Okay, after a long
+time, that'll be VS. And between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, that'll be VS. And between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, that'll be VS. And between those
+two I have a uh a rise rising function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have a uh a rise rising function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have a uh a rise rising function
+that looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this.
+I can similarly plot the current for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at time t equal to zero. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t equal to zero. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t equal to zero. Uh
+instantaneously the capacitor looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously the capacitor looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously the capacitor looks like
+a short. And so the current that I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short. And so the current that I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short. And so the current that I start
+off with is going to be VS / R1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. uh the the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh the the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh the the voltage across the
+capacitor is zero. So uh all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is zero. So uh all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor is zero. So uh all that
+voltage falls across the resistor R1. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage falls across the resistor R1. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage falls across the resistor R1. So
+VS divided by R1 is the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS divided by R1 is the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS divided by R1 is the initial
+instantaneous current and after a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous current and after a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous current and after a long
+time because VC reaches VS the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because VC reaches VS the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because VC reaches VS the current
+is going to be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero.
+Okay. And between those two points I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And between those two points I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And between those two points I get
+an exponential decay. I can very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential decay. I can very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential decay. I can very quickly
+write down the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the expression for the
+current and that is simply the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that is simply the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that is simply the initial
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+VS / R1. Okay, times the exponential DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS / R1. Okay, times the exponential DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS / R1. Okay, times the exponential DK
+minus T / U the time constant for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T / U the time constant for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T / U the time constant for the
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+R1 C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C.
+Okay, so u you've seen this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so u you've seen this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so u you've seen this stuff
+before. Uh here comes the part that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh here comes the part that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh here comes the part that we
+care about for now. uh let's find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about for now. uh let's find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about for now. uh let's find out
+what is the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provided by the source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+When dealing with energy computations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When dealing with energy computations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When dealing with energy computations,
+you have to be incredibly careful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be incredibly careful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be incredibly careful of
+these words here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words here,
+supplied, provided, okay, versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied, provided, okay, versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied, provided, okay, versus
+dissipated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated.
+Okay, so dissipated implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so dissipated implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so dissipated implies that the
+resistor is burning energy. provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is burning energy. provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is burning energy. provide
+provided means that the source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided means that the source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided means that the source is
+supplying that energy. So energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying that energy. So energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying that energy. So energy
+provided by source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+during t1. Okay, let's go ahead and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during t1. Okay, let's go ahead and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during t1. Okay, let's go ahead and uh
+compute that very quickly. So the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that very quickly. So the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that very quickly. So the energy
+supplied by the source is simply the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the source is simply the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied by the source is simply the uh
+voltage across the source multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the source multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the source multiplied by
+the current being supplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current being supplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current being supplied by the
+source. This is I. Remember by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. This is I. Remember by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source. This is I. Remember by an
+associated variables convention if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated variables convention if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated variables convention if I
+have a voltage across some element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a voltage across some element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a voltage across some element and
+the current into the element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current into the element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current into the element is
+positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+Okay. Then that element dissipates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then that element dissipates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then that element dissipates
+power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power.
+Okay. If the voltage here is say 1 volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If the voltage here is say 1 volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If the voltage here is say 1 volt
+and it's supplying current if the I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supplying current if the I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's supplying current if the I is
+out in the other direction then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the other direction then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the other direction then it is
+supplying power. So in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying power. So in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplying power. So in this case the
+current I is going to be on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I is going to be on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I is going to be on the outside
+heading heading outside. So the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading heading outside. So the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading heading outside. So the total
+energy is going to be the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be the instantaneous
+the instantaneous power integrated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous power integrated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous power integrated over
+time. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so
+and that's simply VS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply VS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simply VS.
+Remember the the the infantious power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the the the infantious power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the the the infantious power is
+VS times the current I okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS times the current I okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS times the current I okay so the
+instantaneous power is simply VS * I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power is simply VS * I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power is simply VS * I.
+That's the instantaneous power. So to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the instantaneous power. So to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the instantaneous power. So to
+get the energy provided by source in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the energy provided by source in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the energy provided by source in
+some time I have to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time I have to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time I have to integrate the
+instantaneous power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous power
+over the period of interest t1. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of interest t1. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the period of interest t1. Okay
+that gives me the energy supplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the energy supplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the energy supplied by the
+source during t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source during t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source during t1
+and let me go ahead and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me go ahead and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me go ahead and uh
+substitute for vs substitute for i with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for vs substitute for i with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for vs substitute for i with
+this expression here. Okay, so it's VS *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here. Okay, so it's VS *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here. Okay, so it's VS *
+I and I is VS / R1 times this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I is VS / R1 times this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and I is VS / R1 times this expression
+here. So that gives me V S 2 / R1 E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So that gives me V S 2 / R1 E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So that gives me V S 2 / R1 E
+minus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus T
+R1 C DT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C DT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C DT.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so let me carry out the uh integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me carry out the uh integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me carry out the uh integration
+there and I get uh -1 by RC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so I get this outside and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I get this outside and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I get this outside and I also
+get to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to write down
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got to do that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do that a little bit more
+carefully. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. So uh
+v^ squ by r1 simply comes out and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ squ by r1 simply comes out and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v^ squ by r1 simply comes out and uh I
+get a minus r1 c in the numerator if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus r1 c in the numerator if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus r1 c in the numerator if I
+differentiate it then I get r1 c in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it then I get r1 c in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it then I get r1 c in the
+denominator. So for the integral that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So for the integral that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So for the integral that
+comes up here and then I write down e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up here and then I write down e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up here and then I write down e
+minus t / r1 c 0 and t1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t / r1 c 0 and t1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t / r1 c 0 and t1.
+Okay. So this r1 and this r1 cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this r1 and this r1 cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this r1 and this r1 cancel out
+and I end up getting something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I end up getting something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I end up getting something that
+looks like this. I get c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. I get c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. I get c
+vs squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs squ.
+Okay. And so here there's a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so here there's a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so here there's a minus sign
+out here. So at zero this thing goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. So at zero this thing goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. So at zero this thing goes to
+a one. So I get a one and because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one. So I get a one and because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one. So I get a one and because a
+minus sign I get e to the minus t1 r1 c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign I get e to the minus t1 r1 c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign I get e to the minus t1 r1 c.
+Okay. All I've done here is simply go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All I've done here is simply go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All I've done here is simply go
+through the math uh to do this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math uh to do this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the math uh to do this uh uh
+integration here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration here.
+Um what I'm also going to do is assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what I'm also going to do is assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what I'm also going to do is assume
+that if t1 if the time that the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if t1 if the time that the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if t1 if the time that the switch
+is closed is much much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed is much much bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed is much much bigger than the
+time constant of the circuit. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of the circuit. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of the circuit. Okay.
+Okay. So if T1 is much much greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if T1 is much much greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if T1 is much much greater than
+R1 C. Okay. If this is much much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C. Okay. If this is much much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 C. Okay. If this is much much greater
+than R1 C then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than R1 C then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than R1 C then
+this term goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero
+and this becomes more or less equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes more or less equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes more or less equal to C
+VS^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS^ squ.
+What do we have here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we have here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we have here?
+What we have here is that if I let this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we have here is that if I let this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we have here is that if I let this
+switch stay closed for a long time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch stay closed for a long time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch stay closed for a long time and
+S2B open then the voltage is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2B open then the voltage is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2B open then the voltage is going to
+supply some amount the voltage source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply some amount the voltage source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply some amount the voltage source is
+going to supply some amount of energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to supply some amount of energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to supply some amount of energy.
+Okay, that energy will equal C VS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that energy will equal C VS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that energy will equal C VS
+squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared.
+So the voltage across the capacitor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the voltage across the capacitor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the voltage across the capacitor will
+be VS and all that energy would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be VS and all that energy would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be VS and all that energy would have
+been supplied by this guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplied by this guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been supplied by this guy.
+So uh let me pose the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let me pose the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let me pose the following
+conundrum here. So if the voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum here. So if the voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum here. So if the voltage across
+the capacitor is VS we know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor is VS we know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor is VS we know the energy
+stored in the capacitor is half CV ^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the capacitor is half CV ^ 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the capacitor is half CV ^ 2.
+So the energy in the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the energy in the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the energy in the capacitor
+is half C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half C
+VS 2. At the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS 2. At the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VS 2. At the end of the day
+since the voltage across the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the voltage across the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the voltage across the capacitor
+is VS/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VS/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is VS/
+CVs squ is the energy stored here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ is the energy stored here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ is the energy stored here.
+But we know from this calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know from this calculation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know from this calculation the
+source has supplied CVs squ. So source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source has supplied CVs squ. So source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source has supplied CVs squ. So source
+has supplied twice that energy. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has supplied twice that energy. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has supplied twice that energy. Okay. So
+this guy has supplied twice that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has supplied twice that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has supplied twice that energy
+and only half of that is stored here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only half of that is stored here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only half of that is stored here.
+Okay. So who ate up the other half?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So who ate up the other half?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So who ate up the other half?
+The resistor. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resistor. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resistor. Exactly.
+Okay. So the resistor has woped half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the resistor has woped half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the resistor has woped half the
+energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy.
+Okay. So let me just show it to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me just show it to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me just show it to you.
+So it dissipated half cvs squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it dissipated half cvs squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it dissipated half cvs squared.
+It's pretty interesting. It's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty interesting. It's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's pretty interesting. It's a pretty
+simple result. If t1 is is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple result. If t1 is is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple result. If t1 is is very large
+compared to time constant, then half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to time constant, then half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to time constant, then half the
+energy is on the capacitor and half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is on the capacitor and half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is on the capacitor and half of
+it has been burned by R1. Okay, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been burned by R1. Okay, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been burned by R1. Okay, this
+energy hasn't been burned. It is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy hasn't been burned. It is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy hasn't been burned. It is simply
+stored.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored.
+Okay, it's stored by the capacitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's stored by the capacitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it's stored by the capacitor.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh if you do a simple uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh if you do a simple uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh if you do a simple uh energy
+conservation uh arithmetic here, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation uh arithmetic here, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation uh arithmetic here, the
+energy disappeared in the resistor plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy disappeared in the resistor plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy disappeared in the resistor plus
+that stored in the capacitor equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stored in the capacitor equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stored in the capacitor equals the
+energy supplied by the source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supplied by the source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy supplied by the source.
+Okay. All right. Let's go to T2. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Let's go to T2. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. Let's go to T2. Now
+at T2 S2 is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T2 S2 is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T2 S2 is closed
+and S1 is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's look at the second part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the second part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's look at the second part of the
+cycle when S1 is open and S2 is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle when S1 is open and S2 is closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle when S1 is open and S2 is closed.
+And what's going to happen now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's going to happen now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what's going to happen now is the
+left hand part of the circuit can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand part of the circuit can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand part of the circuit can be uh
+ignored and I can focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored and I can focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored and I can focus on
+this part. So S2 is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part. So S2 is closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part. So S2 is closed.
+This is R2 my capacitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is R2 my capacitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is R2 my capacitor.
+This is VC. This is a circuit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is VC. This is a circuit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is VC. This is a circuit of
+interest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest.
+So what's the initial condition on this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the initial condition on this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's the initial condition on this?
+What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is
+what is the value of VC initially?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of VC initially?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of VC initially?
+So I start off because remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I start off because remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I start off because remember I
+allowed this capacitor to charge up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this capacitor to charge up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed this capacitor to charge up
+fully and so initially I have VS on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully and so initially I have VS on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully and so initially I have VS on the
+capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the energy on the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the energy on the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the energy on the capacitor
+initially is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially is half
+C v² that's the energy on the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C v² that's the energy on the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C v² that's the energy on the capacitor
+but this time around I won't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time around I won't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time around I won't go through
+an integral uh integration process like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral uh integration process like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral uh integration process like
+that but you can if you like and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you can if you like and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you can if you like and do it
+in a much simpler manner to say that Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much simpler manner to say that Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much simpler manner to say that Now
+let's suppose that t2 is much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that t2 is much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that t2 is much greater
+than this time constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If t2 is much greater than r2c this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If t2 is much greater than r2c this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If t2 is much greater than r2c this time
+constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant.
+So if that time is much greater then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that time is much greater then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if that time is much greater then
+this entire the initial voltage vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire the initial voltage vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire the initial voltage vs
+okay drives the current through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay drives the current through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay drives the current through the
+resistor and after some amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and after some amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and after some amount of time
+the the voltage across the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage across the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the voltage across the capacitor
+goes to zero. Okay. And all the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. Okay. And all the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. Okay. And all the energy
+in the capacitor gets dissipated in R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capacitor gets dissipated in R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capacitor gets dissipated in R.
+Okay. So if if T2 is much greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if if T2 is much greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if if T2 is much greater than
+R2C then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated
+in R2 is simply half C VS 2. So notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R2 is simply half C VS 2. So notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R2 is simply half C VS 2. So notice
+that the energy dissipated in in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy dissipated in in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy dissipated in in that in
+in R1 in the first half cycle is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R1 in the first half cycle is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R1 in the first half cycle is half
+CVs squ and the second half cycle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ and the second half cycle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ and the second half cycle in
+during T2 if T2 is large enough all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during T2 if T2 is large enough all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during T2 if T2 is large enough all this
+energy gets dissipated uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets dissipated uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy gets dissipated uh in this
+resistor R2 and uh I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor R2 and uh I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor R2 and uh I have that
+expression here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here.
+Okay. Okay. So let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me say that this is E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me say that this is E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me say that this is E1
+and let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me say
+that this is E2. So E1 is dissipated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is E2. So E1 is dissipated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is E2. So E1 is dissipated in
+the resistor and E2 is dissipated in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor and E2 is dissipated in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor and E2 is dissipated in R2
+in the uh second half cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh second half cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh second half cycle.
+So a couple of interesting things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a couple of interesting things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a couple of interesting things to
+note at this point. One is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note at this point. One is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note at this point. One is that
+E1 and E2 are independent of R. Okay. U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and E2 are independent of R. Okay. U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and E2 are independent of R. Okay. U
+if the time constant is small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time constant is small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the time constant is small enough
+compared to the time that I charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the time that I charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the time that I charge the
+capacitor then half the energy gets lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor then half the energy gets lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor then half the energy gets lost
+in the resistor and that is simply half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resistor and that is simply half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the resistor and that is simply half
+CVs squ and if I let this discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ and if I let this discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVs squ and if I let this discharge
+completely it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it doesn't matter what
+resistor I'm discharging it through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor I'm discharging it through.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor I'm discharging it through.
+That's the intuition. If I have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the intuition. If I have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the intuition. If I have certain
+energy here and I let it discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here and I let it discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here and I let it discharge
+completely, it doesn't matter what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely, it doesn't matter what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely, it doesn't matter what this
+resistor is. Small or how large doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is. Small or how large doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is. Small or how large doesn't
+matter. All this energy gets dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. All this energy gets dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. All this energy gets dissipated
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Okay. The rate at which the energy gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The rate at which the energy gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The rate at which the energy gets
+dissipated will change depending on R2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated will change depending on R2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipated will change depending on R2.
+Okay? If R2 is very small, then I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If R2 is very small, then I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If R2 is very small, then I get a
+burst of power initially and then uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst of power initially and then uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burst of power initially and then uh a
+rapid decay after that. But if R2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid decay after that. But if R2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid decay after that. But if R2 is
+very large, then I have a much slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large, then I have a much slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large, then I have a much slower
+release of energy. But suffice it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of energy. But suffice it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of energy. But suffice it to say
+that the energy dissipated the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy dissipated the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy dissipated the total
+energy in T2 is simply half CBS^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in T2 is simply half CBS^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in T2 is simply half CBS^ squ.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's put the
+T1 and T2 together and look at the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and T2 together and look at the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and T2 together and look at the total
+energy dissipated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dissipated uh
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+total energy dissipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy dissipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy dissipated
+E is simply E1 plus E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is simply E1 plus E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is simply E1 plus E2
+okay dissipated in each cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dissipated in each cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dissipated in each cycle
+assuming T1 and T2 two are much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming T1 and T2 two are much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming T1 and T2 two are much larger
+than the respective time constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the respective time constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the respective time constants.
+Okay. And and I know that this is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And and I know that this is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And and I know that this is half
+CBS squ. So this is simply CV squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if I have an arrangement of switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have an arrangement of switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have an arrangement of switches
+and capacitors like that, I charge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capacitors like that, I charge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capacitors like that, I charge the
+capacitor, discharge the capacitor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, discharge the capacitor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor, discharge the capacitor,
+charge the capacitor, discharge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the capacitor, discharge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the capacitor, discharge the
+capacitor. What it's saying is that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. What it's saying is that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. What it's saying is that in a
+charge discharge cycle I'm using up CVS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge discharge cycle I'm using up CVS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge discharge cycle I'm using up CVS
+squ of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ of energy
+half CVS when I charge it up and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half CVS when I charge it up and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half CVS when I charge it up and half
+CVS 2 when I discharge it. That's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVS 2 when I discharge it. That's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CVS 2 when I discharge it. That's what I
+get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+Let's let's compute the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's compute the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's let's compute the average
+power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. uh the average power dissipated P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh the average power dissipated P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh the average power dissipated P
+average in a cycle is simply E divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in a cycle is simply E divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in a cycle is simply E divided
+by T where T is the uh period of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T where T is the uh period of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T where T is the uh period of my uh
+of the square wave sequence that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square wave sequence that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square wave sequence that I've
+shown you out there. Well, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you out there. Well, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you out there. Well, this is
+simply CV S^ 2 / T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if the period of the square wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the period of the square wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the period of the square wave is
+capital T, I can express that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T, I can express that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T, I can express that as a
+frequency. Let's say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Let's say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Let's say for example
+the period of the square wave is t. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of the square wave is t. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period of the square wave is t. So
+let's say the frequency of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the frequency of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the frequency of the square
+wave is simply 1 byt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is simply 1 byt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is simply 1 byt.
+Okay. So I can also express this as c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can also express this as c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can also express this as c
+vs^ 2 f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what does this say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me mark that as uh thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me mark that as uh thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me mark that as uh thing to
+remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember.
+The second thing to remember one was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second thing to remember one was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second thing to remember one was the
+uh the power that was uh the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the power that was uh the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the power that was uh the static
+power and second is this power relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and second is this power relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and second is this power relating
+to this frequency f and the charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this frequency f and the charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this frequency f and the charging and
+discharging of the capacitor uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging of the capacitor uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging of the capacitor uh in that
+little circuit shown up there. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circuit shown up there. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circuit shown up there. So this
+average power is cvs^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power is cvs^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average power is cvs^ squ.
+What this is saying is that if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this is saying is that if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this is saying is that if f is
+high, if I have high frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, if I have high frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high, if I have high frequency of
+charging and discharging the capacitor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging and discharging the capacitor,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging and discharging the capacitor,
+then I'm charging and discharging much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm charging and discharging much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm charging and discharging much
+more frequently. So, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently. So, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more frequently. So, I'm going to
+consume more power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume more power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume more power.
+Okay? Notice that at any given time, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Notice that at any given time, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Notice that at any given time, uh
+there is no direct connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no direct connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no direct connection between
+the power supply and the ground. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply and the ground. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power supply and the ground. What
+I'm doing is my capacitor is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is my capacitor is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing is my capacitor is an
+intermediary. and dumping some charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary. and dumping some charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary. and dumping some charge in
+the capacitor and the capacitor dumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor and the capacitor dumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor and the capacitor dumping
+the charge into ground. Okay, it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge into ground. Okay, it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge into ground. Okay, it behaves
+like a switched capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a switched capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a switched capacitor
+and what it's doing is it's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's doing is it's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it's doing is it's being
+charged and discharged at frequency f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and discharged at frequency f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and discharged at frequency f.
+So it makes sense that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it makes sense that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it makes sense that the amount of
+current that I'm average current pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that I'm average current pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that I'm average current pumping
+that I'm pumping through relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm pumping through relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm pumping through relates to the
+frequency of at which I'm charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of at which I'm charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of at which I'm charging and
+discharging the capacitor. And similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor. And similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor. And similarly
+uh the average power also relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average power also relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the average power also relates to the
+value of the capacitor. If C is larger I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the capacitor. If C is larger I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the capacitor. If C is larger I
+uh dissipate more energy and same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dissipate more energy and same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dissipate more energy and same way
+with the voltage. If the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage. If the voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage. If the voltage is
+higher then the power in that period or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then the power in that period or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then the power in that period or
+the average power relates to VS^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So u spend a few seconds staring at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So u spend a few seconds staring at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So u spend a few seconds staring at the
+two uh expressions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh expressions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh expressions.
+this power here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this power here
+relating to uh just this connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to uh just this connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to uh just this connection
+between the power supply and ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the power supply and ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the power supply and ground and
+that power out there relating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power out there relating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power out there relating to
+charging and discharging capacitors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, um let's get back to our inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um let's get back to our inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um let's get back to our inverter
+right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is our inverter circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our inverter circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our inverter circuit
+and let us say that I drive the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us say that I drive the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let us say that I drive the input
+with the waveform shown here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the waveform shown here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the waveform shown here.
+Okay, I go back to the same situation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I go back to the same situation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I go back to the same situation as
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay, I drive the input with a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I drive the input with a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I drive the input with a square
+wave uh with in with t1 and t2 uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh with in with t1 and t2 uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave uh with in with t1 and t2 uh as the
+high time and the low time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high time and the low time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high time and the low time.
+The equivalent circuit for this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The equivalent circuit for this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The equivalent circuit for this is not
+exactly what we saw there. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we saw there. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we saw there. But the
+equivalent circuit for this will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit for this will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent circuit for this will look
+like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a VS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a VS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a VS.
+Okay. And the VS supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is connected through RL.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V connected through RL to a capacitor C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. This is my voltage V KN. So VS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is my voltage V KN. So VS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. This is my voltage V KN. So VS is
+always connected to ground through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always connected to ground through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always connected to ground through this
+resistor and capacitor in this manner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and capacitor in this manner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and capacitor in this manner.
+And then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I have
+a resistor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resistor here
+R on corresponding to that MOSFET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R on corresponding to that MOSFET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R on corresponding to that MOSFET
+and there I am switching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there I am switching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there I am switching it
+on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and off
+in a way that it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is on during T1 and off during T2. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on during T1 and off during T2. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on during T1 and off during T2. Okay,
+so the situation here is a bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation here is a bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the situation here is a bit different
+from that simple situation I computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that simple situation I computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that simple situation I computed
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So much like I computed the uh power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So much like I computed the uh power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So much like I computed the uh power
+dissipation in that circuit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can go ahead and compute the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go ahead and compute the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can go ahead and compute the total
+power dissipated in this circuit. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipated in this circuit. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power dissipated in this circuit. Okay,
+I won't do it here. tends to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't do it here. tends to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't do it here. tends to be the
+algebra tends to be a bit more grubbier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra tends to be a bit more grubbier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra tends to be a bit more grubbier
+than what I've been through and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I've been through and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what I've been through and uh
+suffice it to say that you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say that you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it to say that you can show
+that the average power is given by V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RL + R on plus C V² F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL + R on plus C V² F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL + R on plus C V² F
+RL 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And uh for details I suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh for details I suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And uh for details I suggest that
+you look at section 12.3 of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at section 12.3 of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at section 12.3 of the course
+notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes.
+So section 12.3 goes through the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So section 12.3 goes through the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So section 12.3 goes through the algebra
+to compute the total power dissipated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the total power dissipated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the total power dissipated by
+this circuit by this specific circuit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit by this specific circuit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuit by this specific circuit.
+And here's the expression we get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the expression we get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the expression we get.
+Okay. And let's take the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And let's take the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And let's take the specific
+situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RL is much greater than Ron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL is much greater than Ron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL is much greater than Ron.
+If RL is much greater than Ron then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If RL is much greater than Ron then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If RL is much greater than Ron then
+I can ignore this Ron here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And I get this. And out here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I get this. And out here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I get this. And out here if I
+ignore Ron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore Ron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore Ron
+then RL and R RL cancel out and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then RL and R RL cancel out and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then RL and R RL cancel out and I get
+CVs 2 F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I ignore Ron compared to RL, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I ignore Ron compared to RL, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I ignore Ron compared to RL, this is
+the expression I get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression I get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression I get.
+Okay, now you can see why why I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now you can see why why I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, now you can see why why I went
+through those two examples. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those two examples. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through those two examples. This is
+exactly the power consumed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the power consumed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the power consumed by the
+connection between power supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between power supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between power supply and
+ground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground.
+And this CV squ is the power consumed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this CV squ is the power consumed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this CV squ is the power consumed in
+charging and discharging the capacitor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging and discharging the capacitor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging and discharging the capacitor.
+If you look at the circuit here, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at the circuit here, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at the circuit here, it's
+consuming two kinds of power. One kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming two kinds of power. One kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming two kinds of power. One kind
+of power is due to the current flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power is due to the current flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power is due to the current flowing
+directly from VS through RL and Ron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from VS through RL and Ron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from VS through RL and Ron
+to ground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground.
+Okay. Oh, this also assumes by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Oh, this also assumes by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Oh, this also assumes by the way
+this assumes that T1 is equal to T2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+so up in this circuit there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up in this circuit there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up in this circuit there are two
+kinds of power. One is the power when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of power. One is the power when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of power. One is the power when
+the switch is on and have a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is on and have a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch is on and have a current
+flowing from VS to RL to ground.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from VS to RL to ground.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing from VS to RL to ground.
+Okay. And notice I get an extra factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And notice I get an extra factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And notice I get an extra factor
+of two in the denominator here. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two in the denominator here. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two in the denominator here. And that
+two comes about because the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two comes about because the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two comes about because the connection
+to ground only happens half the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground only happens half the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ground only happens half the time.
+Okay? It's half that power out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's half that power out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? It's half that power out there
+because I'm connected to ground only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm connected to ground only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm connected to ground only
+when the switch is on. And that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is on. And that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the switch is on. And that that
+happens only half the time. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens only half the time. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens only half the time. And so
+therefore I get the VS squid by 2 R1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get the VS squid by 2 R1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get the VS squid by 2 R1.
+And then CVs squ is simply the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then CVs squ is simply the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then CVs squ is simply the power
+that I consume because I'm charging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I consume because I'm charging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I consume because I'm charging and
+discharging the capacitor C. Okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor C. Okay. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharging the capacitor C. Okay. Okay.
+So notice that in this inverter circuit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So notice that in this inverter circuit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So notice that in this inverter circuit,
+there are two kinds of power. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of power. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of power. One is
+called the standby power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standby power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the standby power
+with the static power being consumed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the static power being consumed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the static power being consumed by
+the circuit and the second power is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit and the second power is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit and the second power is the
+dynamic power because the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power because the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic power because the circuit
+switching up and down. This relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching up and down. This relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching up and down. This relates to
+the star and this relates to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star and this relates to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star and this relates to the double
+star. And to demonstrate that um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And to demonstrate that um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And to demonstrate that um I have
+a little demonstration here that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little demonstration here that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little demonstration here that show
+has an inverter and I'm going to up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an inverter and I'm going to up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an inverter and I'm going to up the
+frequency of the square wave driving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the square wave driving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the square wave driving the
+inverter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I'm going to show you a few numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to show you a few numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to show you a few numbers.
+So hang on for two minutes uh after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hang on for two minutes uh after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So hang on for two minutes uh after this
+after this demo. Uh I I'll give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this demo. Uh I I'll give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this demo. Uh I I'll give you some
+numbers, but I want you to go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, but I want you to go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, but I want you to go ahead and
+compute the numbers based on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the numbers based on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the numbers based on what we've
+seen here. And uh you will get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here. And uh you will get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here. And uh you will get uh
+suitably impressed. I'm I promise you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitably impressed. I'm I promise you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitably impressed. I'm I promise you.
+So this is the input fed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the input fed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the input fed to the
+inverter. This is the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter. This is the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter. This is the output of the
+inverter. Notice that the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter. Notice that the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter. Notice that the output of the
+inverter reflects the the uh some sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter reflects the the uh some sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter reflects the the uh some sums
+of an RC time constant because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an RC time constant because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an RC time constant because of the
+output driving the capacitor. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output driving the capacitor. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output driving the capacitor. And the
+same way here. So I start off by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way here. So I start off by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way here. So I start off by showing
+you that on the left hand side I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that on the left hand side I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that on the left hand side I show
+you a uh I'm simply measuring the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a uh I'm simply measuring the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a uh I'm simply measuring the uh
+power being consumed by the circuit. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power being consumed by the circuit. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power being consumed by the circuit. And
+notice that the power being consumed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the power being consumed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the power being consumed is
+uh you know expressed by the needle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know expressed by the needle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know expressed by the needle
+being at this point here. So this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at this point here. So this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being at this point here. So this is uh
+this a very low frequency. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a very low frequency. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a very low frequency. So this is
+almost all standby power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all standby power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all standby power.
+Okay. Consumed by the inverter. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Consumed by the inverter. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Consumed by the inverter. All
+right. So the inverter is on half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the inverter is on half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So the inverter is on half the
+time and when it's on it's consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and when it's on it's consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and when it's on it's consuming
+power. So what I'm going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. So what I'm going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power. So what I'm going to do now is
+increase the frequency. As I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency. As I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency. As I increase
+the frequency driving the inverter, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency driving the inverter, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency driving the inverter, what
+should happen to this needle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen to this needle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen to this needle?
+So as I increase the frequency there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I increase the frequency there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as I increase the frequency there,
+that waveform should become closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waveform should become closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that waveform should become closer and
+closer together. And what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together. And what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together. And what should happen
+to the needle? That should begin to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the needle? That should begin to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the needle? That should begin to go
+up. So as increase the frequency, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So as increase the frequency, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So as increase the frequency, it
+should consume more and more power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consume more and more power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consume more and more power and
+the needle should start start going up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle should start start going up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the needle should start start going up.
+So let me do that for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me do that for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me do that for you.
+So it's uh in terms of numbers there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's uh in terms of numbers there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's uh in terms of numbers there,
+it's on top of uh the four on the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on top of uh the four on the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on top of uh the four on the scale
+in the middle. So I'm going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle. So I'm going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle. So I'm going to increase
+the frequency very slowly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Unfortunately, the sampling scope makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, the sampling scope makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, the sampling scope makes
+the messes up the waveform. So ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messes up the waveform. So ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messes up the waveform. So ignore
+the waveform for now. Just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform for now. Just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveform for now. Just look at the
+uh meter as increase the frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, notice that I've uh increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, notice that I've uh increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, notice that I've uh increased the
+frequency by about a factor of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency by about a factor of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency by about a factor of two or
+three. And notice here that this meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. And notice here that this meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. And notice here that this meter
+has moved the the needle has moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved the the needle has moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has moved the the needle has moved to
+the right. And I can keep doing that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. And I can keep doing that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right. And I can keep doing that.
+And the needle keeps moving to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the needle keeps moving to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the needle keeps moving to the right
+as I'm consuming more and more power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm consuming more and more power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm consuming more and more power
+because I'm driving the inverter faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm driving the inverter faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm driving the inverter faster
+and faster and faster. Okay. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster and faster. Okay. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faster and faster. Okay. So that
+that should convince you that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should convince you that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should convince you that there is a
+standby power and there's some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standby power and there's some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standby power and there's some power
+component related to frequency. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component related to frequency. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component related to frequency. This
+relates to your standby power in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to your standby power in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to your standby power in your
+cell phone. This relates relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone. This relates relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone. This relates relates to
+active use. So let me show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active use. So let me show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active use. So let me show you some
+numbers and you can plug those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you can plug those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and you can plug those numbers
+in yourself and see how much power this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yourself and see how much power this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in yourself and see how much power this
+inverter is going to consume and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter is going to consume and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter is going to consume and see if
+it makes sense. So assume that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense. So assume that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense. So assume that I have a
+chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with 10 to the 8 gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 to the 8 gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 to the 8 gates
+F is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is one
+gigahertz that's 10 the 9. Assume C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz that's 10 the 9. Assume C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz that's 10 the 9. Assume C is
+0.1 phento farads which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 phento farads which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 phento farads which is uh
+10us 16 farads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 16 farads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10us 16 farads.
+Assume vs is 5 volts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume vs is 5 volts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume vs is 5 volts.
+Assume RL is 10 kiloohms. Okay, use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume RL is 10 kiloohms. Okay, use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume RL is 10 kiloohms. Okay, use
+these numbers. Plug these numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers. Plug these numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers. Plug these numbers in
+here and get a sense if our modern day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a sense if our modern day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a sense if our modern day
+circuitry used that inverter. Okay, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry used that inverter. Okay, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry used that inverter. Okay, what
+would be the power consumed by a chip uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the power consumed by a chip uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the power consumed by a chip uh
+that contains 10 to the eight of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains 10 to the eight of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains 10 to the eight of these
+gates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates?
+Okay, you will find out that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you will find out that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you will find out that you may
+have to use a nuclear power reactor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a nuclear power reactor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use a nuclear power reactor to
+actually drive that chip. But go check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive that chip. But go check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drive that chip. But go check
+it out for yourselves. In the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for yourselves. In the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out for yourselves. In the next
+lecture, we will see then how do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we will see then how do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, we will see then how do our
+cell phones work? How does the life go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones work? How does the life go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phones work? How does the life go
+on? Uh you know despite this horrendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Uh you know despite this horrendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Uh you know despite this horrendous
+calculation here,
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w_Ufl9paaBc.txt b/w_Ufl9paaBc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c996989ade295919da408b5776d13c0d89055a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w_Ufl9paaBc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+like like for people who are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like for people who are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like for people who are like
+considering taking junior lab I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering taking junior lab I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering taking junior lab I think
+like some people are scared or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people are scared or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some people are scared or don't
+want to take it if they're like if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it if they're like if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take it if they're like if they
+want to be like a theoretical physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be like a theoretical physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be like a theoretical physicist
+but I think like even though you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think like even though you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think like even though you want to
+be a theorist like in the future it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a theorist like in the future it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a theorist like in the future it's
+still helpful to like know about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still helpful to like know about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still helpful to like know about like
+experimental side and learn about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental side and learn about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental side and learn about like
+how to do experiments and how it works
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zEf_dECRUjY.txt b/zEf_dECRUjY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69b2bf975acd3818f20ea991f651a531e1bd9b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zEf_dECRUjY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue okay
+so where are we so we we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we so we we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where are we so we we did a little
+detour to Zer knowledge and we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour to Zer knowledge and we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour to Zer knowledge and we even
+showed a zero knowledge proof now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a zero knowledge proof now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a zero knowledge proof now I know
+I did it very very handwavy actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it very very handwavy actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it very very handwavy actually
+didn't plan to really teach zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't plan to really teach zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't plan to really teach zero
+knowledge even though it's hard not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge even though it's hard not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge even though it's hard not to
+because it's so beautiful um but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so beautiful um but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so beautiful um but what I
+did want to what the reason I'm pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did want to what the reason I'm pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did want to what the reason I'm pointing
+out this I mean we will use it it's G we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this I mean we will use it it's G we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this I mean we will use it it's G we
+will touch Z knowledge some more next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch Z knowledge some more next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will touch Z knowledge some more next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but this protocol is at least half sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this protocol is at least half sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this protocol is at least half sound
+is half now let's see what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half now let's see what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half now let's see what happens if we
+apply fimir to it and let's say we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fimir to it and let's say we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fimir to it and let's say we apply
+even the random orical model featuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the random orical model featuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the random orical model featuring
+the random orical model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random orical model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random orical model because
+remember we started by asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we started by asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we started by asking the
+it sound we don't know and then we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound we don't know and then we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound we don't know and then we said
+you know what but if instead of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what but if instead of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what but if instead of actually
+a hash function you use random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function you use random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function you use random Oracle
+like a completely random function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a completely random function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a completely random function then
+of course it should be sound because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it should be sound because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it should be sound because
+what does it matter intuitively what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it matter intuitively what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it matter intuitively what
+does it matter if the prover is talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter if the prover is talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter if the prover is talking
+with a verifier or he's talking with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verifier or he's talking with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a verifier or he's talking with the
+hash function it's kind of so if it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function it's kind of so if it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function it's kind of so if it will
+sound when he was talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound when he was talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound when he was talking to the
+verifier the verifier sends him random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier the verifier sends him random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier the verifier sends him random
+bits it should be tell when talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits it should be tell when talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits it should be tell when talk to the
+hash F because the hash function also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash F because the hash function also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash F because the hash function also
+send them random bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them random bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them random bit
+almost almost true but but not why let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost true but but not why let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost almost true but but not why let's
+look at this example I'm going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example I'm going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example I'm going to tell
+you how I can easily cheat in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I can easily cheat in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how I can easily cheat in the random
+oral model okay so I have a g it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral model okay so I have a g it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oral model okay so I have a g it's not
+in the it's not in the language it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's not in the language it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the it's not in the language it does
+not have a hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a hamiltonian
+cycle what I'm going to do I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle what I'm going to do I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle what I'm going to do I'm gonna
+hope for the best what do I mean hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for the best what do I mean hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for the best what do I mean hope
+for the best I'm gonna guess your B I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best I'm gonna guess your B I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best I'm gonna guess your B I
+say you know what let me try to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what let me try to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what let me try to guess
+what the what the B of the hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the B of the hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the B of the hash function
+is going to be I don't know it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be I don't know it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be I don't know it's going
+to be it's a random function let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's a random function let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's a random function let me
+guess it's zero so because it's zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's zero so because it's zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's zero so because it's zero I
+know I'm going to be asked to open on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to be asked to open on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to be asked to open on
+the cycle so I'm going to commit to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle so I'm going to commit to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle so I'm going to commit to a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+cycle this is some string Alpha I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is some string Alpha I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle this is some string Alpha I'm
+going to go to my hash function give him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to my hash function give him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go to my hash function give him
+a x and Alpha my G and Alpha and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x and Alpha my G and Alpha and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x and Alpha my G and Alpha and I get
+back a bit B if it's zero huh I open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a bit B if it's zero huh I open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a bit B if it's zero huh I open and
+I'm happy if it's not zero I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy if it's not zero I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy if it's not zero I'll try
+again again I'm going to choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again I'm going to choose a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again I'm going to choose a random
+I can always choose zero or I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always choose zero or I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always choose zero or I can just
+choose kind of a random uh bit if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose kind of a random uh bit if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose kind of a random uh bit if it's
+one I'm going to you know I can commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to you know I can commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to you know I can commit
+to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all
+zeros because anyway I just need to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros because anyway I just need to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros because anyway I just need to open
+zeros I'll just commit to the all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros I'll just commit to the all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros I'll just commit to the all zeros
+and then when you open I give you a pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you open I give you a pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you open I give you a pie
+and I'll open the non-edges see Zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll open the non-edges see Zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll open the non-edges see Zero the
+point is I can rerun you in the in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I can rerun you in the in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I can rerun you in the in in
+the in in the actual protocol yeah with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the actual protocol yeah with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the actual protocol yeah with
+probility half I win but I I can't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probility half I win but I I can't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probility half I win but I I can't like
+I I can't tell you okay let's try oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't tell you okay let's try oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't tell you okay let's try oh
+didn't work let me try again say no you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work let me try again say no you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work let me try again say no you
+you failed you you don't get to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you failed you you don't get to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you failed you you don't get to try
+again I know that if you try again again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I know that if you try again again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I know that if you try again again
+eventually you'll win so you got one run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll win so you got one run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'll win so you got one run
+try with the random Oracle I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try with the random Oracle I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try with the random Oracle I have the
+Oracle so I can abuse it so I can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle so I can abuse it so I can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle so I can abuse it so I can try
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+times and that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and that's how I
+break okay so what did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so what did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break okay so what did we
+learn let's go back to the random oracal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn let's go back to the random oracal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn let's go back to the random oracal
+modotto so first it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modotto so first it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modotto so first it's not
+secure or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound if PV if the pro if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol has non negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness if you
+can cheat with probability non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat with probability non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat with probability non-
+negligible you're going to try try try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible you're going to try try try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible you're going to try try try
+until you it works and then you present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you it works and then you present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you it works and then you present
+that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a
+proof so that was Leo's question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so that was Leo's question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so that was Leo's question and the
+answer is it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it's not
+sound okay so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay so then you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+fine is it sound of the protocol has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine is it sound of the protocol has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine is it sound of the protocol has
+negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness and the answer is
+no okay so also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so also not
+sound if protocol has NE ible sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay that seems a bit sad but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay that seems a bit sad but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay that seems a bit sad but let me
+give you the counter example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the counter example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the counter example okay so
+consider go let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider go let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider go let's go back to our
+beautiful zero knowledge protocol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful zero knowledge protocol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful zero knowledge protocol here
+and it has only sound is half that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has only sound is half that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has only sound is half that was
+kind of the complaint right fine let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the complaint right fine let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the complaint right fine let me
+make the sound is negligible even two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound is negligible even two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the sound is negligible even two
+the minus Lambda for you okay how let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus Lambda for you okay how let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus Lambda for you okay how let's
+repeat it eventually Le the times okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it eventually Le the times okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it eventually Le the times okay
+so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a
+g I send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g I send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g I send you
+commitment of a supposedly a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment of a supposedly a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment of a supposedly a random
+cycle you send me a bit I open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you send me a bit I open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle you send me a bit I open
+accordingly but then you're like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly but then you're like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly but then you're like okay
+okay wait I'm not convinced let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wait I'm not convinced let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wait I'm not convinced let's try
+again fine I send you another commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fine I send you another commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again fine I send you another commitment
+you send me another random bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me another random bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me another random bit I
+reveal then he say no no no not still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal then he say no no no not still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal then he say no no no not still
+not happy let's do it again and we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy let's do it again and we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not happy let's do it again and we do it
+land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times now if all the time every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now if all the time every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now if all the time every single
+time I'm accepted you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm accepted you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm accepted you're pretty
+convinced now the probability that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced now the probability that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced now the probability that I can
+cheat is one over two Lambda because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat is one over two Lambda because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat is one over two Lambda because
+every time with probity have you catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time with probity have you catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time with probity have you catch
+me if I did all them correctly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I did all them correctly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I did all them correctly so it's
+very negligible it's exponentially small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negligible it's exponentially small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negligible it's exponentially small
+now I want to argue I can cheat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to argue I can cheat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to argue I can cheat in the
+random Oracle model how exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Oracle model how exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Oracle model how exactly the same
+thing how do I cheat I first I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how do I cheat I first I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how do I cheat I first I do not
+have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+Beta 2 gamma two alpha right okay Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta 2 gamma two alpha right okay Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta 2 gamma two alpha right okay Alpha
+let's start I I'm the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start I I'm the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start I I'm the cheating
+po I try I guess B1 is g to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po I try I guess B1 is g to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po I try I guess B1 is g to be zero
+Alpha One no fine I work hard I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha One no fine I work hard I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha One no fine I work hard I get my
+alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One good now Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One good now Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One good now Alpha
+two same thing I choose I guess beta two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two same thing I choose I guess beta two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two same thing I choose I guess beta two
+but I keep the first transcript I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep the first transcript I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I keep the first transcript I don't
+toss it away I keep the first transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss it away I keep the first transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss it away I keep the first transcript
+and then I guess beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I guess beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I guess beta
+two if I guess correctly good if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I guess correctly good if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if I guess correctly good if I
+didn't I'm going to redo now and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I'm going to redo now and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I'm going to redo now and after
+count of number of times I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of number of times I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count of number of times I'm going to
+get the second transcript probably after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second transcript probably after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second transcript probably after
+twice but whatever and then I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but whatever and then I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but whatever and then I always
+keep the first kind of I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first kind of I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the first kind of I don't
+know as many transcripts I had and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as many transcripts I had and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as many transcripts I had and I
+extended so I can convince you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended so I can convince you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended so I can convince you
+yeah repetition ah very good very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah repetition ah very good very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah repetition ah very good very good
+so the question is what about parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what about parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what about parallel
+repetition okay yeah this this SP thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition okay yeah this this SP thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition okay yeah this this SP thing
+is fine if you hash the entire previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine if you hash the entire previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine if you hash the entire previous
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+because you can just you can just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just you can just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can just you can just get a
+new commment until you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happy yeah so let me let me emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy yeah so let me let me emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy yeah so let me let me emphasize
+actually that's a very good it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a very good it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a very good it's a good
+a good a good uh point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good uh point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good uh point that you're
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+note when we apply F meal I I'm applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when we apply F meal I I'm applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note when we apply F meal I I'm applying
+the hat and what I said is oh I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat and what I said is oh I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat and what I said is oh I do the
+same exact attack I get one protocol I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exact attack I get one protocol I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exact attack I get one protocol I
+get an like I get one transcript Le the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an like I get one transcript Le the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an like I get one transcript Le the
+transcript I'm done note that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript I'm done note that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript I'm done note that every time
+I hash everything from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hash everything from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hash everything from the beginning
+like the hash is an alpha 1 beta 1 GMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hash is an alpha 1 beta 1 GMA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hash is an alpha 1 beta 1 GMA
+one alpha 2 Beta 2 but so what I'm fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alpha 2 Beta 2 but so what I'm fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one alpha 2 Beta 2 but so what I'm fine
+if I let's say I got the first you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I let's say I got the first you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I let's say I got the first you know
+let's say three transcript worked out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say three transcript worked out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say three transcript worked out so
+I have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have alpha 1 beta 1 Gamma One Alpha 2
+and Alpha 3 now I'm in the fourth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 3 now I'm in the fourth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 3 now I'm in the fourth I
+guess beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess beta
+four I choose Alpha 4 accordingly I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I choose Alpha 4 accordingly I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four I choose Alpha 4 accordingly I have
+from the beginning like the fash and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning like the fash and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning like the fash and I
+hope to see my bet four my I see it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to see my bet four my I see it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to see my bet four my I see it I'm
+happy I compute gam four and I continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I compute gam four and I continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I compute gam four and I continue
+I don't see it I try Alpha 3 again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see it I try Alpha 3 again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see it I try Alpha 3 again with
+I I don't ask my first two that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't ask my first two that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't ask my first two that I
+already did successfully I every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did successfully I every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did successfully I every time
+extend and the point is I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend and the point is I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend and the point is I can always
+extend in conon overhead kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend in conon overhead kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend in conon overhead kind of thing
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+B so the run time no okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the run time no okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the run time no okay so the
+question look how long it I'm bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question look how long it I'm bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question look how long it I'm bounded
+cheating Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating Pro
+how long does it take me every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take me every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long does it take me every
+transcript I it takes me kind of um I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript I it takes me kind of um I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript I it takes me kind of um I I
+I do Conant number an average I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do Conant number an average I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do Conant number an average I do
+constant number of tries on average I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of tries on average I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number of tries on average I do
+two tries so it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tries so it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tries so it's actually quite
+efficient I I can generate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I I can generate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient I I can generate my
+transcript quite fast because how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript quite fast because how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript quite fast because how do I
+generate it again I have G I don't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it again I have G I don't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it again I have G I don't it
+may not have it may have it may not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have it may have it may not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have it may have it may not I
+don't it doesn't have a hon cycle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it doesn't have a hon cycle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it doesn't have a hon cycle I
+don't even know if it has an hon cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know if it has an hon cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know if it has an hon cycle
+neither do I care cuz I'm never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither do I care cuz I'm never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither do I care cuz I'm never going to
+use it how what do I do I choose beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it how what do I do I choose beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it how what do I do I choose beta
+one Rand I I guess beta one randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Rand I I guess beta one randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Rand I I guess beta one randomly
+very efficiently I commit because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently I commit because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently I commit because if
+it's zero I just commit to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero I just commit to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero I just commit to a random
+cycle if it's one I commit to all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if it's one I commit to all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle if it's one I commit to all zeros
+that's very easy and then I apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very easy and then I apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very easy and then I apply the
+hash with probity half I got the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash with probity half I got the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash with probity half I got the better
+one that I chose and then I can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I chose and then I can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I chose and then I can very
+easily compute my answer gamma one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily compute my answer gamma one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily compute my answer gamma one which
+is just a trivial opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a trivial opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a trivial opening
+and I only need to repeat it like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only need to repeat it like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I only need to repeat it like it's
+only better half so on the overall I won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only better half so on the overall I won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only better half so on the overall I won
+need to repeat the same one too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to repeat the same one too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to repeat the same one too many
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's come from
+also that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that is
+where that's why that's why this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's why that's why this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that's why that's why this is not
+sound exactly that's so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound exactly that's so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound exactly that's so I have
+negligible soundness but still it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible soundness but still it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible soundness but still it's not
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly okay so this is bad but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so this is bad but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so this is bad but that's
+the only time when it's not sound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time when it's not sound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time when it's not sound that's
+it like everything else is sound so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like everything else is sound so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like everything else is sound so that
+goes to the question about parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the question about parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the question about parallel
+petition so now let me actually give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition so now let me actually give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition so now let me actually give you
+a the theorem uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the FI CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paradigm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm is
+sound finally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound finally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound finally is
+sound in the random Oracle model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol is uh first it has negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is uh first it has negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is uh first it has negligible
+sound it it has negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness and constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+round okay so if it has negaal soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round okay so if it has negaal soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round okay so if it has negaal soundness
+and it has Conant number of rounds then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has Conant number of rounds then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has Conant number of rounds then
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+sound okay before I had I got NE sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay before I had I got NE sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound okay before I had I got NE sound
+is by repeating getting many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds
+yeah oh yeah yeah otherwise you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah otherwise you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah yeah otherwise you can't
+even apply if the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even apply if the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even apply if the public
+coin yeah if if it's not public coin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin yeah if if it's not public coin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin yeah if if it's not public coin you
+can't even like complete until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even like complete until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even like complete until it
+doesn't hold uh so I'm always talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold uh so I'm always talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold uh so I'm always talking
+about public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about public coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about public coin
+protocols okay but let me say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols okay but let me say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols okay but let me say this is
+not a characterization this is not an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a characterization this is not an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a characterization this is not an if
+and only if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if we do
+have protocols with many rounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have protocols with many rounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have protocols with many rounds for
+which this does the random Oracle model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this does the random Oracle model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this does the random Oracle model
+does apply in particular gkr so gkr has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does apply in particular gkr so gkr has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does apply in particular gkr so gkr has
+many rounds so can we reduce intraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds so can we reduce intraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many rounds so can we reduce intraction
+in gkr and the answer is yes we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gkr and the answer is yes we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gkr and the answer is yes we can even
+though it has many many rounds and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has many many rounds and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has many many rounds and the
+reason why we can do it is because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we can do it is because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we can do it is because it
+also it sound also or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally if the
+protocol if the underling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if the underling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if the underling
+protocol has what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol has what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol has what's
+called round by round soundness I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called round by round soundness I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called round by round soundness I'll
+Define it later maybe not today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+any such protocol has round by round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any such protocol has round by round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any such protocol has round by round
+sounds but this is more General and gkr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds but this is more General and gkr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds but this is more General and gkr
+has round by round sounds so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has round by round sounds so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has round by round sounds so this is
+kind of in parenthesis because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in parenthesis because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in parenthesis because we're not
+going to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about it
+today maybe we will we'll see okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today maybe we will we'll see okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today maybe we will we'll see okay but
+let me first prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so why is it
+uh do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so I want to so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so I want to so let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so I want to so let's do the
+proof so take a protocol a public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so take a protocol a public coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so take a protocol a public coin
+protocol with Conant number of BR that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol with Conant number of BR that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol with Conant number of BR that
+has negligible soundness and I I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has negligible soundness and I I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has negligible soundness and I I'm going
+to prove to you that it's secure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove to you that it's secure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove to you that it's secure in the
+that it sound in the random or when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sound in the random or when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sound in the random or when I
+apply fe2 me on the random oracal model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fe2 me on the random oracal model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fe2 me on the random oracal model
+okay so uh fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh fix
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol let's call it
+PV for you know let's begin let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV for you know let's begin let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV for you know let's begin let's assume
+just for Simplicity of notation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity of notation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity of notation you'll
+see how it extends that it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it extends that it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it extends that it's three
+messages okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose uh
+PV has three messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV has three messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV has three messages
+and negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness we'll later see how to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we'll later see how to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness we'll later see how to extend
+it uh more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh more more
+rounds so PV let's say there's some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds so PV let's say there's some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds so PV let's say there's some X
+the question is in the language or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is in the language or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is in the language or not
+and you know they both have so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they both have so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they both have so before
+the hatch there's like Alpha he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hatch there's like Alpha he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hatch there's like Alpha he gets
+back random beta he gets me gamma and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back random beta he gets me gamma and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back random beta he gets me gamma and he
+chooses if to accept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses if to accept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses if to accept or
+not okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose there exists a poly time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there exists a poly time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there exists a poly time a
+poze adversary P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poze adversary P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poze adversary P
+star that cheats I want to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that cheats I want to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that cheats I want to argue that
+that it means I can cheat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it means I can cheat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it means I can cheat in the
+original interactive protocol so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original interactive protocol so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original interactive protocol so suppose
+there's P star and X not an L such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's P star and X not an L such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's P star and X not an L such
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+probability that P star with h and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star with h and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that P star with h and V
+with h this is kind of the fure Mir I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess it accepts with probability at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it accepts with probability at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it accepts with probability at
+least let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least let's say
+epsilon I'm going to argue that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon I'm going to argue that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon I'm going to argue that then I
+can cheat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat in the
+original scheme with probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original scheme with probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original scheme with probability a
+little less than Epsilon but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small okay so if there exist a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so if there exist a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so if there exist a cheating
+prover that can cheat in the F version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that can cheat in the F version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover that can cheat in the F version
+but in the random Oracle model then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the random Oracle model then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the random Oracle model then I
+can cheat I can use him to cheat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat I can use him to cheat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat I can use him to cheat in the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme okay so how so first note because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay so how so first note because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay so how so first note because
+uh we're a neg probability this is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're a neg probability this is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're a neg probability this is large
+okay so beta is public coin it's random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so beta is public coin it's random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so beta is public coin it's random
+in I don't know let's call it K but K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't know let's call it K but K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I don't know let's call it K but K is
+um it's like super logarithmic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like super logarithmic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like super logarithmic because
+if the only poom many options and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the only poom many options and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the only poom many options and one of
+them I can cheat so I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I can cheat so I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I can cheat so I'll I'll
+I can this is not statistical sound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can this is not statistical sound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can this is not statistical sound it's
+um it's uh sorry ah erase what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh sorry ah erase what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's uh sorry ah erase what I said
+let me try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I can these protocols on one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can these protocols on one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can these protocols on one of them
+I can cheat like for any Alpha I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cheat like for any Alpha I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cheat like for any Alpha I can
+always find the beta for which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find the beta for which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always find the beta for which I can
+cheat otherwise if I can't cheat on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat otherwise if I can't cheat on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat otherwise if I can't cheat on any
+beta there's not no point in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta there's not no point in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta there's not no point in doing
+interaction to begin with I'll just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction to begin with I'll just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction to begin with I'll just give
+you Alpha and fixed a fixed beta I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Alpha and fixed a fixed beta I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Alpha and fixed a fixed beta I'll
+give you gamma and that's it so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you gamma and that's it so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you gamma and that's it so these
+protocols there's always betas for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols there's always betas for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols there's always betas for which
+I can cheat on and therefore because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cheat on and therefore because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can cheat on and therefore because I
+have negligable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negligable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negligable
+soundness beta must come from a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness beta must come from a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness beta must come from a super
+polinomial Universe if it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Universe if it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Universe if it's only
+polinomial then I can play the same game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then I can play the same game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial then I can play the same game
+that I did before kind of hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did before kind of hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did before kind of hope to
+succeed it's like a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed it's like a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed it's like a s
+uh too bad in Hebrew we have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too bad in Hebrew we have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh too bad in Hebrew we have a very good
+saying for this like uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for this like uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for this like uh you know the
+hope when you cheat with the hope of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope when you cheat with the hope of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope when you cheat with the hope of not
+being caught there's a word for it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caught there's a word for it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being caught there's a word for it but
+yeah Americans are too they don't cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Americans are too they don't cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Americans are too they don't cheat
+so they don't have words for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is that a word okay I'm not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that a word okay I'm not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that a word okay I'm not from
+con as like confence oh I see lying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con as like confence oh I see lying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con as like confence oh I see lying to
+someone exactly yeah exactly exactly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone exactly yeah exactly exactly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone exactly yeah exactly exactly uh
+yeah okay so okay so suppose uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so okay so suppose uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so okay so suppose uh there
+exists uh fake it till you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh fake it till you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh fake it till you make it
+exactly totally uh okay so Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly totally uh okay so Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly totally uh okay so Suppose there
+this a cheating prover okay now how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a cheating prover okay now how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a cheating prover okay now how does
+he cheat let's see what this prover does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cheat let's see what this prover does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he cheat let's see what this prover does
+this prover gives you he this Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prover gives you he this Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prover gives you he this Pro
+outputs so this prover outputs some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so this prover outputs some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs so this prover outputs some
+alpha beta and gamma that like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta and gamma that like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta and gamma that like a
+transcript right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript right and this
+beta is Hash of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is Hash of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is Hash of X and
+Alpha that's how we cheats that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that's how we cheats that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that's how we cheats that's that's
+a that's a valid transcript that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a valid transcript that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a valid transcript that's a
+transcript that will such and such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript that will such and such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript that will such and such that
+the original verif accepts right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original verif accepts right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original verif accepts right so the
+in the the prover he just outputs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the prover he just outputs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the prover he just outputs this
+and the verifier checks that beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier checks that beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier checks that beta is
+indeed h of X and Alpha and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed h of X and Alpha and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed h of X and Alpha and this is a
+valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid
+transcript okay now the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript okay now the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript okay now the cheating
+prover he G he gives he sends Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover he G he gives he sends Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover he G he gives he sends Oracle
+queries to his hash function now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to his hash function now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to his hash function now this
+Prov is bounded he's polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov is bounded he's polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov is bounded he's polom
+bounded let's say he sends so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+star sends I know Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queries to the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries to the Oracle
+Tage okay he's bounded so he runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tage okay he's bounded so he runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tage okay he's bounded so he runs in
+poly time so what does he do he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time so what does he do he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly time so what does he do he has
+Oracle access he's he he trying to cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle access he's he he trying to cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle access he's he he trying to cheat
+for an a now he can ask his Oracle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an a now he can ask his Oracle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an a now he can ask his Oracle okay
+here's alpha 1 give me beta 1 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's alpha 1 give me beta 1 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's alpha 1 give me beta 1 here's
+Alpha 2 give me beta 2 here he saids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 give me beta 2 here he saids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 give me beta 2 here he saids
+that most Pally many queries because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most Pally many queries because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most Pally many queries because
+he's poom bounded so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's poom bounded so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's poom bounded so there's some
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+Q ques that he sends to H and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q ques that he sends to H and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q ques that he sends to H and let's
+denote them by Alpha One after Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q okay now first thing not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay now first thing not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay now first thing not
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+probability that he succeeds in Jing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he succeeds in Jing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he succeeds in Jing
+alpab beta G said that Alpha is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpab beta G said that Alpha is not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpab beta G said that Alpha is not one
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+queries is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries is
+negligible if he didn't ask how does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible if he didn't ask how does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible if he didn't ask how does he
+he doesn't know what beta is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know what beta is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't know what beta is the only
+way he gives beta which is the right H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he gives beta which is the right H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he gives beta which is the right H
+is by asking he has no idea what beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by asking he has no idea what beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by asking he has no idea what beta is
+and so if he didn't ask he can guess his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if he didn't ask he can guess his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if he didn't ask he can guess his
+probability like one like one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability like one like one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability like one like one over two
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay
+so let me maybe I'll go here continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me maybe I'll go here continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me maybe I'll go here continue
+here so first thing note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability that he that Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he that Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he that Alpha Beta
+gamma are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma are
+accepting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting with
+X so meaning the verifier accepts them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so meaning the verifier accepts them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so meaning the verifier accepts them
+and Alpha is not Alpha One up to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha is not Alpha One up to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha is not Alpha One up to it's
+not one of them this probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negligible and this is because k k in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and this is because k k in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and this is because k k in
+this is or it's yeah it's like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is or it's yeah it's like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is or it's yeah it's like something
+like 1 over two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 over two to the
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+what ah sorry Alpha q and sorry what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ah sorry Alpha q and sorry what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ah sorry Alpha q and sorry what did
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say oh no Alpha Al sorry oh X Alpha yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no Alpha Al sorry oh X Alpha yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no Alpha Al sorry oh X Alpha yeah
+right but Alpha needs to be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but Alpha needs to be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but Alpha needs to be one of the
+alpha ones sorry yeah so he sends okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ones sorry yeah so he sends okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha ones sorry yeah so he sends okay
+he sends kind of X comma alpha 1 up to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sends kind of X comma alpha 1 up to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he sends kind of X comma alpha 1 up to X
+Alpha K that's kind of what he sends um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha K that's kind of what he sends um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha K that's kind of what he sends um
+I mean he can send other ones but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he can send other ones but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he can send other ones but then
+uh yeah it shouldn't help him so okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it shouldn't help him so okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it shouldn't help him so okay it
+should be one of the queries he yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one of the queries he yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one of the queries he yes
+first of all because if he didn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all because if he didn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all because if he didn't ask
+that he has no idea what the beta is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has no idea what the beta is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has no idea what the beta is so
+he guesses the beta correct do one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he guesses the beta correct do one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he guesses the beta correct do one over
+two to the K that's negligible okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K that's negligible okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the K that's negligible okay so
+this means that if he succees with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if he succees with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if he succees with
+probability Epson that's not negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epson that's not negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epson that's not negligible
+almost with this probability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost with this probability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost with this probability or
+probability Epson minus negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epson minus negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Epson minus negligible
+he doesn't only succeed but he succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't only succeed but he succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't only succeed but he succeeds
+with Alpha that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+queried so now I'm GNA use him because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried so now I'm GNA use him because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried so now I'm GNA use him because I
+know that he succeeds with Alpha that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he succeeds with Alpha that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he succeeds with Alpha that he
+queried I'm going to use him to cheat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried I'm going to use him to cheat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried I'm going to use him to cheat in
+the interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive
+protocol okay again I'm really abusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay again I'm really abusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay again I'm really abusing
+not I'm really abusing the random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm really abusing the random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm really abusing the random Oracle
+model because I'm kind of I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because I'm kind of I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model because I'm kind of I'm assuming
+that the verifier really the only way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier really the only way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier really the only way he
+interacts with the oracle is by kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the oracle is by kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the oracle is by kind of
+queries and I know the queries and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and I know the queries and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries and I know the queries and I you
+know and I can use it to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can use it to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I can use it to kind of
+cheat so let me now construct pble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat so let me now construct pble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat so let me now construct pble
+star that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that
+cheats in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactive in the interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive in the interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive in the interactive
+protocol okay how do I cheat in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay how do I cheat in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol okay how do I cheat in the in
+the interactive protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay so first I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so first I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so first I'm going to give you
+with I'm going to give the same x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm going to give the same x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm going to give the same x with
+x the same X so this PD star succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the same X so this PD star succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the same X so this PD star succeeded
+with some X and the language I'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some X and the language I'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some X and the language I'll use
+the same X now first thing I need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X now first thing I need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X now first thing I need so
+here here I am p double star I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I am p double star I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here I am p double star I'm ready
+to go here's x v I need to start sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here's x v I need to start sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go here's x v I need to start sending
+Alpha what do I do which Alpha do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha what do I do which Alpha do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha what do I do which Alpha do I
+send now what do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send now what do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send now what do I know
+I know I want to use this guy I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I want to use this guy I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I want to use this guy I can't
+cheat I I'm going to use him he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat I I'm going to use him he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat I I'm going to use him he's a
+cheater I'm going to use him what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheater I'm going to use him what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheater I'm going to use him what do I
+know about him I know he cheated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about him I know he cheated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about him I know he cheated with
+alpha beta and gamma and one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta and gamma and one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta and gamma and one of these
+Alphas he used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas he used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas he used as a
+query okay which one I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay which one I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query okay which one I don't know but
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+randomly and uh what's the thinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and uh what's the thinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and uh what's the thinging
+again you fake it so you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you fake it so you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you fake it so you make it
+I'm going to guess randomly in Hope okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to guess randomly in Hope okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to guess randomly in Hope okay
+so what I'm going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do I'm going to
+guess so what does p star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so what does p star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so what does p star
+do first I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess a random I in Q so just the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a random I in Q so just the index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess a random I in Q so just the index
+which so I know he's going to make Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so I know he's going to make Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so I know he's going to make Q
+queries I don't know yet which queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries I don't know yet which queries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries I don't know yet which queries
+but let's say I have a bound on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say I have a bound on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say I have a bound on his
+runtime so I have a bound so p p star P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so I have a bound so p p star P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime so I have a bound so p p star P
+yeah P star are there runs in time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P star are there runs in time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah P star are there runs in time at
+most Q let's say so he queries at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Q let's say so he queries at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Q let's say so he queries at most
+he makes it most C queries to the Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes it most C queries to the Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes it most C queries to the Oracle
+that I know I'm going to choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know I'm going to choose a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know I'm going to choose a random
+index like supposedly a random query of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index like supposedly a random query of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index like supposedly a random query of
+one of the I query to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the I query to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the I query to his
+Oracle and I'm I what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and I'm I what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle and I'm I what I'm going to do
+I'm going to send here Alpha now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send here Alpha now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to send here Alpha now what is
+Alpha ey I don't know what Alpha is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ey I don't know what Alpha is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ey I don't know what Alpha is but
+don't worry what I'm going to do I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry what I'm going to do I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry what I'm going to do I am
+going to simulate the Oracle from him so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate the Oracle from him so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to simulate the Oracle from him so
+I'm going to pretend I'm the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pretend I'm the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pretend I'm the random
+Oracle okay I'm going to start by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle okay I'm going to start by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle okay I'm going to start by saying
+okay P I'm going to use you yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay P I'm going to use you yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay P I'm going to use you yeah let's
+start you gave me X send me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you gave me X send me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you gave me X send me
+Alpha like generate this generate alphab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha like generate this generate alphab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha like generate this generate alphab
+GMA now what does p do when he generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA now what does p do when he generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA now what does p do when he generate
+he's like okay let me think Alpha One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like okay let me think Alpha One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like okay let me think Alpha One
+I'll give him a random beta one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give him a random beta one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give him a random beta one okay
+Alpha 2 or X Alpha 2 I'm G give a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 or X Alpha 2 I'm G give a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 or X Alpha 2 I'm G give a random
+beta two alpha 3 random Alpha Four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta two alpha 3 random Alpha Four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta two alpha 3 random Alpha Four
+random until Alpha I once I get Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random until Alpha I once I get Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random until Alpha I once I get Alpha
+I'm happy I'm like ha Alpha I I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy I'm like ha Alpha I I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy I'm like ha Alpha I I'm ready
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+I I get a random beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get a random beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I get a random beta
+back what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back what do I
+do I tell him oh your answer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I tell him oh your answer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I tell him oh your answer from the
+Oracle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta okay so I'm simulating P Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay so I'm simulating P Stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta okay so I'm simulating P Stars
+Oracle in my and and like I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle in my and and like I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle in my and and like I'm I'm
+behaving like I'm the Oracle sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving like I'm the Oracle sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving like I'm the Oracle sitting on
+top of P star Okay g Alpha One I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of P star Okay g Alpha One I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of P star Okay g Alpha One I'm sure
+here's a beta one that's your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a beta one that's your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a beta one that's your answer
+Alpha two beta two alpha 3 Bet Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha two beta two alpha 3 Bet Alpha I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha two beta two alpha 3 Bet Alpha I
+for random I it's beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random I it's beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random I it's beta
+now he gives me gamma now okay now he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he gives me gamma now okay now he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he gives me gamma now okay now he
+gives answer and I continue alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives answer and I continue alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives answer and I continue alpha alpha
+plus one random let do random random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one random let do random random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one random let do random random
+random random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random random
+okay and then he gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then he gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then he gives me a
+transcript but with probity one over Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript but with probity one over Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript but with probity one over Q
+it's with my Alpha ey if you use with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's with my Alpha ey if you use with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's with my Alpha ey if you use with my
+Alpha eye hooray I'm going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GMA if it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA if it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA if it's my
+Al I'm gonna you know fa well GNA try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al I'm gonna you know fa well GNA try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al I'm gonna you know fa well GNA try
+again I mean then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I mean then I
+fail so what is the probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so what is the probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so what is the probability so
+that's that's my protocol so if if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's my protocol so if if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's my protocol so if if he
+didn't cheat with a gamma ey with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cheat with a gamma ey with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cheat with a gamma ey with the
+with the alpha eye if this Alpha is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the alpha eye if this Alpha is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the alpha eye if this Alpha is not
+Alpha ey I'm going to you know lose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ey I'm going to you know lose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha ey I'm going to you know lose and
+say sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sorry I
+failed what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability so so guess and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oracle for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle for p
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except for Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for Alpha I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for Alpha I
+I use the I simulate via the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the I simulate via the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the I simulate via the verifier
+for Alpha I answer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta that's all and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that's all and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta that's all and then
+if Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alpha Beta
+gamma is such that Alpha equals Alpha I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is such that Alpha equals Alpha I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is such that Alpha equals Alpha I
+then a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a you know
+then I guess let's call this G then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I guess let's call this G then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I guess let's call this G then
+send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send
+GMA that's that's the protocol that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA that's that's the protocol that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA that's that's the protocol that's
+the that's the cheating prover that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the cheating prover that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the cheating prover that's
+pble star now what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability that pble star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accepted again what does pble star do p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted again what does pble star do p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted again what does pble star do p
+star is acceptable with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is acceptable with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is acceptable with probability
+Epsilon so with probability Epsilon he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so with probability Epsilon he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so with probability Epsilon he
+gives me alphab the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma but he chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma but he chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma but he chooses
+Alpha after quering he chooses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha after quering he chooses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha after quering he chooses this
+after quing the Oracle Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after quing the Oracle Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after quing the Oracle Q
+times with different Alphas let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with different Alphas let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times with different Alphas let's say
+with all them he uses the same X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all them he uses the same X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all them he uses the same X
+otherwise he's stupid uh but whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise he's stupid uh but whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise he's stupid uh but whatever it
+doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really
+matter we established that except NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we established that except NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we established that except NE
+probability one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one of these
+Alpha is in the I query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is the probability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the probability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the probability that I
+succeed very nice so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very nice so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very nice so the probability
+great so the probability I'm out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the probability I'm out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so the probability I'm out of
+space so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the
+probability that p double star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that p double star is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that p double star is
+accepted is at least the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted is at least the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted is at least the probability
+that P star is accepted over Q if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P star is accepted over Q if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P star is accepted over Q if he's
+accepted if he chose alpi correctly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted if he chose alpi correctly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted if he chose alpi correctly but
+it's random one of them he cheated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's random one of them he cheated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's random one of them he cheated with
+I it randomly so probably at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it randomly so probably at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it randomly so probably at least one
+over q i and minus the negligible which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q i and minus the negligible which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q i and minus the negligible which
+is kind of Min is I guess one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of Min is I guess one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of Min is I guess one over two
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K which is kind of the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is kind of the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is kind of the probability that
+he didn't even guess just the the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even guess just the the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even guess just the the alpha
+is kind of he just didn't use one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of he just didn't use one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of he just didn't use one of the
+queries but that's really small so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries but that's really small so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries but that's really small so it's
+still pretty big I mean so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty big I mean so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pretty big I mean so there is a
+loss there is a loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q but but Q is polinomial and if Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but but Q is polinomial and if Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but but Q is polinomial and if Alpha
+is non- negligible then Alpha over Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non- negligible then Alpha over Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non- negligible then Alpha over Q is
+also non- negligible and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contradiction any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction any
+questions yeah so the actually use like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so the actually use like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so the actually use like
+the random model like where we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random model like where we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random model like where we couldn't
+have just put in another half fun it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just put in another half fun it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just put in another half fun it's
+like that Top Line there it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that Top Line there it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that Top Line there it's it's uh
+it's not just it's it's not yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just it's it's not yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just it's it's not yes it's
+this Top Line there but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Top Line there but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Top Line there but also
+that we the fact that we even have Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we the fact that we even have Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we the fact that we even have Alpha
+One up the fact that we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One up the fact that we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One up the fact that we can say that
+there exists alpha 1 up up to Q like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists alpha 1 up up to Q like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists alpha 1 up up to Q like the
+fact that we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we're able to
+observe what he knows about the hash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what he knows about the hash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe what he knows about the hash is
+is in the random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the random Oracle
+model so the poofs on the random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the poofs on the random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so the poofs on the random Oracle
+model it's really means you know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's really means you know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's really means you know one
+need to be careful because people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful because people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful because people want
+to okay what's the kind kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay what's the kind kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay what's the kind kind
+of so okay the Intuition or the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so okay the Intuition or the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so okay the Intuition or the the
+intuition behind the roral model is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind the roral model is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind the roral model is to
+say let's TR what do we need from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's TR what do we need from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say let's TR what do we need from the
+hash function we want it to kind of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function we want it to kind of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function we want it to kind of look
+random we want it to look random like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we want it to look random like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we want it to look random like
+because the verifiers message are random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the verifiers message are random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the verifiers message are random
+we want also to look random and now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want also to look random and now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want also to look random and now okay
+because we look for and now and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we look for and now and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we look for and now and that was
+kind of the motivation for theorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the motivation for theorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the motivation for theorical
+model and then it's tempting to say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then it's tempting to say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then it's tempting to say so
+now all we need is a hash function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we need is a hash function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we need is a hash function that
+kind of behaves Rand randomly let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behaves Rand randomly let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behaves Rand randomly let's try
+to use I know like people say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use I know like people say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use I know like people say like
+pseudo random functions which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random functions which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random functions which we're not
+defined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined here
+whatever okay but you can but who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay but you can but who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay but you can but who knows
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+the how will you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how will you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how will you prove
+soundness this proof unless really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness this proof unless really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness this proof unless really the
+PO what it does is really just runs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO what it does is really just runs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO what it does is really just runs the
+function if all he does if the cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if all he does if the cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if all he does if the cheating
+po all he does he gets the function he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po all he does he gets the function he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po all he does he gets the function he's
+like H this really looks like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like H this really looks like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like H this really looks like I don't
+know what to do I'll just feed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do I'll just feed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do I'll just feed him
+inputs see what output I get that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs see what output I get that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs see what output I get that's the
+only thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing I can do
+then I can this proof in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can this proof in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can this proof in the random
+Oracle model Mak sense but as long as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle model Mak sense but as long as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle model Mak sense but as long as it
+can do anything else besides like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do anything else besides like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do anything else besides like
+blindly feed an input get an output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly feed an input get an output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blindly feed an input get an output I
+don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh one over two to the K yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh one over two to the K yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh one over two to the K yeah the
+only reason I added this negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason I added this negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason I added this negligible
+fraction here is there's one over two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here is there's one over two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction here is there's one over two to
+the K probability which is Tiny that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K probability which is Tiny that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K probability which is Tiny that P
+star is accepted with none of the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is accepted with none of the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is accepted with none of the alphas
+so maybe it just chose alp that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it just chose alp that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it just chose alp that was not
+queried at all but you know he managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried at all but you know he managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queried at all but you know he managed
+to choose better randomly which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose better randomly which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose better randomly which happens
+prob one over two to the K because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob one over two to the K because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob one over two to the K because he
+does beta should be H and if he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does beta should be H and if he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does beta should be H and if he didn't
+ask H then he doesn't know what beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask H then he doesn't know what beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask H then he doesn't know what beta is
+and beta is random but there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is random but there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta is random but there is that
+probability that he chooses Alpha that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he chooses Alpha that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he chooses Alpha that's
+not one of the Q so here if he chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of the Q so here if he chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one of the Q so here if he chooses
+one of the Q I guess the one he chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Q I guess the one he chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Q I guess the one he chooses
+correctly with probability one over Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly with probability one over Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly with probability one over Q so
+I get Epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get Epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get Epsilon over
+q but if I I guess I should put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but if I I guess I should put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q but if I I guess I should put here
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh yeah but if he chooses uh randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but if he chooses uh randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah but if he chooses uh randomly
+then like I'm I'm out of luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like I'm I'm out of luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like I'm I'm out of luck
+yeah Q good I how how do I know Q very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Q good I how how do I know Q very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Q good I how how do I know Q very
+good question I actually don't know Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I actually don't know Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I actually don't know Q
+and The Q can the Q even can be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The Q can the Q even can be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and The Q can the Q even can be a little
+bit adaptive so maybe this cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit adaptive so maybe this cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit adaptive so maybe this cheating
+prover he gets he sends Alpha One and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover he gets he sends Alpha One and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover he gets he sends Alpha One and
+depending on beta one that he gets he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on beta one that he gets he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on beta one that he gets he
+decides how many queries he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides how many queries he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides how many queries he wants to
+maybe he's very happy with his better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's very happy with his better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he's very happy with his better
+one and he's done and maybe he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and he's done and maybe he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and he's done and maybe he's very
+unhappy and sends another so it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy and sends another so it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy and sends another so it the
+number of Q can be adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Q can be adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Q can be adapted
+but since P star is fixed and I know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since P star is fixed and I know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since P star is fixed and I know his
+polinomial time so let's say the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so let's say the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time so let's say the runtime
+of p is Lambda squar Lambda to the thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p is Lambda squar Lambda to the thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p is Lambda squar Lambda to the thir
+I know that he cannot ask more than L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that he cannot ask more than L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that he cannot ask more than L
+that to the third queries because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the third queries because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the third queries because each
+query takes one unit time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query takes one unit time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query takes one unit time to
+ask so I can I can upper bound the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so I can I can upper bound the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so I can I can upper bound the
+number of queries by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of queries by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of queries by the
+runtime of P star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of P star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of P star so
+really the probability that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the probability that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the probability that is
+accepted if if I if I have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted if if I if I have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted if if I if I have no idea what
+Q is and in the worst case it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is and in the worst case it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is and in the worst case it's the
+runtime it's kind of ABS on over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime it's kind of ABS on over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime it's kind of ABS on over the
+runtime of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime of P
+star which that I know because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which that I know because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which that I know because I'm
+giving P star let's say is an as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circuit that like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that like do
+Hal no no I'm I I'm promised that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hal no no I'm I I'm promised that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hal no no I'm I I'm promised that P
+Stars pomal size I know it halts so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars pomal size I know it halts so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars pomal size I know it halts so my
+contradiction assumption is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction assumption is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction assumption is as
+follows Suppose there exist a poly size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows Suppose there exist a poly size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows Suppose there exist a poly size
+poly size I don't know Lambda to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly size I don't know Lambda to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly size I don't know Lambda to the
+third size P star now I know that Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third size P star now I know that Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third size P star now I know that Lambda
+to the third asks most Lambda sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third asks most Lambda sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third asks most Lambda sorry that
+P star asks at most L to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P star asks at most L to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P star asks at most L to the third
+queries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I I think of the circuit of P of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I think of the circuit of P of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I think of the circuit of P of P
+Star as being a circuit that has kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star as being a circuit that has kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star as being a circuit that has kind of
+H Gates like random Oracle Gates so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Gates like random Oracle Gates so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H Gates like random Oracle Gates so you
+can feed it like alpha or X and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feed it like alpha or X and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feed it like alpha or X and Alpha
+and out comes and it's like one gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes and it's like one gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes and it's like one gate
+it's like one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one time
+unit uh but he cannot have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh but he cannot have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit uh but he cannot have more than
+Lambda to the third of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the third of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the third of them because
+that's the size of the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops no it doesn't no no no it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops no it doesn't no no no it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops no it doesn't no no no it doesn't
+have loops it's like it's yeah no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loops it's like it's yeah no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have loops it's like it's yeah no I
+mean it can have it there the runtime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it can have it there the runtime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it can have it there the runtime is
+fixed like it can compute at most at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed like it can compute at most at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed like it can compute at most at
+most Lambda to the third Gates it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Lambda to the third Gates it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Lambda to the third Gates it has
+Lambda to the third gates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so any any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this was three
+rounds uh what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds uh what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds uh what about
+more so what if you have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so what if you have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so what if you have like
+a I don't know a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I don't know a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I don't know a c
+rounds what happens then any any guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds what happens then any any guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds what happens then any any guess
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+how the probability decays with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the probability decays with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the probability decays with the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly yeah exactly so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly yeah exactly so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly yeah exactly so it's going
+to be if if you have C rounds or C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if if you have C rounds or C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be if if you have C rounds or C
+messages from the verifier let's say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the verifier let's say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the verifier let's say if
+you have C messages from the F it's GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have C messages from the F it's GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have C messages from the F it's GNA
+be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something
+like Epson over Q to the C and to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Epson over Q to the C and to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Epson over Q to the C and to see
+why it's just uh it's really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's just uh it's really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's just uh it's really the same
+argument what we need to do is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what we need to do is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what we need to do is suppose
+that in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in each
+round p star send the most Q queries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round p star send the most Q queries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round p star send the most Q queries so
+maybe he sends a q Q ques of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he sends a q Q ques of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he sends a q Q ques of the form
+alpha 1 like XC alpha 1 and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 like XC alpha 1 and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 like XC alpha 1 and then he
+sends Q ques of the form X alpha 1 bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends Q ques of the form X alpha 1 bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends Q ques of the form X alpha 1 bet
+like X Alpha Beta and then he sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X Alpha Beta and then he sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X Alpha Beta and then he sends
+sorry X Alpha Beta gamma and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X Alpha Beta gamma and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry X Alpha Beta gamma and then he
+sends qqu of the form X alha so Q quer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends qqu of the form X alha so Q quer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends qqu of the form X alha so Q quer
+for each partial transcript he has Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each partial transcript he has Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each partial transcript he has Q
+queries now if you have C rounds you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries now if you have C rounds you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries now if you have C rounds you
+need to guess correctly for each partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to guess correctly for each partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to guess correctly for each partial
+transcript the correct I I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript the correct I I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript the correct I I'm going to
+guess that so I'm not going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that so I'm not going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that so I'm not going to write it
+down but like because it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but like because it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but like because it's really the
+same but let me just say it in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but let me just say it in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but let me just say it in words
+pble star what he does is for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pble star what he does is for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pble star what he does is for every
+round of the verifier he guesses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of the verifier he guesses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of the verifier he guesses the
+index of the query of he guessed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the query of he guessed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the query of he guessed the
+index of the kind of the hash the query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the kind of the hash the query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of the kind of the hash the query
+to the hash function which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hash function which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hash function which is going to
+be used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used in the
+proof okay so he's going to guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay so he's going to guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay so he's going to guess and
+here we said you guess I now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we said you guess I now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we said you guess I now we're
+actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to
+guess i1 up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C okay for each message of the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay for each message of the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C okay for each message of the verifier
+we're going to guess an index and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to guess an index and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to guess an index and now we
+again just emulate p p star exactly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just emulate p p star exactly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just emulate p p star exactly as
+before so how do I emulate I go to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so how do I emulate I go to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so how do I emulate I go to P
+star he asks me just Alpha One like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star he asks me just Alpha One like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star he asks me just Alpha One like if
+he ask me just of the form for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ask me just of the form for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ask me just of the form for the first
+message like alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message like alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message like alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 I
+give him random random random random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him random random random random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him random random random random
+random until he asks for beta for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random until he asks for beta for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random until he asks for beta for for
+Alpha I and then I give beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I and then I give beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha I and then I give beta
+I now in between in between he may ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now in between in between he may ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now in between in between he may ask
+for bigger he may ask all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bigger he may ask all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bigger he may ask all of a sudden
+for X comma Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X comma Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X comma Alpha Beta
+GMA random then random I give everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA random then random I give everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMA random then random I give everything
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+but the first point I get Alpha the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first point I get Alpha the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first point I get Alpha the I
+query for like the first corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query for like the first corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query for like the first corresponding
+to the like transcript like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the like transcript like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the like transcript like the first
+message then I'm like aha I got it Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message then I'm like aha I got it Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message then I'm like aha I got it Alpha
+I thank you very much I put my Alpha I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thank you very much I put my Alpha I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thank you very much I put my Alpha I I
+get beta I answer beta as the as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beta I answer beta as the as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beta I answer beta as the as kind of
+the answer from the Oracle and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer from the Oracle and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer from the Oracle and now I'm
+happy now I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy now I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy now I start
+counting how like for I to I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how like for I to I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how like for I to I start
+counting how many messages are are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many messages are are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting how many messages are are the
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+Alpha Beta and some gamma Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and some gamma Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and some gamma Alpha Beta
+Gamma 1 Alpha Beta gamma 2 Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma 1 Alpha Beta gamma 2 Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma 1 Alpha Beta gamma 2 Alpha Beta
+until I get I2 all of them answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get I2 all of them answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get I2 all of them answer
+randomly once I get and any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly once I get and any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly once I get and any other
+queries for that I don't know what from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries for that I don't know what from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries for that I don't know what from
+random once I get to the I to like Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random once I get to the I to like Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random once I get to the I to like Alpha
+Beta like Alpha Beta gamma I2 like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta like Alpha Beta gamma I2 like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta like Alpha Beta gamma I2 like the
+I2 I'm happy I run here I put my gamma I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 I'm happy I run here I put my gamma I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 I'm happy I run here I put my gamma I
+get a Delta I answer with Delta now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Delta I answer with Delta now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Delta I answer with Delta now I
+start counting how many qu of the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start counting how many qu of the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start counting how many qu of the like
+qu of the form Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu of the form Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu of the form Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
+Epsilon sorry Epsilon is fixed next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon sorry Epsilon is fixed next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon sorry Epsilon is fixed next one
+I can't until I get I3 I3 and the i3d of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't until I get I3 I3 and the i3d of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't until I get I3 I3 and the i3d of
+them I give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I give the
+answer I just do it for as many rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I just do it for as many rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I just do it for as many rounds
+as needed but for me to be Sol I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as needed but for me to be Sol I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as needed but for me to be Sol I need to
+make all these guesses correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these guesses correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make all these guesses correctly and
+each guess is going to be probable to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guess is going to be probable to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guess is going to be probable to Q
+so that's why kind of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why kind of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why kind of the probability
+decays a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays a lot
+yeah does that mean that number of round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does that mean that number of round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah does that mean that number of round
+is like L security parameters you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like L security parameters you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like L security parameters you still
+secure yeah good good good no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure yeah good good good no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure yeah good good good no it's not
+okay if the number is log it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the number is log it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the number is log it's almost
+secure but then the probability is Q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure but then the probability is Q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure but then the probability is Q to
+the log it's not two two Q is not two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log it's not two two Q is not two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log it's not two two Q is not two so
+you'll get a little negligible however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a little negligible however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a little negligible however
+so it will be negligible but not too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will be negligible but not too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will be negligible but not too too
+negligible it's it's going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it's it's going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible it's it's going to be kind of
+Quasi poly like one over quasi poly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi poly like one over quasi poly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quasi poly like one over quasi poly so
+if you have log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have log
+grounds if you know if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds if you know if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds if you know if you happen to
+know that the original interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the original interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the original interactive
+protocol has soundness less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol has soundness less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol has soundness less than
+quasi like subexponential let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi like subexponential let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi like subexponential let's say you
+have the guarantee that a cheating po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the guarantee that a cheating po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the guarantee that a cheating po
+cannot cheat except with like one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat except with like one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot cheat except with like one over
+subexponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subexponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subexponential
+probability then log rounds will be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then log rounds will be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability then log rounds will be good
+so the number the number round C this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number the number round C this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number the number round C this is
+this is really your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really your your
+um your probability of cheating and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your probability of cheating and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your probability of cheating and as
+long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as
+your interactive protocol has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interactive protocol has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interactive protocol has the
+guarantee that you cannot cheat with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you cannot cheat with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that you cannot cheat with
+this probability then then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability then then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability then then you have a
+proof yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replace good good good yeah so um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace good good good yeah so um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace good good good yeah so um so the
+question was can we maybe replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was can we maybe replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was can we maybe replace this
+but by Q over C to the power of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by Q over C to the power of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by Q over C to the power of C
+because Q is the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q is the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Q is the total number of
+queries the thing is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries the thing is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queries the thing is so
+it's okay I'm not I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay I'm not I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay I'm not I'll tell you the
+the it's not that simple because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's not that simple because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's not that simple because we
+don't know exactly how many so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how many so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how many so suppose
+the prover total asks Q queries we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover total asks Q queries we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover total asks Q queries we don't
+know how many queries he has maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many queries he has maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many queries he has maybe he
+has all of them on the first message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all of them on the first message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all of them on the first message and
+then just one may and it can be adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just one may and it can be adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just one may and it can be adaptive
+it can depend on his answers maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can depend on his answers maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can depend on his answers maybe he
+asks Alpha One he gets with to one he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks Alpha One he gets with to one he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks Alpha One he gets with to one he's
+happy he's not gonna ask again and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy he's not gonna ask again and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy he's not gonna ask again and all
+the answers GNA be in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers GNA be in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers GNA be in the second
+messages or maybe he asks he says he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages or maybe he asks he says he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages or maybe he asks he says he
+sees he sends alpha 1 beta one he's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees he sends alpha 1 beta one he's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees he sends alpha 1 beta one he's so
+unhappy all the Q goes for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy all the Q goes for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy all the Q goes for the first
+message so how do you choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so how do you choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so how do you choose the
+I like how do you choose for me like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like how do you choose for me like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like how do you choose for me like I
+said let's choose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's choose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let's choose them
+randomly but you may be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly but you may be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly but you may be able to do
+better I didn't you know one can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I didn't you know one can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better I didn't you know one can think
+can you do better than this possibly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do better than this possibly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do better than this possibly a
+because you're saying don't forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying don't forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying don't forget about
+the end end end like the end it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end end end like the end it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end end end like the end it's not
+gonna most of them you won't go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna most of them you won't go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna most of them you won't go all the
+way to the end because so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the end because so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the end because so you can
+probably choose it more from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably choose it more from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably choose it more from the
+beginning probably you can improve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning probably you can improve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning probably you can improve on
+this uh I didn't do the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I didn't do the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh I didn't do the calculations
+because usually we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually we don't really care
+about constants you know uh but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constants you know uh but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constants you know uh but you're
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's why it's not true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's why it's not true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's why it's not true in general
+like in general you can but I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in general you can but I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in general you can but I you
+probably will can improve it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will can improve it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably will can improve it a little
+bit you know what I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you know what I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you know what I mean uh
+because yeah maybe you want to choose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah maybe you want to choose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yeah maybe you want to choose it
+in different distribution not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different distribution not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different distribution not
+randomly more more towards the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly more more towards the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly more more towards the beginning
+because most of them are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of them are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of them are not going to be
+at the end but uh yeah there probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but uh yeah there probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but uh yeah there probably
+optimization that can be done great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that can be done great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization that can be done great
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions any any other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any any other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions any any other question
+okay so H let's see so maybe I will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so H let's see so maybe I will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so H let's see so maybe I will do
+then I'm debating if to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm debating if to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm debating if to go to the
+soundness in the standard model or to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness in the standard model or to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness in the standard model or to do
+the round by round you know what I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round by round you know what I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round by round you know what I'll do
+the round by round soundness because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round by round soundness because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round by round soundness because I
+wanna so this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna so this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna so this says
+kill oh good yeah thank you uh this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill oh good yeah thank you uh this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill oh good yeah thank you uh this okay
+good so what did we thank you what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so what did we thank you what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so what did we thank you what did
+we prove we proved that the random morle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove we proved that the random morle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove we proved that the random morle
+model is sound the applied to the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is sound the applied to the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is sound the applied to the random
+Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oracle
+is sound if you have constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sound if you have constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sound if you have constant number of
+rounds and negligible air now K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds and negligible air now K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds and negligible air now K and
+mikali protocol has constant number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mikali protocol has constant number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mikali protocol has constant number of
+rounds four to be precise and negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds four to be precise and negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds four to be precise and negligible
+error if you have you take the PCP with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error if you have you take the PCP with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error if you have you take the PCP with
+negligible air which you can by we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible air which you can by we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible air which you can by we have
+pcps with neg air you put it in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps with neg air you put it in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcps with neg air you put it in and you
+have four round negligible air you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four round negligible air you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four round negligible air you apply
+in the random Oracle model it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the random Oracle model it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the random Oracle model it's
+sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound
+so is sound in the random orical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is sound in the random orical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is sound in the random orical model
+for kilan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kilan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kilan
+M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's
+great as I said we don't have a so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great as I said we don't have a so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great as I said we don't have a so now
+you can ask do we have a proof of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask do we have a proof of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask do we have a proof of f
+chamir for K mikali in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamir for K mikali in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamir for K mikali in the standard
+model OKAY random Oracle model we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY random Oracle model we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY random Oracle model we have
+how about standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about standard
+model and it's this is important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's this is important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's this is important because
+for a long time people believed that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time people believed that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time people believed that if
+we have a proof in the random Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a proof in the random Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a proof in the random Oracle
+model it means there must be some hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it means there must be some hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it means there must be some hash
+function for which this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for which this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for which this protocol is
+sounded namely the belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded namely the belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded namely the belief
+was if you have a proof in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have a proof in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if you have a proof in the random
+orical model and then if you use it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orical model and then if you use it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orical model and then if you use it with
+f something goes wrong like someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f something goes wrong like someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f something goes wrong like someone
+breaks it we need to blame the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks it we need to blame the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks it we need to blame the hash
+function ex you've used a bad hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ex you've used a bad hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ex you've used a bad hash
+function for f meal okay so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for f meal okay so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for f meal okay so typically
+you know when f is used in practice it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when f is used in practice it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when f is used in practice it's
+used let's say with SH 256 that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used let's say with SH 256 that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used let's say with SH 256 that kind of
+a standard offthe shelf hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard offthe shelf hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard offthe shelf hash function
+that's used and now if someone ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and now if someone ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used and now if someone ever
+breaks your hash fun your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks your hash fun your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks your hash fun your
+protocol the conclusion was shot 256 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the conclusion was shot 256 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol the conclusion was shot 256 is
+not a good hash function use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good hash function use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good hash function use another
+hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+however this protocol is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this protocol is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this protocol is an example of a
+protocol it's very natural you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it's very natural you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol it's very natural you know it's
+great like it's uh it was invented not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great like it's uh it was invented not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great like it's uh it was invented not
+as a counter example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a counter example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a counter example for
+f yet and it's secured the random oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f yet and it's secured the random oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f yet and it's secured the random oral
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+so f is securing the random orac for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is securing the random orac for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is securing the random orac for
+this protocol yet there there are hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol yet there there are hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol yet there there are hash
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+contrived but there are contrived hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived but there are contrived hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrived but there are contrived hash
+function such that this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that this protocol is
+insecure no matter which act in the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure no matter which act in the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure no matter which act in the it's
+not secur in the F for any explicit hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secur in the F for any explicit hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secur in the F for any explicit hash
+function that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you
+use it's secure in the anal model but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's secure in the anal model but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's secure in the anal model but is
+not secure with any actual function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secure with any actual function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not secure with any actual function
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we learned from this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we learned from this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we learned from this is the
+renom oral model is a night sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renom oral model is a night sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renom oral model is a night sanity
+check but it's really not a proof I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's really not a proof I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check but it's really not a proof I mean
+we knew it's not a proof but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew it's not a proof but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew it's not a proof but it doesn't
+even guarantee it doesn't guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guarantee it doesn't guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even guarantee it doesn't guarantee that
+there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a
+proof it's just a minimal San sanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's just a minimal San sanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof it's just a minimal San sanity
+check yet let me tell you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yet let me tell you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check yet let me tell you in
+practice actually that's how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice actually that's how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice actually that's how people
+check that things are secure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that things are secure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that things are secure in the
+random work model if it verifies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random work model if it verifies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random work model if it verifies this
+check they use it and as far as I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check they use it and as far as I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check they use it and as far as I know
+things never broke because of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things never broke because of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things never broke because of of the
+random oracal model being insecure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random oracal model being insecure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random oracal model being insecure so
+it's more of a theoretical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a theoretical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a theoretical kind of
+uh interesting thing but actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting thing but actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting thing but actually in
+practice it's not an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so you know okay the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you know okay the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so you know okay the question
+is anybody trying to break the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody trying to break the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anybody trying to break the answer is
+you know okay things are broken all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay things are broken all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know okay things are broken all the
+time okay things are hacked and broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay things are hacked and broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay things are hacked and broken
+all the time it's very rare that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it's very rare that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time it's very rare that what's
+broken is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken is actually the
+crypto okay it's not the crypto that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto okay it's not the crypto that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto okay it's not the crypto that's
+broken it's but people do try to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it's but people do try to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken it's but people do try to break
+for example one thing that often people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one thing that often people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one thing that often people
+break they use to break is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break they use to break is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break they use to break is our
+cryptography uses Randomness we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography uses Randomness we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography uses Randomness we use
+Randomness in in our crypto and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in in our crypto and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness in in our crypto and in
+practice people don't use like are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice people don't use like are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice people don't use like are we
+use secret Keys we assume our secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use secret Keys we assume our secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use secret Keys we assume our secret
+keys are random but in practice where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are random but in practice where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys are random but in practice where do
+you get this Randomness and often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this Randomness and often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this Randomness and often the
+implementations are not done well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations are not done well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations are not done well and
+somehow guess what things are turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow guess what things are turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow guess what things are turned out
+not to be random or not random enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be random or not random enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be random or not random enough
+and and then things are attacked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then things are attacked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then things are attacked so
+things are attacked a lot actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are attacked a lot actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are attacked a lot actually in
+practice there's a lot of breaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a lot of breaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice there's a lot of breaches
+security breaches but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security breaches but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security breaches but
+it's very rare that it's in the crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare that it's in the crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very rare that it's in the crypto
+itself now why why is it not that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now why why is it not that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now why why is it not that on the
+crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto
+one would believe that just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would believe that just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would believe that just because the
+crypto is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto is actually
+secure and you know it's implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and you know it's implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and you know it's implementation
+that are the problem and how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the problem and how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the problem and how many people
+are trying to attack the crypto it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to attack the crypto it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to attack the crypto it's
+very hard to say but my guess is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to say but my guess is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to say but my guess is that it
+h say there's a lot of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h say there's a lot of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h say there's a lot of people who are
+working really hard to attack the crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really hard to attack the crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working really hard to attack the crypto
+but I'm not you know these are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not you know these are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not you know these are done
+behind sealed door so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind sealed door so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind sealed door so
+a I remember the there's a a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I remember the there's a a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I remember the there's a a fantastic
+guy chafi go student in our community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy chafi go student in our community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy chafi go student in our community
+called his name is Joe Killian and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called his name is Joe Killian and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called his name is Joe Killian and he
+was a a professor and he moved to NSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a professor and he moved to NSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a a professor and he moved to NSA
+and I remember once I asked him after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remember once I asked him after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I remember once I asked him after a
+long time after he was already at NSA I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time after he was already at NSA I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time after he was already at NSA I
+asked him so you know do you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him so you know do you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked him so you know do you guys know
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to
+factor and he told me his answer was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and he told me his answer was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and he told me his answer was you
+know the worst part about my job I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the worst part about my job I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the worst part about my job I'm not
+allowed even to joke about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed even to joke about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed even to joke about these
+things so you know so the answer is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you know so the answer is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you know so the answer is we
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+exactly okay any any other questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay any any other questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay any any other questions uh
+yeah like this just kind of General but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this just kind of General but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like this just kind of General but
+like in general do you think like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in general do you think like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in general do you think like like
+private like the NSA like private like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private like the NSA like private like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private like the NSA like private like
+cryptography I guess like further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than the question was do I have a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the question was do I have a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the question was do I have a guess
+so I I do not know the so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I do not know the so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I do not know the so let me let me
+phrase your question is do I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase your question is do I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase your question is do I have a
+guess as to if uh the NSA knows more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to if uh the NSA knows more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to if uh the NSA knows more
+than we do my guess would be yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we do my guess would be yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we do my guess would be yes because
+um they know everything we know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they know everything we know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they know everything we know because
+we don't hide anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't hide anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't hide anything
+and and they have smart people so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they have smart people so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they have smart people so why
+won't they know a little more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't they know a little more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't they know a little more you
+know do they know how to factor that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do they know how to factor that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do they know how to factor that I
+don't know like do they have like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like do they have like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like do they have like is
+their world hugely different than ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world hugely different than ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their world hugely different than ours
+that I I don't know but I'm sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I don't know but I'm sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I don't know but I'm sure they
+probably have better something better uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have better something better uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have better something better uh
+than we we know than we do and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we we know than we do and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we we know than we do and we've
+seen it in history like I think even RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in history like I think even RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it in history like I think even RSA
+was invented but actually was privately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented but actually was privately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented but actually was privately
+known before so we know examples so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known before so we know examples so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known before so we know examples so why
+probably today too but it is kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably today too but it is kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably today too but it is kind of I
+wish I you know be nice to know uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to that that's another thing no people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that's another thing no people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that's another thing no people
+don't tend to publish their failures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to publish their failures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to publish their failures so
+it's very hard to know going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to know going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to know going back to
+your question how much did people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question how much did people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question how much did people you
+know when we say look there's no break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we say look there's no break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when we say look there's no break
+okay what does that mean are there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean are there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that mean are there no
+how it means we don't know of a break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it means we don't know of a break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it means we don't know of a break it
+doesn't mean there's no break we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there's no break we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean there's no break we don't
+know of a break okay how much did we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a break okay how much did we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of a break okay how much did we as
+the community try to break it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community try to break it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community try to break it's very
+hard to know because uh like exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know because uh like exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know because uh like exactly
+your question was very good one people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question was very good one people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question was very good one people
+don't say that don't report how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that don't report how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that don't report how many
+hours they tried to break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they tried to break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours they tried to break and
+fail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so
+um so we don't know yeah yeah if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we don't know yeah yeah if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we don't know yeah yeah if you do
+break something are you not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break something are you not supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break something are you not supposed to
+like publish it like tell privately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like publish it like tell privately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like publish it like tell privately and
+then like wait like six months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like wait like six months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like wait like six months and
+then oh you're saying if you if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh you're saying if you if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh you're saying if you if you do
+break maybe you you need to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break maybe you you need to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break maybe you you need to be careful
+to publish it yeah I yeah uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish it yeah I yeah uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish it yeah I yeah uh maybe
+people break something all the time no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people break something all the time no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people break something all the time no
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+no I actually yeah I I actually don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I actually yeah I I actually don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I actually yeah I I actually don't I
+know so I don't you know my my job I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I don't you know my my job I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I don't you know my my job I
+don't uh that's not art I kind of do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh that's not art I kind of do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh that's not art I kind of do I
+don't usually break schemes I I uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually break schemes I I uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually break schemes I I uh I
+like to kind of construct things I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to kind of construct things I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to kind of construct things I don't
+work on trying to break but I know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on trying to break but I know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on trying to break but I know from
+like folks here that do more security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like folks here that do more security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like folks here that do more security
+work and uh it's like uh people get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh it's like uh people get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and uh it's like uh people get in
+trouble for uh for breaking like uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for uh for breaking like uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for uh for breaking like uh for
+publishing and breaking things and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing and breaking things and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing and breaking things and uh I
+don't know they always we talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know they always we talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know they always we talk to them
+they always mention the word jail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always mention the word jail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always mention the word jail in
+their conversations it's like wow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conversations it's like wow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their conversations it's like wow okay
+try to stay out of jail try to stay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stay out of jail try to stay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stay out of jail try to stay out
+of jail like okay no and you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jail like okay no and you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jail like okay no and you you know
+here in theory Land We it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in theory Land We it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in theory Land We it's pretty easy
+to St out a jail um they don't run after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to St out a jail um they don't run after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to St out a jail um they don't run after
+us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh
+so yeah but yeah you uh this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but yeah you uh this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah but yeah you uh this can be a
+dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business any any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business any any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business any any other
+questions okay H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay H so
+um I'm trying to think if I wanna maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm trying to think if I wanna maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm trying to think if I wanna maybe
+I'll end with a round by round soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll end with a round by round soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll end with a round by round soundness
+it's not as interesting but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as interesting but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as interesting but let me just
+say a few words on it because just uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words on it because just uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words on it because just uh so
+I can check the box I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check the box I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can check the box I think it's
+yeah group you cannot do it in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah group you cannot do it in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah group you cannot do it in parallel
+good okay so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so the question
+was going back to the zero knowledge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going back to the zero knowledge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going back to the zero knowledge we
+said okay so zero knowledge if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay so zero knowledge if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay so zero knowledge if you
+repeat it sequentially it still stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it sequentially it still stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it sequentially it still stays
+zero knowledge okay it still say stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge okay it still say stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge okay it still say stay
+your knowledge because exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge because exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge because exactly the same
+reason as before each time I mean I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason as before each time I mean I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason as before each time I mean I can
+simulate essentially I can simulate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate essentially I can simulate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate essentially I can simulate this
+this transcript exactly the way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transcript exactly the way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transcript exactly the way I can
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of attack it in the random Oracle model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack it in the random Oracle model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack it in the random Oracle model
+it's like every time I so remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like every time I so remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like every time I so remember what
+is the definition of zeron alge which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of zeron alge which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of zeron alge which I
+believe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe I
+erased ah look at this I didn't okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased ah look at this I didn't okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased ah look at this I didn't okay so
+I want to say for every cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say for every cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say for every cheating
+improver for any cheating verifier I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improver for any cheating verifier I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improver for any cheating verifier I can
+simulate the transcript if I repeat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the transcript if I repeat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the transcript if I repeat and
+Peril I can simulate the transcript how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peril I can simulate the transcript how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peril I can simulate the transcript how
+I commit let I'm the simulator I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I commit let I'm the simulator I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I commit let I'm the simulator I'm going
+to simulate a transcript for you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a transcript for you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate a transcript for you I
+commit at least at least a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit at least at least a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit at least at least a physical
+transcript with a commitment as a safe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript with a commitment as a safe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript with a commitment as a safe I
+commit I I I fake it till I make it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit I I I fake it till I make it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit I I I fake it till I make it I
+guess better one I commit I oh oh I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess better one I commit I oh oh I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess better one I commit I oh oh I hope
+V and then I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and then I compute
+varar answer on my commitment hope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varar answer on my commitment hope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varar answer on my commitment hope it's
+better one if it's better one I can open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one if it's better one I can open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better one if it's better one I can open
+and I continue if it's not B when I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I continue if it's not B when I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I continue if it's not B when I try
+again and that's how I simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that's how I simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and that's how I simulate the
+protocol exactly as I cheat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol exactly as I cheat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol exactly as I cheat in the
+random Mor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Mor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Mor
+what happens when things are sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when things are sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when things are sequential
+when things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are
+sequential when things are parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential when things are parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential when things are parallel
+sorry when things are parallel now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when things are parallel now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when things are parallel now with
+in the parallel world you get alpha 1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parallel world you get alpha 1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parallel world you get alpha 1 up
+to Alpha Lambda so Lambda parall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha Lambda so Lambda parall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha Lambda so Lambda parall
+Petition of the commitments so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petition of the commitments so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petition of the commitments so you
+commit all the Matrix kind all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit all the Matrix kind all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit all the Matrix kind all the
+commitments Alpha One you commit you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments Alpha One you commit you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments Alpha One you commit you you
+do it in parallel you get all the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in parallel you get all the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in parallel you get all the beta
+one up to Beta Lambda tells you if to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to Beta Lambda tells you if to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up to Beta Lambda tells you if to
+open with with respect to zero or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open with with respect to zero or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open with with respect to zero or one
+and then you need to do all the openings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to do all the openings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you need to do all the openings
+Gamma One up to gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda exactly the the i i the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda exactly the the i i the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda exactly the the i i the thing
+that helps me simulate is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps me simulate is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps me simulate is exactly the
+break of the random morical model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break of the random morical model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break of the random morical model
+exactly exactly now what happens if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly now what happens if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly exactly now what happens if I do
+it in parallel if I do it in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in parallel if I do it in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in parallel if I do it in parallel
+it's not okay if if V Star was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not okay if if V Star was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not okay if if V Star was was
+honest was completely honest then yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest was completely honest then yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest was completely honest then yes I
+I'll just simulate each one separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just simulate each one separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just simulate each one separately
+because he I can do the same thing I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he I can do the same thing I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he I can do the same thing I I
+just choose these like each one randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose these like each one randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose these like each one randomly
+Sim each one randomly simulate the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim each one randomly simulate the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim each one randomly simulate the thing
+is V Star may be malicious here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Star may be malicious here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V Star may be malicious here's a
+really problematic VAR suppose V is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really problematic VAR suppose V is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really problematic VAR suppose V is such
+that I give him all the commitment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give him all the commitment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give him all the commitment so
+it's digital I so I told you in a save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's digital I so I told you in a save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's digital I so I told you in a save
+but actually there's cryptography going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually there's cryptography going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually there's cryptography going
+on in there let's kind let me just gloss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in there let's kind let me just gloss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in there let's kind let me just gloss
+over the crypto it's the is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the crypto it's the is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the crypto it's the is going to be
+dig digital so there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig digital so there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig digital so there's just
+bits and now suppose V St chooses beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and now suppose V St chooses beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and now suppose V St chooses beta
+and some function of alpha he applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function of alpha he applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some function of alpha he applies
+some he's a cheating proof cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some he's a cheating proof cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some he's a cheating proof cheating
+verifier he wants to learn his goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier he wants to learn his goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier he wants to learn his goal is
+to learn and how does he learn he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn and how does he learn he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn and how does he learn he gets
+all these things he applies some f some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things he applies some f some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things he applies some f some
+function f to all of them together think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to all of them together think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f to all of them together think
+of it like a random function I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it like a random function I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it like a random function I don't
+know like a and that's bet one of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a and that's bet one of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a and that's bet one of to
+Beta Lambda and that's what he sends me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Lambda and that's what he sends me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Lambda and that's what he sends me
+that's the cheating Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cheating Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cheating Pro
+now how do I simulate this I can I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I simulate this I can I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do I simulate this I can I mean
+I can try I can guess beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can try I can guess beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can try I can guess beta
+one and try to get this I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and try to get this I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and try to get this I can't get
+guess all the betas at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all the betas at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess all the betas at the same time the
+thing is I can try to guess beta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I can try to guess beta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I can try to guess beta one
+give a commitment here hope for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a commitment here hope for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a commitment here hope for the best
+but the problem is if I do alpha two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if I do alpha two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is if I do alpha two the
+beta one may change because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one may change because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta one may change because it's the
+betas are function of all the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas are function of all the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas are function of all the alphas
+together it's really not clear how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's really not clear how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's really not clear how to
+simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate
+this okay so the question hold is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the question hold is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the question hold is this
+zero knowledge and this was an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge and this was an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge and this was an open
+problem for a very very long time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a very very long time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for a very very long time uh
+over 20 years we had no idea people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 years we had no idea people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 20 years we had no idea people
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+tried a this we know because people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a this we know because people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried a this we know because people did
+publish some partial results and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish some partial results and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish some partial results and we all
+work like everybody worked on it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like everybody worked on it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like everybody worked on it for a
+very long time uh we shared our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time uh we shared our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time uh we shared our
+frustration uh and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustration uh and then in
+2019 actually here at MIT uh and buun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 actually here at MIT uh and buun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 actually here at MIT uh and buun
+our neighborhood uh a bunch of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neighborhood uh a bunch of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neighborhood uh a bunch of people
+I'm going to tell you about it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about it actually
+proved that this is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that this is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that this is not zero
+knowledge not Peril zero knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge not Peril zero knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge not Peril zero knowledge and
+the way the interesting thing the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the interesting thing the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the interesting thing the way
+they proved that it's not Zer knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proved that it's not Zer knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they proved that it's not Zer knowledge
+is actually by proving that the f chamir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually by proving that the f chamir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually by proving that the f chamir
+is sound for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sound for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sound for this
+protocol which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol which is very
+weird okay so what they prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird okay so what they prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird okay so what they prove
+is that this protocol this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this protocol this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this protocol this is
+a a uh three round protocol you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh three round protocol you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a uh three round protocol you can
+apply F chamir to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply F chamir to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply F chamir to
+it what they proved is if you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what they proved is if you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what they proved is if you so you
+know there was a question is f chamir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was a question is f chamir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there was a question is f chamir
+sound you know in the standard model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you know in the standard model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound you know in the standard model is
+it sound is sound nobody knew they gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound is sound nobody knew they gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sound is sound nobody knew they gave
+kind of a breakthrough result showing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a breakthrough result showing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a breakthrough result showing it
+sound in the random Oracle model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in the random Oracle model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in the random Oracle model so
+that's what I'm going to show you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to show you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm going to show you next
+time next time we're going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next time we're going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time next time we're going to prove that
+this protocol is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol is actually
+sound in uh if you apply F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in uh if you apply F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound in uh if you apply F to
+it the interesting thing is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the interesting thing is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the interesting thing is the fact
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+sound if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound if you
+apply shows so this we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply shows so this we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply shows so this we're going to show
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+sound so of course it sound it's sound I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so of course it sound it's sound I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound so of course it sound it's sound I
+mean if you just do per par petition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you just do per par petition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you just do per par petition
+you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get
+soundness but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness but it's also
+sound with there exists a hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound with there exists a hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound with there exists a hash function
+so there exists a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists a hash
+function such that even this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that even this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that even this hash
+function under LW under a standard quic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function under LW under a standard quic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function under LW under a standard quic
+assumption known as learning with air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption known as learning with air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption known as learning with air
+we'll talk about later almost learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later almost learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later almost learning
+with air with circular security never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air with circular security never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air with circular security never
+mind there's a standard cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there's a standard cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there's a standard cryptographic
+assumption so that under that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so that under that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so that under that assumption
+there exists a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a hash
+family said that this protocol so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family said that this protocol so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family said that this protocol so so
+that uh this so that uh this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is um let me call is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is a f sound so it's sound even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a f sound so it's sound even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a f sound so it's sound even after
+you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply the
+F Paradigm to it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Paradigm to it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Paradigm to it yeah
+a specific protocol yeah and like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific protocol yeah and like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific protocol yeah and like not
+just any Z no not not any not any there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any Z no not not any not any there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any Z no not not any not any there
+may be zero knowledge protocols that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be zero knowledge protocols that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be zero knowledge protocols that are
+you can repeat in parallel and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat in parallel and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat in parallel and zero
+knowledge yeah sorry let me clarify I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yeah sorry let me clarify I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yeah sorry let me clarify I'm
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+saying that any zero knowledge protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that any zero knowledge protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that any zero knowledge protocol
+if you repeat it in parallel it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat it in parallel it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat it in parallel it's not
+zero knowledge anymore I'm not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge anymore I'm not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero knowledge anymore I'm not saying
+that I'm saying that this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm saying that this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm saying that this specific
+protocol for graph uh hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for graph uh hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for graph uh hamiltonian
+if you repeat this protocol in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat this protocol in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you repeat this protocol in parallel
+it's not going to be zero knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be zero knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be zero knowledge and
+the reason it's not going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's not going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's not going to be zero
+knowledge which is this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which is this is kind of
+should be really like what you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be really like what you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be really like what you you
+should not understand what I'm saying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not understand what I'm saying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not understand what I'm saying uh
+or at least it takes time to absorve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least it takes time to absorve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least it takes time to absorve
+absorb or at least to me it took time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb or at least to me it took time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb or at least to me it took time to
+absorb is the reason it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb is the reason it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb is the reason it's not zero
+knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is
+because actually this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually this protocol is
+secure if you apply the fature it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure if you apply the fature it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure if you apply the fature it sound
+if you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply the
+F Paradigm to it and this is what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Paradigm to it and this is what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Paradigm to it and this is what we'll
+see next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see next
+time so this is weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly so why exactly so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so why exactly so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so why exactly so why is it
+why is it not zero knowledge so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not zero knowledge so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it not zero knowledge so what
+does it mean to be zero knowledge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be zero knowledge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean to be zero knowledge it
+says what's the definition of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's the definition of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what's the definition of zero
+knowledge zero know says for any varar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge zero know says for any varar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge zero know says for any varar
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+simulate but now I'll I'll be a varar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but now I'll I'll be a varar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate but now I'll I'll be a varar
+that you cannot simulate my VAR I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot simulate my VAR I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you cannot simulate my VAR I'm
+going to be a f v I'm going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a f v I'm going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a f v I'm going to compute
+my Beta I'm V Star I want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Beta I'm V Star I want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Beta I'm V Star I want to learn
+something my goal is to learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something my goal is to learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something my goal is to learn something
+so I don't want to be able to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to be able to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't want to be able to simulate
+you that I didn't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I didn't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I didn't learn
+anything my goal is just to learn so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything my goal is just to learn so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything my goal is just to learn so how
+do I learn I'm gonna choose my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I learn I'm gonna choose my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I learn I'm gonna choose my
+datas as a f I'm gonna H I'm gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datas as a f I'm gonna H I'm gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datas as a f I'm gonna H I'm gonna use
+the F hash so you told me it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F hash so you told me it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F hash so you told me it sound
+there's some hash family that it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hash family that it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some hash family that it sound
+great I'm going to choose a random hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm going to choose a random hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great I'm going to choose a random hash
+key this family and my Beta is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this family and my Beta is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this family and my Beta is going to
+be has of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be has of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be has of
+alpha now you're saying you can simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha now you're saying you can simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha now you're saying you can simulate
+me for any ex you can simulate me if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for any ex you can simulate me if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for any ex you can simulate me if you
+can simulate me for any ex then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate me for any ex then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can simulate me for any ex then you
+should be able also to simulate me for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able also to simulate me for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able also to simulate me for X
+in the language and for X outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language and for X outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the language and for X outside the
+language because you don't know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because you don't know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because you don't know which is
+in and which is out you're poly bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and which is out you're poly bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and which is out you're poly bounded
+yeah so let's say I want argue there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say I want argue there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's say I want argue there's
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+simulator okay let me let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator okay let me let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator okay let me let me actually
+say this slowly so I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this slowly so I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this slowly so I'm not going to do
+this round by round on this uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this round by round on this uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this round by round on this uh today
+it's not that interesting uh but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that interesting uh but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that interesting uh but it will
+come maybe to haunt us later but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me it's nicer to do and we'll just end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's nicer to do and we'll just end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's nicer to do and we'll just end
+with that we have a couple minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we have a couple minutes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that we have a couple minutes left
+we'll just end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just end with
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again next time we'll see that Peril
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again next time we'll see that Peril
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again next time we'll see that Peril
+repetition of this specific protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of this specific protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of this specific protocol
+with a specific commitment okay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific commitment okay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific commitment okay with a
+specific digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific digital
+save is sound when you apply the F to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save is sound when you apply the F to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save is sound when you apply the F to it
+okay now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim
+soundness or Fe CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soundness implies that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness implies that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness implies that it's
+not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge and let me argue that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and let me argue that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and let me argue that let me
+argue that so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof suppose it's zero knowledge okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof suppose it's zero knowledge okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof suppose it's zero knowledge okay
+so suppose it's wrong suppose I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose it's wrong suppose I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose it's wrong suppose I'm going
+to get a contradiction so Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a contradiction so Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a contradiction so Suppose there
+exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a
+simulator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator a
+PPT there's an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPT there's an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPT there's an efficient
+simulator such that I'm just copying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator such that I'm just copying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator such that I'm just copying the
+definition suppos it's zero knowledge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition suppos it's zero knowledge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition suppos it's zero knowledge it
+means that there's an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's an efficient
+simulator such that for any poly siiz V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator such that for any poly siiz V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator such that for any poly siiz V
+Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for any cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any cheating
+verifier and for every X in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and for every X in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and for every X in the language
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+simulate okay so for every for every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate okay so for every for every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate okay so for every for every X
+Sim what does Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim what does Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sim what does Sim
+do see an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do see an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do see an input
+X outputs like Alpha Beta gamma that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X outputs like Alpha Beta gamma that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X outputs like Alpha Beta gamma that are
+accepted with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted with respect to
+X okay because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay because uh
+because the prover is accepted he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prover is accepted he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the prover is accepted he's
+honest so the Prov is always accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest so the Prov is always accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest so the Prov is always accepted
+you're talking with an honest prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking with an honest prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking with an honest prover
+that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+witness okay so so he should also accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness okay so so he should also accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness okay so so he should also accept
+they're indistinguishable real and ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're indistinguishable real and ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're indistinguishable real and ideal
+like the real view should be in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real view should be in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the real view should be in from the
+the real view should be inum from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real view should be inum from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real view should be inum from the
+simulated view the real view output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated view the real view output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated view the real view output
+something that's accepted so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's accepted so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's accepted so the
+simulator should out put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator should out put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator should out put something
+that's accepted okay now so first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accepted okay now so first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's accepted okay now so first first
+I want to argue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to argue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to argue this
+implies that also for X not an L or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that also for X not an L or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that also for X not an L or for
+random I should say for or there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random I should say for or there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random I should say for or there exists
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+least such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least such that
+Sim and X also outputs Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma that are
+accepted so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted so this is
+accepted I'll write it like and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted I'll write it like and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted I'll write it like and so this
+should also be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why why so I want to argue if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so I want to argue if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so I want to argue if for every
+ACC in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACC in the
+language this efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this efficient
+simulator with orle access to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator with orle access to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator with orle access to an
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+verifier with an expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with an expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier with an expected
+transcript there must be one at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript there must be one at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript there must be one at least
+one exent of the language so that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exent of the language so that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one exent of the language so that he
+output something that's accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output something that's accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output something that's accepting
+because he can't distinguish in the Ling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can't distinguish in the Ling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he can't distinguish in the Ling
+it's hard problem and he's efficient if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard problem and he's efficient if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard problem and he's efficient if
+all the time that it's in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time that it's in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time that it's in the language
+he outputs accepting and all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he outputs accepting and all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he outputs accepting and all the time
+not in the language then the simulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language then the simulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language then the simulator
+broke broke your language he broke n p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke broke your language he broke n p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke broke your language he broke n p
+okay so that can't be so there exists X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that can't be so there exists X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that can't be so there exists X
+not in the language for which he manages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language for which he manages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the language for which he manages
+the gener valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gener valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gener valid
+transcript that breaks the because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript that breaks the because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript that breaks the because what
+does varar do VAR this means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does varar do VAR this means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does varar do VAR this means that this
+is hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X in
+Alpha that's my V Star my V Star applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that's my V Star my V Star applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that's my V Star my V Star applies
+F I'm I'm I'm I so okay the V Star that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I'm I'm I'm I so okay the V Star that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F I'm I'm I'm I so okay the V Star that
+I'm interested in is the f v star it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in is the f v star it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in is the f v star it
+takes we assumed that the f is sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes we assumed that the f is sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes we assumed that the f is sound
+with respect as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H this V Star this V Star is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this V Star this V Star is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this V Star this V Star is going to
+use that h he's going to choose a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that h he's going to choose a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that h he's going to choose a random
+hash key and he's G to choose that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key and he's G to choose that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash key and he's G to choose that's how
+he chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he chooses the
+beta or he's going to fix an random hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or he's going to fix an random hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or he's going to fix an random hash
+key is fixed that's it that's a hash key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is fixed that's it that's a hash key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is fixed that's it that's a hash key
+it's fixed now Sim has to use that hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed now Sim has to use that hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fixed now Sim has to use that hash
+key because otherwise you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinguish so he broke the F so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so he broke the F so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so he broke the F so he
+broke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke the
+F that means he cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that means he cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that means he cannot
+simulate there's no simulator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate there's no simulator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate there's no simulator a
+simulator will break the F so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator will break the F so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator will break the F so it's kind
+of an interesting kind of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting kind of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an interesting kind of people
+believed it was a weird state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed it was a weird state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed it was a weird state of the
+world because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world because people
+believed that in some sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that in some sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed that in some sense that
+parallel zero knowledge should hold why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel zero knowledge should hold why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel zero knowledge should hold why
+not you can't learn what can you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can't learn what can you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can't learn what can you learn
+try to learn but people also learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn but people also learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to learn but people also learn that
+future me is true but these two these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future me is true but these two these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future me is true but these two these
+two are not uh don't you can't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not uh don't you can't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are not uh don't you can't believe
+both you know and it wasn't clear which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you know and it wasn't clear which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both you know and it wasn't clear which
+one is the right thing and so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the right thing and so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the right thing and so now we
+know at least for this protocol f chir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least for this protocol f chir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at least for this protocol f chir
+is is true and it's not zero knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is true and it's not zero knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is true and it's not zero knowledge
+yeah show something stronger like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah show something stronger like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah show something stronger like any
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+interactive can be zero knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive can be zero knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive can be zero knowledge
+basically any any interactive proofer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any any interactive proofer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any any interactive proofer
+Which F CH holds can add be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which F CH holds can add be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which F CH holds can add be zero
+knowledge exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge exactly
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Usef exactly exctly no interaction zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usef exactly exctly no interaction zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usef exactly exctly no interaction zero
+yeah that's what the pro I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what the pro I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what the pro I see
+yeah yeah yeah okay we're out of time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zWZCMrKIikw.txt b/zWZCMrKIikw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4586c02c4ec60ffdd9f2a8bde4002f7b31f3e758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zWZCMrKIikw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3318 @@
+PROFESSOR: And what we saw was
+the performance was quite
+
+different in the two regimes.
+
+In power-limited regime,
+typically our SNR is much
+
+smaller than one, whereas in the
+bandwidth-limited regime,
+
+the SNR is large.
+
+And because of this behavior
+of SNR, what we saw is that
+
+the Shannon spectral
+efficiency in the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime,
+it doubles for every --
+
+if we double our SNR.
+
+For every 3 dB increase in SNR,
+the spectral efficiency
+
+increases by a factor of 2.
+
+In the bandwidth limited regime,
+if we have a 3 dB
+
+increase in SNR, the spectral
+efficiency increases by one
+
+bit per two dimension.
+
+On the other hand, if we double
+our bandwidth, then the
+
+capacity in bits per second
+is not affected in the
+
+power-limited regime.
+
+But if we double our bandwidth,
+then in the
+
+bandwidth-limited regime,
+the capacity increases
+
+approximately by
+a factor of 2.
+
+And that's really what
+motivated the name
+
+bandwidth-limited and
+power-limited regime.
+
+If we want a more operational
+definition, then we say that
+
+the flow is less than two bits
+per two dimensions, we will
+
+have this bandwidth-limited
+regime.
+
+And in this case, rho is greater
+than two bits per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+The number two bits per two
+dimensions was chosen because
+
+it is like the largest spectral
+efficiency we can get
+
+through binary transmission.
+
+If it's an uncoded two-PAM over
+a channel, then we get
+
+two bits per two dimensions.
+
+If we are coding, the only
+thing we can do is reduce
+
+spectral efficiency.
+
+So typically, if we are going
+to operate in power-limited
+
+regime, the operational meaning
+is we can get away
+
+with binary transmission.
+
+In the bandwidth-limited regime,
+we have to resort to
+
+non-binary transmission.
+
+So in other words, binary
+modulation is done in
+
+power-limited regime, whereas we
+need multi-level modulation
+
+in the bandwidth-limited
+regime.
+
+The baseline system
+here is 2-PAM.
+
+The uncoded performance
+was of 2-PAM.
+
+In the bandwidth limited
+regime, it is M-PAM.
+
+And the way we measure
+performance in the
+
+power-limited regime is the
+probability of bit error as a
+
+function of EbN0.
+
+OK?
+
+In the bandwidth-limited
+regime, the performance
+
+measure is done by probability
+of error per two dimensions as
+
+a function of SNR norm.
+
+And in this case, we saw that
+the gap to capacity --
+
+or rather, to put it in other
+words, the ultimate limit on
+
+EbN0 is minus 1.59 dB.
+
+And here, the ultimate limit
+on SNR norm is 0 dB.
+
+OK?
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do we use Eb
+over N_0 SNR norm for
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+bandwidth limited?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do we use Eb over
+N_0 for both regimes?
+
+PROFESSOR: Or why don't use
+SNR norm for both regimes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now if we think about
+the bandwidth limited
+
+regime, what we really
+care about is
+
+spectral efficiency, right?
+
+What SNR norm does, if you
+remember the definition, is
+
+that it compass the amount of
+SNR we require for a practical
+
+system to that of the best
+possible system.
+
+So in other words, if you
+do care about spectral
+
+efficiency, SNR norm is the
+right measure to look for.
+
+OK, now what happens in the
+power-limited regime?
+
+It turns out, probably more for
+historic reasons, people
+
+started with EbN0 in the
+power-limited regime.
+
+And if you look at the
+definition of EbN0, it is SNR
+
+over rho, right?
+
+So in the power limited regime,
+our rho is small, the
+
+SNR is going to be small, but
+if you look at -- because we
+
+are in the power limited regime
+so we have lots of
+
+bandwidth, so our SNR is going
+to be small and the spectral
+
+efficiency is going
+to be small.
+
+But if you look at the ratio
+between the two, it's going to
+
+be greater than minus 1.59 dB.
+
+OK.
+
+so it turns out that the kind of
+limit we do take, our EbN0
+
+remains constant as minus 1.59
+dB, and that's probably one of
+
+the reasons that motivated
+to use EbN0 in the
+
+power limited regime.
+
+On the other hand, one could
+also argue is that what really
+
+happens in the power limited
+regime is that our bandwidth
+
+becomes really large.
+
+So if this [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+stick with 2-PAM system, then
+we do get a spectral
+
+efficiency of two bits per two
+dimensions, but that's just
+
+because we are using a
+particular modulation scheme.
+
+If our bandwidth is really
+large, we are not really going
+
+to care about what spectral
+efficiency we use.
+
+What really matters is this
+energy per bit, and that's why
+
+this is a reasonable
+assumption.
+
+Does that answer
+your question?
+
+Right, it's not completely clear
+as to why this EbN0 is
+
+the best here, and SNR norm is
+here if you don't take the
+
+limit rho going to zero here,
+but again, you can think of it
+
+more as a convention.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you look in the
+power-limited regime, you
+
+are saying rho is less than two
+bits per two dimensions.
+
+If you use an uncoded 2-PAM,
+what's your spectral
+
+efficiency?
+
+It's two bits per two
+dimension, right?
+
+Now the idea is, suppose we want
+to design a system with
+
+spectral efficiency greater
+than two bits per two
+
+dimensions?
+
+We cannot really use
+a 2-PAM system.
+
+Because if you put coding on top
+of it, all we are going to
+
+do is simply reduce the spectral
+efficiency below two
+
+bits per two dimension.
+
+So we have to start with a
+non-binary modulation, right?
+
+So that's how we distinguish
+between power-limited and
+
+bandwidth-limited
+
+AUDIENCE: That's just because
+you're using the 2-PAM as your
+
+baseline [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So let us do an example to
+finish off this analysis.
+
+Now suppose --
+
+say you are at a summer project,
+and you're assigned
+
+to design some system.
+
+Your boss gives you some
+specifications, like
+
+continuous time specifications.
+
+In particular, you have
+a baseband system.
+
+The baseband system has a
+bandwidth of one Megahertz.
+
+You have a power, P, which is
+one unit, so that's another
+
+resource you have.
+
+And if you measure your channel,
+it can be reasonably
+
+approximated as an AWGN channel,
+so there is no ISI or
+
+any filtering going on, just
+Additive White Gaussian Noise.
+
+And your noise a single sided
+spectral density of ten to the
+
+minus six units per Hertz
+of the bandwidth.
+
+And what is your goal?
+
+So you have the following
+goal.
+
+Design a 2-PAM system,
+with a specified
+
+probability of bit error.
+
+And what you want to do is
+compare this to the ultimate
+
+Shannon limit.
+
+So that is your objective.
+
+So since we have to compare it
+with Shannon limit, and we
+
+have already a formula for the
+Shannon limit, let's just
+
+start with that.
+
+So for this problem, we have
+the Shannon limit.
+
+You have rho is less than log
+base 2 of 1 plus SNR.
+
+For SNR, I can talk in terms
+of this continuous time
+
+parameters, it's P over N_0 W.
+My P is one unit, and nought
+
+is ten to the minus six, and
+my bandwidth, W, is one
+
+Megahertz here, which
+is ten to the six.
+
+So my P over N_0 W
+is basically one.
+
+So I have 1 plus
+1, which is 2.
+
+This is log base
+2 of 2, or it's
+
+one bit per two dimension.
+
+So my capacity in bits per
+second is rho W, and rho is
+
+one bit per two dimension, the
+bandwidth is one Megahertz.
+
+So I get ten to the six
+bits per second.
+
+So this is my Shannon
+capacity for this
+
+particular AWGN system.
+
+OK.
+
+The next thing we want to do
+is compare this with a
+
+practical system, and
+see how close we get
+
+to the Shannon limit.
+
+And since you only have to work
+with 2-PAM, the generic
+
+architecture is something
+we saw last time.
+
+You have input bits coming in,
+let's call them X sub k, where
+
+k is the kth bit.
+
+And they belong to a certain
+constellation,
+
+let's call the --
+
+the constellation points are
+just -- it's a 2-PAM system,
+
+so we have minus alpha
+and alpha.
+
+And this goes through a PAM
+modulator, and one parameter
+
+to specify for the
+PAM modulator
+
+is the symbol interval.
+
+Right, the time between sending
+consecutive signals
+
+over the channel.
+
+What you get out is X
+of t, this is the
+
+channel model, N of t.
+
+There's already noise over
+the channel, and what you
+
+get out is Y of t.
+
+So this is the generic
+architecture.
+
+And now, your goal for the
+design problem is to select
+
+alpha and t in the right way,
+so that they satisfy this
+
+continuous time constraints, and
+at the same time, you have
+
+your probability of error of
+ten to the minus five.
+
+So what would be an obvious
+choice for T?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the first idea is you are
+given a certain amount of
+
+bandwidth, and you clearly want
+send your signals as fast
+
+as possible in order to get
+excellent data rate.
+
+Now because you have a certain
+amount of bandwidth, what
+
+Nyquist's criteria tells
+you is that you want
+
+to have zero ISI.
+
+And if you want to have zero
+ISI, what you do know is that
+
+the symbol interval should
+be greater than or
+
+equal to 1 over 2W.
+
+You cannot signal at a rate
+faster than one over T, and so
+
+if we look at this, it's 1
+over 2 times 10 to the 6.
+
+Now it I do use this particular
+value of T, then
+
+what's my alpha going to be?
+
+Well, alpha is simply the
+energy per symbol.
+
+So I know alpha squared is the
+power that I have times the
+
+symbol interval, T. It's
+just a definition.
+
+This comes from orthonormality
+of the PAM
+
+system that we have.
+
+Now P is one, because that's
+what I specified as a system
+
+specification, so this is just
+T, which is one over times ten
+
+to the six.
+
+So I can select this value of
+alpha and this value of T.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, alpha squared
+is energy per symbol.
+
+So what will that be?
+
+What's the energy per symbol,
+if you're sending every T
+
+seconds, and if you
+have a power of P?
+
+Es, that I mentioned last
+time, or energy per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+So in PAM, it will be
+energy per symbols.
+
+In that case, it will be 2P.
+
+OK.
+
+But now if I select these values
+of alpha and T, will my
+
+system work?
+
+Is this a reasonable
+design, or is there
+
+something wrong here?
+
+I'm clearly satisfying my --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The probability
+of error, right, exactly.
+
+So in fact, I do know how
+to calculate it, right?
+
+What's the probability
+of bit error?
+
+Well, we saw that last time it
+was Q of root 2 Eb over N_0.
+
+Eb is same as alpha squared,
+because we
+
+have one bit per symbol.
+
+So alpha squared is this
+quantity here, 1 over 2 times
+
+10 to the 6.
+
+So this is Q of square
+root of --
+
+so 2 alpha squared is 10 to
+the 6, 1 over 10 to the 6.
+
+N_0, I know, is ten to the
+minus six, so this is
+
+actually Q of 1.
+
+And if I do calculate that, it's
+like 17 percent, which is
+
+nowhere close to ten
+to the minus five.
+
+So any suggestions on how
+I can improve my system?
+
+AUDIENCE: Increase
+T [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Increase T, right?
+
+What's happening
+right now is --
+
+the reason we selected this
+value of T in the first place
+
+is because we wanted to send
+our signals as fast as
+
+possible avoid ISI, but that's
+just one of criteria in my
+
+system, right?
+
+I have to also satisfy this
+probability of error criteria,
+
+so I want to make sure my
+probability of error is going
+
+to be small.
+
+If I look at the expression for
+probability of error, it
+
+doesn't really look at T. All
+it looks at is this ratio of
+
+Eb/N0, right?
+
+So if I want to reduce my
+probability of error, I have
+
+to increase my energy per bit.
+
+Now my energy per bit is P times
+T, so the only hope of
+
+increasing my energy per bit
+will be to increase T, which
+
+means I have to signal
+at a slower rate.
+
+OK?
+
+So we have probability of --
+
+let's write the calculation
+down.
+
+It's ten to the minus five.
+
+Last time, we saw that the best
+way to solve this is to
+
+look at the waterfall curve,
+and EbN_0 in this case is
+
+approximately 9.6 dB.
+
+I will say that that's
+approximately ten on the
+
+linear scale.
+
+So this implies that energy
+per bit is ten
+
+to the minus five.
+
+So energy per bit is P times T,
+in this case, it's ten to
+
+the minus five. p is one, so
+this implies that t is ten to
+
+the minus five.
+
+So I can send one bit every ten
+to the minus five seconds.
+
+So my rate that I achieve --
+
+just write it here --
+
+which is ten to the five
+bits per second.
+
+OK?
+
+If you compare this to the
+Shannon limit, the Shannon
+
+limit is right here,
+you have ten to the
+
+six bits per second.
+
+So you lose by a factor of ten
+in your data rate if you're
+
+going to use an uncoded
+2-PAM system.
+
+So what this example tells you
+is that if you're going to do
+
+more sophisticated cording, you
+can gain up to a factor of
+
+ten in your data rate.
+
+So if the 10 dB did not really
+impress you last time,
+
+hopefully this example
+throws more light on
+
+the value of coding.
+
+Are there any questions
+on this example?
+
+AUDIENCE: Since the --
+
+since we are signaling at a
+faster rate now, instead of
+
+using sink process, we can
+use something better.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a very
+good point, yes.
+
+Well, if you look at the nominal
+bandwidth here, it's 1
+
+over 2T, right?
+
+T is 10 to the minus 5 seconds,
+so this says 1 over 2
+
+times 10 to the minus 5.
+
+So it's going to be 5 times
+10 to the 4, or 50 KHz.
+
+OK?
+
+The available bandwidth you
+have, the system bandwidth, if
+
+you will, is 1 Megahertz.
+
+But if you're going to do
+Nyquist's ideal sinks pulses,
+
+then you only need 50
+KHz of bandwidth in
+
+your system, right?
+
+So one advantage of this system,
+if you will, is that
+
+you're not required to do the
+complicated sink pulses.
+
+Do not need to send
+those pulses.
+
+You could simply send, for
+example, square pulses and,
+
+because your bandwidth is such
+low, you have a very low
+
+complexity system.
+
+Of course, the price you pay is
+you reduce the data rate by
+
+a factor of ten.
+
+OK, it's a good point.
+
+In fact, there are many points
+that will come up in this
+
+example if you think about it
+later on, so feel free to ask
+
+me questions if you think about
+some issues later on.
+
+Ok.
+
+So I think we have motivated
+the need for coding enough
+
+now, so let's look at
+our encoder design.
+
+So a typical encoder design
+takes bits in --
+
+we saw this last time
+in the context of
+
+spectral efficiency --
+
+and produces symbols out.
+
+So I can represent my bits by,
+say a vector b, and I can
+
+represent my symbols
+by a vector x.
+
+So every sequence of b
+bits gets mapped to a
+
+sequence of N symbols.
+
+Now this output sequence of
+symbols is not any arbitrary
+
+sequence, but it lies in a set
+of all possible sequences,
+
+which I denote by C. And this
+set is essentially a set of
+
+permissible output symbol
+sequences, which I will write
+
+by C sub j, which is a vector
+in Rn, because there are N
+
+symbols being produced.
+
+And we can have set up to j, j
+goes from 1 to M. So we can
+
+have up to M symbols.
+
+And note that here, M has to
+be equal to 2 to the b, in
+
+order to be able to
+map every sequence
+
+of b bits to M symbols.
+
+So this C is known as a
+codebook, and each C sub j is
+
+called a codeword.
+
+OK?
+
+The standard definition
+of an encoder.
+
+Now in today's lecture and half
+of next week's lecture,
+
+we will be seeing at a very
+specific case when N
+
+equals 1 and 2.
+
+In that case, instead of using
+the letter C, we will be using
+
+a different letter, A. So C,
+in that case, we'll call it
+
+actually a constellation.
+
+So in particular if C is one,
+it's a PAM constellation.
+
+If N is 2, it's a QAM
+constellation.
+
+And we'll be denoting it by
+a letter A instead of C.
+
+So A is again, a sequence of
+symbols a_j, which belongs to
+
+Rn, where one is less than j
+is less than M. OK, in this
+
+case a is a constellation.
+
+a_j's are known as symbols, or
+sometimes they're also known
+
+as signal points in
+the constellation.
+
+There are a number of
+definitions that
+
+follow from this --
+
+number of properties of
+the constellation,
+
+rather, that follow.
+
+So in particular N is known
+as the dimension of your
+
+constellation.
+
+The number N is this, and
+here, it's the number of
+
+symbol sequences you output
+for a sequence of b
+
+bits that are in.
+
+M is the size of your
+constellation.
+
+The energy per constellation is
+given by 1 over M times the
+
+summation the norm of a_j
+squared, where j goes from one
+
+to M. The minimum distance of
+your constellation is simply
+
+the Euclidean minimum distance
+between two points in the
+
+constellation.
+
+So if you take the norm of a_i
+minus a_j, and minimize it
+
+over all possible
+values i and j.
+
+The number of nearest neighbors,
+of the average
+
+number of nearest --
+
+K_min of A is the average number
+of nearest neighbors in
+
+A.
+
+In addition to this, there
+are some orthonormalized
+
+parameters that you
+saw last time.
+
+The spectral efficiency, which
+is in units of bits per two
+
+dimensions is 2b over N. And if
+you want to eliminate b, we
+
+use the relation that b is
+log M to the base 2 here.
+
+And so we have 2 log M
+to the base 2 over N.
+
+The energy per two dimensions,
+denoted by Es, is simply 2
+
+over N E(A).
+
+So E(A) is the average energy
+of your constellation.
+
+If you divide it by the number
+of dimensions you have, you
+
+get energy per dimension, and
+you multiply it by 2.
+
+And finally, the energy per bit
+is Es over rho, or it can
+
+also be expressed as E(A), which
+is the energy per symbol
+
+over the number of bits per
+symbol, which is log
+
+M to the base 2.
+
+It might seem like a lot of
+definitions, but you will see
+
+very soon that they have a very
+tight interplay among one
+
+another, so it's not nearly as
+overwhelming as it might seem
+
+at the first point.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because you have two
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] b bits
+
+coming in, right, which
+you map to each --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+There are two [INAUDIBLE]
+possible sequences, but all of
+
+them need not be used, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we assume that
+there is no coding going
+
+on before the encoder.
+
+So you have the source code, for
+which there's a sequence
+
+of IID bits, and then
+they mapped to
+
+a sequence of symbols.
+
+So we'll see all of our possible
+input bits coming in
+
+here, because it's produced
+by a source code,
+
+like a Huffman code.
+
+Right?
+
+And the idea here is, perhaps
+what you're asking is --
+
+this did not span the
+entire space of Rn.
+
+We want to select these
+sequences carefully here.
+
+Maybe we'll come back to that
+later on in the course.
+
+OK, so let's do an example.
+
+So the example is, say we have
+A, which is a 2-PAM system,
+
+and you want to look at this
+constellation, B, which is
+
+denoted by A raised to K. The
+definition of A raised to k is
+
+it's a sequence of K symbols
+where each x_i belongs to A.
+
+So this is also known as the
+K-fold Cartesian product of A.
+
+AUDIENCE: Another question.
+
+So it has been pre-decided that
+b bits will be encoded
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So this is a specific structure
+we are imposing on
+
+the encoder.
+
+So this is the constellation,
+and you'll want to study the
+
+properties for this
+constellation.
+
+For this constellation,
+what's N going to be?
+
+What's the dimension
+going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: For B, not A. It's
+going to be K. Well, the
+
+number of points in this
+constellation, how
+
+many points are there?
+
+There are K coordinates.
+
+Each coordinate can be
+plus or minus alpha.
+
+So we have 2 to the K possible
+points in this constellation.
+
+OK?
+
+What's E of A going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: K alpha
+squared. right?
+
+Basically, we have
+K coordinates.
+
+The energy for each coordinate
+will simply add up.
+
+The energy across each
+coordinate is always going to
+
+be alpha squared.
+
+So each point in this
+constellation has an energy of
+
+K alpha squared.
+
+So regardless of how many points
+we have, the average
+
+energy is always going to
+be K alpha squared.
+
+Does everybody see this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You're right.
+
+Maybe that was the confusion.
+
+It's a good thing.
+
+Just getting too used to
+writing E of A. OK.
+
+What's d_min of b going to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+2 alpha.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2 alpha.
+
+I think everybody had
+the right idea.
+
+So the minimum distance here is
+two alpha for A. If we look
+
+at this point B, we can fix K
+minus 1 coordinates for two
+
+points to be the same, they will
+only differ in one point.
+
+And so the minimum distance
+is across that
+
+point, which is 2 alpha.
+
+What is K_min of
+B going to be?
+
+It's going to be K. For each
+point -- let's say the point
+
+which has all alphas, we can fix
+K minus 1 coordinate and
+
+find another point which is
+different in only one of the
+
+coordinates, say the
+first coordinate.
+
+We can do it for all K different
+coordinates, so
+
+K_min is going to be K for
+each point, and hence the
+
+average number of nearest
+neighbors is also K.
+
+OK, so now in this case, let's
+first start with the
+
+normalized parameters.
+
+That's always good to start
+with spectral efficiency.
+
+That's 2 log M over N. Well, log
+of M is going to be K, so
+
+N is going to be K. So this is
+going to be two bits per two
+
+dimensions, and this is the same
+as that of the original
+
+constellation, A. Your energy
+per two dimensions is going to
+
+be 2 over N E(B).
+
+E(B) is K alpha squared, N
+equals K, so this is 2 alpha
+
+squared, and that is the same as
+the original constellation,
+
+A.
+
+Finally.
+
+energy per bit is Es over
+rho, so it's 2 alpha
+
+squared over 2.
+
+So that's alpha squared, and
+that's same as the 2-PAM
+
+constellation.
+
+So why did I go through all
+of these calculations?
+
+What we see is that the
+normalized parameters, rho,
+
+Es, and Eb, are the same for the
+Cartesian product as for
+
+the original constellation.
+
+And at some level, that should
+not be too surprising, right?
+
+Because what I'll be doing in
+this Cartesian product, we are
+
+not really doing any
+coding, right?
+
+In this original constellation,
+we had one bit
+
+coming in, and we are mapping
+it to one symbol.
+
+All we are doing in the
+Cartesian product is we are
+
+taking K bits in and mapping
+them to K symbols.
+
+So we still have one
+bit per symbol.
+
+The noise is IID, so it's
+optimal to two decisions for
+
+each of the coordinates
+independently, and decide
+
+whether that coordinate
+corresponds to plus alpha or
+
+minus alpha.
+
+So in other words, there's
+nothing gained by doing this
+
+Cartesian product.
+
+And we will see, the probability
+of error
+
+expression depends on these
+normalized parameters, if we
+
+want to look at Pb of E, and so
+we do not gain anything in
+
+terms of the probability of
+error, versus EbN_0, trade-off
+
+through Cartesian product.
+
+So I'm making the note here
+because that's the
+
+only space I have.
+
+So the note is if I look at
+probability of bit error
+
+versus EbN_0, the curve we saw
+last time, it is the same for
+
+B and A. You should be able to
+convince yourself about this,
+
+and so there is really no
+coding going on here.
+
+Are there any questions
+on this?
+
+Let's look at this problem
+a bit more carefully now.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does he use?
+
+PROFESSOR: Energy per
+two dimensions.
+
+Es will always be energy
+per two dimensions.
+
+Throughout the course, we'll
+be using these notations.
+
+Eb is the energy per bit,
+Es is the energy per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+And if you want to say energy
+per symbol, we'll be using
+
+this notation E sub
+the constellation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+It's not energy per bit.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, this
+is energy --
+
+B is my constellation.
+
+So that's why it's energy of
+that constellation, average
+
+energy per symbol in
+that constellation.
+
+OK, so let us consider the
+special case when K equals 3.
+
+So in that case, B is A^q.
+
+So if I look at all possible
+points in B, they are going to
+
+lie on the vertices of a
+three-dimensional cube.
+
+That's a Cartesian product
+in three dimensions.
+
+And all my constellations points
+are basically on the
+
+vertices of this cube.
+
+The distance here is going
+to be 2 alpha.
+
+That's the length of each edge
+in my cube, and that's what B
+
+is going to be.
+
+Clearly, the minimum distances
+is 2 alpha, as we saw before.
+
+Now let me define a different
+constellation, B prime, and
+
+only going to take four vertices
+from these possible
+
+eight vertices.
+
+I'm going to take this vertex
+here, I'm going to take this
+
+vertex here, this one,
+and this one.
+
+I'm only taking four vertices.
+
+If I want to tell you explicitly
+what the points
+
+are, I need to draw an axis, so
+I'm simply drawing the x,
+
+y, and z axis here.
+
+This is x-axis, this is
+y-axis, and z-axis.
+
+And B prime is a subset
+of the points in this
+
+three-dimensional Cartesian
+product.
+
+They will be alpha, alpha,
+alpha; minus alpha, minus
+
+alpha, alpha; alpha, minus
+alpha, minus alpha; and let's
+
+see, minus alpha, alpha,
+minus alpha.
+
+So two of the coordinates will
+be minus alpha here, in these
+
+three points, and we have one
+coordinate all alphas.
+
+So this is my B prime.
+
+What is the minimum distance
+going to be for B prime?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: 2 over
+2 alpha, right?
+
+It's basically the length
+of this edge here.
+
+This is 2 alpha, this
+is 2 alpha.
+
+So it's 2 over 2 alpha.
+
+So in other words, by simply
+selecting a subset of points,
+
+I have been able to increase
+my minimum distance.
+
+Because my minimum distance
+is larger, I hope that the
+
+probability of error will be
+smaller as opposed to the
+
+original constellation.
+
+But this comes at the
+price, right?
+
+And what's the price?
+
+The spectral efficiency
+is smaller, right?
+
+What if I look at my spectral
+efficiency?
+
+Well, I'm only sending
+out two points, two
+
+bits per each point.
+
+So two bits, each point takes
+three dimensions, so my
+
+spectral efficiency is 2 times
+2 over 3 bits per two
+
+dimensions, or it's 4 over 3
+bits per two dimensions.
+
+And this is in contrast to the
+two bits per two dimensions we
+
+had for B.
+
+So in other words, there is
+a trade-off between your
+
+spectral efficiency and
+the minimum distance.
+
+We'll start with a K-dimensional
+Cartesian
+
+product of A, which
+has all points.
+
+We took a subset of points, and
+if we chose them smartly,
+
+we were able to increase the
+minimum distance, but the
+
+price we had to pay was
+to reduce the spectral
+
+efficiency.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where did this
+two / three come from?
+
+PROFESSOR: This two here?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2/3, yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2/3, I am sending
+two bits per symbol, right?
+
+Each symbol has three
+dimensions.
+
+So it's 2/3 bit per dimension,
+or 4/3 bit per two dimension.
+
+OK, so the point was it seems
+like there is a trade-off
+
+between minimum distance and
+spectral efficiency.
+
+And indeed, this might seem like
+a reasonable trade-off,
+
+and a lot of coding here that we
+will be seeing in the early
+
+part of the course is indeed
+motivated by this trade-off.
+
+You want to reduce your spectral
+efficiency in order
+
+to increase your probability
+of error.
+
+And this has in fact been
+quite a dominant design
+
+principle for a large number of
+codes that have come up in
+
+coding theory.
+
+However, if you look at what
+Shannon says, Shannon says
+
+something quite different.
+
+In Shannon's theorem, all
+they say is, you have --
+
+if your spectral efficiency is
+below a certain amount, then
+
+your probability of bit error
+can be made arbitrarily small.
+
+OK, so what Shannon is saying,
+it's something much stronger
+
+than this trade-off.
+
+It's saying if you reduce your
+spectral efficiency below a
+
+certain quantity which is
+finite, then the probability
+
+of error can be made
+arbitrarily small.
+
+There is no statement of minimum
+distance in this
+
+theorem here.
+
+And indeed, if you look at the
+most modern codes which are
+
+capacity approaching, they are
+not designed to maximize the
+
+minimum distance.
+
+They are designed to work well
+with some practical decoding
+
+algorithms, like the belief
+propagation of
+
+algorithms and so on.
+
+So they are designed on a
+somewhat different principle
+
+than minimum distance.
+
+But nevertheless, this is quite
+a powerful tool that we
+
+will be using in the early
+part of this course.
+
+We start with a K-dimensional
+Cartesian product, select a
+
+subset of points, and we want
+to increase the minimum
+
+distance at the cost of
+spectral efficiency.
+
+OK.
+
+Now are there any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+Suppose I have a 2-PAM
+constellation, then I can
+
+easily write the probability of
+bit error as a function of
+
+Q function.
+
+If it is a more complicated
+expression, I have to
+
+integrate over the decision
+regions, which we'll be seeing
+
+later on in this lecture.
+
+And it's not usually possible to
+get an exact probability of
+
+error expression.
+
+We usually use an in-union
+bound, to bound it by a pair
+
+of [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+error probability.
+
+We'll be doing all
+that just now.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let us --
+
+I have talked now enough now
+about encoder, and we'll be
+
+visiting it very soon, but let
+us switch gears and talk about
+
+the decoder now.
+
+OK, what does a decoder do?
+
+So the goal of a decoder
+is the following.
+
+You get your received vector Y,
+which is X plus N, and from
+
+Y, you want to estimate X-hat
+as a point in your signal
+
+constellation.
+
+So you receive a noisy version
+of X, and you want to estimate
+
+X-hat at the decoder.
+
+So this is the architecture
+of your decoder.
+
+And the goal here is you
+want to minimize the
+
+probability of error.
+
+And what's the probability
+of error?
+
+It's basically probability that
+X is not equal to X-hat.
+
+So that is your general criteria
+at the decoder.
+
+Now what we'll doing next is
+basically going through this
+
+exercise to show that this
+minimum probability of error
+
+criteria is equivalent to a
+bunch of other criteria.
+
+So the first criteria is the
+MAP criteria: Maximum
+
+A-Posteriori Rule.
+
+So our probability of error
+is basically --
+
+I can track it as an integral of
+probability of error given
+
+Y times the density function of
+Y. So if I want to minimize
+
+my probability of error, I want
+to minimize each term in
+
+this integral.
+
+So this implies I want to
+minimize probability of error
+
+given Y for each possible
+value of Y. OK?
+
+Now what's that going to be?
+
+Well, in order to look
+at what this term is,
+
+suppose I make a decision.
+
+I receive Y, and I decide
+a symbol a_j is sent.
+
+Then what's the probability
+of error going to be?
+
+My probability of error given
+Y is going to be 1 minus the
+
+probability that
+I was correct.
+
+Probability that I was correct
+is probability X equals a_j,
+
+given Y. This follows
+from the definition.
+
+So if I want to minimize my
+probability of error given Y,
+
+I want to actually choose an
+a_j that maximizes the
+
+probability of a_j given Y. So
+this implies, choose a_j.
+
+And this is known
+as the MAP rule.
+
+So the idea behind the MAP rule
+is to choose the symbol
+
+in the constellation that
+maximizes the posterior
+
+probability, given the
+received symbol.
+
+Now, this MAP rule is equivalent
+to the maximum
+
+likelihood rule, under the
+assumption that all the signal
+
+points a_j are equally likely.
+
+The proof is not hard,
+you just use
+
+Bayes Theorem for that.
+
+So suppose all a_j's
+are equally likely.
+
+Then probability of a_j given
+Y, which by Bayes Theorem is
+
+the density of Y given a_j,
+times the probability of a_j.
+
+But since all a_j's are equally
+likely, I will just
+
+write it as 1 over M, over the
+density of Y. Now because Y is
+
+fixed, the density of Y is
+fixed, so this quantity is
+
+just proportional to --
+
+the proportionality symbol --
+
+to the density of Y given a_j.
+
+I won't be writing all
+the vectors, I
+
+might be missing some.
+
+But please bear with me.
+
+So this implies we want to
+choose a_j that maximizes the
+
+density of Y given a_j, and this
+is known as the maximum
+
+likelihood rule.
+
+And there is one final rule.
+
+Basically if the noise is
+additive Gaussian, then the
+
+density of Y given a_j is
+simply proportional to E
+
+raised to minus the norm
+of Y minus a_j squared.
+
+So if we want to maximize this
+quantity, we want to minimize
+
+Y minus a_j squared.
+
+So we want to choose a_j that
+minimizes the Euclidean
+
+distance between Y minus a_j.
+
+And this is known as the minimum
+distance decision
+
+rule, MDD rule.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: We are ignoring
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: We are ignoring
+P value.
+
+Because for a given Y, Py is
+going to be fixed for all
+
+possible choices of a_j.
+
+The goal is I'm given Y, and I
+want to decide which signal
+
+point was set, because that's
+the probability of error given
+
+Y. This is my criteria now.
+
+So Y is fixed, so the density
+of Y is fixed.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's basically
+given by --
+
+in order to find this density,
+we'll just condition it on
+
+a_j, and sum up over all
+possible values of a_j.
+
+Just take the marginal
+of Y, right?
+
+I mean, to write this
+explicitly.
+
+I'm writing it here.
+
+It's going to be sigma P of
+Y given a_j that's the
+
+probability of a_j.
+
+And this you can find
+by the Gaussian.
+
+AUDIENCE: But then you
+have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: But this is
+a summation over
+
+all possible a_j's.
+
+I should write, sorry
+-- a_k's.
+
+This is just a summation
+over all k's, right?
+
+So basically, Py is going to
+be a mixture of several
+
+Gaussians, OK?
+
+And it's fixed.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So we want to choose the Minimum
+Distance Decision
+
+rule, and I should have the
+variance of noise here.
+
+OK, so what we have so far is
+we started with the Minimum
+
+Probability of Error rule,
+and that's the
+
+criteria of your decoder.
+
+Be sure this is equivalent to
+MAP rule, and that basically
+
+comes just from the
+definition.
+
+This integral here, we want to
+minimize each term in the
+
+integral, and that basically
+implies that the Maximum
+
+A-Posteriori rule is the best.
+
+This implied Maximum Likelihood
+rule, and Maximum
+
+Likelihood rule comes from the
+fact that all the signal
+
+points are equally likely.
+
+And this implies, then, the
+Minimum Distance Decision
+
+rule, and that comes from the
+fact that your noise is
+
+Additive Gaussian.
+
+So you have an exponential
+in the --
+
+you have the Euclidean distance
+as an exponent, and
+
+you want to minimize the
+Euclidean distance.
+
+So this is the story
+we have so far.
+
+And it turns out that the
+Minimum Distance Decision rule
+
+is actually quite nice, because
+it gives you a lot of
+
+geometrical insights.
+
+So say I have three points.
+
+We not even draw the
+coordinates.
+
+My constellation, A, has three
+points, and let me write them
+
+as a1, a2, a3.
+
+This is my constellation,
+for example.
+
+And say I receive a symbol Y.
+Then the job of the decoder is
+
+to figure out whether
+I sent a1, a2 or a3.
+
+How will the decoder do that?
+
+Well, it will measure the
+distance from all the three
+
+constellation points and
+select the one with the
+
+smallest Euclidean distance.
+
+More generally, what we want
+to do is we want to look at
+
+the space of all received Y
+symbols, and partition it into
+
+decision regions.
+
+So that if the point falls in a
+certain decision region, we
+
+say that the constellation point
+corresponding to that
+
+decision region was sent.
+
+And how do I find the
+decision region?
+
+Well, I start drawing
+hyperplanes between every two
+
+pair of constellation points.
+
+Say I want to find the decision
+region of point a1.
+
+I draw a hyperplane between
+a1 and a3, which is
+
+given by this line.
+
+I draw a hyperplane between
+a1 and a2 which is
+
+given by this point.
+
+And so the region -- the set of
+points which are closer to
+
+a1 than a2 and a3 is basically
+bounded by this region here.
+
+So this is my R1.
+
+Similarly, if I want to find a
+decision region for a2 and a3,
+
+I will draw this line here.
+
+This will be R2 and
+this will be R3.
+
+So these are my decision
+regions.
+
+So if I want to write
+that formally, Rj
+
+is my decision region.
+
+And it is the set of points Y
+belong to Rn, such that the
+
+norm of Y minus a_j squared is
+going to be less than or equal
+
+to -- it doesn't matter if you
+have less than or equal to,
+
+because the point
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] bound
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] probability
+zero --
+
+is radius squared.
+
+That's just the definition
+of Rj.
+
+Now the way to construct Rj was
+to look at all the half
+
+planes which are closer to
+this point than any other
+
+point, and take the
+intersection of
+
+all the half planes.
+
+So in other words, I can
+also write Rj to be the
+
+intersection of these
+half planes --
+
+the intersections over all
+points, j prime not equal to j
+
+-- of Rj, j prime.
+
+So Rj, j prime is your
+half plane where --
+
+so norm of Y minus a_j prime
+squared is greater than or
+
+equal to norm of Y minus
+a_j squared.
+
+Note that this is a_j prime,
+and this is a_j here.
+
+OK.
+
+So it turns out that this
+decision region has a somewhat
+
+nice structure, because they're
+intersection of a
+
+bunch of half planes, their
+shape is the convex polytope.
+
+And they're also known by the
+name Voronoi regions.
+
+OK, so these regions are known
+as Voronoi regions here.
+
+Now the set of points whose
+hyperplanes are active in a
+
+certain decision region has a
+special name, too, and it's
+
+called the relevant subset.
+
+So in this case, the relevant
+subset of a1 is a2 and a3,
+
+because both of them have
+hyperplanes that are active in
+
+the decision region of a1.
+
+So let me write that down.
+
+So the relevant subset is the
+set of points, a_j prime,
+
+whose hyperplanes are active
+in this decision region Rj.
+
+There's a theorem which says
+that the nearest neighbors are
+
+always included in the
+relevant subset.
+
+It's asserted in your notes.
+
+OK?
+
+So now that we have this Minimum
+Distance Decision
+
+rule, let us see if we can
+get a hang with the
+
+probability of error.
+
+Let me see the probability of
+error, given that I sent a
+
+symbol, a_j.
+
+I want the value that
+probability of error.
+
+That's simply the probability
+that Y does not belong to Rj,
+
+given that I sent
+the symbol a_j.
+
+That's when an error happens.
+
+That's same as probability
+that the noise vector --
+
+because Y is a_j plus N now --
+
+does not belong to the Rj minus
+a_j, and the noise is
+
+independent of a_j so I remove
+the conditioning.
+
+And that is 1 minus the
+probability that the noise
+
+does belong to Rj minus a_j.
+
+If I want to find this
+integral, find this
+
+expression, I will integrate
+over the region Rj minus a_j,
+
+of the density of
+the noise, dN.
+
+No note that the noise has
+a spherical symmetry, but
+
+unfortunately despite that,
+the integral is not a
+
+straightforward integral,
+because this region here has
+
+sharp edges.
+
+The decision region is a convex
+polytope, so it's
+
+typically something like this,
+and if this was your point,
+
+a_j, your noise does have a
+spherical symmetry about these
+
+spheres, but when it intersects
+the decision
+
+boundary, things get ugly.
+
+And so this decision
+-- this is not a
+
+nice integral in general.
+
+And so unfortunately, there is
+not much progress we can make
+
+beyond this point for the exact
+probability of error
+
+expression, but we can say
+some nice geometrical
+
+properties about the probability
+of error.
+
+The first property is that
+probability of error is
+
+invariant to translations.
+
+And this should be
+quite obvious.
+
+You have, say, a constellation
+with two points here, and say
+
+I subtract off the mean.
+
+So I get a different
+constellation whose
+
+points are like this.
+
+This is my constellation,
+A, and this is my
+
+constellation, A prime.
+
+The probability of error will
+be same for the two
+
+constellations because the
+decision regions will have the
+
+same distance from
+both the points.
+
+This should be quite obvious.
+
+And basically, what this really
+says is if I have any
+
+constellation, I can always
+subtract off the mean, and get
+
+another constellation with the
+same probability of error, but
+
+with smaller average energy.
+
+And so this implies that any
+optimal constellation will
+
+have zero mean.
+
+The second point is, the
+probability of error is
+
+invariant to orthonormal
+rotations.
+
+So if I had, say, one point, one
+constellation, with these
+
+four points, and I rotate it by
+45 degrees, what I get is
+
+another constellation with
+these four points.
+
+And both these constellations
+are simply rotations of one
+
+another, and they have the same
+probability of error.
+
+And the easiest way to see that
+is the decision regions
+
+here are simply the
+four quadrants.
+
+And if I want to integrate my
+probability of error, I will
+
+be integrating it over
+this region.
+
+Here, my decision regions will
+be these 45 degree lines.
+
+And if I want to integrate the
+probability of error for this
+
+point here, it will be given by
+noise, which is symmetric
+
+about these circles.
+
+Basically, since the noise is
+invariant to orthonormal
+
+rotations, it should be quite
+obvious that the probability
+
+of error is invariant
+to rotations.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Any rotation,
+right.
+
+AUDIENCE: So what do you mean
+by [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Basically, you're
+preserving the distance.
+
+So you're just rotating the
+point, not scaling it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Unitarily.
+
+OK?
+
+I mean you will be proving these
+properties in the next
+
+homework, which is
+just handed out.
+
+AUDIENCE: So those
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+hold, because Minimum Distance
+rule is orthonormal, right?
+
+And that's because you
+assume Gaussian --
+
+PROFESSOR: Because you assume
+Gaussian noise.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's the only
+assumption we make?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: -- for those
+[INAUDIBLE], right?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why [INAUDIBLE]
+constellation
+
+must have zero mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because if I have any
+constellation, there's a
+
+certain probability
+of error, right?
+
+Can always subtract out the mean
+from the constellation, I
+
+get a new constellation with a
+smaller average energy with
+
+the same probability of error.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, so in terms
+of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+If you're looking at a trade-off
+of probability of
+
+error versus energy, usually
+what we look at.
+
+So maybe that's a good point.
+
+I should just mention it.
+
+For probability of
+error versus --
+
+we're looking at this
+trade-off here.
+
+Ok.
+
+The next idea is to basically
+bound the probability of error
+
+by a union bound, because we
+cannot compute an exact
+
+expression for the probability
+of error, so we might as well
+
+compute a bound which
+is tractable.
+
+So we'll look at what is known
+as the pairwise error
+
+probability.
+
+So the idea behind pairwise
+error probability is suppose I
+
+send a point, a_j, what is the
+probability that instead of
+
+a_j at the receiver, I decide
+that a_j prime was sent.
+
+This is the pairwise
+error probability.
+
+So geometrically, say a_j and
+a_j prime are two points here.
+
+Let me draw some coordinate
+axis here.
+
+And say I sent point a_j, and
+there is noise on the channel,
+
+that takes me to this point.
+
+So this is my Y, and this
+is the noise vector.
+
+OK?
+
+And now what I want to know is
+under what conditions will I
+
+decide a_j prime over a_j.
+
+What is the probability of
+deciding a_j prime over a_j?
+
+So let's draw a line joining
+a_j prime and a_j.
+
+So how would I decide --
+
+suppose I receive this point,
+Y, and I wanted to decide
+
+between a_j and a_j prime.
+
+What would be my
+decision rule?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh-huh.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: You select --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+a_j prime.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+An equivalent way of saying it
+is to project Y onto this
+
+line, a_j prime minus a_j.
+
+We take two projections, one
+orthonormal to the line, one
+
+along on the line, and receive
+this projection.
+
+This is a straight
+line like this.
+
+Let's call it n tilde.
+
+I should change my chalk, it's
+getting too blunt now.
+
+This projection here is closer
+to a_j prime or a_j.
+
+So in other words, this
+probability of error is same
+
+as the probability that this n
+tilde, which is the projection
+
+of Y onto a_j prime minus a_j,
+is greater than or equal to
+
+the norm of a_j prime
+minus a_j over 2.
+
+OK, now why did I use the
+notation n tilde here?
+
+Because the projection Y onto
+a_j, which is this.
+
+n tilde is same as the
+projection of the noise onto a
+
+line joining a_j prime
+minus a_j.
+
+So n tilde, I can write it as
+projection of N onto a_j prime
+
+minus a_j over the norm.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why, exactly?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can just see
+geometrically, right?
+
+This is a 90 degree here.
+
+This is the noise.
+
+If I project the noise, it will
+be this component here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+This should be 90, I'm sorry.
+
+This is 90.
+
+I'm messing things up.
+
+OK, this is the noise here.
+
+This noise, if I project it onto
+a_j prime minus a_j, it's
+
+going to be this component.
+
+This is Y, if I project it,
+it's the same component.
+
+Now, if the noise is IID with
+variance sigma squared in each
+
+coordinate, we are simply
+projecting the noise onto one
+
+orthonormal vector.
+
+So n tilde is also Gaussian,
+with zero mean
+
+variance sigma squared.
+
+So we can use that to find this
+probability of error.
+
+So in that case, the probability
+of error --
+
+I should write this --
+
+probability of a_j prime going
+to a_j is simply probability
+
+that this Gaussian is greater
+than some distance, and that's
+
+Q of norm of a_j prime minus
+a_j over two sigma.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is sigma?
+
+PROFESSOR: So the noise vector
+is IID, in each of the
+
+components, and has a variance
+of sigma squared.
+
+Sigma is basically N_0 over 2,
+if your noise is flat with --
+
+so let me just write
+that down, sigma
+
+squared is N_0 over 2.
+
+If you have an AWGN channel,
+and you project it on each
+
+orthonormal signal, that's
+what you get.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you project
+the noise vector on
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+why is [INAUDIBLE]
+
+you don't have --
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have
+a noise vector.
+
+If you have a Gaussian vector,
+and you project it onto an
+
+orthonormal basis --
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+But [INAUDIBLE] normal?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+We are only projecting out on
+one vector which you need now.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then
+you're saying --
+
+OK, yeah.
+
+The assumption is the noise is
+symmetric in all dimensions?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Let's do this algebraically, so
+you're convinced that there
+
+is no magic I'm doing here.
+
+So we can write this as you
+said, as the probability that
+
+the norm of Y minus a_j squared
+is greater than norm
+
+of Y minus a_j prime squared,
+given that Y [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+a_j, so Y is a_j plus
+the noise vector.
+
+So I sub in for Y. What I get
+is probability that Y is a_j
+
+plus N. So here I have norm of
+N squared is greater than or
+
+equal to norm of a_j plus N
+minus a_j prime squared.
+
+And since the only random
+variable here is this noise,
+
+N, I can remove the conditioning
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+down there.
+
+Let me expand this second
+norm term there.
+
+That's basically the norm of
+a_j minus a_j prime squared
+
+plus the norm of N squared
+minus two times the
+
+projection of N --
+
+or rather, the inner
+product of N --
+
+and a_j prime minus a_j.
+
+So this is the probability that
+the inner product of N
+
+and a_j prime minus a_j is
+greater than or equal to norm
+
+of a_j prime minus a_j
+squared over 2.
+
+If you divide by the norm of a_j
+prime minus a_j, you get
+
+the same expression as we had.
+
+So it's the same thing.
+
+This was done geometrically,
+this is done algebraically.
+
+So this is the expression of the
+probability of error, and
+
+this is Q of the norm of a_j
+prime minus a_j over 2 sigma.
+
+So now that we have the pairwise
+error probability, we
+
+can use it to bound
+the probability
+
+of error given a_j.
+
+Well by definition, the probably
+of error given a_j is
+
+simply the probability of the
+union of all the possible
+
+error events of the a_j goes to
+a_j prime over all possible
+
+j prime, not equal to j.
+
+This by the union bound is
+less than or equal to the
+
+summations of the probability
+that a_j goes to a_j prime.
+
+That's just using union bound.
+
+And now I can sub that
+expression over from there.
+
+This is the same as..So the
+summation is over j prime not
+
+equal to j times Q of the
+norm of a_j prime
+
+minus a_j over 2 sigma.
+
+Now let me write the summation
+in a different way.
+
+I'm going to write the summation
+over all possible
+
+distances which belong to the
+set of distance, times K_D of
+
+a_j, times Q of D
+over 2 sigma.
+
+Where the set D is the
+set of all possible
+
+distances from a_j.
+
+Ok?
+
+And K_D of a_j is the
+number of points at
+
+distance D from a_j.
+
+That's just a straightforward
+change of variables.
+
+Now if you look at this
+expression, then Q of B over 2
+
+sigma basically behaves like an
+exponential, for an algebra
+
+use of the argument.
+
+So recall that Q of X is like
+half E to the minus X squared
+
+over 2, for X much
+larger than 1.
+
+So what you are really seeing
+here is that you have a sum of
+
+a bunch of exponentials,
+each written by this
+
+term, K_D of a_j.
+
+Now if you think about the
+argument being large, then
+
+when you have a sum of
+exponentials, the term with
+
+the smallest exponent will
+dominate, because they are all
+
+decreasing exponentials.
+
+So this term can be written as
+approximately K_min of a_j
+
+times Q of d_min over 2 sigma.
+
+So what I am doing is I'm
+only picking up one
+
+term from this summation.
+
+So far, we have a strict upper
+bound here, so this summation
+
+is a strict upper bound on the
+probability of error given
+
+a_j, But now what I am doing is
+I'm only going to keep one
+
+term in the summation, the term
+which has the smallest
+
+exponent here.
+
+So I'm looking at the smallest
+value of D in this set of
+
+possible distances from a_j.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're
+just looking
+
+at the nearest neighbor.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're looking at
+essentially the nearest
+
+neighbor, geometrically
+speaking.
+
+And this approximation
+actually works
+
+quite well in practice.
+
+It's not a bound on the
+probability of error given
+
+a_j, but it's an
+approximation.
+
+And why did I do this?
+
+Well, if I want to look at the
+probability over all error,
+
+what's that going to be?
+
+It's going to be the average
+over all possible a_j's of
+
+probability of error
+given a_j.
+
+Now, so I want to take an
+average of this quantity.
+
+So this is a constant.
+
+So I will just take the average
+over this, and that's
+
+going to be K_min of the
+constellation, which is the
+
+average number of nearest
+neighbors, times Q of D_min
+
+over 2 sigma.
+
+This is approximate here.
+
+So this is an approximation that
+will be used, and it's a
+
+very useful approximation,
+and it is known as
+
+the Union Bound Estimate.
+
+It's no longer a bound
+on the probability of
+
+error, it's an estimate.
+
+And in fact, there is a homework
+problem where you
+
+will be showing that the Union
+Bound Estimate is in fact
+
+exact for an M-PAM
+constellation.
+
+And I will let you think
+why that is the case.
+
+I was going to do it, but then
+I realized it's a homework
+
+problem, so you might as well
+spend some time on it.
+
+So the last thing that I wanted
+to do today is find a
+
+lower bound on the probability
+of error.
+
+So if I look at probability of
+error, it's a union of bunch
+
+of the events.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+That union should be
+with a_j prime.
+
+PROFESSOR: The union should
+be with a_j --
+
+yeah.
+
+It's not what I have?
+
+So I'm taking a union over all
+possible events, but a_j's
+
+confused with a_j prime.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+a_j going to union j prime not
+equal to j, a_j prime.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I see.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think you need
+parentheses around the --
+
+AUDIENCE: Brackets
+around the --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+another set of parentheses
+behind the event a_j
+
+going to a_j prime.
+
+Because that's the event you
+were talking about there.
+
+At least that's [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So you are
+saying that --
+
+AUDIENCE: Put parentheses
+after the u.
+
+PROFESSOR: After the u.
+
+Like this?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, right.
+
+That's the event.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's what I meant.
+
+OK, fine.
+
+Fair enough.
+
+OK, so basically, the
+lower bound is
+
+actually quite simple.
+
+All I'm going to do
+is only take one
+
+event from that union.
+
+I'm only going to take one
+point, which is the minimum
+
+distance from a_j.
+
+So probability of error given
+a_j is greater than or equal
+
+to probability that a_j goes
+to a_j prime, where now a_j
+
+prime is the nearest
+neighbor of a_j.
+
+And this we know from PAM
+analysis is simply Q of d_min
+
+over 2 sigma.
+
+So this is a strict lower bound
+on the probability of
+
+error, and it has the
+same exponent as
+
+the Union Bound Estimate.
+
+Of course, if I want to find
+the overall probability of
+
+error, I can just take
+an average of this.
+
+Since this is fixed, it's going
+to be the same quantity.
+
+So far what we have is a strict
+upper bound on the
+
+probability of error, which is
+this quantity here, a union
+
+bound estimate, and we have
+a lower bound on the
+
+probability of error.
+
+In the next lecture, we will be
+looking at how to use these
+
+bounds to compute a probability
+of error for small
+
+signal constellations, and
+quantify the performance
+
+trade-off of the probability
+of error versus the
+
+EbN_0 and so on.
+
+I think this is a natural
+point to stop.
+
+It's almost time now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zgbsyim8uUQ.txt b/zgbsyim8uUQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96c1314102a4e6c01fa6ba5ed76e1c25dca0dc21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zgbsyim8uUQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3648 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we have Arvind
+today going to talk about how
+
+actually do parallelism much
+closer to hardware and all the
+
+work we have been doing.
+
+ARVIND: So first, just
+a clarification.
+
+This talk is not really
+about any techniques.
+
+This is some very primary ideas
+that I have some new
+
+ideas on parallel programming.
+
+The second thing is 5, 6 years
+ago I was going around the
+
+country giving a talk, why
+hardware design can't be left
+
+to hardware designers.
+
+Because I think the way they
+expressed their ideas is very,
+
+very low level from software
+point of view.
+
+So I have worked pretty hard
+on injecting some fairly
+
+sophisticated ideas from
+software into hardware design.
+
+But it often happens when you
+deal with powerful people, you
+
+get effected by it.
+
+So I have sort of come
+the full cirlce.
+
+Now I'm going to show you how
+hardware design can influence
+
+software design and
+that's really the
+
+idea behind this talk.
+
+So that's borrowing some ideas
+from hardware design.
+
+Cell processor is a very good
+example of a system on a chip
+
+and this is what everybody
+believes the
+
+future will look like.
+
+That you'll have fairly
+symmetric things in some sense
+
+and that is needed by hardware
+because hardware gets out of
+
+hand if you have wires running
+all over the place.
+
+So people would like these
+things to be fairly regular in
+
+some sense, but that doesn't
+mean that all these styles
+
+have to be the same.
+
+So for example, you may have
+very application specific
+
+blocks on your chip.
+
+So for example, in your cell
+phone you have many, many
+
+blocks which are specialized,
+especially all the radio
+
+communication.
+
+Because if you did that stuff
+in software you may not be
+
+able to meet the performance and
+even if you can meet the
+
+performance your battery will
+drain instantaneously.
+
+I mean, it just takes too much
+power to do that kind of
+
+computation in software.
+
+So for various reasons we need
+application specific
+
+processing units and I'm
+sure cell processor has
+
+quite a few of these.
+
+By the way, these application
+specific units, they're often
+
+called ASICs.
+
+And you can think of them as
+a separate chip, but in due
+
+course of time they become
+blocks of a bigger thing.
+
+You may have general
+purpose processors.
+
+Already, systems have more
+than one such thing.
+
+Cell processor has how many?
+
+Like 8.
+
+PROFESSOR: Depends.
+
+Some have 8, but they
+don't [OBSCURED]
+
+So the current Playstations
+already list supposedly 7, but
+
+we've had only 6.
+
+So, the [OBSCURED].
+
+PROFESSOR: And high-end cell
+phones have 2 general purpose
+
+processors and 2 DSPs on it,
+so you certainly have --
+
+multiple processors you will
+have memory banks, et cetera.
+
+And you will have structured
+on-chip
+
+interconnection networks.
+
+ARVIND: So I think this
+is not controllers.
+
+That this is what the trajectory
+will look like in
+
+the future.
+
+That doesn't mean that all the
+chips will look the same.
+
+You may have different mixes of
+things depending upon the
+
+application and one of the
+interesting things is can you
+
+put together one of these things
+fast enough because
+
+it's very, very expensive
+to design and
+
+implement these things.
+
+So really one issue that comes
+up all the time is can we
+
+rapidly produce high quality
+chips and surrounding systems
+
+and software for such thing?
+
+So this talk, as I said, it's
+about ideas and what I'm going
+
+to do is I'm first going to tell
+you how I used to think
+
+about parallel programming.
+
+And this way is all
+about threads.
+
+You know, where are
+my threads?
+
+And I worked on this problem
+for a very, very long time.
+
+Like 20 years and this is not
+necessarily wrong, You know
+
+I'm sure in this course itself
+you have seen quite a bit
+
+about this and I think
+tomorrow's lecture is on Cilk
+
+so you will see even
+more about threads.
+
+And lately, I've been thinking
+about it differently.
+
+And really the main point I
+would like to get across
+
+somehow to you is now I think of
+parallel little programming
+
+module as a resource.
+
+What do you mean
+as a resource?
+
+I'll try to make it more
+concrete, this idea.
+
+And the whole issue here is
+I think this viewpoint is
+
+valuable, but it's
+not proven yet.
+
+You know, so it may
+not be right.
+
+So just a warning.
+
+I've been working with this on
+students, in particular.
+
+Now those of you who have
+heard of transactional
+
+programming, lots of things I
+will say you'll say oh, you
+
+mean a transaction?
+
+Yes, I mean there are very, very
+strong connections for
+
+transactional stuff, but that's
+not the language I'm
+
+going to be using here.
+
+These slides are color-coded.
+
+So when I was talking about old
+world thinking it's yellow
+
+and when it's new thinking
+then it's white.
+
+So well, I think you probably
+have already heard this.
+
+That the only reason for
+parallel programming used to
+
+be performance.
+
+This made programming
+extremely difficult.
+
+You had to know a lot
+about the machine.
+
+You were programming in code
+were not portable.
+
+Endless performance tuning,
+all this still goes on.
+
+I mean, very few of these
+things have changed.
+
+Parallel libraries were
+not composable.
+
+And this is one of the main
+things I worry about a lot and
+
+I think Allen was alluding
+to it too.
+
+Somebody has code, he just wants
+to run the damn thing.
+
+You know, even at factor
+of 2 speed that
+
+would be what fantastic.
+
+You know, often it
+runs slower.
+
+Very, very fun, machines.
+
+Very different to deal with
+heap structures and memory
+
+hierarchies.
+
+And then there is always the
+synchronization cost issue.
+
+In some sense parallel
+programming doesn't make sense
+
+if there is no synchronization
+going on and that's like this
+
+embarrsingly parallel
+computation you just start off
+
+and things never talk
+to each other.
+
+In even moderately interesting
+parallel programs there's
+
+always some communication
+between various tasks and when
+
+that happens synchronization
+cost becomes an issue and it
+
+is such a major issue right
+now that you have to think
+
+about it out front.
+
+Oh, if I synchronize too much
+then I know for a fact that my
+
+program's going to
+run like a dog.
+
+So you try to avoid
+synchronization and make
+
+things coarser and so on.
+
+Really the whole issue used to
+be how to exploit hundreds of
+
+threads from software because
+new hardware will support
+
+many, many threads.
+
+But at the same time, it's
+important to understand that
+
+in this world there's always
+virtualization.
+
+So number of threads in your
+machine is never going to
+
+match exactly what you have
+in your application.
+
+So any programming model you
+have, virtualization is a very
+
+important aspect of it.
+
+That I have n threads and n may
+be dynamic, maybe varying
+
+with time in my application,
+but in hardware I have some
+
+fixed number of threads.
+
+Which is significantly smaller
+in general than what you have
+
+in your application.
+
+So the thing I was most
+interested in all those days
+
+was what I call implicit
+parallelism.
+
+And from the questions I was
+hearing about analysis you're
+
+doing of your programs, all
+those issues come up there.
+
+You know, given some code can I
+figure out what can be done
+
+in parallel and just
+run it like that?
+
+So expect parallelism from
+programs written in sequential
+
+languages and people like some
+of the champions in this and I
+
+have also spent lots
+and lots of time on
+
+this research problem.
+
+So this is one of those areas
+which certainly has not
+
+suffered because of
+lack of research.
+
+There's tons and tons
+of research in this.
+
+You know, you can go to IBM and
+there will be 50 Ph.D.'s
+
+working on Fortran compiler.
+
+Trying to extract parallelism.
+
+But the success is limited.
+
+In fact, the main takeaway from
+this research is people
+
+have learned now how they should
+write their programs so
+
+that compiler has a chance of
+extracting parallelism.
+
+Because now people look at your
+code, they say, well,
+
+this is a bad code.
+
+Why?
+
+Because compiler can't
+analyze it.
+
+You become part of the
+equation in this.
+
+Now the methodology I was
+pushing for a long time was
+
+functional languages.
+
+Programs in functional languages
+which may not
+
+obscure parallelism in
+the first place.
+
+I'm not going to talk about
+functional languages.
+
+It's immaterial, you know,
+whether this is a good idea or
+
+a bad idea, the fact of matter
+is in real life people's
+
+reaction is functional
+languages--
+
+are you kidding me?
+
+So it doesn't get off ground.
+
+It's one of those things I can
+come and preach to you is good
+
+for your soul.
+
+And they leave me alone.
+
+I don't do movies
+with subtitles.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry to temporarily
+derail you--
+
+ARVIND: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry to temporarily
+derail you, so what kind of
+
+parallelism is easier
+to extract from
+
+a functional language?
+
+I can clearly see some task
+parallelism, can you also
+
+extract data parallelism
+or pipeline
+
+parallelism or what not?
+
+ARVIND: It turns out that's
+actually not that right
+
+question to ask in the
+functional language because
+
+functional language doesn't
+obscure the parallelism that
+
+was there in the first place.
+
+So you already have a partial
+order on operations as opposed
+
+to a sequential order.
+
+You see when you write in
+Fortran even a simple thing
+
+like f of g of x, h of y.
+
+It may be obvious to a
+functional programmer that
+
+these things can be
+done in parallel.
+
+Perhaps, the execution of these
+can overlap with the
+
+evaluation of f, but that's not
+the semantics of Fortran
+
+or any other sequential
+language.
+
+The semantics is you're supposed
+to execute the
+
+program left to right,
+top to bottom.
+
+So you will go and execute g
+first and you'll go inside g
+
+and execute it and then you will
+go and execute h and then
+
+you will go and execute f.
+
+Why is that important?
+
+Because there are side effects,
+so it's conceivable
+
+that you do something in this
+which affects this and so on.
+
+So you're given a sequential
+order and then compiler does
+
+deep analysis, the kind you're
+doing right now it terms of
+
+dependence and anti-dependence
+and so on.
+
+Which says it's OK to do
+g and h in parallel.
+
+Well, if it was a functional
+program then you know by the
+
+semantics of the language g and
+h can be done in parallel.
+
+That doesn't mean it's a good
+idea to do it in parallel.
+
+So when we get to the second
+point of mapping this
+
+computation onto a given
+substrate off 2 processors or
+
+10 processors then problems
+become similar.
+
+But the problem of detecting
+parallelism is very different.
+
+Because you don't talk of
+detecting parallelism in
+
+functional languages,
+it's already there.
+
+You don't obscure it.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, maybe.
+
+ARVIND: And it goes without
+saying that if your algorithm
+
+has low parallelism then
+functional languages or any
+
+other language and there's
+no magic--
+
+you can't suck blood
+out of stone.
+
+You have to know
+your algorithm.
+
+You have to know
+what operations
+
+can be done in parallel.
+
+So language only is an aid.
+
+In some sense that if it was
+parallel I could express it
+
+more easily as a parallel
+program.
+
+And if it's a bad language, you
+obscure it and then you
+
+try to undo the damage.
+
+Now as I said, there has been
+a lot of success in this in
+
+terms of dense matrix kind of
+stuff, but more irregular the
+
+computation harder it gets to
+do these things statically.
+
+So when you can't do it then
+people of course, designed
+
+explicitly parallel programming
+models and some of
+
+the most successful ones in
+this are data parallel and
+
+you'll hear about
+
+multithreading tomorrow in Cilk.
+
+And then there are very low
+level models where you are
+
+doing actual message passing
+between various modules that
+
+are sitting over there and I
+can expose you threads and
+
+synchronizations that are
+very low-level fork
+
+and joint, et cetera.
+
+So of course, high-level models
+are preferable because
+
+you're likely to make fewer
+errors in them.
+
+The question is, can
+we compile them?
+
+And in some cases what turns out
+is this is a good model,
+
+but it is not general enough.
+
+So if you have a data parallel
+algorithm, fine.
+
+I mean, you should
+use these things.
+
+But not all applications fit
+the data parallel model,
+
+multithreading in some sense
+is more general.
+
+This is what I mean by a
+multithreaded model that you
+
+may have a main which
+spawn off things.
+
+So not only these things can
+be done in parallel, but
+
+execution of these can overlap
+the execution of f.
+
+So parents and children may be
+executing simultaneously.
+
+So if you look at this as an
+activation tree, this invokes
+
+a loop which has many, many
+iterations in it.
+
+When we talk of sequential
+computing you're always
+
+sitting on one branch of this.
+
+So that's the stack.
+
+This stack, this stack,
+stack frames.
+
+When you talk of parallel
+computing then part of this
+
+activation tree is concurrently
+active.
+
+So all problems get harder.
+
+Storage management
+gets harder.
+
+And what gets especially harder
+is that there is this
+
+global heap.
+
+You always have heap in
+interesting programs, global
+
+data structures.
+
+Now the problem is if this and
+this are active at the same
+
+time or this and this are active
+at the same time and
+
+they are both reading and
+writing into the data
+
+structure then naturally
+there's a race
+
+condition in this.
+
+Even if only 1 guy's writing and
+5 people are reading it.
+
+It's a question of the guy
+should not read it too soon.
+
+So the moment you do any kind
+of parallel programming,
+
+synchronization issues
+arise immediately.
+
+You know, you always have to
+worry about, how do I indicate
+
+that it's OK to read this?
+
+Well, you can follow
+some control ideas.
+
+You say, this guy was writing.
+
+He has finished execution, so
+it must be OK to write.
+
+Or you can go to very
+fine-grained synchronization,
+
+you can have some bit here which
+says, oh this data has
+
+been updated, now it's
+OK to unlock it and
+
+read it and so on.
+
+So all these ideas have been
+explored and they're still
+
+being explored in
+this context.
+
+The main takeaway is instead
+of a stack you will have a
+
+tree which is active
+at the same time.
+
+Many, many things
+are going on.
+
+And the second thing is that
+there is a competition.
+
+There is a race in reading the
+heap data structures and
+
+therefore you have to worry
+about that you don't read it
+
+too soon or you don't write it
+too soon because if you write
+
+it too soon you may clobber
+before somebody else gets a
+
+chance to read it.
+
+So these issues are
+quite serious.
+
+Now it's really possible--
+
+I mean, I claim you know, I
+have languages which can
+
+express computation very
+efficiently this way.
+
+Efficiently is not
+the right word.
+
+Very easily you can express
+computation in this way.
+
+But at the end of the day the
+goal is to take that stuff and
+
+run it somewhere on some
+parallel machine.
+
+Whether it was cell processor in
+the old days if would have
+
+been parallel machines
+of various ergs.
+
+And that has proven to be quite
+difficult, efficient
+
+mapping of these things because
+it turns out that you
+
+say, oh, you didn't tell me
+before you have only 2
+
+processors.
+
+Then I would have expressed the
+computation differently.
+
+Or you didn't tell me that
+you have 1000 processors.
+
+So there is this kind of yes,
+there is virtualization.
+
+But it's not virtualization
+enough.
+
+Qualitatively matters a lot.
+
+You know, what is the target?
+
+And that effects how you would
+have expressed the
+
+computation.
+
+So I used to go around saying
+this all the time that
+
+parallel programming
+is so important.
+
+That really sequential
+programming will be taught as
+
+a special case of parallel
+programming because it will be
+
+all parallel.
+
+If you have only one processor
+then we can teach you some
+
+special tricks how to run it
+efficiently on one processor.
+
+So this as you can see, is
+largely an unrealized dream.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's an old idea,
+but not one to be dismissed.
+
+ARVIND: Not one to
+be dismissed.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+So the question is, has
+the situation changed?
+
+And the situation has
+certainly changed.
+
+So multicores have arrived.
+
+This is a big deal.
+
+I mean, Microsoft wants to
+exploit parallelism.
+
+There can be no bigger
+indication than this.
+
+And there is explosion
+of cell phones.
+
+And if you don't understand what
+that means economically,
+
+you know there are 100 million
+PCs that will be sold this
+
+year and 950 million
+cell phones that'll
+
+be sold this year.
+
+This is the same kind of
+transition that is taking
+
+place that happened in the early
+80s when we went from
+
+mainframes and mini- computers
+to micros.
+
+So what happens there determines
+what happens
+
+everywhere else.
+
+So it's quite possible then what
+happens on these small
+
+devices, hand-held devices
+will determine the
+
+architecture of everything
+else just
+
+because of the numbers.
+
+People are willing to invest
+a lot more money into this
+
+explosion of game boxes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: The explosion of
+laptops is also happening.
+
+ARVIND: Yeah, but still that
+number is 100 million.
+
+While cell phone is 950 million,
+at least in 2000.
+
+AUDIENCE: These are
+cell processors.
+
+ARVIND: Right.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+So look, if I'm talking to you
+as a teacher I mean, my
+
+message to my colleagues in
+the department is it's no
+
+longer good enough to say well
+we'll teach you parallelism
+
+when you're a sophomore.
+
+I mean, it is the thing that
+people want to deal with.
+
+You say, what do you
+mean telling me how
+
+to program one processor.
+
+I have 10 of them
+in my pocket.
+
+So I think we have to
+deal with this.
+
+You know, how do we introduce
+parallelism?
+
+What method we should have for
+teaching parallel programming
+
+so that is the default
+programming
+
+model in your head?
+
+So it's all about
+parallelism now.
+
+No longer an advanced topic.
+
+It has to be the first topic.
+
+Just another word of
+caution in this.
+
+So let's look at cell phones.
+
+So mine has some bugs in it so
+sometimes it misses a call
+
+when I'm surfing the web.
+
+It doesn't rate.
+
+So this is the deep question
+now, so whose fault is it?
+
+So for example, to what extent
+the phone call software should
+
+be aware of web surfing software
+or vice versa.
+
+So now you have to understand
+how these things are done.
+
+Of course, how the phone calls
+are made, that software has
+
+been evolving, right?
+
+You can look at it all in the
+last 15 years and you'll be
+
+able to trace a continuum.
+
+You know how phone calls are
+made and that's not trivial
+
+among the software on
+your cell phone.
+
+Well, when it comes to web
+surfing software I can
+
+guarantee you it was not
+written from scratch.
+
+People went to your PC,
+they say, what do
+
+you do on your web?
+
+They take all that software
+say, let's port
+
+it on the cell phone.
+
+Now the guy who wrote the web
+software never thought that
+
+you would be talking on
+telephone while you're surfing
+
+the web or at least not
+on the same device.
+
+And vice versa, the guy who
+wrote the phone software never
+
+thought you would be surfing the
+web while you're talking
+
+on the phone.
+
+I mean even 1995 or 1998 if
+somebody had said, you'll be
+
+surfing the web at
+the same time.
+
+It would have sounded
+pretty bizarre.
+
+Is it merely a scheduling
+issue?
+
+So this is the answer saying
+ah, they didn't process the
+
+interrupt properly.
+
+I'm sorry, this is not just
+a scheduling issue.
+
+I don't even know the
+semantics of this.
+
+So for example, if you're
+surfing the web and the phone
+
+rings do you really want to stop
+surfing the web and pick
+
+up the phone?
+
+I mean, what's so special
+about phone?
+
+There is nothing being indicated
+from the language
+
+point of view.
+
+It may be application
+requirement that you want to
+
+stop it or not stop
+it and so on.
+
+Is it a performance issue?
+
+That oh, it's because you have
+only 2 processors in this.
+
+If you had 4 this problem
+will go away.
+
+Or if you could just run it
+faster it will go away.
+
+I don't think any of these
+answers are right.
+
+I mean, the bottom line in this
+is sequential modules are
+
+often used in concurrent
+environments with unforeseen
+
+consequences.
+
+So your mindset has to be that
+I'm going to put together a
+
+parallel program with lots
+of existing things.
+
+Because you can't keep giving
+the answer oh, let's just
+
+rewrite it again from scratch.
+
+Because amount of software
+is so enormous in this.
+
+What we should worry about
+now is how we should
+
+design these modules.
+
+How we should write pieces of
+software or design hardware so
+
+that we can put together an
+ensemble of them, a collection
+
+of such modules so that they
+do something useful.
+
+And it's all about
+parallelism.
+
+And how to do all this in
+a parallel setting.
+
+OK, so new goals as opposed
+to old goals.
+
+So I don't want to think in
+terms of decomposition.
+
+I don't want to think in terms
+of here is my clever
+
+algorithm, how do I decompose it
+so that this runs here and
+
+this runs here and so on.
+
+Instead I want to think
+in terms of synthesis.
+
+That you've already given me
+lots of modules, which are
+
+very useful.
+
+Which perhaps are written
+by domain experts.
+
+They know something
+about that stuff.
+
+And can I put together a
+bigger application very
+
+quickly from it?
+
+And you know, another favorite
+example of mine in this regard
+
+is FFTW and linear
+algebra packages.
+
+Both have been optimized
+to the hilt, right?
+
+And if somebody gives you an
+application which calls FFT
+
+and uses enough linear algebra
+I guarantee you that program
+
+will not be easy to write in
+spite of the existence of both
+
+these packages, which are
+extremely well optimized.
+
+So there is something we're not
+paying attention to is,
+
+how do we bring parallel modules
+together in such a way
+
+so that the functionality, the
+performance, et cetera are
+
+unpredictable in some sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+What's your point?
+
+I think I agree with your point,
+I just want to make
+
+sure I understand your point.
+
+That FFTW linear algorithm
+is not enough and
+
+so there will be--
+
+ARVIND: No, no.
+
+I think it's very
+well done, FFTW.
+
+Linear algebra is
+very well done.
+
+But we still haven't provided
+any good way of thinking in
+
+terms of two parallel things.
+
+You know, what happens
+when they interact?
+
+So if my program is calling
+FFTW often and then it's
+
+calling linear algebra often.
+
+AUDIENCE: You weren't here when
+I mentioned that but I
+
+was actually bringing up the
+point of linear algebra and
+
+FFTW working together.
+
+Just working.
+
+ARVIND: Exactly.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+I'm saying in that sense, you
+see, this is a difference way
+
+of thinking because the old way
+of thinking well, give me
+
+your application.
+
+Now let's decompose it.
+
+The point is I don't have
+experts who can write FFTW as
+
+well as Matel wrote it.
+
+Or who's linear algebra packages
+are being written.
+
+I want to use those things.
+
+I want to synthesize large
+parallel programs quickly.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: How does the Apple
+iPhone work with--
+
+ARVIND: I'm sorry, how does?
+
+AUDIENCE: The iPhone.
+
+AUDIENCE: Apple iPhone.
+
+ARVIND: Apple iPhone?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, they have the
+operating system on there--
+
+ARVIND: I think from our point
+of view that's the same thing.
+
+Is just that the user interface
+is guaranteed to be
+
+far superior because in my phone
+when I see the icons I'm
+
+a techie and I still can't
+understand half of them.
+
+So I like Apples idea.
+
+You know, phone, pictures.
+
+[OBSCURED]
+
+PROFESSOR: The way Apple might
+be with that is going to not
+
+let anybody program it.
+
+It's going to have a very
+restrictive development
+
+program internally so they can
+basically say, I'm going to
+
+take this person from this
+person and put it together.
+
+They will try to do everything
+in one unified way.
+
+So to some extent it might work,
+but then you suddenly
+
+realize Apple hired programmers
+to keep up with
+
+all the needs.
+
+So it may even start to have
+other people running things.
+
+ARVIND: Internally their
+software is--
+
+AUDIENCE: So is there something
+
+parallel going on in there?
+
+ARVIND: Guaranteed there
+will be parallel
+
+stuff going on there.
+
+Guaranteed because all the
+communication stuff has to go
+
+on in parallel with the
+computation stuff.
+
+So I mean, phones have to lots
+of things in parallel if for
+
+no other reason just
+because of power.
+
+It takes less power when you
+do things in parallel as
+
+opposed to when you do
+sequentially because then you
+
+have to run much
+faster in that.
+
+OK, so a method of designing
+and connecting modules has
+
+that functionality and
+performance are predictable.
+
+And must facilitate natural
+description of concurrent
+
+systems. A method of refining
+individual modules into
+
+hardware or software for
+systems on a chip.
+
+So refinement is a highly
+technical word.
+
+What that means is that you have
+written a program and you
+
+move on to rewrite it, but
+nobody can tell from outside
+
+that you rewrote it.
+
+All right, so you refine
+it and you can to
+
+refine it into hardware.
+
+I mean, you may implement it in
+hardware in this as opposed
+
+to transformation.
+
+Transformation is automatic.
+
+We're doing something, it's
+guaranteed it's correct.
+
+Refinement you may have to work
+a little bit more to show
+
+that it is correct
+in some sense.
+
+It's a correct refinement of
+whatever you were doing.
+
+So basically, just to get the
+application going, which as
+
+Allen is pointing out is the
+major task and this is true
+
+regardless of what people say.
+
+When you get to complex system,
+if people start
+
+talking about performance
+you're 90% there.
+
+That means the damn
+thing works.
+
+So even the people may say, oh,
+performance will be lousy.
+
+Most of the energy is
+just consumed in
+
+getting it to work.
+
+So never forget that.
+
+So a refinement idea becomes
+very important because you
+
+want to take as many things as
+possible, which are available.
+
+Make it work and then
+individually refine; modular
+
+refinement of things.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe just also
+underscore, just to emphasis
+
+what you're saying Arvind, our
+salesmen will go and say
+
+explicitly that they can
+sell a factor of 2.
+
+Just like you were saying.
+
+Just a factor of 2 on 100
+processors or whatever, they
+
+can sell that if it works.
+
+If it gives the right answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's the ease.
+
+ARVIND: The ease and confidence
+that it's really
+
+doing what you expect
+it to do.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's really
+performance second, ease of
+
+use first. We've got it
+backwards in academia.
+
+ARVIND: But everybody set
+designs on 2 multicores.
+
+So why multicore problems
+becomes hard and this where
+
+hardware and software starts
+diverging a little bit.
+
+So what happens in
+hardware design?
+
+Everything is in parallel.
+
+It's sitting right there,
+this blog does this,
+
+this blog does that.
+
+So there's no confusion
+in your mind
+
+what's going on in parallel.
+
+If you have to multiplex some
+thing in hardware, that first
+
+we'll do this then we'll do
+that, that's also expressed
+
+explicitly in the design.
+
+Software is not like that.
+
+You know, software have n
+threads, but I have only 10 in
+
+my hardware.
+
+So there is another layer of
+software or operating system
+
+or whatever you want to call
+it, runtime system.
+
+Whose sole job is to virtualize
+or to do time
+
+multiplexing of underlying
+resources and that makes the
+
+problem harder.
+
+You know, that makes the problem
+harder whether you're
+
+doing it in a way
+that preserves
+
+some performance goals.
+
+Whether you're doing it so that
+you want cause deadlocks,
+
+so there are many, many issues
+that come up in this.
+
+And basically, when I said this
+is an ideas kind of a
+
+talk, I do know how to do this
+and I still haven't worked
+
+enough on this problem of
+how to take this kind of
+
+methodology where I can write
+these parallel modules,
+
+compose them.
+
+How to map it onto multicores.
+
+OK, so now let me tell
+you something
+
+technical about this stuff.
+
+So this hardware inspired
+methodology for synthesizing
+
+parallel programs. Now I'm going
+to use some fancy words.
+
+So this is a rule-based
+specifications or what I call
+
+guarded atomic actions.
+
+I will explain in a second
+what that means.
+
+It will let you think about
+parallel systems in a very
+
+different way.
+
+So it's like saying look, if
+this register is 2 and this
+
+register is 3, you can add them
+and put them here, 5.
+
+And you can do this
+any time you want.
+
+So this is like a rule.
+
+Invariant.
+
+You're saying, I don't
+care what's
+
+happening in the machine.
+
+This is always safe to do.
+
+Now what I'm going to ask
+you to do is take a huge
+
+intellectual jump from this.
+
+That if you give me enough
+such rules you would have
+
+completely described the
+hardware, what it does.
+
+Now why am I thinking
+like this?
+
+Because these invariants
+are stated properly.
+
+It's always possible to
+understand the behavior of the
+
+system as if one things at
+a time is happening.
+
+When 2 plus 3 is becoming 5, if
+you want you can have this
+
+mental picture-- the rest
+of the world is frozen.
+
+Nothing is changing
+there, only that
+
+change is taking place.
+
+And you can think it terms of
+these small, small changes and
+
+all legal behaviors will be
+explainable as some sequence
+
+of these changes.
+
+It's possible to describe
+all kinds of hardware
+
+using things like that.
+
+Composition of modules with
+guarded interfaces.
+
+So this is the language called
+Bluespec and it has a very
+
+strong echoes of a language that
+was designed in the 80s
+
+by two guys, Chandry
+and Misra, the
+
+language called Unity.
+
+But they never used it
+for hardware design.
+
+Their goals were different and
+they didn't really have a
+
+concept of a module
+in that language.
+
+So let me show you
+3 examples here.
+
+Greatest common divisor, just
+to get off ground and then I
+
+will show you 2 very different
+problems: airlines reservation
+
+query problem and the
+video codec H.264.
+
+We won't have time to get into
+ordered list, but if somebody
+
+wants to discuss that I've
+be happy to show you.
+
+OK, so now let's look at how do
+I think of my design of my
+
+program in Bluespec?
+
+I always think in terms
+of a bunch of modules.
+
+And what's a module.
+
+A module is going to have some
+state elements in it.
+
+If you're thinking software just
+think each module guards
+
+some variables, which nobody
+else can touch.
+
+You're the only one.
+
+So you have a variable xyz, he
+has some abcd, et cetera.
+
+So each module has some.
+
+That's what I'm showing
+in red.
+
+If you were thinking hardware,
+think of thse things as
+
+stateful elements like
+registers or
+
+flip flops of memories.
+
+But the main point is if it is
+here then it's not here.
+
+You own something, this module
+owns something, this module
+
+owns something.
+
+One.
+
+Second thing is every module
+has internal rules for
+
+manipulating the state and the
+rules are always going to be
+
+of the form that if some
+condition is true on this
+
+you're allowed to make the
+following changes to that.
+
+So that's what the
+rule looks like.
+
+Some condition, if it holds
+that by action I
+
+mean, change the state.
+
+Change the state of
+those variables.
+
+And it's all or nothing.
+
+So if you have 2 variables and
+if you want to change both of
+
+them in a rule then the
+execution of a rule means
+
+either both of them will change
+or neither will change.
+
+There's nothing in between
+you can see.
+
+That's disallowed
+by this model.
+
+I mean, the reason
+I have modules is
+
+they're not totally disjoined.
+
+You can actually access
+the state.
+
+Both read it and write it, but
+you can't just arbitrarily
+
+reach it and do something.
+
+You have to go through some
+interface methods the moment
+
+you talk to some
+other modules.
+
+So this is the standard
+information hiding principle.
+
+You know, abstract data types,
+whatever you want to call it.
+
+You know, so there's an
+interface through which you
+
+will enter and if you're just
+reading the values I think we
+
+call them read methods or value
+methods and if you're
+
+going to effect the state of one
+of the modules we'll call
+
+those action methods.
+
+Because you're actually
+going to change the
+
+state in some module.
+
+So now, very strange execution
+model here.
+
+Very, very different from
+sequential execution model.
+
+So repeatedly you do
+the following.
+
+You pick a rule to execute.
+
+Any rule, I don't care.
+
+And select a rule to execute,
+compute the state, what
+
+updates should be made,
+make the state update.
+
+And then go and do it again,
+so repeatedly you do this.
+
+So this is a highly
+nondeterministic thing,
+
+selective rule.
+
+There may be a gazillion
+rules in your system.
+
+So system privileges are
+provided to control the
+
+selection if you want.
+
+But it's a detail that
+we won't get into to.
+
+So does everybody get the
+model right here?
+
+That you have a lot of
+state elements and
+
+you have lot of rules.
+
+Many rules may be applicable,
+pick one of them to execute.
+
+Execute and that will
+change the state.
+
+Ask the same question again,
+which rules are enabled?
+
+No, pick any rule amongst
+them and keep doing it.
+
+Now semantics say one
+rule at a time.
+
+In any implementation we're
+going to do many,
+
+many rule in parallel.
+
+But you don't have to
+worry about that.
+
+That will be done all
+automatically.
+
+That we can do many
+rules in parallel.
+
+OK, so now let's look at GCD.
+
+So this is an ordinary
+GCD program.
+
+You can write it in any language
+you want if y is zero
+
+then x otherwise if this is
+greater than GCD of y, x.
+
+Otherwise you subtract.
+
+So no problem and I'm sure
+you know how it executes.
+
+So if I was to take GCD of 6,15
+you will see there is a
+
+recursive call that'll go on
+because 6 is less than 15 so
+
+it will be this.
+
+You get this and you get
+this, et cetera.
+
+Ultimately you get
+3 as an answer.
+
+Everybody is with me?
+
+You know you all know GCD?
+
+You can all write it in your
+favorite language.
+
+Now the question is, what does
+it mean to execute this
+
+program in a concurrent
+setting?
+
+We were not thinking parallel
+or sequential, right?
+
+This is GCD.
+
+Someone who's teaching this
+class says run it in parallel.
+
+You say, what do you mean,
+run it in parallel?
+
+Oh, you mean that maybe I should
+try to do several GCD
+
+calls, recursive calls
+in parallel?
+
+That also doesn't make too
+much sense in this.
+
+Perhaps, this is what
+someone meant.
+
+You know that if he has some
+program where there are 2
+
+calls to GCD, he would like you
+to do those 2 in parallel.
+
+I mean, what does it mean
+to do GCD in parallel?
+
+Now let me contrast this with
+how you would think about this
+
+problem as a hardware person.
+
+So your job is to build
+a GCD machine.
+
+You're going to make
+millions of
+
+dollars, GCD is very popular.
+
+So you build this GCD machine.
+
+You know, it has 2 inputs,
+it has an output.
+
+And this will be my module
+I'm going to sell this
+
+intellectual property
+to everyone.
+
+OK, so now let me talk of
+parallel invocations of this.
+
+You see in hardware there can
+be no confusion, either you
+
+have 2 GCD boxes or you
+have 1 GCD box.
+
+I mean, you can have as many
+boxes as you want, but there
+
+is no confusion about that.
+
+You know how many GCDs you have.
+So in some sense, if you
+
+have many of them, you're
+talking of independent calls.
+
+Who knows what about
+recursive calls?
+
+I mean, that's internal story.
+
+You know, that's a different
+level of questions.
+
+So this question will
+automatically get asked.
+
+In hardware you will ask the
+question, does the answer come
+
+out immediately?
+
+Does it come out in
+particular time?
+
+Why's this question important?
+
+Because if it's going to take
+some time then while it's
+
+computing the question I'm going
+to ask is can I give
+
+another set of inputs?
+
+Are you with me?
+
+I mean, that's a legitimate
+question to ask.
+
+If it's going to take half an
+hour to compute the GCD can I
+
+give it another input
+while it's thinking?
+
+Can the machine be shared
+by 2 different users?
+
+Can it be pipelined?
+
+So you agree that all these
+questions are meaningful in
+
+hardware setting?
+
+And I claim all these questions
+are also meaningful
+
+in software setting.
+
+We just don't think like that.
+
+This is exactly the problem we
+are having right now when we
+
+say that we have optimized
+something
+
+and we call it again.
+
+We think off it as starting
+a fresh, maybe not.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+You know, maybe we
+should think of
+
+it in terms of resources.
+
+And the point I want to make
+is I want to think of GCD
+
+module as a resource.
+
+Even in software I want to think
+of it as a resource.
+
+So that there is no ambiguity in
+your mind whether you have
+
+1 GCD or you have 2 GCDs.
+
+If you're going to multiplex it
+we'll write it differently.
+
+If you're going to have 2
+independent ones, which can go
+
+on in parallel we'll write
+it differently.
+
+OK, so that's the idea I want
+to borrow from the hardware
+
+side of this.
+
+So how would you do-- yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: But how would you
+decide how many GCDs to
+
+instantiate?
+
+Would that be is this model
+left up to the programmer?
+
+ARVIND: Well, you see that's
+the big difference between
+
+hardware and software.
+
+That in hardware you have no
+design until you have taken
+
+that decision.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+I mean, hardware designs once
+it's built, it's built.
+
+Software designs you want the
+same module of software to
+
+seamlessly run on different
+kinds of hardware.
+
+ARVIND: That doesn't mean that
+I can't recompile it or can't
+
+resynthesize it or something.
+
+So it may be same source
+description in software.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, if your source
+subscription specifies
+
+2 GCD modules and you have 8
+cores, you're not necessarily
+
+going to take very
+good advantage of
+
+this, so how do you--
+
+ARVIND: No, no.
+
+The way I would like to think
+about that is that it'll be
+
+highly parameterized code and
+you will plug in some
+
+information like that
+and resynthesize
+
+the parallel program.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the software or
+some sort of macro meta
+
+software has to determine the
+extent to which the problem
+
+should be distributed.
+
+ARVIND: Well, you can think
+like that, but really this
+
+integration will be much
+tighter than you think.
+
+So for example, let me just
+give you some more insight
+
+from the hardware side.
+
+So in the hardware side it's
+standard practice that will
+
+have some RTL code, I'll
+have some code.
+
+And I plug in the library.
+
+What kind of gates have I got?
+
+Have I got 2 input gates,
+4 input gates, whatever.
+
+There will be a huge library.
+
+The same code can be compiled
+using different libraries.
+
+So you choose something
+at synthesis time.
+
+Another thing that'll happen in
+hardware is what is called
+
+generic statements.
+
+So you may have a loop
+which assigns a
+
+register file with n registers.
+
+Which will conceptually makes
+sense, it will make sense in
+
+simulation, but when it comes
+to synthesizing it you
+
+have to specify n.
+
+So I'm going towards that
+kind of methodology.
+
+That you will have highly
+parameterized code, but many
+
+parameters you have to specify
+before you will say, now my
+
+program is ready to run on
+this parallel machine.
+
+And this is totally
+unexplored.
+
+As I said, this is an idea
+level them being.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this adds a
+problem that is not in
+
+traditional hardware
+synthesis, mainly
+
+picking all the n's.
+
+Ideally you wouldn't want to
+have to have the programmer to
+
+come up with creative algorithms
+because they're
+
+going to have lots
+and lots of .
+
+ARVIND: Absolutely.
+
+We may have lots of defaults.
+
+We may other level of smart
+programs, which look at this
+
+and they instantly go and
+set many parameters.
+
+You know, so there will
+be a practical side,
+
+many issues like that.
+
+But main point I'm trying to
+make is that I really want to
+
+synthesize.
+
+I want to instantiate a program,
+synthesize a program
+
+for a given configuration
+of hardware.
+
+Let's look at the
+GCD in Bluespec.
+
+If I'm going to find the GCD
+of 2 numbers I need 2
+
+registers, x and y; so
+that's what this is.
+
+Make me a register.
+
+If you want, make
+me 2 variables.
+
+You know, make me variable
+x and y,
+
+initial values are zero.
+
+So this is what is called
+the state of the module.
+
+It knows about and x
+and y, nobody else
+
+knows about x and y.
+
+What are the dynamics of it?
+
+How do I compute this?
+
+So internal behavior is being
+described and this is exactly
+
+what you saw earlier in saying
+that there is a swap rule.
+
+If x is greater than y and y is
+not equal to zero then you
+
+swap x and y, so this is a
+parallel composition. x gets
+
+y, y gets x.
+
+In this system all the reads
+take place instantaneously and
+
+then you do all the writes
+at the end of it.
+
+Don't read this sequentially,
+you read x and y in parallel
+
+and then you go and
+update x and y.
+
+Does this rule make sense?
+
+I mean, if you know
+anything GCD--
+
+if x is greater than y than
+you're going to swap it and
+
+subtraction, if x is less than
+or equal to y than y
+
+gets y minus x.
+
+So this is very interesting.
+
+Now you have 2 registers x and
+y and I've given 2 rules and
+
+I'm saying you can apply these
+rules anytime you want.
+
+Just repeatedly keep
+doing these rules.
+
+Now what does the outside
+world know about this?
+
+What do you want to advertise
+about GCD
+
+to the outside world?
+
+You don't want to give
+away your secret.
+
+This is your intellectual
+property of how you're
+
+computing the GCD.
+
+You just want to be use GCD.
+
+So the outside world can say,
+oh find me start it.
+
+With a and b. x gets
+a, y gets b.
+
+It's going to give you 2
+parameters, but we may be busy
+
+computing so we have a guard
+here which says, if y is
+
+zero-- this is internal,
+outside
+
+world doesn't see this.
+
+If y is zero then only then can
+you start it, otherwise
+
+you can't start it.
+
+Otherwise it means it's
+busy computing.
+
+OK, similarly when is the
+result available?
+
+When the y is zero then you
+have the result and
+
+you will return x.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: That's right.
+
+So that'll be more
+sophisticated.
+
+And that's exactly the kind
+of decision I do want the
+
+designers to take because you
+may want to put a five hole.
+
+You may just keep spitting
+out results.
+
+You can make it as sophisticated
+as you want.
+
+Tag it if you want.
+
+No predetermined thing.
+
+So first question I ask you,
+what happened to those
+
+recursive calls?
+
+You know, if you go back to the
+previous slide there was a
+
+recursively called GCD, which
+you were all comfortable with.
+
+There is no GCD call here.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: Right, so there's
+a notion of a
+
+cycle event or something.
+
+Look at it now, update
+it, look at it again.
+
+You know, so there's like an
+infinite loop here, which is
+
+always going.
+
+Which is exactly how
+hardware works.
+
+It doesn't have to be
+synchronous, but if you want
+
+to have a simple model
+in your head just
+
+think, there's the clock.
+
+You know, look at this state,
+pick one route to execute,
+
+update it, then it's the
+next clock cycle.
+
+Keep doing this repeatedly.
+
+It's details here, but I can
+take such a description and
+
+actually produce that machine
+for you, which does the GCD.
+
+What I'm much more interested
+in is, this is how I want to
+
+think about my GCD now.
+
+So I've hidden everything
+inside it.
+
+And it has 2 methods: start and
+result and there is a very
+
+strong notion of when
+a method is ready--
+
+because it may be busy
+computing, it doesn't want to
+
+listen to you.
+
+So there is this notion of
+something being ready and if
+
+it's an action method then
+you're only allowed to enable
+
+it when it's ready.
+
+So this is a high-level
+protocol that
+
+compiler will enforce.
+
+It'll never ever set this,
+it'll never execute this
+
+unless it is ready
+to be executed.
+
+And of course, when you're going
+to enable it then you
+
+have to give me 2 arguments
+that go with it.
+
+And what does this
+really mean?
+
+The result is valid.
+
+So if are to do types et cetera,
+this would easily be
+
+baby type or something.
+
+Tag union type that validates
+is being coded here.
+
+So really to the world
+you are just
+
+advertising this interface.
+
+There is a GCD interface
+and it has 2 methods.
+
+An action method, which is
+called start and a result
+
+method, which is just a
+value kind of a thing.
+
+And in order to do this
+you have to give me an
+
+int a into b in this.
+
+An end of interface.
+
+Now this is borrowing a lot
+from modern programming
+
+languages so for example,
+I can easily make it
+
+polymorphic.
+
+It doesn't have to
+be ints here.
+
+You know, what is the
+meaning of int?
+
+You can specify the
+type in this.
+
+So it'll be a's of type t,
+b's of type t et cetera.
+
+What are the examples
+of type t here?
+
+It could be a 32 bit integer, it
+could be 16 bit integer, it
+
+could be 17 bit integer,
+whatever you want and whatever
+
+makes sense.
+
+So this is the kind of thing
+that you always take care of
+
+when you synthesize things.
+
+It won't synthesize until you
+specify the type, but the
+
+description remains the same.
+
+And you will instantiate
+it for a given type.
+
+This I'm showing you
+for one reason.
+
+If you are coming from the
+hardware side really these
+
+ideas and types and sensations
+are very sophisticated.
+
+I mean, this is getting
+as advanced as
+
+you can have in software.
+
+The other very interesting
+thing is, and this is the
+
+abstract data type kind of
+thinking, you can go and
+
+completely change the
+implementation of this.
+
+If you have a clever algorithm
+for doing GCD, fine, go
+
+ahead and do it.
+
+You know, it doesn't effect
+the users of this.
+
+So this is a very important
+property for composition.
+
+All I insist on is that every
+method has this ready thing
+
+coming on so that I don't make
+mistakes in wiring it.
+
+I will involve this method
+only when it's ready.
+
+So in some sense if you forget
+about the ready thing, I'm
+
+just borrowing ideas from object
+oriented languages.
+
+You know, you have a class, you
+have methods on it, and
+
+all I'm saying is oh, you should
+manipulate this state
+
+in a very systematic manner
+using these methods.
+
+But then I'm injecting some
+hardware idea here, which
+
+doesn't exist in
+software today.
+
+That is, oh, a method
+may not be ready.
+
+And even that can be captured
+very abstractly and done
+
+properly in this.
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: So then in the case
+of making models I was
+
+thinking of spy nature.
+
+So if you want to basically
+synthesize the hardware you
+
+may also better efficiency by
+having set of synchronized
+
+protocol by taking the
+output [OBSCURED]
+
+number of cycles.
+
+ARVIND: I think, yes.
+
+That'll be a low-level detail
+that if it is synchronized
+
+then you will actually try to
+manipulate it like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: OK, right.
+
+So let me just quickly say
+what the languages is.
+
+So you have modules, then you
+have state variables, and you
+
+have rules and you have action
+methods and read methods.
+
+What I wanted to show
+you is what is
+
+the language of actions.
+
+So when I write an action here
+or an action here, what is it?
+
+So simplest action is assignment
+to a variable,
+
+assigment to a register.
+
+This is a conditional action,
+so if predicate is true then
+
+do this action, otherwise no
+action, no change in state.
+
+This is a parallel
+composition.
+
+Do a1 and a2 in parallel.
+
+Sequential composition, the
+effects of this are visible to
+
+this, et cetera.
+
+This is a call to a method
+of one of the module.
+
+And then there is a guard.
+
+And you have an expression
+language, which is there's
+
+nothing special here.
+
+So this is just simply you
+can read a variable,
+
+you can have constants.
+
+These are just names
+and there's nothing
+
+special going on here.
+
+Let me explain you guards.
+
+So people find guards versus
+if's confusing.
+
+And this is one way
+to understand it.
+
+So guards affect the
+surroundings.
+
+If I wrote here a1 when p1 in
+parallel with a2 think of
+
+guard as something to
+do with resources.
+
+I really don't want you to
+do a1 unless p1 is true.
+
+p1 made a fact that the
+module was busy.
+
+Some predicate here.
+
+But I want the effect of this
+whole thing to be atomic.
+
+So if any part of it can't be
+done then the whole thing
+
+can't be done.
+
+And therefore the affect of
+guard is as if you wrote a1 in
+
+parallel with a2 when p1.
+
+In other words, guard on
+anything becomes guard on
+
+everything in that parallel
+composition.
+
+Do you understand what
+I just said?
+
+This is very important for
+composition of guards.
+
+Because I want the
+atomicity of the
+
+whole thing to be preserved.
+
+So if anything can't be done
+that means the whole thing
+
+can't be done.
+
+On the other hand, conditional
+action is
+
+just conditional action.
+
+So if I have if p1 than a1 in
+parallel with a2, well that's
+
+like saying if p1 was true then
+I want to do a1 and a2 in
+
+parallel, otherwise I
+just want to do a2.
+
+So there is a very big
+difference between conditional
+
+actions and guards.
+
+Guards are something
+about resources.
+
+I need it for proper composition
+of atomic actions.
+
+AUDIENCE: I have question.
+
+So are they entirely
+equal into.
+
+Because this is maybe a
+low-level question, but in the
+
+first case-- so the first
+case in the left.
+
+Can't you start doing a2
+and then roll it back
+
+or something [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: Oh, I think there may be
+many tricks you can play in
+
+implentation.
+
+You can be optimistic,
+you can--
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+ARVIND: No.
+
+No.
+
+No.
+
+Semantically this is this
+defining the semantics.
+
+I mean, this is the algebra.
+
+This has to be true because
+I'm saying this is
+
+what a guard is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, so the
+semantically equal but not
+
+[OBSCURED].
+
+ARVIND: Well I mean, that's
+probably not the
+
+right way to say it.
+
+I mean, semantics are
+being defined.
+
+You have choice in
+implementations.
+
+I mean I'm not telling you
+how to implement this.
+
+Let me go on with this.
+
+So here is a problem that was
+posed to me by Jayadev Misra.
+
+This is quasi realistic
+problem.
+
+Ask for codes from 2 airlines.
+
+If one code is below $300,
+buy immediately.
+
+$300 is sort of the cheapest
+ticket you get these dates.
+
+Buy the lower quote
+if over $300.
+
+But as some-- say your patience
+runs out, say I can't
+
+wait anymore.
+
+So after one minute buy from
+whosoever has quoted otherwise
+
+flag error.
+
+Is this a realistic scenario?
+
+You can express it
+using threads.
+
+And you can write a scheduler
+to do this, et cetera.
+
+Those things are not as succint
+as you would like.
+
+I mean, you'd be surprised, in
+this simple a problem how
+
+complicated and how many
+questions will arise if you
+
+express this as a threaded
+computation.
+
+Now let me show you
+what you will do--
+
+in Bluuspec.
+
+OK, so we are going to make
+a module, which does what?
+
+Make get quotes.
+
+This module's job is
+to get quotes.
+
+So what kind of state elements
+do you expect it to have?
+
+Well airline a may be quoting
+some value, airline b may be
+
+quoting some value.
+
+Whether we are done or not
+there's a timer, which we're
+
+going to be bumping,
+et cetera.
+
+And they'll be rules you know,
+get a quote from a, which will
+
+be when not done do something.
+
+Executes when a responds.
+
+Get b, timeout, et cetera.
+
+There are there ruls
+of this sort.
+
+Let me just show you
+one methodd.
+
+So method, this is how
+you will start it--
+
+you have this module get quotes
+and you're saying book
+
+me a ticket and this
+is your request r.
+
+Now obviously this can
+only be done when the
+
+module is not busy.
+
+If module is busy the
+you can't do it.
+
+So what will you do when
+you get such a request?
+
+Tell me this makes sense.
+
+So what is this saying?
+
+Try to get a request
+from a in parallel.
+
+Try to get a request from b.
+
+Now you are busy.
+
+The module is busy so done
+equals false here.
+
+And I'm initializing this.
+
+I'm just saying that a quote
+right now is infinity and b
+
+quote is infinity and
+timer is zero.
+
+Fair?
+
+And when will I get ticket?
+
+Well, when done then you'll
+return the ticket from this.
+
+Now let's look at example
+of a rule.
+
+So you may have a rule like
+this, pick cheapest. You see
+
+the interesting thing in this is
+you'll be able to read this
+
+independently of what else is
+going on in this system.
+
+And let's see, what does
+this rule say?
+
+Is it succint?
+
+Rules says when you are not done
+and if the quote from a
+
+is not infinite that
+means a has quoted.
+
+And b has also quoted, then
+what should happen?
+
+If a is less than b then
+buy the ticket from a.
+
+Otherwise you'll buy the ticket
+from b and you're done.
+
+I'm not going to write all these
+rules, but I think you
+
+should be able to--
+
+I'm certain you can
+write these rules.
+
+What's happening here that is
+just separation of concerns.
+
+It's all concurrenct stuff.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED]
+
+ARVIND: Parallel?
+
+AUDIENCE: Or like, for
+lack of better words
+
+the type in the name.
+
+ARVIND: Sorry, say it again.
+
+AUDIENCE: So as the ampersand,
+how does that
+
+interact with the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Can you hold that
+question first because we will
+
+run out of space.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the ampersand after
+not done that is, what
+
+sort of ordering is that?
+
+ARVIND: It's just, I mean,
+associative, commutative.
+
+Kind of thing.
+
+It's all happening
+in parallel.
+
+AUDIENCE: [OBSCURED].
+
+ARVIND: This thing, right?
+
+I mean, think of it like this,
+these are variables and you're
+
+checking their values
+right now.
+
+So it's just a combination
+kind of a query
+
+that you have here.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I guess you're
+checking there's
+
+new activity happening.
+
+ARVIND: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Doesn't matter
+which order you check.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I guess what I'm
+trying to get is that the
+
+whole block at the top is
+executed in parallel with the
+
+block at the bottom?
+
+ARVIND: No.
+
+Those things are not
+in parallel.
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+ARVIND: Now I just want to show
+you this because it's
+
+completely different from
+airline reservations.
+
+You know, H.264 this is a
+codec that is being used
+
+everywhere and we'll
+be used even more.
+
+And this is a typical data flow
+diagram you will find for
+
+this kind of thing.
+
+You don't have to understand
+anything about this except
+
+that conceptually you just
+have five flows for
+
+communicating between them and
+in all such things the goal is
+
+that it has to be able to
+sustain a certain amount of
+
+rate at which dat is to be
+processed and it's usually
+
+forgiving in terms
+of latencies.
+
+So if latency increases a little
+bit here and there it's
+
+usually OK-- when things
+go in and come out.
+
+A data flow like network.
+
+And another reason why this
+example is fascinating is
+
+because it's done regularly both
+in hardware and software
+
+and any mixture of the two.
+
+So for example, when it runs
+on your PC it's being done
+
+100% in software and I think
+on iPods there are special
+
+purpose hardware for doing it
+and therefore the battery can
+
+last much longer.
+
+And on cell phones it's kind of
+in between in this and it's
+
+a question of what frame rate
+you want to process?
+
+If you're procssing very high
+frame rate then it'll have to
+
+be done in hardware.
+
+So when we got into this thing
+we said, OK, we wanted to
+
+build hardware for doing this.
+
+And reference codes that are
+available, it's 80,000 lines
+
+and it sort of gives
+you a heart attack.
+
+You know, you read this
+and you say, whoa!
+
+And it doesn't need
+the performance.
+
+I mean, that reference code, if
+it ran on your laptop you
+
+won't be able to watch
+a movie with this.
+
+And there is the Linux version
+of it, which gives you even a
+
+bigger heart attack because
+it's 200,000 lies and many
+
+different codecs are
+mixed in this.
+
+The biggest problem here it is
+none of these codes reflect
+
+that picture I showed you
+of the previous diagram.
+
+Because the way people approach
+it in software is
+
+they take some input from
+here and they push it
+
+as far as they can.
+
+And that's it.
+
+Then they will take the next
+input and push it.
+
+So different boxes keep
+modifying it as they see fit
+
+and as a reader you can't tell,
+oh, this is this part
+
+and this is this part.
+
+I mean, there are no 54Q's.
+
+Why?
+
+Because 54Q's are expensive
+in software.
+
+You know, it will
+involve copying.
+
+You know, you'll write it here
+then you'll read it again,
+
+which is a bad idea
+in software.
+
+So in some sense, the software
+will thinking already entered.
+
+In this style of coding there
+is no model of concurrency.
+
+So it's not clear to me when
+you give me that quote what
+
+all I can do in parallel in
+order to preserve the
+
+semantics of this.
+
+I mean the problem is much,
+much harder here.
+
+So you will just do some
+high-level analysis of the
+
+code, but you have lost a lot
+of information that was all
+
+present in the source--
+
+could've been present
+in the source.
+
+And my claim is it can
+be done differently.
+
+So this has been done by
+Chun-Chieh and this I'm
+
+showing you a month old slide,
+but he has done a lot more
+
+work since then and the total
+code in Bluespec is 9000 lines
+
+for this contrasting it with
+80,000 versus 200,000 kind of
+
+stuff and this is telling you
+the amount of code in various
+
+blocks in this.
+
+And since it's done in Bluespec
+you can take it and
+
+you can go and implement it all
+in hardware, so you can
+
+synthesize it.
+
+It actually does now 45 frames
+per second, actually 90 frames
+
+even per second today.
+
+You know, so this
+is a month old.
+
+This is the main point.
+
+Once you have done this
+now you can refine it.
+
+You have a different
+preference.
+
+You say, oh, I want to
+do this differently.
+
+So you can go and rewrite
+any module again.
+
+It will be very, very easy
+to do this in the system.
+
+It is very difficult to do this
+in the reference code, so
+
+that's one point to be made.
+
+The second thing is you
+don't have to do
+
+everything in hardware.
+
+If you wanted you could have
+implemented any part of it in
+
+software, so you can take the
+same kind of a description and
+
+generate software
+from it as well.
+
+So each module can be
+refined separately.
+
+Behaviors of modules
+are composable.
+
+You know, you can take these
+things and it's predictable
+
+what will happen when you
+compose these things in terms
+
+of performance and in terms of
+resources also, it's very
+
+clear what's happening.
+
+In hardware the resources
+will be area and time
+
+and so on in this.
+
+So takeaway.
+
+Parallel programming should be
+based on well-defined modules
+
+and parallel composition
+of such modules.
+
+Modules must embody a notion of
+resources and consequently,
+
+sharing in time multiplex use.
+
+This is a controversial point.
+
+And guard atomic actions and
+modules with guarded
+
+interfaces provide a solid
+foundation for doing so.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank you.
+
+Now we ran a little bit late,
+so if you have questions you
+
+can ask about programs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zqXBZ81bWOc.txt b/zqXBZ81bWOc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49efd13c2f813537f38205be2181254ad70930ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zqXBZ81bWOc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements why do stars shine why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements why do stars shine why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements why do stars shine why
+do we have sunlight every day well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have sunlight every day well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have sunlight every day well it's
+because of the nuclear fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclear fusion is going on in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fusion is going on in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fusion is going on in the core
+of the Sun hydrogen to helium gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun hydrogen to helium gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Sun hydrogen to helium gets
+converted there and that gives the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted there and that gives the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted there and that gives the Sun
+enough energy to sustain its luminosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy to sustain its luminosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy to sustain its luminosity
+for billions of years how does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for billions of years how does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for billions of years how does this work
+let's have a look so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a look so we want to
+reproduce what is going on in the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce what is going on in the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce what is going on in the Sun
+and what what's basically happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's basically happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what's basically happening is
+that for protons which also are just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for protons which also are just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for protons which also are just for
+hydrogen atoms come together in a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms come together in a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms come together in a series
+of steps that that we're going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps that that we're going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps that that we're going to leave
+out for now and they form a helium atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for now and they form a helium atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for now and they form a helium atom
+and that's made from two protons and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's made from two protons and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's made from two protons and two
+neutrons so we have some conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons so we have some conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons so we have some conversion of
+protons here into neutrons this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons here into neutrons this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons here into neutrons this actually
+works only because there's quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works only because there's quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works only because there's quantum
+mechanical tunneling going on that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tunneling going on that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical tunneling going on that's a
+really cool thing ordinarily these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing ordinarily these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool thing ordinarily these
+positively charged protons would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged protons would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged protons would
+actually repel themselves but in the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repel themselves but in the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually repel themselves but in the Sun
+it's it's it's really quite hot not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's really quite hot not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's really quite hot not
+quite hot enough for them to all fuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hot enough for them to all fuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hot enough for them to all fuse
+straight up but because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up but because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up but because of this
+tunneling effect it's hard enough just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling effect it's hard enough just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling effect it's hard enough just
+hot enough so that these protons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough so that these protons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot enough so that these protons can
+combine to eventually form a helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to eventually form a helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to eventually form a helium
+nucleus this kind of tunneling effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus this kind of tunneling effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus this kind of tunneling effect is
+important for all subsequent fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all subsequent fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all subsequent fusion
+processes namely if we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes namely if we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes namely if we have another
+helium here another one so we'll put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium here another one so we'll put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium here another one so we'll put all
+of those together we're gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those together we're gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those together we're gonna get a
+carbon nucleus this is the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nucleus this is the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nucleus this is the carbon
+nucleus and if we're gonna add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if we're gonna add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if we're gonna add another
+helium to that we're gonna get oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium to that we're gonna get oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium to that we're gonna get oxygen
+and if we add more so-called alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we add more so-called alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we add more so-called alpha
+particles helium nuclei often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles helium nuclei often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles helium nuclei often called
+alpha particles then eventually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles then eventually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles then eventually we're
+going to get to move to iron now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to move to iron now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to move to iron now how
+does this help us understanding why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this help us understanding why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this help us understanding why the
+Sun shines as it turns out these light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun shines as it turns out these light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun shines as it turns out these light
+though these lightest nuclei here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these lightest nuclei here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though these lightest nuclei here
+they're I'm less tightly bound than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I'm less tightly bound than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're I'm less tightly bound than the
+big ones like iron and that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones like iron and that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones like iron and that means we're
+going to get a little bit more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little bit more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a little bit more energy
+out of this than that now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this than that now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this than that now let's look at
+some details and then come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details and then come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details and then come back to this
+so if we have if we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have if we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have if we're going to look at
+you know the constituents here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the constituents here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the constituents here for
+protons which make up one helium nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which make up one helium nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons which make up one helium nucleus
+and then we know a helium nucleus ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know a helium nucleus ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know a helium nucleus ways
+it consists of two neutrons and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consists of two neutrons and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it consists of two neutrons and two
+protons and if we weigh four make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and if we weigh four make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and if we weigh four make a
+little experiment and we weigh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment and we weigh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little experiment and we weigh one
+helium nucleus and then we we weigh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus and then we we weigh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus and then we we weigh to
+neutrons and two protons separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and two protons separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and two protons separately
+we're going to find out that the helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find out that the helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find out that the helium
+nucleus actually weighs a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus actually weighs a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus actually weighs a little bit
+less than my initial constituents here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than my initial constituents here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than my initial constituents here
+and actually it's 0.73 percent that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's 0.73 percent that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually it's 0.73 percent that our
+final helium nucleus here weighs less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final helium nucleus here weighs less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final helium nucleus here weighs less
+than these constituents and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these constituents and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these constituents and that's
+really fantastic so this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fantastic so this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fantastic so this is called a
+mass defect and you've all seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass defect and you've all seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass defect and you've all seen the
+equation e equals MC squared usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation e equals MC squared usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation e equals MC squared usually
+with a picture of Einstein attached and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture of Einstein attached and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture of Einstein attached and
+this here this is a little a little mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here this is a little a little mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here this is a little a little mass
+a little mass difference and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little mass difference and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little mass difference and if you
+stick that in here you multiply it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that in here you multiply it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that in here you multiply it with
+the speed of light C U squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light C U squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light C U squared which is
+just the constant so just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the constant so just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the constant so just a number
+you're gonna get out energy and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get out energy and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get out energy and that is
+the energy that the Sun is using to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that the Sun is using to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy that the Sun is using to
+shine every day so this is the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine every day so this is the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine every day so this is the nuclear
+energy that stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that stars
+produce now this amount of energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce now this amount of energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce now this amount of energy that
+gets out becomes successively less if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out becomes successively less if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out becomes successively less if
+you go to heavier and heavier nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to heavier and heavier nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to heavier and heavier nuclei and
+if you were to try to fuse two iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to try to fuse two iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to try to fuse two iron
+atoms together you're not gonna get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms together you're not gonna get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms together you're not gonna get out
+anything so iron atoms will not give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so iron atoms will not give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so iron atoms will not give you
+any any fusion energy with this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any fusion energy with this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any fusion energy with this here
+because this is this is zero actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is zero actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is this is zero actually
+you would need to take you knew you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to take you knew you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to take you knew you
+would need to put energy in if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put energy in if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to put energy in if you
+wanted to fuse two iron atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fuse two iron atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fuse two iron atoms so
+obviously the star is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the star is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the star is going to have a
+big problem because it doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem because it doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem because it doesn't want to
+you know put energy in and it wants kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put energy in and it wants kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put energy in and it wants kind
+of energy out um and that's why in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy out um and that's why in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy out um and that's why in the
+end the star ends up with an iron core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the star ends up with an iron core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the star ends up with an iron core
+so this is an iron core here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an iron core here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an iron core here these
+fusion processes have been going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion processes have been going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion processes have been going on in
+the center and growing larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and growing larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center and growing larger and larger
+as more and more elements are being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more and more elements are being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more and more elements are being made
+and eventually if there's a big fat iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually if there's a big fat iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually if there's a big fat iron
+core sitting sitting there and since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core sitting sitting there and since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core sitting sitting there and since it
+can't get any energy any energy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any energy any energy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any energy any energy out
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+the star has a big problem because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star has a big problem because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star has a big problem because it
+needs to have an energy source and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have an energy source and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to have an energy source and so
+with without that it explodes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with without that it explodes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with without that it explodes as a
+supernova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you
\ No newline at end of file